it_o relate_v to_o france_n or_o spain_n of_o poland_n and_o other_o such_o like_a state_n so_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o he_o to_o curb_v the_o pirate_n on_o the_o barbary_n coast_n which_o nest_n of_o pirate_n may_v have_v be_v easy_o destroy_v long_o ago_o if_o they_o have_v not_o be_v let_v alone_o on_o purpose_n to_o render_v the_o trade_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a difficult_a to_o the_o hamburger_n and_o some_o other_o england_n have_v nothing_o to_o fear_n from_o portugal_n and_o this_o must_v rather_o hope_v for_o assistance_n from_o england_n and_o holland_n against_o spain_n the_o naval_a strength_n of_o the_o northern_a crown_n crown_n england_n need_v not_o be_v jealous_a of_o as_o long_o as_o the_o same_o be_v divide_v yet_o it_o can_v be_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o england_n if_o one_o of_o those_o king_n shall_v become_v absolute_a master_n of_o the_o east_n sea_n or_o that_o they_o shall_v be_v fain_o to_o depend_v on_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o dutch._n spain_n since_o the_o naval_a strength_n of_o spain_n be_v mighty_o decay_a england_n need_v not_o fear_v any_o thing_n from_o thence_o yet_o do_v it_o not_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o england_n to_o fall_v out_o with_o that_o kingdom_n consider_v what_o a_o vast_a trade_n the_o english_a have_v into_o spain_n for_o spain_n do_v either_o consume_v the_o english_a commodity_n at_o home_n or_o else_o exchange_n they_o for_o silver_n by_o send_v of_o they_o into_o america_n there_o be_v some_o who_o have_v compute_v that_o in_o case_n of_o a_o war_n with_o spain_n the_o english_a will_v lose_v in_o effect_n above_o thirty_o million_o and_o beside_o this_o their_o trade_n into_o the_o levant_n and_o other_o place_n will_v be_v great_o endanger_v by_o the_o privateer_n of_o ostend_n biscay_n majorca_n and_o minorca_n who_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o war_n under_o cromwell_n take_v 1500_o merchant-ship_n from_o the_o english_a france_n though_o the_o land_n force_n of_o france_n be_v now-adays_a much_o superior_a to_o the_o english_a this_o island_n both_o for_o its_o bigness_n and_o strength_n make_v up_o not_o above_o a_o three_o part_n of_o france_n yet_o the_o naval_a strength_n of_o france_n have_v hitherto_o not_o be_v able_a to_o come_v in_o competition_n with_o the_o english_a it_o be_v the_o chief_a interest_n of_o england_n to_o keep_v up_o the_o balance_n betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n and_o to_o take_v a_o special_a care_n that_o the_o king_n of_o france_n do_v not_o become_v master_n of_o all_o the_o netherlands_o for_o it_o be_v visible_a that_o thereby_o his_o power_n at_o sea_n will_v be_v increase_v to_o that_o degree_n that_o he_o may_v enter_v on_o a_o design_n of_o be_v even_o with_o england_n for_o what_o they_o have_v former_o do_v to_o france_n holland_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o only_a obstacle_n that_o the_o english_a can_v be_v sole_a master_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o trade_n holland_n though_o for_o the_o rest_n they_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o fear_v the_o dutch_a by_o land_n but_o only_o at_o sea_n because_o the_o dutch_a land_n force_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n of_o great_a moment_n nevertheless_o how_o desirous_a soever_o the_o english_a be_v to_o be_v sole_a master_n at_o sea_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o england_n frequent_o to_o engage_v itself_o in_o war_n with_o holland_n it_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o dutch_a since_o the_o war_n with_o england_n be_v rather_o increase_v in_o valour_n experience_n and_o power_n at_o sea_n and_o because_o other_o nation_n be_v not_o likely_a to_o suffer_v that_o holland_n shall_v be_v swallow_v up_o by_o the_o english_a or_o that_o one_o nation_n shall_v have_v the_o monopoly_n of_o europe_n it_o seem_v therefore_o the_o best_a method_n for_o the_o english_a to_o let_v the_o dutch_a trade_n as_o well_o as_o themselves_o and_o to_o set_v some_o other_o upon_o their_o back_n which_o may_v give_v they_o so_o much_o work_v as_o thereby_o to_o give_v a_o check_n to_o their_o grow_a greatness_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n take_v care_n to_o establish_v their_o own_o power_n at_o sea_n and_o commerce_n abroad_o but_o lest_o of_o all_o it_o will_v be_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o england_n if_o holland_n shall_v be_v bring_v under_o the_o yoke_n of_o the_o french_a king_n who_o without_o question_n by_o the_o additional_a sea_n force_v of_o holland_n and_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o east_n india_n trade_n will_v be_v superior_a in_o power_n to_o any_o in_o europe_n chap._n v._n of_o france_n §_o 1._o france_n as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v search_v into_o the_o most_o ancient_a history_n it_o be_v evident_a from_o thence_o that_o gaul_n now_o call_v france_n have_v be_v a_o very_a powerful_a and_o populous_a country_n for_o the_o gaul_n in_o ancient_a time_n have_v conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o italy_n where_o they_o settle_v themselves_o who_o also_o when_o they_o have_v overrun_v greece_n and_o some_o other_o neighbour_a country_n inhabit_v a_o part_n of_o the_o lesser_a asia_n which_o be_v call_v from_o they_o galatia_n or_o gallo-gracia_a yet_o former_o this_o so_o powerful_a country_n do_v never_o either_o right_o understand_v or_o exert_v its_o own_o strength_n against_o other_o nation_n because_o it_o be_v not_o then_o under_o the_o government_n of_o one_o prince_n but_o divide_v into_o a_o great_a many_o pâ—â—â—y_a state_n which_o be_v always_o at_o variance_n with_o one_o another_o this_o much_o facilitated_a the_o conquest_n of_o the_o roman_n over_o they_o who_o else_o stand_v not_o in_o fear_n of_o any_o nation_n so_o much_o as_o the_o gaul_n roman_n and_o though_o the_o incomparable_a valour_n of_o julius_n caesar_n be_v chief_o instrumental_a in_o subdue_a this_o nation_n yet_o with_o tâ—n_a legion_n he_o have_v work_n enough_o to_o effect_v it_o in_o ten_o year_n time_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o roman_n have_v bring_v this_o fair_a country_n under_o their_o subjection_n they_o employ_v all_o mean_n to_o suppress_v the_o martial_a spirit_n of_o this_o nation_n in_o which_o they_o succeed_v as_o well_o in_o this_o as_o in_o other_o nation_n it_o be_v their_o custom_n to_o civilize_v and_o refine_v the_o manner_n of_o these_o nation_n thereby_o to_o render_v they_o soft_a and_o effeminate_a after_o france_n have_v be_v near_o 500_o year_n under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o roman_n it_o fall_v under_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n honorius_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n nation_n for_o the_o goth_n after_o they_o have_v overrun_v italy_n settle_v themselves_o in_o gallia_n narbonensis_n and_o the_o burgundian_n conquer_v a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o rest_n but_o the_o frank_n enter_v this_o kingdom_n settle_v and_o maintain_v themselves_o in_o it_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o france_n after_o their_o own_o name_n these_o frank_n be_v for_o certain_a german_n though_o some_o of_o our_o modern_a french_a writer_n pretend_v to_o demonstrate_v that_o this_o nation_n be_v a_o colony_n of_o the_o ancient_a gaul_n who_o be_v overstock_v with_o people_n at_o home_n pass_v over_o the_o rhine_n and_o have_v settle_v a_o colony_n in_o germany_n after_o several_a hundred_o year_n return_v into_o their_o native_a country_n germany_n but_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o the_o frank_n be_v the_o same_o nation_n which_o be_v former_o encompass_v by_o the_o river_n of_o the_o main_a the_o rhine_n the_o weâ—er_n and_o the_o sea_n and_o which_o in_o tacitus_n time_n be_v call_v salii_fw-la bructeri_n trisii_n angrivani_n chamari_n sigambri_n and_o chatti_n and_o who_o have_v enter_v into_o a_o mutual_a confederacy_n against_o the_o roman_n call_v themselves_o in_o spite_n of_o their_o power_n frank_n or_o a_o free_a people_n as_o not_o doubt_v but_o to_o be_v able_a to_o defend_v their_o liberty_n against_o they_o language_n and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o they_o do_v transplant_v the_o german_a tongue_n into_o france_n which_o be_v for_o a_o great_a while_n after_o in_o fashion_n among_o person_n of_o the_o best_a quality_n till_o at_o last_o they_o use_v themselves_o by_o degree_n to_o the_o latin_a tongue_n former_o introduce_v by_o the_o roman_n which_o be_v corrupt_v by_o the_o german_a tongue_n produce_v the_o modern_a french_a language_n it_o be_v also_o evident_a that_o the_o race_n of_o the_o ancient_a gaul_n be_v not_o quite_o extinguish_v but_o that_o both_o nation_n be_v by_o degree_n unite_v in_o one_o yet_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o the_o frankish_n family_n make_v up_o the_o body_n of_o the_o nation_n §_o 2._o but_o howsoever_o this_o be_v king_n all_o historian_n agree_v in_o this_o that_o the_o frank_n do_v choose_v for_o their_o king_n about_o the_o year_n 424_o pharamont_n who_o establish_v among_o they_o wholesome_a law_n and_o
at_o sea_n he_o must_v needs_o prove_v very_o troublesome_a to_o denmark_n §_o 12._o denmark_n as_o to_o the_o neighbour_n of_o denmark_n it_o border_n on_o one_o side_n upon_o germany_n for_o holstein_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o present_a royal_a ramily_n be_v a_o fief_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o though_o the_o land_n force_n of_o denmark_n do_v not_o come_v to_o any_o comparison_n with_o those_o of_o germany_n germany_n and_o jutland_n lie_v quite_o open_a on_o that_o side_n yet_o the_o island_n be_v very_o secure_a from_o the_o german_n who_o be_v not_o provide_v with_o ship_n except_o it_o shall_v happen_v that_o the_o great_a and_o lesser_a belt_n shall_v both_o be_v freeze_v which_o happen_v very_o rare_o neither_o be_v there_o any_o great_a probability_n that_o these_o two_o state_n shall_v differ_v except_o the_o pretension_n upon_o hamborough_n which_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n will_v not_o easy_o let_v fall_v shall_v furnish_v a_o occasion_n for_o war._n and_o to_o speak_v true_o it_o be_v so_o delicious_a a_o morsel_n that_o it_o may_v easy_o provoke_v a_o appetite_n but_o it_o will_v be_v a_o very_a difficult_a task_n for_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n to_o attain_v his_o aim_n by_o open_a force_n except_o there_o shall_v happen_v a_o very_a strange_a juncture_n of_o affair_n or_o that_o the_o inward_a division_n or_o else_o by_o treachery_n this_o city_n shall_v give_v a_o occasion_n for_o its_o ruin_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o it_o be_v not_o easy_o to_o be_v suppose_v that_o the_o neighbour_a german_a prince_n shall_v suffer_v that_o a_o city_n of_o so_o great_a consequence_n shall_v fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o foreign_a prince_n in_o fine_a it_o be_v of_o vast_a consequence_n to_o denmark_n to_o hold_v a_o good_a understanding_n with_o germany_n since_o from_o thence_o it_o must_v draw_v the_o great_a part_n of_o its_o land-force_n wherewith_o to_o defend_v itself_o against_o swedeland_n with_o the_o swede_n denmark_n have_v be_v in_o continual_a broil_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n swâ—â—en_n and_o it_o seem_v that_o there_o be_v a_o old_a grudge_n and_o animosity_n betwixt_o these_o two_o nation_n arise_v chief_o hence_o that_o the_o dane_n have_v former_o always_o endeavour_v to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o sweden_n and_o to_o reduce_v this_o kingdom_n into_o the_o same_o condition_n as_o they_o have_v do_v norway_n beside_o that_o afterward_o they_o have_v make_v it_o their_o business_n by_o ruine_v their_o ship_n and_o trade_n to_o prevent_v the_o grow_a greatness_n of_o sweden_n but_o sweden_n have_v always_o vigorous_o defend_v itself_o and_o in_o latter_a time_n have_v gain_v great_a advantage_n upon_o denmark_n for_o the_o swede_n have_v not_o only_o recover_v schonen_fw-mi and_o secure_v west_n gothland_n by_o the_o fortress_n of_o bahus_n but_o they_o have_v also_o a_o way_n open_a into_o jutland_n out_o of_o their_o province_n in_o germany_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o dane_n have_v make_v it_o their_o business_n hitherto_o by_o make_v alliance_n with_o the_o enemy_n of_o sweden_n to_o get_v from_o they_o these_o advantage_n but_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o these_o two_o kingdom_n be_v now_o divide_v by_o their_o natural_a bound_n to_o preserve_v which_o france_n england_n and_o holland_n seem_v to_o be_v mutual_o concern_v and_o that_o as_o in_o human_a probability_n denmark_n can_v conquer_v or_o maintain_v itself_o in_o swedeland_n so_o the_o other_o state_n of_o europe_n be_v not_o likely_a to_o suffer_v that_o sweden_n shall_v become_v master_n of_o denmark_n it_o seem_v therefore_o most_o convenient_a that_o these_o two_o kingdom_n shall_v maintain_v a_o good_a understanding_n and_o be_v a_o mutual_a security_n to_o one_o another_o against_o their_o enemy_n from_o holland_n denmark_n may_v expect_v real_a assistance_n holland_n in_o case_n it_o shall_v be_v in_o danger_n of_o be_v conquer_a since_o the_o prosperity_n of_o holland_n depend_v partly_o on_o the_o free_a trade_n of_o the_o baltic_a and_o if_o one_o shall_v become_v master_n both_o of_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n he_o will_v questionless_a keep_v these_o passage_n close_o than_o they_o be_v now_o but_o the_o dane_n also_o be_v sensible_a enough_o that_o the_o hollander_n will_v not_o engage_v themselves_o any_o further_a in_o their_o behalf_n than_o to_o keep_v the_o balance_n even_o for_o fear_v they_o shall_v with_o a_o increase_n of_o power_n attempt_v hereafter_o to_o raise_v the_o toll_n in_o the_o sound_n at_o pleasure_n but_o as_o long_o as_o holland_n side_n with_o denmark_n england_n england_n will_v not_o be_v fond_a of_o the_o danish_a party_n but_o rather_o declare_v for_o the_o other_o side_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o denmark_n and_o the_o trade_n in_o the_o baltic_a be_v not_o of_o so_o great_a consequence_n to_o england_n as_o it_o be_v to_o holland_n the_o muscovite_n may_v prove_v very_o serviceable_a to_o denmark_n against_o sweden_n muscovite_n yet_o can_v the_o danes_n make_v any_o great_a account_n upon_o a_o alliance_n with_o they_o because_o it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o maintain_v a_o correspondency_n with_o they_o especial_o if_o the_o pole_n shall_v declare_v for_o sweden_n beside_o that_o the_o muscovite_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o have_v obtain_v their_o aim_n common_o have_v but_o little_a regard_n to_o alliance_n or_o the_o interest_n of_o their_o ally_n denmark_n can_v have_v no_o great_a reliance_n upon_o poland_n poland_n except_o that_o crown_n shall_v be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o sweden_n france_n france_n have_v hitherto_o show_v no_o great_a concern_n for_o denmark_n because_o it_o have_v always_o be_v in_o alliance_n with_o its_o enemy_n yet_o france_n will_v not_o willing_o see_v it_o ruin_v because_o no_o state_n of_o europe_n will_v desire_v the_o two_o northern_a kingdom_n shall_v be_v under_o the_o subjection_n of_o one_o prince_n but_o i_o can_v see_v any_o reason_n why_o a_o offensive_a alliance_n with_o denmark_n shall_v be_v profitable_a to_o france_n spain_n be_v more_o likely_a to_o wish_v well_o to_o denmark_n than_o to_o assist_v it_o except_o it_o shall_v happen_v that_o swedeland_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n or_o any_o other_o ally_n of_o spain_n chap._n x._o of_o poland_n §_o 1._o the_o pole_n poland_n who_o ancient_o be_v call_v samartian_n and_o afterward_o slavonian_n derive_v their_o name_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n which_o they_o possess_v which_o lie_v most_o upon_o a_o plain_a for_o pole_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n a_o plain_a though_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o word_n polacki_n be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v the_o posterity_n of_o lechus_n this_o nation_n former_o do_v inhabit_v near_o to_o the_o country_n of_o the_o tartar_n but_o after_o vast_a number_n out_o of_o germany_n enter_v the_o roman_a province_n their_o place_n be_v supply_v by_o the_o nation_n live_v behind_o they_o and_o it_o seem_v that_o poland_n be_v in_o the_o same_o manner_n leave_v by_o its_o inhabitant_n which_o be_v then_o venedi_n or_o wend_v they_o make_v room_n for_o the_o next_o that_o take_v their_o place_n these_o then_o as_o it_o be_v say_v have_v take_v possession_n of_o this_o country_n about_o the_o year_n 550_o do_v lechus_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o lechus_n lay_v there_o the_o foundation_n of_o a_o new_a state_n lechus_n reside_v at_o gnicsen_n be_v encourage_v thereunto_o by_o a_o eagle's_n nest_n which_o he_o find_v there_o and_o take_v it_o as_o a_o good_a omen_n put_v a_o eagle_n into_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o new_a commonwealth_n give_v to_o that_o city_n the_o name_n of_o gnicsen_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n signify_v a_o nest_n this_o nation_n first_o settle_v itself_o in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n which_o now_o go_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o great_a and_o lesser_a poland_n neither_o do_v their_o limit_n extend_v any_o further_a though_o since_o that_o time_n they_o be_v mighty_o increase_v §_o 2._o governor_n the_o first_o governor_n of_o this_o nation_n do_v not_o assume_v to_o themselves_o the_o title_n of_o king_n but_o only_o that_o of_o duke_n and_o the_o first_o form_n of_o government_n be_v very_o inconstant_a for_o after_o the_o race_n of_o lechus_n be_v extinguish_v though_o it_o be_v uncertain_a how_o many_o of_o they_o and_o for_o how_o long_o a_o time_n they_o rule_v or_o what_o be_v their_o achievement_n twelve_o governor_n which_o in_o their_o language_n be_v call_v vayvod_n do_v administer_v the_o government_n who_o have_v at_o first_o regulate_v and_o refine_v this_o barbarous_a people_n by_o good_a law_n and_o constitution_n at_o last_o be_v divide_v among_o themselves_o 700._o wherefore_o the_o pole_n elect_v for_o their_o prince_n one_o cracus_n cracus_n who_o have_v restore_v the_o commonwealth_n to_o its_o former_a state_n build_v the_o city_n of_o cracovia_n so_o call_v after_o his_o
make_v at_o calmar_n especial_o when_o he_o send_v the_o most_o ancient_a swedish_n record_v into_o denmark_n which_o at_o last_o oblige_v the_o swede_n to_o take_v desperate_a counsel_n the_o first_o insurrection_n be_v make_v by_o the_o dalekarl_n who_o be_v head_v by_o a_o certain_a ancient_a nobleman_n in_o those_o part_n call_v engelbrecht_n engelbrechtson_n besiege_v one_o of_o the_o king_n officer_n call_v josse_n erichson_n who_o have_v exercise_v great_a tyranny_n over_o they_o in_o his_o castle_n neither_o can_v they_o be_v appeal_v till_o he_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o office_n and_o another_o put_v in_o his_o place_n but_o this_o calm_a do_v not_o last_v long_o for_o the_o boor_n be_v again_o stir_v up_o by_o engelbrecht_n overrun_v all_o the_o neighbour_a country_n destroy_v with_o fire_n and_o sword_n all_o such_o as_o will_v not_o side_n with_o they_o and_o be_v join_v by_o one_o erick_n pueâ—â—_n who_o head_v the_o northlander_n they_o take_v a_o great_a many_o stronghold_v kill_v all_o the_o foreigner_n they_o meet_v withal_o who_o seat_n they_o destroy_v and_o at_o last_o force_v the_o senate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n assemble_v at_o wadstena_n to_o renounce_v their_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n these_o intestine_a commotion_n oblige_v king_n erick_n to_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o holstâ—iâ—â—rs_n and_o the_o hanse_v town_n and_o to_o turn_v all_o his_o force_n against_o the_o swede_n but_o his_o fleet_n be_v for_o a_o great_a part_n destroy_v by_o storm_n he_o arrive_v with_o the_o rest_n at_o stockholm_n but_o not_o be_v able_a to_o cope_v with_o so_o great_a a_o multitude_n as_o engelbrocht_v have_v raise_v against_o he_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o they_o for_o twelve_o month_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o he_o retire_v into_o denmark_n leave_v only_o a_o garrison_n of_o 600_o man_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n after_o his_o departure_n engelbrocht_v be_v declare_v generalissiâ—â—_n over_o all_o the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o at_o last_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o archbishop_n cluf_fw-fr agree_v to_o a_o treaty_n to_o be_v set_v on_o foot_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n where_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o swede_n shall_v again_o acknowledge_v he_o for_o their_o king_n provide_v he_o will_v stand_v to_o the_o union_n which_o the_o king_n at_o that_o time_n consent_v to_o reserve_v only_o to_o his_o free_a disposal_n the_o three_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n calmar_n and_o nycope_a all_o the_o rest_n be_v to_o be_v commit_v to_o the_o government_n of_o the_o native_n of_o sweedland_n thus_o thing_n seem_v to_o be_v restore_v to_o the_o ancient_a state_n but_o no_o soon_o have_v the_o king_n get_v the_o aforesaid_a castle_n into_o his_o possession_n but_o he_o begin_v to_o recede_v and_o have_v leave_v a_o garrison_n of_o 500_o man_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n retire_v upon_o a_o sudden_a into_o denmark_n king_n erick_n have_v thus_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n a_o second_o time_n the_o swedish_n senator_n who_o fear_v that_o he_o may_v soon_o return_v with_o a_o great_a force_n be_v assemble_v at_o arboka_n call_v together_o the_o whole_a nobility_n and_o a_o burger-master_n out_o of_o each_o city_n to_o consult_v about_o the_o present_a exigency_n of_o affair_n but_o before_o they_o can_v come_v to_o any_o steady_a resolution_n engelbrecht_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o of_o the_o citizen_n of_o stockholm_n have_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o that_o city_n and_o besiege_v the_o king_n lieutenant_n in_o the_o castle_n the_o treaty_n be_v thus_o break_v of_o and_o the_o flame_n of_o rebellion_n rekindle_v cnutson_n the_o marshal_n charles_n cnutson_n be_v declare_v governor_n and_o general_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o be_v like_a to_o have_v occasion_v great_a disturbance_n if_o engelbrecht_n who_o pretend_v to_o be_v injure_v by_o this_o choice_n have_v not_o be_v first_o appease_v with_o great_a promise_n and_o afterward_o murder_v by_o one_o benedict_n suenson_n with_o who_o he_o have_v a_o old_a quarrel_n 1436._o but_o erick_n punk_n the_o chief_a companion_n of_o engelbrecht_n take_v up_o his_o friend_n quarrel_n against_o his_o murderer_n that_o be_v protect_v by_o charles_n cnutson_n it_o occasion_v great_a jealousy_n betwixt_o they_o the_o castle_n of_o stockholm_n and_o calmar_n be_v also_o in_o the_o king_n possession_n and_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o kingdom_n grow_v very_o jealous_a of_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o marshal_n the_o treaty_n be_v renew_v with_o the_o king_n at_o calmar_n who_o come_v thither_o in_o person_n and_o promise_v to_o put_v into_o all_o office_n and_o place_n of_o trust_n native_n of_o sweden_n and_o have_v make_v benedict_n suenson_n governor_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o calmar_n appoint_v a_o assembly_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n to_o be_v hold_v in_o september_n follow_v when_o he_o will_v be_v ready_a to_o surrender_v all_o the_o stronghold_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o native_a subject_n of_o sweden_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n in_o his_o voyage_n from_o gothland_n to_o suderkope_v be_v overtake_v by_o a_o violent_a tempest_n wherein_o most_o of_o his_o ship_n have_v be_v lose_v he_o narrow_o escape_v drow_v as_o soon_o as_o the_o swede_n get_v notice_n of_o this_o misfortune_n not_o know_v whether_o the_o king_n be_v alive_a or_o dead_a it_o be_v resolve_v that_o the_o last_o treaty_n make_v at_o calmar_n shall_v remain_v in_o force_n pursuant_n to_o this_o decree_n the_o marshal_n have_v partly_o by_o great_a promise_n partly_o by_o threat_n get_v into_o the_o possession_n of_o all_o the_o castle_n of_o the_o kingdom_n seem_v to_o want_v nothing_o to_o accomplish_v his_o design_n but_o the_o title_n of_o a_o king_n whereâ—t_a erick_n pueke_v be_v vex_v to_o the_o soul_n raise_v a_o great_a number_n of_o boor_n against_o he_o who_o have_v defeat_v the_o marshal_n and_o his_o force_n will_v quick_o have_v put_v a_o end_n to_o his_o greatness_n if_o he_o under_o pretence_n of_o reconciliation_n have_v not_o invite_v erick_n pueke_v to_o a_o interview_n and_o notwithstanding_o his_o faith_n give_v send_v he_o to_o stockholm_n where_o he_o be_v behead_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n the_o senators_z of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v get_v notice_n that_o the_o king_n be_v alive_a 1437._o appoint_v a_o assembly_n to_o be_v hold_v at_o calmar_n where_o the_o king_n be_v to_o fulfil_v the_o former_a treaty_n but_o the_o king_n not_o come_v at_o the_o appoint_a time_n commissioner_n be_v send_v into_o denmark_n to_o treat_v with_o he_o about_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o agreement_n make_v at_o calmar_n which_o he_o refuse_v to_o do_v they_o make_v a_o underhand_a league_n with_o some_o of_o the_o great_a man_n in_o denmark_n against_o king_n erick_n the_o effect_n of_o which_o he_o feel_v soon_o after_o while_o these_o thing_n be_v transact_v in_o denmark_n the_o marshal_n have_v by_o his_o cunning_n get_v the_o whole_a power_n of_o the_o kingdom_n into_o his_o hand_n and_o obtain_v from_o the_o senate_n in_o sweden_n to_o appoint_v a_o certain_a day_n for_o the_o king_n to_o appear_v in_o sweden_n and_o put_v a_o end_n to_o those_o difference_n that_o be_v then_o betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o estate_n and_o in_o case_n of_o a_o refusal_n they_o renounce_v their_o allegiance_n to_o he_o but_o the_o archbishop_n oluf_fw-fr and_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v dissatisfy_v at_o the_o marshal_n proceed_n do_v so_o far_o prevail_v by_o their_o authority_n that_o a_o general_n assembly_n of_o all_o the_o senator_n of_o the_o three_o northern_a kingdom_n shall_v be_v hold_v at_o calmar_n which_o in_o all_o likelihood_n may_v have_v have_v better_a success_n than_o before_o if_o the_o archbishop_n have_v not_o be_v poison_v in_o his_o journey_n thither_o by_o the_o marshal_n notwithstanding_o this_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o senator_n appear_v at_o calmar_n but_o the_o king_n commissioner_n refuse_v to_o acknowledge_v and_o to_o confirm_v the_o treaty_n make_v at_o calmar_n which_o the_o swede_n insist_v upon_o the_o whole_a meeting_n prove_v fruitless_a in_o the_o mean_a time_n king_n erick_n be_v retire_v with_o all_o his_o treasure_n out_o of_o denmark_n into_o gothland_n and_o the_o danish_a senator_n who_o as_o well_o as_o the_o swede_n have_v be_v dissatisfy_v with_o the_o king_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n before_o agree_v with_o the_o swede_n to_o renounce_v their_o allegiance_n to_o he_o and_o to_o choose_v one_o in_o his_o stead_n that_o will_v maintain_v the_o union_n betwixt_o these_o kingdom_n the_o dane_n therefore_o send_v to_o christopher_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n bavaria_n who_o be_v king_n erick_n sister_n son_n have_v for_o some_o time_n live_v in_o denmark_n desire_v he_o to_o accept_v of_o that_o crown_n 1439._o as_o soon_o as_o he_o arrive_v
thereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o hatred_n which_o the_o spaniard_n natural_o bear_v against_o the_o french_a and_o such_o be_v the_o spanish_a pride_n that_o though_o they_o think_v it_o below_o themselves_o to_o meddle_v with_o those_o trifle_n yet_o they_o do_v not_o think_v much_o to_o be_v a_o poor_a centinel_n in_o some_o fort_n or_o another_o all_o their_o life_n time_n the_o honour_n of_o the_o sword_n and_o hope_n of_o become_v in_o time_n a_o officer_n make_v they_o amends_o for_o what_o hardship_n they_o endure_v their_o pride_n covetousness_n and_o rigorous_a proceed_n make_v they_o hateful_a to_o all_o such_o as_o be_v under_o their_o command_n which_o be_v very_o unfit_a qualification_n for_o the_o maintain_n of_o great_a conquest_n for_o no_o body_n be_v willing_a to_o be_v despise_v by_o foreign_a governor_n spain_n be_v mighty_o exhaust_v of_o man_n and_o therefore_o incapable_a of_o raise_v great_a army_n within_o itself_o be_v very_o unfit_a to_o maintain_v vast_a country_n for_o which_o several_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v for_o the_o woman_n here_o be_v not_o so_o fruitful_a as_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n which_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o climate_n and_o the_o constitution_n of_o their_o spare_a body_n those_o part_n also_o which_o be_v remote_a from_o the_o seashore_n be_v not_o well_o people_v some_o of_o these_o ground_n be_v very_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o mankind_n whore_v also_o be_v public_o allow_v of_o here_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o will_v rather_o make_v shift_n with_o a_o whore_n than_o to_o maintain_v a_o wife_n and_o child_n these_o also_o who_o have_v take_v upon_o they_o holy_a order_n of_o who_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n be_v oblige_v not_o to_o marry_v the_o war_n which_o they_o have_v wage_v against_o so_o many_o nation_n but_o especial_o in_o italy_n and_o the_o netherlands_o have_v devour_v a_o great_a many_o spaniard_n a_o vast_a number_n have_v transplant_v themselves_o into_o america_n be_v glad_a to_o go_v to_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v with_o a_o small_a beginning_n come_v to_o live_v very_o plentiful_o before_o the_o discovery_n be_v make_v of_o america_n ferdinand_n the_o catholic_n have_v at_o once_o before_o the_o city_n of_o granada_n a_o army_n of_o 50000_o foot_n and_o 20000_o horse_n though_o arragon_n do_v not_o concern_v itself_o in_o that_o war_n and_o portugal_n and_o navarre_n be_v at_o that_o time_n not_o unite_v with_o castille_n at_o last_o this_o country_n be_v mighty_o dispeople_v when_o ferdinand_n after_o the_o take_n of_o granada_n and_o philip_n iii_o banish_v a_o great_a many_o thousand_o of_o jew_n and_o marans_n who_o can_v not_o be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n in_o spain_n these_o settle_v themselves_o in_o africa_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n their_o hatred_n against_o the_o christian_n rob_v their_o ship_n in_o those_o sea_n but_o this_o be_v evident_a enough_o that_o the_o spaniard_n can_v never_o have_v make_v a_o conquest_n of_o those_o vast_a country_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n if_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v not_o fall_v into_o their_o hand_n by_o easy_a way_n §_o 16._o country_n concern_v those_o country_n which_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o this_o nation_n spain_n be_v large_a enough_o in_o extent_n for_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n but_o it_o be_v not_o fertile_a alike_o in_o all_o place_n for_o the_o most_o remote_a part_n from_o the_o seacoast_n be_v many_o of_o they_o barren_a not_o produce_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o subsistence_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n near_o to_o the_o seaside_n it_o be_v very_o fine_a and_o fruitful_a there_o be_v abundance_n of_o sheep_n here_o they_o have_v also_o very_o fine_a horse_n but_o not_o in_o very_o great_a quantity_n have_v scarce_o enough_o for_o their_o own_o use_n this_o kingdom_n be_v very_o well_o situate_a for_o trade_n have_v on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o ocean_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v almost_o surround_v by_o the_o mediterranean_a where_o they_o have_v most_o excellent_a harbour_n the_o product_n of_o their_o ground_n and_o commodity_n fit_a for_o exportation_n be_v especial_o wool_n silk_n wine_n oil_n raisin_n almond_n fig_n citron_n rice_n soap_n iron_n salt_n and_o such_o like_a in_o former_a time_n the_o spanish_a gold-mine_n be_v most_o famous_a but_o nowadays_o neither_o gold_n nor_o silver_n as_o far_o as_o i_o know_v be_v dig_v out_o in_o spain_n some_o will_v allege_v for_o a_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v forbid_v under_o severe_a penalty_n to_o keep_v it_o as_o a_o reserve_n in_o case_n of_o a_o great_a extremity_n but_o i_o be_o rather_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o those_o gold-mine_n have_v be_v long_o ago_a quite_o exhaust_v by_o the_o avarice_n of_o the_o spaniard_n §_o 17._o indies_n the_o great_a revenue_n of_o spain_n come_v from_o the_o east_n indies_n from_o whence_o gold_n and_o silver_n like_o rivulet_n be_v convey_v into_o spain_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n at_o what_o time_n and_o by_o who_o this_o country_n which_o have_v be_v so_o long_o unknown_a to_o the_o european_n be_v first_o discover_v we_o have_v already_o mention_v though_o there_o be_v that_o pretend_v that_o america_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o year_n 1190_o by_o one_o madoe_n son_n to_o owen_n gesn_v a_o prince_n in_o wales_n who_o they_o say_v make_v two_o voyage_n thither_o and_o have_v build_v a_o fort_n in_o florida_n or_o virginia_n or_o as_o some_o say_v in_o mexico_n die_v in_o america_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o the_o mexican_n tongue_n abundance_n of_o british_a word_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v withal_o and_o that_o the_o spaniard_n at_o their_o first_o come_v into_o america_n do_v find_v the_o remnant_n of_o some_o christian_a custom_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n from_o whence_o some_o infer_v that_o if_o the_o first_o discovery_n of_o a_o country_n give_v a_o good_a title_n of_o propriety_n to_o the_o discoverer_n england_n will_v have_v as_o good_a if_o not_o a_o better_a title_n to_o america_n than_o spain_n but_o this_o we_o will_v leave_v to_o be_v decide_v by_o other_o but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a from_o whence_o spain_n can_v claim_v a_o right_n of_o subdue_a that_o country_n by_o force_n of_o arms._n for_o what_o be_v allege_v among_o other_o pretence_n concern_v the_o bull_n of_o alexander_n vi_o wherein_o he_o do_v grant_v those_o country_n to_o spain_n this_o do_v not_o only_o seem_v ridiculous_a to_o we_o but_o also_o to_o those_o barbarian_n themselves_o who_o have_v ridicule_v it_o say_v the_o pope_n must_v be_v a_o strange_a sort_n of_o a_o man_n who_o pretend_v to_o give_v away_o that_o which_o be_v none_o of_o his_o own_o but_o let_v this_o be_v as_o it_o will_v the_o spaniard_n think_v it_o sufficient_a that_o they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o and_o if_o a_o exact_a scrutiny_n shall_v be_v make_v into_o other_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n it_o will_v appear_v that_o the_o title_n to_o most_o conquer_a country_n be_v none_o of_o the_o best_a but_o some_o of_o the_o most_o conscientious_a spaniard_n do_v not_o justify_v what_o cruelty_n their_o countryman_n commit_v in_o the_o begin_n against_o those_o poor_a people_n of_o who_o they_o kill_v without_o any_o provocation_n give_v a_o great_a many_o hundred_o thousand_o or_o destroy_v they_o by_o force_v they_o to_o undergo_v intolerable_a hardship_n and_o make_v the_o rest_n their_o slave_n though_o afterward_o charles_n v._o be_v inform_v of_o their_o miserable_a condition_n order_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o american_n to_o be_v set_v at_o liberty_n but_o the_o spaniard_n be_v not_o master_n of_o all_o america_n but_o only_o of_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o it_o viz._n the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n and_o mexico_n and_o those_o vast_a island_n of_o hispaniola_n cuba_n and_o porto_n ricco_fw-it jamaica_n have_v be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o english_a these_o part_n of_o america_n be_v nowadays_o inhabit_v by_o five_o several_a sort_n of_o people_n indies_n the_o first_o be_v the_o spaniard_n who_o come_v thither_o out_o of_o europe_n these_o be_v put_v in_o all_o office_n the_o second_o be_v call_v criolien_n who_o be_v bear_v in_o america_n of_o spanish_a parent_n these_o be_v never_o employ_v in_o any_o office_n as_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o spanish_a affair_n and_o too_o much_o addict_v to_o love_v their_o native_a country_n of_o america_n wherefore_o the_o king_n be_v cautious_a in_o give_v they_o any_o command_n fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o obedience_n of_o spain_n and_o set_v up_o a_o government_n of_o their_o own_o especial_o because_o these_o crioliens_n bear_v a_o great_a hatred_n against_o the_o european_a spaniard_n for_o
gainer_n by_o it_o since_o the_o english_a have_v a_o vast_a trade_n with_o the_o spanish_a seaport_n and_o their_o trade_n in_o the_o levant_n will_v suffer_v extreme_o from_o the_o spanish_a privateer_n but_o also_o holland_n can_v not_o look_v with_o a_o good_a eye_n upon_o these_o conquest_n of_o the_o english_a portugal_n portugal_n by_o itself_o can_v much_o hurt_n spain_n but_o in_o conjunction_n with_o another_o enemy_n it_o be_v capable_a of_o make_v a_o considerable_a diversion_n at_o home_n but_o the_o portuguese_n can_v not_o propose_v any_o considerable_a advantage_n to_o themselves_o thereby_o and_o it_o may_v easy_o happen_v that_o holland_n side_v with_o spain_n may_v take_v from_o hence_o a_o opportunity_n to_o drive_v the_o portuguese_n quite_o out_o of_o the_o east_n indies_n the_o king_n of_o france_n france_n therefore_o be_v the_o capital_a and_o most_o formidable_a enemy_n to_o spain_n who_o want_v not_o power_n not_o only_o belong_v to_o devour_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o netherlands_o but_o also_o aim_v at_o the_o conquest_n of_o other_o part_n of_o spain_n but_o if_o the_o old_a maxim_n of_o policy_n be_v not_o grow_v quite_o out_o of_o date_n it_o be_v to_o be_v hope_v that_o all_o who_o have_v any_o interest_n in_o the_o preservation_n of_o spain_n will_v with_o all_o their_o power_n endeavour_v to_o prevent_v that_o the_o ruin_n of_o spain_n the_o liberty_n and_o possession_n of_o all_o the_o state_n in_o europe_n may_v not_o depend_v on_o the_o pleasure_n and_o will_n of_o one_o single_a person_n family_n but_o what_o revolution_n may_v happen_v in_o spain_n if_o the_o present_a royal_a family_n which_o have_v no_o heir_n yet_o shall_v fail_v be_v beyond_o human_a understanding_n to_o determine_v or_o foresee_v because_o it_o be_v to_o be_v fear_v that_o upon_o such_o a_o occasion_n not_o only_a france_n will_v do_v its_o utmost_a to_o obtain_v it_o but_o also_o because_o several_a state_n which_o be_v annex_v to_o spain_n by_o the_o royal_a family_n may_v take_v a_o opportunity_n to_o withdraw_v themselves_o from_o the_o same_o chap._n iii_o of_o portugal_n §_o 1._o portugal_n portugal_n which_o comprehend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o province_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v lusitania_n fall_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o spain_n under_o the_o last_o gothick_n king_n roderick_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o moor_n who_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o for_o a_o long_a time_n but_o in_o the_o year_n 1093_o alfonsus_n vi_o king_n of_o castille_n and_o leâ—n_n arm_v himself_o with_o all_o his_o power_n to_o attack_v the_o moor_n and_o crave_v also_o the_o assistance_n of_o foreign_a prince_n among_o other_o also_o come_v one_o henry_n to_o signalise_v himself_o in_o this_o war_n who_o pedigree_n be_v various_o relate_v by_o the_o historian_n for_o some_o will_v have_v he_o descend_v out_o of_o the_o house_n of_o burgundy_n and_o have_v make_v he_o a_o young_a son_n of_o robert_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o father_n be_v robert_n king_n of_o france_n son_n of_o hugh_n capet_n other_o derive_v his_o pedigree_n from_o the_o house_n of_o lorraine_n allege_v that_o the_o reason_n of_o his_o be_v call_v a_o burgundian_n be_v because_o he_o be_v bear_v at_o besanson_n portugal_n to_o this_o henry_n king_n alfonsus_n vi._n give_v in_o marriage_n his_o natural_a daughter_n theresia_n as_o a_o reward_n of_o his_o valour_n give_v unto_o he_o for_o a_o dowry_n under_o the_o title_n of_o a_o earldom_n all_o that_o part_n of_o portugal_n which_o be_v then_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o christian_n which_o comprehend_v that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o be_v the_o city_n of_o braga_n coimbria_n visco_n lamego_n and_o porto_n as_o also_o that_o tract_n of_o ground_n which_o be_v now_o call_v tralos_n montes_n grant_v to_o he_o also_o a_o power_n to_o conquer_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o country_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o river_n of_o guadiana_n and_o to_o keep_v it_o under_o his_o jurisdiction_n yet_o with_o these_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v a_o vassal_n of_o spain_n repair_v to_o the_o diet_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o in_o case_n of_o a_o war_n be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v with_o 300_o horse_n henry_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1112_o portugal_n leave_v a_o son_n who_o name_n be_v alfonsus_n be_v then_o very_o young_a his_o inheritance_n be_v during_o his_o minority_n usurp_v by_o ferdinand_n potz_n count_n of_o trastamara_n his_o father-in-law_n he_o have_v marry_v his_o mother_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v grow_v up_o he_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o his_o father-in-law_n beat_v he_o out_o of_o portugal_n but_o his_o mother_n he_o put_v in_o prison_n who_o call_v to_o her_o aid_n alfonsus_n vii_o he_o promise_v to_o disinherit_v her_o son_n and_o to_o give_v he_o all_o portugal_n but_o alfonsus_n of_o portugal_n defeat_v the_o castilian_n in_o a_o battle_n by_o which_o victory_n he_o pretend_v to_o have_v free_v himself_o from_o the_o spanish_a subjection_n 1126._o this_o alfonsus_n undertake_v a_o expedition_n against_o king_n ismar_n 1139._o who_o have_v his_o kingdom_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n tajo_n who_o be_v join_v by_o the_o force_n of_o four_o other_o petty_a moorish_a king_n draw_v out_o against_o he_o alfonsus_n be_v then_o in_o his_o camp_n near_o cabebas_n des_fw-fr reyes_n proclaim_v king_n thereby_o to_o animate_v his_o soldier_n and_o get_v a_o most_o signal_n victory_n portugal_n take_v the_o five_o standard_n of_o those_o king_n whence_o he_o put_v five_o shield_n in_o the_o arm_n of_o portugal_n and_o retain_v ever_o after_o the_o title_n of_o king_n he_o take_v afterward_o a_o great_a many_o city_n from_o the_o moor_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o netherlands_n fleet_n the_o city_n of_o lisbon_n in_o the_o year_n 1147._o 1179._o this_o alfonsus_n be_v take_v prisoner_n near_o badajoz_n by_o ferdinand_n king_n of_o egypt_n who_o give_v he_o his_o freedom_n without_o any_o other_o ransom_n than_o that_o he_o be_v to_o restore_v to_o he_o some_o city_n which_o he_o have_v take_v from_o he_o in_o gallicia_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v very_o glorious_o and_o great_o enlarge_v the_o limit_n of_o his_o kingdom_n 1185._o he_o die_v in_o the_o 91st_o year_n of_o his_o age._n §_o 2._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n sanctius_n i._n who_o build_v a_o great_a many_o city_n and_o fill_v they_o with_o inhabitant_n he_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n the_o city_n of_o selva_n be_v assist_v in_o that_o expedition_n by_o a_o fleet_n send_v out_o of_o the_o netherlands_o to_o the_o holy_a land_n he_o be_v during_o his_o whole_a reign_n always_o in_o action_n with_o the_o moor_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1212._o ii_o after_o he_o reign_v his_o son_n alfonsus_n surname_v crassus_n who_o do_v nothing_o worth_a mention_v but_o that_o with_o the_o help_n of_o the_o netherlander_n who_o go_v to_o the_o holy_a land_n he_o take_v from_o the_o moor_n the_o city_n of_o alcassar_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1223._o his_o son_n sanctius_n ii_o surname_v capellus_n succeed_v he_o who_o be_v very_o careless_a and_o rule_v by_o his_o wife_n be_v exclude_v from_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n by_o the_o portuguese_n who_o confer_v it_o on_o alfonsus_n his_o brother_n sanctius_n die_v a_o exile_n in_o toledo_n the_o portuguese_n have_v make_v this_o observation_n concern_v he_o 1246._o that_o he_o be_v the_o only_a portuguese_n king_n who_o die_v without_o leave_v either_o legitimate_a child_n or_o bastard_n behind_o he_o iii_o alfonsus_n the_o brother_n of_o sanctius_n part_v from_o his_o lady_n mathildis_n countess_n of_o boulogne_n she_o be_v somewhat_o ancient_a and_o barren_a and_o marry_v beatrice_n daughter_n to_o alfonsus_n x._o king_n of_o castille_n with_o who_o he_o have_v for_o a_o dowry_n the_o county_n of_o algarbia_n but_o the_o pope_n be_v dissatisfy_v with_o this_o divorce_n excommunicate_v both_o he_o and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n he_o reign_v very_o laudable_o and_o unite_v a_o great_a many_o city_n to_o his_o kingdom_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1279._o the_o extraordinary_a virtue_n of_o his_o son_n dionysius_n dionysius_n especial_o justice_n liberality_n and_o constancy_n be_v high_o extol_v by_o the_o portuguese_n he_o have_v also_o adorn_v the_o kingdom_n with_o a_o great_a many_o public_a building_n among_o which_o be_v the_o academy_n of_o conimbria_n first_o found_v by_o he_o there_o be_v a_o old_a proverb_n concern_v he_o use_v among_o the_o portuguese_n el_n rey_n d._n denys_n qui_fw-fr fiz_fw-fr quanto_fw-la quin_fw-la king_n dionysius_n who_o do_v whatsoever_o he_o please_v he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1325_o his_o son_n alfonsus_n iv._o iu._n surname_v the_o brave_a be_v very_o glorious_a for_o his_o achievement_n both_o in_o peace_n and_o war_n but_o he_o banish_v his_o bastard_n brother_n who_o be_v
to_o have_v one_o of_o his_o favourite_n get_v she_o with_o child_n thereby_o to_o secure_v the_o crown_n to_o his_o family_n there_o be_v beside_o this_o so_o strong_a a_o jealousy_n betwixt_o the_o king_n and_o his_o brother_n don_n pedro_n that_o the_o latter_a think_v his_o life_n to_o be_v in_o danger_n if_o he_o do_v not_o prevent_v the_o design_n of_o his_o brother_n and_o his_o favourite_n he_o therefore_o bring_v the_o nobility_n and_o people_n over_o to_o his_o party_n force_v alfonsus_n to_o surrender_v to_o he_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o kingdom_n reserve_v for_o his_o maintenance_n only_o the_o yearly_a revenue_n of_o 270000_o liver_n as_o also_o the_o palace_n of_o braganza_n with_o all_o its_o appurtenance_n pedro._n don_n pedro_n will_v not_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o title_n of_o king_n but_o choose_v rather_o to_o be_v call_v regent_n of_o portugal_n in_o the_o name_n of_o his_o brother_n alfonsus_n he_o be_v incapable_a of_o administer_a the_o government_n he_o marry_v also_o upon_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o portuguese_n and_o with_o the_o dispensation_n of_o the_o pope_n his_o brother_n wife_n and_o because_o alfonsus_n shall_v not_o be_v in_o a_o capacity_n of_o raise_v any_o disturbance_n he_o be_v under_o a_o good_a guard_n conduct_v into_o the_o island_n of_o terâ—â—ra_n but_o don_n pedro_n have_v hitherto_o administer_v the_o government_n in_o peace_n and_o to_o the_o general_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o people_n §_o 8._o portuguese_n and_o to_o say_v something_o concern_v the_o genius_n of_o the_o portuguese_n and_o the_o strength_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n the_o portuguese_n be_v not_o inferior_a to_o the_o spaniard_n in_o pride_n and_o haughtiness_n but_o be_v not_o esteem_v so_o prudent_a and_o cautious_a as_o these_o but_o be_v over-secure_a in_o prosperity_n and_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n rash_a and_o foolhardy_a where_o they_o get_v the_o upperhand_n they_o be_v very_o rigorous_a and_o cruel_a they_o be_v mighty_o addict_v to_o be_v covetous_a and_o love_v usury_n and_o have_v search_v after_o money_n in_o all_o corner_n of_o the_o world_n some_o also_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v very_o malicious_a which_o they_o say_v be_v the_o remnant_n of_o the_o jewish_a blood_n which_o be_v intermingle_v with_o that_o of_o the_o portuguese_n nation_n this_o country_n consider_v its_o bigness_n be_v very_o populous_a as_o be_v evident_a by_o the_o number_n of_o portuguese_n which_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o brasile_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n and_o in_o the_o east_n indies_n yet_o be_v they_o not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o raise_v a_o numerous_a land_n army_n without_o foreign_a help_n or_o to_o man_n out_o a_o mighty_a fleet_n of_o man_n of_o war_n but_o they_o have_v enough_o to_o do_v to_o garrison_n their_o frontier_n place_n well_o and_o to_o keep_v convoy_n for_o their_o merchant_n ship_n §_o 9_o portugal_n concern_v the_o country_n which_o belong_v nowadays_o to_o portugal_n the_o kingdom_n of_o portugal_n by_o itself_o consider_v be_v neither_o very_a large_a nor_o very_o fruitful_a the_o inhabitant_n live_v most_o upon_o such_o corn_n as_o be_v import_v yet_o be_v the_o country_n full_a of_o city_n and_o town_n and_o have_v a_o great_a many_o commodious_a seaport_n the_o commodity_n of_o the_o growth_n of_o portugal_n fit_a for_o exportation_n be_v salt_n of_o which_o a_o great_a quantity_n be_v from_o setubal_n or_o st._n hubes_n transport_v into_o the_o northern_a country_n as_o also_o oil_n some_o wine_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o fruit._n the_o other_o commodity_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o thence_o they_o first_o have_v from_o those_o province_n that_o belong_v to_o they_o the_o silver_n i_o call_v guacaldane_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o 178_o quentoe_n of_o silver_n each_o quent_n be_v reckon_v to_o amount_v to_o 2673_o ducat_n 8_o real_n and_o 26_o marvedoe_n among_o those_o country_n that_o now_o belong_v to_o portugal_n the_o chief_a be_v brasile_a brasile_n be_v a_o long_a tract_n of_o land_n in_o america_n extend_v all_o along_o the_o sea_n side_n but_o very_o narrow_a and_o famous_a for_o the_o wholsomness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o its_o fertility_n here_o abundance_n of_o sugar_n be_v make_v from_o whence_o arise_v the_o main_a revenue_n of_o the_o country_n the_o portuguese_n make_v use_n of_o the_o same_o in_o preserve_v those_o excellent_a fruit_n as_o grow_v both_o in_o portugal_n and_o brasile_n brasile_v also_o afford_v ginger_n cotton_n wool_n indigo_n and_o wood_n for_o the_o dyer_n but_o because_o the_o native_n of_o this_o country_n be_v natural_o lazy_a who_o can_v by_o any_o way_n be_v force_v to_o hard_a labour_n the_o portuguese_n buy_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o africa_n and_o especial_o in_o congo_n and_o angola_n negro_n who_o they_o use_v for_o slave_n buy_v and_o sell_v they_o in_o brasile_a as_o we_o do_v ox_n they_o be_v employ_v in_o all_o sort_n of_o hardship_n and_o drudgery_n africa_n the_o trade_n of_o the_o portuguese_n on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o africa_n be_v not_o now_o of_o any_o great_a consequence_n since_o the_o hollander_n have_v interfere_v with_o they_o and_o those_o place_n which_o they_o be_v possess_v of_o on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o africa_n only_o serve_v to_o enrich_v their_o governor_n what_o the_o hollander_n have_v leave_v they_o in_o the_o east_n indies_n be_v of_o no_o small_a consequence_n to_o they_o indies_n for_o goa_n be_v a_o very_a large_a city_n where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a trade_n among_o people_n of_o all_o nation_n but_o the_o wise_a fort_n do_v not_o approve_v of_o the_o portuguese_n government_n in_o the_o east_n indies_n the_o portuguese_n there_o be_v give_v to_o voluptuousness_n and_o neglect_v military_a affair_n be_v so_o presumptuous_a as_o to_o imagine_v that_o nevertheless_o with_o their_o haughty_a carriage_n they_o can_v outbrave_v other_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o hollander_n find_v it_o so_o easy_a to_o drive_v this_o nation_n out_o of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o indies_n which_o be_v grow_v hateful_a to_o they_o all_o yet_o the_o portuguese_n enjoy_v one_o privilege_n which_o the_o dutch_a have_v not_o that_o they_o be_v allow_v a_o free_a trade_n with_o china_n where_o they_o have_v the_o city_n of_o macao_n in_o a_o island_n not_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o continent_n and_o they_o have_v understand_v so_o to_o misrepresent_v the_o hollander_n with_o the_o chinese_n that_o they_o hitherto_o as_o far_o as_o i_o know_v they_o have_v not_o be_v able_a to_o obtain_v a_o free_a commerce_n with_o china_n it._n former_o the_o portuguese_n have_v a_o great_a interest_n in_o japan_n which_o be_v chief_o procure_v by_o mean_n of_o the_o jesuit_n who_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o convert_v the_o japonese_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o above_o 400000_o of_o they_o be_v baptize_v not_o without_o hope_n that_o all_o the_o rest_n will_v at_o last_o have_v follow_v their_o example_n but_o about_o thirty_o year_n ago_o the_o dutch_a by_o their_o practice_n and_o artifices_fw-la render_v the_o portuguese_n suspect_v to_o the_o emperor_n of_o japan_n have_v intercept_v a_o letter_n from_o the_o jesuit_n to_o the_o pope_n wherein_o they_o promise_v to_o bring_v ere_o long_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o japan_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o roman_a see_n the_o hollander_n interpret_v this_o letter_n in_o such_o a_o sense_n as_o if_o the_o jesuit_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o new_a convert_v do_v intend_v to_o dethrone_v the_o emperor_n tell_v he_o that_o the_o pope_n pretend_v to_o a_o authority_n of_o dispose_n of_o kingdom_n at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o that_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n who_o be_v then_o master_n of_o portugal_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n with_o he_o the_o jealous_a japoneses_n be_v easy_o persuade_v hereof_o when_o they_o consider_v with_o what_o respect_n and_o kindness_n the_o jesuit_n be_v treat_v by_o the_o new_a christian_n those_o be_v also_o very_o ready_a to_o accept_v of_o what_o these_o good_a nature_a people_n offer_v they_o and_o the_o governor_n be_v sensible_a and_o complain_v that_o their_o usual_a present_n from_o the_o subject_n decrease_v daily_o since_o the_o new_a convert_v give_v so_o much_o to_o their_o priest_n the_o hollander_n also_o show_v the_o emperor_n of_o japan_n in_o a_o map_n how_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n do_v extend_v on_o one_o side_n as_o far_o as_o manilla_fw-la on_o the_o other_o side_n as_o far_o as_o macao_n so_o that_o by_o subdue_a of_o japan_n he_o will_v have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o unite_n his_o conquest_n this_o occasion_v a_o most_o horrible_a persecution_n against_o the_o christian_n the_o japonese_n endeavour_v by_o incredible_a torment_n to_o overcome_v the_o constancy_n of_o a_o nation_n which_o be_v natural_o one_o of_o the_o
among_o they_o for_o it_o be_v a_o custom_n that_o each_o family_n use_v to_o select_v one_o for_o the_o head_n of_o the_o family_n unto_o who_o they_o almost_o pay_v more_o respect_n than_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o if_o any_o one_o of_o the_o family_n have_v receive_v a_o injury_n he_o make_v complaint_n thereof_o to_o the_o head_n of_o his_o family_n and_o if_o the_o head_n of_o the_o same_o family_n do_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v the_o injury_n the_o whole_a family_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o head_n fall_v upon_o the_o family_n of_o the_o aggressour_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n which_o abominable_a custom_n king_n james_n vi._n do_v endeavour_v to_o abolish_v beside_o this_o they_o be_v easy_o stir_v up_o to_o rebellion_n very_o obstinate_a in_o defend_v their_o opinion_n to_o the_o utmost_a their_o fruitfulness_n in_o child_n make_v they_o seek_v other_o country_n since_o their_o country_n can_v scarce_o maintain_v they_o all_o at_o home_n there_o be_v another_o reason_n also_o to_o be_v give_v for_o this_o which_o be_v the_o right_n of_o the_o first-born_a whereby_o the_o elder_a son_n be_v heir_n of_o all_o the_o real_a estate_n of_o his_o father_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o brother_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v satisfy_v with_o their_o share_n in_o the_o personal_a estate_n these_o then_o be_v oblige_v to_o advance_v themselves_o as_o well_o as_o they_o can_v apply_v themselves_o either_o to_o the_o war_n or_o study_n wherefore_o most_o minister_n in_o scotland_n be_v say_v to_o be_v young_a brother_n of_o good_a family_n but_o in_o england_n it_o be_v no_o shame_n for_o the_o young_a brother_n of_o such_o family_n to_o be_v merchant_n in_o former_a time_n before_o scotland_n and_o england_n be_v unite_v under_o one_o king_n the_o scottish_a soldier_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n because_o the_o french_a make_v constant_o use_v of_o they_o in_o their_o war_n and_o at_o home_o they_o be_v always_o picquering_a with_o the_o english_a but_o afterward_o they_o grow_v careless_a of_o warlike_a exercise_n and_o especial_o when_o cromwell_n subdue_v they_o their_o ancient_a glory_n be_v quite_o obscure_v the_o scot_n be_v also_o often_o very_o ingenious_a and_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n and_o at_o that_o time_n when_o all_o liberal_a science_n be_v suppress_v in_o europe_n by_o a_o long_a barbarism_n the_o same_o be_v keep_v up_o in_o scotland_n which_o do_v furnish_v several_a other_o nation_n with_o learned_a man_n who_o instruct_v they_o in_o these_o science_n but_o as_o the_o scot_n which_o live_v in_o the_o low_a country_n on_o the_o southside_n be_v well_o civilise_v so_o those_o who_o inhabit_v the_o mountain_n who_o be_v call_v highlander_n as_o also_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o orkney_n and_o western_a island_n be_v very_o raw_a and_o uncivilise_v §_o 33._o irish_a the_o irish_a be_v common_o esteem_v to_o be_v a_o foolhardy_a and_o ill_a sort_n of_o people_n very_o lazy_a yet_o pretty_a hard_a in_o undergo_a the_o fatigue_n of_o war._n they_o be_v very_o obstinate_a and_o never_o to_o be_v bend_v from_o their_o opinion_n after_o ireland_n be_v conquer_v by_o king_n henry_n ii_o abundance_n of_o english_a settle_v themselves_o in_o that_o kingdom_n who_o number_n increase_v from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o scarce_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o island_n remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n and_o because_o most_o of_o the_o irish_a adhere_v to_o the_o popish_a religion_n they_o do_v not_o only_o rebel_v under_o queen_n elizabeth_n but_o also_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n i._o enter_v into_o a_o most_o horrid_a conspiracy_n against_o the_o english_a live_v among_o they_o of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v they_o murder_v 200000_o within_o the_o space_n of_o six_o month_n but_o when_o the_o english_a have_v recollect_v themselves_o they_o again_o kill_v about_o 100000_o of_o they_o cromwell_n have_v once_o a_o mind_n to_o have_v root_v out_o the_o whole_a nation_n as_o be_v quite_o incorrigible_a and_o past_a hope_n of_o any_o amendment_n wherefore_o he_o send_v some_o thousand_o to_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n under_o condition_n that_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v return_v into_o the_o english_a dominion_n he_o use_v also_o to_o plague_v they_o every_o way_n so_o that_o they_o be_v become_v a_o miserable_a nation_n §_o 34._o brittainy_a concern_v those_o country_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n be_v a_o rich_a and_o fertile_a country_n abound_v in_o every_o thing_n either_o for_o the_o necessity_n or_o pleasure_n of_o mankind_n except_o oil_n and_o wine_n and_o such_o other_o commodity_n as_o do_v not_o grow_v in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n be_v of_o the_o growth_n of_o that_o country_n but_o else_o they_o have_v great_a number_n of_o very_o fine_a horse_n and_o good_a cattle_n especial_o the_o best_a sheep_n of_o all_o europe_n which_o make_v the_o best_a part_n of_o the_o native_a riches_n of_o england_n bear_v so_o good_a a_o sort_n of_o wool_n that_o a_o incredible_a quantity_n of_o the_o best_a cloth_n be_v make_v in_o england_n and_o from_o thence_o every_o year_n transport_v into_o foreign_a part_n these_o sheep_n feed_v in_o great_a flock_n in_o the_o country_n without_o as_o much_o as_o a_o shepherd_n there_o be_v no_o wolf_n to_o be_v meet_v withal_o in_o england_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o as_o it_o be_v report_v be_v that_o king_n edgar_n about_o the_o year_n 940_o do_v order_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o wolf_n to_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o wales_n to_o he_o as_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o wolf_n be_v quite_o destroy_v in_o england_n though_o it_o be_v also_o very_o probable_a that_o the_o great_a english_a mastiff_n have_v be_v very_o instrumental_a in_o this_o point_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o for_o fierceness_n and_o strength_n they_o surpass_v all_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o world_n a_o great_a quantity_n also_o of_o lead_n but_o especial_o of_o the_o fine_a tin_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o england_n which_o surpass_v in_o goodness_n all_o other_o in_o that_o kind_n the_o sea_n also_o be_v very_o profitable_a to_o the_o english_a since_o it_o produce_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n which_o be_v daily_o catch_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n though_o by_o the_o negligence_n and_o laziness_n of_o the_o ancient_a english_a who_o do_v not_o apply_v themselves_o industrious_o to_o fish_v they_o have_v lose_v a_o great_a part_n of_o that_o advantage_n but_o the_o netherlander_n from_o ancient_a time_n have_v make_v use_n of_o this_o advantage_n and_o get_v vast_a riches_n by_o the_o fishery_n of_o herring_n and_o cod_n give_v only_o a_o small_a gratuity_n to_o the_o english_a in_o case_n they_o have_v occasion_n to_o dry_v their_o net_n on_o their_o shore_n though_o oftentimes_o the_o english_a envy_v the_o netherlander_n will_v force_v they_o to_o pay_v more_o than_o ordinary_a which_o have_v several_a time_n serve_v as_o a_o pretext_n for_o a_o war_n betwixt_o both_o nation_n beside_o this_o the_o sea_n be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o england_n for_o thereby_o the_o english_a be_v separate_v from_o their_o neighbour_a nation_n can_v easy_o be_v attack_v whereas_o they_o may_v easy_o invade_v other_o and_o because_o this_o island_n be_v situate_v almost_o in_o the_o very_a middle_n of_o europe_n in_o a_o narrow_a sea_n where_o all_o ship_n which_o either_o go_v east_n or_o westward_n must_v pass_v by_o and_o have_v beside_o this_o a_o very_a deep_a coast_n and_o commodious_a harbour_n it_o lie_v most_o convenient_a for_o commerce_n and_o trade_n which_o the_o english_a carry_v on_o in_o most_o part_n of_o the_o world_n and_o the_o dutch_a hitherto_o have_v be_v the_o only_a obstacle_n that_o they_o be_v not_o become_v master_n of_o the_o whole_a trade_n of_o the_o world_n for_o it_o prove_v very_o disadvantageous_a to_o the_o english_a that_o they_o love_v to_o eat_v and_o drink_v well_o and_o that_o in_o great_a quantity_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o love_n of_o ease_n they_o be_v â—ain_o to_o employ_v double_a the_o number_n of_o seaman_n in_o their_o ship_n of_o what_o the_o dutch_a do_v and_o beside_o this_o they_o will_v not_o be_v content_v with_o a_o small_a gain_n whereas_o the_o dutch_a live_v very_o spare_o do_v not_o refuse_v the_o penny_n and_o therefore_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v deal_v withal_o than_o the_o english_a they_o import_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o raw_a silk_n into_o england_n which_o be_v wrought_v in_o the_o country_n mighty_o increase_v their_o riches_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n they_o do_v with_o their_o woollen_a manufacture_n now_o whereas_o before_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n viii_o they_o use_v to_o transport_v most_o of_o their_o wool_n into_o the_o netherlands_o where_o it_o be_v wrought_v
which_o so_o incense_v the_o queen_n that_o she_o have_v conceive_v a_o implacable_a hatred_n against_o her_o son_n side_v with_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o party_n be_v thereby_o great_o strengthen_v thus_o commence_v the_o intestine_a war_n wherein_o both_o party_n be_v so_o exasperate_v against_o one_o another_o that_o they_o have_v little_a regard_n to_o the_o great_a success_n of_o the_o english_a who_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n conquer_v all_o normandy_n and_o rouen_n itself_o 1419._o the_o dauphin_n intend_v at_o one_o blow_n to_o root_v out_o the_o evil_a of_o these_o intestine_a commotion_n cunning_o invite_v the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n to_o come_v to_o a_o agreement_n with_o he_o assassinate_v when_o at_o their_o second_o meeting_n at_o monterau_n he_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v kill_v but_o this_o stroke_n have_v a_o quite_o contrary_a effect_n for_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o nation_n abominate_v the_o fact_n and_o the_o queen_n take_v from_o hence_o a_o opportunity_n total_o to_o ruin_v her_o son_n and_o to_o exclude_v he_o from_o the_o succession_n wherefore_o enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o the_o murder_a duke_n son_n philip_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o henry_n v._o king_n of_o england_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o he_o be_v to_o marry_v catharine_n the_o daughter_n of_o charles_n vi_o and_o during_o his_o life_n to_o be_v regent_n of_o france_n and_o after_o his_o death_n to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n that_o both_o the_o crown_n of_o france_n and_o england_n shall_v be_v unite_v yet_o that_o each_o kingdom_n shall_v be_v rule_v according_a to_o its_o own_o law_n beside_o this_o a_o sentence_n be_v pronounce_v against_o the_o dauphin_n in_o paris_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o murder_n commit_v by_o he_o upon_o the_o duke_n of_o bargundy_n he_o be_v declare_v incapable_a of_o the_o crown_n and_o that_o he_o for_o ever_o shall_v be_v banish_v the_o kingdom_n he_o appeal_v from_o this_o sentence_n to_o god_n and_o his_o sword_n and_o set_v his_o court_n up_o at_o poitiers_n so_o that_o at_o that_o time_n there_o be_v in_o france_n two_o government_n and_o two_o court_n but_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o dauphin_n be_v in_o a_o very_a ill_a condition_n very_o few_o of_o the_o province_n side_v with_o he_o those_o that_o do_v be_v anjou_n poictou_n tours_n auvergne_n berry_n and_o languedock_n but_o all_o of_o they_o mighty_o exhaust_v of_o money_n but_o it_o be_v happy_a for_o he_o that_o the_o brave_a king_n henry_n v._o die_v in_o the_o very_a flower_n of_o his_o age_n and_o good_a fortune_n as_o likewise_o do_v not_o long_o after_o 1422._o charles_n vi_o who_o life_n by_o the_o infirmity_n of_o his_o mind_n be_v incapable_a of_o govern_v the_o kingdom_n have_v great_o obstruct_v the_o welfare_n of_o the_o kingdom_n §_o 13._o vii_o charles_n vii_o who_o we_o hitherto_o have_v call_v the_o dauphin_n cause_v himself_o immediate_o after_o his_o father_n death_n to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o brave_a among_o the_o french_a nevertheless_o his_o affair_n at_o the_o beginning_n be_v under_o very_o ill_a circumstance_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n who_o be_v constitute_v regent_n in_o france_n have_v cause_v young_a henry_n vi_o of_o england_n to_o be_v proclaim_v king_n of_o france_n in_o paris_n france_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n and_o britainy_a try_v all_o way_n to_o expel_v he_o quite_o out_o of_o france_n his_o force_n be_v several_a time_n miserable_o beat_v by_o the_o english_a the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n abandon_v he_o so_o that_o the_o english_a use_v to_o call_v he_o in_o derision_n the_o king_n of_o bourge_n because_o he_o use_v common_o to_o reside_v there_o he_o be_v at_o last_o become_v so_o poor_a that_o he_o rare_o can_v dine_v in_o public_a and_o it_o be_v observe_v that_o one_o time_n he_o have_v nothing_o for_o his_o dinner_n but_o a_o piece_n of_o roast_a mutton_n and_o a_o couple_n of_o fowl_n beside_o this_o most_o of_o the_o great_a man_n about_o he_o be_v dissatisfy_v with_o the_o ambitious_a proceed_n of_o the_o constable_n richmond_n have_v leave_v the_o court_n and_o be_v drive_v on_o their_o own_o intrigue_n leave_v the_o only_a comfort_n leave_v to_o charles_n be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o misunderstanding_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n else_o if_o they_o have_v with_o their_o joint_a force_n vigorous_o attack_v charles_n he_o in_o all_o probability_n can_v not_o have_v hold_v out_o long_o against_o they_o the_o occasion_n happen_v thus_o jaqueline_n countess_n of_o hennegau_n holland_n zealand_n and_o friesland_n be_v divorce_v from_o her_o husband_n john_n duke_n of_o brabant_n a_o cousin_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n be_v marry_v again_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n brother_n of_o henry_n v._o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n take_v his_o cousin_n part_n it_o cause_v great_a heartburning_a betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n endeavour_v to_o appease_v they_o yet_o do_v the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n from_o that_o time_n entertain_v a_o grudge_n against_o the_o english_a which_o increase_v afterward_o when_o the_o english_a refuse_v to_o put_v the_o city_n of_o orleans_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n this_o city_n be_v besiege_v by_o the_o english_a be_v reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n the_o french_a which_o attack_v a_o convoy_n which_o be_v go_v to_o the_o english_a camp_n have_v be_v entire_o beat_v which_o engagement_n be_v call_v la_fw-fr journée_fw-fr des_fw-fr haranes_n or_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o herring_n charles_n affair_n be_v then_o become_v so_o desperate_a that_o he_o have_v resolve_v to_o retire_v into_o dauphine_n when_o upon_o a_o sudden_a a_o unlooked_a for_o help_n be_v send_v he_o for_o a_o country_n maid_n bear_v in_o lorraine_n orleans_n who_o name_n be_v joan_n do_v pretend_v that_o she_o be_v send_v from_o god_n to_o relieve_v orleans_n and_o to_o see_v the_o king_n crown_v at_o rheims_n both_o which_o she_o effect_v strike_v thereby_o great_a terror_n into_o the_o english_a whereas_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o french_a be_v great_o encourage_v by_o this_o success_n see_v their_o affair_n from_o henceforward_o mend_v every_o day_n but_o this_o poor_a wench_n follow_v the_o war_n long_o as_o it_o seem_v than_o she_o have_v in_o commission_n be_v take_v prisoner_n make_v a_o sally_n out_o of_o compeigne_n and_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o english_a 1431._o be_v with_o great_a dishonour_n burn_v as_o a_o witch_n at_o rouen_n france_n the_o english_a perceive_v their_o affair_n not_o to_o go_v so_o forward_o as_o former_o resolve_v to_o give_v they_o new_a life_n and_o vigour_n by_o bring_v over_o the_o young_a king_n henry_n and_o have_v he_o crown_v in_o paris_n and_o to_o keep_v fair_a with_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n they_o give_v he_o the_o county_n of_o brie_n and_o champagne_n yet_o all_o this_o prove_v insufficient_a the_o war_n therefore_o have_v be_v thus_o carry_v on_o for_o several_a year_n only_o with_o light_a skirmish_n both_o party_n be_v tire_v out_o a_o treaty_n be_v at_o last_o propose_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n at_o arras_n but_o the_o english_a rigorous_o insist_v upon_o their_o pretension_n which_o be_v very_o hard_o they_o be_v desert_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o make_v a_o separate_a peace_n with_o charles_n upon_o very_o advantageous_a condition_n there_o befall_v also_o the_o english_a another_o misfortune_n by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n 1435._o who_o hitherto_o have_v administer_v the_o affair_n in_o france_n with_o great_a prudence_n after_o this_o the_o city_n of_o france_n surrender_v themselves_o one_o after_o another_o to_o charles_n among_o which_o be_v paris_n which_o submit_v itself_o to_o its_o natural_a lord_n 1436._o but_o because_o the_o english_a have_v make_v miserable_a havoc_n throughout_o france_n and_o the_o french_a soldier_n themselves_o be_v ill_o pay_v have_v commit_v great_a depredation_n without_o any_o order_n or_o discipline_n a_o great_a famine_n ensue_v and_o afterward_o a_o great_a plague_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o the_o wolf_n do_v snatch_v the_o child_n out_o of_o the_o street_n of_o the_o suburb_n of_o st._n anthony_n in_o paris_n the_o war_n have_v be_v thus_o protract_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n a_o truce_n be_v conclude_v for_o some_o year_n the_o king_n to_o be_v rid_v of_o the_o soldier_n send_v they_o into_o alsace_n under_o pretence_n to_o disturb_v the_o council_n at_o basil_n they_o kill_v at_o once_o 4000_o swiss_n but_o have_v lose_v double_a the_o number_n soon_o after_o return_v home_o again_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o english_a be_v degenerate_v from_o their_o former_a valour_n their_o
that_o it_o be_v absolute_o against_o the_o interest_n of_o some_o state_n to_o join_v themselves_o against_o france_n for_o as_o affair_n now_o stand_v portugal_n be_v not_o likely_a to_o join_v with_o spain_n sweden_n with_o denmark_n poland_n with_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n against_o france_n neither_o be_v it_o probable_a that_o the_o italian_a prince_n will_v be_v desirous_a to_o assist_v the_o emperor_n and_o spain_n in_o subdue_a of_o france_n except_o we_o must_v suppose_v they_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o promote_v their_o own_o ruin_n neither_o be_v it_o likely_a that_o england_n and_o holland_n will_v agree_v in_o a_o war_n against_o france_n for_o whilst_o one_o of_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o france_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o other_o to_o stand_v neuter_n and_o to_o promote_v its_o own_o trade_n and_o navigation_n it_o be_v also_o not_o very_o probable_a that_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n especial_o those_o of_o the_o protestant_a religion_n shall_v be_v willing_a to_o see_v france_n fall_v before_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n since_o both_o their_o power_n and_o religion_n will_v stand_v upon_o slippery_a ground_n if_o not_o support_v by_o a_o foreign_a power_n wherefore_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v no_o difficult_a task_n to_o persuade_v some_o of_o the_o protestant_a prince_n at_o least_o to_o sit_v still_o the_o swiss_n also_o be_v not_o likely_a to_o cooperate_v with_o spain_n and_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n in_o the_o conquest_n of_o france_n and_o therefore_o it_o will_v not_o be_v so_o difficult_a for_o france_n to_o defend_v itself_o against_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o all_o its_o confederate_n not_o to_o mention_v here_o that_o in_o such_o a_o case_n sweden_n and_o poland_n will_v not_o leave_v france_n if_o they_o be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o assist_v it_o but_o it_o be_v not_o probable_a that_o france_n shall_v make_v any_o account_n upon_o a_o alliance_n with_o the_o turk_n except_o in_o the_o great_a extremity_n for_o the_o mahometan_a prince_n have_v learn_v by_o experience_n that_o wherever_o they_o have_v intermedle_v with_o the_o christian_n in_o their_o war_n these_o common_o have_v clap_v up_o a_o peace_n without_o include_v they_o or_o have_v any_o regard_n to_o their_o interest_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n france_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o overturn_v all_o the_o state_n of_o europe_n by_o his_o conquest_n for_o france_n may_v be_v the_o most_o potent_a kingdom_n in_o christendom_n but_o not_o the_o only_a one_o and_o by_o extend_v its_o conquest_n too_o far_o it_o will_v be_v weaken_a within_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n those_o lesser_a state_n border_v upon_o france_n be_v in_o great_a danger_n to_o be_v devour_v by_o so_o flourish_v a_o kingdom_n chap_n vi._n of_o the_o unite_a province_n §_o 1._o province_n that_o country_n which_o be_v common_o call_v the_o netherlands_o or_o the_o low_a germany_n be_v ancient_o comprehend_v partly_o under_o gaul_n partly_o under_o germany_n according_a as_o they_o be_v situate_v either_o on_o this_o or_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a boundary_a of_o these_o two_o vast_a country_n that_o part_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n be_v by_o julius_n caesar_n together_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o gaul_n reduce_v under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n afterward_o the_o batavi_n and_o the_o zealander_n do_v also_o submit_v to_o the_o roman_n yet_o so_o that_o they_o be_v rather_o esteem_v ally_n than_o subject_n and_o when_o in_o the_o five_o century_n after_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n the_o franc_n establish_v a_o new_a kingdom_n in_o france_n these_o province_n be_v also_o at_o first_o unite_v to_o it_o but_o at_o the_o same_o time_n when_o germany_n be_v separate_v from_o france_n most_o of_o they_o fall_v to_o germany_n few_o remain_v with_o france_n the_o governor_n of_o these_o province_n do_v in_o process_n of_o time_n under_o the_o name_n of_o duke_n and_o earl_n make_v themselves_o demi-sovereigns_a as_o do_v also_o other_o prince_n of_o germany_n and_o france_n yet_o so_o that_o it_o be_v a_o general_a maxim_n among_o they_o to_o rule_v the_o people_n with_o mildness_n and_o for_o the_o security_n of_o their_o liberty_n they_o use_v to_o grant_v they_o great_a privilege_n in_o the_o maintain_n of_o which_o this_o nation_n be_v always_o very_o forward_o the_o estate_n also_o which_o consist_v of_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o city_n be_v always_o in_o great_a authority_n and_o will_v not_o easy_o suffer_v that_o any_o new_a imposition_n shall_v be_v lay_v upon_o the_o people_n without_o their_o consent_n province_n these_o province_n according_a to_o the_o common_a computation_n be_v seventeen_o in_o number_n viz._n four_o dukedom_n of_o brabant_n limburgh_n luxemburgh_n and_o gueldres_n seven_o earldom_n of_o flanders_n artois_n hainault_n holland_n zealand_n namur_n and_o zutphen_n five_o lordship_n of_o friesland_n malines_n vtrecht_n overyssel_a and_o groningen_n antwerp_n have_v the_o title_n of_o a_o marquisate_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n these_o province_n be_v ancient_o rule_v each_o by_o its_o prince_n or_o lord_n but_o afterward_o several_a of_o they_o be_v either_o by_o inheritance_n marriage_n or_o contract_v unite_v together_o till_o most_o of_o they_o fall_v to_o the_o share_n of_o the_o house_n of_o burgundy_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n by_o the_o marriage_n of_o maximilian_n i._n who_o have_v marry_v mary_n the_o only_a daughter_n of_o charles_n surname_v the_o hardy_a province_n and_o be_v afterward_o all_o unite_a under_o charles_n v._n who_o govern_v they_o in_o peace_n and_o prosperity_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o he_o have_v once_o take_v a_o resolution_n to_o make_v they_o one_o kingdom_n which_o however_o he_o can_v not_o effect_v their_o law_n and_o privilege_n be_v so_o different_a and_o they_o so_o jealous_a of_o one_o another_o that_o none_o of_o they_o will_v remit_v any_o thing_n of_o their_o pretence_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o rest_n but_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n v._o over_o the_o netherlands_o prove_v so_o very_o fortunate_a because_o he_o bear_v a_o extraordinary_a affection_n to_o they_o and_o they_o to_o he_o v._n for_o charles_n be_v bear_v in_o ghent_n educate_v among_o they_o and_o live_v a_o considerable_a time_n there_o his_o humour_n suit_v very_o well_o with_o they_o he_o converse_v with_o they_o in_o a_o friendly_a manner_n without_o haughtiness_n employ_v the_o netherlander_n frequent_o in_o his_o affair_n whereby_o this_o nation_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n at_o his_o court_n but_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o his_o son_n philip_n ii_o these_o province_n be_v tear_v to_o piece_n by_o intestine_a commotion_n and_o civil_a war_n which_o occasion_v the_o rise_n of_o a_o potent_a commonwealth_n in_o europe_n this_o government_n have_v prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o great_a alteration_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o while_n to_o search_v both_o into_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o commotion_n and_o the_o origin_n of_o this_o new_a government_n §_o 2._o ii_o philip_n ii_o therefore_o be_v not_o a_o little_a to_o be_v blame_v as_o be_v partly_o himself_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o civil_a trouble_n for_o he_o be_v bear_v in_o spain_n and_o educate_v after_o the_o spanish_a fashion_n do_v favour_n only_o the_o spainards_n represent_v in_o all_o his_o behaviour_n a_o perfect_a haughty_a spaniard_n which_o do_v mighty_o alienate_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o netherlander_n especial_o after_o he_o reside_v altogether_o in_o spain_n and_o do_v not_o so_o much_o as_o honour_v the_o netherlands_o with_o his_o presence_n think_v it_o perhaps_o below_o his_o grandeur_n that_o he_o who_o be_v master_n of_o so_o great_a a_o kingdom_n and_o have_v such_o great_a project_n in_o his_o head_n shall_v trouble_v himself_o much_o about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o netherlander_n though_o in_o all_o probability_n these_o may_v have_v be_v keep_v in_o obedience_n by_o his_o presence_n for_o his_o father_n the_o soon_o to_o appease_v a_o tumult_n which_o be_v only_o rise_v in_o the_o city_n of_o ghent_n do_v venture_v to_o take_v his_o journey_n through_o france_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o francis_n orange_n who_o be_v but_o late_o reconcile_v to_o he_o moreover_o william_n prince_n of_o orange_n a_o crafty_a thorough-paced_a and_o ambitious_a man_n do_v not_o a_o little_a foment_n these_o division_n for_o when_o philip_n have_v take_v a_o resolution_n to_o go_v into_o spain_n and_o to_o commit_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o netherlands_o to_o a_o governor_n this_o prince_n be_v contrive_v how_o christina_n duchess_n of_o lorraine_n may_v be_v constitute_v regent_n of_o the_o netherlands_o and_o how_o he_o by_o marry_v her_o daughter_n may_v bear_v the_o great_a sway_n in_o the_o government_n but_o he_o miscarry_v in_o both_o
unite_a province_n be_v make_v entire_a and_o secure_v on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n in_o the_o year_n 1596_o albert_n archduke_n of_o austria_n netherlands_o arrive_v as_o governor_n of_o the_o netherlands_o who_o begin_v his_o regency_n with_o the_o take_v of_o hulst_n and_o because_o philip_n be_v oppress_v with_o debt_n be_v fain_o to_o shut_v up_o his_o exchequer_n albert_n for_o want_v of_o money_n be_v not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v but_o be_v sound_o beat_v near_o tougenhout_n and_o after_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o hollander_n with_o spain_n and_o portugal_n whither_o they_o use_v to_o send_v their_o ship_n under_o foreign_a flag_n have_v be_v quite_o cut_v off_o whereby_o the_o spaniard_n hope_v the_o soon_o to_o reduce_v they_o to_o obedience_n necessity_n and_o the_o desire_n of_o lucre_n teach_v they_o another_o way_n to_o obtain_v vast_a riches_n for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o hollander_n be_v force_v to_o try_v whether_o they_o can_v sail_v themselves_o into_o the_o east-indies_n and_o to_o attempt_v to_o find_v out_o a_o near_a way_n thither_o round_o about_o the_o north._n but_o this_o design_n not_o succeed_v they_o take_v the_o common_a course_n about_o africa_n and_o have_v with_o incredible_a pain_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o resistance_n make_v by_o the_o portuguese_n settle_v a_o trade_n there_o a_o great_a many_o merchant_n and_o other_o who_o know_v no_o better_a way_n to_o employ_v their_o ready-money_n erect_v several_a society_n to_o trade_n into_o the_o east-indies_n 1602._o all_o which_o be_v by_o virtue_n of_o a_o patent_n grant_v by_o the_o estate_n company_n form_v into_o one_o company_n which_o do_v afterward_o prodigious_o increase_v its_o power_n in_o the_o east-indies_n and_o have_v convey_v unconceivable_a riches_n into_o holland_n in_o the_o year_n 1597_o maurice_n take_v rhinebergh_n meurs_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o place_n of_o overyssel_a which_o be_v as_o yet_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o spain_n §_o 11._o in_o the_o year_n 1598._o they_o find_v out_o another_o decoy_n for_o the_o hollander_n for_o because_o it_o be_v general_o pretend_v that_o they_o will_v not_o live_v under_o spanish_a subjection_n philip_n find_v out_o this_o artifice_n he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n isabel_n clara_n eugenia_n to_o albert_n eugenia_n archduke_n of_o austria_n give_v unto_o she_o as_o a_o dowry_n burgundy_n and_o the_o netherlands_o yet_o with_o this_o condition_n that_o the_o same_o shall_v return_v to_o spain_n if_o no_o heir_n proceed_v from_o this_o match_n which_o the_o spaniard_n be_v very_o well_o assure_v of_o the_o princess_n be_v pretty_a well_o in_o age_n and_o beside_o this_o have_v be_v spoil_v before_o by_o mean_n of_o some_o medicament_n administer_v to_o she_o to_o prevent_v conception_n the_o netherlands_o be_v then_o by_o this_o mean_n according_a to_o outward_a appearance_n free_v from_o a_o foreign_a subjection_n as_o have_v get_v their_o own_o prince_n it_o be_v hope_v the_o hollander_n will_v the_o easy_o reunite_v themselves_o with_o the_o other_o province_n because_o a_o peace_n be_v late_o conclude_v betwixt_o france_n and_o spain_n at_o nervin_n the_o hollander_n have_v thereby_o lose_v their_o chief_a confederate_n but_o the_o hollander_n remain_v steadfast_a in_o their_o former_a resolution_n reject_v all_o proposition_n of_o peace_n make_v by_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o arch_a duke_n albert._n in_o the_o year_n 1600_o newport_n maurice_n fall_v into_o flanders_n with_o a_o intention_n to_o besiege_v newport_n but_o be_v meet_v by_o albert_n where_o a_o bloody_a battle_n ensue_v and_o maurice_n obtain_v a_o most_o glorious_a victory_n who_o be_v otherways_o always_o averse_a to_o field-fights_a and_o will_v never_o have_v resolve_v at_o that_o time_n to_o have_v venture_v the_o whole_a fortune_n of_o holland_n upon_o the_o issue_n of_o a_o battle_n if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v force_v to_o it_o wherefore_o without_o attempt_v any_o thing_n far_o he_o return_v into_o holland_n 1601._o albert_n then_o undertake_v the_o siege_n of_o ostend_n during_o which_o both_o side_n do_v their_o utmost_a till_o ambrose_n spinola_n force_v the_o place_n the_o besiege_v have_v no_o more_o room_n leave_v to_o make_v any_o retrenchment_n it_o be_v say_v side_n that_o the_o hollander_n lose_v within_o the_o town_n above_o 70000_o man_n and_o the_o spaniard_n without_o a_o great_a many_o more_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o spanish_a fleet_n under_o the_o command_n of_o frederick_n spinola_n be_v destroy_v and_o rhinebergh_n grave_a and_o sluice_n take_v by_o maurice_n in_o the_o year_n 1605_o spinola_n retake_v from_o the_o hollander_n lingen_n groll_n and_o rhinebergh_n and_o maurice_n sustain_v some_o loss_n before_o antwerp_n the_o last_o glorious_a action_n in_o this_o war_n be_v that_o of_o james_n heemskirke_n who_o burn_v the_o spanish_a fleet_n in_o the_o harbour_n of_o gibraltar_n where_o he_o himself_o be_v kill_v the_o spaniard_n therefore_o find_v it_o impossible_a to_o reduce_v holland_n by_o force_n which_o they_o find_v increase_v in_o strength_n by_o the_o war_n and_o be_v beside_o this_o jealous_a of_o henry_n iu._n and_o quite_o out_o of_o breath_n by_o this_o tedious_a war_n they_o resolve_v to_o make_v a_o end_n of_o it_o at_o any_o rate_n how_o desirous_a the_o spaniard_n be_v of_o the_o peace_n may_v easy_o be_v conjecture_v from_o hence_o that_o albert_n himself_o propose_v the_o treaty_n to_o be_v at_o the_o hague_n and_o first_o send_v spinola_n himself_o thither_o as_o ambassador_n whereas_o the_o hollander_n carry_v it_o very_o high_a and_o be_v very_o resolute_a the_o business_n meet_v with_o great_a difficulty_n before_o it_o can_v be_v bring_v to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o a_o truce_n of_o twelve_o year_n the_o great_a obstacle_n be_v that_o the_o hollander_n urge_v it_o close_o that_o spain_n without_o any_o exception_n shall_v declare_v they_o a_o free_a people_n which_o the_o spanish_a ambassador_n refuse_v to_o do_v at_o last_o this_o medium_fw-la be_v find_v out_o that_o spain_n and_o the_o archduke_n albert_n do_v declare_v they_o will_v treat_v with_o the_o netherlander_n as_o a_o free_a nation_n and_o they_o be_v not_o satisfy_v also_o with_o this_o the_o precedent_n janin_n who_o be_v send_v thither_o in_o behalf_n of_o france_n answer_v that_o the_o word_n as_o can_v not_o add_v much_o to_o the_o strength_n of_o spain_n nor_o diminish_v they_o and_o that_o it_o be_v their_o business_n to_o secure_v themselves_o and_o their_o state_n by_o arm_n and_o not_o by_o word_n year_n both_o party_n keep_v what_o they_o be_v possess_v of_o and_o the_o hollander_n maintain_v their_o navigation_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n which_o the_o spaniard_n will_v fain_o have_v get_v from_o they_o but_o the_o chief_a cause_n why_o the_o hollander_n at_o that_o time_n when_o their_o affair_n be_v in_o so_o good_a a_o condition_n consent_v to_o a_o truce_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v jealous_a of_o france_n for_o fear_n lest_o that_o king_n shall_v snatch_v flanders_n away_o upon_o a_o sudden_a which_o must_v needs_o have_v prove_v their_o ruin_n beside_o this_o maurice_n be_v grow_v very_o powerful_a during_o this_o war_n be_v likely_a to_o be_v troublesome_a to_o their_o liberty_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o step_n which_o holland_n make_v towards_o the_o establishment_n of_o a_o free_a commonwealth_n 1609._o §_o 12._o soon_o after_o the_o truce_n be_v conclude_v the_o hollander_n be_v engage_v in_o the_o business_n concern_v the_o succession_n of_o the_o country_n of_o juliers_n juliers_n for_o the_o emperor_n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o last_o duke_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o annex_v these_o country_n unto_o his_o house_n have_v send_v the_o archduke_n leopold_n to_o make_v a_o sequestration_n who_o take_v the_o strong_a city_n of_o juliers_n but_o be_v beat_v out_o again_o by_o the_o hollander_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o french_a but_o a_o difference_n arise_v afterward_o betwixt_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o newburgh_n who_o have_v at_o first_o make_v a_o agreement_n betwixt_o themselves_o and_o the_o duke_n of_o newburgh_n have_v call_v to_o his_o assistance_n spinola_n who_o take_v the_o city_n of_o wesel_n the_o hollander_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n side_v with_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o put_v garrison_n into_o rees_n and_o emeric_n whereby_o the_o country_n of_o cleves_n be_v involve_v in_o the_o war_n of_o the_o netherlands_o §_o contra-remonstrants_a 13._o but_o there_o arise_v a_o more_o dangerous_a intestine_a division_n in_o holland_n betwixt_o the_o arminian_n or_o remonstrant_n as_o they_o be_v term_v and_o other_o which_o division_n be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o a_o state-jealousie_n partly_o by_o dispute_n among_o the_o divine_n we_o have_v say_v before_o that_o prince_n william_n do_v
but_o there_o live_v a_o great_a many_o nobleman_n among_o they_o also_o who_o by_o degree_n get_v the_o ascendant_n over_o the_o common_a people_n do_v oppress_v their_o liberty_n especial_o during_o the_o difference_n which_o be_v betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o pope_n when_o the_o nobility_n use_v to_o side_n with_o the_o pope_n but_o the_o commonalty_n with_o the_o emperor_n these_o division_n betwixt_o the_o nobility_n and_o the_o people_n grow_v very_o high_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o great_a interregnum_fw-la which_o happen_v after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o second_o which_o break_v out_o into_o a_o open_a war_n the_o whole_a nobility_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o counrry_a but_o by_o the_o emperor_n rodolfus_n authority_n a_o reconciliation_n have_v be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o the_o nobles_z be_v restore_v to_o their_o estate_n thus_o these_o country_n do_v enjoy_v their_o former_a liberty_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o albert_n i._n who_o have_v conceive_v a_o hatred_n against_o they_o because_o they_o have_v side_v with_o his_o rival_n adolph_n of_o nassaw_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o annex_v they_o to_o his_o hereditary_a country_n the_o monastery_n therefore_o and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o nobility_n have_v upon_o his_o desire_n submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n the_o same_o be_v also_o propose_v to_o the_o three_o abovementioned_a place_n who_o refuse_v his_o proposition_n he_o set_v over_o they_o imperial_a judge_n or_o vicar_n who_o contrary_a to_o the_o ancient_a custom_n begin_v to_o reside_v in_o strong_a castle_n and_o have_v first_o try_v by_o persuasion_n to_o bring_v they_o over_o to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n afterward_o when_o they_o find_v their_o labour_n lose_v that_o way_n grow_v very_o burdensome_a to_o the_o people_n by_o their_o oppression_n neither_o be_v the_o petition_n make_v against_o they_o by_o the_o commonalty_n in_o any_o way_n regard_v by_o the_o emperor_n nay_o the_o judge_n of_o vnder-walden_n who_o be_v name_n be_v geisler_n be_v become_v so_o extravagant_a that_o he_o set_v his_o hat_n upon_o a_o pole_n in_o the_o marketplace_n of_o altorf_n command_v that_o every_o body_n shall_v pay_v the_o same_o respect_n to_o his_o hat_n as_o to_o himself_o thereby_o to_o make_v a_o trial_n of_o their_o obedience_n and_o among_o other_o one_o william_n tell_v have_v often_o pass_v by_o without_o pay_v his_o respect_n he_o force_v he_o to_o shoot_v with_o a_o arrow_n through_o a_o apple_n which_o be_v plaâ—ed_v upon_o his_o own_o son_n head_n but_o this_o man_n whilst_o he_o be_v carry_v to_o prison_n make_v his_o escape_n stir_v up_o the_o hatred_n of_o the_o people_n against_o the_o judge_n §_o 2._o switz_n there_o be_v at_o that_o time_n three_o man_n of_o great_a authority_n among_o they_o viz._n werner_n stouffacher_n bear_v in_o switz_n walter_n first_fw-ge bear_v in_o vry_n and_o arnold_n of_o melchtale_a bear_v in_o vnder-walden_n these_o enter_v into_o a_o association_n whereby_o it_o be_v agree_v among_o they_o to_o rid_v themselves_o of_o this_o tyranny_n and_o to_o restore_v their_o ancient_a liberty_n a_o great_a many_o more_o have_v enter_v afterward_o into_o this_o association_n a_o agreement_n be_v make_v betwixt_o they_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1308._o on_o the_o first_o day_n of_o january_n they_o will_v surprise_v these_o judge_n in_o their_o strong_a castle_n and_o drive_v they_o out_o of_o the_o country_n this_o confederacy_n be_v make_v in_o the_o year_n 1307._o on_o the_o 17._o of_o october_n and_o have_v afterward_o be_v put_v in_o execution_n in_o the_o abovementioned_a year_n on_o the_o first_o day_n of_o january_n these_o three_o place_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n for_o ten_o year_n for_o the_o mutual_a defence_n of_o their_o ancient_a liberty_n in_o the_o year_n 1315._o leopald_v archduke_n of_o austria_n son_n of_o albert_n i._o march_v with_o a_o army_n of_o 20000_o man_n to_o force_v they_o to_o obedience_n against_o who_o they_o march_v out_o with_o 1300_o man_n and_o whilst_o the_o austrian_a force_n be_v march_v betwixt_o the_o lane_n and_o inaccessible_a mountain_n some_o of_o the_o swisser_n by_o roll_a down_o upon_o they_o and_o throw_v great_a heap_n of_o stone_n among_o they_o put_v the_o enemy_n in_o confusion_n whilst_o the_o rest_n fall_v upon_o they_o and_o entire_o defeat_v they_o near_o morgarten_n then_o these_o three_o place_n renew_v their_o confederacy_n morgarten_n and_o have_v confirm_v it_o by_o solemn_a oath_n they_o agree_v it_o shall_v continue_v for_o ever_o this_o be_v do_v at_o brun_n in_o the_o year_n 1320._o on_o the_o 7_o the_o of_o december_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o beginning_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n who_o confederate_n use_v to_o call_v themselves_o edytsgenossen_n which_o signify_v ally_v by_o oath_n but_o stranger_n call_v they_o in_o general_a swisser_n from_o that_o one_o place_n call_v switz_n §_o 3._o confederacy_n nevertheless_o the_o first_o intention_n of_o this_o confederacy_n be_v not_o to_o separate_v themselves_o from_o the_o german_a empire_n but_o only_o to_o maintain_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n though_o by_o degree_n they_o begin_v to_o administer_v their_o own_o affair_n at_o home_n without_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o swisser_n be_v not_o till_o in_o the_o year_n 1648._o viz_o in_o the_o westphalian_a peace_n declare_v quite_o independent_a from_o the_o roman_a empire_n for_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n iv._o have_v confirm_v the_o former_a confederacy_n and_o in_o 1320._o have_v send_v they_o a_o new_a imperial_a vicar_n or_o judge_n unto_o who_o after_o have_v receive_v new_a assurance_n to_o be_v maintain_v in_o their_o privilege_n they_o do_v homage_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o emperor_n but_o the_o follow_a emperor_n give_v they_o full_a power_n to_o choose_v judge_n among_o themselves_o grant_v they_o the_o supreme_a jurisdiction_n both_o in_o civil_a and_o criminal_a affair_n in_o the_o year_n 1332._o lucern_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1351._o zurick_n enter_v into_o this_o confederacy_n lucern_n be_v former_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n zurick_n which_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o confederacy_n be_v former_o a_o free_a imperial_a city_n immediate_o after_o glaris_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1352._o zug_n and_o bern_n be_v unite_v with_o the_o former_a the_o swisser_n after_o this_o time_n have_v great_a war_n with_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o in_o 1386_o slay_v leopold_n archduke_n of_o austria_n sempach_n with_o a_o great_a many_o nobles_n in_o the_o battle_n near_o sempach_n in_o the_o year_n 1444._o the_o swisser_n do_v give_v another_o proof_n of_o their_o valour_n for_o the_o dauphin_n of_o france_n afterward_o call_v lewis_n xi_o march_v with_o a_o great_a army_n to_o disturb_v the_o council_n then_o hold_v at_o basil_n be_v attack_v by_o 1900_o swisser_n with_o such_o fury_n that_o though_o they_o all_o fall_v in_o the_o enterprise_n yet_o do_v they_o strike_v such_o a_o terror_n into_o the_o french_a that_o they_o quick_o retreat_v homeward_o §_o 4._o burgundy_n in_o the_o year_n 1476_o the_o swisser_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o charles_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o be_v stir_v up_o by_o lewis_n xi_o who_o be_v for_o set_v the_o duke_n at_o work_n against_o he_o rene_n duke_n of_o lorain_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o strasburgh_n and_o basil_n make_v a_o alliance_n with_o the_o swisser_n the_o emperor_n frederick_n iii_o also_o be_v desirous_a to_o revenge_v the_o quarrel_n of_o his_o house_n command_v they_o to_o fall_v upon_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o then_o be_v a_o enemy_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o have_v afterward_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o duke_n without_o include_v the_o swisser_n he_o hope_v they_o will_v be_v severe_o chastise_v by_o this_o brave_a prince_n but_o thing_n happen_v quite_o contrary_a to_o his_o expectation_n for_o the_o swisser_n defeat_v the_o duke_n in_o three_o great_a battle_n the_o first_o near_o granson_n afterward_o near_o murten_n where_o the_o duke_n have_v a_o army_n of_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o man_n and_o at_o last_o near_o nancy_n in_o lorain_n where_o the_o duke_n himself_o be_v kill_v by_o these_o victory_n the_o swisser_n gain_v great_a reputation_n in_o the_o year_n 1481._o fribourgh_n and_o solothurn_n in_o the_o year_n 1501._o basil_n and_o shafshausen_n and_o last_o of_o all_o appen-zell_n be_v unite_v with_o this_o confederacy_n the_o whole_a body_n then_o of_o the_o swiss_n confederacy_n be_v compose_v of_o 13_o commonwealth_n which_o they_o call_v place_n but_o the_o italian_n and_o french_a call_v they_o canton_n ally_n among_o these_o zuric_n bern_n lucern_n zug_n basil_n fribourgh_n selothum_n and_o shafshausen_n be_v city_n vry_n switz_n vnderwalden_n glariss_n and_o appen-zell_n be_v country_n where_o be_v a_o
suspicious_a of_o all_o mankind_n and_o the_o whole_a confederacy_n be_v altogether_o adapt_v for_o their_o common_a defence_n and_o for_o the_o maintain_n of_o a_o firm_a union_n betwixt_o themselves_o the_o difference_n of_o religion_n be_v also_o a_o main_a obstacle_n among_o they_o some_o of_o they_o be_v roman_a catholic_n but_o most_o protestant_n and_o both_o party_n great_a zealot_n in_o their_o religion_n wherefore_o it_o seem_v a_o hard_a task_n to_o make_v they_o all_o true_o unanimous_a except_o force_v by_o the_o necessity_n of_o a_o common_a danger_n and_o in_o this_o democratical_a government_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v suppose_v that_o one_o man_n can_v have_v sufficient_a authority_n to_o sway_v the_o rest_n and_o to_o stir_v they_o up_o to_o any_o great_a and_o sudden_a enterprise_n and_o this_o slowness_n of_o their_o public_a counsel_n be_v such_o a_o check_n upon_o their_o natural_a valour_n at_o home_n that_o they_o can_v employ_v it_o no_o better_o than_o to_o sell_v it_o for_o a_o little_a money_n to_o other_o nation_n §_o 10._o neighbour_n this_o be_v the_o very_a reason_n why_o the_o swisser_n be_v the_o best_a neighbour_n in_o the_o world_n as_o be_v never_o to_o be_v fear_v and_o always_o ready_a to_o assist_v you_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n if_o you_o pay_v they_o for_o it_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n they_o need_v not_o stand_v in_o great_a fear_n of_o their_o neighbour_n the_o state_n of_o italy_n be_v not_o in_o a_o capacity_n to_o do_v they_o any_o harm_n and_o germany_n be_v not_o willing_a to_o hurt_v they_o if_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n shall_v attack_v they_o they_o be_v able_a to_o defend_v themselves_o and_o beside_o this_o they_o may_v in_o such_o a_o case_n be_v sure_a to_o be_v back_v by_o france_n france_n alone_o seem_v to_o be_v their_o most_o dangerous_a neighbour_n and_o it_o have_v be_v the_o wonder_n of_o many_o why_o the_o swisser_n rely_v altogether_o upon_o the_o french_a alliance_n and_o promise_n and_o do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o endeavour_n to_o secure_v their_o country_n against_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o france_n and_o that_o in_o the_o last_o war_n they_o leave_v the_o franche_fw-mi comtè_fw-fr to_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o french_a which_o open_v the_o passage_n into_o their_o country_n and_o enable_v the_o french_a to_o levy_v soldier_n on_o their_o frontier_n at_o pleasure_n it_o seem_v therefore_o to_o be_v the_o present_a interest_n of_o switzerland_n not_o to_o imitate_v the_o french_a and_o nevertheless_o to_o take_v care_n that_o they_o do_v not_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o their_o frontier_n place_n viz._n of_o geneva_n newburgh_n on_o the_o lake_n the_o four_o forest_n town_n and_o constance_n that_o they_o do_v not_o send_v too_o great_a a_o number_n of_o their_o man_n into_o the_o french_a service_n whereby_o they_o may_v exhaust_v their_o own_o stock_n of_o soldier_n and_o that_o such_o as_o be_v send_v into_o the_o french_a service_n may_v be_v engage_v not_o to_o be_v forgetful_a of_o their_o duty_n to_o their_o native_a country_n so_o as_o to_o be_v ready_a to_o return_v home_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n france_n seem_v to_o have_v no_o great_a reason_n to_o attack_v the_o swisser_n as_o long_o as_o they_o be_v quiet_a and_o do_v not_o pretend_v to_o oppose_v the_o french_a design_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o if_o france_n have_v once_o obtain_v its_o aim_n the_o swisser_n will_v be_v oblige_v to_o submit_v themselves_o and_o it_o seem_v at_o this_o time_n more_o advantageous_a for_o the_o french_a to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o swisser_n as_o their_o ally_n than_o by_o conquer_a they_o to_o make_v they_o refractory_a subject_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o natural_a stubborness_n must_v be_v bridle_v by_o strong_a garrison_n which_o will_v scarce_o be_v maintain_v out_o of_o the_o revenue_n of_o so_o poor_a a_o country_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o german_a empire_n §_o 1._o germany_n germany_n be_v not_o ancient_o one_o commonwealth_n but_o divide_v into_o a_o great_a many_o state_n and_o independent_a of_o each_o other_o most_o of_o they_o be_v democracy_n and_o though_o some_o of_o they_o have_v their_o king_n yet_o these_o have_v more_o authority_n to_o advise_v than_o to_o command_n these_o several_a state_n be_v at_o last_o unite_v under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o franc_n the_o king_n of_o the_o merovingean_a family_n have_v undertake_v several_a expedition_n into_o germany_n do_v reduce_v several_a of_o these_o state_n under_o their_o subjection_n and_o charles_n the_o great_a reduce_v all_o germany_n under_o his_o jurisdiction_n great_a he_o be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n master_n of_o france_n italy_n rome_n and_o a_o part_n of_o spain_n all_o which_o province_n he_o commit_v to_o the_o care_n of_o certain_a governor_n who_o be_v call_v grave_n or_o marc-grave_n the_o saxon_n retain_v more_o of_o their_o ancient_a liberty_n than_o the_o rest_n wherefore_o the_o better_a to_o keep_v this_o then_o barbarous_a nation_n in_o obedience_n he_o erect_v several_a episcopal_n see_v in_o saxony_n hope_v by_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o christian_a doctrine_n to_o civilize_v this_o barbarous_a people_n pious_a lewis_n surname_v the_o pious_a son_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a have_v three_o son_n viz._n lotharius_n lewis_n and_o charles_n who_o divide_v the_o empire_n of_o the_o franc_n among_o they_o in_o this_o division_n lewis_n get_v for_o his_o share_n all_o germany_n as_o far_o as_o it_o extend_v on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o also_o some_o country_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o that_o river_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o vineyard_n as_o it_o be_v say_v which_o be_v on_o both_o side_n germanâ—_n all_o which_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o as_o sovereign_n without_o be_v in_o any_o way_n dependent_a on_o his_o elder_a brother_n much_o less_o the_o young_a who_o have_v france_n for_o his_o share_n and_o at_o that_o time_n germany_n be_v first_o make_v a_o kingdom_n independent_a of_o any_o other_o §_o 2._o carolomannus_n the_o son_n of_o this_o lewis_n do_v after_o the_o death_n of_o charles_n the_o bald_a who_o be_v king_n of_o france_n and_o have_v bear_v the_o title_n of_o roman_a emperor_n conquer_v italy_n and_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o imperial_a dignity_n notwithstanding_o that_o lewis_n son_n of_o charles_n the_o bald_a and_o king_n of_o france_n have_v upon_o instigation_n of_o the_o pope_n assume_v the_o same_o title_n after_o he_o succeed_v his_o young_a brother_n carolus_n crassus_n crassus_n who_o maintain_v both_o the_o kingdom_n of_o italy_n and_o the_o imperial_a title_n 8â—7_n but_o the_o great_a man_n in_o germany_n have_v depose_v the_o say_a charles_n they_o make_v arnolph_n the_o son_n of_o the_o abovementioned_a carolomannus_n king_n of_o germany_n 894._o who_o go_v into_o italy_n and_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o roman_a emperor_n for_o which_o have_v contend_v for_o a_o good_a while_n berengarius_fw-la duke_n of_o trioul_n 899._o and_o guido_n duke_n of_o spoleto_n but_o after_o the_o death_n of_o arnulph_n child_n his_o son_n lewis_n surname_v the_o child_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o germany_n under_o who_o reign_n the_o affair_n of_o germany_n be_v in_o so_o ill_a a_o condition_n that_o he_o have_v no_o leisure_n to_o look_v into_o those_o of_o italy_n for_o arnulph_n have_v call_v to_o his_o assistance_n the_o hungarian_n against_o zwentepold_n king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o moravia_n who_o have_v rebel_v against_o he_o with_o who_o assistance_n he_o reduce_v zwentepold_a to_o obedience_n but_o the_o hungarian_n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n a_o most_o barbarous_a nation_n have_v get_v a_o taste_n of_o germany_n make_v a_o inroad_n into_o that_o country_n ravage_v every_o where_o with_o a_o inhuman_a cruelty_n they_o also_o defeat_v lewis_n near_o augsburgh_n 9â—5_n oblige_v he_o to_o pay_v they_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n notwithstanding_o which_o they_o ravage_v and_o plunder_v wherever_o they_o come_v this_o overthrow_n be_v chief_o occasion_v by_o the_o king_n tender_a age_n and_o the_o division_n of_o the_o great_a man_n among_o themselves_o who_o aim_v at_o nothing_o more_o than_o to_o establish_v their_o own_o authority_n 9â—1_n after_o the_o death_n of_o lewis_n cunrad_n cunrad_n duke_n of_o franconia_n be_v elect_v king_n germany_n under_o who_o reign_n the_o potent_a duke_n of_o lorain_n swabia_n bavaria_n and_o saxony_n do_v pretend_v to_o maintain_v the_o sovereignty_n over_o their_o own_o country_n and_o a_o hereditary_a possession_n which_o cunrad_n be_v not_o able_a to_o prevent_v and_o because_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n be_v the_o most_o potent_a and_o cunrad_n fear_v that_o at_o last_o he_o may_v quite_o withdraw_v himself_o from_o the_o german_a empire_n he_o upon_o his_o deathbed_n advise_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n to_o make_v he_o their_o king_n which_o be_v do_v according_o
recompense_n send_v a_o hare-skin_n and_o spinning-wheel_n which_o so_o trouble_v he_o that_o he_o hang_v himself_o but_o the_o king_n also_o be_v so_o trouble_v at_o this_o defeat_n that_o he_o die_v of_o grief_n 1139._o leave_v four_o son_n behind_o he_o ii_o among_o who_o vladislaus_n ii_o obtain_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o prince_n yet_o the_o other_o brother_n also_o share_v several_a great_a province_n among_o themselves_o according_a to_o their_o father_n last_n will._n this_o occasion_v great_a division_n and_o civil_a war_n betwixt_o these_o brother_n and_o vladislaus_n who_o pretend_v to_o dispossess_v the_o rest_n be_v himself_o oblige_v to_o quit_v the_o country_n iu._n after_o he_o boleslaus_n crispus_n his_o brother_n be_v make_v prince_n of_o poland_n 1146._o who_o be_v force_v to_o wage_v war_n against_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_o and_o frederick_n i._n who_o will_v have_v restore_v vladislaus_n at_o last_o a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v betwixt_o they_o by_o virtue_n of_o which_o poland_n remain_v to_o boleslaus_n but_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v silesia_n which_o be_v then_o dependent_a on_o poland_n to_o vladislaus_n which_o be_v afterward_o divide_v into_o a_o great_a many_o dukedom_n at_o last_o fall_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n this_o boleslaus_n also_o receive_v a_o great_a overthrow_n from_o the_o prussian_n his_o army_n have_v by_o the_o treachery_n of_o a_o guide_n be_v misâ—ed_v into_o the_o moor_n and_o boggs_n he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n miccislaus_n senior_n iii_o but_o he_o be_v depose_v for_o maladministration_n 1174._o he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n casimir_n 11780._o who_o be_v only_o famous_a for_o that_o he_o chastise_v the_o prussiant_a he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1194._o v._n his_o son_n lescus_n surname_v the_o white_a be_v fain_o to_o contend_v with_o the_o banish_a miccislaus_n for_o the_o kingdom_n with_o various_a success_n till_o miccislaus_n die_v 1213._o who_o son_n vladislaus_n also_o raise_v some_o disturbance_n against_o he_o for_o a_o while_n till_o at_o last_o he_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v he_o in_o the_o quiet_a possession_n of_o poland_n tartar_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o lescus_n the_o tartar_n make_v the_o first_o inroad_n into_o russia_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o prove_v very_o troublesome_a and_o mischievous_a to_o poland_n this_o lescus_n be_v force_v to_o wage_v war_n with_o sventopolek_n who_o he_o have_v constitute_v governor_n of_o pomerania_n he_o have_v make_v himself_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n do_v dismember_v it_o from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n conrade_z also_o the_o brother_n of_o lescus_n have_v get_v the_o possession_n of_o masovia_n and_o cusavia_n who_o be_v not_o strong_a enough_o to_o defend_v himself_o against_o the_o prussian_n who_o be_v fall_v into_o his_o country_n he_o call_v in_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n who_o be_v then_o by_o the_o saracen_n drive_v out_o of_o syria_n unto_o these_o he_o surrender_v the_o country_n of_o culm_n under_o condition_n that_o such_o place_n as_o by_o their_o help_n shall_v be_v conquer_v in_o prussia_n shall_v be_v divide_v betwixt_o they_o which_o afterward_o prove_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o great_a war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o poland_n to_o lescus_n succeed_v his_o son_n boleslaus_n v._n surname_v the_o chaste_a 1226._o under_o who_o reign_n the_o tartar_n commit_v prodigious_a barbarity_n in_o poland_n and_o from_o thence_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o silesia_n where_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o lignitz_n they_o slay_v so_o many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o they_o fill_v nine_o great_a sack_n with_o the_o ear_n which_o they_o have_v cut_v off_o his_o reign_n be_v beside_o this_o full_a of_o intestine_a trouble_n he_o succeed_v his_o cousin_n lescus_n 1279._o surname_v the_o black_a who_o be_v very_o fortunate_a in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o russian_n and_o lithuanian_n he_o also_o quite_o root_v out_o the_o jazygians_n which_o then_o inhabit_v podolia_n but_o the_o civil_a commotion_n and_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n occasion_v great_a disturbance_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1289._o §_o 6._o after_o the_o death_n of_o lescus_n there_o be_v great_a contest_v in_o poland_n concern_v the_o regency_n premislus_n till_o at_o last_o premissus_n lord_n of_o great_a poland_n get_v the_o upper_a hand_n 1291._o who_o also_o reassume_v the_o title_n of_o king_n which_o the_o regent_n of_o poland_n have_v not_o use_v during_o the_o space_n of_o 200_o year_n ever_o since_o that_o the_o pope_n after_o the_o banishment_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o hardy_a have_v forbid_v they_o to_o choose_v a_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o succeed_a prince_n be_v not_o very_o ambitious_a of_o that_o title_n because_o the_o country_n be_v divide_v among_o several_a person_n but_o premislus_n do_v think_v himself_o powerful_a enough_o to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o he_o be_v murder_v by_o some_o brandenburg_n emissary_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v but_o seven_o month_n iii_o after_o he_o be_v elect_v vladislaus_n locticus_n or_o cubitalis_fw-la who_o do_v not_o style_v himself_o king_n but_o only_a heir_n of_o poland_n but_o he_o have_v be_v depose_v for_o maladministration_n wenceslaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v elect_v in_o his_o stead_n 1300._o but_o after_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1309._o locticus_n be_v restore_v who_o wage_v great_a war_n against_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n who_o he_o at_o last_o vanquish_v in_o a_o great_a battle_n under_o his_o reign_n the_o duke_n of_o silesia_n who_o be_v vassal_n of_o poland_n submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1333._o iii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n casimir_n the_o great_a who_o have_v subdue_v all_o russia_n unite_v it_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o it_o shall_v enjoy_v the_o same_o law_n and_o liberty_n he_o also_o first_o introduce_v the_o magdeburgh_n law_n and_o constitution_n into_o poland_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o masuria_n do_v then_o first_o submit_v himself_o as_o a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1370._o leave_v no_o issue_n behind_o he_o and_o by_o his_o death_n the_o male-race_n of_o piastus_n lose_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n §_o 7._o after_o casimir_n the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v devolve_v to_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n lewis_n the_o sister_n son_n of_o casimir_n the_o pole_n be_v not_o well_o satisfy_v with_o he_o because_o he_o favour_v the_o hungarian_n too_o much_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1382._o sigismond_n king_n of_o hungary_n will_v fain_o have_v succeed_v he_o in_o poland_n but_o the_o pole_n refuse_v he_o some_o propose_a zicmovitus_n the_o duke_n of_o masuria_n but_o hedwig_n the_o daughter_n of_o king_n lewis_n for_o who_o the_o pole_n will_v by_o all_o mean_n reserve_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n will_v not_o accept_v of_o he_o for_o her_o husband_n at_o last_o the_o pole_n crown_v the_o abovementioned_a hedwig_n and_o marry_v she_o to_o jagello_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n iv._o under_o condition_n that_o he_o and_o his_o subject_n shall_v turn_v christian_n and_o lithuania_n shall_v be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o one_o body_n poland_n the_o first_o condition_n be_v perform_v immediate_o for_o he_o be_v baptize_v and_o call_v vladislaus_n iu._n but_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o second_o article_n be_v delay_v by_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n after_o under_o pretence_n that_o the_o lithunians_n be_v not_o well_o satisfy_v in_o this_o point_n but_o in_o effect_n because_o they_o be_v unwilling_a to_o surrender_v their_o right_n of_o succession_n to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o lithuania_n till_o at_o last_o this_o union_n be_v perfect_v under_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n sigismundus_n augustus_n this_o jagello_n defeat_v the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n where_o 50000_o man_n have_v be_v slay_v he_o take_v from_o they_o a_o great_a many_o city_n in_o prussia_n but_o they_o afterward_o recover_v themselves_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1434._o v._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n vladislaus_n v._n who_o also_o afterward_o be_v make_v king_n of_o hungary_n where_o he_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n in_o this_o war_n john_n humades_n first_o defeat_v the_o turk_n near_o the_o river_n morava_n and_o vladislaus_n so_o beat_v they_o upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o macedonia_n that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o truce_n for_o ten_o year_n but_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o the_o pope_n who_o send_v the_o cardinal_n julian_n to_o absolve_v the_o king_n from_o his_o oath_n this_o truce_n be_v break_v and_o not_o long_o after_o that_o memorable_a battle_n be_v fight_v near_o varna_n where_o the_o king_n himself_o be_v kill_v 1445._o this_o defeat_n be_v very_o shameful_a and_o
prejudicial_a to_o the_o christian_n §_o 8._o iu._n in_o his_o stead_n casimir_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n a_o great_a part_n of_o prussia_n which_o be_v weary_a of_o the_o government_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n do_v surrender_v itself_o under_o his_o protection_n this_o occasion_v a_o heavy_a war_n betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o pole_n which_o have_v be_v carry_v on_o a_o great_a while_n with_o dubious_a success_n a_o peace_n be_v at_o last_o conclude_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o the_o pope_n by_o virtue_n of_o which_o the_o pole_n get_v pomerellia_n culm_n marienburgh_n stum_n and_o elbing_n the_o rest_n remain_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n under_o condition_n that_o the_o master_n of_o that_o order_n shall_v be_v a_o vassal_n of_o poland_n and_o a_o duke_n and_o senator_n of_o that_o kingdom_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n the_o duke_n of_o vallachia_n do_v submit_v himself_o as_o a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n first_o appear_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o kingdom_n vladislaus_n the_o son_n of_o this_o casimir_n be_v make_v king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o afterward_o also_o of_o hungary_n though_o his_o own_o brother_n john_n albert_n do_v contend_v with_o he_o for_o the_o latter_a but_o be_v sound_o beat_v be_v oblige_v to_o desist_v from_o his_o pretension_n casimir_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1492._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n john_n albert_n albert._n who_o receive_v a_o signal_n overthrow_v in_o vallachia_n from_o the_o turk_n and_o rebellious_a vallachian_o the_o turk_n also_o fall_v into_o poland_n but_o by_o a_o sudden_a great_a frost_n a_o great_a many_o thousand_o of_o they_o be_v starve_v to_o death_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n the_o dukedom_n of_o plotzkâ—_n in_o the_o country_n of_o masovia_n be_v unite_v to_o poland_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1501._o who_o succeed_v his_o brother_n alexander_n sigismond_n but_o he_o do_v not_o reign_v long_o than_o till_o the_o year_n 1506._o who_o succeed_v sigismond_n one_o of_o the_o most_o famous_a prince_n of_o his_o time_n this_o king_n be_v engage_v in_o three_o several_a war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n wherein_o the_o pole_n always_o be_v victorious_a in_o the_o field_n but_o the_o muscovite_n who_o have_v get_v smolensko_n by_o treachery_n keep_v the_o possession_n of_o that_o place_n the_o war_n which_o he_o wage_v with_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n in_o prussia_n at_o last_o compose_v under_o these_o condition_n that_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o be_v then_o master_n of_o that_o order_n shall_v receive_v the_o eastern_a part_n of_o prussia_n as_o a_o hereditary_a fief_n from_o the_o king_n and_o shall_v acknowledge_v himself_o hereafter_o a_o vassal_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n under_o his_o reign_n also_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o masovia_n be_v reunite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n he_o also_o fight_v very_o successful_o against_o the_o vallachian_o and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1548._o augustus_n leave_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o son_n sigismundus_n augustus_n under_o his_o reign_n livonia_n submit_v itself_o to_o poland_n as_o be_v not_o able_a to_o defend_v itself_o against_o the_o muscovite_n who_o already_o have_v take_v dorpt_v felin_n and_o several_a other_o place_n in_o this_o public_a consternation_n estlad_a and_o reval_n do_v surrender_v themselves_o to_o erick_n king_n of_o swedeland_n but_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n do_v seek_v for_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n which_o he_o will_v not_o grant_v they_o upon_o any_o other_o term_n than_o that_o they_o shall_v submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n whereupon_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n have_v abdicate_v himself_o surrender_v the_o castle_n of_o riga_n and_o some_o other_o place_n to_o the_o pole_n and_o he_o in_o recompense_n of_o his_o loss_n be_v make_v duke_n of_o curland_n and_o semigall_n this_o occasion_v a_o war_n betwixt_o the_o pole_n and_o muscovite_n wherein_o these_o take_v from_o the_o former_a plotzkâ—_n this_o king_n die_v without_o child_n 1552._o and_o by_o his_o death_n the_o male_a race_n of_o the_o jagellonick_a family_n be_v quite_o extinguish_v §_o 9_o after_o his_o death_n there_o be_v great_a contention_n in_o poland_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n and_o at_o last_o by_o the_o majority_n of_o vote_n 1574._o henry_n duke_n of_o anjou_n brother_n of_o charles_n ix_o king_n of_o france_n be_v declare_v king_n of_o poland_n who_o arrive_v there_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o same_o year_n but_o he_o have_v scarce_o be_v four_o monthsin_n poland_n when_o have_v notice_n that_o his_o brother_n the_o king_n of_o france_n be_v dead_a he_o in_o the_o night_n time_n and_o in_o a_o thick_a fog_n for_o fear_v the_o pole_n shall_v detain_v he_o relinquish_v poland_n and_o take_v his_o way_n through_o austria_n and_o italy_n into_o france_n take_v possession_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o vex_v at_o this_o affront_n be_v for_o elect_v a_o new_a king_n a_o great_a many_o be_v for_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n batori_fw-la but_o stephen_n batori_fw-mi prince_n of_o transylvania_n have_v be_v declare_v king_n by_o the_o plurality_n of_o vote_n quick_o come_v into_o poland_n and_o exclude_v maximilian_n by_o marry_v anna_n the_o sister_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n this_o king_n reduce_v the_o city_n of_o dantzick_n which_o have_v side_v with_o maximilian_n to_o obedience_n afterward_o he_o fall_v upon_o the_o muscovite_n take_v from_o they_o plotzko_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n at_o last_o he_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o muscovite_n under_o this_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v resign_v to_o he_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o livonia_n in_o lieu_n of_o which_o he_o will_v restore_v to_o they_o such_o place_n as_o he_o have_v take_v from_o they_o in_o muscovy_n this_o king_n adorn_v the_o kingdom_n with_o wholesome_a constitution_n and_o establish_v the_o militia_n of_o horse_n which_o soldier_n be_v pay_v out_o of_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o royal_a revenue_n be_v common_o call_v the_o quartian_n these_o he_o dispose_v upon_o the_o frontier_n to_o defend_v the_o same_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n by_o this_o mean_n that_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o from_o bar_n bracklavia_n and_o kiovia_n extend_v itself_o betwixt_o the_o two_o river_n of_o the_o dniester_n and_o the_o borysthenes_n as_o far_o as_o to_o the_o black_a sea_n be_v fill_v with_o populous_a city_n and_o town_n which_o be_v now_o call_v the_o vkraine_n it_o have_v be_v former_o a_o desolate_a country_n he_o also_o put_v into_o a_o good_a order_n and_o discipline_n the_o cosack_n cosacks_n who_o serve_v for_o foot_n soldier_n give_v to_o they_o techtimorovia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n borysthenes_n which_o they_o make_v afterward_o their_o magazine_n and_o the_o place_n of_o residence_n of_o their_o governor_n before_o this_o time_n the_o cosack_n be_v only_o a_o wild_a and_o barbarous_a sort_n of_o rabble_n who_o be_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o polish_v russia_n and_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o the_o island_n of_o the_o river_n borysthenes_n beneath_o kiovia_n live_v upon_o rob_v and_o plunder_n these_o cosack_n after_o they_o be_v bring_v into_o good_a discipline_n by_o this_o king_n stephen_n have_v be_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n serviceable_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n not_o only_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n but_o also_o by_o their_o cruise_n into_o the_o black_a sea_n have_v do_v great_a mischief_n to_o the_o turk_n for_o they_o have_v have_v courage_n enough_o to_o ransack_v the_o city_n of_o trebisond_n and_o sinope_n nay_o even_o the_o suburb_n of_o constantinople_n with_o other_o place_n this_o brave_a king_n whilst_o he_o be_v make_v preparation_n against_o the_o turk_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1586._o §_o 10._o iii_o after_o his_o death_n sigismond_n son_n to_o john_n king_n of_o swedeland_n be_v make_v king_n of_o poland_n who_o have_v this_o advantage_n that_o his_o mother_n catherine_n have_v be_v sister_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n and_o so_o consequent_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o jagellonick_a race_n some_o of_o the_o pole_n proclaim_v maximilian_n their_o king_n but_o he_o come_v with_o some_o force_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v beat_v and_o take_v prisoner_n and_o before_o he_o obtain_v his_o liberty_n be_v oblige_v to_o renounce_v his_o title_n to_o that_o crown_n after_o the_o death_n of_o john_n king_n of_o sweden_n 1592._o sigismond_n go_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v into_o swedeland_n where_o he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n but_o have_v afterward_o lose_v that_o crown_n it_o occasion_v a_o war_n betwixt_o poland_n and_o sweden_n
year_n present_v the_o pope_n with_o a_o white_a horse_n and_o some_o thousand_o of_o ducat_n what_o other_o pretension_n the_o court_n of_o rome_n make_v be_v out_o of_o date_n for_o the_o rest_n these_o country_n be_v indifferent_o populous_a and_o fertile_a have_v several_a city_n of_o note_n out_o of_o which_o the_o pope_n receive_v a_o revenue_n of_o two_o million_o per_fw-la annum_fw-la and_o the_o pope_n minister_n take_v effectual_a care_n that_o their_o subject_n may_v not_o be_v overgrow_v in_o riches_n perhaps_o there_o may_v be_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o good_a soldier_n maintain_v out_o of_o the_o ecclesiastic_a estate_n force_n but_o his_o military_a strength_n be_v scarce_o worth_a take_a notice_n of_o since_o he_o make_v use_v of_o quite_o other_o mean_n to_o preserve_v his_o state_n than_o other_o prince_n do_v he_o maintain_v about_o twenty_o galley_n which_o have_v their_o station_n at_o civita_n vecchia_n the_o chief_a state_n maxim_n of_o the_o pope_n as_o a_o temporal_a prince_n be_v that_o peace_n may_v be_v preserve_v in_o italy_n and_o that_o italy_n may_v remain_v in_o the_o same_o state_n as_o it_o be_v now_o and_o especial_o that_o there_o may_v not_o be_v introduce_v any_o other_o sovereign_a power_n which_o may_v prove_v so_o formidable_a as_o to_o domineer_v over_o the_o rest_n he_o must_v take_v great_a care_n that_o the_o turk_n may_v not_o get_v foot_v in_o italy_n and_o in_o case_n of_o a_o invasion_n from_o the_o turk_n not_o only_a italy_n will_v be_v oblige_v to_o join_v against_o they_o but_o also_o whole_a christendom_n must_v be_v call_v in_o to_o help_v to_o chase_v out_o these_o barbarian_n since_o no_o christian_a prince_n will_v be_v content_v that_o this_o delicious_a country_n shall_v fall_v into_o their_o hand_n the_o pope_n have_v nothing_o to_o fear_v more_o from_o the_o german_a empire_n france_n as_o long_o as_o it_o remain_v upon_o the_o same_o foundation_n but_o if_o it_o shall_v fall_v under_o the_o government_n of_o a_o absolute_a monarch_n it_o be_v likely_a he_o may_v attempt_v to_o renew_v the_o ancient_a pretension_n spain_n and_o france_n be_v the_o two_o kingdom_n which_o be_v most_o formidable_a to_o the_o pope_n against_o they_o the_o pope_n make_v use_v of_o this_o maxim_n that_o he_o either_o set_v they_o together_o by_o the_o ear_n or_o at_o least_o keep_v up_o the_o balance_n betwixt_o they_o that_o one_o may_v not_o become_v quite_o master_n of_o the_o other_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o the_o pope_n will_v be_v glad_a with_o all_o his_o heart_n that_o the_o spaniard_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o italy_n especial_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n but_o it_o be_v scarce_o to_o be_v suppose_v that_o he_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o do_v it_o by_o his_o own_o strength_n and_o to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o french_a in_o this_o case_n will_v be_v to_o fall_v out_o of_o the_o frying-pan_n into_o the_o fire_n therefore_o all_o what_o the_o pope_n can_v do_v be_v to_o take_v care_n that_o spain_n may_v not_o encroach_v upon_o other_o in_o italy_n and_o there_o be_v no_o question_n but_o if_o the_o spaniard_n shall_v attempt_v any_o such_o thing_n france_n and_o all_o the_o other_o italian_a state_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o oppose_v their_o design_n neither_o can_v it_o be_v please_v to_o the_o pope_n if_o the_o king_n of_o france_n shall_v get_v so_o much_o foot_n in_o italy_n as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o sway_v matter_n there_o according_a to_o his_o pleasure_n which_o the_o pope_n ought_v to_o prevent_v with_o all_o his_o might_n the_o pope_n need_v not_o fear_n much_o from_o the_o other_o state_n of_o italy_n for_o though_o some_o of_o they_o be_v under_o hand_n his_o enemy_n and_o dread_v his_o spiritual_a power_n some_o of_o they_o also_o have_v be_v chastise_v by_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n nevertheless_o they_o must_v at_o least_o in_o outward_a appearance_n pay_v to_o the_o pope_n a_o due_a veneration_n neither_o dare_v they_o as_o much_o as_o devise_v to_o make_v any_o conquest_n upon_o the_o pope_n notwithstanding_o this_o they_o will_v not_o look_v with_o a_o good_a eye_n upon_o the_o pope_n if_o he_o shall_v pretend_v to_o make_v any_o conquest_n upon_o his_o neighbour_n and_o enlarge_v his_o dominion_n this_o refine_a nation_n be_v extreme_o jealous_a and_o desirous_a to_o keep_v up_o the_o balance_n betwixt_o the_o state_n of_o italy_n §_o 30._o spiritual_n but_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o pope_n second_o as_o the_o spiritual_a monarch_n of_o christendom_n and_o the_o vicar_n of_o jesus_n christ_n upon_o earth_n we_o meet_v in_o this_o spiritual_a state_n with_o such_o surprise_v and_o subtle_a piece_n that_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o since_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o world_n there_o have_v not_o be_v set_v up_o a_o more_o artificial_a fabric_n than_o the_o popish_a monarchy_n it_o have_v require_v the_o more_o sagacity_n to_o erect_v and_o sustain_v this_o structure_n the_o more_o the_o end_n of_o this_o sovereignty_n be_v quite_o different_a from_o the_o end_n of_o all_o other_o state_n in_o the_o world_n and_o the_o more_o feeble_a the_o title_n appear_v upon_o which_o it_o be_v found_v for_o it_o be_v the_o main_a end_n of_o other_o commonwealth_n to_o live_v in_o security_n and_o peace_n for_o the_o maintain_n of_o which_o the_o subject_n contribute_v a_o share_n out_o of_o their_o good_n and_o possession_n nay_o venture_v their_o life_n that_o they_o may_v sufficient_o provide_v against_o the_o attempt_n of_o malicious_a people_n and_o live_v in_o security_n and_o without_o danger_n from_o their_o enemy_n and_o beside_o this_o it_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o every_o subject_a to_o take_v care_n that_o he_o may_v be_v able_a to_o maintain_v himself_o out_o of_o his_o own_o revenue_n or_o by_o his_o labour_n and_o industry_n but_o the_o popish_a monarch_n chief_a design_n be_v that_o the_o pope_n and_o the_o clergy_n may_v live_v in_o plenty_n and_o splendour_n in_o this_o world_n all_o which_o be_v to_o be_v maintain_v at_o the_o cost_n and_o charge_n of_o other_o people_n who_o must_v be_v persuade_v to_o part_v with_o their_o money_n by_o several_a shine_a argument_n and_o artificial_a persuasion_n and_o whereas_o other_o state_n be_v fain_o to_o maintain_v their_o force_n and_o garrison_n with_o great_a expense_n the_o pope_n on_o the_o contrary_n entertain_v his_o militia_n without_o any_o charge_n but_o rather_o with_o profit_n to_o himself_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v also_o a_o state_n maxim_n among_o the_o wise_a prince_n not_o to_o extend_v their_o conquest_n too_o far_o the_o pope_n have_v no_o occasion_n to_o imitate_v they_o in_o this_o point_n since_o it_o be_v neither_o dangerous_a nor_o troublesome_a to_o he_o though_o he_o extend_v his_o jurisdiction_n over_o the_o east_n and_o west_n indies_n the_o right_n of_o sovereignty_n be_v found_v upon_o evident_a and_o undeniable_a principle_n and_o divine_a institution_n since_o without_o it_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o mankind_n shall_v live_v honest_o secure_o commodious_o and_o decent_o but_o to_o find_v out_o the_o same_o necessity_n and_o foundation_n of_o the_o pope_n sovereign_a authority_n and_o to_o demonstrate_v that_o as_o the_o peace_n and_o welfare_n of_o mankind_n can_v subsist_v without_o a_o supreme_a civil_a power_n so_o the_o christian_a world_n can_v be_v without_o a_o supreme_a ecclesiastical_a power_n be_v in_o my_o mind_n impossible_a to_o be_v do_v he_o that_o be_v unwilling_a to_o believe_v this_o let_v he_o find_v out_o a_o demonstrative_a proof_n and_o he_o will_v be_v the_o miracle_n of_o the_o world_n but_o if_o the_o pope_n champion_n pretend_v to_o a_o positive_a command_n from_o god_n almighty_a they_o be_v oblige_v to_o prove_v by_o clear_a and_o evident_a proof_n and_o that_o in_o all_o its_o clause_n and_o determination_n out_o of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n that_o our_o saviour_n when_o he_o send_v his_o disciple_n all_o over_o the_o world_n to_o preach_v the_o christian_a faith_n do_v give_v they_o full_a power_n not_o only_o to_o propagate_v the_o christian_a doctrine_n among_o all_o nation_n and_o not_o to_o be_v dependent_a on_o any_o humane_a power_n in_o their_o office_n so_o as_o thereby_o to_o be_v hinder_v from_o preach_v or_o force_a to_o add_v or_o retrench_v any_o thing_n from_o their_o doctrine_n which_o power_n be_v unquestionable_a but_o also_o that_o they_o have_v a_o power_n grant_v they_o to_o put_v into_o the_o ministry_n of_o the_o gospel_n and_o that_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o magistrate_n though_o the_o same_o profess_a the_o true_a christian_a religion_n as_o many_o and_o who_o they_o please_v that_o they_o also_o may_v grant_v to_o these_o again_o full_a power_n to_o increase_v their_o order_n to_o such_o a_o number_n as_o they_o shall_v think_v fit_a themselves_o without_o have_v any_o regard_n to_o the_o
own_o name_n which_o he_o make_v his_o place_n of_o residence_n ii_o who_o young_a son_n lechus_n ii_o to_o obtain_v the_o principality_n murder_v his_o elder_a brother_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o fact_n be_v discover_v he_o be_v banish_v the_o country_n after_o he_o rule_v a_o virgin_n who_o name_n be_v venda_n venda_fw-la the_o only_a daughter_n leave_v of_o the_o child_n of_o cracus_n 750._o who_o have_v vanquish_v one_o ritiger_n a_o german_a prince_n that_o pretend_a marriage_n to_o she_o out_o of_o a_o blind_a superstition_n drown_v herself_o in_o the_o river_n of_o weixel_n after_o her_o death_n the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n return_v again_o to_o the_o governor_n or_o vayvod_n which_o continue_v for_o some_o time_n till_o the_o pole_n elect_v again_o for_o their_o prince_n a_o goldsmith_n call_v premislus_n who_o be_v also_o call_v lescus_n i._o i._n because_o he_o have_v by_o a_o stratagem_n defeat_v the_o moravian_o who_o have_v make_v a_o irruption_n into_o poland_n but_o he_o leave_v no_o issue_n behind_o he_o a_o horse_n race_n be_v institute_v with_o condition_n that_o the_o victor_n shall_v succeed_v in_o the_o government_n one_o of_o the_o competitor_n have_v lay_v iron_n hook_n in_o the_o ground_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o other_o horse_n have_v be_v â—amed_v he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o come_v to_o the_o goal_n but_o the_o fraud_n be_v discover_v he_o be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o a_o certain_a poor_a fellow_n on_o foot_n have_v run_v the_o race_n and_o be_v the_o next_o to_o the_o impostor_n who_o the_o pole_n declare_v their_o prince_n 776._o his_o name_n be_v lescus_n ii_o and_o as_o some_o say_v be_v slay_v in_o the_o war_n against_o charles_n the_o great_a ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n lescus_n iii_o 804._o who_o have_v appease_v charles_n the_o great_a iii_o with_o present_n make_v peace_n with_o he_o either_o as_o a_o unequal_a ally_n or_o else_o by_o acknowledge_v himself_o his_o vassal_n i._n he_o leave_v poland_n to_o his_o son_n popiel_n who_o he_o have_v beget_v in_o wedlock_n but_o to_o his_o natural_a son_n he_o give_v the_o neighbour_a country_n of_o pomerania_n mack_n caâ—â—ubia_n with_o some_o other_o ii_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n popiel_n ii_o a_o ill_a man_n who_o upon_o the_o persuasion_n of_o his_o lady_n murder_v his_o father_n brother_n it_o be_v report_v that_o out_o of_o their_o dead_a body_n come_v forth_o mouse_n which_o devour_v popiel_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n §_o 3._o 820._o after_o his_o death_n there_o be_v a_o interregnum_fw-la full_a of_o trouble_n till_o the_o pole_n declare_v piastus_n piastus_n a_o country-fellow_n bear_v at_o crusswitz_n their_o prince_n from_o who_o ever_o since_o such_o of_o the_o native_n as_o obtain_v the_o royal_a dignity_n be_v call_v piasti_fw-la his_o posterity_n have_v reign_v for_o a_o long_a time_n in_o poland_n from_o who_o also_o descend_v the_o race_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lignitz_n and_o brieg_n in_o silesia_n which_o be_v but_o late_o extinguish_v it_o be_v say_v that_o he_o be_v 120_o year_n old_a before_o he_o die_v zicmovitus_fw-la his_o son_n zicmovitus_n begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 895._o a_o warlike_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o succeed_v his_o son_n lescus_n iu._n iu._n a_o good_a and_o peaceable_a prince_n much_o of_o the_o same_o temper_n be_v his_o son_n zicmovistus_n 902._o who_o begin_v to_o reign_v in_o the_o year_n 921._o zicmovistus_n this_o prince_n have_v but_o one_o son_n who_o be_v blind_a be_v in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o his_o age_n in_o which_o year_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o those_o time_n his_o head_n be_v to_o be_v shave_v and_o he_o to_o receive_v his_o name_n restore_v to_o his_o sight_n which_o be_v then_o take_v for_o a_o omen_n that_o he_o shall_v be_v enlighten_v with_o the_o christian_a faith_n 〈◊〉_d his_o name_n be_v micislaus_n i._o and_o begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 962._o he_o have_v a_o great_a many_o wife_n and_o no_o child_n occasion_v in_o he_o a_o desire_n to_o turn_v christian_a for_o some_o german_n represent_v to_o he_o that_o if_o he_o leave_v the_o heathenish_a superstition_n he_o will_v certain_o beget_v child_n he_o be_v persuade_v by_o they_o to_o remove_v his_o heathenish_a wife_n which_o he_o do_v and_o marry_v dambrateca_n the_o daughter_n of_o bogislaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n before_o he_o marry_v she_o he_o be_v baptize_v himself_o and_o first_o introduce_v the_o christian_a religion_n into_o poland_n 965._o as_o also_o that_o custom_n which_o have_v obtain_v since_o there_o that_o at_o the_o time_n when_o the_o gospel_n be_v read_v in_o the_o mass_n the_o man_n half_o draw_v their_o scimitar_n to_o signify_v that_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o fight_v for_o the_o christian_a faith_n §_o 4._o 999._o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n boleslaus_n chrobry_n who_o be_v by_o the_o emperor_n otto_n iii_o poland_n dignify_v with_o the_o title_n of_o king_n who_o also_o 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die_v in_o the_o year_n 1034._o leave_v but_o one_o son_n behind_o he_o who_o name_n be_v casimir_n i._n who_o be_v a_o infant_n his_o mother_n rixa_fw-la administer_v the_o government_n for_o a_o while_n but_o the_o pole_n be_v dissatisfy_v with_o she_o she_o flee_v with_o her_o son_n into_o germany_n who_o in_o his_o journey_n in_o france_n assume_v the_o order_n and_o habit_n of_o a_o monk_n during_o his_o absence_n there_o be_v great_a disturbance_n in_o poland_n maslaus_n have_v about_o that_o time_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o masuria_n which_o for_o a_o long_a time_n after_o remain_v independent_a of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n at_o last_o the_o pole_n prevail_v upon_o casimir_n to_o leave_v his_o monastery_n and_o accept_v the_o crown_n and_o to_o persuade_v the_o pope_n to_o absolve_v he_o from_o his_o vow_n they_o promise_v that_o for_o each_o head_n except_o those_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o clergy_n they_o will_v contribute_v yearly_o a_o farthing_n towards_o the_o 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