Appenine Hill lye the Vmbrians Then the Appenin Hill being distant about three score and three miles from the Adriatique Sea leauing the Plaine bends to the right hand and in crossing Italy extends it selfe to the Sea of Sicily The Country which is betwixt it and the Adriatique Sea extends vnto Senegaille The Riuer of Poe which the Poets call Eridanus and which beginnes at the Foote of the Mountaines where as they make in a manner a point of the Triangle as we haue sayd takes his course to the plaine towards the South aâ—d from thence bending towards the East it enters by two mouthes into the Adriatique Sea It is the greatest of all the riuers of Italy For all the waters which descend from the Alpes and the Appenins fall into the Poe. It is farre greater in Summer than in Winter by reason of the abundance of Snow which melts It is nauigable from a place which the people of the Countrey call Volane two hundred and fifty miles towards the Alpes It s spring is but a small Riuolet but after it deuides it selfe in twoâ— and enters into the Adriatique Sea by two Armes which they of the Countrey call Padoua and Volane The last is the safest Port of all those of the Adriatique Sea They which dwell vpon the Poe haue sometimes called it Bodencus Finally the Grecians spake many things of this Poe as that Phaeton gouerning the Horses of his Fathers Chariott fell into it 〈◊〉 and how that the Heliades powre forth teares continually the which are preserued by a Tree and that the people of the Countrey since that day began to weare blacke Robes in signe of mourning and haue alwayes vsed it since with many other things whereof I will now to leaue to speake for that in my Opinion they doe not conduce to the preparation of our Worke. Hereafter notwithstanding we will treate of them when any necessary occasion shall be offred being most certaine that Timeus did not vnderstand those things which did concerne this Region The Tyrreins haue formerly held all the Champion Countrey which is confined by the Appenine hill and the Adriatique Sea at what time also they enioyed the Countrey called Phlegrein which is about Capoua and Nolaâ— at what time also they purchased a greate esteeme of vertue Wherefore Historiographers must not attribute the power of the Tyrreins to the Region which they now inhabite The Gaules frequented much with them by reason of their neighbour-hood who moued with the beauty and fertility of the Countrey vpon a small occasion made Warre against them and hauing chased them away setled themselues there The Countrey betwixt the Poe and the Alpes is inhabited by the Layes then by the Vercellains Neere vnto whom are the Milanois in great numbers and vpon the banks of Poe lye the Cenomans In regard of those places which are neere vnto the Adriatique Sea they are inhabited by people which are aunciently descended from Paphlagonia whom they call Venetiens who differ nothing from the Gaules in their manner of liuing and habite but onely in their tongues Of whom the tragicall Poets write many strange fooleries Moreouer that which lies betwixt the Appenin Hill and the Poe is at its entry inhabited by the Ananes by the Boloniens by the Eganes and then by thee Senogallois These are they who borderers to all the rest haue inhabited neere vnto the Adriatique Sea Behold the principall Nations of all the Gaules which dwelt in Italy liuing in Villages without any inclosure hauing no furniture for their houses but lay vpon the bare They liued of flesh and made no profession but of Warre and Tillage leading a simple life without Arts or Sciences Their wealth was in Gold and Cattell for that they were things easie to transport where they pleased when necessity pressed them They did all striue to purchase Friends for they much esteemed a man that was honoured by many In the beginning they not onely held this Countrey but they also drew vnto them a great part of their Neighbours being terrified with their fury Soone after making Warre against the Romanes they defeated them with their Allies and put them shamefully to flight Within three dayes after they tooke Rome except the Capitoll and afterwards returned to their houses hauing concluded a Peace with them and restored their Citty For that they were forced to returne by reason of the inuasions which the Venetiens made into their Country From thencefoorth they began to make Warre amongst themselues For they which dwelt at the Foote of the Mountaines seeing the others to increase daily in power made Warre often against them In the meane time the Romanes recouering their Forces preuailed ouer the Latins Thirty yeares after the taking of Rome the Gaules returned with a great Army to Alba But for that the Romanes were surprized and had no leisure to Leuy an Army nor to require succours from their Allies they made no resistance against them And when as they returned twelue yeares after the Romanes being presently aduertised of their comming and drawing together the succours of their Allies marcht with great courage to incounter them with an Army desiring nothing more than Battell by the meanes whereof they should soone decide who should haue the Empire The Gaules amazed at their Resolution and withall there falling a mutiny amongst them they made their Retreate little lesse than a flight and so continued thirteene yeares without making Warre But when they saw the Romans power increase daily they beganne to treate of Peace the which they obtayned and continued thirty yeares without Warre The Transalpins renewed the Warre against them Wherefore fearing to be assailed on two sides they intreated them that for asmuch as they were of one Nation they would not be their enemies Moreouer they sent them rich presents intreating them to turne the Warre against the Romans and that they would assist them with all their meanes Whereunto being easily perswaded they marcht all with one consent against the Romans by Tuscany for a great number of the Tuscans held for them and hauing made a great spoile they retired out of the Romane Prouinces to their owne Houses without losse Where as there fell out a great debate vpon the deuision of this great booty so as they not onely lost a great part of their booty but also the best part of their Empire the which doth vsually happen to the Gaules by reason of their gormondize and drunkennesse Foure yeares after ioyning with the Samnites they assailed the Romanes of whom they made a great slaughter in the Region of the Camertins Some few dayes after they assailed them againe and had a Battell neere vnto the Country of the Sentinates where they gaue them a great defeate and forced the rest to recouer their Houses Ten yeares after they made a great assembly of men of Warre and descending into Tuscany they besieged Arezo The Romanes comming to succour
the causes for the which the Romans past first with an Army into Sclauonia and into that Countrey of Europe Since they sent an Embassie to Corinth and to the Atheniens at such time as the Corinthians desired to make the Romans partakers of the Warre which they made against them of the Iftmus At that time Asdruâ—al for here wee formerly left our discourse of the affaires of Spaine had by his great vertues much increased the Carthaginians Empire in Spaine and built a Towne which some called Carthagena others Villanoua most commodious by reason of its scituation as well for the affaires of Spaine as of Affricke Of whose scituation and of the benefit it may bring to the two Prouinces we will speake in another place when it shal be fitting The Romans seeing the Carthaginians forces growne thus powerfull in Spaine did not hold it fit to let things passe in this manner But acknowledging their negligence for that formerly like men asleepe they had by their owne weaknesse suffered the Carthaginians name to grow great there they resolued to repaire this errour Yet they durst not begin a Warre fearing a descent of the Gaules whose fury they apprehended much And therefore they resolued to treate first with Asdrubal touching Spaine and then to assaile the Gaules And whatsoeuer should happen to vndergoe the danger in holding it for certaine that it was not possible for them to be Lords of Italy nor to keepe their owne Countrey and houses vnlesse they had subdued the Gaules Thus they sent an Embassie into Spaine to Asdrubal who concluded a treaty of peace By the which among other things it was agreed that the Carthaginians should not passe the Riuâ—r of Ebro with an Army and that they might ouer runne the rest of Spaine Presently after the conclusion of this treaty they prepared for Warre in Italy against the Gaules the which wee haue thought good to relate summarily to the end that as wee haue proposed the preparatioâ— for the other Histories may be more manifest Wee will looke backe vnto the time when as the Gaules seazed first vpon Italy For in my Opinion the History will not onely be pleasant and worthy of memory but most necessary to vnderstand with what people afterwards and in what Couatries Hannibal trusting himselfe durst assaile the Roman Empire And first wee will speake of their Prouince what scituation and what proportion it hath to the rest of Italy For by this meanes they may the better vnderstand the things which concerne the knowledge of the History in declaring first the property of places and Countries All Italy is of a triangular forme That side which lookes towards the Eâ—st is confined by the Ionian Sea and the Adriatique Gulfe and that which tends towards the South and West is inclosed by the Seas of Italy and Sicily These two sides ioyned together make the point of the Triangle Where in front lies the Promontory which the people of the Countrey call Cocynthe and hath its aspect to the South deuiding the Ionian Sea from the Sicilian The third side which tends to the Pole Artique and to the firme land is limited by the continuation of the Alps the which beginning at Marseilles and in those Countries which are about the Sardinian Sea continue vnto the shore of the Adriatique Sea leauing some little space betwixâ— both Within on this side which wee meane to bee bounded by the Alps and is as it were the Basis or foundation of the Triangle there are from the Southerne Countrey tending towards the North Plaines which make the end of Italy and are the greatest and the most fertill in all Europe whose figure is likewise Triangular The Appenin Hill and the Alps ioyning together make a point of the Triangle neere vnto the Sardinian Sea and aboue Marseilles That side which lookes to the North is made by the Alpes whereof the extent is two thousand two hundred Furlongs That side which hath its aspect to the South is bounded by the Appenin Hill the which hath three thousand and three score Furlongs in length The shore of the Adriatique Sea holds the fashion of the foundation of the whole figure whereof the greatnesse which begins at the Towne of Senegaille vnto the Gulfe of the same Sea hath two thousand fiue hundred Furlongs in compasse By this meanes the Circuite of the whole Plaine containeth tenne thousand Furlongs in compasse It is not in my power to describe the great fertillity of the Country so much it abounds in all sorts of Fruites that many times a Bushell of Wheate after the measure of Sicily hath beene sold in our times for two Soulz and foure Dencers That of Batley for foureteene Deneers and a Vessell of wine for asmuch Moreouer it is not credible the aboundance of Mill and Panique which they call Indian Oatmeale There is also a great aboundance of Akornes which come from the Forrests which are in diuers parts of that Region Considering that the Italians breed an infinite number of Swine to Sacrifice and for their vse and necessary prouision of an Army the which the Fertillity of this Country doth supply aboundantly It is easie to conceiue that the aboundance of other particular things necessary for the vse of Man is great Considering that when as Guests come vnto their Innes they neuer make a particular price for the things they take as they do in oâ—her Countries but onely what euery Man is to pay for his share When as the Guests had beene honestly intreated and haue had whatsoeuer was necessary for their reâ—ection they neuer payd aboue halfe an Assaiâ—e which is worth three-halfe-pence they seldome exceed this price Moreouer it is very well peopled the Men are actiue goodly and strong for the Waâ—â—e the which is more easie to be knowne by their Actions than by that which can be spoken The Gaules whom they call Transalpins inhabite the Mountainous places on either side the Alpes towards the Rhoâ—e and the North. And on the side of the plaines dwell the Turinois and the Agoniens and many other Barbarous Nations which are of the same Race with the Transalpins and differ only in their Habitation The other are called Transalpins because they dwell beyond the Mountaines As for the top of the Mountaines it is so farre from being inhabited as they do not find so much as the tract of a man both by reason of the difficulty and vneasinesse as for that it is alwayes couered with Snow and full of Ice But the Genouois dwell aboue Marseilles where as the Appenin Hill begins to ioyne with the Alpes Moreouer they hold all that Coast which lookes to the Champion Country and to the Sea of Italy So as along the Sea they hold all vnto the Towne of Pisa which is the first Citty of Italy towards the West and towards the firme Land to Aretzo Next to the Genouois come the Italians and of eyther side of the
the Arezins fought neere vnto the Towne and lost the Battell with the Consull Lucius In whose place they did choose Marcus Curio who presently sent an Embassie into Gaule to retire the prisoners who at his comming was slaine by them contrary to the Law of Nations The Romanes incensed at so wicked an Act made a new Leuy of men and resolued to enter the Gaules Countrey But they had not done any great matter when as the Senogallois went to incounter them whom the Romanes charged and slew the greatest part and those few which remained were chased out of the Country They recouered the whole Country and re-peopled the Towne againe calling it Senogallia as it had beene formerly when it was first inhabited by the Gaules This Towne as we haue â—ayd is scituated vpon the Adriaticke shore where as the points of Italy do end When the Bolonians saw the Senogallois chased by the Romanes from their Countrey they raysed an Army to make Warre against them calling all the Tuscans to their ayde fearing least the Romanes should doe the like vnto them Presently after they fought where most of the Tuscans were â—laine and a few of the Bolonians saued themselues by flight Yet they fainted not for this defeate but the yeare following drew together all the Forces they could make and all the Youth that could beare Armes and marcht against the Romanes where they were defeated and slaine so as they were in a manner vtterly ruined Wherefore their pride abated they made an agreement with them by Embassadours These things hapned three yeares after the descent of Pyrrhus into Italy and fiue yeares after the Gaules had beene defeated in Delphos Behold how in that time Fortune as a mortall plague among the Gaules persecuted them in all places But the Romanes made a double profit by the battels which we haue formerly related For being accustomed to fight with the Gaules who had beene held very fierce and fearefull they became good Souldiers against Pyrrhus Thus by little and little they abated the pride of the Gaules so as afterwards they were much more assured first to fight with Pyrrhus for Italy and afterwards against the Carthaginians for the Soueraignty of Sicily The Gaules weakned by the meanes of the former Battels liued in peace forty fiue yeares without any breach of the accord made with the Romanes But after that the old men who had vndergone the dangers and felt so many losses were dead the Youth who were of a harsh and bad disposition and had not felt the miseries of former times grew insolent These as it is willingly the nature of men began presently to vndertake the Warre and to bee enemies to the Romanes whatsoeuer should succeed and moreouer to send to craue succours from the Transalpins It is true that in the beginning the Princes did mannage the affaires without the consent of the people So as it hapned that when as the Transalpins were come to Rimeni the common people of Bolonia being ignorant of this enterprize and fearing this desscent mutined against their Commaunders and put to death Etas and Gallus their Kings then they fought with the Transalpins The Romanes likewise amazed at this descent of the Transalpins drew their Men to field but when they were aduertised of the other defeate of the Gaules they retyred to their Houses Fiue yeares after Marcus Lepidus being Consull Caeius Flaminius made a Law for the people by the which that Region of Gaule which they call the Marquisate of Ancona vnto Rimeni from whence the Senogallois had beene chased should be deuided amongst the â—omane Souldiers For which cause there suddainly grew a new Warre For most part of the Gaules especially the Bolonians who were neighbours vnto the Romanes were much incensed therewith thinking that the Romanes did not fight for principallity or Glory but for pillage and their ruine Wherefore the Millannois and Bolonians consenting together sent suddainly to the other Gaules which dwell beyond the Mountaines along the Riuer of Rhone whom they call Gessates for that they fight for pay for so the word imports offering to their Kings Congolitan and Aneroeste a great summe of present money They acquaint them with the great felicity of the Romanes and what a benefit it would be if they could vanquish them By this meanes they mooue them to make War against the Romans the which was easie to perswade considering the former Reason They promise them also to make them Companions in this Warre reducing to their memory the prowesse of their Predecessors who had not only defeated the Romanes in battell but after the Victory had taken the Citty of Rome with wonderfull celerity Where they had taken great spoiles and after they had beene masters thereof seauen moneths they restored them the Empire willingly and returned into their Countrey safe with all their booty In propounding these things brauely vnto them they incouraged these Kings and the Gaules so as there was neuer descent made out of that Country of a greater Army nor more valliant men nor better furnished When the newes thereof came to Rome the Citty was so amazed as they presently made a new Leuy of men and began to make prouision of Victualls leading their Army sometimes vnto their Frontiers as if the Gaules had beene there present who notwithstanding were not yet come out of their Country These things were very beneficiall to the Carthaginians to augment their Empiâ—e in Spaine But the Beâ—â—anes considering that these affaires were more pressing for that these people were too neere enemies they were forced to lay aside the affaires of Spaine vntill they had pacified Italy And therefore in renewing the accord with Asdrubal Lieutenant Generall for the Carthaginians they wholly attended the Warre against the Gaules studying only how they might resist their fury When as the Gessates had drawne a great number of men together neere vnto the Rhone they passed the Mountaines and entred the plaine neere vnto the Poe Where as the other Gaules eight yeares after the yeilding of that Region and in like manner the Millannois and Bolonians ioyned presently with a great multitude But the Venetians and Cenomans pacified by an Embassie from the Romanes preferred their friendship before the Alliance of the Gaules Wherefore the Kings for feare of them left a part of their Army in Millannois to guard the Countrey and marcht with the rest into Tuscany being about fifty thousand Foote and twenty thousand Cars and Horse-men When as the Romans had newes that the Gaules had past the Alpes they sent Lucius Emilius the Consull with an Army to Rimeni that being there before the Enemy hee should stay their passage They also caused one of the Pretors to march into Tuscany for the other Consull Caius Attilius had in the beginning of his Consulship past into Sardinia with an Army at Sea The City of Rome was heauy and much troubled and did not attend this great
haue formerly sayd an augmentation and wonderfull accord in our time For when as many laboured formerly to reduce Morea to one accord and could not effect it considering that all men aime more at their priuate profit than the liberty of the Countrey there hath beene at this day made so great a change as they haue not onely contracted friendship and a strict league but moreouer they vse the same Lawes the same weight the same measure the same money and more the same Princes the same Councell and the same Iudges So as there is no defect in Morea for the making of a Burgesse but that they dwelt not all in one Towne All the rest was alike and the same thing It shall not bee therefore vnfitting to shew how the Name of the Achaiens hath first reigned in Morea You must vnderstand that they which were first so called had no better Countrey nor more Townes nor more Wealth nor more virtue Without doubt the Arcadians and Lacedemonians doe farre exceed the other people of Morea both in number of men and Townes Neither is there any Nation in Greece which passeth them in prowesse and virtue What is the cause then that these men whom wee haue named and the other people of Morea haue willingly suffred not onely the Comminalty of the Achaiens but also to take the Name It were a folly to say that it was by chance Wherefore it were better to seeke the cause without the which wee cannot finish those things which are done with reason nor those which seemne to bee done without it For my part I conceiue it was the equality and the common liberty which was kept amongst them all as a certaine president of a true Common-wealth For there is no Citty in all Greece where there are found better Lawes Behold the cause which hath caused the greatest part of Morea willingly to follow this Common-wealth Some thorough reason and parswasion others forced by little and little with the time and yet they haue presently pacified their discontents And for that they did noâ— from the beginning leaue more to one then to another but would haue all things equall to all men it presently brought the Acheiâ—s to this great Authority vsing two meanes of great efficacy that is Equality and Clemency Behold the cause which wee must imagine for the which all Morea being of one will and accord attained to this prosperity and peace wherein wee see it at this day It is true that this manner of liuing and meanes of gouernment of a Common-wealth was long obserued by the Acheins the which is probable by the testimony of many witnesses Yet wee will produce but one or two at this time You must vnderstand that at what time a Company of the Pythagorians were burnt for a secret conspiracy in the Region of Italy which they then called great Greece It happened that the Countrey and the Townes were much afflicted with murthers and sedition by a strange alteration of Common-weales whose Princes were wickedly slaine And therefore Embassadours came from all parts to pacifie their debates Who leauing all the rest they referr'd themselues in all their quarrels to that which the Acheins should decree Soone after they resolued to vse their Lawes and to frame their Common-wealth like vnto theirs Without doubt the Crotoniates Sybarites and Caulonites after they had ended their quarrels in a friendly manner edified a Temple in publique to Iupiter Omarie where they might assemble the people and giue them iustructions Moreouer hauing accepted the Institutions and Lawes of the Acheins they would onely liue in them and erect their Common-wealth But the tyranny of Denis of Syracusa and the Gaules who at that time spoiled the Countrey hindered them from bringing their enterprize to an end Moreouer after the defeate of the Lacedemonians beyond all hope before Luctres and that they of Thebes had already troubled the Empire of Greâ—ce there was a great mutiny and a strange combustion throughout all Greece namely betwixt the Lacedemonians and the Thebains For that the Lacedemonians conceiued they had beene vanquished and the others did not thinke they had gotten the Victory Notwithstanding either of them by a common consent made choice of the Acheins among all the Grecians to whose iudgement they submitted themselues touching their quarrels not hauing so much regard to their forces or power for in truth it was the least of all the Prouinces of Greece as to the faith and iustice of the people which at that time was held great in the opinion of the World It is true they had then but bare virtue hauing done nothing worthy of fame or estimation Wherefore their comminalty did not increase much for that they had not any Lord which was worthy to gouerne them for that they had beene alwaies kept vnder by the Empire of the Lacedemonians or Macedonians But after by succession of time they had found Gouernours worthy of their estate they presently purchased honour and glory They reconciled all Morea which was an excellent worke whereof no man doubts but Arate the Sicyonien had beene the Authour and contriuer the which Philopomene the Megalopolitein finished and afterwards confirmed and that Licerta was the third which amplified and augmented it and subsequently all his Companions Hereafter wee will endeauour as much as the Subiect shall require to relate their deeds the manner and the time Yet wee will make a summary mention of the actions of Arate at this time and hereafter for that hee hath comprehended all things in his Commentaries according vnto truth plainely and amply But as for others our discourse shall be something more diligent and more copious It is true that in my opinion the declaration would bee more easie and the History more plaine to those that desire to know it if wee take it from the time when as the Acheins who had beene dispersed into diuers Citties by the Princes of Macedon drew themselues againe together as it were in one body and afterwards they augmented in such sort as they came to this great amplitude whereof wee haue hitherto spoken in particular and which continues vnto this day They of Patras and the Dymensorins made a league together in the hundred and foure and twentieth Olympiade at such time as Ptolomy the Sonne of Lagus Lysimachus Seleucus and Ptolomy Ceraunien dyed without doubt they all dyed during this Olimpiade Behold in what estate the Acheins were in former times They began to be gouerned by Kings at such time as Tysamenes the Sonne of Hâ—restes chased from Lacedemonia after the descent of Heraclites held the Countrey which is about Acheia After whom Kings gouerned continually by succession vntill the time of Sygus After whom the Regall power began to be tedious for that the Children of Sygus did not gouerne the Prouince legally but by Tyranny Wherefore they chased away their Kings and gouerned in common wherein they liued diuersly
the whole Nation by his pollicy and diligent prouidence in all things as we shall see by that which followes For when like a man well aduised he had considered that the Etoliens were ashamed to declare Warre against the Acheins for the benefits they had lately receiued from them during the Warre of Demetrius and that for this cause they had solicited the Lacedemonians to attempt it And that they were transported with enuy against the good Fortune of the Acheins so as they were nothing incensed against Cleomines who had taken from them by stealth Tegea Mantinea and Orthomene very strong Townes of Etolia but contrarywise they confirmed them willingly vnto him and that moreouer they sought all occasions of Warre onely for a desire they had to Reigne the Acheins hauing neuer offended them suffring the King to violate his Faith vnto them and that by fraud he had taken from them such rich Townes to the end that the forces of Cleomenes increased by this meanes might with more ease defeate the Comminalty of the Acheins Arate then as I haue sayd and the other Captaines considering these things resolued not to declare any Warre but onely to resist the attempts of the Lacedemonians with all their power Behold the first Resolution of the Captaines But soone after when as they saw that Cleomenes built a Citty without feare which afterwards was called Athenes in the Country of the Megalopolitains and that he declared himselfe an open enemy to the Acheins they make an assembly where it was resolued to make open War against the Lacedemonians and not by Dissimulation This Warre called Cleominique beganne thus at that time In the which the Acheins beganne first to resist the Lacedemonians with their owne Forces without the helpe of any other both for that they held it a greater honour to defend their Countrey and Townes themselues then with assistance of others And they likewise indeauoured to entertayne their friendship by all meanes with Ptolomy fearing least hee should be discontented if they should require succours from any others then from him But when the Warre was begunne and that Cleomenes in ruining the Common-weale had turned a iust Empire into a Tyranny gouerning the Warre with Policy and Courage Arate fore-eeing future things a farre off as a man who vnderstood the Counsell and presumption of the Etoliens was of opinion that they must breake their attempts And considering that Antigonus was a man of great experience in the Arte of Warre and more sound of his Faith then any other Knowing that Kings by nature haue neither friend nor Foe measuring Friendship and Hatred according to their profit he resolued to addresse himselfe vnto him and to let him visibly see the euent of the Warre and finally to make a League with him He had many reasons why he should not do it openly For if Cleomenes and the Etoliens had beene aduertised they would haue made greater preparations for the Warre and most of the Acheins would haue left him being amazed at such an alteration for that they would haue thought their Commaunder would haue fled to the enemy for refuge like a man in despaire Wherefore to auoyde these inconueniences he not onely kept these things secret but he spake and did many things contrary to his thought by the which he shewed the contrary of that which heâ— practised Seeing then the Megalopolitains to bee more prest with Warre then any other beeing neighbours to the Lacedemonians and hauing no hope to obtayne succours from the Acheins being subiect to the same Warre and being moreouer in League and friendship with the Macâ—donians for that they had done great pleasures to Philip the Sonne of Amyntas there was no doubt but as soone as Cleomenes should begin the Warre against them they would require succours from Antigonus and the Macedonians Finally he declared his secret to Nicophanes and Cercides Megalopolitains They had beene friends to his Father and seemed fit men to mannage this businesse By their meanes hee incites the Megalopolitaines to send an Embassie to the Acheins to intreaâ—e them to demaund succours from Antigonus The Megalopolitains send Nicophanes and Cercides to the Acheins with Commission after their consent to go to Antigonus the which the Acheins did easily allow This Embassie went to King Antigonus and let him vnderstand their Charge and in regard of the Affaires which concerne their Countrey they deliuered only those things which were most necessary in few words But they made a long Discourse of the whole in generall as Aâ—ate had instructed them They layd before him the attempts which the Etoliens and Cleomenes might make confessing that this Warre for the present was of great consequence for the Acheins But if the others preuailed in their interprize it would be much more dangerous for him They make no doubt but the Acheins being assailed at one instant by these two forces they would bee easily ruined So there is lesse doubt that if Cleomenes and the Etoliens haue the Victory that they will not bee satisfied therewith For you must vnderstand that Morea no nor all Greece cannot glut the couetousnesse of the Etoliens In regard of the ambition of Cleomenes although hee seemes for the present not to affect any thing but the principallity of Morea yet if he preuaile he will neuer cease vntill he hath Conquered all Greece Whereunto he can neuer attaine before he hath ruined the principallity of Macedon By these reasons and such like they mooue the King to thinke carefully of things to come and to consider what may seeme fittest for his affaires whether to Allie himselfe to the Acheins and Beociens and to make Warre against Cleomenes touching the Empire of Greece or leauing the party of so many people to haue it soone after against the Etoliâ—ns Beociens Acheins and Lacedemonians in Thessaly for the principallity of Macedony But if the Etolieâ—s be ashamed to seeme to breake the accord made with the Acheins during the Warre of Demetrius and should still make shew to persist in friendship as they did yet the Acheins would be too strong to defend themselues against Cleomenes And therefore if Fortune fauours them they shall not neede any mans succour But if contrarywise it should bee rather for the Etoliens they intreated the King that he would be pleased to giue them succours and that not losing the opportunity of the time hee would preserue Morea before it should be vtterly ruined They sayd moreouer that he had no reason to care at that time for Faith and Recompence and that Arate would finde the meanes in the greatest heate of affaires to giue him satisfaction and that hee would aduertise him of the time when he should neede succours When as Antigonus had heard the Embassie hee did wonderfully commend the prudence of Arate and made answere that hee was ready to vndergoe the danger Moreouer he wrote letters to the Megalopolitains by the which
he returned againe into Arcadia with his Army and chased away the Garrisons out of those Forts which Cleomenes had built the which he restored to the Megalopolitains passing by the Region Egitane Then he went to Egia where he called an assembly of the Acheins and made a great discourse of the present affaires and shewed them in few words the times to come Finally being created chiefe of the whole league he past the Winter in the Countries of the Corinthians and Sicyoniens with his Army Then in the Spring he went to the field to whom the Acheins ioyned and being come within three dayes to the Towne of Tegee hee besieged it The Tegetains seeing the Macedonians very busie in making of Trenches Mines and all other preparations to take the Towne they yeelded being void of all hope Whereas after he had setled a good order Antigonus marcht suddainly to Laconice By this meanes approaching neere vnto Cleomenes who kept vpon the Frontiers hee had some small encounters with the Enemy In the meane time they were aduertised by their Spies that there were succours come from Orchomene to Cleomenes Wherefore Antigonus turned head to Orchomene and takes it without resistance From thence he besieged Mantinâ—a which was also presently yeelded Then hee led the Legions to Herca and Telphusa the which in like manner were yeelded in a short time After this in the beginning of Winter hee sent the Macedonians to their houses and retired with the mercenaries to Egia there to consult of the present affaires At that times Cleomenes aduertised that Antigonus had dismist his Aâ—my and that he stayed at Egiâ— which is aboue three dayes iourney from Megalopolis a vast Towne and ill peopled especially for that the greatest part had beene slaine in former battels as we haue said neere vnto Licea and Laâ—dicea and that moreouer at that time it was not carefully kept by reason of the presence of Antigonus he had a hope to surprize it Wherefore hee marcht suddainly being guided by some Messeniens who being chased and banisht from their Countrey had retired to Megalopolis and brought them by Night into the City But day being come he was in danger to be defeated with his whole Army considering the great resistance the Megalopolitains made the which happened vnto him three Moneths before when he assâ—iled a Citty seated in Colea It is true that in the end he had the Victory as well by reason of the multitude of his men as for that he had formerly gotten the places of aduantage After he had taken and spoiled the Citty and chased away the Megalopolitains hee razed it vtterly to the end they should haue no more hope to re-edifie it In my opinion hee did it tending to that which the Lionenses the Megalopolitains and the Stimphalâ—â—ns with other bordering people conceiue that Traytours or those which loue reuoltes are neuer in safety Without doubt the wickednesse of one man blemisht all the virtue of the Clitoriens This was Thearce whom with reason the Clitoriens denyed to bee borne in their Countrey saying hee was of Orchomene and the Sonne of some stranger Moreouer for that there are some which preferre Philarchus before al others that haue written this History although that many times he speakes and iudges of things contrary to Arate I haue thought it good nay rather necessary not to conceale this To the end they may discerne truth from falshood and the rather for that we haue followed Arate Hee hath spoken many things throughout the whole History as Affection hath transported him which are not needfull to debate at this present holding those things to be deliuered by vs which hapned at such time as we Write that is to say during the Cleomenique Warre For that they would be more then sufficient to discouer the errours and faults of this Author First when he labours to set foorth the cruelty of Antigonus and of the Macedonians and moreouer that of Arate and the Acheins he sayd that as soone as he had Conquered the Mantiniens they caused them to suffer great outrages and cruelties and that the Citty which was one of the noblest and most auncient of Arcadia fell into so great misery and ruine as it mooued all Greece to weepe and lament And when as afterwards he seekes to make the cruelty seeme greater and to mooue the Readers hearts he relates a burning of Women their haire scattered vp and downe their Paps naked the teares and lamentations made by men and women who dragg'd after them their little Children and their Parents broken with age This hee doth often throughout his whole History to let euery man see the agrauating of their miseries Leauing then this basenesse and effeminacy of his heart let vs seeke the things which are most proper and profitable for the History A Historiographer ought not to mooue the affections of men nor seeke occasions fit for it neyther let him pursue the miseries of men the which belongs to the makers of Tragedies but let him deliuer truly the sayings and doings of men although they be not great Without doubt a History and a Tragedy tend not to one and the same end but rather are quite contrary For they must labour in a Tragedy to draw by coniecture the hearts of the Auditors to Hope Feare Care Pleasure and such like affections But in a History hee must imploy his whole indeauour to relate truly the sayings and doings of men Wherefore things that are likely and coniecturall are necessary in the one to abuse the Assistants and those which are true in this being Written for the profit of the Readers You must vnderstand likewise that this Historiographer many times doth not yeild the cause in his History nor the reason of things without the which they cannot easily mooue any to pitty or indignation in humane affaires But what is he that will not finde it strange to see a Cittizen whipt yet if any one be so by reason of his offence wee finde it reasonable And if any one strikes a free man to punish and amend him shall wee not hold him an honest man and praise worthy Murther in a Cittizen is likewise forbidden and seuerely punisht But if any one kils a Thiefe or an Adulterer is hee not held for innocent And if any one kils a Traytor to his Country or a Tyrant shall he not be commended by all the World held deare and honoured VVee must therefore looke to the end in all things and to the intention of the man not to that which is acted but to the causes and Discourses with consideration of the differences The Mantiuiens leauing first the Common-weale of the Acheins gaue themselues and their Countrey willingly to the Etoliens and soone after to Cleomenes In the meane time whilest they liued vnder the Lacedemonians the Acheins tooke them againe vnder the Conduct of Arate foure yeeres before the Descent of Antigonus where they were so
Elienses being formerly aduertised of that which had happened at Psophis saw the Macedonians they abandoned the Towne as amazed at so strange an accident So as Philip tooke it as soone as hee saw it The which he likewise gaue to the Acheins according to the loue and affection which hee bare them Hee likewise gaue Straton to the Telpulsiens which the Elienses had taken This done the fift day after hee arriued at Olympia where after he had sacrificed to the Gods and made a solemne Banquet to all the Captaines and refresht his men for the space of three dayes hee marcht and entring the Countrey of the Elienses hee abandoned it to his Souldiers Then planting his Campe neere to Artimisea hee returned soone after to Dioscoria bringing a great Booty from thence Then making many Roads into the Countrey there were a great number of men taken Many also retired into the neighbour Townes and into places of strength For the Region of the Elienses is very fertile amongst the rest of Morea in people and abundance of wealth for that the greatest part of the Countrey people are giuen to tillage imploying their time in labour vnto the second and third generation And alhtough they bee otherwise rich yet they enter not into Townes The which happens for that the principall of the Townes haue the Labourers in recommendation and are very carefull that they may not be oppressed with the want of any thing of that which is requisite and necessary for them and that no man should do them wrong In my opinion the ancients haue so ordained it for that in old time the multitude was commonly giuen to tillage or rather for that they led a holly and religious life when as with the consent of all the Grecians they liued in safety free from all inconueniences and trouble of Warre for the Combate which was made at the Olympicke Games But when by the controuersie of the Arcadians concerning Lassion and Pisa they were forced to vndertake War for the defence of their Countrey and to leaue their first manner of liuing they cared no more to resume that ancient and hereditary liberty giuen them by the Grecians remaining in the same estate and making a bad discourse of the time to come For if any may haue from the Grecians in obseruing right and iustice peace and quietnesse for euer which is a thing which wee all demand of the immortall Gods and for the which wee endure any thing and which all the world confesseth to bee an vndoubted good and yet they contemne it and doe not esteeme it or hold some other thing in greater recommendation are not they to be held fooles and mad men But some one will say vnto mee that they which shall hold this course of life shall not be able to defend themselues when they shall be opprest with War or some other outrage This without doubt happens seldome and if it doth they may be defended and relieued by all the Grecians And if it be a particular offence it will be no difficult thing to leuie men with the money which they haue gathered together by long peacâ— and rest But now fearing that which happens seldome and beyond all humane consideration they consume themselues and their Countrey in continuall Warre and troubles Wee haue thought good to relate these things of the Elienses for there was neuer time when as a greater opportunity was offred to recouer this liberty from all the Grecians then at this day The people then as wee haue said dwelt in all assurance Wherefore there were taken by the Macedonians a great number of men although that many were retired in strong places For there was assembled a great multitude of men and Cattell with other wealth in a neere Burrough which they call Thalame for that the Countrey about it is very streight the approach is difficult and the Burrough very steepy and in a manner inaccessible Philip aduertised of this great assembly and being loath to leaue any thing which hee would not vndertake recouers the places of aduantage to enter it with his Mercenaries and marcheth in person by the streights of the Countrey with the men which bare Targets and were lightly armed leauing the Baggage and the greatest part of his Army in the Campe and came vnto the Burrough finding no resistance They which were therein amazed at the greatnesse of this accident and ill furnished for the war and without experience hauing moreouer many vnprofitable persons for their age yeelded presently Among the which were two hundred Souldiers of diuers nations whereof Amphidamus Chiefe of the Elienses had the charge Philip hauing made booty of all things as of fiue thousand men and of an infinite number of Cattell returned presently to the Campe. And when as afterwards the Souldiers seemed vnprofitable vnto him for the Warre being thus laden with spoiles he raised his Campe and returned to Olympia Appelles was one of the Tutors which was left to Philip in his infancy by Antigonus and had then great authority and fauour with the King Who beginning to practise with himselfe by what meanes hee might reduce the Nation of the Acheins to the same estate wherein the Thessalians were he bethought himselfe of a notable villany You must vnderstand that the Thessalians seemed to liue vnder their owne Lawes and to differ much from the Macedonians onely they endured all things like vnto them and obeyed the will of the King Wherefore Appelles tending hereunto began to try the hearts of those that were in the Campe. And at the first hee commanded the Macedonians that if by chance the Acheins should take any place before them they should alwayes chase them away and strip them of their Booty Afterwards he caused some to be whipt by the hangman for small offences And if any one questioned this kind of outrage or did succour them that were beaten they were put in prison hoping by this meanes to accustome the Acheins to endure patiently what should please the King Finally when as some young men Acheins were assembled and come to Arate relating vnto him the practise of Appelles Arate considering that this must be preuented in the beginning he came to Philip and accompanied with these young men deliuered all things in order Who being heard Philip wisht him to take no further care and that hereafter they should not be so intreated He giues charge to Appelles not to decree any things against the Acheins without the aduice of their Commander Philip was held excellent in Eloquence and sweetnes of speech to perswade his Souldiers and of great wisedome and courage in the profession of Armes not onely in the iudgement of Souldiers but of all Morea neither was it easie to finde a King which had so many gifts of Nature He was a man of great diligence memory and of a good aspect and held him worthy of an Empire in whom there was a royall power a
and being discontented at the insolency of the Magistrates in choosing Lycurguâ— he began to plot an enterprize of reuolte Hoping therefore to gaine the loue and fauour of the people if doing like vnto Cleemenes he put them in hope to diuide the Lands againe hee doth his indeauour to bring it to effect And communicating his practice to his Friends he had 200. Confederates of his enterprize But knowing that Lycurgus and the Magistrates which had made him King would make a great opposition he studied first how to preuent it When as by chance all the Magistrates supt together he assailes them by surprize and kills them cruelly Behold how Fortune prepared a punishment worthy the deedes which they had committed Beleeue me there is not any man but will say that they had well deserued to be punished by him and for the cause for which they suffered As soone as Chylon had done this Execution he transports himselfe to Lycurgus house And although he were there yet he could not come at him for hee was preserued by his Houshold Seruants and by his neighbours and retired vnto Pellene by vnknowne wayes Chylon frustrated of so great an opportunity being wonderfully discontented was forced to doe that which necessity required and transporting himselfe to the place he seazed vpon all his enemies and gaue courage to his friends labouring to induce the rest to reuolt But when as he saw no man to like of it and that the Citty was in mutiny against him fearing what might happen steales away from thence and comes into Acheia alone being chased out of his Countrey The Lacedemonians fearing the descent of King Philip retired with whatsoeuer they had in the fields into their Townes and fortified them with men and all sorts of munition razing to the ground Athence of the Megalopolitains For that it seemed a very conuenient place for the enemy It is certaine that whilest the Lacedemonians maintained their good gouernment according to the Lawes of Lycurgus they were growne very great vnto the Warre of Leuctres Since which time they beganne to feele the crosses of Fortune and their gouernment grew worse being full of many discommodities and intestine Seditions with Banishments and ruines vntill the Tyranny of Nabydane whose name they could not endure These are things which haue beene related by many and are well knowne since that Cleomenes ruined the gouernement of the Country whereof wee will speake heereafter when opportunity shall require Philip passing by Megalopolis with his Army drew to Argos by the Country of Tegetane and there past the remainder of the Winter purchasing a wonderfull renowne of all the World aswell for his course of life as for the things which he had done in this Warre beyond the strength of his age Appelles who notwithstanding the Kings Commaundment desisted not from his dessigne laboured by little and little to make the Acheins subiect And when he found that Arate and the rest that were with him were opposite vnto his ends and that the King had them in great Reputation especially olde Arate for that he was in great Authority among the Acheins and Antigonus and was moreouer a good and discreete man he beganne to Traduce him with iniuries Then hee inquires what men there were in Acheia of a contrary saction to Arate and drawes them vnto him To whom hee giues a curteous and gracious reception drawing them by perswasions to his friendship and afterwards recommended them in perticular to the King he gaue him to vnderstand that if hee fauoured the party of 〈◊〉 hee should enioy the Acheiâ—s according to the Contracâ— of the League But if vsing his Councell he receiued the others into friendship hee should dispose of all Morea at his pleasure Moreouer the time of the Election approaching hee had an intent to cause one of the other Faction to be chosen Wherefore hee beganne to solicite the King to be at Egia at the Common Assembly of the Acheiâ—s as if he meant to goe from thence into the Elienses Countrey The King perswaded by his Words came vnto Egia at the prefixed time Where Appelles amazing the aduerse party in the end preuailed with great difficulty By this meanes Eperate was chosen Chiefe of the Acheins and Tymoxenes quite reiected whom Arate had named After these things Philip drawing his Army from Egira and marching by Patres and Dimes hee went to a Castle which the Countrey-men call Mur scituated in the Dimenses Country and lately taken by Euripides as wee haue formerly said As hee hasted with great heated to yeild it to the Dimenses hauing his Army ready in Battaile the Garrison of Elienses was so amazed as they presently yeâ—ded themselues and the Castle the which is not great in Circuit but very strong by Scituation and Walles For it had but two furlongs in Compasse but the VValls had not lesse then seauen Fathomes and a halfe in height Philip deliuering it to the Dimenses presently hee ouer-ranne the Prouince to spoile it After which he put all to fire and Sword and returned to Dime laden with great spoiles Apelles supposed that hee had effected part of his dessigne for that the chiefe had beene chosen according to his desire hee chargeth Arate againe desiring to him into disgrace with the King and raiseth a slander vpon him vpon these causes Amphidamuâ— Chiefe of the Elienses in the Burrough which they call Thalamâ— being taken and sent with the other Prisoners came to Olympia And there hee beganne to seeke by the meanes of some to speake vnto the King To whom when hee was brought hee told him that it was in his power to make the Elienses imbrace his Alliance and Friendship The King perswaded with his Words let him goe without ransome with a Charge to tell the Elienses that if they would entertaine his Alliance hee would deliuer all their Prisoners without ransome and that hee would preserue their Prouince from danger suffering them moreouer to liue in liberty and that hee would giue them no Garrisons nor pretend any Tribute but would suffer them to leuie mercenary men where their Affaires required The Elienses hearing these offers would not accept of them although they were great and profitable Appelles making this the occasion of his slander goes to Philip telling him that Arate and his Confederates kept no true Friendshippe with the Macedonians nor entertained the League sincerely For it was certaine they had beene the cause that the Elienses had not accepted the Conditions of the Alliance which had beene offered them For at that time when as hee sent Amphidamus to Olympia they had vsed speeches secretly vnto him that it was not for the good and benefit of Morea that Philip should be Lord of the Elienses and by this meanes the Elienses disdayning the conditions of Peace obserued their League with the Etoliens and indured the Macedonians Warre This Speech being ended Philip caused Arate with the Acheins to
the Gods had beene by the aduice of one of them It is true that this was done contrary to the course of Arates life during the which hee neuer did any thing rashly nor without consideration whereas Demetrius did alwayes the contrary There are likewise particular presumptions thereof whereof we will speake when it shall be fit Philip then returning to out discourse parts from Therme laden with all spoiles and returnes the same way he came causing the Baggage to goe before with those that were best armed and placing the Acarnaniens in Rearward with the Mercenaries he made haste to passe the streights He feared that the Enemies relying vpon the aduantage of the place might charge him in the Reare The which was presently put in practise for that the Etoliens hauing drawne together three thousand men neuer approaching neere vnto Philip whilest hee held the high Countrey made their Ambushes in scattred places vnder the command of Alexander But when the Rearward began to march they entred into Therme charging them vpon the Taile When as the allarum was giuen the Etoliens relying much vpon the aduantage of places pursued them with great courage But Philip hauing wisely prouided for the future had left the Sclauonians in Ambush vnder a certaine Hill with many others that were armed with Targets Who seeing the pursuite of the Etoliens they marcht against him with great fury and presently slew sixe or seauen score and tooke as many the rest saued themselues by infamous and shamefull flight The Acarnanians and Mercenaries after they had gotten the victory they presently set fire on Paphia and when they had past the streights with great speed they found the Macedonians Phillip seated his Campe neere vnto Methape staying for his men And parting from thence after he had razed it he comes to a Towne called Atres Then continuing his way for three dayes together hee wasted the whole Countrey The day following he planted his Campe neere vnto Conope where he stayed the next day After which hee march't at the breake of day towards Strate where hee past the Riuer of Acheloe and lodged within a Bowes shoote of the Towne drawing the Inhabitants often to skirmish For he had beene aduertised that there were three thousand Etolien foote within it and about foure hundred Horse with fiue hundred Candiots When as no man durst come forth hee raised his Campe againe and at the first tooke his way towards the Fenns to recouer his ships But when as the Reare of his Army began to passe the Towne a number of Etolien Horse-men make a sally and charge them They were presently followed by a Troupe of Candiots and many Etoliens came to succour their Horse-men the Acarnaniens being in danger turned head against the Enemy and the Combate began betwixt them The Victory was long in suspence Finally Philip sent the Sclanonians to succour the Mercenaries Wherefore the Etoliens being vanquished fled of all sides Those which the King had sent pursued the greatest part of them to the Gates and walls of the Towne whereof there were a hundred slaine in the chase the rest durst no more shew themselues in Field By this meanes the Kings Army retired without danger to their ships After which Philip planted his Campe and gaue thankes vnto the Gods for the good fortune which he had obtained according to his desire And making a Banquet he inuited all the Captaines It seemed true that he had past by dangerous places into the which no man before him durst lead an Army But he not onely past them but did what he would and returned without losse or danger Moreouer Megalee and Leonce discontented at the Kings good fortune hauing sworne to Appelles to hinder all his enterprizes which they could not effect for that all things succeeded happily to Philip were present at this Supper sad and pensiue so as they discouered easily vnto the King and to the other assistants what their hearts were But when the Tables were taken away and they were well inflamed with their free drinking they returned to their Tents seeking for Arate Whom when they met vpon the way they vsed many iniurious speeches against him and began to assault him with stones But for that much people came of either side to succour them there grew a great mutiny in the Campe. Philip hearing the Trumpet sent men to inquire and to pacifie this tumult To whom Arate declaring the businesse as it had past and referring himselfe to the testimony of those that were present hee returned presently vnto his Tent. Leonce retired secretly out of the presse Philip causeth Megalee and Crinon to be called with whom he was much offended And when as they answered him proudly that they would neuer cease vntill they had beene reuenged of Arate The King incensed therewith condemned them presently in twelue thousand Crownes and to bee committed to Prison Three dayes after he calls for Arate and intreates him not to care promising him to giue order for all things when as opportunity shall serue Leonce aduertised of the imprisonment of Megalee came with force to the Kings Tent immagining that Philip considering his youth would alter his sentence for feare Being come before the King he demanded what man was so hardy to lay hand on Megalee and who had committed him to Prison But when as the King answered boldly that hee had done it Leonce went away amazed and in a manner sighing Philip setting sayle with his Fleete came presently to Leucade where after he had appointed men to diuide the spoile he called all his friends to iudge Megalee There Arate laied before them the outrages of Leonce the great wrongs he suffred in the time of Antigonus the Conspiracy he made with Appelles and the hinderance he gaue at Palea To all which things he produced witnesses Whereunto when Megalee nor Crinon could not answere any thing they were condemned by all the assembly Whereupon Crinon remained a Prisoner But Megalee was deliuered vpon Leonces caution This was the estate of Appelles and his Confederates whose Fortune was not such as they expected For hoping to tertifie Arate and to doe what they would with the King and by this meanes to preuaile in their wills all things succeeded contrary In the meane time Licurgus retires out of the Messeniens Countrey hauing done nothing worthy of memory Afterwards parting from Lacedemon with an Army he tooke the Towne of Elea and besieged the Fort whereinto the Cittizens were retired where after hee had stayed there some time and seeing his labour lost he returned againe to Sparta And when as the Esienses ouer ran the Countrey of the Dimenses some Horse men which were in Ambush and come to succour them put them easily to flight and slew a good number of Gaules taking Prisoners those of the Townes of Polymede of Egia Agisipolis and Diode of Dime Dorimache was gone in the beginning with an Army onely
of Etoliens thinking that he might safely ouer-run Thessaly and by this meanes draw Philip to raise his Siege from Palea But being aduertised of the preparation of Chrysogones and Petrea to come and â—ight with him he durst not enter into the Plaine but alwayes kept the top of the Mountaines with his Army And when he had newes of the comming of the Macedonians into 〈◊〉 â—e lâ—aues Thessaly presently to goe and succour his Countrey where being aduertised of the Kings retreat not knowing what to doe and disappointed in all his enterprizes he remained sad and discontented The King at his departure from Lencade with his Fleete hauing spoiled and wasted the Sea-coasts landed at Corinthe with his Army leauing his ships at Leche Then he sent Letters to all the allied Townes of Morea to aduertise them of the day when they should come in Armes to Tegee Which things being thus ordered without making any long stay at Corinthe he parted with his Army and passing by the Countrey of Argos three dayes after his departure he came to Tegee whereas after he had receiued the Acheins which were there assembled he proceeded in his course passing secretly by the Mountaines he laboured to enter the Countrey of Sparta before the Lacedemonians should be aduertised Where hauing marched foure dayes by the Desarts of the Mountaines he came to those which were right against the City Then leauing Menelaie on the right hand he drew to Amycle The Lacedemonians seeing the Army passe by their Citty they wondred at this strange accident and being terrified with this suddaine feare they knew not what to doe For they were amazed at the valiant exploits which they sayd Philip had lately done at Therme and throughout all Etolia And there was a certaine bruite amongst them that Licâ—rgus was sent to succour the Etoliens As for Philips suddaine descent into the Countrey of Sparta no man had euer thought of it and the rather for that his age seemed worthy of some contempt Wherefore matters succeeding contrary to all hope the world had reason to feare for Philip mannaging the Warre with greater courage and policy then his age did beare he terrified his Enemies And namely as we haue sayd he parted from Etolia and pâ—ssing the Gulfe of Ambracia in one night he came to Leucade where staying two dayes and parting the third earely in the morning he arriued two dayes after at Corinthe hauing spoiled the Sea coasts of Etolia and from thence continuing his course he came within nine dayes to the Mountaines which are right against Sparta neere vnto Menelaie so as they could hardly beleeue it when they saw him The Lacedemonians then terrified with the greatnesse and newnesse of this accident knew not what Counceli to take nor to whom to haue recourse The day following Philip campes neere vnto Amycle It is a place in the Spartains Countrey abounding with all sorts of Trees and wealth twenty Furlongs from Lacedemon Where the Temple of Apollo stands being the most excellent of all the rest of the Prouince as well for Art as wealth being seated in that part of the Towne which locks towards the Sea Three dayes after when he had spoiled the whole Country he went to the Castle of Pyrhus where he stayed two dayes and wasting the whole Countrey he put all to fire and sword and planted his Campe neere vnto Carnia From whence he suddainly marcht to Assina from whence after he had attempted in vaine to take it by affault he raised the Siâ—ge and wasted all the rest of the Countrey marching directly to Tenare From thence â—â—â—ning his way hee drawes to the Lacedemonians Hauen which they call Gythia where there is a safe Port about thirty Furlongs from the Citty The leauing it on the right hand he planted his Campe neere to Elea which is if we consider it well the greatest and best Countrey of the Spartains The which he abandoned to the Souldiers who put it to fire and sword Hee also spoiled the Acriens and Lenques and the whole Countrey of the Boies The Messeniens hauing receiued Letters from Philip were no lesse diligent then the other Allies who leuied men presently within their Townes and sent the most able vnto the King to the number of two thousand Foote and two hundred Horse But the length of the way was the cause they came not to Tegee before the Kings departure And therefore doubting in the beginning what they should doe fearing likewise that it would seeme they had willingly made this delay for the suspition they had of them in the beginning they resolued to enter the Spartains Countrey to the end they might ioyne speedily with the King Being come vnto the Castle of Olympes which is seated neere vnto the Mountaines of the Argiues and Lacedemonians and had set themselues downe foolishly and without consideration for they did not fortifie themselues neither with Ditches nor Pallisadoes neither did they choose a conuenient place But relying on the good-will of the Inhabitants they lodged simply neere vnto the Walls Licurgus aduertised of their comming takes the Mercenaries and part of the Lacedemonians and goes directly to the Enemy Where arâ—iuing at the breake of day he marcheth in Battaile against the Messeniens who perceiuing him abandoned all and fled by heapes into this Castle Licurgus recouered the greatest part of their Horses and Baggage but he tooke not a man he onely slew eight Horse-men The Messeniens after this defeate returned by the Argiues Countrey Lycurgus proud of this good fortune being returned to Sparta vseth all speed to leuie men and to prepare all things necessary for the Warre labouring that Philip might not returne by the Spartains Countrey without a Battaile or danger The King parts with his Army from Elia spoiling all as he passeth and brought all backe on the fourth day to Amycle Licurgus hauing resolued with his Friends and Captaines to giue Battaile to the Macedonians goes out of the Citty and recouers the places about Menelaie with about two thousand Foote commanding them of the Citty to be watchfull and when they should see a signe they should speedily make sallies by diuers places taking their way towards Eurota which is a Riuer neere vnto the Citty These were the actions of Lieurgus and the Lacedemonians at that time But to the end that what wee say may not seeme obscure by the ignorance of places wee must declare the nature and scituation The which we will indeauour to doe throughout our whole worke alwaies ioyning places knowne to the vnknowne For the difference of Countryes doe many times deceiue in Warre as well by Sea as Land Our desire is that all men should know not onely the things but how they were done And therefore the description of places is necessary in all things but especially in Warre neither may we blame the vse of Feâ—s Seas and Ilands for signes and sometimes of Temples Mountaines Townes
in trueth hee seemed to be but he did not yet enioy the name of a King nor weare a Crowne for the enuy which Fortune procured him Antiochus giuing credite to these Letters resolued to make a descent into Syrria But whilest hee stayed in Sâ—leucia and was carefull to bring his enterprize vnto a good end Diognet Chiefe of the Army at Sea arriued from Cappadocia which is â—eere vnto the Euxine Sea bringing with him Laodicea the Daughter of Methridâ—â—es who was promised to Antioâ—hus This is that Methridates who bragg'd that hee was descended from one of the seauen Wise men of Persia. She was receiued with royall pompe and Antiochus married her presently From thence he went to Antiochus leauing the Queene Regent of the Realme and applied himselfe wholy to rayse his Army At that time Mâ—lâ—n seeing the people ready to doe what hee pleased aswell for the hope of the gaine which hee propounded vnto them as for that their Commaunders were terrified by the Kings false and counterfeite Letters Hauing also his brother Alexander for a Companion in this Warre After that hee had gotten all the neighbour Townes by the corruption of their Gouernours hee goes to field with a great Army and plants himselfe neere vnto the Campe of the Kings Lieutenants At whose comming Xenon and Theodote being terrified they retired to the next Townes Molon beeing Lord of all the plaine of Appolonia and running where he pleased the whole Prouince brought him great store of Victuals and munition Hee was before terrible in regard of his great power Neyther had he any will to loose the occasion for that that all the Kings Races for Horses were in Media with infinite store of Wheate and Cattle In regard of the force height and Wealth of that Region wee cannot speake sufficient Media lyes about the midst of a Asia It excels in greatnesse and height all the other Regions about it It is very powerfull in people being discouered towards the East by the Desart Countries which lye betwixt Persida and Parasia It ioynes and commands the Ports of the Caspien Sea So doth it in the Mountaines called Tapyreins which are not farre from the Hyrcanien Sea But as for the Southerne Regions it lookes to Messopotamia and Appolonia ioyning vnto Persida which lyes before Mount Sagre which hath a passage of a hundred Furlongs long The which hauing many inclosures is diuided by Vallies and certaine Plaines with the Cossees Corbrenes Carchins with diuers other Barbarous Nations inhabite being excellent in matters of War Finally it ioynes to the Satrapiens vpon the West who differ not much from those which inhabite Pontus Euxinus And as for the part towards the North it hath the Elimees Ariaraces then the Caddusiens and Mantianes Finally it is scituated aboue the Countries which neere vnto the Blacke Sea ioyne to Pontus It is separated from Nusia by a multitude of Mountaines vpon the West and yet there is a playne well furnished with Townes and Burroughes When as Molon was Lord of this Region hauing a kinde of a Realme and was terrible euen before this Rebellion in regard of the great power of the Countrey he shewed himselfe then more intollerable towards the Asiens For that at his arriuall the Kings Lieutenants had abandoned their Campe and that matters did not succeede in the beginning according to their hopes Wherefore in passing Tygris Molon indeauoured to besiege Seleucia But when as Zeuxâ—â— had stopt the Passage by staying all the Boates hee retyred The Army being at Ctesiphon hee made prouision of all things necessary to passe the winter The King aduertised of Molons Army and of the flight of his Lieutenants resolued to lead his Army against him leauing Ptolomy But Hermes remembring his enterprize sent Xenoete an Achaian with an Army against Molon saying that Lieutenants must fight with Rebels and the King with Kings in person Keeping the King thus in awe by reason of his Age hee went to Apamia where hee drew together an Army and from thence marcht suddainly to Laodicea From whence the King parting with all his Troupes and hauing past a Desart hee came into a place which the Inhabitants of the Countrey called Marsia seated betwixt the two Promontories of Liban and Antiliban which restrayne it and in the narrowest streight is miry and moorish where also grow the Arromaticall Canes Moreouer there ioynes to the one side of the sayd streights a Towne which they call Broches and on the other that of Gerre Betwixt the which there is a rough and difficult way The King marching for some dayes by these streights came in the end to Gerre Whereas when he saw that Theodote of Etolia had taken it and Broches and that hee had sortified all that part of the streights which were neere vnto the Fens with Ditches and Pallisadoes and men for the defence thereof hee laboured at the first to assayle them But when it seemed he lost more then hee got by reason of the disaduantage of the place and that Theodote made a shew to be of Ptolomies party hee gaue ouer the enterprize And when he had newes of the retreate of Xenoete and of the attempt of Molon he resolued to part from thence and to giue order for his owne affaires Xenoete being as wee haue sayd sent Generall against Molon hee had a greater power then was immagined and vsed his friends with great arrogancy and his enemies with too much cruelty When hee tooke his way to Seleucia with his Army calling vnto him Diogene Gouernour of the Countrey of Susian and Pythias of the red Sea hee marcht against the enemies and planted his Campe neere vnto theirs the Riuer of Tygris being betwixt them During the which there were many came swimming from Molons Campe aduertising him that the greatest part of his Army would yeild vnto him if he past the Riuer for that they hated him and loued and affected the King Xenoete perswaded by their words prepares himselfe to passe Tygris and making shew that hee would make his passage at a certaine place where as the Water makes an Iland hee made no shewe of any preparation Whereupon whilest that Molon made no account of his enterprize hee prepared Boates speedily and taking the best of his Horse-men and the Chiefe of all the Foot-men of his Armyâ— he left Zeuxis and Pythias for the Guard of the Campe and past his Army safely in the night by Boate fourescore furlongs beneath Molons Campe During the which he seated his Campe in a safe place which was inuironed by the Riuer for the greatest part and the rest assured by Fens and Moores adioyning When as Molon was aduertised hereof hee sent his Horse-men before to hinder their passage or to defeate them that were past Who approaching neere to Xenoete they annoyed themselues more for that they knew not the places then they did the enemy For entring into those Moorish Fens they could doe no seruice and many
his defence and guard And when he saw his Father in danger and enuironed by the Enemy accompanied onely with two or three Horse hauining receiued a dangerous wound he began at the first to encourage his company to succour his Father But when they wauered for the great multitude of the Enemies hee cast himselfe desperafely as it seemes and charged them couragiously Afterwards when the rest were forced to fight the Enemies amazed with feare ceas'd the Combare Old Publius being thus preserued contrary to all hope hee was the first who in hearing of them all called him his Sauiour When by this action the fame of his prowesse and dexterity began he afterwards ingag'd himselfe in greater dangers whensoeuer the supreame hope of the Countrey required it by necessity This was not with a courage relying in Fortime but of a iudicious Captaine Afterwards Lucius his elder Brother aspiring to the Dignity of Edile the which among the Romans was the Noblest command of the Youth and that by custome they made choise of two Ediles among the Paricij and that there were many at that time which aim'd at it he was long before he durst demand it of his Brother When the Election grew neare and that he had made a coniecture by the humour of the multiude that his Brother would hardly obtaine it seeing himselfe on the other side in great fauour with the people and might attaine vnto his attempt if with their consent he vndertooke the cause he fell into this conceit When he saw his Mother visite the Temples and sacrifice vnto the Gods for his Brother and that she entertained a great hope of the future which she had in singular recommendation and that his Father being then Commander of the Army in the sayd War had sayled into Spaine he told his Mother that hee had one dreame twice and that it seemed vnto him that he returned being made Edile with his Brother from the place to goe vnto their house And that running vnto the doore shee had saluted them with imbracings When hee had ended this Speech the Mother being very passionate with an effeminate affection and answering I know not what shee added Oh that I might see that Day will you saies he that wee make a tryall Whereunto consenting for that she did not thinke he would dare to attempt so great a matter considering that he was very young shee required as it were in sport that he should presently prouide him a long Cloake For they which stand for gouernment are accustomed to be so attired In regard of his Mother shee had no eonfidence in his words Publius when he had this braue Robe went suddainly to the place his Mother being yet asleepe When the Multitude had receiued him with amazement as well for this nouelty contrary to all hope as for the loue and affection they had formerly borne him and afterwards drawing to the place appointed he was neare vnto his Brother many adiudg'd this gouernment not onely to Publius but also to his Brother for the loue of him and being both of them created Ediles in this manner they returned to their house When the Mother had receiued the newes she ran vnto the Gate and with affection and loue saluted them Wherefore although that Publius disdained Dreames yet it seemed by this action to all those which haue heard speake of it that he had speech with the Gods not only sleeping but much more in the day waking But for that he was bountifull and pleasing in his words and had well obserued the affection of the Commons towards him and had accommodated the time to the people and his Mother hee not onely perfected his Enterprize but also seemed to haue dispatcht in by some Diuine inspirarinn They without doubt which cannot duely consider the occasions nor the causes and dispositions of euery thing by the vice of Nature or ignorance and dulnesse referre vnto the Gods and Fortune the causes of things which are decided by industry and discreete reason These things I speake for the Readers to the end that falling through errour into the vulgar opinions of this man they should not leaue good and commendable graces that were in him that is to say his Dextity and Industry In regard of that which I speake of him it will appeare manifest by his actions Publius Scipio being then Generall of the Army in Spaine calling his Troupes together he aduised them not to be amazed for the aduentures and disgraces past For the Romans had neuer beene vanquished by the prowesse of the Carthaginians but by the treason of the Celtiberians And the rashnesse of the Commanders seperated one from another for that they trusted in them which are things he sayd were then among the Enemies For besides that they made Warre being farre distant one from another they offer'd outrages to their Allies and made them Enemies And that for this cause some were already sent home and the rest will speedily when they shall be assured come when you haue once past the Riuer not so much for the good will they beare you as to seeke a reuenge for the wrongs receiued by the Carthaginians But moreouer the Captaines are in dissention among themselues and will not willingly ioyne together to fight with you And being thus diuided they would be defeated and fall easily into their hands Wherefore he perswaded them that considering these things they should passe the Riuer boldly promising to giue good order for the rest When he had vsed this speech vnto the other Captaines he left his colleague Marcus vpon the passage of the Riuer accompanied with three thousand Foote and fiue hundred Horse to the end hee might succour his Companions being in the Riuer hee himselfe past with the rest of his Army holding his intention secret from all the World Hee resolued things which he did not impart to many men His resolution was to lay siege to the City of Carthage scitnate in Spaine by the way of course The which euery man might vnderstand and that it is an excellent presumption of his esteeme whereof of I haue formerly spoken For as hee was but seuen and twenty yeares old he gaue himselfe first to things which in the iudgement of the World seemed desperate for the great precedent dangers and misfortunes leauing all things that were vulgar and easie and resolued and attempted those which seemed impossible vnto the Enemie euery one of which required an exact wisedome knowledge and vnderstanding In the beginning being yet at Rome when hee had considered by himselfe and eniquired diligently of the treason of the Celtiberians and of the diuision in the Armies what might happen and what fortune had befalne his Father he was nothing amazed at the Carthaginians neither did he faint as many vsually doe But after that he vnderstood that the Allies on this side the Riuer of Ebro continued constant in their Friendship and that the Commanders of the Carthaginians were in discord
to all his Army he marcheth with all his forces Moreouer he sends Androsthenes the Cyzecenien to receiue Gaza which by the accord was deliuered vnto him by the King And when hee had past Arachosia and the Riuer of Erymanthus he arriued in Carmania by Dratigene where he wintred for that Winter approached This was the end of Antiochus Voyage which he made by the high Countries by the which he drew to his obedience not onely the Satrapes and Gouernours of the high Countries but also the Marritine Cities and the Potentates inhabiting neare vnto Tauris Finally he hath assured his Reigne making by his confidence and good industry all his Subiects amazed For he seemed by this Voyage worthy to reigne not onely ouer the Asiatiques but also ouer the Europians A PARCELL OF the Twelfth Booke of the History of POLYBIVS WHo will wholly commend the Excellency of this Region In regard of Tymeus thou maist with reason terme him ignorant not onely of things concerning Lybia but also a Child and without vnderstanding and also subiect to a foolish ancient report according to the which we haue heard that Lybia is all sandy dry and desarts The like they sayd of Creatures And yet it hath so great abundance of Horses Sheepe and Goats as I know not where we may finde the like in the World For that many people of Lybia make no vse of the fruits which proceede from the hands of man but liue with Mares Milke Moreouer who doth not know the multitude and force of Elephants Lyons and Panthers and consequently the beauty of Bugles or wilde Oxen and the greatnesse of Ostridges whereof there are none in Europe and yet Lybia is full of such things whereof Tymeus being wholly ignorant he deliuers as it were of purpose things contrary to truth As he hath lyed in matters concerning Lybia so hath he done the like of the Island of Cyrnon Whereof making mention in his Second Booke he saith that it abounds in Goats Sheepe and wilde Oxen and moreouer in Stage Hares and Wolues with some other Beasts and that the men are much giuen to Venery and spend their whole liues therein When as in the said Iland there is neither wilde Goate Oxe Hare Wolfe nor Stagge nor any such kinde of Beast Except Foxes Conies and wilde Geese It is true that a Coney seene a farre off seemes like vnto a Leueret But when they hold it it differs much as well in sight as in taste It breeds and liues most commonly in the ground For this cause all the Beasts of this Iland seeme wilde for that the Keepers cannot follow them in regard this Iland is woody hilly and steepe But when they will draw them together staying in commodious places they call them by a Trumpet and euery one runs to his owne Finally if sometimes they which come into the Iland see Goats or Oxen feeding alone and seeke to take them they will not come at them but flye from them as strangers and when the Keepers discouering those which come from the ships sounds his Trumpe they make haste and runne vnto him which put ignorant men in conceite that the Beasts of this Iland are wilde whereof Tymeus hath made dreames writing impertinently It is no great wonder that they obey the sound of the Trumpe For they which breed Swine in Italy haue no Hogheards which follow them after the manner of Greece but going before them a little space they sound their Trumpes and the Swine follow them behinde running after the sound These Beasts are so accustomed euery one to his Trumpe as it is a wonder and in a manner incredible to those that shall heare speake of it For it happens that for the abundance of Swine and other things necessary the troupes are in such great numbers in Itâ—ly especially in the ancient and among the Tyrrbeins and Gaules so as of one breeding there are sometimes aboue a thousand Wherefore they send them generally according to the age by troupes in the Night So as many being sent together they cannot keepe them according to their kinde and they mingle as well going and passing as in their returne For this cause they haue inuented the sound of the Trumpe to the end that when the Swine mingle they may separate them without difficulty When as the Hogheards march one way and the other another in sounding the Trumpe the Swine part of themselues euery one following his owne Trumpe with such great heate as it is impossible to stay them or to hinder their course But when in Greece they mingle hunting and running after Fruites hee that hath the greatest number and retires soonest carries with his owne the next and sometimes steales â—hem he that hath the charge not knowing how he hath lost them for that the Swine stray far from their Hogheards whilest they run greedily after the Fruits of Trees when as they begin newly to fall But we haue spoken sufficiently It hath often been my chance to goe to the City of the Locrines and to deliuer them that which was necessary I haue made them free from the Warre of Spaine and Dolmacia to the which by accord they were subiect by Sea to the Romans Wherefore they haue done vs all honour and courtesie in acknowledging to be freed from this trouble danger and charge Wherefore I am more bound to praise the Locrines then to doe the contrary Finally I haue not omitted to deliuer and write the History of the Collony which hath giuen vs to vnderstand that Aristotle is more veritable then that which Tymeus reports I am of their opinion which maintaine the renowne of this Collony to be ancient according to the saying of Aristotle and not of Tymeus for the which they produce these arguments First that all things which haue beene famous among them for their Predecessors are come from women and not from men so as by way of example they are held amongst them for noble which haue taken their name from a hundred Families These are the Families which the Locrines made choise of before they went to make a Collony whereby it might happen that by Oracles they cast Lots vpon the Virgins to send them to Troy Whereof some went in Collony and their posterity was to bee held Noble and termed of the hundred Families Againe for that which concernes him whom they call Philephore they haue made this report That when as they chased the Sicilians who then inhabited that part of Italy the Nobles and Chiefe men then honoured the Sacrifices and tooke many of the customes of the Countrey so as they hold nothing of their Paternall in obseruing that from them and in correcting they haue ordained that they should not make any of their Sonnes Philephore but onely a Virgine in regard of the Nobility which came from Women There was not neither is it said that their hath beene any pactions or accords made betwixt the Locrines and the Grecians In regard
and pleasure by History Wee will therefore make the beginning of this Booke at the first Voyage which the Romans made by Sea which is subsequent to those things which Timerus hath last written which was in the hundred and nine and twentieth Olimpiade We must therefore relate how and what time they ended their Quarrels in Italy and what meanes they had to passe into Sicily For this is the first voyage they euer made out of their Territories whereof wee must set downe the reason simply and without disguising to the end that by the search from one cause to another the beginning and consideration of the whole may not proue doubtfull The beginning also must bee agreeable to the Time and Subiects and that it be knowne to all the which they may consider by themselues yea in seeking out those things which were past long before and in the meane time relate the Actions summarily For it is certaine that the beginning being vnknowne or obscure its continuance cannot perswade nor purchase beleefe But if the Opinion of the beginning be true then all the subsequent Narration doth easily content the Auditors eare Nineteene yeeres after the battell wone vpon the Riuer Aegos and sixteene yeeres before the Warre of Leuctra where the Lacedemonians treated a peace with Anâ—alcides King of Persia when as Denis the old held the Citty of Rhegium in Calabria besieged after that hee had defeated the Grecians inhabiting vpon the limits of Italy neere vnto the Riuer of Elleporis and that the Gaules hauing wholy ruined Rome held it except the Capitall During which time the Romans hauing made an accord with them which they found good and profitable and had recouered their liberty contrary to their hope and expectance and had in a manner taken a beginning of their increase they declared Warre against their Neighbours As soone as the Latins had beene vanquished aswell by their prowesse as by the fortune of the Warre they turned their Armes against the Tuscans then to the Celtes which are in Italy and finally vpon the Samnites which confine the Region of the Latins towards the East and North. Sometime after the Tarrentines seeing the outrage which they had committed against the Romane Embassadours not relying much vpon their owne forces they called in King Pyrrhus the yeere before the Descent of the Gaules into Italy and before the Retreate of those which were defeated in Battell neere vnto Delphos Then the Romans after they had vanquished the Tuscans and Samnites and beaten the Celtes often began to make warre against the rest of Italy not as contending for another mans Lands but as for their owne and formerly â—â—â—onging vnto them being now growne warlike by the Warres which they had had against the Celtes and Samnites The Romans then after that Pyrrhus and his forces had beene chased out of Italy taking this Warre to heart they pursued such as had followed his party Being suddainly become Maisters of all according to their desires and that all Italy was wholy subdued except the Celtes they presently besieged some of theirs which held Regium One and the like fortune befell two Citties scituated vpon the Straight of that Sea that is Messina and Rhegium Some Campanois hauing beene lately in pay with Agathocles in Sicily wondring at the beauty and wealth of Messina they suddainly when they found an opportunity assailed it breaking their Faith they hauing beene receiued into it by Friendship where they expell'd some of the Cittizens and slew others After which wicked act they shared their Wiues and Children among them as their fortunes fell out during the Combate Then they diuided their goods and lands But after this suddaine and easâ—e Conquest of so goodly a Countrey and City they soone found others that did imitate their villanies They of Rhegium amazed with the descent of Pyrrhus at such time as he past into Italy and fearing in like manner the Carthaginians being then Maisters of the Sea they craued a Garrison and men from the Romans Those which they sent vnto them were to the number of 4000. vnder the command of Decius the Campanois they kept the Towne for a time and their faith in like manner with the Cittizens in defending them but in the end moued by the example of the Mamertins who solicited them to coÌ„mit this base act they falsified their faith being aswell incited by the opportunity of the deed as by the wealth of Rhegium and chased away some Cittizens and slew others finally they seased vpon the Citty as the Mamertines had done And although the Romans were discontented at the misfortune of the Rhegins yet they could not relieue them for that they must settle an order for their precedent VVarres But after they had ended them they besieged them of Rhegium and afterward they entred it by force whereas many were slaine who being certaine of the punishments they were to endure defended themselues valiantly to death Aboue three hundred were taken aliue who presently after their comming to Rome the Commanders of the VVarre commanded them to be brought into the Market-place where they were whipt and in the end their heads strooke off after the manner of the Countrey They did vse this punishment to the end that their Faith as much as might be possible might be confirmed towards their confederates Presently after they caused the Towne and Countrey to be deliuered to the Rhegins But whilest that the Mamertins youmust vnderstand that the Campanois caused themselues to be so called after the taking of Messina were relieued by the Romans which held Rhegium by force they not onely enioyed the Countrey and Towne peaceably but they committed great spoiles vpon many other Townes their Neighbours aswell of the Carthaginians as of Saragosse otherwise Siracusa The greatest part of Sicily was tributary vnto them But soone after when they were depriued of those succours and that they which held Rhegium were besieged they were in like manner by them of Saragosse for the causes which follow As a little before the men of warre of Saragosse camping neere vnto Mergane being in dissention with the Goutrnours of the Common-weale they chose for their Captaines Artemtdore and Hieron who afterwards was their King being yet very young But finally so well endowed with all the graâ—es of Nature and Minde as hee wanted no Royall conditions but the Crowne Hauing accepted the Magistracy and made his entry into the Towne very well accompanied by his Friends where hauing vanquished the Burgesses of the contrary faction hee vsed the Victory with so great clemency and modesty as by a common consent of all in generall he was chosen their Commander although they did not allow of the Election made by the Souldiers It is true that Hieron made knowne to men of iudgement and vnderstanding that he had conceiued greater designes in his minde then to be their Leader First knowing well that the Saragossins were mutinous and desirous
of innouation whensoeuer they sent their Souldiers and Commanders out of the Countrey and that Leptine was a man of great reputation and of more credit then any other of the Cittizens and that he was very pleasing vnto the Multitude he held it fit to make an alliance with him to the end he might leaue some report in the Citty for him whensoeuer he should goe to the VVarre and lead an Army out of the Countrey Hauing therefore taken the Daughter of Leptine to VVife knowing well that the old band of forraigne Souldiers were changeable and subiect to mutinies he led his Army of set purpose against the Barbarians who held the Citty of Messina And hauing seated his Campe neere to Centoripe and put his men in battell close vpon the Riuer of Ciamossure he stayed in a place apart all the Horse and Foote of his owne Nation as if he meant to charge the Enemy on the other side suffering the forraigne Souldiers to be defeated by the Barbarians and whilest the others fled he makes his retreate safely with all the Saragossins to the Citty When he had by this pollicy brought his designe vnto an end and had freed his Army of all the Mutines hee makes a great leuy of Souldiers Soone after when as all things were settled in good order Hieron seeing that the Barbarians were growne too audacious and proud of their late Victory he parts from the Citty with an Army of his Countrey souldiers well trained and disciplined and making dilligence he came to Myle where along the Bankes of the Riuer of Longane he fought with them with all his forces Hauing vanquished them and taken their Captaines seeing their pride much abated by this Victory he returnes 〈◊〉 Saragosse with his Army and was by the generall fauour and consent of all the Cittizens saluted King by the Allies The Mamertins as we haue sayd being depriued of the succours of of the Romane Legion and hauing lost so great a Battell their hearts being broken they retire for the most part vnto the Carthaginians and yeeld themselues and their Fort The rest sent vnto the Romans deliuering their Towne vnto them and requiring succours as to those that were of the same Nation The Romans were long in suspence what to doe For they found it strange hauing lately punished their Cittizens so seuerely for violating their faith with the Rhegins to send succours now vnto the Mamertins who were guilty of the like crime They were not ignorant of all these things Yet considering that the Carthaginians had not onely drawne Affricke vnder their obedience by force of Armes but also many places in Spaine and moreouer all the Islands of the Sea of Sardinia and Italy they doubted that their Neighbour-hood would be dangerous if they made themselues Lords of the rest of Sicily They likewise vnderstood that it would be easie to effect if the Mamertins were not relieued And there was no doubt that if Messina had beene deliuered vnto them they would presently haue recouered Saragosse for that they held all the rest of Sicily And as the Romans considered these things they were of opinion that it was necessary not to abandon Messina nor to suffer the Carthaginians to make vnto themselues as it were a Bridge to passe into Italy at their pleasure This was long in debate yet it was not concluded in that assembly for it seemed vnto them as vnreasonable as profitable to relieue the Mamertins But as the Commons much weakned with their former Warâ—es seemed to haue need of rest so the Captaines shewing the great profit that might ensue they resolued to succour the Mamertins This Opinion being confirmed by the Commons presently they appointed Appius Claudius one of the Consuls to passe the Army into Sicily and to relieue the Mamertins who had put out of their Towne aswell by threats as pollicy the Captaine of the Carthaginians which as we haue sayd held the Fort. And they called vnto them Appius Claudius deliuering the Citty into his hands The Carthaginians hung him on a Crosse which had had the Guard supposing that he had yeelded it basely for feare and want of Courage Then suddainly they drew their Sea-army neere vnto Pellore and that at land about the Countrey called Sene holding by this meanes Messina streightly besieged In the meane time Hieron thinking to haue found a good opportunity to chase the Barbarians which held Messina out of Sicily followed the Carthaginians party And going from Saragosse he takes his way to the Towne and layes his Siege on the other side neere vnto Mount Calshidique By this meanes he tooke from the Townesmen all meanes to sally forth on that side But the Consull passing the Sea by night with great danger in the end he arriued at Messina where seeing the Enemy round about it and that this Siege was as dishonourable vnto him as dangerous for that the Enemies were the stronger both by Land and Sea he desired first to try by Embassies sent to both Camps if it might be possible to pacifie things so as the Mamertins might be freed But the Enemies not vouchsafing to heare them he was in the end forced to vndergoe the hazard and resolued first to giue battell to the Saragossins He therefore causeth his Army to march and put it in battell to the which the King likewise came speedily But after that Appius had fought long in the end he preuailed ouer his Enimies pursuing them into their Fort. The Consull after the spoile of the dead retires into the Citty and Hieron being frustrate of all hope recouered Saragosse speedily the Night following The next day Appius Claudius aduertised of the flight of the Saragossins and hauing resumed courage and confidence he had no will to stay but to goe and fight with the Carthaginians Wherefore he commanded his men to be ready and the next day he past early and chargeth his Enimies whereof some were slaine and the rest forced to saue themselues in the neighbour-townes By this meanes the Siege being raiâ—ed he rauaged and spoyled the Countrey to Saragosse and their Allies without danger And after that he had ruined all in the end he besieged Saragosse Behold then for the causes aboue mentioned the first Voyage which the Romane Army made out of Italy And for that we haue held it fit for the entrance of our designe we haue made it our beginning in looking somewhat backe to the times past to the end we may not leaue any occasion of doubt vpon the causes we shall yeeld And in truth I haue held it necessary to declare first at what time and by what meanes the Romans being in extreame danger to lose their Countrey began to grow fortunate And when likewise after they had subdued Italy they began to conquer other Countries to the end that the greatnesse of their Empire which was since may seeme more likely in knowing the beginnings No man must
Captaynes had held a Councell concerning the Affayres of the War they were of opinion that it was necessary to relieue the Prouince and not to indure so 〈◊〉 a pillage and spoyle of the Country Marcus Attilius some few dayes before marching into the Country razed the weaker Castles and besieged the stronger But when he was come to the Citty of Adis which was worthy of a siege he plants himselfe before it and indeauours to force it The Carthaginiansâ—â—uertised â—â—uertised hereof made hast to succour it desiring to Raise the siege And therefore they march with all their power against the Romans Recouering a little Hill to the preiudice of their Enemies and very commodious for themselues Whereon planting their Camp they hoped for an absolute Victory by the meanes of their Horse and Elephants Leauing therefore the playne they drew 〈◊〉 high and vneuen places as if they would aduertise the Enemy what they had to doe the which vndoubtedly they effected For when the Romanes had considered the little vse of Elephants for they were in a Mountainous and Hilly Country in the which the Enemies had setled their chiefe hope as of great effect and terrible they aduised not to attend their Descent into the playne Wherefore vsing the opportunity of the time they shut them vp at the breake of day in the Mountayne of all sides By this meanes their Cauallery and their Elephants were altogether vnprofitable Their aduenturers onely did their duties in â—ighting on the top and had already forced the Roman Leginaries to giue backe a little when as suddainly the rest which had gayned the top of the Mountayne shâ—wed themselues The Carthaginians seeing themselues inclosed of all sides abandoned their Fort and fled into the deserts of the Mountaines The Elephants and Horses recouered the Playne and saued themselues without danger The Romans made some little pursuite after the footemen then they spoyled the Campe and ouer-ran the whole Country wasting all and ruining the Towne Some few dayes after they besieged Tunes which they tooke by assault where they planted their Campe for that the place seemed conuenient vnto them to mannage the Warre being a frontier to Carthage and to the whole Prouince The Carthaginians hauing a little before beene defeated at Sea and now by Land not by the cowardize of their Souldiers but by the basenesse of the Commanders they fell into a miserable and desperate estate For after their last defeate and flight by the Romans a great Troupe of Numidians gaping after spoyle fell vpon them doing them in a manner as great harme as the Romans It is a wandering and vagabone Nation and great theeues carrying away all they finde The Carthaginians terrified by the Numidians abandoned the Country and retired to Carthage where they suffered much aswell by famine as for their owne cowardize and moreouer the multitude being great they feared a long siege And although that Marcus Attillius was perswaded that the Carthaginians were wonderfully weakned aswell by Land as Sea being in hope that the City would be in short time deliuered vnto him yet fearing that the new Consull whom they expected soone in Affricke would reape the honour of his prowesse and valour he began to treate of a peace with them whereunto they willingly 〈…〉 Wherefore they sent the chiefe of their City in Embassie to the Consull to make this treaty But when as they were arriued they were so farre from agreeing as they could hardly without choller heare the vnreasonable things that were enioyn'd them Make your account that Marcus Attilius did hope that his offer would bee accepted as a thing of grace for that he had preuayled in all his affaires The Carthaginians on the other side thought that when as fortune should reduce them to extremity the Consull could not make them a more bitter answere Their Embassadours therefore returned not onely without any agreement but dâ—â—â—ting wonderfully the Consuls answere as to hard and proud The which being heard by the Senate of the Carthaginians they entered into so great an indignation vpon the Consuls demaund and resumed such courage that although formerly they were out of hope yet then they resolued to attend all extremities and rather to trye their fortune and to attend the time then to suffer so ignominious a thing and vnworthy of their valour It happened aâ— the same time that some one of those which had beene sent into Greece in the beginning of the warre to Leuie Men returned and brought with them a good number of Souldiers among the which there was one Xantippus a Lacedemonian a man of Iudgement and practised in the warre who after that hee had heard a relation of the defeat of the Carthaginians and the manner the place and that what time it happened hauing also considered the equipage of the Carthaginians with the number of their Horses and Elephants he returned suddainly to his Companions saying that the ignorance of the Captaines not the Romans had defeated the Carthaginians This speech ran presently thoroughout the whole Citty and came vnto the Princes The Carthaginians caused him to be called and resolued to vse his Councell who in their presence deliuered plainly the Reasons of his speech and the cause of their Defeate and if they would follow his Councell and hereafter keepe the Plaines leauing the hilly Country and there plant their battell hee would teach them how their Army should be out of danger and their Enemies Vanquished The Captaines mooued with the words of Xantippus presently Resigned vnto him the Conduct of all this Warre and now there ranne a bruite throughout the whole Campe of Xantippus speech with great Hope and Ioy. But after that all the Companies of the Army were drawne into the field and that hee had put them is order there was so great a difference betwixt his and that of the other Captaines who vnderstood not the Art of Warre that presently the common cry demanded nothing but to fight so much they were assured vnder the leading of Xantippus This done the Carthaginian Captaines seeing the courage of their Men exhorted them a little according to the opportunity of the time and within few dayes after they marched to find out the Enemy There were in the Carthaginians Army aboue twelue thousand foote foure thousand Horse and neere a hundred Elephants When as Marcus Attilius heard of the comming of the Enemy and that the Carthaginians kept their Horses vpon an euen Country camping contrary vnto their custome on the plaines hee wondred as at a new accident Yet hee marcht directly to them desiring battell and lodged within twelue hundred paces of their Campe. Three dayes after the Carthaginian Captaines held a Councell what was to be done But the multitude desiring the combate turned towards Xantippus calling him by his name with a countenance seeâ—â—ing to be willing and ready to vndergo all dangers and intreated him to lead them speedily vnto the battell When as the Carthaginian
meanes they demaunded leâ—â—e to send Embassadours The which being granted the Embassie comes with whom Amilcar agrees that it should be lawfull for the Carthaginians to chuse ten such as they pleased out of their whole Army and that the rest might retire in their shirts without any harme The which when they had concluded Amilcar told them that according to the agreement he made choise of those that were in his presence By this meanes Spendius Autarice and the other heads of the Army were deliuered vnto him When the Lybians had newes of the taking of their Captaines thinking that the Carthaginians had broken their Faith for that they knew not the Articles of the peace they tooke Armes fortifying themselues in a Quarter of the Campe To whom Amilcar gaue battell with the Elephants and his whole Army and slew them all whereof the number was aboue forty thousand men This was neere vnto a place which they call Serra for that it doth resemble an instrument which at this day is called Sie This done the Carthaginians who before seemed to haue lost all hope began to assure themselues and to recouer their courage and Spirits In the meane time Amilcar with Hannibal and Naraue ouer-ran the Country and the Townes of the Prouince where hauing reduced the greatest part of Affricke with the Townes they go and lay siege to Tunes and besiege Matho with all his Company Hannibal lay on that side which lookâ—â— to Carthage and Amilcar was opposite vnto him Thither they brought Spendius and his Companions who were hang'd on a Crosse. Matho seeing that Hannibal made his retreat but badly and without order did not thinke it fit to lose this occasion Wherefore he presently gaue a charge and slew part the rest flying away Finally hee spoyl'd the Campe and all the Baggage Hannibal himselfe was taken whom presently they crucified in the place of Spendius after they had done him a thousand indignities Moreouer they slew thirty Gentlemen of Carthage about the body of Spendius most cruelly by a power giuen them by Fortune for a mutuall reuenge Amilcar was not soone enough aduertised of the enemies sally by reason of the distance of the two Campes neyther was it in his owne power to relieue them in regard of the difficulty of the places Wherefore leauing Tunes and leading his Army to the Riuer of Machera he lodged vpon the bankes at the mouth of it The Carthaginians hauing newes of this defeate began againe to haue a bad conceite of their Warre But they presently resumed courage vsing all possible diligence for the preseruation of the Citty They sent an Embassie to Amilcar of thirty Senators with a leuy of young men vnder the Commaund of that Hanno who formerly had beene the Generall They giue these Senators charge to deale so with the two Captaines as their priuate hatred might be smothered and supprest and that they should force them to manage this Warre by their common Counsell in laying before them the miseries of the time and the present necessity After that the Senators had drawne these two Captaines together and vsed diuers speeches vnto them in the end they perswade them to pardon one another and to obey the Carthaginians By this meanes all the Affaires were gouerned by a common Councell so as when as Matho was reduced to a streight after many incounters Ambushes and pursuits which they had layd for him neere to the Towne of Leptis and in other places in the end they appointed a set day of battell with the enemy to the which both Armies prepared with Resolution So they called their Allies and drew men from all parts euen vnfurnishing their Townes of Garrisons as if by this battell they should decide all their affaires When as all things necessary for the fight were ready on eyther side they ioyned vpon the day appointed The battell was cruell but in the end the Carthaginians had the Victory The greatest part of the enemies were slaine in fighting The rest which retired to the next Towne yeilded soone after to the Carthaginians In regard of Matho he was taken aliue They only of Bisarthe and Hippona finding themselues guilty and hauing no hope of pardon and Mercy continued obstinate in their Rebellion See how a reasonable contentment hath power in all things and how much better it is not to affect and seeke a thing which afterwards is intollerable to another Finally after that Amilcar and Hanno began to approach neere vnto them they had no more hope but were forced to yeild vpon such conditions as pleased the Carthaginians Thus ended the Warre of Affrick but so happily for the Carthaginians as they not only recouered Affricke but punished all the Heads of the Rebellion according to their merites Thus Matho and all the other Prisoners were led in Tryumph through the Citty by the Youth of Carthage and in the end punished for their Villanies This Warre continued neere three yeares and foure moneths the most cruell and inhumane that euer was heard spoken of The Romanes at that time solicited by the Souldiers which were retired out of Sardinia vnto them prepared to vndertake the Voyage And when as the Carthaginians were discontented saying that the Island belonged vnto them and prepared an Army to send thither the Romanes laying hold of this occasion signified Warre vnto them complayning that this preparation of an Army was not so much for Sardinia as against them But the Canthaginians yeilding to the time vnderstanding well their owne weaknesse to renew a Warre against the Romanes indeauoured to auoide all occasions so as they left the Island vnto them And moreouer they paied vnto the Romanes seauen hundred thousand Crownes to redeeme the Warre Thus matters past at that time THE SECOND BOOKE of the History of POLYBIVS WE haue related in the First Booke at what time the Romanes began to inuade Forraine Nations after they had pacified Italy And â—ow they past into Sicily and the causes why they made Warre against the Carthaginians Aâ— what time also they began first to put an Army to Sea and Summarily all the Affaires which hapned to the end of this Warre to the one or the other In the which finally the Carthaginians 〈◊〉 Sicily whereof the Romanes were absolute Lords except those places which Hieron King of Saragosse held Wee haue subsequently set downe how after the Mutiny raised betwixt the Carthaginians and their Souldiers the Warre was kindled which they call Affricaine And what extremity and incredible cruelty was vsed and what the end was Now we will indeauour to write in few Words the accidâ—nâ—s which hapned since touching euery thing as we haue propounded in the beginning After that the Carthaginians had reduced Affricke to their obedience they sent Amilcar presently into Spaine with aâ— Army who parting with all his Troupes and hauing his Sonne Hannibal with him about nine yeares of age past beyond the pillars of Hercules and recouered
hinder him to haue the Victory seeing he hath a greater Troupe of men If he doth not abandon the Citty as it is fitting hee can carry backe his men without danger into his Countrey after that he hath ouer-runne the Champion Leauing a great amazement and terrour to his Enemies and assuring the hearts of his owne Souldiers The which succeeded according to his proiect For when the people saw the whole Prouince thus spoyled they began to blame Antigonus who notwithstanding discharging the Duty of a wise and discreet Captaine would not goe to field Cleomenes in the meane time ouer-ran their whole Countrey without feare By this meanes he returned safely into his Countrey after that hee had at pleasure ruined the Prouince and left a great amazement amongst the Argiues and made his owne men more hardy for the future VVarre But when the Spring came the Macedonians and the Acheins returning from wintering went to field Antigonus marcht to Laconice with his Army consisting of ten thousand Macedonians three thousand Archers three hundred Horse a thousand Bowmen and likewise as many of the Gaules Moreouer three thousand Foote which were Mercinaries with three hundred Horse and about a thousand Megalopolitains armed after the manner of the Macedonians whereof Cerciâ—es had the leading As for the Allies hee had two thousand Foote of Bauâ—ere and two hundred Horse a thousand Foote of the Epirâ—tes and fifty Horse and as many of the Acarnanians and besides all these a thousand and sixe hundred Sclanonians whereof Demetrius of Phare was Captaine Thus the whole Army consisted of twenty eight thousand Foote and twelue hundred Horse Cleomenes being aduertised by his Spies of the Enemies descent hee placed forces vpon the passages by the which they might enter into his Countrey fortifying them with Trenches and Trees cut downe And hee himselfe went with his Army to a passage which they call Sellasia thinking as it happened that the Enemy would take that way His Army was about twenty thousand men There were two Mountaines in this passage whereof the one is called Eua by the people of the Countrey and the other Olympus There is a way betwixt both which runs along a Riuer vnto Sparta When as Cleomenes had lodged himselfe in these two Mountaines and had carefully fortified them with Trenches and Pallisadoes hee put the Souldiers which were drawne together with the Allies into Eua whereof his Cozen Euclide had the Commaund and stayed himselfe in that of Olympus with the Lacedemonâ—ans and Mercenaries Moreouer hee placed his Horse-men in the Plaine with some of the Mercenaries vpon the two Bankes of the Riuer When as Antigonus was come into those places and finding the scituation of them and the wonderfull industry of Cleomenes to dispose of his Army hee was not resolued to fight at that time And therefore hee camped neere vnto him vpon the banke of the Riuer of Gorgile whereas staying some dayes hee turned about the Countrey and the Enemies Campe and sought to draw them to battell by skirmishes But when hee found nothing without defence for that the Prouidence of Cleomenes had carefully rampired all places hee gaue ouer his enterprize But in the end they resolued by a common consent to make an end of their Warre by a battell Behold how Fortune had drawne together two great Captaines equall in virtue Counsell and Wisedome Thus Antigonus opposed in Front to those which held the Mountaine of Eua the Macedonians with their Targets and the Sclaâ—onians and hee put the Leginaries in diuers bands to succour the one and the other to whom hee gaue for Commaunder Alexander the Sonne of Ameta and Demetrius of Phare After these marcht the Acarnanians and they of Candy Finally he placed two thousand Acheins for a supply to succour them at need Then he set his Horse-men neere vnto the Riuer-side in Front of the Enemies Horse whereof Alexander had the charge with two thousand Foote-men As for Antigonus hee lodged neere vnto Mount Olympus with the bands of Aduenturers and the Macedonians where hee resolued to fight with Cleomenes VVhen hee had put the Mercenaries into battell hee caused the Battalion of the Macâ—donians to march The place which was straight would not suffer them to doe otherwise They had giuen charge to the Sctauonians to begin the battell as soone as they should see a white cloth which should be aduanced neere vnto Mount Olimpus at the foote whereof they lodged at Night vnder the Riuer of Gorgile The Megalopolitains also with the Horse-men were to enter the combate as soone as they should see a purple Robe aduanced in the Aire from the Kings Quarter The houre of the battell was now come the Sclauonians had already discouered Antigonus signe They encourage their Companions according to the opportunity of the time making no doubt but they had the victory in their hands Then they endeauoured with wonderfull resolution to gaine the Mountaine But the Foote-men which were lightly armed whom Cleomenes as wee haue sayd left in the Plaine with the Horse-men seeing that the Bands of the Acheins had not the courage to second them charg'd them vpon the Reare so as they were in great danger For on the right hand and in Front Euclide had the better with his men and the Mercenaries on the left hand fighting obstinately made a great spoile vpon the Reare By this meanes they were suddainly enuironed with two Troopes of Enemies When Philopomene the Megalopolitaine saw this disorder hee suddainly gaue good aduice to the Captaines But for that hee was a young man and had neuer had charge they gaue no eare vnto him Wherefore addressing himselfe to those of his Nation Companions sayth hee the Victory is ours if you will follow mee And in charging the Enemies Horse they assailed them with great courage Wherefore the Aduenturers strangers who fought in the Reare of those which assail'd the Mountaine hearing a great noise and seeing the Combate of the Horse-men retired to aide and succour them whereunto they had beene at the first ordained The order of the Enemies being by this meanes broken the Sclauonians and Macedonians with others whom Antigonus had appointed fell vpon them with great violence and fury So as afterwards all the World was of opinion that the industry and courage of Philopomene had defeated Euclide at that time And therefore they say that when as Antigonus demaunded of Alexander why hee had sent the Horse-men against the Enemy before hee had seene the signe and that hee had answered it was not hee but a young Megalopolitaine which had done it without his priuity hee then replied that this young man had performed the duty of a good Captaine and Alexander that of a young foole But they which kept the toppe of the Mountaine with Eucelide shewed their basenesse seeing the Enemies ascend for they should not haue attended vntill they had gain'd the top with safety But relying vpon the aduantage
a Certificate of all that which shal be sold in their presence in Affricke or Sardinia If any Romane arriues in Sicily where the Carthaginians are Lords they shall doe him no wrong The Carthaginians shall doe no outrage to the Ardeates Anciates Arrentins Circins Tarraconnois nor the other Latins which are subiect to the Romans And if there bee any other Citty which is not subiect it is not comprehended If the Carthaginians take any one they shall restore it entire to the Romans neither shall they build any Fort in Italy And if they be entred into the Prouince as Enemies they shall not stay a whole night Behold in a manner what the first Treatie contayned You must vnderstand that the Promontory of Beauty is right against Carthage hauing its aspect to the North. Beyond the which towards the South the Carthaginians would not suffer the Romans to saile with any ships of Warre The reason was as it seemes for feare they should come and discouer the places which are about the Banks of Barbary which the Carthaginians call the Merchants Countrey by reason of the fertility thereof And therefore if any one driuen by a storme or prest by the enemy cast himselfe vpon that Quarter it was not lawfull for him to take any thing but what was necessary to repaire his ships or to sacrifice Being likewise forced to weigh Anchor and set saile the fift day As for Carthage and the other Countries of Affricke which are on this side the Promontory and as for Sardinia and Sicily whereas the Carthaginians were Lords it was lawfull to sayle thither for trafficke For the effecting whereof the Carthaginians had sworne to obserue and keepe it But it seemes that in this treaty that the Carthaginians make mention of Affricke and Sardinia as of their owne Prouinces holding other termes of Sicily which adde the Countrey wherein they are obeyed The Romans also doe the like for the Countrey of the Latins and as for the rest of Italy they make not any mention for that it was not yet subiect vnto them Afterwards there was another treaty made wherein the Carthaginians comprehended the Tyrriens and Bisarthins There was also added to the Cape of Beauty Mastia and Tarseron Without the which it was not lawfull for the Romanes to pretend any Countrey nor to purchase or build any new Citty Behold the Contents The Romanes and their Allies the Carthaginians Tyrriens and Bisarthins and their Allies shall liue in friendship The Romanes not their Allies shall not saile beyond the Promontory of Beauty nor or Mastia or Tarseion to rob and spoile nor to Trafficke nor to build any Towne If the Carthaginians take any Towne in Italy which is not subiect to the Romanes they shall haue spoile and restore the Towne vnto the Romanes If they haue taken any of the free people which were Allied to the Romanes they shall not bring them vnto any Port which belongs vnto the Romanes And if they bring any one thither and he be knowne to the Romanes they shall be set at liberty The like shall be done vnto the Romanes in those Townes which are subiect to the Carthaginians If a Roman refreshes himselfe with Water and Victuals the Carthaginians shall do him no wrong with whom they haue concluded a peace and friendship and if they do it the outrage shall be held publicke And as for Sardinia and Affricke the Romanes nor their Allies may not Trafficke nor haue any Towne or buy any thing but what is necessary for Sacrifice or the repairing of their shippes And if any ship be cast vpon that Coast by Tempest they shall set Saile within the fifth day In regard of Sicily the Romanes may Trafficke where the Carthaginians are obeyed The like they may do at Carthage and vse the same righ's which the Carthaginians obserue The which in the like case the Carthaginians may doe at Rome In this Treaty it seemes that the Carthaginians shew that Sardinia and Affricke were wholy theirs and that they would depriue the Romanes of the right of Portage But as for Sicily of that part onely which they hold It was also Articulated that the Carthaginians should not make Warre against the Ardiatins the Antiates the Circins Tarraconnois nor against the other Latine Citties which lie vpon the Sea and comprehends the Latine Region As for the rest of Italy there was no mention made Since there was a third Accord made at such time as Pyrrhus King of the Epirotes past into Italy before the beginning of the Punique Warre Wherein were comprehended the same Articles adding moreouer that if they agreed with Pyrrhus they should giue succour one vnto another in the Country that was assailed And if eyther of them had need of assistance the Carthaginians should furnish Ships aswell for the passage as for the Combate either of them paying their Souldiers The Carthaginians should succour the Romans by Sea and no man should be forced to Land his men But as I haue vnderstood the oath of the first Treaties was made in this manner The Carthaginians sware by the gods of their Countrey And the Romanes by the Stone according to their auncient Custome calling thereunto the powers of Mars the Warlike Behold the manner which they obserued to sweare by the Stone The Herald of Armes after the Treaty of Peace was concluded betwixt the two Nations hauing the Stone in his hands vsed these Words I pray vnto the gods that all things may come successefully vnto me if this Accord and Oath which I take be done iustly and without fraud But if I do or thinke otherwise that I may die alone as this Stone shall fall out of my hand all the rest being sound and safe in their owne Country their Lawes Houses Temples and Sepulchers and without speaking any Word more he let the Stone fall out of his hand As these things are true and are at this day to be seene grauen in Tables of Brasse in the Temple of Iupiter Capitolium where they are carefully kept by the Ediles Who will not wonder at the Historiographer Philinus not for that he knew it not for without doubt many auncient Romanes and Carthaginians I say of our time and which haue beene very curious of such things do not know it But for that he hath dared to write things quite contrary saying that in these Accords was contained that the Romanes should quit all Sycily and the Carthaginians all Italy Wherefore the Romans has broken their faith and promise at their first Voiage into Sycily And yet this is not found Written Philinus hath written this Discourse in the second of his Books the which relating lightly in the first Booke we haue reserued to this place to the end we may debate it in perticular holding it necessary least some one might stray from the Truth following the errour of Philinus It will not be happily without reason if some one will hold the Voyage of the Romans
demanded of them for to be put to death for the taking of Sagont Hee acquaints them likewise of the fertility of the Prouince whither they made their voyage making great esteeme and respect of the Friendshippe and alliance of the Gaules After which speech seeing them all resolute and that they demaunded nothing but to parte he commended their good will and prowesse And after he had told them the day when they should trusse vp their baggage he dismist them In the meane time when he had made all necessary preparations for his Voyage hee dislodg'd suddainly when the day of parting was come with fourescore and ten thousand Foote and twelue thousand Horse and past the Riuer of Ebro Then within few dayes hee brought vnder his obedience the Ilergetins the Bargusins the Erinosins and Andolisiens the like they did to all other Townes vnto the Pyrenee Mountaines razing some And as hee performed this sooner than any man could conceiue so he did it not without many cruell battels and great losse of men He setled Hanno Gouernour of this Countrey and made him likewise Lord of the Bargusins for that hee did not greatly trust those people for the Alliance they had with the Romans and hee gaue him ten thousand Foote and a thousand Horse for the guard of their Countrey leauing with him all their baggage which march't with him Hee sent backe the like number of Spaniards to their houses partly for that hee vnderstood they were grieued with the length of the Iourney and the difficult passages of the Mountaines and partly to giue hope vnto others to returne sometimes into their Countrey and that they which he left in their houses should march more willingly into Italy if he needed succours He march't then with the rest of his Army which amounted vnto the number of fifty thousand Foote and nine thousand Horse And passing the Pyrenee Mountaines he drew neere vnto the mouth of the Riuer of Rhone not so well accompanied with great numbers as good men who had beene alwayes victorious But to the end this may not seeme too obscure by the ignorance of places wee haue thought it fit to shew in few words from whence Hannibal parted and what great Countries hee past and into what parts of Italy he entred It is true wee haue not set downe the names of the places as many Historiographers doe thinking that all will the better bee vnderstood if they haue the knowledge thereof For my part I am of opinion that the relation of the names of places whereof we haue knowledge are of great profit for the more easie vnderstanding and more certaine memory of things But where the places are vnknowne their names are like vnto that manner of voice which besides the hearing signifies nothing By this meanes it happens that seeing our vnderstanding doth not comprehend any thing by the name and the which knowne cannot breed any great profit that the relation is altogether fruitlesse And therefore wee must finde meanes by the which speaking of places that are vnknowne we may make the truth to be vnderstood by the Readers with all our power The first and principall knowledge common to all men is the Diuision of this World wherein wee are contained by the which wee know euen Ideots the East West South and North. The second is by the which attributing to euery one of these parts the parties of the World wee come in some sort to the knowledge of places which we haue neuer seene But as the round Circle of the Earth consists of many parts whereof some are inhabitable and others in scituation opposite to ours inhabited by the Antipodes Wee must for the present speake onely of the scituation of the Countrey which wee inhabite And for that it is diuided into three parts and hath three names whereof they call the one Asia the other Affricke and the third Europe It is a diuision which the Riuers of Tanais and Nile make ioyning to the streights of Hercules Pillars Asia is seated betwixt Nile and Tanais taking its extent towards the East and South In regard of Affricke it is seated betwixt the Nile and the Pillars of Hercules taking its extent vnder the South and towards the Hiuernall west vnto the Equinoxiall and to the streights of Gibeltar Finally these two parts seeme to hold more the Countrey vnder the South from the East following our Sea then towards the West And as for Europe it is limited drawing towards the North and continuing from the East vnto the West whose greatest extent lies towards the North betwixt the Riuer of Tanais and Narbonna which is not farre from the Countrey of Marcelles towards the West and the mouthes of the Riuer of Rhone which lose themselues in the Sardinian Sea The Gaules hold all that Countrey from Narbonna vnto the Perinee Mountaines the which extend themselues from our Sea vnto the Ocean and as for the rest of Europe from the Perinee Mountaines vnto the West I meane vnto the Pillars of Hercules it is enuironed on the one side by our Sea and on the other by the maine Ocean The Countrey about which our Sea doth flowe vnto the Pillars of Hercules is called Spaine And as for that which hath its aspect to the Ocean it hath not yet any knowne name that hath come to our knowledge although it bee fully inhabited by Barbarous people of whom we will speake particularly when we come to their Ranke For as the Region which is neere vnto Ethiopia whereas Asia and Affricke ioynes is at this day vnknowne whether it be firme land continued towards the South or inclosed by the Sea So likewise the Countrey is at this day vnknowne which betwixt Tanais and Narbonna drawes towards the North so as they dreame which speake or write any thing It was necessary to make this digression to the end that the deeds which we are to relate might not be altogether obscure to those which know not the places and that they might come the knowledge of the truth as much as is possible by the Regions of Heauen and Earth For we haue beene alwaies accustomed to turne our face continually to that which they teach vs by reason and example The vnderstanding must alwayes haue regard to those Countries which are interposed in the relation Leauing then our discourse let vs returne to the continuance of our speech The Carthaginians at that time held all the Affricaine shore whereas our Sea flowes from the Philonien Altars neere vnto the Bankes of Barbary vnto the Pillars of Hercules this containes about sixteene thousand Furlongs and in passing that little Sea which is betwixt Affricke and Europe they had Conquered all Spaine vnto the Perinee mountaines which diuide that Prouince from Gaule From the which vnto streights of Gebeltar where stand the Pillars of Hercules there is about eight thousand Furlongs And from the streight vnto the new Towne which some call Carthage from whence Hannibal parted to
the Alpes hath lost two parts of his Forces And the rest is so tired and broken with toile hunger cold and pouerty as they can hardly support themselues and the remainder of his Horses if any be escaped are so worne with labour and the tedious wayes as they could not make vse of them Finally it sufficed the Romans onely to present themselues and that moreouer his presence should with reason make them more resolute seeing that he had not left the Army at Sea nor the affaires of Spaine nor had not transported himselfe thither with such speed going so great a circuite both by Sea and Land if he had not knowne it necessary for the Countrey and the victory to be certaine The Army being inflamed with this Speech and making shew of a resolution to fight Scipio commending their good will sent them away and gaue them charge to feed and to be ready and in Armes at the sound of the Trumpet and Drumme Three daies after the two Commaunders marcht with their Army along the Riuer on the side of the Mountaines The Romans had the left hand and the Carthaginians the right And when as the day following they were aduertised by their Spies of their approach one vnto another they stayed The third day after the two Commaunders fronted one another with all their Horse Scipio being moreouer accompanied with men that cast Darts chosen out of the bands of foot-men The which they did to discouer the number of the men and what they were But when they came to affront one another and the dust beginning to rise by reason of the Horses they presently prepared themselues to Battell Scipio puts in Front the Gaulish horse-men with those that Darts and appointed the rest to second them marching a slow pace In regard of Hannibal he makes his point of the strongest of his horse-men and presents it to the Enemy casting the Numidians vpon the Wings But when the two Armies began to enter the Combat furiously they had scarce begun the Crie but the Darters fled without any fight and passing through their supplies they recouered the Battell They were in truth amazed at the violent charge fearing to be ouerthrowne by the encounter of the Horse-men In the meane time the Combat was great betwixt the Horse-men for both the one and the other fought with great courage which made the Battell to continue long in suspence There was fighting both on horse-backe and on foot for that many had left their horses in the Battell And when as the Numidians in turning about had fallen vpon the reare of the Darters who in the beginning had fled from the fury of the Horse-men they were inuironed by them and defeated in great Troupes They also which fought with the Carthaginian Horse-men after they had receiued great losse of their men and slaine many of their Enemies in the end they gaue backe for that the Numidians charged in the reare Some were dispersed here and there others retired to the Campe in a throng sauing the Consull who was wounded in the middest of the Troupe from thence Scipio Commaunded his men to follow him without noise and marcheth with his Army to the Bridge which he had made vpon the Poe there to passe without tumult or danger but when he saw the fields about the Poe so great and spacious and that the Carthaginians were stronger in horses and being moreouer troubled with the Wound which he had receiued he held it the safest course to passe his Army before the Enemy should pursue him Hannibal made his account that the Romans would fight sometime with their foot-men but when he was aduertised of their flight and that abandoning their Fort they had past the Poe by a Bridge which they had made he pursues them with speed The end of the Bridge was already broken and the guard was yet remaining of the which he presently tooke about sixe hundred Hannibal aduertised that the rest of the Army was not farre off hee returnes to his Fort seeking carefully for a place fit to make a Bridge The which two daies after he found with great difficulty and then effected it ioyning many floats together Afterwards he gaue the Charge to Asdrubal to passe the Army whilst that he busied himselfe to heare the Embassie of the Gaules which were come vnto him from diuers neighbour Countries For as soone as it was bruted that the Romans had bin defeated by the Carthaginians all the neighbour Gaules made hast to ioyne with Hannibal as they had formerly resolued and to giue him succours and to go to the Warre After he had giuen them a good reception he past his Army beyond the Poe and takes his way along the Riuer hoping more easily to ouer-take the Enemy When as Scipio had led his Army to Plaisence which was a Roman Collony he had a care to cure those that were Wounded and thinke of a place whither he might lead his Army The third day after that Hannibal had past the Poe he puts his men in order before Plaisence in view of the Enemies and presented them Battell And when as no man offered himselfe he Camp'd hauing found a conuenient place within sixe miles of them The Gaules who had come to succour Scipio seeing better hopes with the Carthaginians resolued among themselues to abandon the Romans And when at mid-night they found all men asleep they being in Armes in their Tents they part and kill'd most of the Romans they met in their way cutting off some of their heads Finally they retired to the Carthaginians to the number of two thousand foot and two hundred Horse Being graciously receiued and inflamed with hope of good Hannibal sends them home to their Houses to the end they might make those things knowne and induce their Country to seeke the Alliance of the Carthaginians He saw plainly that of necessiy they would leaue the Roman party considering the foule crime which their men had committed Moreouer there was an Embassie come from the Bolonians deliuering vnto Hannibal the Triumviry who as wee haue formerly said had bin sent by the Romans to diuide the Lands being taken by Treason Hannibal commending their good affection makes an Alliance with them and restores vnto them the Triumviry to serue them as a meanes to retire their Hostages as they had formerly resolued Scipio being troubled not so much for the Treason of the Gaules and the slaughter of his men but for that he fore-saw that all the Gaules Country which had bin a long time Enemy vnto the Romans would reuolt which made him study how to giue order in time for his Affaires Wherefore the night following about the breake of day he dislodg'd without noise and seated his Campe neere vnto the Riuer of Trebia on the highest Hils of the Country relying vpon the scituation of the place and the multitude of their Allies inhabiting thereabouts Hannibal being aduertised of his Enemies flight he causeth the
a feare and amazement as they thought Hannibal would come a Conquerour to Rome Wherefore they leuied a new Army and sent supplies into Sicily and Sardinia fortifying Tarentum and the other Townes in Italy They likewise prepared an Army at Sea of fifty Quinqueremes Finally they were wholly attentiue to Warre At that time Cneus Seruilius and Caius Flamiâ—â—ius were chosen Consuls and a new leuie of men was made and succours required from the Allies One of them led his Troupes to Rimeni and the other into Tuscany They had resolued to lead their Armies into Gaule They had besides sent to Hieron to demaund succours who sent them fiue hundred Candiots and a thousand men which beare Targets Without doubt the Romans at that time drew all the Fâ—rces they could possible against Hannibal for the feare was not onely generall but euery mans in particular During these accidents in Italy Cneus Cornelius Scipio who as we haue formerly said had beene left by his Brother in Gaule with an Army at Sea parting from the mouth of Rhone arriued at Empories And beginning there hee made all the Maritime Countrly vnto Ebro subiect to the Romans renewing the ancient leagues with some and making new with others When hee had pacifiâ—d the Sea-coasts aud had left Garrisons where neede required he led his Army vp into the firme land Hee had now drawne together some Companies of succours from the allied Townes By this meanes he takes some Townes some by Composition others by force The which Hanno perceiuing whom Hannibal had left for the defence of Spaine he resolued to encounter the Enemies and planted himselfe right against them neere vnto a Towne which the people of the Countrey call Cisse Scipio in like manner did not hold it fit to deferre the Battell And therefore after hee had gotten the Victory and taken the Enemies Fort hee recouered great store of Treasure For all they which went to the Warres of Italy vnder Hannibal had left all their wealth with these men lest the Baggage should bee tedious and troublesome vnto them Afterwards Scipio made a league with all the Inhabitants which were within the Riuer of Ebro and made them Allies and Friends There were two Commaunders taken aliue whereof the one was Hanno who had the leading of the Carthaginians and the other Andubal King of a Region which lies in the heart of Spaine who had alwayes held the party of the Carthaginians Asdrubal hearing the newes passeth Ebro marching with his Army against the Romans who vpon the way had newes that the Souldiers and Sea-men wandred the fields vp and downe being confident and carelesse with the ioy of their Victory Wherefore hee marches thither speedily with eight thousand foote and a thousand Horse where killing a great part he forced the rest to recouer their ships yet hee durst not stay long but repast the Riuer of Ebro And when hee had put Garrisons in necessary places hee went to winter at Carthage Cneus Scipio aduertised hereof drawes his men suddainly together and goes vnto his Sea-army punishing such as had beene the cause of the defeate after the manner of the Romans When hee had drawne his Army both by Sea and Land together he went to winter at Taracona where he diuided the spoile so as hee purchased the loue of them all making them more resolute for the future Warre Behold the estate of the affaires of Spaine In the beginning of the Spring Flaminius marching thorough Tuscany came to Aretzo As for Seruilius hee attended after hee had brought his Army to Rimeni when the Enemy would dislodge And whilest that Hannibal spent the Winter in Gaule hee kept the Romans that were Prisoners straightly fetter'd and poorely fed intreating the Allies courteously from the beginning and afterwards causing them to assemble he made many remonstrances vnto them telling them that he was not come to make Warre against them but to fight with the Romans for their liberty and therefore if they were wise they should imbrace the alliance and friendship of the Carthaginians and that he was there to set the people of Italy at liberty and to restore those whom the Romans had outragiously chased from their houses their Townes and Countries When hee had vsed these or the like speeches hee sent them all away without ransome desiring by this meanes to winne the hearts of all the people of Italy and to make them abandon the Romans party and to encourage those whom they had depriued of their Townes and Countrey It is true that whilest hee wintred he was many times in dangers by the Gaules the which he preuented by an Affrican tricke for that the Gaules discouered it as lightly vnto him as they had giuen their consent so as hee caused periwigges of diuers ages to bee made with great art the which he vsed changing his apparrell often so as he was not onely vnknowne to them which had neuer seene him but also to his familiars By this meanes he was in safety they not knowing whom to assault for Hannibal Moreouer when as the Gaules were discontented that their Countrey was made the seate of the Warre making a shew to be desirous to fight to the end it might be transported to some other part Hannibal resolued to goe the sooner to field and to lead his Army to the Warre which he desired The Spring time approached when calling vnto him those which knew the wayes he inquired of the passages which went into the Enemies Country And being aduertised that all the wayes were long and knowne to the enemy they discouered vnto him one that was shorter but troublesome which would leade him through the Marishes of Tuscany whereby he might passe his Army vnknowne vnto the enemy But when the newes came into the Campe of their Voyage by Marishes the apprehension discouraged them fearing the Quagmires and Pooles Yet he tooke this way with his whole Army causing the Spaniards and Affricans to march before with the ablest of his men and their Baggage to the end that if they were forced to plant a Campe they should not want things necessary It is true that before he had not resolued to carry any Baggage for that hee knew well that the Carthaginians should not want any thing if they were vanquished and if they won the Countrey they should not likewise want Next he causeth the Gaules to march and in the Reare the horse-men whereof he gaue the charge to his brother Mago to the end that by their helpe the Gaules by their basenesse should not turne head being discontented with the toile The Spaniards and Affricans marching through the Marishes came vnto the end without any great toile as inured to paines and accustomed to such miseries Contrariwise the Gaules went with great difficulty as men amazed falling into the Quagmires of the Moares and carrying this misery with griefe and discontent like men vnaccustomed to such calamities the Horse-men kept them
Maximus the which his family retaines vnto this day The Dictator differs from the Consull in this that the Consull hath but twelue Axes before him and the Dictator hath foure and twenty Moreouer the Coâ—sull must referre many things to the aduice of the Senate but this other hath a soueraigne and free power vnder whom all other Magistrates cease except the Tribunes But this shall be for a larger discourse Moreouer they gaue vnto the Dictator Marcus Minucius for a Constable or master of the Horse which is a Magistrate subiect to the Dictator and supplies his place when as the necessity of affaires forceth him to be absent In the meane time Hannibal marching along the Coast of the Adriatique Sea by small iournies fed his Army in a rich and fertile Prouince causing the Horse-feet to be washt with old Wine whereof there was great abundance the better to cure them of their Scabs Hee also caused the Souldiers which had beene wounded to bee carefully looked vnto and fortified the rest for future affaires Hauing past the Countries of Pretutian and Adrian hee ruined the Countrey of the Marrucins and Franqueuille Moreouer he bent his course towards Iapygia diuided into three whereof some are called Dauniens and the others Messapiens Hee first ouer-runnes Daunia beginning by Lucerna a Collony of the Romans thundring ouer all the Countrey Then setling his Campe at Ibonium he falls vpon the Artins and vtterly ruines all Daunia without any resistance At the same time Quintus Fabius hauing taken his charge of Dictator and performed the accustomed Sacrifices parts from Rome with the Master of the Horse and foure Legions leuied in haste And within few daies came to Appulia whereas receiuing the Army from the Consull Cneus Seruilius being come from Rimeni he sent him to Rome with some troups giuing him charge to raise an Army at Sea at Hostia and to defend the Coasts of Italy if the Carthaginians should attempt any thing by Sea Finally he marches with all his troups and plants himselfe in front of the Enemy neare vnto Aigues and within sixe miles of them Hanniball aduertised of the comming of Fabius and meaning to amaze them suddainly drawes his Army to Field and presents it in the Battaile before the Romans Fort But when he had stayed some time hee retired to his Campe seeing that no man came forth to fight You must vnderstand that Fabius had resolued from the beginning not to hazard any thing nor to fight thinking it would bee very beneficiall to the Romans if he might defend their Townes from the Enemy Hee was constant in his opinion so as at the end hee purchased the reputation of a slacke man and Coward as if hee fled from danger onely for feare But soone after hee forced the World to confesse that they could not make choice of a Captaine that was more constant nor wiser to mannage the Warre the which appeared soone after in their affaires Beleeue mee this wise Dictator vnderstood well what great difference there was betwixt the Carthaginians Army and that of the Romans Considering that the others had from their Youth frequented the Warre hauing a Commaunder which was bred with them in the Campe in the raine and winde and who from his very Cradle had learn'd the trade hauing gotten so many famous victories both in Spaine and Italy against the Romans and all their Allies and who moreouer distrusting in all things put their onely hope of safety in the Victory the which would proue contrary to the Romans Wherefore he was not resolued to fight fearing the Numidians for that hee was too weake in Horse so as retiring for his aduantage with good consideration he stayed and led away his Army The aduantages which the Romans had were abundance of munition and victuals and a great Army And therefore hee ledit alwaies by the hilly Countries following the Enemie neare yet giuing him no meanes to fight being alwaies well victualed and neuer suffring the Souldiers to goe forth but kept them alwaies close together By this meanes his men were alwaies in safety aâ—d beate the Enemy if at any time they went from the Army for pillage so as many times there were some taken and others slaine This he did to the end that by little and little hee might weaken their forces and encourage the Souldiers by these petty Victories being amazed with their former losses nor to distrust their Forces or Fortune Moreouer they could not perswade him to come to a Battaile But Marcus Minucius discontent with his temporizing blamed him of cowardise and feare Hee was a proud and rash man who found nothing more tedious and troublesome then to bee absent from a Battaile The Carthaginians after they had ruined the former Countries and had past the Appenine Hils they goe to Samnium which is a very fertile Countrey of Italy and which for a long time had not felt any Warre There they found so great abundance of all things as they could not consume the Bootie neither in vsing it moderately nor wastfully From thence they spoiled Beneâ—ent a Collony of the Romans They tooke the Towne of Telesia which had strong walles was well victualed and furnished with all things necessary the Romans followed the Enemies still within a daies iourney or two When as Hannibal saw that Fabius fled from all occasions of fighting and yet did not abandon the field but followed him still by the hilly Countrey hee resolued to goe speedily into the Countries of Capuâ— and Falerna thinking that of necessitie one of the two would happen either that the Romans would come to a Battaile or that the World would soone see that the Carthaginians camp't and that the Romans kept themselues within their Forts By this meanes he did hope that the Townes of the Prouince being tertified they would yeeld vnto the Carthaginians For vnto that day not any one had fallen vnto them although the Romans had lost two great Battailes and there were many to whom their perswasions were very vnpleasing Whereby wee may see of what authoritie and power the maiesty of the Roman Common-wealth was with their Succours and Allies Certainly Hannibals conceit was not idle for the Capuan is an excellent Countrey for abundance of wealth fertility of land and the beauty and pleasure of the place First it is seated along the Sea whither infinite number of people come from all parts of the World to Italy Moreouer the noblest Townes of Italy are scituated there for vpon the Borders of the Sea stand the Switzers the Cumans the Fozolois the Neopâ—litans and at the end the Nucerins And towards the North vpon the firme land are the Calleniens and Teanins towards the East and South are the Dauniens and Nolains and in the mid'st of the Region Capua stands the richest of them all whose Lands are famous amongst the fabulous Poets which they call Phlegrees and it is likely that the gods haue spoken
of the scituation of Constantinople as the length of the Sea which ioynes the Pontique and the Propontis hath sixe score furlongs and that Fanum limits the part which is from the Pontique Sea and Constantinople On the other which is from the Propontis there stands a Temple betwixt both which they call the refuge of Europe seated vpon a Promontory on the mouth of the Pontique Sea and is distant from Asia fiue furlongs It is scituated vpon the greatest streight of the Sea where as King Darius made a Bridge as they report at such time as hee made a descent against the Sythians From the Pontique Sea vnto this place the Waues runne equally for that the shores of either side are of one distance But when it comes to the refuge of Europe where as we haue said the Sea is narrowest the Water of the Pontique Sea beats violently vpon the opposite Country and those places of Asia which are right against it Then it doubles its course against the Promontory of Europe neere vnto the Altars and then it falls into the Country which the inhabitants call Oxe This stands in Asia whereas Io hauing past the Sea first staied as fables report Yet in the end it takes its course to Constantinople hauing bin beaten backe by the Oxe Whereas dispersing it selfe about the City it partly diuides it sylfe and seperates that place which they call the Horne and on the other side it flowes againe in its owne course Yet this violence cannot passe into that Country which is right against it where Calcedon stands For where as it makes so many turnings here and there and that the Gulfe is of no small breadth it failes in a manner in this place passing to the opposite part not in a direct Line but bending So as leauing Calcedon it takes its course by the Gulfe This drawes so many Commodities to the Constantinopolitains and the contrary to the Calcedonians And although it be apparent that the scituation of these two Cities are equally commodious yet the passage is difficult for those which will saile to Calcedon Contrariwise they are carried to Constantinople by the violence of the Waues So as it seemes that they which will goe from Calcedon to Constantinople cannot Saile directly thither by reason of the Violent course of the streame And therefore they recouered the Oxe and the Towne which they call Chrysopolis from whence they are afterwards Transported by force vnto Constantinople Finally the Constantinopolitans haue a good commodity to Saile any way whither they bend to Hellesponte with a Southerly Winde or else from the Pontique Sea to Hellesponte You must vnderstand that the direct and common course from Constantinople to the streights of Propontis is by Abydos and Sestes and in like manner from the streights to Constantinople But it fals out otherwise with the Calcedonians for the reasons which we haue mentioned and for the distance of the Region of the Cyziceneins for it is a difficult thing for them which Saile from Hellesponte to Calcedon to keepe the Coast of Europe and in approaching the Country neere vnto Constantinople to turne vnto Calcedon for the violent course of the streame And againe it is impossible to Saile from thence into Thrace as well for the violence of the Waues which go crosse as the contrariety of the Windes for a Southerly winde is good for those which enter into the Pontique Sea and the contrary for such as go foorth and these two winds only serue to go in and come out These are the things whereby the Constantinopolitains draw such great commodities from the Sea Now we will shew the discommodities which the City is to suffer by reason of the firme Land Thrace enuirons the Country of Constantinople in such sort as it imbraceth it from Sea to Sea So as they are in perpetuall Warre with the Thracians For although they get a Battaile or two against this cruell and barbarous Nation yet they cannot quench the Wars the multitude of people and Princes is so great For that after they haue gotten Victory ouer one there doth suddainly arise three other mighty Princes who ouer-runne the Country for spoile Neither can they doe any thing to haue an accord or to pacifie the Warre by paying of Tribute for presently they find their Enemies multiplied And therefore they are wasted and consumed with a continuall and cruell Warre But what can you finde more disloyall then a neighbour enemy Nor a Warre more dangerous then with a barbarous Nation And with all these miseries wherewith they are oppressed by Land they are moreouer tormented with Tantalus paine as the Poets feigne For the Barbarians considering that they haue a fertile Region ouer-run the Country and spoile it after that the Land hath bin well manured and that the fruite which is very beautifull and in abundance is in Season The Constantinopolitains seeing so great a spoile of their goods and the losse of their labour and charges are wonderfully grieued Yet bearing this War with the Thracians by a Custome they alwaies held their auncient accord with the Gracians But when as the Gaules beganne to be their neighbours vnder the Conduct of King Comontoire they were in great danger You must vnderstand that the Gaules which had made Warre vnder the leading of Brennus and had escaped a great danger at Delphos past not into Asia when as they came to Hellesponte But allured with the commodity of the place they staied neere vnto Constantinople whereas after they vanquished the Thracians and built Tyle the Royall they made Warre against them of Constantinople Who at the beginning pacified their fury with presents when as they first assailed them vnder King Comontoire in giuing them sometimes thirty thousand another time fifty thousand and sometimes a hundred thousand Crownes to the end they should not ouer-runne their Country Finally they were forced to giue them foure score thousand Crownes yearely vntill the time of Clyare at what time the Gaules Empire had an end and this Nation was wholly vanquished and extinct by the Thracians Their Treasure being at that time exhausted by reason of these Tributes they sent first an Embassie into Greece to demaund their assistance But for that most of the Greecians made no account of it they resolued to take a Tole vpon all these which should passe into the Blacke Sea The which all the rest disliking for the nouelty of the thing they blamed the Rhodiens for suffering it as being then Lords of the Sea This was the beginning and Fountaine of the Warre which wee are now to describe The Rhodiens mooued aswell with their owne losse as with that of their neighbours hauing first called their Allies sent an Embassie to Constantinople to abollish the Tole VVho performing their Voyage according to their Charge could not perswade the Commons For that Hecatondore and Olympiodore who had then the Gouernment of the Common weale
be called and Commaunds Appelles to speake the same Words in their Presence the which hee performed boldly and without blushing Finally the King speaking not any thing hee said moreouer vnto them And for that Arate the King hath found you ingratefull and deceitfull hee hath resolued to returne into Macedony hauing first called the Acheiâ—s and acquainted them with the occasion Whereunto Arate answered The King sayd hee ought not to beleeue lightly but to consider well of the businesse when they speake any thing against his Allies and Friends before hee giue credite to a slander This is proper for a King and very profitable in all things And therefore in this slander you must call them that heard the VVords and let Appelles enter with them and omit nothing that may bee necessary to discouer the Truth before it be reuealed to the Assembly of the Acheins This answere was pleasing vnto the King saying That he would diligently search out the trueth they then departed But within few dayes after when as Appelles could not finde any proofe of those things which hee had obiected there was by chance a great testimony found of Arate his innocency For whilst that Philip ruined the Prouince the Elienses hauing some suspition of Amphidamus had resolued to take him and to send him bound into Etolia The which Amphidamus discouering hee steales away secretly and comes first to Olympia But hauing certayne newes that Philip stayed at Dyme to diuide the Spoile he went speedily vnto him As soone as Arate had newes of the banishment of Amphidamus from his owne Countrey hee was wonderfull ioyfull knowing that hee had not committed any thing against the Macedonians and goes vnto the King intreating him to call Amphidamus For hee was the man that could giue best satisfaction in those things wherewith hee was charged to whom the Words had beene spoken And that moreouer he would willingly deliuer the trueth seeing that for the loue of Philip hee had 〈◊〉 Banished his Natiue Countrey and that all his hope consisted in him onely At whose words the King was mooued and calling for Amphidamus hee found that Appelles had falsly slandered him Wherefore after that day hee held Arate in greater esteeme and fauour but disliked the practise of Appelles although hee were forced to indure this and many other things for the great Authority which hee held But Appelles changed not his humour Hee depriued Taurion of the gouernement of Morea not taxing him with any offence but commending and holding him worthy to bee in the Campe about the King for that hee desired to put another in his place Behold a new inuention of slander to wrong any one not in blaming him but in commending him There is also found but principally among Courtiers a malicious diligence accompanied with Enuy and fraud by a mutuall Iealousie and extreame Auarice Hee did likewise indeauour to disappoynt Alexander the Chamberlaine and affected the care of the Kings Person for himselfe and finally to breake all the Order which Antigonus had left Who had duly performed his duty in the Gouernment of his Realme and Sonne during his life And dying hee prouided wisely for the foure For he left a Will by the which hee set downe an order what the Macedonians should doe and what charges they should execute labouring to take away all occasions of Ambition and Discord which might rise in Court Hee appointed Appelles to be Tutour to his Sonne who had beene at the Warre with him And hee made Leonce Chiefe of the Souldiers which carried Targets and Megalee Chancellor and Taurion Gouernour of Morea It is true that Appelles at that time held Leonce and Megalee in his Subiection and was resolued to chase away Alexander and Taurion To the end hee might supply their places in Person or by his Creatures The which vndoubtedly hee had done if Arate had not preuented it But now hee suffers the paine of his folly and Couetousnesse For within a short time after hee suffered that which hee laboured with all his power to doe vnto others But wee will forbeare at this present to deliuer the causes making an end of this Booke and we will endeauour in the following Booke to set downe euery thing in its place After this Philip came to Argos where hee past the remainder of the Winter with his friends and sent backe his Army into Macedony The end of the Fourth Booke of Polybius THE FIFTH BOOKE OF the History of POLYBIVS THe Yeare of Arate his Gouernment being ended about May for so the Acheins measure the time he left it and Epirate tooke it And Dorimache was then Chiefe of the Etoliens At the same time Summer beginning Hannibal was parted from Carthage with his Army for that the Warre grew hoâ—e betwixt the Romans and the Carthaginians and made hast passing Ebro to goe into Italy Then the Romans sent Titus Sempronius with an Army into Affricke and Publius Cornelius into Spaine Antiochus and Ptolomy hauing no more hope to decide their Controuersie concerning Syria neither by Embassies nor meetings had begunne the Warre And then King Philip prest with want of Victuals and money for his Army caused the Acheins to assemble by their Magistrates But when as the people were met at Egia according to the custome of the Countrey the King seeing Arate much discontented for the affront which hee had receiued from Appelles at the time of the Election and that Eperate was disdained of them all as a man simple by Nature and sloathfull and was helde as a scorne knowing also the treachery of Appelles and Leonce he beganne againe to turne his affection to Arate And after that hee had perswaded the Magistrates to referre their Diet to Sicyon hee spake curteously to olde and young Arate and perswaded them to continue in their first affection charging Appelles with all that had beene done Whereunto they consenting hee presently after his entry into the Assembly obtained by their fauour was necessary for his present affaires for it was ordred by the Acheins that they should pay vnto the King thirty thousand Crownes That is to say three moneths pay for the Souldiers and threescore and eleauen mines of Wheate euery mine being valued at fiue Quarters a Combe and a Bushell of London measure and withall as long as Philip should remaine in Morea he should haue sixe thousand two hundred Crownes monethly Which being done the Acheins returned euery man to his Towne But winter being past and the Troupes returned the King thought it best to assaile the enemy by Sea for hee saw well that by this meanes hee might enter their Countrey and surprize them on either side and that they should not bee able to succour one another aswell for the distance that is betwixt them and for the newnesse of the Warre by Sea as also for that they should bee amazed at the suddaine descent of their Enemies for at that
aâ—d preparatâ—on and to make an Army by Sea Apolophanes of whom wee haue spoken being borne in Seleucia stood vp and ouerthrew all the Opinions which had beene formerly giuen saying that it was a solly to drawe the Warre into base Syrria and to suffer â—â—olomy to hold Sâ—â—encia for that it was the sourse and cause of their Principality That besides the disgrace hee should doe vnto his Reignâ— considering that the force of the Kings of Egypt had alwaies kept it it had moreouer great commodities for the mannaging of the Warre For whilest the Enemies shall hold it it would be very preiudiciall to all his Enterprizes For there must be no lesse care vsed to defend himselfe from this City then to assaile the Enemy And if hee held it he should not onely be able to preserue his owne with safety but also to vndertake some good action both by Sea and Land for the great opportunity of the place The whole Assembly allowed of Apolophâ—â—es aduice and resolued to take the Citty first for then Sâ—lâ—ucia was held by the Kings of Egypt from the time that Ptâ—lomy reigned who was surnamed the Bâ—nefactor Hee conquered it at such time that for the ruine of Beronicâ— and the rage he had concelued in his heâ—â—t hee made a descent into base Syrria with an Army Antiochus after Apolophanes aduice was approued hee commanded Diogone Generall of the Army at Sea to fayle speedily to Seleuciâ— And in the meane time parting from Apamia with his Army he lodgeth within fiue Furlongs of Hippodrome Hee likewise sends away Theâ—â—ore Hermioly with a sufficient Army for Syrria to the end he might gaine the streights and prouide for the affaires of that Prouince This is the scituation of Seleucia and the places about it that as the Citty is seated vpon the Sea-shoare betwixt Cilâ—cia and Phenicia so it hath vnder iâ— a wonderful great Mountaine which they call Coryphes whose side towards the West is washed with the Sea which is betwixt Cipres and Phenâ—â—ia and the other which lookes to the East ioynes to the Regions of the Antiochiens and Seleucenâ—es Seleucia scituated on the South and seperated by a deepe and inaccessible Valley which extends to the Sea being enuironed with great Rockes and Caues And on that side which lookes to the Sea it hath steps and Suburbs inclosed with walls The Citty also is fortified with a good wall and beautified with Temples and faire buildings It hath but one approach towards the sea the which is difficult and made by hand for they must ascend vnto it by Ladders The riuer of Orâ—nte enters into the Sea neere vnto it taking its sourse and beginning at Liban and Antiliban and passeth by Antiochia whereas running continually it carries away by its swift course all the filth of the people Finally it enters into the Sea neere vnto Seleucia Antiochus in the beginning sent to the Gouernours of the Citty offâ—ring them money with great hopes if without fighting they would deliuer it vnto him But when he could not winne them he corrupts some of the inferiour Captaines with whom hauing agreed he puts his men in Battaile as if he meant to assaile the Towne with his Army at Sea and at Land on that side which lookes towards Epirus Diuiding then his Army in three after that hee had inflamed the hearts of the Souldiers promising them great rewards hee appointed Zeuxiâ— with his Company to bee at the Gate which goes to Antiochia and he gaue to Hermogenes the places by which they goe to Dioscoria and giues charge to Ardâ—â— and Diogene to assaile the Suburbs and Arsenall for it had beene so agreed with the Traytors that as soone as the Suburbs were taken they should deliuer him the Citty When as the King had giuen the â—igne for an assault they all did their indeauours But among the rest they which were with Ardâ—â— and Diogene carried themselues valiantly For they could not assault noâ— scale the other places But in regard of the Arsenall and Suburbs they might assault and scale them Wherefore whilest that the Army at Sea fell vpon the Arsenall and Ardis Troupes vpon the Suburbs scaling the Walls and that they of the Towne could not succour them for that they were enuironed on all sides by the Enemy it fell out that the Suburbe was suddainly taken Which done the petty Captaines corrupted by the King ran to Leonce who at that time was Gouernour of the Citty perswading him to send to Antiochus before the City were forced And although that Leonce were ignorant of the Treason he sent presently to Antiochus being troubled with the amazement of his people to yeeld them the Citty vpon condition to haue the liues of all the Inhabitants saued The King accepting the condition promised to saue the liues of all Free-men which were about sixe thousand But when hee was entred he not onely pardoned the Burgesses but also called home the banished men of Seleucia and restored vnto them the gouernment of their publique affaires and all their goods and put a good Garrison into the Hauen and Port. Whilest Antiochus stayed at Seleucia hee receiued Letters from Theodote by the which he solicited him to goe speedily into base Syrria The King was long in suspence what councell he should take and was pensiue and troubled with the course he should take in this action you must vnderstand that Theodote borne in Etolia had done great seruices for the Realme of Ptolomy whereof wee haue formerly made mention and many times put his life in danger At such time as Antiochus made Warre against Molon hee tooke in person disdaining the King and distrusting his Courtiers Ptolemais and Tyrus by Paneteole and suddainly called in Antiochus The King hauing taken Acheus to heart and laying aside all other affaires he returnes with his Army the same way he came When he was come to a place which the Countrey people call Marsia hee camped neere the streights which are about Gerre which is not farre from the Fens lying in the midst of that Countrey There being aduertised that Nicholas Lieutenant Generall to Ptolomy held Ptolomais besieged in the which Theodote was hee left those that were best armed and gaue charge to besiege the Towne of Broches lying vpon the Fenns making haste to goe and raise the Siege Nicholas aduertised by his Spies of the Kings comming retired and sent Lagore of Candy and Dorimene of Etolia to gaine the streights which are neere vnto Beryta Where the King planted his Campe after that he had fought with them and put them to flight And when hee had drawne together the rest of his Army in the same place he makes an Oration to his Souldiers and marcheth away with great courage There Theodote and Paneteole met with him with their Friends to whom he gaue a good and gracious reception and he tooke Tyrus and Ptolemais with all their preparation of Warre There were in these Townes forty
King did not hold the outrage which he had done by open Warre in seazing vpon the places of base Syrria to bee vniust or vnreasonable and that he had done nothing but by a iust title For he sayd that Antigonus with one eye and Seleucus who first had conquered those places were the true and lawfull Lords Wherefore the Realme of base Syrria belonged vnto him as it were by right of inheritance and not to Ptolomy For that Ptolomy had fought against Antigonus not for his owne right but to conquer those Countries for Seleucus Moreouer he propounded the mutuall accord betwixt the Kings for at such time as Antigonus was defeated when as Cassander Lysimachus and Seleucus would diuide the Realme betwixt them they adiudged all Syrria to Seleucus This was all that Antiochus alledged Contrariwise Ptolomes Embassadours laboured to produce their reasons making this present outrage far greater then it had bin saying that the accord had bin broken as wel by the treason of Theodote as by the descent which Antiochus had made with an Army into Syrria Moreouer they pretended Ptolomes possession saying that he had made Warre with Seleucus against Antigonus to the end he might conquer all the Empire of Asia for Seleucus and make Syrria and Phenicea his owne These difficulties with diuers others were many times debated betwixt them but they could not conclude any thing although matters were solicited by their common Friends for that the party of Acheus bred a great controuersie and debate betwixt them For that Ptolomy sought to comprehend him in the accord and Antiochus would not heare him spoken of holding it a strange thing that Ptolomy should presume to make mention of those who through Treason abandoned their King Finally the Embassadours departed without any effect In the Spring Antiochus vseth all diligence to leuie men with an intent to assaile Syrria both by Sea and Land and to make subiect all the other Countries of that Prouince But Ptolomy did no lesse to re-enforce the Army of Nicholas so as hee sent him store of victuals out of the Countries neere vnto Gaza furnishing him moreouer with Souldiers both by Sea and Land with other things necessary By meanes whereof Nicholas resuming courage went boldly to Field with the helpe of Perigene Commander of the Army at Sea being sent by Ptolomy with thirty ships of Warre and about foure hundred Merchants Vessels This Nicholas was borne in Etolia as able and resolute a Souldier as any that serued Ptolomy who after he had formerly gotten with a part of his Army the streights which lie neere vnto Platane and marching with the rest to Porphirrion he shut vp the passage of the Prouince from the King with the helpe of the Sea-army Antiochus being come to Marache and Embassadours arriuing from the Arcadians to conferre of the conditions of their Alliance he not onely receiued them courteously but freed the discord which had beene long betwixt them in reconciling the Arcadians which dwelt in the Iland with those that liued in Epirus This done hee comes to Berite entring into the â—rouince by a place which the Countrey-men call the Face of God in passing hee tooke the Towne of Botre setting fire vpon Triere and Calame From thence he sent Nicarche and Theodote before giuing them charge to gaine the streights which are neere vnto the Riuer of Dyce And with the rest of his Army he plants himselfe neere vnto the Riuer of Damure from whence Diogene Chiefe of the Army at Sea was not farre Then againe he takes those that were lightly armed whom hee had sent before with Nicarche and Theodote and goes to discouer the streights which Nicholas had formerly taken so as after hee had well viewed the places hee returned to his Campe. Where the next day hee left those that were best armed vnder the charge of Nicarche and marched with the rest against the Enemy And for that Mount Liban doth much restraine those places towards the Sea-shoare the way must of necessity be narrow difficult and almost inaccessible leauing a streight and short passage towards the Sea Whereas Nicholas hauing then built his Fort hee did hope he should be well able to repulse Antiochus For that he had put him selfe into it with a good number of Souldiers and had also fortified it with Engines and other defences The King diuided his Army into three Troupes whereof hee gaue the leading of the one to Theodote giuing him charge to fall vpon the Enemies which defended the way of the Mountaine Hee gaue another to Menedemus whom hee commanded to striue to get vp thâ— Mountaine And the third he placed on the Sea-shoare vnder the leading of Diocles. Hee put himselfe among the Baggage to see all and to succour where neede should require At the same time Diogenet and Perigene began to fight at Sea approaching as neere to Land as possibly they could so as they might see the Combats by Land and Sea with one view The Trumpets sounding to the charge the fight was long equall at Sea so as the Victory inclined to neither side for that the two Armies were equall in number of men and preparation of Warre In regard of the fight at Land Nicholas had the better in the beginning for that hee had the aduantage of the place But when as they which were with Theodote came vpon them from the top of the Mountaine and charged them with great fury Nicholas and his men fled shamefully There were two thousand slaine in the chase the rest saued themselues in Sydon And although that Perigene in shew had good hope of the â—ight at Sea yet seeing the defeate of the Army at Land he retired Antiochus drew his men together and went and planted his Campe neare vnto Sydon yet hee did not hold it fit to attempt the taking thereof at that time as well for the abundance of munition and victuals that were in it as for the multitude of men as well Inhabitants as such as were retired into it after the Battaile Wherefore he dislodged and went to Philotere sending word to Diogenet Chiefe of the Army at Sea to sayle to Tyre You must vnderstand that Philotere is seated neare vnto a Fenne into the which the Riuer which they call Iordan passeth then takes its course by the Countrey of that Towne which is called Scithes After the suddaine taking of these two Townes he enters into great hope for the future for that their Fields were sufficient to furnish his Army with all kind of victuals and other munitions for the war There he placed sufficient Garrisons and passing the Mountaines he came to the Towâ—e of Atabyre scituated vpon the Mountaine of Mastodia which hath fifteene Furlongs in ascent There laying an Ambush neare the Towne he began to draw the Inhabitants forth to fight who following his men who seemed to retire were in a manner all slaine they turning head And for that the Ambush charged them
in the Reare he pursued the rest and tooke them and their Towne At the same time Cereâ— being one of Ptolomes Commander left it By the meanes whereof Antiochus gained many other Captaines For soone after Hippolochus of Thessaly came to yeeld himselfe to him with three hundred horse And when he had put a Garrison into Aâ—tabyre he proceeded in his iourney pursuing his enterprize and in passing the Country tooke Pelle Came Gepre In the meane time the people of of Arabia agreeing together followed his party Autiochus growing into greater hope drawing victuals from them went farther into the Country and presently tooke Gallate with the Garrison of the Abillatins of whom Nicie a Kinsman and Allie to Nemne was Commander And although that Gadare which at that time seemed impregnable for its scituation held out yet hee tooke it suddainly in besieging it and setting vp his Engines And hauing newes afterwards that a good number of Enemies were drawne together into Rabatamassane a Towne of Arabia and spoyled all the Arabians Countrey which held his party he went suddainly thither with his Army and planted his Campe neere vnto the Mountaines among the which the Towne is scituated And when vpon a view he had discouered that it was not to be forced but in two places he set vp his Engines and other things necessary to force a Towne whereof he gaue the charge to Nicarchus and Theodote and in the meane time attends his other affaires These men carefull of the Battery striued with emulation who should first ouerthrow the Wall whereupon a great part fell sooner then they could imagine This done they fought continually day and night striuing to lose no time And although the Siege continued long yet they could not preuaile in regard of the multitude of men which defended it vntill that a Prisoner shewed them a little Riuer where the besieged fetch their water the which they stopt vp with Pallisadoesâ— stones and such like things Then being out of hope of water they yeelded to the Enemies By this meanes the King hauing it in his hands he gaue it in guard to Nicarchus with a sufficient strength and he sent Hippolichus and Ceree who as we haue sayd had abandoned Ptolomy into the Countrey of Samaria with fiue thousand Foote giuing them charge to continue there for the defence thereof and to preserue all the people which were vnder his obedience From thence he parts with his whole Army and comes to Ptolomais to passe the Winter there When the Pednelissenses had beene the same Summer besieged by the Selgenses and were in great danger they sent to demand succours from Acâ—eus When he had heard them willingly and promised to doe it they endured the Siege with great courage growing more resolute by the hope of succours Finally Acheus sent Gâ—rsyere with sixe thousand Foot and fiue hundred Horse giuing him charge to vse all diligence to succour the Pednelassenses The Selgenses aduertised by the Spies of his comming recouered the streights which are about a place which they call Eschelle with the greatest part of their Army and stop vp all the passages Garsyere entring by force into Myliade and planting his Campe neare â—nto a Towne called Candois he vsed this stratagem seeing that he could not passe for that the Selgenses kept all the passages He began to raise his Campe and to retire making shew that it was impossible for him to succour the Pednelissenses for that the streights of the Country were held by the Enemy The Selgenses thinking they had beene gone as men despairing to be able to succour them retired some to the Campe the rest returned to the Citty to recouer Victuals But Garsyere comes suddainiy backe to the streights whereas finding them abandoned he set men to guard them vnder the command of Captaine Phayle and from thence hee comes with his forces to Perge whereas staying some time hee sent Embassadours to Pamphilia and the other Townes to acquaint them with the insolency of the Selgenses and to solicite them to enter into league with Acheâ—s and to succour the Pednelissenses The Scâ—genses at the same time sent a Captaine with an Army hoping to chase Phayle from the streights But for that matters succeeded otherwise then they expected and lost many of their men in fighting they gaue ouer their Enterprize yet for all this they did not raise their Siege but were more attentiue then before to set vp their Engines In the meane time the Ettenenses which inhabite the Mountaines aboue Syde sent eight thousand men armed to Garsyere and the Aspendiens foure thousand The Sydetes made no shew to send any succours for that they were Friends to Antiochus and hated the Aspendiens Garsyere came to ednelisse accompanied with the Troupes of the Allies thinking at his comming to raise the Siege But when he saw that the Selgenses were nothing amazed he set himselfe downe neere vnto them The Pednelissenses were so opprest with want of Victuals as they could no longer endure the hunger wherefore Garsyere seeing it necessary to vse diligence prepared two thousand men euery one laden with a Mine of Wheat and sent them by night to the Towne The Selgenses aduertised hereof charged them presently and slew the greatest part of them and tooke all the Wheate Wherewith they grew so glorious as they not onely besieged the Towne but they attempted the Enemies Campe. It is the custome of the Selgenses to bee alwaies bold and audatious Wherefore in leauing sufficient forces in their Campe they suddainly assailed the Enemy in diuers place And when the Alarum grew hot so as the Campe was forced in some places Garsyere amazed at this great and suddaine accident and hauing no great hope hee caused the Horse-men to goe forth by a certaine place which was not guarded whom the Selgenses thinking they had fled for feare of being defeated did not pursue nor made any accompt of them These Horse-men turning a little about charged the Enemy suddainly in the Reare fighting with great fury Then Garsyeres Foot-men who seemed to wauer turned head being re-united and fell vpon the Enemy By this meanes the Selgenses being thus enuironed in the end fled The Pednelissenses taking courage hereat made a sally and beate them out of the Campe which had the guard In the chase Garsyere made a great â—laughter for there were aboue ten thousand men slaine of those which remained the Allies retired to their houses and the Selgenses to their Countrey taking their way by the Mountaines The next day Garsyere parts with his Army and makes haste to passe the Mountaines and to approach the Towne before that the Selgenses being amazed with this fresh flight should prouide for any thing Who being full of heauinesse and feare as well for the little hope they had of succours from their Allies considering the losse they had made with them amazed with this fresh misfortune were in great doubt of safety
Countrey Finally he resolued to Guard Acheia with the Acheins and Mercenaries from the danger of the Elyences and Etoliens This done hee pacified the Discord which was growne among the Megalopolitains according vnto that which the Acheins had ordered For you must vnderstand that the Megalopolitains beeing a little before chased out of their owne Countrey by Cleomenes had neede of many things which were wanting And although they still maintained their authority yet they had neither victuals nor necessary expences either for the publique or priuate So as all was full of mutiny rage and malice The which doth vsuall fall out in Common-weales and among priuate persons when as victuals faile First they were in debate among themselues concerning the walls of the City some being of opinion that that they should not make the inclosure greater then their power would then beare and keepe it with so small a number of men considering it had bin the cause of their former danger for that it was greater and more spacious then the power of the Inhabitants was able to defend Moreouer they were of aduice that such as had Lands should contribute the third part to the end they might people the City Others said that they must not giue a lesse circuite to the City nor contribute the third part of their possession But their chiefest contention was concerning the Laws written by Pritanides an excellent man among the Peripatetiques whom Antigonus had giuen them for a Law-giuer The City being in these combustions Arate pacified them and quencht the quarrels which were inflamed among the Megalopolitains as well publique as priuate Finally they haue grauen the Articles agreed vpon on a Pillar seated in the Omarie at the Altar of Vesta After the reconciliation of the Megalopolitains Arate parting from thence retired presently to an Assembly of the Acheins leauing the Aduenturers with Selcuous of Phare The Elienses incensed against Pirrhie as if he had not discharged his duty they called Euripides from Etolia to be their Captaine Who considering that the Acheins held their Diet tooke sixe hundred Horse and two thousand Foote and went suddainly to Field where he spoild the whole Countrey vnto Egia And when he had taken a great booty he made haste to returne to Leonce Lyce hearing this went to meete them and encountred them suddainly when they came to fight hee slew foure hundred and tooke two hundred Prisoners Among the which were found Phissias Antanor Glearcus Euanorides Aristogites Nicasippus and Aspasias men of note and withall he had all their Armes and Baggage At the same time the Captaine of the Sea-army for the Acheins came to Molicria and parting thence suddainly he turned his way to Calcea where when as the Townes-men came out against him he tooke two Gallies armed and furnished with all things necessary with many other smaller vessels Moreouer he tooke great spoiles both by Sea and Land and drew victuals from thence with other munition wherewith hee made the Souldiers more hardy and resolute for the future On the other side the Cities were in better hope for that they were not forced to furnish victuals for the Souldiers In the meane time Scerdilaide holding himselfe wrong'd by the King for that he had not giuen him his full pay as he had articulated with Philip sent fifteene Vessels vnder a counterfeite shew of carrying Merchandizes the which at their first arriuall to Leucade were kindely entertained as Friends in regard of the League with the King And when they could doe no worse they tooâ—e Agatin and Cassander of Corinthe who as Friends were entred into the same Port with foure ships Being thus taken with their Vessels they sent them presently to Scerdilaide This done they weighed Anchor from Leucade bending their course towards Maleu spoiling all the Merchants In the beginning of Summer when the Souldiers of Taâ—rion were negligent in the guard of the said Cities Arate hauing with him the choise of the Army came into the Country of Argos to get victuals On the other side Euripides going to Field with a good number of Etoliens wasted the Country of the Tritenses Lyceus and Demodochus particular Captaines of the Acheins aduertised of the descent of the Etoliens drew together the Dimenses Patrenses and Pharenses with the Aduenturers and ouer-ran the Country of the Etoliens Being come to a place which they call Phixia they sent their Foot-men that were lightly armed with their Horse-men to ouer-run the Champaigne Country and log'd their men that were best armed in Ambush thereabouts When the Elienses came to charge them without order to succour their people passing the Ambush Lyceus Company fell vpon them whose fury they being vnable to resist fled so as there were about two hundred slaine and foure score taken Prisoners with all the Booty At the same time the Commander of the Acheins Sea-army hauing sailed often to Calidon and Naupacte spoiled the whole Countrey and chased the Enemy twice He also tooke Cleonice of Naupacte who for that he was a friend to the Acheins had no harme but within few daies after was freed without ransome At the same time Agete Chiefe of the Etoliens assembled a Troupe of them putting the Country of the Acarnanians to fire and sword and spoiled the Country of Epirus This done he returnes home giuing leaue to the Souldiers to retire to their houses Afterwards the Acarnanians made a descent into the Country of Strate where being repuls'd by the Enemy they made a shamefull retreate yet without any losse for that the Stratenses durst not pursue them fearing an Ambush At the same time there was a Treason practised in the Country of the Phanotenses after this manner Alexander Gouernour of Phosis for Philip laide a plot for the Etoliens by a certaine man called Iason to whom he had giuen the gouernment of the Phanotenses He was sent to Agete Chiefe of the Etoliens promising to deliuer the Fortresse of Phanotenses vnto him whereupon they agree and sweare together When the day appointed was come Agete comes in the Night with the Etoliens when he had laid his Troupe in Ambush he made choise of a hundred men whom he sent to the Fort. Iason hauing Alexander ready with him with a sufficient number of Souldies receiues the companions into the Fortresse according to the accord whom Alexander charged with his Company and tooke all the Etoliens But when day was come Agete assured of the fact carried backe his Army into his Country hauing worthily deserued this deceipt for that he had many times practised the like At the same time Philip tooke Bylazon which is a great Towne in Peonia and in a good scituation for the entry from Dardania into Macedony By this meanes he freed them from all feare of the Dardanians who could not make any incursions into Macedony the entry being stopt by the taking of the said Towne whereas placing a good Garrison he sent Chrysagonus
with great speed into high Macedony to make anew leuie of men As for himselfe he tooke some men and went into Beocia and Amphaxate and came to Edesa where expecting Chrysogonus with the Macedonians he parted presently after with the whole Army and came to Larissa on the sixt day And pursuing his course from thence all night he arriued at Melitea the which he indeauoured to take by Scalado and if the Ladders had not beene something too short without doubt he had preuailed in his Enterprize wherein the Commanders are chiefely to be blamed For when some of them make haste rashly and inconsiderately to take Townes without any fore-sight or consideration of the walls vallies and such like by the which they attempt the taking by an assault who will not blame them And although they haue duely considered of all things yet who will not taxe them to giue the charge to the first man they meet to prepare ladders such like instruments as a thing of small consequence Finally in such actions they must doe that which is necessary or else fall into danger For the losse doth often follow the despaire and in many kinds First the ablest men are in danger of the attempt especially vpon the retreate when they begin to disdaine them Whereof there are many examples And you shall find in such attempts many frustrated some defeated others to haue bin in extreame danger And they they which haue saued themselues haue bin subiect for the future to distrust and hatred and some haue serued for an example to all others to be vigilant giuing not only to such as were present at the danger but also to them that heare of it some kind of admonishment to be careful of themselues Wherefore they must neuer make vse of such aduice rashly In regard of the meanes to vse it wel it is secure if they follow reason We must now returne to our discourse and speake thereon hereafter when occasion shall be offred and that it is not possible to faile in such enterprizes Philip preuented in his enterprizes plants his Campe neare vnto the Riuer of Empe and sent his men to Larissa and other Townes whom he had leuied in the winter for the Siege For all his designe was to take Thebes It is a Towne scituated neare to the Sea ans about 300. Furlongs from Larissa It confines fitly with Magnesia and Thessaly To the one side called Demetriade And to Thessaly on that part where the Pharsaliens and Pherenses dwell This City doth much annoy the Pharsaliens and Demetriens For that the Etoliens held it at that time The like they did to them of Larissa for the Etoliens made many incursions into the Country which the Inhabitants call Namirice Wherefore Philip considering that such things ought not to be neglected and left behind he sought all meanes to take it Wherefore he prouided a hundred slings and fiue and twenty great Cros-bowes and approached the City of Thebes with his Army the which he diuided into three Troups and besieged it on three sides whereof he placed the one neere vnto Scopia the other at Heliotropia and the third neare vnto the Mountaine which lookes into the City Fortifying the spaces in the Field with Ditches and double Pallisadoes Moreouer he built Towers of wood in euery space of two Acres of ground with sufficient guards Then he drawes together all the preparation for the War and begins to plant his Engins of Battery against the Fort. Yet the three first dayes he could not make his approaches to set vp his Engines so great was the courage and resolution of those which fought vpon the walls But after that by the combat and by the multitude of Darts part of the Burgesses were slain and others wounded and that the besieged ceased for a time the Macedonians began to mine where working continually although the ground were bad they approached vnto the wall on the ninth day From that time they were continually imployed in battering the Citty so as the Slings and great Cros-bowes â—euer ceased day nor night And within three daies they made a breach of foure score Fathomes in the wall And when the supporters made vnto the wall were not able to beare the burthen they fell and brought the wall downe with them before the Macedonians had set them on fire This being done when as their courages encreased and that they made shew to enter and begin an assault the Thebins being amazed yeelded themselues and their Citty When as Philip had by this meanes assured the Countries of Magnesia and Thessaly he tooke the best of the Etoliens goods and thrust the ancient Inhabitants out of the towne re-peopling it with Macedonians and changing its name of Thebes he called it Philiopolis Whilest that Philip stayed in this City there came Embassadours from Chios Rhodes Constantinople and from King Ptolomy Whom when he had answered as he had formerly done that he had beene alwaies willing to hearken to a peace he sent them away giuing them charge to vnderstand the will of the Etoliens For his part he made no reckoning of peace being resolued to continue his attempts Wherefore being aduertised that the Vessels of Scerdilaide spoild all the Coast of Malea and that hee intreated the Merchants as Enemies and that moreouer he had taken breaking the accord some ships at Leucade he armes twelue Vessels couered and eight open and sailes by the Euripus hauing likewise thirty Merchants Vessels hoping to take the Sclauonians neither did he neglect the Etolien War for that he was not yet aduertised of the actions which had past in Italy For at such time as Philip held Thebes besieged the Romans had beene vanquished by Hannibal in Tuscany But the newes were not yet come into Greece When Philip had taken the Sclauonian Vessels and for this cause had sailed into Cenchrea he caused the ships that were couered to run along the Coasts of Malea towards Egia and Patres and stayes the rest of the Vessels in the Port of Leche Then he makes haste to goe to the Nemeen Game and arriued at Argos Being at the sight he had letters from Macedony to aduertise him that the Romans had bin vanquished by Hannibal with a wonderfull defeate and that they were masters of their Campe. He presently shews it only to Demetrius charging him to keepe it secret Who taking his occasion thereby began to intreate the King that in dispatching the Etolien War speedily he would attend that of the Sclauonians for that al Greece then obeyed him The which they would do hereafter For that the Acheins affected him and the Etoliens feared his forces considering the losses they had made during this War and that as for Italy the voyage which he should make would be a beginning to conquer the Monarchy the which did more iustly belong to him then to any other and that moreouer the opportunity was great for the present considering the great defeate of
hee could in reason being vanquished by the wickednesse of those which assured him lost his life seruing for a profitable Example to posterity for two causes First that no man should relye simply vpon any And next that no man should mistake himselfe for his good Fortune but be prepared for all accidents which may happen to man And therefore in the beginning they goe forth as it were to take some spoiles and come by night to the Carthaginians Campe Others held the close way staying at a certaine place full of Woods But Philimene and Nicon approacht the Campe Whom the Watch led Prisoners to Hannibal they neuer discouering of whence nor what they were making onely a signe that they would speake with the Generall Being then brought vnto Hannibal they told him that they would speake with him in secret Who giuing them Audience with great affection they excuse themselues and their Countrey accusing the Romans in many sorts to the end they should not seeme to be come forth about this businesse without cause Wherefore Hannibal commended them much and entertained them curteously Finally hee sent them backe to returne speedily to conferre with him ordering for the present that these men should be let go when they were out of the Campe and in the meane time he would consider what should be most safe This he did to haue conference with these young men and to inquire of their affaires And to the end they should keepe their credit with the Cittizens as if by the Captaines leaue they had made incursions for spoile When as Nicon had Executed his Charge Hannibal was very well satisfied and ioyfull For that he might haue meanes to effect his Enterprize which was then difficult Philâ—mene on the other side affâ—cted the businesse propounded for that they had giuen him a safe accesse to speake and he had found Hannibal very attentiue promising him to giue store of Victuals to the Cittizens Then they not onely got credite with the Tarentins but moreouer they had a good Traine aswell for the accord made as for the Victuals whereof they had sufficient Afterwards making a second incursion and putting euery thing in Execution they assured Hannibal and were likewise assured by him that is to say that the Carthaginians should leaue the Tarentinâ— in their Liberty not oppressing them with any Subside or Tribute nor with any other impost Being also lawfull for them after they had Conquered the Citty to ruine the Romans Houses Finally they agreed that when they should come vnto the Campe the Watch should presently take them Which things being concluded they had power to come and speake often with Hannibal parting from the Citty sometimes to get spoyle and sometimes to Hunt These things being thus agreed vpon for the future most of them had a care of the occasion In regard of Philimâ—ne they appointed him for Hunting For as he was much inclined to it they thought he could do no other thing but to attend it Wherefore they gaue him this Charge to the end he might take wild beasts first to winne Caius Lybius Gouernour of the Citty and afterwards those which kept the Gates which are called Tâ—menides Imbracing this Commission he tooke some Beasts in Hunting others were prepared for him by Hannibal For his part hee continually brought 〈◊〉 prize whereof he shared part to Caius and to the Guards of the gates to the end they might speedily open the Gate called Rhinopile He entred and went forth often in the night by this Gate vnder colour of feare of the Enemy but in the meane time hee made vse of it for his Enterprize When Philimene had obtained this course with the Guards so as without suspition approaching to the Wall if he whistled they opened vnto him the Gate Rhinopile And withall obseruing that the Roman Gouernour of the Gate should be on a certaine day with great Company at Musea neere the Market place they appointed that day to Hannibal He had long before inuented this fiction as if hee were sicke to the end the Romans should not hold it strange that he staied so long there and then he feined himselfe to be more sicke Hee had not beene in the Campe for the space of three daies vpon the approaches of Tarentum The day being come he makes choise of a thousand of the ablest and resolutest men both Horse and Foote to whom he giues charge to carry Victuals for foure dayes Finally hee marcht speedily remoouing his Campe at the breake of day He gaue commaund to foureâ—score Numidian Horses to marcht thirty Furlongs before the Campe and that they should run of eyther side of the Country to the end that no man might discouer the whole Campe but taking some of them that fled the rest which escaped might aduertise the Citty of the Numidians courses When as the Numidians were about twenty Furlongs off they set downe to Supper neere vnto a certaine Riuer in a Rocke which was not easie to discouer Then Hannibal drawing the Captaines together he discouers his Enterprize vnto them and perswades them that first of all they should carry themselues like braue men for that there were neuer such great rewards propounded vnto them And that secondly euery man should keepe his Souldiers in obedience during the Voyage and punish those seuerely that should abandon their places thorough Disobedience Finally they should haue a care of those things which should bee Commaunded and that they should not attempt any thing of their owne fancy contrary to his Commandement This Speech being deliuered in the presence of the Captaines he marcht being yet night meaning to come vnto the Walls about mid-night Hee had Philimene for his Guide to whom hee gaue Synagrie for a Companion in that same Action VVhen as Calus Lybius with his Company were in the day time at Musea according to the conception of the Youth they aduertised him that the Numidians ouer-ran the Country towards the West when as their desire of drinking increased Yet thinking to stay them hee called for the Captaines giuing them charge to go forth at the breake of day with halfe the Horse-men and repulse the Enemy which spoythe Countrey This was all the conceite he had of the businesse As for those which kept Company with Nicon and Tragisque assembling suddainly within the Citty they looked for the returne of Caius And being suddainly ready for that they had drunke in the day time some retiring to certaine places stayed there Others among the Youth go to meete Caius sporting and playing among themselues making shewe to bring them backe which should be found at the Banquet and moreouer as it were transported by reason of the Drunkennesse of Lybius Company as soone as they met they fell to laughter and immoderate sport of either side then turning head they Conducted Caius vnto his House He layd him downe to rest as a man soundly drunke after the manner of those which drinke daily hauing
Market place without Armes In regard of the Youth they went vp and downe the Citty crying liberty aduising and perswading the Citizens to rest assured that the Carthaginians were there for their good But all the Tarentins which held the Romans party being aduertised of this Action retired to the Fort The rest assembled without Armes at the sound of the Trumpet To whom Hannibal spake graciously When the Tarentins had generally conceiued by his Speech and vnexpected hope he sent many of them away giuing them charge at their returne to be carefull to Write the name of the Tarentins vppon their doores And if by fortune or chance any one did it to a Romans House he should be punished with Death Wherefore hee made choise of men accustomed vnto this charge and sends them presently to spoile the Romans Houses willing them to hold and maintaine the Tarentins lodgings for Enemies which had not the marke of a Tarentine Finally hee kept the rest in battaile to succour the others When he had drawne together great store of goods by this spoile and that the commodities answering the conceiued hope of the Tarentins came to good they then returned to Armes The day following Hannibal holding a Councell with the Tarentins decreed to seperate the Citty from the Fort and to fortifie it to the end they should be no more in feare of the Romans holding the Fort. Wherefore he beganne first to fortifie the Citty with pallisadoes right against the Wals of the Hill which is before the Fort. And knowing that the Enemies would stirre and make some attempt hee appointed sufficient Forces Thinking that for the future there would bee nothing more necessary to amaze the Romans and to assure the Tarentins When as they beganne to set vp their impalement and that the Romans assailed their Enemies with great confidence courage and resolution Hannibal fighting with them a little prouoked them to the Combate But when as many of them past beyond the Hill he giuing courage to his men encounters the Enemy When the Combate grew hot as much as might be in a streight place inuironed with Wals the Romans in the end beeing roughly repuls'd gaue backe so as many of them fell into the Numidians hands Finally the greatest part being repuls'd and falling into the ditches dyed After this Hannibal fortified the Citty with Pallisadoes without danger and hauing done all things to his liking hee was at quiet He likewise forced the Enemies to remaine shut vp in their Fort in feare not onely of themselues but also of the Fort. In regard of the Citizens hee hath so puft vp their Courage as they helde themselues able to resist the Romans without the helpe of the Carthaginians Afterwards Hannibal leauing some little space from the pallisadoe towards the Citty hee made a Ditch answering the Pallisadoe and the wall of the Fort from whence some time there were Souldiers drawn vnto the wall of the Citty Moreouer hauing Pallisadoed this Ditch this fortification prooued not lesse strong then a Wall Besides the which within towards the Citty leauing a reasonable space hee beganne a VVall from that part which they call the Sauior vnto that which they call Deepe So as without any Garrison these Fortifications would bee sufficient to cause the Tarentins to dwell in safety Leauing then a sufficient Garrison of Horse for the Guard of the Citty and wall hee planted his Campe forty furlongs from the Citty neere the Riuer which some call Gallea others Erota which name it hath taken from that other Riuer passing neere vnto Lacedemon which they likewise call Erota The Tarentins in trueth haue many such as well in the Country as in the Citty for that vndoubtedly they haue taken their Collony and Race from the Lacedemonians The wall beeing finished and ended aswell by the diligence and industry of the Tarentins as the helpe and assistance of the Carthaginians Hannibal resolues to ouer-throw the Fort. And when hee had prepared and made all things ready for the siege the Romans hauing receiued into the Fort succours by Sea from Metaponcia they were something refresht and comforted and in the night assailed Hannibals Engines ruining them all with their preparations This made Hannibal to despaire of the siege of the Fort. And when the Citty wals were made perfect he assembles the Tarentins and lets them vnderstand that it was very necessary for them to be masters of the Sea against the discommodities of the present time But as the mouth of the Port was in the Commaund of the Fort it was not in their power to helpe themselues with shippes at their pleasure or goe out of the Port VVhere as the Romans had all necessaries brought vnto them safely So as the Citty should neuer enioy a perfect freedome and liberty Hannibal considering this he let the Tarentins vnderstand that if they which held the Fort lost the hope of the comodity of the Sea they would presently yeild it to them The which the Tarentins hearing they allowed of his Speech but they could not at that time effect it vnlesse they were assisted by the Carthaginians Army The which could not then be done Wherefore they could not conceiue whereto Hannibal tended propounding these things And when he maintained that they might well be masters of the Sea without the helpe of the Carthaginians they wondred more not being able to vnderstand his conception When hee had viewed the place within the Wals from the Port vnto the outward Sea he was of opinion that the Ships might saile close vnto the Wall towards the South When hee had giuen this aduice vnto the Tarentins they not onely imbraced it suddainly but commended Hannibal wonderfully Presently after they had made Wheeles they prepared a way for ships which was sooner done then spoken for that affection and the multitude of Worke-men preuailed much By this meanes the Tarentins past their ships into the open Sea and safely besieged those of the Fort who receiued their succours from abroad In regard of Hannibal leauing the Citty he raised his Campe and returning three dayes after to the Pallisadoe which he had made in the beginning hee stayed to spend the rest of the Winter A PARCELL OF the Ninth Booke of the History of POLYBIVS BEhold the most renowned and excellent Actions comprehended vnder the aforesayd Olympiade and within the space of foure Yeares which it containes Of which wee will endeauour to speake of in two Bookes I am not ignorant that our Commentaries haue beene somthing rough and that they are pleasing to a certaine kinde of Auditors and blamed by others In truth other Historiographers and in a manner all or the greatest part helping themselues with all the parts of a History draw many men to the reading of their Commentaries The manner to Discourse of Genealogies causes a desire to heare That also which speakes of Collonies Voyages Possessions and Races which please a curious man of little iudgement as that of Ephorus
regard of the Acheins and Acarnanians But at this day they are Confederate with the Romans against Greece in generall These things vnderstood who doth not suspect the comming of the Romans and detest the sottishnesse of the Etoliens who presumed to enter into such a League They spoile the Vines and the Iland of Acarnania and haue already taken the Cittie of the Tallaneins and Anticyra which they with the Romans haue ruined who carry away their VViues and Children suffring as it seemes the common accidents of those which fall into the hands of strangers in regard of the soile of these miserable people the Etoliens enioy it It were without doubt a very honest and pleasing thing that the Lacedemonians should imbrace this League who would haue the Thebeins alone among the Grecians liue in peace when the Persians descended and haue resolued to make vowes vnto the Gods to vanquish the Barbarians Your dutie and Honor my Masters of Lacedemon depends thereon to the ende that hauing recourse vnto your Ancestors and fearing the comming of the Romans and suspecting the bad intent of the Etoliens and putting you in minde of the deedes of Antigonus you may detest the League of the wicked and flie the amitie of the Etoliens allying your selues by a common hope with the Acheins and Macedonians And if some of the chiefe yeild not vnto it at the least budge not neither make your selues Companions of their Outrages It is true that affection to friends is very profitable if it bee commodiously made But if it be forced and finally slow and defectiue it hath no comfort and therefore you must obserue if onely in words or else in actions they will keepe their League with you A parcell of the Riuer of Euphrates Evphrates takes its sourse and beginning in Armenia running its course by Syria drawing towards Babylon and falls as it seemes into the Red Sea whereof the signe is It looseth it selfe in hollow places vnder ground made in that Region before it falls into the Sea VVherefore it hath a different nature to other Riuers The course of others augment as they passe by many places and are very high in VVinter and low in Summer But Euphrates growes very high at the rising of the Canicular especially in Syria and continuing its course decreaseth The cause is for that it is not augmented by the concurrence of the winter raine but by the melting of the Snow It decreaseth likewise for that it extends vpon the plaine and is dispersed for the watring of the Land Then the transport of Armies is slowly made for that the shippes stay in regard of the burthen the Riuer beeing low and finally the swift course of the water is some hinderance vnto the Nauigation A PARCELL OF the Tenth Booke of the History of POLYBIVS AS from thence vnto the Sea and from the Citty of Rhegium vnto Tarentum there be aboue two Thousand Furlongs yet the Coast of Italy hath no Ports except those which are at Tarentum That Coast turnes to the Sicylian Sea and bends towards Greece It is much peopled with Barbarians So there are very famous Grecian Citties For the Brucians Lucain and some Countries of the Samnites and moreouer the Calabriens and many other nations inhabite this Country Euen as among the Grecians lies Rhegium Caulone Locres and Croton Moreouer the Metapontins and Thurins possesse this Maritine Region And therefore they which come from Sycily and Greece are when as they saile vnto any of the said places by necessity carried to the Ports of Tarentum And are forced to Traffique with their Merchandizes in that Cittie with all the inhabitants of that Coast. Some happily may coniecture that the Commoditie of this place proceedes from the abundance and fertillitie of the Crotoniates And although they haue some Summer stations of small reuenew yet it seemes they will challenge to themselues a great fertillitie and from no other thing but from the fruitefulnesse of the place which is not to bee compared to the Ports and Region of the Tarentins There is also a Commoditie from this place to the Adriaticke Ports at this day great but in former times greater All they which sailed from high Pouille vnto Sipuntes in Front and were carried into Italy landed at Tarentum and made vse of this City for their Commerce and Trafficke as in affaires Then the City of the Brâ—tensins was not yet built Wherefore Fabius much esteeming this abode was addicted vnto it leauing all other things All others hold him for a very fortunate man and that many times and for the most part he ended his Enterprizes without reason and accidentally holding this kinde of men to bee more diuine and admirable then those which attempt all things by a discourse of reason Being ignorant withall that by these words the actions of the one are worthy of Commendations and those of the other happy and fortunate Moreouer the one is common vnto the people But the other is proper to wise and iudicious men whom we must hold diuine and beloued of the Gods For my part Fabius seemes to me to haue a Nature and disposition like vnto Lycurgus the Law-giuer of the Lacedemonians We must not thinke that Lycurgus had beene so superstitious as obeying Pitheas he had established the Lacedemonian Common-wealth Nor likewise Publius Scipio moued with Dreames and Diuinations had purchased so great a power in the Countrey But for that the one and the other saw many men not greatly to affect doubtfull affaires not likewise to presume to vndertake matters that were graue and dangerous without the hope of the Gods For this cause Lycurgus making vse of the same drawne from Pytheas in his opinion hee made them more pleasing and certaine Publius Scipio in like manner had made an impression in many of a conceite of him that hee executed his Enterprizes by a certaine Diuine Councell By this meanes he made his men more assured and willing to attempt difficult things That he hath brought euery thing to an end by sufficient reason and wisedome and that for this cause all his actions haue had an end concurret to reason will appeare manifest and plaine by the Discourse which I shall hold concerning him It is certaine he was bountifull and generous But as for his industry sobriety and vigilancy in his resolutions no man can conceiue them but such as haue liued with him and haue exactly searcht the depth of his disposition amongst the which was Lelyus who had beene his Companion from his Infancy in all his actions and discourses vnto his Death for that hee seemes to speake likely things and conformable to his actions First hee reports this Noble deede of Publius when as his Father had resolued to fight with Hannibal neare vnto the Riuer of Poe. For at that time being as it seemes but seuenteene yeares old going into the Field hee had receiued from his Father a Troupe of the best and strongest men for
and opprest the Subiects hee affected the Warre with an assured courage hauing no confidence in Fortune but in wise Councell When he arriued in Spaine he moued them all and hauing enquired of the Enemies actions he vnderstood that the Carthaginians Armies were diuided into three and that Mago made his abode within the Pillars of Hercules at certaine places called Conies And that Asdrubal the Sonne of Scone was neare the mouth of a Riuer by Portugale the other Asdrubal in the Carpentins Countrey held a City besieged Either of which places were many dayes iourney distant from the City of the Ceneteins Studying then whether he should resolue to giue Battaile vnto the Enemy if it were against all their forces he should be in danger to be defeated as well in regard of that which had befalne his Predecessors as for that their Armies were great If likewise he labourd to fight with the one it was to be feared that in flying the Battaile the other Armies would come and by this meanes hee should be inclosed falling into the like Disasters whereunto his Vncle Caius and his Father Publius had beene subiect Wherefore leauing this aduice when he vnderstood that Carthage was a great ease vnto the Enemies and would be a great annoyance to him in this Warre he considere of euery thing wintring among the Eilotes When he was aduertised in the beginning that it had Ports which might containe all the Sea-army of Spaine hauing likewise a Maritine scituation spacious and commodious for the Carthaginians for the Nauigation which comes from Lybia and likewise for that the Treasure and Baggage for the Army with all the hostages of Spaine were kept there adding thereunto the great aduantage for that the Fort had not aboue a thousand Souldiers in Garrison for that they neuer suspected that any man would presume to besiege it the Carthaginians being in a manner Maisters of all Spaine and that finally the rest of the people are in great number yet they were Artizans Mech annickes and Fishermen who had no great experience in the Warre He imagined that his comming to this City would be vnexpected with amazement He was not ignorant of the scituation of the Towne nor of its fortification nor likewise of the disposition of the Poole which things he had learned from Fishermen which had frequented the place This Poole was generally muddy and yet wadeable for the most part and withall the water retired daily about Sun-setting Wherefore concluding that if he preuailed in his Enterprize he should not onely annoy the Enemy but it would bee a great benefit for the Warre And if his aduice and councell succeeded well hee might preserue his Subiects as Maister of the Sea if he might once fortifie and strengthen his Army The which was easie for that the Enemies were far off Leauing therefore all other resolutions hee attends this during Winter And when he had once resolued being of the age we haue mentioned he concealed his resolution from all the World except to Caius Lelyus vntill he thought it fit to manifest it Although that Historiographers giue testimony of this resolution yet when they come to the end of the action they attribute this excellent worke to the Gods and to Fortune and not to him nor his wisedome without any probable arguments and the testimony of those which liued with him for that Scipio himselfe declares plainely in an Epistle which he had written to Philip that making vse of the aduice which wee haue mentioned he had vndertaken the Warre of Spaine and the siege of Carthage Moreouer commanding Lelyus secretly touching the Army at Sea he gaue him charge to saile aboue the City Hee alone was priuy to his designe as I haue sayd Himselfe taking the Troupes of Foote-men marcht speedily There were in the Army at Land about fiue and twenty thousand Foote and two thousand fiue hundred Horse Being come vnto the City on the seuenth Day hee planted his Campe on the North part and fortified it without with a double Rampire and Ditches from one Sea vnto the other without doing any thing towards the City The Nature of the place had fortification enough To vnderstand well how this City hath beene besieged and taken I hold it necessary in some sort to describe the neighbour Countries and its scituation It is seated in Spaine about the middle of the Maritine Region in the Gulfe which hath its aspect towards Affricke whose depth is about twenty furlongs and the breadth at the entrance about ten All this Gulfe makes a kind of Port where there lies an I and at the mouth of it leauing on either side a little entrance And when the Sea is troubled with any torment then all the Gulfe is calme but when the Westerne Winds of the Winter Solstice beating vpon the two entrances cause the storme But as for other Winds it is not troubled by reason of the firme Land which enuirons it Behinde the Gulfe there rises a Cape whereon the City is scituated enuironed with the Sea towards the East and South and with a Lake vpon the West and North so as the space which remaines from one Sea to another by the which the City is ioyned to the firme Land is not aboue two Furlongs In regard of the City one moiety of it is concaue and towards the South it hath the approach of the full Sea Finally it is full of Hills whereof two are rough and difficult the other three are very lowe but strong and hard to passe whereof the highest bends towards the East aduancing to the Sea There the Temple of Asclepie is built Right against the which is another of the same scituation whereon stands a sumptuous royall Pallace the which some say had beene built by Asdrubal affecting a Regall power The rest of the lesser Hills haue their tops towards the North. That of the three which lookes directly towards the East is called Phoste to the which is ioyned that of Alete It seemes that Pheste hath beene the inuentor of Siluer mettals and for this cause purchased diuine honours The third is called Croue In regard of the Lake ioyning to the Sea it hath taken its course by the worke of man for the benefit of Fisher-men and others trafficking by Sea But at the breach of the Banke by the which the Lake and Sea are diuided they haue made a Bridge to the end that Sumpters and Carts might bring things necessary from the Countrey This was the scituation of those places the Romans Campe was fortified in Front without any prouision as well by the Lake as Sea on either side In regard of the space which ioynes the City to the firme Land he did not fortifie it for that it was in the midst of his Campe to the end he might amaze the Citizens and make vse of it for Skirmishes and to sally forth and retire to his Campe. The Walles in the beginning had not aboue twenty Furlongs Although
place and himselfe making certaine bounds and Curuets hee taught them all the managing of Armes Hee did not march in the head of the army as Captaines vsually doe at this day thinking the first place to belong vnto them This without doubt takes away the cōmanders experience and draws him into danger It is true that he is seene by them all but sees not any It is necessary that the Commander of an Army shew example not by a Military authority but by experience of a Captaine and his prowesse in Armes marching sometimes with the fore-ward and sometimes with the reare-ward and sometimes in the Battaile the which this man did riding and considering them all who being doubtfull hee taught correcting their errours in the beginning the which seldome happened by reason of the precedent diligence Demetrius Phalerius hath shewed it saying that as in buildings where the houses are comprehended vnder one Roofe and ligature it happens that the continuance is the stronger So a whole Army is made more firme in the which all is diligently pursued in particular and by the Chambers That which is done at this day is very like to the gouernment and order of a Battaile Light things and those which are most vsuall in an Army many times perish wholly in it In regard of the Role of those which disband and are armed with aduantage the Battalion containes them Now the Etoliens fight like a forlorne hope So doe they of Morea their Allies whereas the Romans make head holding the order of a Battalion And if the others bee repulst and returning from the Combate perish the Romans retire without losse and if they vanquish which God forbid they will make all the rest of Greece subiect A Parcell of Media MEdia according to the Circuite of the Countrey is the most defencible among all the Potentates of Asia in regard of the multitude and vallour of the men and likewise of the Horses It doth furnish in a manner all Asia with this kinde of Cattell so as the Royall Races which are bred and entertained there are of great benefit to the Medians It is also inhabited with Grecian Cities the which Alexander caused to bee built for the guard thereof by reason of the neighbour-hood of the Barbarians except the Erbatanes whose City is built vpon the Northerly marches of Media Yet it is neare the parts of Asia which confine vpon the blacke Sea and the Euxine In the beginning the Royall City of the Medians was amongst all the rest the most excellent in riches and sumptuous buildings It is scituated vnder the Mountaine Countries and neighbours to Oronte without Walles hauing onely a Fort that is well furnished and fortified with great Art Vnder which is scituated the royall City of the Persians It is a question whether we should speake of it in particular or be silent Beleeue mee it giues a strong argument to those whose intention and custome is to relate rare and admirable things and to speake some adding much vnto them which breeds a doubt in those which wisely receiue all that which is out of common fancy This royall City hath in greatnesse and circuite almost seuen Furlongs and the sumptuousnesse of euery building such as it shewes a great abundance of wealth in those that first founded them For as all the Carpenters worke is of Cedar or Cipresse yet they haue not left one cloud but haue lin'd the Ioists Wainscot and Pillars with the vaults of the Galleries with plates of Gold and Siluer and in regard of the Vessell it was all of Siluer Yet the greatest part was carried away at the comming of Alexander and the Macedonians and the rest vnder the gouernment of Antigonus and of Seleucus Nicanor and likewise at the comming of Antiochus when as the Temple of Enee had about it many Pillars gilt and a great quantity of Siluer vessels and finally there were some small number of Tiles of Gold but many more of Siluer Moreouer there was a great heape of Siluer within the Royall City coyned of the aforesaid things to the number of about two Millions and foure hundred thousand Crownes A Parcell of Antiochus and of his Army into Hyrcania ANtiochus hopes to come vnto those places Arsaces like wise thinkes that he dare not passe the Desarts there confining with so great an Army especially for the want of Water It is true that in the said places the Water shewes it selfe vpon the superficies and that there are many Ditches hauing deepe Wells but vnknowne to those which did not frequent them Of which they haue a Tale in the Countrey that at such time as the Persians enioyed Asia this Countrey had in certaine places In the which formerly there was no Water fiue Springs or Fountains And therefore as Tauris hath many great Riuers they imployed great labour and cost to fill the Ditches from farre the which succeeded neither doe they know which vse these Waters the Spring of these Ditches nor whence they come When as Arsaces saw him take the way by the Desart hee resolued to shut vp the Wells and to corrupt them The King hauing this newes he dispatcht some from Nicomedia with a thousand Horse who finding Arsaces gone with his Army leauing some Horse-men to fill vp the Ditches To whom suddainly after their comming they gaue the chase and then returned to Antiochus The Desarts being past the King arriued at a City called Hecatomphilon scituated in the midst of Parthyene It hath taken its name for that all the passages of the neighbour Countries ioyne there Here he refresht his Army and made his reckoning that if Arsaces had beene able to ioyne Battaile with him hee would not haue retired leauing his Countrey nor sought other places more commodious for his Army to fight in then those which are about Hecatomphilon By his departure therefore it is manifest to him that will consider this action that hee had taken another resolution Wherefore Antiochus resolued to take his way to Hyrcania But when he was come to Tages and had notice of the difficulty of the places by those of the Countrey the which hee was to passe vnto the tops of the Mountaines which bend to Hyrcania and that the Barbarians held the most difficult places hee resolued to take a good number of the ablest men and to separate their Captaines and to informe euery one of them how to performe the way and likewise hee appointed Pyoners marching with them to leuell the way for the Souldiers Leginaries and Baggage This being concluded he gaue the first Battalion to Diogenes adding thereunto the Archers and Slingers who from the Mountaines might cast their Darts and Stones the which held no order of Battaile but came alwayes in time to the place of danger and were of great seruice in difficult places Hee accompanied them with about two thousand Candiots armed with Targets of which Polixenides had the charge In the Reareward hee ordaines the armed
assemble the people and consult in despaire of their necessities First of all they decree to giue liberty to their Slaues to the end they might willingly become Companions in the Combat And consequently drawe all their Wiues into Diana's Temple and the Children with their Nurses into the Schooles and finally their Gold and Siluer into the Market place and the richest apparrell into the Rhodiens Galley and that of the Cyziceneins When they had decreed these things and had with one accord executed the resolution they make another assembly choosing fifty of the most ancient and men of credite being strong and able to execute the decree and make them sweare in the presence of all the Citizens that if they saw the Wall taken by the Enemy they should then kill their Wiues and Children and set fire of the sayd Galleyes casting according to their Oath the Gold and Siluer into the Sea Finally they call their Prelates who coniure them all to vanquish their Enemies or to dye fighting for their Countrey This done after they had sacrificed they force their Prelates and their Wiues to make execrations vpon the Sacrifices of the said things These things thus confirmed they did not countermine aginst the Enemies Mynes resoluing that if the Wall sell they would stand vpon the ruines fighting to the death Wherefore some one may with reason say that the folly of the Phocenses and the ioy of the Acarnanians hath beene vanquished by the courage of the Abydeins The Phocenses seeme to haue decreed the like for their Kinsfolkes although they were not wholly in despaire of the Victory for they were to fight in field with the Thessalians The Acarnanians fore-seeing the attempts of the Etoliens resolued the same in their eminent danger whereof wee haue formerly spoken in particular The Abydeins being shut vp and in a manner desperate of their safety desired rather by a common consent to try this Fortune with their Wiues and Children then liuing to deliuer them into their Enemies hands For which reason wee may blame Fortune for the ruine of the Abydeins Seeing that hauing compassion of the calamities of the former shee hath suddainly relieued them yeelding vnto the desperate hope and safety whereas contrariwise shee hath beene incensed against the Abydeins The men were slaine and the City taken their Children with their Wiues fell into their Enemies hands For after the fall of the Wall planting themselues vpon the ruines according to their Oath they fought with such great courage as when as Philip had sent supplies vnto the Macedonians at the assault vntill Night hee was in the end forced to take breath and to despaire of his attempt The Abydeins did not onely fight with great confidence standing vpon the dead bodies in danger and with resolution with their Swords and Iauelings But hauing no meanes to vse them they cast themselues with fury vpon the Macedonians ouerthrowing some with their armes charging others alwaies with the stockes of their broken Iauelings and repulsing them thrusting directly at their Faces and other naked parts Night being come and the Combat ceasing Glaucides and Theognite assembling some few of the ancient changed for the hope of their priuate safeties that seuere and noble vow of the Citizens in regard of the great number that had beene slaine at the Wall and for that the rest were weakned with toile and wounds Wherefore they resolued to abandon their Wiues and Children to Captiuity and at the breake of day to send their Priests and Wiues with their Diadems and head-bands to Philip to the end that intreating him vpon their knees they might deliuer him the City At the same time King Attalus being aduertised of the Siege of the Abydeins sailes by the Egean Sea to Tenedos In like manner Marcus Emilius the younger a Roman came by Sea to Abydos For when the Romans had beene truely aduertised of the Siege of Abydos and would expostulate with Philip according to their charge and to vnderstand the cause why hee assailed the Kings they sent this Emilius vnto him Who when he had audience of Philip in Abydos he let him vnderstand that the Senate admonished him not to make Warre against any Grecians nor to meddle with the affaires of Ptolomy And whereas hee had done outrage to the Rhodiens and Attalus he should make a promise to giue them satisfaction in doing which hee should remaine in peace but if he would not obey he should prepare to haue Warre with the Romans When as Philip laboured to let him vnderstand that the Rhodiens had beene the first Assailants Marcus interrupting him said What haue the Athenians Cianeins and Abydeins done which of them hath first assailed you The King studying what to answere to these three demands told him that hee pardoned his arrogancy in words for that first he was young and without experience Secondly that he was the best man amongst them as in truth he was The Romans sayd he haue no reason to breake the Accords nor to make Warre against mee but if they did he would defend his owne valiantly and inuocate the Gods for aide This Speech being ended they parted one from the other Philip hauing gotten the City of the Abeydeins he presently tooke all the Goods which had beene carryed away by them When he saw the people and their fury who slew burnt and strangled themselues their Wiues and Children casting them into Wells and hanging them in their houses hee was amazed And being discontented at that which was done he let them know that he gaue them three dayes respite that would hang or kill themselues But the Abydeins preuenting him according to their first resolution could not suffer any one of those to liue which were not yet bound nor tied to this kind of necessity holding themselues in not doing it for Traytors towards those which had fought and were dead for their Countrey All the rest without delay dyed according to their Races Of Philopomene and the deeds of the Acheins ANd when as Philopomene had considered the distances of of all the Cities and that they might come to Tegee by one way hee wrote Letters to all the Cities and sends them to those which were farthest off and diuides them in such sort as euery City had not onely those which were directed vnto it but also those for other Cities lying vpon the same way Hee hath written to the Magistrates in these termes When you shall haue receiued these Letters vse all diligence that such as are able to beare Armes may assemble in the Market place euery man furnished with fiue Dayes victuals and seuenteene Sous and sixeteene Deniers in Money And when they shall be all assembled lead them to the next City where being arriued deliuer the Letters to the Magistrate and performe the contents In the which was contained the charge which had bin giuen to the former only the name was altred but he place was not named whither the Voyage
sends those which were vnder the charge of Archidamus and of the Eupolemus and two Tribunes with fiue hundred Horse and two thousand Foote At whose comming they which in the beginning did but skirmish resuming courage presently put on another kind of Combate The Romans relying vpon their Succours double their forces for the fight And although the Macedonians defended themselues brauely yet they sent vnto the King being prest and annoyed by their Armes and for their refuge recouered the tops of the Mountaines And when as Philip had no hope but that they should be able that day to giue Battaile with all their Forces for the fore-sayd Causes hee had sent many of his men to forrage But when he was aduertised of that which happened by those which hee had sent and that the mist was past hee sent Heraclides the Gyrtonien Chiefe of the Thessalian Horse and Leon Commander of the Macedonian Cauallery Hee likewise sent Athenagórus with all the Mercenaries exept the Thracians Who being come to the Ambush and the Macedonians much re-inforced they made head against the Enemy and repuls'd the Romans from the Hills The Dexterity of the Etolien Horse did much hinder the Enemies from turning head They fought in truth with great courage and confidence The Etoliens in regard of the Foote-men are faint both in their Armes and Ordonance for a Combat in Field But their Horse-men are excellent aboue all the other Grecians in particular and separated Combats Wherefore it happened that for that they had stayed the violence and fury of the Enemy they could not so soone recouer the Plaine but stayed for a time in Battaile But when as Titus saw not onely the most valiant and his Horse-men retire but also his whole Troupes to bee dismayed hee drawes his whole Army to Field and puts them in order vpon the Hills At the same instant they which were in Guard ran hastily one after another to Philip crying out vnto him Sir the Enemies flye lose not this occasion The Barbarians seeke vs not This day is yours imbrace the time and by this meanes they â—nâ—ire and stirre vp Philip to Battaile although the scituation of the place did not content and please him For the sayd Hills which they call Dogs-head are rough difficult of all sides and high Wherefore when as Philip had formerly fore-seene the vnequalnesse of the places hee had not in the beginning made any preparation vnto Battaile But beeing then prouoked by the great confidence of the aduertisements hee drawes his Army with all speede out of the Fort. In regard of Titus hee orders his Troupes and Bands for the Battaile and followes them close which began the Skirmish making remonstrances vnto the Battalions as hee turned His Speech was short plaine and intelligible to the Hearers Propounding then the cause hee sayd vnto his Souldiers Are not these O Companions the same Macedonians who formerly holding in Macedony the top of the Mountaines towards Heordia you haue forced with Sulpicius and chased from thence with the defeate of the greatest part of them Are not these the same Macedonians who being seazed vpon the difficult places of Epirus and leauing no hope of approach you haue chased by your prowesse and forced to flye into Macedony abandoning their Armes What reason is there then that you should feare the same men with whom you are to enter into an equall Combate To what end doe we propound vnto you precedent actions to consider on but that in regard of them you should fight more confidently Wherefore Companions attend the Battaile with resolution giuing courage one to another I hold for certaine that with the good pleasure of the Gods the end of this Battaile will soone bee the conclusion of the precedent When Titus had vsed these Speeches hee commands the right Wing of his Army not to budge setting the Elephants before them And assailes the Enemy with great courage with the left Wing being accompanied by the most valiant They which among the Romans had began the Fight shewing their courage prest the Enemies hauing beene relieued by some Troupes of Foot-men And when as at the same time Philip saw that the greatest part of his Army was in order of Battaile before the Pallisadoe hee marcheth taking the Targetteers and the Battalion of the right Wing and ascends the Hills with speede giuing charge to Nicanor whom hee called Elephant to command the rest of the Army to follow close As soone as the first had recouered the top hee defends the Battalion setting the Targets before and seazed vpon the higher Countrey And when as the Macedonians prest the Romans much vpon the two flankes of the Hills he discouered the tops to bee abandoned As he fortified the right Wing of his Army it happened that the Souldiers were much annoyed by the Enemy For when they they which were best armed were ioyned vnto the most valiant of the Romans and succoured them in this fight they prest the Enemies much and flew many As the King was there in the beginning and saw the Combat of the valiant men not to be farre from the Campe hee reioyced againe when hee saw them decline and to haue neede of Succours hee was forced to send them and at that instant to hazard a Battaile although that many of the Troupes of his Army were yet vpon the way and approached to the Hills And in taking the Souldiers hee rankes them all as well on foote as Horsebacke on the right Wing commanding the beares of Burtheâ—s and the Battalions to double the Front of their Rankes and to stand close vpon the right hand This being done when as the Enemies ioyned with them hee commanded the Battalion that bending downe their Iauelings they should match in order and mingle with the strongest At the same instant when as Titus had retired those which had bagunne the Fight to the spaces which were betwixt the Ensignes he chargeth the Enemy The Combat beginning on eyther side with great fury and clamour all crying together yet those which were without the fight crying vnto the rest the Battaile was made very horrible and cruell and it shewed the force of the Combat Philips right Wing carryed it selfe valiantly in this Battaile charging the Enemy from aboue hauing an aduantage in their order which finally for the present fight was much more commodions in regard of the diuersity and seuerall sorts of Armes In regard of the rest of the Army some were ioyned vnto the Enemy fighting a farre off others shewed themselues vpon the left hand hauing gotten the toppes of the Hils When as Tytus saw and did well perceiue that his men could not indure the force of the Enemies battallion and those of the right wing to be repuls'd and some seaine and others to retire by degrees and that all his hope of safety consisted in the right Wing hee goes speedily vnto them and considers the Enemies order When hee saw some succeed in their places