measure_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a country_n according_a to_o which_o all_o commodity_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n for_o this_o exchange_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o weight_n fineness_n and_o uâ—…luation_n of_o the_o money_n of_o each_o country_n albeit_o the_o price_n thereof_o in_o exchange_n do_v rise_v and_o fall_v according_a to_o scarcity_n and_o plenty_n of_o money_n and_o the_o few_o or_o many_o deliverer_n and_o taker_n thereof_o these_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v joint_o and_o divide_o for_o the_o good_a of_o commonweal_n in_o the_o benefit_n to_o be_v procure_v for_o the_o general_a welfare_n or_o for_o the_o particular_a profit_n of_o some_o few_o person_n for_o albeit_o that_o the_o general_n be_v compose_v of_o the_o particular_a yet_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o the_o general_n shall_v receive_v a_o intolerable_a prejudice_n and_o loss_n by_o the_o particular_a etc._n and_o private_a benefit_n of_o some_o these_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v not_o to_o be_v regard_v especial_o if_o they_o may_v make_v the_o like_a benefit_n in_o some_o measure_n without_o hurt_n or_o detriment_n to_o the_o general_a some_o merchant_n do_v deal_v all_o for_o commodity_n other_o for_o money_n and_o other_o some_o altogether_o for_o exchange_n or_o all_o three_o or_o that_o which_o yield_v they_o most_o gain_v and_o common_o without_o consideration_n have_v of_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o prince_n and_o governor_n be_v to_o sit_v at_o the_o stern_a of_o the_o course_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n for_o to_o speak_v ingenious_o merchant_n can_v enter_v into_o consideration_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o foreign_a merchant_n commodity_n import_v at_o dear_a rate_n and_o the_o home_n commodity_n export_v at_o lesser_a rate_n respective_o in_o former_a time_n by_o the_o disproportion_n whereof_o come_v a_o evident_a overballance_v of_o 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for_o they_o to_o know_v to_o make_v thereby_o profitable_a return_n of_o the_o provenue_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n either_o in_o money_n bullion_n or_o wares_n final_o merchant_n seek_v their_o privatum_fw-la commodum_fw-la take_v notice_n only_o of_o what_o be_v prohibit_v and_o command_v whereas_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o also_o that_o to_o require_v their_o opinion_n for_o the_o reformation_n of_o some_o abuse_n they_o may_v be_v think_v many_o time_n as_o unfit_a as_o to_o call_v the_o vintner_n to_o the_o consultation_n of_o law_n to_o be_v make_v against_o drunkard_n king_n and_o prince_n therefore_o which_o be_v the_o father_n of_o the_o great_a family_n of_o commonweal_n patrâ—…_n be_v to_o be_v careful_a for_o the_o general_a good_a so_o that_o the_o expense_n do_v not_o exceed_v or_o surmount_v the_o incombe_n and_o revenue_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o say_n of_o marcus_n cato_n oportet_fw-la patrem_fw-la familias_fw-la vendacem_fw-la esse_fw-la non_fw-la emacem_fw-la he_o must_v be_v a_o seller_n and_o not_o a_o buyer_n for_o the_o effect_n whereof_o there_o be_v a_o serious_a study_n to_o be_v have_v in_o the_o true_a understanding_n of_o the_o three_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n whereof_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n which_o be_v the_o most_o neglect_a will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n which_o with_o we_o be_v predominant_a and_o overrule_v the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o commodity_n as_o shall_v be_v declare_v in_o this_o discourse_n for_o these_o three_o part_n of_o traffic_n concur_v joint_o together_o in_o their_o proper_a function_n and_o nature_n by_o a_o orderly_a carriage_n according_a to_o their_o first_o invention_n and_o institution_n for_o as_o the_o element_n be_v join_v by_o symbolisation_n the_o air_n to_o the_o fire_n by_o warmness_n the_o water_n to_o the_o air_n by_o moisture_n the_o earth_n to_o the_o water_n by_o coldness_n so_o be_v exchange_v join_v to_o mohyes_n and_o money_n to_o commodity_n by_o their_o proper_a quality_n and_o effect_n and_o ever_o as_o in_o a_o clock_n where_o there_o be_v many_o wheel_n the_o first_o wheel_n be_v stir_v drive_v the_o next_o and_o that_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o till_o the_o last_o that_o move_v the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o clock_n even_o so_o be_v it_o in_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n for_o since_o money_n be_v invent_v and_o become_v the_o first_o wheel_n which_o stir_v the_o wheel_n of_o commodity_n and_o enforce_v the_o action_n but_o the_o three_o wheel_n of_o exchange_n of_o money_n between_o country_n and_o country_n be_v establish_v and_o ground_v upon_o money_n be_v in_o effect_n like_v to_o the_o instrument_n that_o strike_v the_o clock_n be_v therein_o the_o thing_n active_a and_o commodity_n &_o money_n be_v become_v passive_a thing_n passive_a in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o sequel_n thereof_o may_v be_v compare_v unto_o archer_n shoot_v at_o the_o buâ—…tes_n direct_v their_o arrow_n according_a as_o the_o blank_a do_v stand_v high_a or_o low_a for_o so_o do_v merchant_n by_o exchange_n in_o the_o sale_n of_o commodity_n and_o negotiation_n of_o money_n without_o which_o commodity_n lie_v dead_a in_o all_o markette_n since_o the_o ancient_a commutation_n of_o commodity_n in_o kind_n do_v cease_v and_o the_o body_n of_o commodity_n do_v not_o work_v without_o the_o spirit_n which_o be_v exchange_n so_o that_o this_o observation_n be_v neglect_v the_o whole_a instrument_n of_o trade_n must_v needs_o be_v out_o of_o order_n and_o discompound_v like_o a_o distemper_a lock_n which_o will_v neither_o open_v nor_o shut_v when_o the_o art_n of_o navigation_n and_o ship_n have_v continue_v many_o year_n and_o mariner_n do_v â—…mitate_v each_o other_o observation_n before_o the_o science_n of_o the_o mathematik_n be_v invent_v it_o â—…apned_v that_o two_o great_a whale_n with_o a_o great_a â—…olubility_n swim_v in_o furious_a manner_n do_v approach_v trade_n a_o english_a ship_n of_o traffic_n which_o be_v â—…ound_v for_o the_o coast_n of_o barbary_n saden_v with_o diâ—…ers_n good_a commodity_n and_o staple_n ware_n the_o mariner_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v do_v with_o all_o diligence_n cast_v overboard_o diverse_a empty_a barrel_n for_o the_o whale_n to_o play_v with_o all_o and_o to_o keep_v they_o from_o the_o ship_n the_o whale_n not_o please_v therewith_o and_o a_o sudden_a storm_n arise_v do_v endanger_v their_o ship_n which_o make_v they_o unaware_o to_o cast_v over_o board_n many_o good_a ware_n and_o rich_a commodity_n wherewith_o one_o of_o the_o whale_n be_v play_v but_o the_o other_o whale_n more_o fierce_a strike_v the_o ship_n many_o time_n with_o his_o tail_n and_o at_o last_o break_v the_o rudder_n of_o the_o ship_n whereby_o they_o be_v much_o hinder_v in_o their_o sail_v and_o all_o the_o ship_n of_o their_o fleet_n take_v the_o start_n of_o they_o and_o arrive_v to_o their_o destine_a port_n the_o rather_o because_o they_o lose_v also_o their_o sail_a compass_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o say_v stormy_a wind_n and_o tempest_n and_o the_o mariner_n have_v leisure_n with_o a_o calm_a to_o discourse_v of_o the_o accident_n to_o question_v which_o be_v the_o most_o necessary_a and_o active_a thing_n of_o true_a sail_v some_o do_v attribute_v the_o same_o to_o the_o wind_n and_o currant_n of_o the_o sea_n other_o to_o the_o sail_n and_o agitation_n of_o the_o wind_n in_o they_o and_o other_o to_o the_o compass_n make_v by_o the_o admirable_a virtue_n of_o the_o loadstone_n but_o all_o of_o they_o be_v novice_n in_o stone_n their_o profession_n whereupon_o a_o merchant_n stand_v by_o be_v a_o passenger_n in_o that_o voyage_n use_v these_o or_o the_o like_a speech_n my_o friend_n and_o good_a fellow_n i_o do_v not_o a_o little_a admire_v to_o hear_v you_o thus_o ignorant_a in_o matter_n of_o your_o profession_n can_v not_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o rudder_n of_o our_o ship_n make_v you_o sensible_a to_o understand_v
more_o by_o the_o low_a exchange_n deliver_v their_o money_n there_o or_o take_v of_o they_o up_o here_o by_o exchange_n to_o pay_v their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n at_o a_o undervalue_v insomuch_o that_o many_o merchant_n have_v no_o commodity_n there_o may_v take_v up_o money_n here_o and_o send_v over_o the_o same_o in_o specie_fw-la will_v pay_v therewith_o exâ—…hange_n their_o bill_n of_o exchange_n and_o gain_n by_o dexterity_n of_o wit_n 15._o in_o the_o hundred_o in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n time_n thus_o when_o gain_n be_v practise_v by_o exchange_n the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v less_o vent_v and_o the_o money_n be_v export_v which_o cause_v the_o less_o employment_n here_o to_o be_v make_v upon_o our_o commodity_n even_o as_o the_o importation_n of_o money_n be_v hinder_v by_o the_o inhaunce_n of_o the_o coin_n beyond_o the_o sea_n compel_v our_o merchant_n to_o make_v â—…he_o great_a employment_n upon_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o dear_a rate_n for_o the_o commodity_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v â—…n_o the_o hand_n of_o they_o that_o make_v sale_n of_o they_o upon_o a_o certain_a price_n as_o it_o be_v at_o their_o pleasure_n have_v plenty_n of_o money_n and_o at_o cheap_a rate_n at_o interest_n whereas_o also_o they_o have_v no_o man_n â—…o_o undersell_v they_o here_o and_o there_o as_o our_o merchant_n price_n do_v our_o commodity_n which_o without_o all_o comparison_n be_v far_o much_o fall_v in_o price_n â—…hen_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n now_o somewhat_o â—…bated_v in_o price_n concern_v other_o commodity_n import_v as_o wine_n raisin_n corint_n tobacco_n and_o spice_n of_o the_o east_n indies_n let_v we_o brief_o observe_v that_o the_o wine_n of_o france_n may_v be_v buy_v better_o cheap_a if_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v not_o exchange_n â—…ndervalued_v in_o exchange_n for_o whereas_o heretofore_o they_o give_v we_o in_o paymâ—…t_a their_o french_a crown_n of_o gold_n for_o 64._o soulx_fw-fr now_o they_o give_v we_o the_o same_o at_o 75._o soulx_fw-fr which_o crown_n be_v then_o worth_a 6._o shilling_n 6._o penny_n starlin_n and_o their_o quart_n d'escu_n now_o pay_v for_o 16._o soulx_n and_o above_o be_v then_o but_o 15._o soulx_fw-fr for_o which_o we_o give_v here_o account_v 4._o to_o the_o crown_n of_o silver_n 69._o penny_n and_o thereabouts_o and_o now_o 72._o penny_n and_o above_o and_o beside_o that_o more_o of_o our_o native_a commodity_n be_v vent_v with_o better_a profit_n according_a to_o the_o exchange_n for_o the_o rule_n be_v that_o the_o less_o of_o starlin_n money_n we_o do_v reckon_v in_o exchange_n with_o they_o the_o more_o be_v the_o gayne_n of_o our_o commodity_n the_o like_a may_v be_v apply_v for_o the_o trade_n of_o corint_n which_o be_v now_o provide_v by_o other_o mean_n but_o the_o limitation_n to_o restrain_v all_o man_n from_o import_v they_o then_o only_o those_o of_o the_o levant_n company_n make_v no_o free_a trade_n of_o this_o commodity_n nor_o other_o the_o like_a the_o immoderate_a use_n of_o that_o weed_n tobacco_n tobacco_n have_v be_v so_o effectual_a in_o debar_v we_o from_o spanish_a real_n to_o be_v as_o former_o import_v to_o a_o great_a value_n yearly_a but_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o state_n have_v so_o qualify_v the_o same_o that_o our_o merchant_n trade_v in_o spain_n do_v now_o sell_v perpetuanoes_n bayes_n say_v and_o other_o our_o home_n commodity_n to_o benefit_n which_o before_o be_v sell_v to_o loss_n to_o have_v money_n to_o buy_v this_o tobacco_n that_o the_o spaniard_n do_v say_v todo_n te_fw-mi pagara_fw-mi in_o humo_fw-la all_o shall_v be_v pay_v with_o smoke_n the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n be_v as_o the_o say_a author_n say_v the_o great_a stock_n want_n of_o our_o east_n india_n stock_n here_o at_o home_n which_o he_o term_v the_o especial_a remote_a cause_n whereas_o most_o man_n will_v have_v expect_v that_o the_o ready_a money_n send_v in_o real_n of_o plate_n to_o make_v the_o employment_n of_o the_o say_a trade_n will_v rather_o have_v be_v mention_v my_o meaning_n be_v not_o to_o become_v a_o trapezuntian_n flatterer_n for_o aesop_n moral_a that_o the_o lion_n can_v not_o be_v heal_v without_o the_o apâ—…_n clâ—…o_n liver_n that_o be_v prince_n can_v not_o be_v safe_a without_o the_o destruction_n of_o flatterer_n remain_v still_o fresh_a in_o memory_n but_o in_o favour_n of_o truth_n and_o policy_n i_o be_o resolve_v to_o deliver_v my_o plain_a and_o sincere_a opinion_n concern_v the_o say_a trade_n which_o begin_v with_o we_o in_o england_n immediate_o after_o the_o great_a jubilee_n year_n 1600._o if_o the_o discourse_n make_v of_o the_o trade_n from_o england_n into_o the_o east_n indies_n be_v true_o collect_v no_o m._n doubt_n the_o say_a trade_n may_v be_v find_v very_o profitable_a hereafter_o albeit_o it_o have_v be_v very_o difficult_a in_o the_o beginning_n according_a to_o the_o proverb_n omne_fw-la principium_fw-la grave_n especial_o when_o the_o controversy_n between_o we_o and_o the_o hollander_n shall_v be_v determine_v and_o their_o agreement_n establish_v for_o if_o pepper_n do_v but_o cost_v two_o penny_n halfpenny_n the_o pound_n in_o the_o indies_n and_o that_o ten_o shilling_n employ_v therein_o will_v require_v but_o 35._o shilling_n for_o all_o charge_n whatsoever_o to_o deliver_v it_o in_o london_n where_o it_o be_v usual_o sell_v for_o above_o 20._o penny_n it_o follow_v by_o consequence_n that_o there_o must_v be_v a_o very_a great_a gain_n which_o will_v increase_v when_o the_o say_v party_n shall_v be_v unite_v in_o true_a love_n and_o buy_v the_o say_a commodity_n better_o cheap_a and_o so_o proportionable_o for_o all_o other_o spice_n drug_n silk_n indicoe_n and_o calico_n again_o if_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n in_o money_n export_v may_v import_v the_o value_n of_o 500_o thousand_o pound_n starlin_n in_o ware_n or_o commodity_n albeit_o england_n do_v not_o spend_v above_o 120._o thousand_o pound_n and_o 380._o thousand_o pound_n be_v export_v unto_o diverse_a foreign_a part_n and_o there_o sell_v for_o ready_a money_n with_o great_a advantage_n and_o last_o if_o the_o very_a commmodity_n of_o the_o realm_n export_v into_o the_o east_n indies_n will_v buy_v so_o much_o as_o england_n use_v of_o their_o commodity_n and_o the_o employment_n be_v make_v for_o foreign_a coin_n or_o real_n of_o 8._o procure_v from_o other_o place_n what_o man_n of_o understanding_n can_v just_o find_v fault_n with_o that_o trade_n if_o treasure_n be_v import_v thereby_o unto_o we_o as_o their_o final_a end_n as_o the_o discourse_n say_v but_o that_o other_o trade_n do_v divert_v the_o same_o for_o when_o the_o say_v indian_a commodity_n be_v send_v from_o england_n into_o turkey_n leghorn_n genua_n the_o low_a country_n marselleis_n and_o other_o place_n and_o be_v sell_v for_o ready_a money_n the_o same_o be_v employ_v again_o upon_o corint_n wine_n cotton-wooll_n and_o yearn_n gall_n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n wherewith_o the_o ship_n be_v reladen_v yet_o a_o great_a proportion_n remain_v to_o be_v bring_v over_o in_o money_n which_o be_v divert_v from_o we_o by_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n in_o undervalue_v our_o money_n as_o have_v be_v declare_v the_o loss_n whereof_o be_v great_a to_o this_o kingdom_n employ_v than_o all_o the_o money_n employ_v yearly_a for_o the_o east_n indies_n come_v unto_o which_o without_o due_a consideration_n seem_v to_o be_v impossible_a so_o that_o we_o may_v very_o well_o affirm_v that_o by_o this_o trade_n the_o treasure_n of_o the_o realm_n can_v great_o be_v increase_v and_o augment_v reserve_v nevertheless_o unto_o we_o the_o use_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n at_o reasonable_a rate_n and_o therefore_o be_v the_o same_o by_o all_o mean_n to_o be_v continue_v the_o rather_o for_o that_o the_o hollander_n have_v declare_v 5._o especial_a reason_n for_o the_o continance_n of_o their_o east_n indie_n trade_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v neglect_v but_o be_v to_o be_v ponder_v by_o all_o politician_n and_o statesman_n 1._o because_o the_o right_n power_n and_o freedom_n trade_n of_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n belong_v unto_o they_o jure_fw-la gentium_fw-la aswell_o as_o to_o any_o nation_n of_o the_o world_n which_o the_o spaniard_n do_v call_v in_o question_n 2._o for_o that_o the_o revenge_n of_o any_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o hollander_n may_v be_v recompense_v in_o those_o country_n which_o be_v heretofore_o without_o breach_n of_o truce_n 3._o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o mariner_n and_o ship_n of_o which_o two_o they_o abound_v above_o all_o nation_n 4._o for_o the_o increase_n of_o custom_n and_o mean_n raise_v by_o the_o buy_v of_o these_o commodity_n their_o country_n be_v a_o storehouse_n for_o all_o wate_n and_o merchandize_n 5._o because_o that_o by_o the_o continuance_n of_o the_o say_a trade_n although_o it_o shall_v
prove_v unprofitable_a they_o maintain_v a_o certain_a peace_n and_o assurance_n in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o government_n which_o consist_v thereby_o this_o trade_n of_o the_o hollander_n for_o the_o east-indies_n begin_v upon_o the_o embargo_n make_v in_o spain_n of_o their_o good_n and_o interruption_n of_o their_o trade_n wherein_o they_o do_v associate_v themselves_o with_o the_o german_n to_o disperse_v and_o vent_v their_o say_a india_n commodity_n better_a and_o speedy_a to_o this_o argument_n appertain_v the_o consideration_n of_o the_o trade_n out_o of_o christendom_n maintain_v for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o ready_a money_n as_o for_o turkey_n and_o persia_n wherein_o the_o abundance_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n come_v into_o europe_n since_o the_o west_n indies_n be_v discover_v be_v to_o be_v note_v which_o have_v make_v every_o thing_n dear_a according_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o money_n which_o like_v unto_o a_o ocean_n divide_v the_o course_n into_o several_a branch_n in_o diverse_a country_n have_v cause_v a_o west-indies_n great_a alteration_n but_o england_n do_v not_o participate_v by_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n a_o proportionable_a competent_a share_n of_o the_o say_a abundance_n of_o money_n as_o other_o nation_n do_v albeit_o not_o many_o year_n since_o we_o have_v more_o money_n then_o in_o time_n past_a before_o the_o say_a discovery_n of_o the_o west_n indies_n but_o we_o must_v now_o measure_v thing_n according_a to_o the_o say_a abundance_n which_o be_v much_o diminish_v by_o the_o continual_a exportation_n of_o money_n for_o the_o east_n indies_n from_o all_o place_n of_o traffic_n the_o five_o cause_n of_o the_o want_n of_o money_n in_o england_n he_o say_v be_v the_o war_n of_o christendom_n â—…irates_n cause_v exportation_n of_o money_n and_o the_o pirate_n hinder_v importation_n of_o money_n the_o latter_a be_v mere_o a_o prevention_n or_o rob_v of_o our_o money_n which_o be_v suppose_v may_v be_v bring_v in_o but_o if_o pirate_n do_v not_o take_v some_o of_o our_o money_n it_o follow_v not_o that_o the_o same_o shall_v come_v unto_o we_o in_fw-la specie_fw-la for_o experience_n by_o the_o example_n of_o the_o spanish_a merchant_n divert_v â—…e_a real_n of_o 8._o from_o we_o for_o gain_n to_o be_v make_v 〈◊〉_d foreign_a part_n prove_v unto_o we_o the_o conâ—…ary_a gayne_n be_v always_o the_o scope_n of_o merâ—…ants_n and_o to_o prove_v that_o this_o gayne_n be_v make_v â—…ally_o only_o by_o the_o abuse_n of_o exchange_n which_o â—…herwise_o will_v be_v but_o imaginary_a we_o have_v â—…ready_o declare_v now_o touch_v the_o exportation_n of_o money_n â—…y_v the_o war_n of_o christian_n where_o he_o declare_v 〈◊〉_d urgent_a instance_n that_o the_o riecks_n doller_n be_v â—…ised_v two_o mark_n lubish_n make_v the_o say_a dolâ—…_n to_o twenty_o mark_n lubish_n in_o many_o plaâ—…s_n of_o germany_n whereby_o abundance_n of_o money_n 〈◊〉_d draw_v unto_o the_o mint_n of_o those_o country_n â—…om_o all_o the_o mine_n and_o part_n of_o christendom_n â—…erein_o he_o be_v much_o mistake_v for_o when_o money_n â—…e_v enhance_v they_o never_o be_v carry_v to_o the_o mint_n mint_n for_o to_o be_v convert_v into_o other_o coin_n â—…ut_o they_o remain_v currant_n between_o man_n and_o â—…an_n run_v like_o a_o post-horse_n every_o man_n â—…aring_v to_o receive_v a_o loss_n by_o the_o fall_n neither_o maâ—…eth_v this_o any_o rule_n for_o merchant_n in_o place_n of_o â—…rade_n otherwise_o then_o that_o they_o may_v take_v â—…nowledge_n of_o the_o public_a valuation_n thereof_o to_o â—…ell_v their_o commodity_n according_o by_o rate_v â—…he_a price_n of_o exchange_n upon_o their_o former_a obserâ—…ation_n which_o be_v neglect_v or_o do_v in_o part_n â—…auseth_v the_o underualuation_n of_o our_o money_n in_o â—…xchange_n and_o this_o be_v the_o immediate_a cause_n by_o â—…im_n first_o allege_v and_o treat_v of_o wherein_o the_o commodity_n be_v no_o more_o active_a then_o tenderdon_n steeple_n in_o kent_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o dover_n haven_n to_o make_v this_o to_o appear_v let_v we_o note_v that_o this_o rieckx_n doller_n be_v the_o main_a and_o most_o usual_a coin_n in_o germany_n eastland_n the_o unite_a 〈◊〉_d reconcile_v country_n under_o both_o governmeâ—…_n and_o many_o other_o place_n be_v value_v at_o 2._o maâ—…_n lubish_n every_o mark_n be_v 16._o shilling_n lubâ—…_n or_o 16._o stivers_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1575._o the_o 〈◊〉_d doller_n be_v still_o coin_a in_o the_o empire_n for_o 〈◊〉_d stivers_n and_o be_v so_o currant_n by_o valuation_n in_o 〈◊〉_d low_a country_n whereby_o the_o say_a shilling_n lâ—…_n 1575._o and_o the_o stiver_n flemish_n be_v all_o one_o but_o the_o 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o low_a country_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o 〈◊〉_d inhaunce_v of_o this_o doller_n which_o be_v brouâ—…_n to_o 35._o stivers_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1586_o to_o 〈◊〉_d stivers_n by_o intermissive_a time_n and_o valuatiâ—…_n howbeit_o at_o stoade_n hamborough_n and_o other_o place_n in_o germany_n the_o say_a doller_n do_v remain_v stâ—…_n at_o 32._o stivers_n or_o two_o mark_n and_o as_o the_o saiâ—…_n doller_n do_v enhance_v in_o price_n so_o do_v they_o coyâ—…_n new_a stivers_n according_o sometime_o lighteâ—…_n weight_n and_o at_o other_o time_n embase_v by_o alloy_n 〈◊〉_d copper_n and_o yet_o in_o account_n the_o stiver_n do_v aâ—…_n do_v remain_v the_o ground_n of_o all_o their_o monyâ—…_n fallacy_n but_o the_o say_v doller_n hold_v his_o standard_n agreeable_a to_o the_o first_o doller_n which_o be_v call_v the_o burgondian_a doller_n with_o the_o cross_n of_o saint_n andrâ—…_n coin_a in_o the_o year_n 1575._o which_o be_v in_o fineneâ—…_n ten_o ounce_n and_o twelve_o penny_n weight_n of_o fiâ—…_n silver_n and_o four_o and_o one_o half_a of_o these_o dollar_n be_v there_o make_v equivalent_a to_o our_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n as_o a_o public_a measure_n in_o exchange_n beâ—…weene_v we_o and_o the_o low_a country_n germany_n and_o all_o other_o place_n where_o this_o doller_n be_v curâ—…ant_a which_o make_v the_o par_fw-fr or_o price_n of_o exchange_n â—…o_o be_v 24._o of_o their_o shilling_n for_o 20._o shilling_n of_o â—…ours_n according_a to_o which_o computation_n exchange_n be_v make_v always_o above_o that_o price_n both_o here_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o stiver_n of_o the_o low_a country_n be_v not_o in_o value_n answerable_a thereunto_o for_o be_v but_o two_o ounce_n 17._o penny_n with_o fine_a their_o 32._o stivers_n for_o the_o say_v doller_n which_o be_v four_o piece_n and_o one_o half_a 144._o stivers_n do_v not_o contain_v so_o much_o fine_a silver_n in_o they_o as_o the_o say_v doller_n proportionable_o but_o there_o want_v above_o 3._o shilling_n flemish_n in_o the_o pound_n of_o 20._o shilling_n starlin_n these_o dollar_n have_v since_o be_v imitate_v and_o make_v by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a low_a province_n in_o their_o several_a mint_n as_o also_o by_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n in_o the_o reconcile_a province_n and_o the_o price_n of_o they_o at_o hamborough_n stoade_n and_o other_o place_n be_v enhance_v but_o one_o stiver_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o thirty_o three_o stivers_n where_o the_o say_v dollar_n go_v in_o the_o low_a country_n by_o valuation_n for_o 45._o stivers_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o at_o which_o time_n the_o par_fw-fr of_o exchange_n be_v find_v to_o be_v twenty_o four_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n for_o those_o part_n and_o for_o the_o low_a country_n at_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n 4._o penny_n which_o be_v so_o agree_v upon_o to_o our_o disadvantage_n for_o according_a to_o the_o say_a 4â—…_n dollar_n at_o forty_o five_o stiuâ—…rs_n it_o make_v thirty_o three_o shilling_n nine_o penny_n but_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n value_v at_o ten_o stivers_n for_o the_o shilling_n be_v the_o causâ—…_n that_o it_o be_v put_v to_o thirty_o three_o shilling_n fourâ—…_n penny_n myself_o be_v there_o a_o commissioneâ—…_n appoint_v by_o the_o council_n table_n with_o sir_n richard_n martin_n knight_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr ortell_n moâ—…sieur_fw-fr coase_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr valcke_n commissioner_n for_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n this_o doller_n be_v since_o that_o time_n enhance_v tâ—…_n province_n fifty_o two_o stivers_n in_o the_o low_a province_n whicâ—…_n make_v the_o price_n of_o exchange_n above_o thirty_o eight_o shilling_n or_o rather_o thirty_o nine_o shilling_n and_o shall_v we_o suffer_v this_o and_o not_o alter_v our_o price_n of_o exchange_n according_o but_o be_v content_v to_o take_v thirty_o four_o shilling_n or_o thirty_o five_o shilling_n and_o after_o that_o rate_n undersell_v all_o the_o commoditis_fw-la of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o suffer_v also_o because_o of_o this_o gain_n our_o money_n to_o be_v export_v the_o real_n of_o 8._o to_o be_v debar_v from_o we_o to_o be_v bring_v in_o and_o carry_v to_o other_o country_n for_o bring_v a_o loss_n to_o the_o importer_n which_o by_o inhaunce_v of_o the_o
much_o less_o can_v a_o lesser_a number_n with_o lesser_a ability_n manage_v a_o great_a trade_n in_o most_o troublesome_a time_n especial_o if_o they_o have_v borrow_v 50._o or_o 60._o thousand_o pound_n at_o use_n for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o company_n and_o thereby_o engage_v the_o trade_n and_o set_v themselves_o in_o debt_n which_o cause_v many_o of_o the_o best_a merchant_n aduenturour_n to_o give_v over_o trade_n and_o be_v become_v purchaser_n or_o lender_n of_o money_n at_o interest_n many_o other_o of_o they_o have_v engage_v themselves_o in_o the_o east_n indian_a company_n which_o do_v carry_v away_o their_o money_n and_o leave_v the_o cloth_n this_o small_a number_n to_o manage_v so_o great_a a_o trade_n cloth_n incourage_v the_o clothier_n to_o adventure_v to_o make_v false_a cloth_n because_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o so_o few_o merchant_n can_v search_v and_o visit_v every_o cloth_n as_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v do_v and_o the_o clothier_n conscience_n be_v satisfy_v for_o he_o say_v that_o the_o false_a cloth_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o best_a price_n because_o none_o may_v export_v but_o they_o and_o therefore_o they_o will_v give_v what_o price_n they_o please_v for_o this_o deceitful_a cloth_n have_v cause_v great_a jar_n and_o difference_n between_o the_o english_a merchant_n and_o the_o foreign_a nation_n for_o tare_n or_o rebatement_n and_o the_o general_a report_n of_o the_o falseness_n of_o english_a manufacture_n have_v cause_v a_o wonderful_a decay_n of_o the_o sale_n thereof_o the_o trade_n thus_o limit_v to_o a_o small_a number_n of_o a_o company_n reside_v for_o the_o most_o part_n at_o london_n be_v a_o general_a prejudice_n to_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n which_o though_o it_o have_v make_v london_n rich_a it_o have_v make_v all_o the_o port_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n poor_a for_o it_o enforce_v needless_a and_o chargeable_a carriage_n and_o recarriage_n of_o diverse_a commodity_n whereby_o they_o be_v endear_v unto_o we_o and_o it_o hinder_v all_o the_o port_n be_v the_o wall_n of_o the_o kingdom_n from_o have_v either_o foreign_a or_o domestic_a commodity_n bring_v unto_o they_o at_o the_o best_a hand_n which_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v almost_o desolate_a and_o forsake_a and_o it_o hinder_v the_o clothier_n and_o new_a draper_n which_o dwell_v in_o remote_a part_n from_o sell_v their_o cloth_n and_o stuff_v at_o their_o next_o adjoin_v port_n for_o how_o can_v they_o sell_v when_o there_o be_v no_o merchant_n it_o cause_v all_o chapman_n to_o give_v poor_a and_o faint_a price_n for_o wool_n because_o when_o it_o be_v indrape_v it_o may_v not_o more_o free_o be_v export_v to_o the_o best_a advantage_n so_o that_o the_o grower_n be_v hinder_v in_o the_o price_n of_o his_o wool_n for_o every_o loss_n and_o prejudice_n that_o come_v upon_o cloth_n and_o the_o clothier_n another_o do_v fall_v upon_o the_o wool_n and_o the_o wool_n grower_n and_o the_o clothier_n say_v he_o be_v prevent_v of_o his_o best_a chapman_n for_o his_o cloth_n for_o that_o merchant_n stranger_n or_o other_o english_a merchant_n can_v work_v upon_o the_o advantage_n of_o market_n and_o the_o clothier_n necessity_n which_o beat_v down_o the_o price_n of_o cloth_n the_o price_n of_o cloth_n beat_v down_o the_o price_n of_o wool_n the_o price_n of_o wool_n beat_v down_o the_o price_n of_o land_n which_o can_v be_v improve_v and_o foreign_a commodity_n be_v free_o take_v in_o barter_n for_o the_o return_v of_o our_o home_n commodity_n when_o money_n nor_o bullion_n can_v be_v import_v as_o have_v be_v declare_v so_o that_o the_o hammer_n at_o the_o mint_n where_o the_o pulse_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v be_v feel_v be_v the_o life_n and_o move_v and_o it_o be_v come_v to_o such_o extremity_n with_o the_o eastland_n merchant_n that_o they_o can_v vent_v their_o cloth_n in_o barter_n of_o other_o ware_n to_o make_v return_v and_o by_o money_n their_o loss_n will_v be_v incredible_a shall_v this_o be_v proclaim_v a_o free_a trade_n when_o within_o ourselves_o we_o be_v in_o bondage_n and_o have_v lose_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o two_o essential_a part_n of_o traffic_n namely_o the_o rule_n of_o money_n and_o exchange_n let_v every_o man_n judge_v to_o say_v nothing_o of_o the_o dependence_n of_o trade_n as_o the_o increase_n of_o navigation_n and_o navigator_n when_o merchant_n heretofore_o have_v more_o freedom_n and_o the_o port_n be_v furnish_v and_o frequent_v with_o great_a store_n of_o ship_v which_o although_o they_o be_v but_o small_a of_o burden_n yet_o every_o one_o have_v their_o several_a pilot_n and_o mariner_n which_o do_v daily_o supply_v the_o land_n with_o plenty_n of_o seaman_n the_o merchant_n stapler_n have_v observe_v that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n have_v a_o inevitable_a opportunity_n of_o combination_n to_o set_v what_o price_n they_o please_v upon_o cloth_n to_o the_o clothier_n of_o wool_n to_o the_o grower_n and_o of_o all_o commodity_n export_v and_o import_v and_o likewise_o to_o lay_v what_o private_a imposition_n they_o please_v upon_o any_o of_o the_o say_a commodity_n so_o that_o whether_o they_o do_v well_o or_o ill_o for_o the_o commonweal_n there_o can_v be_v no_o apparent_a trial_n for_o have_v power_n to_o bar_v all_o other_o from_o trade_n but_o themselves_o they_o be_v like_o a_o commodity_n weigh_v in_o a_o balance_n that_o have_v but_o one_o end_n where_o there_o can_v be_v no_o counterpoise_n and_o then_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v great_a weight_n although_o it_o be_v never_o so_o light_a so_o that_o this_o engross_n of_o trade_n into_o few_o man_n trade_n hand_n have_v cause_v our_o home_n trade_n to_o decay_v our_o manufacture_n to_o decrease_v and_o our_o homebred_a commodity_n to_o lie_v upon_o our_o hand_n unsold_a or_o to_o be_v sell_v at_o a_o low_a price_n to_o the_o utter_a undo_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o poor_a people_n in_o england_n and_o the_o great_a damage_n of_o all_o his_o majesty_n love_a subject_n and_o while_o our_o merchant_n hinder_v one_o another_o from_o trade_n other_o nation_n increase_v their_o own_o manufacture_n and_o enlarge_v their_o trade_n not_o only_o for_o the_o say_a country_n of_o high_a and_o low_a germany_n but_o also_o for_o russia_n eastland_n poland_n and_o other_o place_n for_o the_o make_n of_o good_a and_o true_a cloth_n many_o excellent_a law_n have_v be_v make_v and_o enact_v especial_o in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o majesty_n happy_a reign_n whereupon_o i_o have_v heretofore_o make_v a_o demonstration_n which_o be_v exhibit_v to_o the_o right_n honourable_a the_o lord_n of_o the_o privy_a council_n show_v the_o weight_n length_n and_o breadth_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o clothes_n and_o that_o weight_n and_o measure_n do_v control_v each_o other_o whereby_o the_o merchant_n that_o buy_v the_o cloth_n may_v be_v enable_v to_o find_v out_o the_o fraud_n and_o deceit_n of_o the_o clothier_n but_o this_o shall_v be_v do_v before_o the_o sell_n of_o they_o and_o that_o by_o honest_a officer_n or_o magistrate_n according_a to_o the_o say_a act_n whereof_o our_o great_a book_n now_o under_o merchant_n the_o press_n entitle_v lex_n mercatoria_fw-la or_o the_o law_n merchant_n do_v entreat_v of_o more_o particular_o the_o eight_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o trade_n be_v th'exportation_n imposition_n of_o the_o material_n of_o wool_n and_o wooll-fells_a from_o the_o seacoast_n of_o england_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n and_o the_o custom_n and_o imposition_n lay_v upon_o clothes_n at_o home_n and_o abroad_o in_o other_o country_n especial_o the_o great_a imposition_n in_o the_o low_a unite_a province_n call_v consumption_n money_n pay_v by_o the_o retail_n of_o cloth_n or_o drapery_n only_o upon_o our_o english_a clothes_n and_o not_o upon_o cloth_n in_o those_o part_n whereby_o their_o cloth_n be_v more_o vent_v and_o english_a cloth_n in_o less_o request_n touch_v the_o exportation_n of_o 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same_o be_v decay_v and_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o first_o integrity_n and_o goodness_n for_o there_o be_v never_o any_o thing_n by_o the_o wit_n of_o man_n so_o well_o devise_v or_o so_o sure_o establish_v which_o in_o continuance_n of_o time_n have_v not_o be_v corrupt_v the_o consideration_n whereof_o be_v most_o requisite_a in_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o traffic_n as_o a_o matter_n eminent_a for_o the_o good_a and_o welfare_n of_o commonweal_n and_o especial_o for_o england_n quia_fw-la vita_fw-la civilis_fw-la in_o societate_fw-la posita_fw-la est_fw-la societ_fw-la as_o autem_fw-la in_o imperio_fw-la &_o commercio_fw-la according_a to_o this_o rule_n let_v we_o observe_v that_o all_o the_o traffic_n and_o trade_n between_o we_o and_o foreign_a nation_n be_v perform_v under_o three_o simple_n which_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n thereof_o namely_o traffic_n commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n for_o foreign_a part_n which_o may_v 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mensura_fw-la even_o so_o be_v exchange_n of_o money_n by_o bill_n measure_n the_o public_a