to Bacchus and left them in his Cave and afterwards falling in love with Cybele wandred up and down with her as far as to the †Hyperborean signifies very far North by which the Ancients use to express the furthest Parts of the World Hyperborean Mountains And whereas there was a Plague and Famine in Phrygia the Phrygians inquir'd at the * Of Apollo at Delphos Oracle how they should be freed from the Calamity they lay under It 's said the God commanded them to bury Attis and adore Cybele as a Goddess The Phrygians therefore because they could not find any part of his Body through length of time since he was kill'd made a Statue for him which they follow'd as to his Burial with Howling Lamentations and other honourable Ceremonies proper for his Funeral and so made an Attonement for their former Offence which Solemnity they constantly observe to this very Day and offer Yearly Sacrifices to Cybele who formerly erected Altars to the Gods there In honour of this Cybele they built a magnificent Temple in Pesinunte a City of Phrygia and instituted solemn Sacrifices and Divine Worship to her which Work was advanc'd by the assistance of King Midas They Plac'd Leopards and Lions standing by the Statue of the Goddess because it was generally believ'd she was nurs'd up by them And these are the things which the Phrygians and the Atlantides the Inhabitants of the Coasts bordering on the Ocean do report of this Mother of the Gods After the Death of Hyperion they report that the Children of * Coelus divided †Vranus the Kingdom amongst themselves amongst whom Atlas and Saturn were the most renown'd The Country bordering upon the Ocean fell by lot upon Atlas who call'd the People there Atlantides and the greatest Mountain in the World Atlas after his own Name They say that he was an excellent Astrologer and was the first that discover'd the Knowledge of the Sphere whence rose the common Opinion that he carry'd the World upon his Shoulders noting by this Fancy his Invention and Description of the Sphere The most eminent among his many Sons was Hesperus for Piety towards the Gods and Justice and Kindness towards his Subjects Being upon the Top of Mount Atlas to observe the motion of the Stars he suddainly vanisht in a Tempest The People hereupon much lamenting the loss of him that they might for ever honour him call'd the Brightest * Hesperus the Morning Star Star in the Heavens after his Name Atlas likewise had Seven Daughters who were all call'd after their Father's Name Atlantides but their several proper Names were Maia Electra Taygeta Asterope Merope Halcyone and Celaeno All these were got with Child by several Heroick Princes and even by some of the Gods themselves and bore divers Sons who were the first Ancestors of several Nations and for their virtuous Qualifications were afterwards call'd Gods and Demy-Gods So Maia the Eldest was got with Child by Jupiter and bore Mercury the Inventor of many Arts and Sciences for the use of Mankind All the rest likewise had Sons who were famous in their Times some of which gave beginning to whole Nations others to some particular Cities and therefore not only some of the Barbarians but likewise some among the Greeks refer P. 136. the Original of many of the ancient Heroes to these Daughters of Atlas for they were in great Reputation for Wisdom and Justice and therefore when they were Dead were ador'd as Goddesses and fixt in the Constellation of the * The Seven Stars Pleiades Nymphs were commonly call'd Atlantides because Nymphs is a general Term in this Country apply'd to all Women They say that Saturn the Brother of Atlas was extraordinary Prophane and Covetous and Marrying his Sister Rhea he begat Jupiter afterwards surnam'd Olympus There was another Jupiter the Brother of Coelus and King of Crete but much inferior for Glory and Renown to the later For this later was Lord of the World but the ancient Jupiter was only King of the Island before-nam'd and had Ten Sons whom they call'd Curetes and call'd the Island Ida after the Name of his Wife where he himself was buried the Remains of whose Sepulcher are to be seen at this Day However the Cretians relate several Stories of these Jupiters of whom we shall write distinctly when we come to their History Saturn reign'd they say over Sicily Africa and Italy and inlarg'd his Dominion over all the Western Parts of the World and by Garrisons and strong Forts plac'd in convenient Places kept his Subjects every where within the Bounds of their Duty And hence it is that at this very Day in the Western Parts of Sicily the high Mounts that are to be seen here and there are call'd †Saturn ' s Castles Jupiter Cronia Jupiter they say was the Sun of Saturn who contrary to what his Father did before him carry'd himself justly and courteously toward all and therefore he was call'd Father by all his Subjects He succeeded in the Kingdom either as given up to him by his Father or set upon the Throne by his Subjects out of hatred to his Father And though Saturn afterwards by the help of the Titans made War upon his Son yet Jupiter overcame him in a Battel and so gain'd the Kingdom And afterwards he ran through the whole World doing good to all Mankind And because he was of a strong Body and endowed with all virtuous Qualifications of Mind he easily conquer'd the whole World He chiefly made it his Business to punish the Impious and to do good to all his People And therefore after he left the World he was call'd * Zeus Zena from Life because he was the first that taught Men to live well And therefore they of whom he had deserv'd well rewarded him with this Honour that he was unanimously by all placed in the highest Heavens and call'd a God and Supream Lord of all the Earth And this is the full Account distinctly related of all the Gods mention'd and recorded by the Atlantides And for as much as before in the account we gave of the Egyptian Antiquities we came in the Course of the general History to the Genealogy of Bacchus whom B 〈…〉 s. the Greeks call Dionysius and his Acts We conceive it sit here to add what the Grecians have delivered to Posterity concerning this God But in regard the ancient Fabulous Historians and Poets have given different Accounts of Bacchus and have related many monstrous Stories it 's very difficult to set forth truly his Genealogy and Acts. For some say there was but one †Bacchus Dionysius others that there were Three But some say there never was any such Man but conceive that Wine is to be taken for Dionysius We shall therefore in short run over distinctly what is said by every one of them The Naturalists who speak of this God and call Wine Bacchus say that the Earth amongst
was call'd Divus took it by storm and so it came into the hands of the Romans With the rest of the Gauls Hercules marching out of Gaul into Italy as he pass'd over the Alps levell'd and open'd those rough and difficult Ways that were scarce passable to make way for his Army and Carriages The Barbarians who Inhabited those Mountainous Parts were us'd to Kill and Rob in the straight and craggy Places Armies as they happned to pass this way but he subdu'd them and put to Death the Ringleaders of those wicked practices and so made the Passage safe this way to all Posterity Having pass'd the Alps he continu'd his March through Gaul as it 's now call'd and came into Liguria The Ligurians inhabit a rough and barren Soil but being forc'd by continual Labour Hercules comes into Liguria and Toyl it produces some little Corn and other Fruits The People here are short and low but by reason of their constant Labours well set and strong for they are far from idle and luxurious livers and therefore are very active and Valiant in time of War To conclude because all these neighbouring Regions are ply'd with continual Labours and Pains for that the Land requires it it 's the Custom for the Women to work and labour in that kind as well as the Men and whereas the Women as well as the Men work for Hire there fell out a remarkable Accident concerning one of these Women strange and unusual to any of our Female Sex Being great with Child and falling in Labour in the midst of her work amongst the Men without any noise or complaint she withdrew herself into a certain Grove there near at hand and there being Delivered she cover'd the Infant with Leaves and hid it among the Shrubs and then return'd to her Work again without the least sign of having born a Child and continu'd with her Fellow-labourers in her Work as she did before But the Infant crying and bawling discover'd the whole matter yet the Overseer of the P. 159. Workmen would by no means be perswaded to suffer her to leave her miserable Labour till he that hir'd her pitying her condition paid her her Wages and discharged her Hercules after he had gone through Liguria and Thuscany incampt at Tiber where Rome now stands built many Ages after by Romulus the Son of Mars The Natural Inhabitants at that time inhabited a little Town upon a Hill now call'd Mount Palla 〈…〉 e. Here †Cacius in the Greek Politius and Pinarius the most eminent Persons of Quality among them entertain'd Hercules with all the demonstrations of Kindness imaginable and presented him with many noble Presents There are now at Rome ancient Monuments of these Men for the most noble Family call'd the Pinarii remains still among the Romans and is accounted the most ancient at this day And there are Politius his Stone Stairs to go down from Mount Pallatine call'd after his Name adjoyning to that which was anciently his House Hercules being much pleas'd with the civil Entertainment of the Pallatines foretold them that whosoever should dedicate the Tenth of their Goods to him after he was translated to the Gods should be ever after more prosperous And this Dedication has been over since constantly us'd to this day For many of the Romans not only such as are of mean Estates but the great and rich Men having experienc'd how Riches have flow'd in upon them after the Decimation of their Goods to Hercules have dedicated the Tenth part of their Substances which have been of the value of Four Thousand Talents For Lucullus the richest almost of all the Romans in his time valu'd his Estate and consecrated the Tenths to this God and feasted continually with prodigious Charge and Expence The Romans afterwards built a Magnificent Temple near to the River Tiber in honour of this God and instituted Sacrifices to him out of the Tenths Hercules marching from Mount Pallatine pass'd through the Maritime Coasts of Italy as they are now call'd and came into the Champain Country of Cumaea where it 's said there were men infamous for their Outrages and Cruelties call'd Giants This Place is also call'd the Phlegraean Plain from a Hill which anciently vomited out Fire like unto Etna in Sicily now call'd Vesuvius which retains many 〈…〉 Signs and marks of its ancient Irruptions These Giants hearing of Hercules his Approach met him in Battel Array and fighting with the force and cruelty of Giants Hercules with the Assistance of the Gods overcame them and cutting off most of them quieted that Country These Giants were call'd Sons of the Earth by reason of the vast Bulk of their Bodies These are the things that some report whom Timaeus follows concerning the destruction of the Giants of Phlegraea Leaving the Plains of Phlegraea he came to the Sea where he perform'd some remarkable Works about the Lake Avernus as it 's call'd which is consecrated to Proserpine It 's situated between Micenus and Diciarcheos near the hot Baths Five Furlongs in Circuit and of an incredible Depth The Water of this Lake is exceeding clear and the mighty depth of this Gulf casts a blew Colour upon the Surface It 's reported that anciently there was here an Oracle where they conjur'd the Infernal Spirits which the latter Ages abolish'd Whereas this Lake extended P. 160. as far as to the Sea it 's said Hercules by casting up of Earth so stopt up its Current that he made the way near the Sea now call'd the Herculean way And these are the things he did there Marching thence he came to a certain Rock in the Country of the Posidoniaâ—s where they report a kind of a Miracle happened A certain Huntsman famous all over the Country for his brave Exploits was us'd formerly to fix the Heads and Feet of all the Game he took to Trees as an Offering to Diana But having then taken a great wild Boar in Contempt of the Goddess he boasted and declar'd he would only consecrate the Head to her and forthwith according to what he said hung it upon a Tree It being then Summer-time about Noon he laid him down to Sleep during which time the Band which fastned the Head broke and so it fell down upon him that slept and kill'd him And there 's no reason to wonder at this when many of the like kind are reported to have happened by which the Goddess has reveng'd her self of the Impious But the contrary happened to Hercules for the sake of his Piety for when he came to the Borders of Rhegium and Locris being wearied with his March and laid down to rest they say he was disturb'd with the noise and creaking of the Grashoppers whereupon he intreated the Gods to free him from that disturbance who heard his Prayers For the Grashoppers flew away not only for that time but none were ever seen there at any time after When he came to the narrowest Passage over the Sea
there lye in the Ocean many Islands the greatest of which is that which they call Britain which anciently remain'd untoucht free Britain from all Foreign Force for it was never known that either Bacchus Hercules or any of the ancient Heroes or Princes ever made any attempt upon it by force of Arms But Julius Caesar in our time who by his great Atchievments gain'd the Title of †Divus Divine was the first that any other makes mention of that conquer'd the Island and compell'd the Britains to pay Tribute But these things shall be more particularly treated of in their proper time We shall now only say something concerning the Island and the Tin that 's found there In Form it 's Triangular like Sicily but the Sides are unequal It lies in an P. 209. Oblique Line over against the Continent of Europe so that the Promontory call'd * Kent Camb. Brit. 186. Cantium next to the Continent they say is about a Hundred Furlongs from the Land Here the Sea ebbs and flows but the other Point call'd †Cornwal Point or the Land's End Belerium is Four Days Sail from the Continent The last call'd * Orcas the furthest Point of Scotland Northwest now call'd Howburn Camb. Brit. 949. Horcas or Orcas runs out far into the Sea The least of the Sides facing the whole Continent is Seven Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs in length the Second stretching out itself all along from the Sea to the highest Point is Fifteen Thousand Furlongs and the last is Twenty Thousand So that the whole Compass of the Island is Forty Two Thousand Five Hundred Furlongs The Inhabitants are the Original People thereof and live to this time after their own ancient manner and custom For in Fights they use Chariots as it 's said the old Grecian Heroes did in the Trojan War They dwell in mean Cottages covered for the most part with Reeds or Sticks In reaping of their Corn they cut off the Ears from the Stalk and so house them up in Repositories under Ground thence they take and pluck out the Grains of as many of the oldest of them as may serve them for the day and after they have bruis'd the Corn make it into Bread They are of much Sincerity and Integrity far from the Craft and Knavery of Men among us contented with plain and homely Fare Strangers to the Excess and Luxury of Rich Men. The Island is very Populous but of a cold Climate subject to Frosts being under the †The Bear Artick Pole They are govern'd by several Kings and Princes who for the most part are at Peace and Amity one with another But of their Laws and other things peculiar to this Island we shall treat more particularly when we come to Caesar's Expedition into Britain Now we shall speak something of the Tin that 's dug and gotten there They that inhabit the British Promontary of * Cornwal Balerium by reason of their Converse with Merchants are more civiliz'd and courteous to Strangers than the rest are These are the People that make the Tin which with a great deal of Care and Labour they dig out of the Ground and that being Rocky the Meetle is mixt with some Veins of Earth out of which they melt the Mettle and then refine it Then they beat it into Four-square Pieces like to a Dye and carry it to a British Isle near at Hand call'd †Isle of Wight Ictis For at low Tide all being dry between them and the Island they convey over in Carts abundance of Tin in the mean time But there 's one thing peculiar to these Islands which lye between Britain and Europe For at Full Sea they appear to be Islands but at low Water for a long Way they look like so many Peninsula's Hence the Merchants transport the Tin they buy of the Inhabitants to France and for Thirty Days Journey they carry it in Packs upon Horses Backs through France to the Mouth of the River * In France and falls into the Mediterranean Rhosne But thus much concerning Tin Now something remains to be said of Amber Over against Scythia above Gall in the Ocean lies an Island call'd †Basilia call'd Baltia Three Days Sayl from Scythia Basilea upon which there 's cast by the working of the Sea abundance of Amber not to be found in any other part of the World Many of the ancient Historians have written incredible Stories of this Amber which since have been experienc'd to be false For many Poets and other Writers report that Phaeton the Son of * The Sun Sol while he was but as yet a young Boy prevail'd with his Father to give him liberty to drive his Chariot for one Day P. 210. Which Request obtain'd the Youth not being able to manage the Reins the Horses scorn'd the Charioteer and forsook their ancient Course and ran wildly and disorderly through the Heavens and first set them on Fire and by that means caus'd that Tract call'd the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Milky Way then burning up a great part of the Earth many Countries were laid waste at which Jupiter was so inrag'd that he threw a Thunder-blot at Phaeton and commanded Sol to guide his Steeds into their wonted Course And that Phaeton himself fell down into the River Po anciently call'd Eridanus and that his Sisters greatly bewailing his Death through excessive grief chang'd their Nature and were transform'd into Poplar Trees which Yearly to this Day distil their Tears and by Concretion they say becomes this Electrum or Amber which for Beauty and Brightness excels all others of its Kind and is distill'd most in that Country when the Deaths of Young Men are solemnly bewail'd But forasmuch as they that have invented this Story have turn'd their Backs upon Truth and that later Ages have disprov'd it by Experience of the Contrary regard is rather to be had to true and Faithful Historians For Amber is gather'd in this Island before-mention'd and transported by the Inhabitants into the opposite Continent from whence it 's brought over to us in these Parts as is before declar'd After this Account given of the Western Islands we conceive it not impertinent if we briefly relate some things which were omitted in the former Books concerning the Neighbouring Nations in Europe In * Gall now France Celtica they say once rul'd a famous Man who had a Daughter of a more Tall and Majestick Stature than ordinary and for Beauty far beyond all others of her Sex This Lady glorying much both in her Strength and Beauty despis'd all that courted her as judging none worthy of her Bed It happened that Hercules at the time he was ingag'd in the War against Gallia marcht into Celtica and there built †Now Arras Alesia When this young Virgin saw him admiring both his Valour and stately Proportion she readily admitted him to her Bed yet not without the consent
Daughter of Bellerophon of her begat Sarpedon who went to the Trojan War with Agamemnon and is call'd by some the Son of Jupiter Deucalion and Molus they say were the Sons of Minos Deucalion had a Son call'd Idomeneus and Molus another nam'd Merion who as is said assisted Agamemnon against Troy with a Fleet of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Margent confirm'd by Hom. Iliad 11. vers 652. Fourscore Sail and afterwards return'd and dy'd in their own Country and were honourably bury'd and ador'd as Gods They show their Sepulcher in †Crnosus in Crete Gnosus whereon is this Inscription 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Idomeneus in this Tomb doth lye Who born in Gnosus was and him hard by I Son of Molus rest Merion call'd These Two are ador'd as Demy-Gods by the Cretians for they offer Sacrifice to them and in their Wars call upon them for aid and assistance Having given an Account of these things it remains we should now speak of the Nations that are intermixt with the Cretians That the Aeteocretians were the first Inhabitants of this Island and reputed to have been there from the beginning we have before declar'd Many Ages after the Pelasgi planted among them a Nation inur'd continually to Arms and wandring up and down from their ancient Habitations seiz'd upon that part of the Island where they landed The Third Nation that came thither they say were the Dorienses under the Conduct of Teutamus one of the Posterity of Dorus. It 's said the greatest part of his Colony he brought from the Neighbouring Parts of Olympus and some part from the Achaians in Laconia for that Dorus gather'd his Colony out of the Parts and Territories near to Malea A Fourth sort of People that pour'd into Crete were a promiscuous Company of Barbarians from several Parts round about who notwithstanding in process of time spoke the same Language with the ancient Cretians the natural Inhabitants But after the power of Minos and Rhadamanthus became prevalent and considerable all these Nations were reduc'd into one Body as one People throughout the whole Island And at length after the return of the Heraclidae the Argives and Spartans sent Colonies and possess'd themselves likewise of other Islands and both in this and those other built several Cities of which we shall P. 239. treat more fully in due and proper time But since that almost all the Historians of the Cretian Affairs differ among themselves it 's not to be wonder'd at if we do not agree with them all in every thing we relate for we follow them who give the most probable Account and are esteem'd to be of most credit For sometimes we follow Epimenides the Theologist and sometimes Dosiadas Sosicrates and Leosthenidas Having therefore treated thus largely of Crete we shall now apply our selves to speak of Lesbos This Island was anciently inhabited by many several Nations one after another Lesbos by reason it was so often left and forsaken The first that seis'd upon it were the Pelasgi when it lay desert and uninhabited For Xanthus the Son of Triopas Prince of the Pelasgians that came from Argos seated himself in a part of Lycia which he had possessed himself of and there reign'd over the Pelasgians that came thither with him whence he sail'd over to Lesbos which at that time lay desolate and divided the Country amongst the People and call'd the Island Pelasgia which before was call'd Isa In process of time after the Seventh Generation many People were destroy'd by Deucalion's Flood and Lesbos likewise at that time was by * Deucation's Flood Chataracts of Showers laid waste and desolate But afterwards Macarius happening to touch there and considering Deucalion's Flood An. Mun. 2436 Eighteen Years before the Israelites departure out of Egypt Orige's Flood 248 Years before this while Jacob was with Laban An. Mund. 2189. the pleasantness of the Island there seated himself This Macarius was the Son of Crinacus the Son of Jupiter as Hesiod and some other of the Poets say and dwelt in the City Olanus then call'd Jados and now Achaia He got together a great Company of Ionians and multitudes from several other Nations flockt in to him in the first place he possessed himself of Lesbos afterwards growing more powerful through the richness of the Island and his own Justice and Humanity he gain'd many Neighbouring Islands and divided the Lands amongst his Countrymen and Followers About that time Lesbos the Son of Lapithas the Son of Eolus the Son of Hippotas by the Direction of the Oracle at Delphos arriv'd in this Island with new Colonies and marrying Methymna the Daughter of Macareus seated himself and his Followers there and injoy'd an equal Interest with them that were there before him and afterwards becoming a Man of great Renown he call'd the Island Lesbos after his own Name and the People Lesbians For Macareus had Two Daughters Mytylene and Methymna from whom two of the chiefest Cities of the Island were so call'd Macareus having a design to possess himself of some of the neighbouring Islands ordered one of his Sons to carry over a Colony first into Chius afterwards he sent another into Samos nam'd Cycholaus who seated himself there and divided the Lands by Lot amongst those of his Colony and rul'd over them as King The Third Island Peopl'd by Macareus was Coos over which he appointed Neander King After this he sent a large Colony with Leucippus into Rhodes whom the Rhodians by reason of the small number of Inhabitants that were left among them willingly receiv'd and suffered them to have and injoy the Lands equally with them But about that time the Continent over against these Islands lay under most The Macarian Islands pressing and grievous Calamities by reason of the late * Deucalion's Flood Flood for in regard all the Fruits of the Earth by the Inundation and Excess of Rain were rotted and spoil'd for a long time together Famine exceedingly prevail'd and through Corruption of the Air Plague and Pestilence depopulated and laid the Towns and Cities waste But in the mean time the Islands lying more open to the Winds and so partaking of their healthful Gales were loaded with the Fruits of the Earth and the Inhabitants had fulness of all things and in a short time were in a happy and prosperous State and Condition and by reason of the great Plenty that was amongst them they were call'd the Islands of the Blessed or †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Blessed Islands But some say that they were call'd the Macarean Islands from Macareas and Ion two Sons of one of the Princes that formerly rul'd there And indeed these Islands for richness of Soyl and plenty of all things did not only excel all the neighbouring Countries in ancient Time but do so even to this Day For the fertility of the Soyl the pleasantness of the Situation and P. 240. the
be admitted to these Honours looking upon them either as unworthy or Ant. Chr. 461. fearing lest they being always inur'd to Monarchy should endeavour a change of Government which was no vain conception as the Event after made evident For Gelon had infranchis'd above Ten Thousand Mercenaries of whom above Seven Thousand remain'd at that time These being inraged thus to be excluded and made incapable of being chosen New Stirs in Sicily at Syraeuse Magistrates began to plot and at length joining together seiz'd upon Acridina a part of the City and the forementioned Island both of which Places were strongly wall'd and fortify'd On the other side in this Confusion the Syracusians possessed themselves of another part of the City especially towards the Epipole defending themselves with a Wall and strong Guards The Seditious were so penn'd up that they grew scant in their Provisions And though they were far less in number than the Citizens yet they were much better Souldiers and therefore when ever they made any Sallies in every Skirmish they went off with Success But being so close shut up they were nigh famished And this was the state of Sicily at this time This Year Conon was Archon of Athens and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus and Tiberius Olymp. 79 〈…〉 Ant. Chr. 46. Aemilius Mamercus were Roman Consuls At this time Artaxerxes King of Persia made Archemenes the Son of Darius his great Uncle General of his Army intended against Egypt which consisted of above Three Hundred Thousand Horse and Foot With these he march'd into Egypt and incamp'd near the River Nile and as soon as he had refresh'd his Army prepar'd for Battel The Egyptian Forces were made up of Africans and Egyptians and waited in expectation of further Aid from the Athenians who at length arrived with a Fleet of Two Hundred Sail and joining with the Egyptians the Battel began with great Resolution on both sides The Persians indeed were far more in number The Persians routed in Egypt but the Athenians with great Valour and Courage breaking in upon that Wing of the Persians that was plac'd against them and killing and destroying many of them the rest of the Barbarians fled and in the pursuit most of the Army was cut off and the rest fled to a place call'd the †The Third part of Memphis the other Two Parts being taken by the Athenians Usher's Annals 136. Thucidides lib. 1. 37. Memphis now call'd Grand Cairo White Wall The Athenians by whose Valour the Victory was obtain'd follow'd close after them to the place and Besieged it But Artaxerxes having intelligence of the Overthrow of his Army sent some he could most confide in to the Lacedemonians with a great Sum of Money to induce the Spartans to make War upon the Athenians thinking by that means to force them back for the necessary defence of their own Country But the Lacedemonians would neither accept of the Money nor hearken to any other Proposals of the Persians Being thus without hopes of Aid from the Lacedemonians Artaxerxes prepar'd a new Army and made Artabazus and Megabysus both very Valiant Men Generals and sent them against the Egyptians CHAP. XXI The Persians Expedition into Aegypt Wars in Sicily AT Athens Euippas was Archon and Quintus Servilius and Spurius Posthumus P. 281. Olymp. 79. 4. Ant. Chr. 459. Artabazus and Megabyzus sent Generals into Egypt Albus Consuls at Rome At which time Artabasus and Megabyzus appointed Generals for the Aegyptian War marched away for Aegypt with above Three hundred thousand Horse and Foot When they came to Cilicia and Phenicia they refresh'd the Army and commanded the Cyprians Phenicians and Cilicians to set forth a Fleet who furnished out Three hundred Sail fitted both with Men Provisions and all other things convenient and necessary for a Sea-Fight In Preparations for the War training of the Souldiers and imploying themselves in other Acts of Military Discipline they spent almost a whole Year The Athenians in the mean time closely besieg'd the Persians at the White Wall which was valiantly defended and not likely to be taken after a Years Siege In Sicily the Syracusians at War with the before-named Revolters daily assaulted A Fight between the Syracusians and the Seditious Acridina with the adjoyning Island and tho' they overcame the Rebels at Sea yet they could not drive them out of the City they were so fortify'd But afterwards when both Armies were drawn out into the open Field the Fight being obstinate many were killed on both sides but the Victory was at length gain'd by the Syracusians After the Battle the Syracusians crown'd Six hundred Men who were most active in the Fight and gave to every one a * Mina in Money as a Reward of his Valour During these Combustions Deucetius General About 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. of the Sicilians began a War against the Inhabitants of Catana for withholding the Lands of the Sicilians in which the Syracusians likewise ingaged against A War against them of Catana Catana The Cataneans had these Lands divided to them by Lot when they were first plac'd a Colony there by Hiero the late King And therefore defended their Right with all the Force and Power they could But being overcome in several Battles they were forced at length to leave Catana and possessed themselves The Cities of Sicily freed from Foreigners of the City Etna formerly call'd Eunetia and the ancient Inhabitants of Catana after a long time of Banishment return'd to their own Country and former Habitations After this all others that were driven out of their own proper Cities in the times of Hiero with the Assistance of their Neighbours were forthwith Ant. Chr. 459. restored and the Usurpers were every where ejected as the Gelones Acragentines and Himereans The Rhegians and Zancleans likewise threw off the regal Power of the Sons of Anaxilas and asserted the Liberty of their Country After this the Gelones seating themselves at Camerina again divided the Land by Lots At length almost all the Cities determining to root up all those they took for their Enemies confederated together by virtue of a public Edict against all the Foreigners and restored those that had been banished to their ancient Cities transplanting all the Strangers that had before usurped to Messena In this manner all the Seditions and Tumults through the Cities of Sicily were appeased and almost all were forced from the Power of Foreigners and reduced to the ancient Form of a Common-wealth and all the public Lands divided by Lot to the Citizens P. 282. Now Phasiclides was Governour of Athens and the Eightieth Olympiad was celebrated Olymp. 80. 1. Ant. Chr. 458. in which Tharillus the Thessalian was Victor And at Rome were chosen Quintus Fabius and Titus Quintius Capitolinus Consuls In Asia the Persian Commanders now in Cilicia had got together a Fleet of Three hundred Sail well An Expedition into Egypt by the Persian Generals
as he march'd But Imilco seeing all things succeed according to his Hearts desire march'd with his Army against Messina earnest to possess himself of that City by reason of its fit and convenient situation for the Haven there was very commodious capable to receive his whole Fleet which consisted of about Six hundred Ant. Ch. 394. Sail and by that means having the Command of the Sea in those parts he judg'd he should be able to intercept all the Shipping that should be sent both from Italy and Peloponnesus to aid them of Syracuse While he was musing and considering of these things he made Peace with them of Hymera and the Inhabitants of Cephalaedium And taking in the City of Lipara he impos'd a Mulct of Thirty Talents upon the Islanders Then Imilco marches to Messina in order to besiege it he march'd straight away with his Forces for Messina his Fleet sailing near at hand over against him and in a short time encamp'd at Pelorides not above a * Betwixt Seven and Eight Miles Hundred Stages from thence When they of the City-heard of the approach of the Enemy they began to disagree about the concerns of the War For some of them understanding the great strength of the Carthaginian Army and seeing how they deserted by their Confederates and that they wanted their Horse which were then at Syracuse were of Opinion that the City could not be defended Besides to their further discouragement their Walls were down in many places and they had now no time to make necessary P. 427. Preparations for their Defence Therefore they sent away their Wives and Children and all their choicest Goods and the richest of their Treasures to the neighbouring Cities Others there were who remembred an old Prophesie whereby it was foretold by the Oracle That the Carthaginians should be carriers of Water in that City which was commonly interpreted in that Sense as might portend most advantage to themselves as if the Carthaginians should be Slaves in Messina From hence they were very confident and by this means greatly encourag'd others so that they resolv'd to undergo the utmost extremity in defence of their common Liberty They sent out therefore presently a select number of their briskest young Men to Pelorides to prevent the Enemies Inroads into the Country who did according to Order Upon which Imilco seeing the Messinians dispers'd and scatter'd in order to oppose his Descent he commanded Two hundred Ships to make towards the City For he hop'd Ant. Ch. 394. as he might easily conjecture that the whole Garrison of Messina would be so earnest in opposing his breaking into their Borders that the City would be left unguarded so that it would be easie for his Fleet to enter and at that time the North Wind blew fresh by which means the Ships were carry'd with a full Gale straight into the Harbor and though the Guard sent to Pilorides hasten'd back with all speed yet the Enemies Fleet was in before they return'd And now the Carthaginian Army coming in on every side speedily batter'd down the Walls entred and took the City Messina As many of the Messinions as engag'd with the Enemy died valiantly upon the spot the rest fled to the next Cities many of the common People fled to the Mountains near at hand and were dispers'd and scatter'd into several Garrisons in the Country Some were taken by Messina taken by the Carthaginians the Enemy others that were got into narrow Creeks about the Harbour flung themselves into the Sea thinking they should be able to swim over to * Which is not above a Mile and an half to Rhegium in Italy Land on the other side but of Two hundred scarce Fifty recover'd the Shoar of Italy Afterwards Imilco entred Messina with his whole Army and the first thing he set upon was the Besieging the Castles and Forts near to the City but being very strong and bravely defended by them that had fled thither when he saw he could not win them by force he return'd to the City And having refresh'd and recruited his Army resolv'd to march against Syracuse The Sicilians bearing an inveterate hatred to Dionysius having now a fair opportunity all of them except the Assarines fell to the Carthaginians Dionysius therefore to the end he might be supply'd with Men sets free all the Slaves and Servants of the Syracusians and with them sufficiently Mann'd Threescore Gallies he was furnish'd likewise Ant. Ch. 394. with a Thousand Mercenaries from the Lacedemonians Passing likewise from place to place through the Country he fortify'd all the Castles and strong Holds and furnish'd them with Provision But his greatest care was to fortifie the Castles of the Leontines and to that end laid up Stores and Magazines there brought in from all parts He likewise persuaded the Campanians who at that time inhabited in Catana to remove and reside at the City Aetna because it was a place of great strength After things thus setled Dionysius led forth his Army an hundred and sixty Stages from Syracuse and encamp'd near to a place call'd Taurus He then had with him Thirty thousand Foot and something above Three thousand Horse His Navy consisted of a Hundred and fourscore Ships of which there were but few that had Three Oars on a Bank In the mean time Imilco demolish'd Messina and commanded his Soldiers to pull down Messina raz'd the Houses to the ground so as not one stick should be left standing or one Stone upon another which was effectually executed by burning some and pulling down others For by so many hands the business was done in a trice and such was the ruine and desolation of the City that that place which was so lately full of Inhabitants could now scarce be known where it stood For Imilco considering how remote it was from the P. 428. Confederate Cities and yet the best Port and Situation in all Sioily judg'd it absolutely necessary either to ruine it as he had done or at least so far to destroy it as that it could not be repair'd in a long time And thus Imilco having sufficiently discover'd his implacable hatred to the Grecians commanded Mago the Admiral to sail with the whole Fleet to the Promontory of Taurus Here the Sicilians inhabited in great numbers but Ant. Ch. 394. without any Head or certain Commander Dionysius had heretofore given the Country of the Naxians to these Sicilians but they induc'd by the Promises of Imilco then dwelt upon this Hill which was naturally fortisy'd and there at that time they were and so continu'd after the War in a City strongly Wall'd call'd Tauromenium from its situation Tauromenium built upon Taurus Imilco himself by swift marches came with his Army to the before mention'd place of Naxia Mago sailing all along near to the Coast But because Mount Aeina had a little before vomited out Fire as far as to the Shoar the Army at land could
in this Affair For being call'd into the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Assembly he affirm'd that the Spartans had an ancient Prophecy That when they were beaten by the Thebans at Leuctra they should lose their Principality At length some of the Inhabitants of the Country who undertook to Interpret the Oracles came to Epaminondas and declar'd that it was decreed by the Gods That a great slaughter should be made of the Lacedemonians at the Tombs of the Daughters of Leuctrus and Schedasus for the Reasons herein after related Leuotrus was he from whom the Field was so call'd And his Daughters and the Daughters of one Schedasus Virgins in the Flow'r of their Age were Deflowr'd by the Spartan Ambassadors the young Women not able to endure that great Dishonour and Disgrace with many Imprecations against that Nation who sent such wicked Ambassadors laid violent hands on themselves When these and other such like things were alledg'd Epaminondas call'd the Soldiers together and in an Oration fitted for the purpose encourag'd them to the Battle Upon which the Soldiers being now freed from their Superstitious conceits chang'd their minds and long'd to be Engag'd with the Enemy About this time came some Auxiliary Forces to the Thebans from Thessaly Fifteen hundred Foot and Five hundred Horse under the Command of Jason This Man advis'd both the Thebans and the Lacedemonians upon consideration of the uncertainty of the Events of War to agree upon terms of Peace which took its effect And now Cleombrotus withdrew his Forces out of Beotia and in his March a great Army from the Lacedemonians and their Confederates under the Command of Archidamus the Son of Agesilaus met him For the Spartans seeing the Courage and Resolution of the Beotians and not judging it advisable to slight Men that seem'd to be resolv'd and to run upon the Pikes at all adventures had sent forth his other Army by their multitude at least to give a check to the Insolency of the Enemy Drawing up therefore in a Body together and looking upon it a base and mean thing below the Dignity of the Spartans so much as to think the Valour of the Beotians worthy of any regard without any respect had to the late League they rashly and precipitately return'd to Leuctra Where they found the Beotians with great earnestness expecting and desiring a Battle Upon this the The Battle at Leuctra Armies on both sides were drawn up in Battalia in this manner on the part of the Lacedemonians Cleombrotus and Archidamus the Son of Agesilaus both descended from Hercules Commanded the two Wings On the other side Epaminondas Marshall'd his Army after a new and peculiar manner by which excellent Stratagem he gain'd that glorious Victory never to be forgotten For he chose out of the whole Army the best and strongest of the Soldiers and plac'd them in that Wing where he himself would Command In the other he plac'd his weaker Men with a Command not to abide the Enemies Charge but by a soft and slow retreat to avoid the shock Having therefore thus order'd an oblique Phalanx he resolv'd to try the Fortune of the Day with the other Wing under his Command And now the Trumpets Sounded a Charge on both sides and on first onset the Armies set up a great shout The Lacedemonians came on with both their Wings in fashion of an half Moon On the other hand the Beotians Retreated with one of their Wings and charg'd fiercely on the Enemy with the other When they came to the swords point both Fought very desperately and at first the Victory was very doubtful but at length they with Epaminondas by their Valour and close Order broke in upon the Peleponnesians and made a great slaughter amongst them For Ant. Ch. 368. they were not able any longer to bear the weight of the Shock wherewith they were press'd but some were slain downright upon the Spot others mortally Wounded bravely receiving all their wounds upon their Breasts As long as Cleombrotus the Lacedemonian King was alive it was uncertain whether side would carry away the Victory because he had a strong Body of Targateers with him who fought resolutely in his defence But as soon as he fell down dead after many wounds receiv'd and much Valour shewn on his part tho' all ineffectual they throng'd together about his Body where they hewn down in heaps one upon another And now this Wing being without a leader the Epaminondians charg'd the Lacedemonians with that fierceness that they forc'd them by degrees into disorder However the Lacedemonians fought so bravely for the Body of their King that at length they possess'd themselves of it tho' they were not able to gain P. 487. the Day For those choice Bands with Epaminondas standing to it as unconquerable encourag'd likewise both by the words and example of their Leader the Lacedemonians at length with much ado began to give ground And indeed at first they did not to Ant. Ch. 368. appearance break their Order of Battle in their Retreat but when the slaughter increas'd and they had now no Commander to give necessary Orders the whole Army fled outright The Epaminondians pursu'd them close and with the slaughter of a multitude of their Enemies gain'd a glorious Victory For by their engaging with the most famous Warriours of Greece and becoming Victorious with an Army far short in Number of their Enemies they highly advanc'd the reputation of their Valour But Epaminondas the General was judg'd worthy of the greatest Honour and Esteem because chiefly by his Valour and Prudence he had routed those Commanders of Greece who were never before Conquer'd The Lacedemonians lost in this Battle no fewer then four thousand Men Of the Beotians were kill'd about Three hundred Afterwards they made a Truce for the burying of the Dead and the return of the Lacedemonians into Peloponnesus And this was the Issue of the Battel of Leuctra The Year following when Dysnicetus was Praetor of Athens and four Military Tribunes Quintus Servilius Lucius Furius Caius Licinnius and Publius Clelius Executed the Olymp. 102. 3. Ant. Ch. 367. Consular Dignity at Rome the Thebans march'd with a great Army against Orchomenum with a full purpose utterly to ruin that City But they were advis'd by Epaminondas in regard they sought to gain the Principality of Greece that it was their Interest to use their Victory with Moderation Whereupon they left off their design and receiv'd the Orchomenians as their Consederates Afterwards they made a League with the Phoceans and Atolians and so return'd into Beotia At that time Jason Prince of * In Thessaly Pherae whose power grew every Day invaded * In Thessaly Locris with a great Army and raz'd * near Phocis and Parnassus Heraclea in Trachinia after it was betray'd into his hands and bestow'd their Territories on the * Near Mount Oeta and Thermopile in Phthiotis Octeans and Melieans Thence Marching
Dionysus or Osiris was begotten of Semele by Jupiter The People therefore partly through Ignorance and partly by being deceived with the dazling Luster of Orpheus his Reputation and with their good Opinion of his Truth and Faithfulness in this matter especially to have this God reputed a Grecian being a thing that humour'd them began to use these Rites as is before declared And with these Stories the Mythologists and Poets have fill'd all the Theaters and now it 's generally received as a Truth not in the least to be questioned To conclude The Priests say that the Grecians have arrogated to themselves both their Gods and Demy-Gods or The Stories of the Heroes and Gods the Grecians deriv'd from the Egyptians Heroes and say that divers Colonies were transported over to them out of Egypt For Hercules was an Egyptian and by his Valour made his way into most parts of the World and set up a Pillar in Africa and of this they endeavour to make proof from the Grecians themselves For whereas it is own'd by all that Hercules assisted the Gods in the Giants War it 's plain that at that time when the Grecians say Hercules was born the Earth had not then strength to produce Giants neither were there any in those Days that is to say in the Age next before the Trojan War but rather as the Egyptians affirm at the first Generation and Beginning of Mankind from which Time the Egyptians account above Ten Thousand Years but from the Trojan War not Twelve Hundred And according to this Computation of the Egyptians a Club and Lion's Skin may agree well enough with the ancient Hercules for the use of Arms not being at that time found out Men fought with Clubs and Staves and cover'd their Bodies with Beasts Skins This ancient Hercules they say was the Son of Jupiter but know not who was his Mother But he who was the Son of Alemena they affirm was born above Ten Thousand Years after the other and was call'd at first Alceus but afterwards Hercules not that he had that honourable Surname from * Juno is called by the Greeks Heras and Hercules Heracles Juno as Matris says but assum'd to himself the Name out of emulation desirous to do as great things as the ancient Hercules and so to inherit as well his Fame and Glory as his Name Moreover the Grecians have a very antient Tradition which agrees with the Egyptians that Hercules freed the Earth from wild Beasts which cannot possibly be apply'd to him who flourish'd about the Times of the Trojans when most Parts of the World were free from such annoyances by improvement of Lands and Multitudes of Populous Cities But the reduction of the World to a more civil course of Living agrees best with the ancient Hercules when Men were as yet vext and plagu'd with wild Beasts and especially in Egypt whose upper part is a Wilderness and full of Wild Beasts at this very Day And 't is but very reasonable to think that Hercules should mind the Prosperity and Welfare of Egypt his own Country and free the Land from Beasts and so deliver it into the Hands of the Husbandman to be improv'd by Tillage and that upon this account he was Honour'd as a God They report likewise that Perseus was born in Egypt and that the Grecians have transferr'd from thence the Birth of Isis into Argos inventing a Story that she was the same with Io who was metamorphosed into a Bull. And indeed there are great Differences and Disputes concerning these Gods For some call the same Goddess Isis others call her Ceres some †A Lawgiver Thesmophorus others Luna others Juno and some by all these Names They term Osiris sometimes Serapis sometimes Dionysus and sometimes Pluto then again Ammon sometimes Jupiter and often Pan. There are some likewise that say Serapis is the same whom the Grecians call Pluto The Egyptians report that Isis found out many Medicines for the Recovery of Mens Health being very expert in the Art of Physick and contriv'd many Remedies for that purpose and therefore even now when she is advanc'd to an immortal State she takes pleasure in curing Mens Bodies and to those that desire her assistance in their sleep she clearly manifests her presence and affords ready and effectual Relief to them that stand in need of it For clear proof of all this they say they have not only the usual Fables of the Greeks but the undoubted Evidence of the fact to confirm it and that almost the whole World bears Testimony to this by the Respect and Honour they pay to this Goddess upon the account of her great Fame in curing of Diseases For in Sleep she 's present with Persons and applies Remedies to the Sick and wonderfully cures those that are her Votaries That many that have been given off by the Physitians as incurable have been restor'd by her and that many that have been blind and lame who have sought to her for help have been perfectly restor'd to their former Sight and Soundness of Body They say she found out a Medicine that would raise the Dead to Life with Orus the last of the Gods King of Egypt which she not only rais'd her Son Orus that was kill'd by the Titans and found dead in the Water but by that Application made him Immortal This Orus was the last of the Gods that reign'd in Egypt after the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Translation of Osiris his Father This Orus they say by interpretation is Apollo who being taught by his Mother Isis the Art of Physick and Divination was very beneficial to Mankind in these respects The Egyptian Priests in their Computation of Time do reckon above Three and Twenty Thousand Years from the Reign of Sol to the passage of Alexander the Great into Asia In their fabulous Stories they say that the most ancient of their God's reign'd Twelve Hundred Years and the latter no less than Three Hundred Years apiece Whereas this great number of Years seems incredible some have not stuck to affirm that the motion of the Sun not being then known the Year was reckon'd according to the Course of the Moon and therefore the Solar Year consisting Lunary Years 30 Days a Month. then but of Three Hundred Days some of them were sure to live Twelve Hundred Lunary Years and even at this Day now that there are Twelve Months in the Year many live a Hundred Solar Years The like they say of them that reign'd Three Hundred Years For in their Time they say the Year was made up of †So that there was Three Years in one Solar Year Four Months every Four applicable to each of the Three * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Times or Seasons Seasons of the Solar Year that is to say Spring Summer and Winter which is the reason that some of the Grecians call Years Horas Seasons and Historical Annals Horography The Egyptians moreover among their
these Words viz. The Cure of the Mind Adjoyning to this were the Images of all the Gods of Egypt to every one of whom the King was making Offerings peculiarly belonging to each of them that Osiris and all his Associates who were plac'd at his Feet might understand his Piety towards the Gods and his Righteousness towards Men. Next to the Library was a stately Room wherein were Twenty Beds to eat upon richly adorn'd in this House were the Images of Jupiter and Juno together with the Kings And here it 's suppos'd the King's Body lies inter'd Round the Room are many Apartments wherein are to be seen in curious Painting all the Beasts that are accounted Sacred in Egypt Thence are Ascents to the top of the whole Monument of the Sepulcher which being mounted appears a Border of Gold round the Tomb of Three Hundred Sixty Five Cubits in Compass and a Cubit thick within the Division of every Cubit were the several Days of the Year ingraven with the natural rising and setting of the Stars and their Significations according to the Observations of the Egyptian Astrologers This Border they say was carry'd away by Cambyses and the Persians when he conquer'd Egypt In this manner they describe the Sepulcher of King Osimanduas which seems far to exceed all others both for Magnificence and Curiosity of Workmanship The Thebans boast they were the most antient Philosophers and Astrologers of Astrology of the Thebans any People of the World and the first that found out exact Rules for the improvement both of Philosophy and Astrology the Situation of their Country being such as gave them an Advantage above others more clearly to discern the rising and setting of the Stars And that the Months and Years are best and most properly order'd and dispos'd by them for they measure their Days according to the Motion of the Sun and not of the Moon and account Thirty Days to every Month and add Five Days and a quarter to every Twelve Months and by this means they compleat the whole Year but they add no intercalary Months nor substract any Days as it is the Custom of many of the Greeks But these of Thebes seem most accurately to have observ'd the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon and from them do so manage their Prognostications that they certainly foretel every particular Event The Eighth of this King's Race call'd after the Name of his Father Vchoreus Vchoreus the Builder of Memphis built Memphis the most Famous City of Egypt For he chose the most convenient Place for it in all the Country where Nile divides it self into several Branches and makes that part of the Country call'd Delta so nam'd from the shape of the Greek Letter †δ Delta Delta which it resembles The City being thus conveniently situated at the Head of the River commands all the Shipping that sail up it He built it in Circuit a Hundred and Fifty Furlongs and made it exceeding strong and commodious in this manner For Nile flowing round the City and at the time of its inundation covering all round on the South Side he casts up a mighty Rampart of Earth both for a Defence to the City against the raging of the River and as a Bulwark against an Enemy at Land on every other side likewise he dug a broad and deep Trench which received the violent Surges of the River and fill'd every Place round the Rampart with Water which fortify'd the City to Admiration This Place was so commodiously pitcht upon by the Builder that most of the Kings after him prefer'd it before Thebes and remov'd the Court thence to this Place From that time therefore the Magnificence of Thebes began to decrease and Memphis to increase to the Times of Alexander King of Macedon who built a City call'd after his own Name near the Sea and planted it with Inhabitants Alexandria which all the succeeding Kings of Egypt still made it their business to inlarge For some so beautify'd it with Royal Palaces some with Ports and Arsenals and others with magnificent Buildings and rich Donations that it 's judg'd by most to be Second if not the first City of the whole World But we shall treat of this particularly in its proper Time and Place But the Builder of Memphis after he had finish'd the Rampart and Trench built Palaces not inferior to others built elsewhere yet much below the state and grandure of the former Kings For the Inhabitants of this Country little value the short time of this present Life but put an high esteem upon the Name and Reputation of a Virtuous Life after Death and they call the Houses of the Living Inns because they stay in them but a little while but the Sepulchers of the Dead they call Everlasting Habitations because they abide in the Graves to infinite Generations Therefore they are not very curious in the building of their Houses but in beautifying their Sepulchers they leave nothing undone that can be thought of Some have thought that the City of which we have but just now spoken was The Name of Egypt so call'd from the Daughter of the Founder and tell a Fabulous Story that the River Nile in the shape of a Bull fell in love with her and begat Egyptus famous among the Inhabitants for his admirable Vertue from whom the whole Country was call'd Egypt for coming to the Crown by Descent he was exceeding kind to his Subjects just and diligent in all his Affairs and therefore was judg'd justly to merit Honour and Esteem from all and for his gracious Disposition generally applauded After the Death of this King and Twelve Descents Miris came to the Crown of Egypt and built a Portico in Memphis towards Miris or Maris his Lake See Herodotus Euterpe lib. 2. c. 149. the North more stately and magnificent than any of the rest And a little above the City he cut a Dyke for a Pond bringing it down in length from the City Three Hundred and Five and Twenty * Ten Schaenes every Schaene 32 Furlongs is about 48 Miles but some say a Schaene is 60 Furlongs then it 's 90 Miles and upwards Furlongs whose use was admirable and the Greatness of the Work incredible They say it was in Circuit Three Thousand and Six Hundred Furlongs and in many Places Three Hundred Foot in depth Who is he therefore that considers the greatness of this Work that may not justly ask the Question How many Ten Thousand Men were imploy'd and how many Years were spent in finishing it Considering the Benefit and Advantage by this great Work brought to the Government none ever sufficiently could extol it according to what the Truth of the thing deserv'd For being that Nile never kept to a certain and constant height in its Inundation and the fruitfulness of the Country ever depended upon its just proportion he dug this Lake to receive such Water as was superfluous that it might neither immoderately
their Hourly Imployment Sacrifices Diet c. Their Burials The division of Egypt Their Trades in Egypt Courts of Justice Their Law Proceedings The several Laws of Egypt Beasts and Birds ador'd in Egypt as Lions Wolves Cats the Bird Ibis Kites c. Costs in their Burial of these Creatures Reasons given of this Adoration SInce sufficient hath been said of the Egyptian Kings from the most ancient The Customs of the Egyptians Times to the Death of Amasis leaving for a while what remains till a more proper time we shall now give a brief account of those Laws and Customs of the Egyptians that are most to be admir'd and may especially delight and profit the Reader For many of the ancient Customs of the Egyptians were not only allow'd by the natural Inhabitants but were greatly admir'd by the Grecians so that every Learn'd Man earnestly coveted to travel into Egypt to learn the Knowledge of their Laws and Customs as things of great weight and moment And though the Country anciently forbad all reception to Strangers for the Reasons before alledg'd yet some of the Ancients as Orpheus and Homer and many of latter times as Pythagoras the Samian and Solon the Lawgiver adventur'd to travel thither And therefore the Egyptians assirm that Letters Astronomy Geometry and many other Arts were first found out by them and that the best Laws were made and instituted by them To confirm which they alledge this as an undeniable Argument that the Native Kings of Egypt have reign'd there for the space of above Four Thousand and Seven Hundred Years and that their Country for all that time has been the most prosperous and flourishing Kingdom in the World which could never have been so if the Inhabitants had not been civilized and brought up under good Laws and Liberal Education in all sorts of Arts and Sciences But we shall omit what Herodotus and other Writers of the Egyptian History relate who wilfully pursue and prefer prodigious Stories before Truth and relate a company of Fictions meerly for Sport and Diversion sake and shall give an Account of such things as we have carefully perus'd and examin'd recorded in their Books by the Egyptian Priests The First Kings of Egypt liv'd not after the way and manner of other Monarchs The way of Living of the First Kings of Egypt to do what they list without Controul but in every thing conform'd themselves to their Laws not only in the publick Administration of the Government but in their daily private Conversation and their very Meals and Diet. For among their Attendants they had neither Slaves for Servants nor such as were born in their Houses but the Sons of the chiefest of the Priests after they attain'd to the Age of Twenty Years brought up and educated more nobly than any other of the rest of the Egyptians that having such noble Attendants upon his Person of the best and highest Rank in the Kingdom to be always with him night and day he might not do any thing that was base and blame-worthy For no Prince is apt to be very wicked except he have some ready at Hand to incourage him in his Lusts There were Hours set apart in the Night as well as the Day wherein the King Hours set apart was to do something injoyn'd him by the Laws and not to indulge himself in his Pleasures When he rose in the Morning the first thing he was to do was to peruse all the publick Letters and Advices sent from all Parts that he might order his Concerns the better by having perfect knowledge of all the Affairs of the Kingdom Then Washing himself and putting on his Splendid Robes and the Ensigns and Badges of his Royal Authority he went to Sacrifice to the Gods When the Victims were brought to the Altar it was the Custom for the High The Priests Prayers for the King Priest in the presence of the King and People standing round about him to pray with a loud Voice for the Health and Prosperity of the King who righteously rul'd and govern'd his Subjects wherein he recounted all the Virtues of the Prince his Piety towards the Gods his kindness to his People how Continent Just Magnanimous and Faithful he was how Bountiful and what a Master he was over all inordinate Appetites and Passions how he was Mild and Gentle in inflicing Punishments upon Offenders less than their Deserts and Bountiful in distributing of his Rewards When the Priest had utter'd these and such like Commendations he at last pronounc'd a Curse upon all such Offences and Miscarriages as had been ignorantly committed yet withal clearing the King and laying all the Blame and Guilt upon his Ministers and Advisers And this the Priest did that he might thereby induce and persuade the King to an Awe of the Gods and to live so as might be pleasing to them and likewise by Praise and Commendation rather gently to win upon him than by harsh and rugged Rebukes to drive him to the practice of Virtuous Actions Afterwards when the King had view'd the Intrals and * Atton'd the Gods by Sacrifice History read finish'd his Sacrifices the Priests read out of the Sacred Records the Edicts Laws and most useful and remarkable Actions of such as were most famous in their Generations that the Prince might seriously consider and ponder upon what was most commendable in those Examples and imitate them according to the Rules there prescrib'd For there were not only set Times allotted for dispatch of publick Business and Administration of Justice but likewise for taking of the Air Bathing lying with the Queen and almost every action of their Lives The Custom was likewise for the Kings to feed upon plain and ordinary Meat Diet. as Veal and Goose and to drink Wine according to a stinted measure which might neither overcharge their Stomacks nor make them drunk Such a moderate Diet was prescrib'd as that it seem'd rather to be order'd by a Skilful Physitian for Health sake than by a Law-maker It is indeed to be admir'd and very strange that the King should not be left to his liberty for his daily Food but much more is it to be admir'd that he could not do any publick Business Condemn or Punish any Man to gratify his own Humour or Revenge or for any other unjust Judgment not to be given to gratify the King's Passion Cause but was bound to do according as the Laws had ordered in every particular case The Kings observing those Rules according to the ancient Custom were so far from thinking it dishonourable or being uneasy under it that they lookt upon themselves to live most desirable and happy Lives and judg'd that all other Men who inconsiderately indulg'd their natural Appetites did many things that were attended with great Losses or apparent Hazards at the least yea that some though they know beforehand that what they were about to do was ill and unjustifiable yet overcome either with
Apollo This Contrivance it s said has been made use of amongst diverse other Nations who have reapt much Advantage by observing such Laws For it s reported that among the * A People in Sarmatia in Muscovy Aramaspi Zathrausles pretended he receiv'd his Laws from a good Genius and that Zamolxis amongst the People call'd the †A People of Scythia Getes patroniz'd his by Vesta and among the Jews that Moses alledg'd the God call'd I AO to be the Author of his And this they did either because they judg'd such an Invention which brought about so much Good to Mankind was wonderfully commendable and of a divine Stamp or that they concluded the People would be more observant out of a reverend Regard to the Majesty and Authority of those who were said to be the Lawmakers The second Lawmaker of Egypt they say was Sasyches a 2. Sasyches very wise and prudent Prince who added to the former and made excellent Laws also relating to the Honour and Worship of the Gods He 's reported to have found out Geometry and to have taught the Art of Astronomy The third who they cry up is Sesostris who not only excell'd all the Kings of Egypt in his warlike 3. Sesostris Atchievments but fram'd Laws for Military Disciplin among the Egyptians and put every thing in due Order relating to Military Affairs The fourth Lawmaker they say was King Bocchoris a wise and prudent Man 4. Bocchoris he establish'd every thing that concern'd the Kings and prescrib'd exact Rules and Laws for the making of Contracts He was so wise and of so piercing a Judgment in his Decisions that many of his Sentences for their Excellency are kept in Memory to this very day He was they say of a very weak Constitution of Body and extraordinary covetous After him King Amasis imploy'd himself in the framing of Laws for the Directions 5. Amasis of the Nomarchi in their several Governments which reduc'd all the Provinces of Egypt into due Order It 's said he was a most wise just and good 3 or 4 years before the death of Nebuchadnezzar before Christ 567. Man for which he was advanc'd to the Throne by the Egyptians tho' he was not of the Blood-Royal 'T is repored that when the Eleans were about to celebrate the Olympick Games and sent their Embassadors to him to advise them how they might manage those Sports most justly he answer'd That the way to do that was for none of the Eleans to be Parties in the Contest Polycrates the petty King of Samos entred into a League of Friendship with him But when he heard how Polycrates opprest his own Subjects and injur'd Strangers that came into his Country he sent Embassadors to him to advise to Moderation but not being able to persuade him he at length sent a Letter to him to let him know he dissolv'd and renounc'd the League that was betwixt them saying He was not willing forthwith to be involv'd in Grief and Sorrow for that he perfectly foresaw the miserable Fall that would presently overtake one who govern'd so tyrannically He was greatly admir'd they say by the Grecians both for his kind and gentle Disposition and for that what he said shortly after befel * Afterwards crucify'd by Oroetis Governor of Sardis Olymp. 64. Her l. 3. c. 125. Polycrates Darius the Father of Xerxes is said to be the sixth who made Laws for the Government of the Egyptians For with Hatred and Abhorrence of the Impiety Cambyses his Predecessor for his prophaning of the Temples in Egypt he made it his Business to approve his reverend Regard towards the Gods and his Kindness towards Men for the familiarly convers'd with the Egyptian Priests and learnt their Theology and acquainted himself with the Things and Transactions recorded in their Sacred Registers whereby he came to understand the Heroic Spirits of the Ancient Kings and their Kindness towards their Subjects which caused him to imitate them in the like and upon that Account he was so highly honour'd amongst them that while he was alive he gain'd the Title of a GOD which none of the other Kings ever did and when he was dead the People allow'd him all those Ancient Honours due and accustom'd to be done to the former Kings of Egypt after their Deaths And these are the Men they say who compos'd the Laws of Egypt that are so celebrated and cry'd up amongst other People But in After-times they say many of their excellent Laws were abrogated by the Macedonians who came to be Lords and Kings of EGYPT Having now given an Account of these Things it remains we should declare Many Grecians travell'd into Egypt how many wise and learned Men among the Grecians journey'd into Egypt in Ancient Times to understand the Laws and Sciences of the Country For the Egyptian Priests out of their Sacred Records relate that Orpheus Musaeus Melampodes Daedalus Homer the Poet Lycurgus the Spartan Solon the Athenian Plato the Philosopher Pythagoras the Samian Eudoxus the Mathematician Democritus the Abderite and Oenopides the Chian all came to them in Egypt and they shew certain Marks and Signs of all these being there Of some by their Pictures and of others by the Names of Places or Pieces of Work that have been call'd after their Names And they bring Arguments from every Trade that is us'd to prove that every thing wherein the Grecians excel and for which they are admir'd was brought over from Egypt into Greece For they say that Orpheus brought over most of the Religious Rites and Ceremonies both as to what concerns the Celebration of the Orgia and relating to his wandring up and down and the whole intire Fable of Hell for that the Ceremonies and Rites of Osiris agree in every thing with those of Bacchus and that those of Isis and Ceres are one and the same differing in nothing but the Name And whereas he introduces the wicked tormented in Hell the Elysian Fields for the pious and just and the fictitious Appearances of Ghosts commonly nois'd abroad they say he has done nothing but imitated the Egyptian Funerals And that the feigning of Mercury to be the Conductor of Souls was deriv'd from the old Egyptian Custom that he who brought back the dead Body of Apis when he came to the Place deliver'd it to him who represented Cerberus which being communicated by Orpheus to the Greeks Homer in Imitation of him inserted it in his Poem Cyllenius leads to the infernal Strand Homer Odyss lib. 24 in the beginning The Hero's Ghost arm'd with his golden Wand And then he adds They reach th' Effluxes of the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ocean Ogilb swelling Seas Then Leuca's rock thence on their Course they keep To the Sun's Portals and the Land of Sleep When streight they come into a flowry Mead Where after Death departed Souls reside The Name they say of Oceanus here mention'd is attributed to the River
say that it exactly resembles the Statues in Egypt having its Hands stretcht out and its Thighs in a walking Posture But we have now said enough of such things as are remarkable and worthy of memory in Egypt In the next Book according to what we purpos'd in the beginning of this we shall give an account of things done elsewhere and of other Fables and Srories beginning with the Actions of the Assyrians in Asia THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK II. The PREFACE THE Former Book being the First of the whole contains the Affairs of Egypt among which are related what is fabulously reported of the Gods of Egypt and what strange and wonderful Accounts are given of the Nature of Nile and other things concerning that River We have spoken there likewise of the Land of Egypt their ancient Kings and their several Actions and have added the Building of the Pyramids reckon'd amongst the Seven Wonders of the World We have likewise set forth their Laws and Courts of Justice and the strange Adoration of Beasts in Egypt Lastly the manner of their Burials and the Greeks that were famous for Learning and travell'd into Egypt and brought over from thence many useful and profitable Arts and Sciences into Greece In this next Book we shall describe the things done in Asia in ancient times beginning with the Assyrian Empire CHAP. I. Ninus the First King of Assyria His Acts He invades Babylonia Media and overruns several other Countries Nineve built by him the Description of it Marries Semiramis her Descent Derceta the Philistines Dagon His Expedition against Bactria he dies Semiramis builds Babylon and several strange Works there as a Passage under Water Jupiter's Temple c. Hanging Gardens in Babylon A vast Stone cut out The strange property of a Morass Her several Expeditions The wonderful Lake in Ethiopia their Burials there Semiramis's Expedition into India Her mock Elephants Her Expedition proves fruitless She surrenders her Kingdom to Ninyas her Son her End ASIA was anciently govern'd by its own Native Kings of whom there 's no History extant either as to any memorable Actions they perform'd or so much as to their Names Ninus is the First King of Assyria that is recorded in History Ninus Ann. Mun. 2737. Vsher's Ann. Time of Deborah but generally Chronologers make him far more antient Ann. Mun. 2000 Ant. Chr. 1950 about the time of Abraham's Birth he perform'd many great and noble Actions of whom we have design'd to set forth something particularly He was naturally of a Warlike Disposition and very ambitious of Honour and Glory and therefore caus'd the strongest of his Young Men to be train'd up in Martial Discipline and by long and continual Exercise inur'd them readily to undergo all the Toyls and Hazards of War Having therefore rais'd a gallant Army he made a League with Arieus King of Arabia that was at that time full of strong and valiant Men. For that Nation are constant Lovers of Liberty never upon any Terms admitting of any Foreign Prince And therefore neither the Persian nor the Macedonian Kings after them though they were most powerful in Arms were ever able to conquer them For Arabia being partly Desart and partly parcht up for want of Water unless it be in some secret Wells and Pits known only to the Inhabitants cannot be subdu'd by any Foreign Force Ninus therefore the Assyrian King with the Prince of Arabia his Assistant with a numerous Army invaded the Babylonians then next bordering upon him For the Babylon that is now was not built at that time but the Province of Babylon had in it then many other considerable Cities whose Inhabitants he easily subdu'd being rude and unexpert in Matters of War and impos'd upon them a Yearly Tribute but carried away the King with all his Children Prisoners and after put them to Death Afterwards he entred Armenia with a great Army and having overthrown some Cities he struck Terror into the rest and thereupon their King Barzanus seeing himself unable to deal with him met him with many rich Presents and submitted himself whom Ninus out of his generous dissition courteously receiv'd and gave him the Kingdom of Armenia upon condition he should be his Friend for the future and supply him with Men and Provision for his Wars as he should have occasion Being thus strengthen'd he invaded Media whose King Pharnus coming out against him with a mighty Army was utterly routed and lost most of his Men and was taken Prisoner with his Wife and Seven Children and afterwards Crucified Crucify'd Ninus being thus successful and prosperous his Ambition rose the higher and his desire most ardent to conquer all in Asia which lay between Tanais and Nile so far does Prosperity and Excess in getting much inflame the Desire to gain and compass more In order hereunto he made one of his Friends Governor of the Province of Media and he himself in the mean time marcht against the other Provinces of Asia and subdu'd them all in Seventeen Years time except the Indians and Bactrians But no Writer has given any Account of the several Ninus Conquers several Countries Battels he fought nor of the number of those Nations he conquer'd and therefore following Ctesias the Cnidian we shall only briefly run over the most famous and considerable Countries He over-ran all the Countries bordering upon the * Mediterranean Sea together with the adjoining Continent as Egypt and Phenicia Celo-Syria Cilicia Pamphylia Lycia Caria Phrygia Mysia and Lydia the Province of Troas and Phrygia upon the Hellespont together with Propontis Bithynia Cappadocia and the Barbarous Nations adjoyning upon Pontus as far as to Tanais he gain'd likewise the Country of the Caddusians Tarpyrians Hyrcanians Dacians Derbians Carmanians Choroneans Borchanians and Parthians He pierc'd likewise into Persia the Provinces of Susiana and that call'd Caspiana through those narrow Straits which from thence are call'd the Caspian Gates He subdu'd likewise many other less considerable Nations which would be too tedious here to recount After much toyl and labour in vain because of the difficulty of the Passes and the multitude of those Warlike Inhabitants he was forc'd to put off his War against the Bactrians to another opportunity Having marcht back with his Army into Syria he markt out a Place for the building of a stately City For in as much as he had surpast all his Ancestors in the glory and success of his Arms he was resolv'd to build one of that state and grandeur as should not only be the greatest then in the World but such as none that ever should come after him should be able easily to exceed The King of Arabia he sent back with his Army into his own Country with many rich Spoils and noble Gifts And he himself having got a great number of his Forces together and provided Mony and Treasure and other things necessary for the purpose built a City near the River Euphrates very
famous for its Ninive built Walls and Fortifications of a long Form for on both sides it ran out in length above * About 23 Miles an Hundred and Fifty Furlongs but the Two lesser Angles were only Ninety Furlongs apiece so that the Circumference of the whole was †About 74 Miles Four Hundred and Fourscore Furlongs And the Founder was not herein deceived for none ever after built the like either as to the largeness of its Circumference or the stateliness of its Walls For the Wall was an Hundred Foot in Height and so broad as Three Chariots might be driven together upon it in breast There were Fifteen Hundred Turrets upon the Walls each of them Two Hundred Foot high He appointed the City to be inhabited chiefly by the richest Assyrians and gave liberty to People of any other Nation to as many as would to dwell there and allow'd to the Citizens a large Territory next adjoining to them and call'd the City after his own Name * Ninive Ninus When he had finish'd his Work here he marcht with an Army against the Bactrians where he marry'd Semiramis who being so famous above any of her Sex as in History it is related we cannot but say something of her here in this Place being one advanc'd from so low a Fortune to such a state and degree of Honour and Worldly Glory There 's a City in Syria call'd Ascalon near which is a deep Lake abounding Semiramis her Descent with Fish where not far off stands a Temple dedicated to a famous Goddess call'd by the Syrians †This was the Philistines Dagon Vid. Ovid. Met. lib. 4. Derceto she represents a Woman in her Face and a Fish in all other parts of her Body upon the account following as the most Judicious among the Inhabitants report for they say that Venus being angry at this Goddess caus'd her to fall into a vehement pang of Love with a beautiful Young Man who was among others sacrificing to her and was got with Child by him and brought to Bed of a Daughter and being asham'd afterwards of what she had done she kill'd the Young Man and expos'd the Child among Rocks in the Desert and through Sorrow and Shame cast her self into the Lake and was afterwards transform'd into a Fish whence it came to pass that at this very Day the Syrians eat no Fish but adore them as Gods They say that the Infant that was expos'd was both preserv'd and nourish'd by a most wonderful Providence by the means of a great Flock of Pigeons that nestled near to the Place where the Child lay For with their Wings they cherisht it and kept it warm and observing where the Herdsmen and other Shepherds left their Milk in the Neighbouring Cottages took it up in their Bills and as so many Nurses thrust their Beaks between the Infants Lips and so instil'd the Milk And when the Child was a Year old and stood in need of stronger Nourishment the Pigeons fed it with pieces of Cheese which they pickt out from the rest When the Shepherds return'd and found their Cheeses pickt round they wondred at first at the thing but observing afterward how it came to pass they not only found out the cause but likewise a very beautiful Child which they forthwith carry'd away to their Cottages and made a Present of it to the King 's Superintendent of his Flocks and Herds whose Name was Simma who having no Children of his own carefully bred up the Young Lady as if she had been his own Daughter and call'd her Semiramis a denomination in the Syrian Language deriv'd from Pigeons which the Syrians ever after ador'd for Goddesses And these are the Stories told of Semiramis Being now grown up and exceeding all others of her Sex for the Charms of her Beauty one of the King 's great Officers call'd Menon was sent to take an account of the Kings Herds and Flocks This Man was Lord President of the King's Council and chief Governor of Syria and lodging upon this occasion at Simma's House at the sight of Semiramis fell in love with her and with much intreaty obtain'd her from Simma and carried her away with him to Ninive where he Marry'd her and had by her Two Sons Hypates and Hydaspes And being a Woman of admirable Parts as well as Beauty her Husband was altogether at her Devotion and never would do any thing without her Advice which was ever successful About this time Ninus having finish'd his City call'd after his own Name Ninus's Expedition against Bactria prepar'd for his Expedition against the Bactrians and having had experience of the greatness of their Forces the valour of their Souldiers and the difficulties of passing into their Country he rais'd an Army of the choicest Men he could pick out from all Parts of his Dominions ' for because he was baffl'd in his former Expedition he was resolv'd to invade Bactria with a far stronger Army than he did before Bringing therefore his whole Army together at a General Randezvouz there were numbred as Ctesias writes Seventeen Hundred Thousand Foot above Two Hundred and Ten Thousand Horse and no fewer than Ten Thousand and Six Hundred Hooked Chariots This number at the first view seems to be very incredible but to such as seriously consider the largeness and populousness of Asia it cannot be judg'd impossible For if any not to say any thing of the Eight Hundred Thousand Men that Darius had with him in his Expedition against the Scythians and the innumerable Army Xerxes brought over with him into Grecce will but take notice of things done lately even as of Yesterday he 'l more easily credit what we now say For in Sicily Dionysius led only out of that one City of Syracuse an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Foot and Twelve Thousand Horse and lancht out of one Port a Navy of Four Hundred Sail of which some were of Three Tyre of Oars and others of Five And the Romans a little before the Times of Hannibal rais'd in Italy of their own Citizens and Confederates an Army little less than a Million of Fighting Men and yet all Italy is not to be compar'd with one Province of Asia for number of Men. But this may sufficiently convince them that compute the ancient Populousness of the Countries by the present depopulations of the Cities at this day Ninus therefore marching with these Forces against the Bactrians divided his Army into Two Bodies because of the straitness and difficulty of the Passages There are in Bactria many large and populous Cities but one is more especially Famous call'd Bactria in which the King's Palace for greatness and magnificence and the Citadel for strength far excel all the rest Oxyartes reign'd there at this time who caus'd all that were able to bear Arms and muster'd an Army of Four Hundred Thousand Men. With these he met the Enemy at the Streights entring into his Country where he suffered Ninus
them and severely punish Offenders But this short account shall suffice concerning India and its Antiquities And now we shall say something particularly of the Scythians which border upon the other The Scythians anciently injoy'd but a small Tract of Ground but through their Scythia its Description Valour growing stronger by degrees they inlarg'd their Dominion far and near and attain'd at last to a vast and glorious Empire At the First a very few of them and those very desplcable for their mean original seated themselves near to the River Araxes Afterwards one of their ancient Kings who was a warlike Prince and skilful in Arms gain'd to their Country all the Mountainous Parts as far as to Mount Caucasus and all the Champain Country to the * The Euxine Sea Ocean and the Lake †Maeotis a Lake brancht from the Euxine Sea now call'd the Black Sea Maeotis and all the rest of the Plain to the River Tanais Then they tell a Story That a Virgin was born among them of the Earth of the shape of a Woman from the middle upwards and of a Viper downwards And that Jupiter begot of her a Son call'd Scythes they say that from this Prince being more eminent than any of his Ancestors the People were call'd Scythians There were Two Brothers that descended from this King that were remarkable for Valour the one call'd Palus and the other Napas These Two Brothers after many glorious Actions done by them divided the Country between them and from their own Names call'd one part of the Inhabitants Palians and the other Napians Some time afterwards their Posterity becoming famous and eminent for Valour and martial affairs subu'd many Territories beyond Tanais Then turning their Arms the other way they led their Forces as far as to the River Nile in Egypt and having subdu'd many Nations lying between they P. 90. inlarg'd the Empire of the Scythians as far as to the * The Indian Sea Eastern Ocean one way and to the Caspian Sea and the Lake of Maeotis another This Nation prosper'd still more and more and had Kings that were very famous from whom the Sacans the Massageties and the Arimaspanis and many others call'd by other Names derive their original Amongst others there were two remarkable Colonies that were drawn out of the conquer'd Nations by those Kings the one they brought out of Assyria and settl'd in the Country lying between Paphlagonia and Pontus the other out of Media which they plac'd near the River Tanais which People are call'd Sauromatians who many Years after increasing in number and power wasting the greatest part of Scythia and rooting out all that they conquer'd totally ruinated the whole Nation Afterwards the Royal Line failing they say Women remarkable for Courage and Strength of Body reign'd instead of Kings For in these Nations Women like Men are train'd up for the Wars being nothing inferior to Men for Courage Henceforward many and great things were done by famous Women not only in Scythia but in the neighbouring Nations For when Cyrus King of Persia the most powerful Prince in his Age led a mighty Army into Scythia the * Tomiris Justin Queen of Scythia routed the Persian Army and taking Cyrus himself in the Battel Prisoner afterwards Crucify'd him And such was the Valour of the Amazons after they had thus strengthened themselves that they not only overran their Neighbours but conquer'd a great part both of Europe and Asia But since now we have begun to speak of the Amazons we conceive it not impertinent if we here relate cursorily those things concerning them which for the strangeness of the matter may seem to resemble Romantick Fables There was heretofore a Potent Nation seated upon the River Thermodon govern'd always by Women as their Queens in which the Women like Men manag'd all their Martial Affairs Amongst An Account of the Amazons in Sarmatia in Asia in the North part of Kussia and beyond Northward these Female Princes they say there was one that excell'd all the rest for strength and valour who got together an Army of Women and having train'd them up in Martial Discipline first subdu'd some of her Neighbouring Nations afterwards by her Valour growing more fam'd and renown'd she led her Army against the rest and Fortune favouring her Arms she was so puft up that she call'd her self The Danghter of Mars and ordered the Men to spin Wool and do the Womens Work within Doors She made Laws also whereby she injoin'd the Women to go forth to the Laws of the Amazons Wars and the Men to be as Slaves and do all the Servile work at Home Therefore when any Male Child was born they broke their Thighs and Arms to render them useless and unfit for War And for the Females they sear'd off the right Breast lest it should be an hinderance to them in Fight And hence they were call'd * Without a Breast Amazons At length grown eminent for Policy and Skill in Military Affairs she built a large City call'd Themiscyra at the Mouth of the River Thermodon and beautify'd it with a stately Palace She was very exact in Martial Discipline and keeping good Order She first conquer'd all the Neighbouring Nations as far as to the River Tanais and having perform'd all these noble Exploits they say in a Battel she afterwards fought having first signalized her Valour she ended her Days like an Hero Upon her Death her Daughter P. 91. succeeded her in the Kingdom who imitating her Mother's Valour in some Exploits excell'd her For she caus'd the Girls from their very Infancy to be exercis'd in Hunting and daily train'd up in Martial Discipline Then she instituted solemn Festivals and Sacrifices to be offer'd to Mars and Diana call'd Tauropoli She advanc'd her Arms beyond Tanais and brought under all the Nations as far as to Thrace Then returning to her own Country with a rich Booty she erected stately Temples to those Deities before mention'd and gain'd the Hearts of her Subjects by her easie and gentle Government Afterwards she undertook an Expedition against them that lay on the other side of the River and added a great part of Asia to her Dominion and extended her Arms as far as to Syria After her Death the Crown descended still to the next of Kin and every one in their time govern'd with great Commendation and advanc'd the Honour and Renown of the Amazons Kingdom Many Ages after the Fame and Renown of the Amazons being spread Abroad all the World over they say that Hercules the Son of Jupiter and Alcmena was enjoin'd by †This Euristheus was King of Mysena who put Hercules upon all his Difficulties on purpose to destroy him Eurystheus to fight Hippolyta the Amazon Queen and to strip her of her Belt Upon which he made War upon the Amazons and in a great Battel routed them and took Hippolyta and her Belt together which so weaken'd them that the
in great concord and amity without any Seditions or Tumults There are Beasts among them very small but of an admirable property as to their Flesh and the excellent virtue that is in their Blood Their A little Beast strange Bodies are round and something like to a Tortoise divided by Two Streaks which run down the Back at each end of every Streak they have an Eye and a Mouth so that they have Four Eyes to see with and Four Mouths to feed with but the Meat they eat is convey'd through one Throat and hence into the Belly the common Receptacle of all And so in like manner they have but one Gut nor but one of every other of the inner Parts They have many Feet plac'd round their Bodies and make use of them to go on what side they will There 's a marvelous virtue in the Blood of this little Creature for it presently at an instant closes all Cuts and gaping Wounds in every Body that has still life in it and if a Hand or any other Member of that kind that is not Vital be cut off by the application of this Blood while the Wound continues green it heals up again Each Society of these Inhabitants do keep many great Birds of a singular Nature Great Birds carry Children by which they try the Courage of their Children for they place them upon the Birds Backs and as many of them as sit fast when the Birds take their Flight they bring up but those that faint and are terrify'd they throw away as such that can never indure hardship any long time nor have any generous Spirit in them In every Tribe or Society the eldest governs the rest as King and all yield him perfect Obedience If the first put himself to Death according to the Law after he has liv'd a Hundred and Fifty Years the next to him in age succeeds in the chief Command and Authority The Sea that surrounds this Island is very rough and causes very great and high Tides but the Water is fresh and sweet The * The Pole Artick Bear Star and many other visible with us are never seen here These Islands are Seven in number equal in bigness one to another and of the Here seems something to be wanting Their Frugality same distance one from another and the same Laws and Customs are us'd in all of them And though these Islands afford plenty of Provision out of the natural growth of the Country to all the Inhabitants yet they use them not luxuriously but are frugal and gather only so much as will serve their turns They do indeed cook for themselves Flesh-meat and all other sorts of Victuals both rosted and boil'd but as for Sauces and other delicate Inventions of that kind by Cooks and the various Tasts and Savours contriv'd for curious Pallats they are altogether ignorant of them For Gods they worship especially the whole frame of Heaven because it comprehends Worship all things and next to that the Sun and then all the Celestial Bodies By various ways of Fishing and Fowling they catch Fish and Fowl of all sorts P. 99. There are among them abundance of Fruit-Trees and Vines and Olive-Trees whence they draw great quantity of Oil and Wine Here are exceeding great Serpents which yet do no harm to any nay their Great Serpents Flesh is good Meat and very sweet They make their Garments of a soft and fine Cotton contain'd in certain Reeds and Canes This Cotton they dye with the Shell-Fishes call'd Ostreses made up in Balls and mixt and wrought amongst the Wool and so with great pains make themselves Garments of a Purple Colour It produces living Creatures of different Natures from all others and even incredible because they are unusual Their way of Feeding is according to a prescrib'd Rule for they do not eat all Dyet sorts of Meats together at one and the same time nor the same always but upon some certain Days Fish other Fowl sometimes the Flesh of Land-Cattel at other times Olives and on other Days very low and mean Diet. They help one another in their Callings and Imployments by turns Some imploy themselves in Fishing others in Manufactures and others in other things useful and profitable to the Commonwealth Some at certain times do exercise publick Offices except those that are grown old Upon their Festival Days and times of Invocation upon their Gods they celebrate their Praises both in Acclametions and Songs especially the Sun to whom they devote themselves and their Islands Their Dead they carry to the Sea-shoar at the Fall of the Tide covering them Burials with a little Sand that at the time of Full Sea heaps of Sand may be rais'd higher upon them Those Canes whence they gather Fruit to eat are the Compass of a Crown in thickness they say that towards the Full of the Moon they increase and towards the New Moon they proportionably decrease The Water of their hot Springs is sweet and wholsom and ever continues warm never growing cold unless it be mixt with Wine or cold Water After Iambulus with his Companion had continu'd in this Island Seven Years they were as wicked and vile Fellows ejected Having therefore their Ship fitted out and furnish'd with Provision they set Sail and after they had continu'd their Voyage for above Four Months together they fell at length upon the Sandy shallows of India where Iambulus his Companion was drown'd and he himself was afterwards cast upon a certain Village and forthwith carried away by the Inhabitants of the Place to the King then at a City call'd Polybothia many Days Journey distant from the Sea where he was kindly receiv'd by the King who had a great love for the Grecians and was very studious in the liberal Sciences At length having obtain'd Provision from the King he first sail'd into Persia and thence safely arriv'd in Greece This Iambulus committed all these Adventures to Writing and gave an account of many things relating to the Affairs of India before unknown to Strangers But having now perform'd what we promis'd in the beginning of this Book we shall here make an end THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK III. The PREFACE P. 100. THE First of the Two Books preceding contains the Acts of the ancient Kings of Egypt and the Fabulous History of the Egyptian Gods Of those things reported of the River Nile of their Fruits divers kinds of Beasts the Situation of the Country and of their Laws and Courts of Justice In the Second are comprehended the Affairs of Asia the Acts of the Assyrians in antient Times and amongst them the Birth and Advancement of Semiramis how she built Babylon and many other Cities and invaded the Indians with a mighty Army We have treated there likewise of the Caldeans and their Art in Astronomy Of Arabia and the wonderful things there Of the Amazons And lastly of the Hyperboreans and the Island
other Plants naturally produc'd the Vine and that it was not planted or found out at the first by any whatsoever In Confirmation whereof they P. 137. instance in wild Vines which in many places at this day bear Grapes of themselves as well as if they were husbanded and improved by the Care and Industry of Men And that Bacchus was by the Ancients call'd * Two Mo 〈…〉 Bimeter because when the Vine is planted in the Earth and begins to grow that is to be esteem'd the First Birth The Second when it shoots forth Branches and puts forth Fruit and brings them to Ripeness and Perfection and so the First Birth of this God is to be judg'd to proceed from the Earth and the Second from the Vine it self The Fabulous Writers likewise feign a Third Generation of Bacchus that he was the Son of Jupiter and Ceres and that some Men of the Earth pull'd him in Pieces and boil'd his Parts and that Ceres gather'd his Members together again and renew'd and reviv'd him Which Fictions the natural Philosophers explain according to natural Reason for he is said they say to be the Son of Jupiter and Ceres because the Vine is nourish'd by the Earth and the Rain from Heaven and so produces Fruit whence comes Wine by pressing of the Grape That the boyling of his Members signifies the manner of ordering the Wine which many boyl to make it more strong and fragrant That his Members were pull'd in pieces by Earthly Men afterwards and join'd together again and he restor'd to his former State denotes no more but that after the Vintage and pruning of the Vines at the season of the Year the Earth causes them to flourish again and to be as fruitful as ever they were before For it 's certain that by Ceres the ancient Poets and other Fabulous Authors meant the Mother Earth And agreeable hereunto are those things that are deliver'd in the Verses of Orpheus and which are exhibited in the celebration of the Sacred Mysteries which it is not lawful for any ordinary Person particularly to treat of In the same manner the Naturalists explain his being the Son of Semele for they say that the Earth was by the Ancients call'd Thion and Semele †From the Greek Word Somne which signifies Splendid or Beautiful Semele because the Worship of this Goddess was splendid and pompous and Thyon from the frequent * Call'd by the Greeks Thysias and Thyelas Sacrifices which were offered to her He is feign'd to be begotten of Jupiter Twice because it being suppos'd that the Vines with other Plants were destroy'd in Deucalion's Flood and that it afterwards sprung up again therefore when this God appear'd again as if he had sprung up by a Second Birth he was feign'd to be born out of Jupiter's Thigh And these are the Opinions of them who take Bacchus for nothing else but the use and strength found out to lye in Wine But those Fabulous Authors that say this God was a Man unanimously attribute to him the finding out and first planting of the Vine and every thing that belongs to the use of Wine But whether there were more than one of that Name they differ among themselves Some affirm there was but One and this very Bacchus who taught the use of Wine and gathering of Grapes and with an Army overran the whole World and first instituted the Rites and Festivals of the Bacchanalia Some as I have before declar'd have affirm'd that there were Three that liv'd at several times and have given an Account of the Actions of each of them Of whom they say the most ancient was born in India and therefore in regard 1 Bacchus that Country through the Temper of the Climate and richness of the Soil naturally produc'd Vines they affirm he was the first that taught the way of pressing of Grapes and found out the use of Wine and imploy'd himself likewise in pruning of Fig-Trees and other Fruit Trees of a larger size and taught others the same Art And in Conclusion that he found out whatever appertain'd to the Vine And hence he was call'd the * Leneus Presser and the Bearded because it P. 138 is the Custom among the Indians to let their Beards grow all their Days without cutting them This they say is the Bacchus which overran the whole World with his Arms and found out the manner of Planting of Vines and the pressing of Grapes with Wine-Presses and thence was surnam'd Leneus as before and imparted what he had discover'd to others by which Advantages he so gain'd the Hearts and Respects of all Men that when he was dead they ador'd him with Divine Honours At this day they shew the Place of his Birth in India and many Cities there in their own proper Language call'd after his Name Many other things they relate of this Indian Bacchus which is too tedious here to rehearse Another Bacchus they say there was who was the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina 2d Bacchus or as some think of Ceres This they say was the first that taught how to plow with Oxen when Men before till'd the Ground with their own Handy Labours and invented many other things useful for the Art of Husbandry that the Countryman might not be overlaid with his Labours By these Advantages and Benefits to Mankind he gain'd such Reputation and Esteem that he was by all ador'd as a God and Divine Worship and Solemn Sacrifices were offered in honour of him In all his Images and Statues he was painted and ingraven with Horns as well to signifie the nature of this Second Bacchus as to denote how great a benefit and advantage accrew'd to the Husbandmen by the invention of the Plow A Third Bacchus they say was born at Thebes in Beotia of Jupiter and Semele 3d Bacchus the Daughter of Cadmus for Jupiter being in love with her by reason of her extraordinary Beauty is said frequently to lye with her at which Juno was so inflam'd with Jealousy that she resolv'd to be reveng'd upon the Girl and to this end minding to deceive her she appear'd in the shape of one of her Servants and perswaded Semele who never suspected any finister design that it was very fitting that Jupiter should lye with her in the same splendour and glorious appearance as he did with Juno Whereupon Semele over perswaded Jupiter that he would honour her in his Addresses in the same manner as he did Juno upon which he visited her in Thunder and Lightning which kill'd the young Lady causing her to miscarry and Jupiter forthwith clapt up the Infant within his Thigh and when he was come to the full time of his Birth he convey'd him to Nysa in Arabia where being nurs'd by Nymphs he was call'd from his Father and the Place * In Greek Dis is Jupiter and Nysa the Place so called Dionysus Being a very Beautiful Young Man he spent the time of his Youth
in Dancing Plays and all manner of Sports and Pleasures with Young Women Afterwards he got together an Army of Women arm'd with †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thersis Launces and adorn'd with Garlands of Flowers and marcht with 'em through all Parts of the World teaching Men his Mysterious Rites and Ceremonies yet imparting them only to those that liv'd virtuously and piously He every where likewise instituted Festival Days and General Meetings for Sports and Dancings and compos'd Differences both in Cities and Countries and instead of Wars and Seditions establish'd Peace and Concord amongst them And when the noise of his coming to any Place was spread Abroad and how kind he was to all and how great a Benefactor he was in improving and civilizing the Manners of Men they ran out flocking from all Parts to receive him But some few Proud and Impious Persons despis'd him and gave forth that he carry'd * Women along with him †The Bachldes to gratify his Lusts and that he taught his Rites and Ceremonies meerly to commit Whoredom with strange Women but of these he took a speedy Revenge for whenever he exerted his divine power in punishing the Wicked sometimes he struck them with Madness and at other times caus'd them to be torn in pieces by the Hands of the Women and sometimes by his Sovereign Skill in Martial Affairs P. 139. caus'd his Enemies suddainly to be Slain For instead of the Launces he ordered his Bacchides to carry Darts wrapt round with Ivy at the Points with which on a suddain and unexpectedly they assaulted and wounded to Death the Kings that were ignorant of the Stratagem and therefore despis'd and contemn'd them because they were Women Amongst them that were punish'd by him the most considerable and eminent were Pentheus the Grecian and Myrrhanus the Indian King and Lycurgus of Thrace For Bacchus intending to transport his Forces out of Asia into Europe made a League with Lycurgus King of Thrace whose Country was wash'd by the Hellespont As soon as Bacchus had transported his Bacchides into the Country one of his Allies as he thought Lycurgus commanded his Souldiers to set upon Bacchus and all his mad Crew in the Night and to cut them all off Of which Bacchus being inform'd by one of the Inhabitants call'd Tharops he was no little amaz'd because he had but a few with him the Strength of his Army being on the other side of the Hellespont upon which he himself secretly pass'd over to his Army But Lycurgus in the mean time cut the throats of all his Bacchides that were left behind in a Place call'd Nisius As soon therefore as Bacchus had transported his Forces he fought the Thracians and overcame them and having taken Lycurgus Prisoner first pluck'd out his Eyes and after he had put him to all sorts of Torments he could devise and us'd him with all the Contempt and Disgrace imaginable he nail'd him to the Cross Afterwards in Recompence to Tharops Crucify'd for the Kindness shew'd him he advanc'd him to the Kingdom of Thrace and taught him the manner of Celebrating the Mysteries of his Solemnities call'd Orgyae Orgyae Oeagrus the Son of Tharops succeeded his Father in the Kingdom being instructed by him in the same mysterious Rites and Ceremonies Oeagrus afterwards taught them Orpheus his Son who being eminent for his Learning and Ingenuity chang'd many things in the Orgyae Hence those Rites and Mysteries first instituted by * Call'd liber Pater Bacchus were afterwards call'd Orphea But some of the Poets among whom is Antimachus say Lycurgus was not King of Thrace but of Arabia and that he treacherously set upon Bacchus and his Bacchides in Nysa in Arabia And further relate that Bacchus having every where punish'd the wicked and rewarded the good return'd out of India mounted upon an Elephant into Thebes and because he spent three Years in his Expedition the Grecians celebrate the Festivals call'd Trieteriades And report that being Trieteriades loaden with the Spoils of so great an Expedition he was the first that was brought in Triumph into the Country These are the Genealogies of Bacchus according to the unanimous Consent of all the Ancients But many of the Cities in Greece contend for the Place of his Birth for the Eleans Naxians and the Inhabitants of Eleutherae the Teians and many other appropriate his Birth each particularly to themselves And the Teians for Confirmation The Place of Bacchus his Nativity of what they say bring this Argument that there is a Spring in their City which at some certain times streams forth most rich and fragrant Wine And as to the rest some of them shew Parcels of Land dedicated to him and others from ancient Tradition sacred Groves and consecrated Temples But in Truth since this God has left behind him many Tokens of his Beneficence and likewise of his personal Presence in most Parts of the World it 's no wonder that every one affirms that his own Country and City was the Place that was especially dear to Bacchus The Poet in his Hymns confirms what we have before declar'd where speaking P. 140. of those that doubt the Place of his Birth brings him in as born at Nysa in Arabia in this manner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Some Dracanum Icarus some some Naxus name Places from which the divine Bacchus came From Thebes some and from thy curling Streams Alphaeus others say All silly Dreams Thee Father JOVE in secret brought to Light Fearful of Men's and his fair Juno's Sight On Nysas Mount adorn'd with pleasant Woods Far from Phoenician Coasts near Egypt's Floods Yet I am not ignorant that the Africans inhabiting the Sea-coasts do themselves challenge the Birth Place of this God and say that what things are reported to be done by him were done among them and shew many Marks and Signs to prove what they say which remain among them to this very day And in further Confirmation hereof many of the ancient Historians and Poets and likewise a great Part of the Modern Writers do agree in this thing concerning him And that we may not omit any thing that is said of Bacchus we shall range under distinct Heads what the Africans have related concerning him and wherein the Grecian Historians have agreed with them and lastly what Account is given of him by Dionysices who compos'd a History of the ancient Stories and Fables For he has written a History of Bacchus of the Amazons of the Expedition of the Argonauts and the War of Troy and many other things annexing thereunto several Poems of the ancient Mythologists and Poets He says that Linus was the first that invented Rhimes and Musick in Greece And that Cadmus brought Letters out of Phoenicia and was the first that
of his Age and full Strength and not inferiour to any for Valour associated himself with many other Gallants to hunt this Boar. He being the first that wounded the Beast with his Dart by the general Consent of all carry'd away the Spoyl and Honour of the day which was the Boar's Skin Atalanta the Daughter of Echeneus was one of his Associates in this Hunting and therefore Meleager being much in Love with her presented her with the Skin attributing to her the Glory of the Action But the Sons of Thestius his Fellow-hunters took it most hainously that a Stranger should be preferr'd before them and no regard be had to the Nearness of Kindred that was between them and Meleager To defeat her therefore of Meleager's Gift they lay in wait for her and fell upon her in her return to Arcadia and took away the Skin by Force But Meleager for the Love he bore to Atalanta being much troubled at the Affront and Disgrace offer'd her took upon him the Defence of her Cause and at first advis'd the Aggressors to restore what they had violently taken away But when he could not prevail he slew them They were the Brothers of Althea his Mother who so immoderately griev'd for their Deaths that she pour'd out most heavy Curses against her Son and wish'd the Gods would cut him off who heard her Prayer and kill'd him Some there be that feign that when Meleager was Ovid. 8. Meta. born the Destinies appear'd to Althea in her Dream and foretold that Meleager her Son should dye when a Brand that was then in the Fire should be consum'd His Mother therereupon conceiving the Life of her Son depended upon the Preservation of the Firebrand laid it up very carefully But being incens'd at the Death of her Brothers she threw it into the Fire and so hastned her Sons Death But afterwards repenting and grievously afflicted for what she had done * Ovid says she stab'd her self she hang'd her self In the mean time Hipponous in †Clenum a City in Achaia Olenum being incens'd at his Daughter Peribaea because she said she was with Child by Mars sent her to Oeneus in P. 168. Aetolia and desir'd him that he would forthwith put her to Death But he having lately lost both his Son and his Wife would not kill the Lady but marry'd her and begat of her Tydeus But let this suffice concerning Meleager Althea and Oeneus Hercules to gain the Favour of the Calydonians diverted the River * Vid. Ovid. Vid. Strabo It had two Mouths representing two Horns one of which was dam'd up by Hercules the Stream roars like a wild Bull. Achelous into another Channel which he cut for it and by that means water'd a great Part of the Country and made it exceeding fruitful which gave Occasion to the Poetical Fables that Hercules fought with †The Son of Oceanus and Terra fought with Hercules for Deianira the Daughter of Oeneus and finding himself too weak transform'd himself into a Bull. Vid. Ovid and Strabo Achelous transform'd into the Shape of a Bull and in the Conflict cut off one of his Horns and gave it to the Aetolians This they call Amalthea's Horn in which the Poets feign grow all manner of Summer-fruit as Grapes Apples and such like By the Horn they darkly signify the new Course of the River Achelous bending like a Horn through the other Channel By the Apples Pomegranates and Grapes they denote the Fruitfulness of the Soyl water'd by the River and the Plenty of fruitful Plants By terming it * Amalt 〈…〉 Horn they signify'd the Strength of him that cut the Ditch Afterwards Hercules assisted the Calydonians in the War against the Thesâ—rot and took the City Ephyra by Storm and slew their King Phileus and lying with his Daughter who was his Prisoner on her he begat Tlepolemus The Third Year after his Marriage to Deianira Eurynomus the Son of Architelus then a young Boy serving Oeneus at Table Hercules for some small Mistake in his Attendance gave him such a Box on the Ear that much against his Will he kill'd the poor Boy for which Misfortune he was so griev'd that with his Wife Deianira and Hyllus his Son by her who was then a young Child he voluntarily banish'd himself out of Calydonia In his Journey when he came to the Banks of the River Euenus he found Nessus the Centaur who carry'd People over the Ford for Hire Deianira being the first that he carry'd over the Centaur fell in Love with her for her Beauty and attempted to ravish her whereupon she cry'd out for Help to her Husband who presently shot him through the Body with an Arrow The Centaur through the Grievousness of his Wound dy'd in the very Act of his Rape only had time to teil her that for the great Love he bore her he would teach her a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Receipt for the procuring of Love by Force whereof Hercules should never after be familiar with any other Woman besides her self and that was that she should anoint Hercules his under Garment with the Blood that issu'd from his Wound mixt together with Oyl and some of his Seed that fell from him and having thus said he immediatly breath'd out his last Deianira observ'd what Directions he had given her and mixing the Seed of Nessus with his Blood which dropt from the Arrow kept it privately in a little Box for Hercules Hercules having pass'd the River went to Ceyces King of Trachinia and dwelt with him as a Stranger ever accompany'd with the Arcadians as his Fellow-soldiers and Associates After these things Philas King of the Dryopi being accus'd for some Act of Impiety against the Temple of Delphos Hercules with the Assistance of the Melienses took up Arms against him and both kill'd him and cast the Dryopi out of their ancient Habitations and gave their Country to the Melienses On his Captive the Daughter of Philas he begat Antiochus Besides Hyllus he had afterwards other Children by Deianira Gryneus or Gleneus and Hodites Some of the Dryopi that were driven out of their Country passed over to Eubaea and there built the City Carystus Others of them sayl'd into the Island Cyprus and gain'd new Seats and became one People with the Inhabitants the rest fled to Eurystheus who in P. 169. Hatred of Hercules receiv'd them into his Protection and they with his Assistance built three Cities in Peloponesus Asine Hermione and Eione After the Expulsion of the Dryopi a War broke forth between the Doreans which inhabited Hestiaetes in the Reign of Aegimius and the Lapithae the Inhabitants of Mount Olympus whose King was Coronus the Son of Phoroneus But the Lapithae being much stronger than the other the Doreans crav'd the Assistance of Hercules and promis'd him the third Part of the Kingdom upon which Terms they prevail'd with him to joyn with them as their Confederate With their joint Forces
avoid which Misfortune he voluntarily forsook Crete with many others who of their own accord went along with him and pass'd over to Camirus the Metropolis of Rhodes and there built a Temple upon Mount Atamirus to Jupiter Atamirus which is in great Veneration and Esteem at this Day It 's situated upon the very Top of the Mountain whence may be had a clear Prospect of Crete Althamenes with his Followers thus setl'd in Camirus liv'd in great Honour and Esteem among the Citizens But his Father Catreus having no issue Male and exceedingly loving his Son undertook a Voyage to Rhodes longing to find out his Son and bring him back to Crete And now his unalterable Destiny was near at Hand for landing at Rhodes in the Night with some others of his Attendants forthwith there was a Conflict between them and the Islanders whereupon Althamenes run in hastily to their Assistance and unknown to him kill'd his Father with a Dart which when he came to understand he was so overwhelm'd with Sorrow he ever after avoided all manner of Society and wander'd up and down in the Deserts and at last dy'd of Grief But by the Command of the Oracle he was afterwards honour'd by the Rhodians as a Demy-God After this a little before the Trojan War Tlepolimus the Son of Hercules fled voluntarily from Argos by reason of his Killing of Licymnius whom he slew unawares and upon inquiry having receiv'd an Answer from the Oracle concerning the planting of a Colony he pass'd over with a few People into Rhodes where being receiv'd he settled And being afterwards created King of the Island he divided the Country into equal Shares by Lot and during his Reign order'd all other Matters according to the Rules of Justice and Equity At length preparing to go along with Agamemnon in the Expedition against Troy he committed the Government into the Hands of Butas who fled with him from Argos And after he had gain'd much Glory and Renown in that War he dy'd in the Country of Troas Now because some things of Chersonesus are intermix'd with the Affairs of Chersonesus Rhodes over against which it lyes we conceive it not amiss here to give an account of it Some are of Opinion it 's call'd Chersonesus from the nature of the Place being like to an Istmus or as others write from one Chersonesus once a Petty Prince there Not long after whose time it 's said Five of the Curetes came there which Curetes were the Posterity of those that brought up Jupiter born of the Mother Goddess Rhea in the Mountains of Ida in Crete After their arrival in Crete with a considerable Navy they expell'd the Cares the ancient Inhabitants and divided the Country into Five Parts and each of them built a City and call'd them after their own Names P. 229. Not long after Inachus King of Argos sent Cyrnus one of his Noblemen and Commanders with a considerable Fleet to find out his Daughter Io and not to return till he found her After he had rov'd about into several Parts of the World and could not find her he at length arriv'd at Caria in Chersonesus and there settled himself despairing ever to return to his own Country and afterwards partly by Force and partly by Perswasions he reign'd as King over part of the Country and built a City and call'd it Cyrnus after his own Name and govern'd so well to the advancement of the publick Good that he was greatly belov'd and honour'd by the Citizens Afterwards Triopas one of the Sons of Sol and Rhoda fled into Chersonesus for the Killing of his Brother But being cleared and acquitted by King Melisseus he sayl'd into Thessaly to the assistance of Deucalion's Sons and helpt to expel the Pelasgians thence and they divided the Country call'd Dotion among them He there cut down the Grove of Ceres and made use of it for the Building of himself a Palace for which he was hated of the People and forc'd to fly out of Thessaly and sayl'd away with some of his Followers to Cnidia where he built a City call'd after his own Name Triopium Leaving this Place he gain'd Chersonesus and a great part of Caria adjoining to it Many Writers and especially the Poets much differ about the Descent of Priopas Some derive his Descent from Canace the Daughter of Aeolus and Neptune others say his Parents were Lapitha the Son of Apollo and Stibes the Daughter of Pineus In Castabus in Chersonesus there 's a Temple dedicated to Hemithea what is remarkable concerning her is not fit to be omitted Although there are many various Stories related of her yet we shall only give an Account of what is generally granted and agreed upon by the Inhabitants to be true Staphylus and Chrysothemides had Three Daughters Molpadia Rhoeo and Parthenos Rhoeo was got with Child by Apollo at which her Father was so incens'd thinking she had play'd the Whore with some Mortal Man that he lockt her up in a Chest and threw her into the Sea and the Chest was afterwards cast up upon the Island Delos where she was deliver'd of a Son whom she nam'd Arrius Being thus wonderfully preserv'd she laid the Child upon the Altar of Apollo and pray'd to him that if he was the Child's Father he would save and defend the Infant Upon which the Story goes that Apollo hid the Child but afterwards took care to have him carefully brought up and endued him with a Prophetick Spirit and advanc'd him to great Honour and Reputation Molpadia and Parthenos the other Sisters having the Charge of their Father's Wine the use of which was then but newly found out with Drinking too much fell fast asleep in the mean time a Sow which they fed coming into the Place threw down the Hogshead and spilt all the Wine When the poor Ladies perceiv'd what was done they so dreaded the Severity of their Father that they fled to the Sea Shoar and threw themselves headlong from the Top of a high Rock into the Sea But Apollo for the sake of their Sister took them up safe and brought them to some Cities in Chersonesus Where Parthenos at Bubastus was ador'd as a Goddess and had a Temple erected in honour to her Molpadia was brought to Castabus and for the special Revelations she had from the God she was call'd †Half a Goddess Hemithea and was in great honour and esteem among all the Chersonesians In the Celebration of her Mysteries in remembrance of the Misfortune concerning the Wine they offer Drink-Offerings of Water and Honey mixt together and he that has toucht a Swine or eaten of Swines-Flesh is not permitted to enter into her Temple This Temple of Hemithea in following times grew so Famous that not only P. 230. the Inhabitants ador'd it but Strangers far and near resorted to it with great Devotion and with many rich Presents and magnificent Sacrifices and that which is most observable is that the
the Lacedemonians prevailed by their Interest that the Honour of the Day should be given to them of Aegina and among the Athenians to Amynias the Brother of Aesculus the Poet because that he being General of the Gallies first charg'd the Admiral of the Persians and sunk both him and his Ship together But when the Athenians shewed their Resentment that they were so undeservedly Jealousies between the Athenians and the other Grecians slighted the Lacedemonians were afraid lest Themistocles being provoked with the Indignity should contrive some considerable Mischief against them and the rest of the Grecians Therefore to stop his Mouth they rewarded him doubly above all the rest But when the People of Athens understood that he had accepted what was given him they were much incens'd and remov'd him from his Place as General and put Xanthippus of the Family of Ariphron into his stead And now the Distaste given by the Grecians to the Athenians being spread Abroad Embassadors came to Athens both from the Persians and the Grecians The Persian Embassadors spoke to this effect That if the Athenians would side with the Persians they should have what part of Greece they would chuse that Mardonius the Persian General would rebuild their Walls and their Temples and that the City should have and enjoy its former Laws and Liberties On the other Hand the Lacedemonian Embassadors earnestly intreated them that they would not make any League with the Barbarians but preserve their ancient Amity with the Grecians being so near one with them both in Nation and Language To the Barbarians the Athenians gave this Return That the Persian had no Country so rich nor Gold so heavy which could tempt them to forsake their Confederates the Grecians in their necessity And to the Lacedemonians they commanded Answer to be given That as heretofore their care had been to preserve Greece so for the future to their utmost Endeavour they would defend it And in the mean time desired that they would forthwith with all their Forces pass into Attica in regard it was very apparent that Mardonius when he came to understand the Athenians to be so Resolved against him would invade Athens with all his Force And so it came to pass for Mardonius Encamping in Beotia first endeavour'd to draw the Cities of Peleponesus to a Defection by sending Monies here and there to the Governors and Chief Men. And after when he received the Answer return'd him by the Athenians he rag'd like a Mad Man and forthwith marched with all his Army into Attica For besides those which Xerxes left with him he rais'd many out of Thrace and Macedonia and other Confederate Cities to the number of Two Hundred Thousand Men and upwards And now Attica being invaded by so great a Multitude the Athenians sent Mardonius invades Attica Messengers to the Spartans and desired their Aid who were so slow that the Enemy violently broke in upon the Country so that the Athenians were reduced to great Streights and now a Second time with their Wives and Children and all other things that they could in that Distraction and Hurry carry away left their Country and fled to Salamis Mardonius greatly inrag'd destroy'd and wasted all the Country levelling the City to the Ground and utterly demolished all the Temples that were left untouch'd in the former Desolation Upon his returning thus to Athens with his Forces it was determined in the P. 258. general * At the Isthmus Assembly of the Grecians that they would all join with the Athenians and march to Platea and there join Battel with the Persians for the Liberty of their Country And made Solemn Vows to the Gods that if they became Victors they would celebrate and set apart a Festival Day and institute Sports to the Goddess Libertas at Platea At the General Rendezvous in Peleponesus they took an Oath to oblige one another to the Prosecution of the War to the end their League might be inviolably observ'd and that all Difficulties might be undergone with undaunted Courage The Form of the Oath was thus I will not prefer Life before Liberty The Oath of the Consederacy I will not desert my Officers whether they live or dye but that I will bury my Fellow-Souldiers that shall fall in the War how many soever they may be If I be victorious in this War I will not destroy or spoil any City of my Confederates I will not rebuild any of the Temples that are burnt or ruin'd but leave them as Monuments of the Impiety of the Barbarians to Posterity When they had thus sworn they march'd over the Mountain Citharon into Beotia and incamp'd at the Foot of the Hill near the City Erythra Aristides was the Commander of the Athenians and Pausanias the Tutor of Leonidas who was under Age was General of the whole Army When Mardonius understood that the Enemy was enter'd Beotia he march'd from Thebes and pitcht his Tents at the Ante Chr. 478. River †Near Platea and Thebes The Fight with the Persians at Erybra Aesopus and fortify'd himself with a deep Trench inclosing his Camp round with a Wall of Timber The Grecians were an Hundred Thousand but the Persians were Five Hundred Thousand The Barbarians began the Fight who all the Night long roving up and down with all their Cavalry set upon the Grecians in their Camp The first that felt the Brunt were the Athenians who forthwith in good order valiantly oppos'd them so that the Fight was very hot At length the rest of the Grecians put all to Flight that made the Onset on them only the Magareans who had to deal with the General and best of the Persian Horse were over-press'd yet gave no ground but sent with all speed to the Athenians and the Lacedemonians for Succors When Aristides understood their Distress he forthwith sent the chief of such Athenians as were then about him to their aid who joyning with the other made such a Charge upon the Barbarians that they soon freed the Magareans from their Dangers killing the General of the Persian Horse with many others and put the rest to flight This happy success at the beginning of the War fill'd the Grecians with hope of absolute Victory in the Conclusion Afterwards The great Battel with the Persians at the River Asopus near Platea they remov'd their Camp out of the Plain next under the Foot of the Mountain into another Place more convenient for obtaining a perfect Victory For on their Right Hand was an high Hill and on their Left the River Asopus for their Defence Between these Two they encamp'd thus guarded by a natural Fortification The straitness of the Place thus chosen by the Grecians was of great advantage and did much conduce to the Victory For the Persians could not enlarge their Front as otherways they might by reason whereof so many Thousands of the Barbarians became useless and unprofitable The Generals Pausanias and Aristides
all the rest of the Grecians For he took Three hundred and forty Ships Twenty thousand Prisoners and a vast Sum of Money The Persians greatly perplexed with this dreadful Blow fell a Building a greater Number of Ships than they had before for the great Successes of the Athenians after this struck them with Fear and Terror and from this time the City increas'd both in Wealth and Power and became famous abroad for the Glory of their Arms. The Athenians dedicated the Tenths of the Spoil to their Gods with this Epigram Since Seas from Europe Asia did divide And Mars first rag'd with bloody Hand Among Mankind the Sun hath not espy'd So sad a Fight from Sea or Land From the Phenician Fleet when strongly man'd An Hundred Ships were took these slew Thousands of Medes made Asia sighing stand Sad and oppress'd with th' Armed Crew These were the things done this Year CHAP. XIV A great Earthquake in Sparta the War upon them by the Helots and Missenians PHedon was now Archon of Athens and Lucius Furius Medullinus and Marcus Manlius Vulso Consuls of Rome when a most sad and unexpected Calamity Olym. 77. 4. Ant. Ch. 467. happened to the Spartans for by an Earthquake there not only the Houses were wholly overturn'd but above Twenty thousand Souls buried in the Rubbish A great Earthquake in Sparta The City shak'd for a long time together and many by the violent Fall of the Walls of the Houses miserably perished and the Houshold-goods and Riches of all sorts were by this dreadful Shake swallow'd up Thus were they punished as by some angry Deity taking Vengeance upon their Crimes And were afterwards brought under many other Calamities by the Hands of Men upon the Accounts following The Helots and Missenians inraged not long before against the Lacedemonians The Helots conspire against Sparta bridled their Anger for a time whilst they fear'd the Power and Grandeur of the City of Sparta But when they observ'd that the greatest part of the City and Inhabitants were destroyed by the late Earthquake setting light by them that were left they enter'd into a League and with joint Force made War upon the Spartans But Archidamus King of Sparta by his Prudence had preserv'd many of the Citizens from the late Ruin and with these resolutely goes forth against the Enemy For while the City was in the height of this terrible Convulsion Archidamus suddenly headed his Army and hasten'd into the open Field and commanded the rest to follow him by which means this remnant Ant. Ch. 467. was preserv'd Having then marshal'd his Men he prepared for Battle The Helots with the Missenians in their first Heat with great Confidence march'd against Sparta supposing there was none to make any Defence But when they understood that Archidamus was ready with the Citizens that were left to defend the City and Country they desisted from their Design Afterwards P. 275. from a Fort they had in Missenia they made daily inrodes into Laconia The Spartans send to the Athenians for Aid who furnish'd them with Supplies The War between the Messenians Lacedemonians And at length by their Diligence in procuring Assistance from the rest of their Confederates they got together an Army equal to their Enemies Nay at the beginning of the War they were far superior but afterwards they dismis'd the Athenians in truth suspecting that they favour'd the Messenians but pretending that the Forces of the other Confederates were sufficient for the present Service The Athenians looking upon it as a Slight and an Affront departed grumbling full of Indignation with their Hearts boyling with Revenge against the Lacedemonians which Hatred increased every day more and more and this was the first Cause of the Enmity between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians which afterwards broke out into open Hostility and fill'd the Cities with Cruelty and Bloodshed and all Greece with Misery and Calamity But we shall write of these things distinctly in their due place After this the Lacedemonians with the Forces of their Confederates besieged Ithome In the mean time all the Helots revolted from the Lacedemonians and join'd with the Messenians And now though the War had continued ten Years compleat wasting one another with various Successes yet they could not decide the Controversy CHAP. XV. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians WHen Theaginidas was Archon of Athens and Lucius Emilius Mamercus and An. Mu. 3504. Olymp. 78. 1. Ant. Ch. 466. Lucius Vopiscus Julius Consuls of Rome began the Seventy Eighth Olympiad wherein Parmenidas Possidoniates was Victor At that time the War broke out between the Argives and the Mycenians upon the following Occasion The Mycenians by reason of the ancient Renown and Glory of their Country would never submit to the Government of the Argives as all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Argos did but were still governed by their own Laws distinct from them of Argos They contended likewise with the Argives concerning the Holy Rights of the Temple of Juno and to have the sole Management of the Nemean Games Besides when the Argives made a Law that none should aid the Lacedemonians at Thermophyle unless the Spartans would relinquish and give up part of their Country to them of Argos they of Mycena only of all the other Cities in the Territories of Argos join'd with the Lacedemonians And lastly they of Argos were jealous lest by the Growth of their Power their ancient Courage should so revive as to contend with them for the Sovereignty For these Reasons they had an evil Eye to the Mycenians and some time not long before had a longing Desire to ruin their City And now they thought a fit Occasion and Opportunity was offer'd them to accomplish what they before design'd in regard the Spartans seemed not to be in a Condition by reason of their late Calamity to aid and assist them To this end they marched against 'em Ante Chr. 466. with a great Army both from Argos and their Confederates and having routed 'em drove 'em within the Walls and besieg'd their City The Mycenians made a stout Defence for a time but wearied out and wasted by Famine the Laccdemonians partly thro' Wars of their own and partly thro' the late Ruins by the Earthquake unable to assist 'em and the help of the other Confederates failing they became a Prey to the Conquerors The Argives made all the Citizens Captives and consecrated a Tenth of the Spoil to God and laid the City even with P. 276. the Ground Such was the End of Mycena a City in former times flourishing Mycena in Greece ruin'd in all Prosperity that had bred and brought up Men famous in their Generations that had been glorious in the World by brave and noble Actions and now lies wast and forsaken unto this day These were the Affairs of this Year CHAP. XVI The Death of Hiero. LYsiatus being Governour or Archon of
man'd and furnish'd in every respect for the War and march'd with the Land-Army through Syria and Phenicia and came at length to Memphis the Fleet sailing all along by the sides of them near the Shoar where they forthwith rais'd the Siege at the White Wall both the Aegyptians and Athenians being amaz'd at the Approach of such an Enemy Hereupon the Persians presently call a Council of War and prudently resolved to decline fighting but rather to endeavour to make an end of the War by some politick Stratagem And to that end knowing that the Athenian Fleet lay at Anchor at an Island call'd * Or Prosopis in Aegypt in that Part called Delta Prosopitis they diverted the Course of the River which encompassed the Island by deep Trenches made in the adjoyning Continent and by that means joyn'd the Island to Main-land The Aegyptians as soon as they discern'd all the Ships stood upon dry Land struck with Amazement forsook the Athenians and submitted themselves to the Persians The Athenians thus The Athenian Fleet ruined by a Stratagem in Aegypt by the Persians forsaken and seeing the Fleet made useless set Fire to all the Ships that they might not come into the Power of the Enemy And nothing terrify'd with their present Circumstances they encourag'd and advis'd one another that they should not do any thing that should be a blemish and disgrace to the Courage and Valour they had before shewn in former Encounters Soaring therefore above the Valour of those that lost their Lives at Thermopole for the safety of Greece they resolv'd to fight But the Commanders of the Persians Artabazus and Megabizus seeing the Courage of the Athenians and considering their former Losses of so many thousand Men they made Peace with the Peace made with the Athenian Army Athenians upon this Condition That they should depart out of Aegypt without Hurt or Prejudice The Athenians thus preserv'd thro' their own Valour leave Aegypt and marching thro' Africk to Cyrene from thence they all came safe beyond their hopes unto their own Country During these things Ephialtes Son of Simonidas Tribune of the People at Athens stir'd up the Rabble against Ante Chr. 458. A Tumult against the Magistrates in Athenis the Areopagites to take away the Power from the Senate in Mars Hill and to overturn the ancient and laudable Laws of the Country But such wicked Designs went not unpunish'd for he was kill'd in the Night not known by whom and so ended his days in Dishonour CHAP. XXII The War between the Epidaurians and the Athenians THE former Year ended Philocles governed Athens the next and at Rome Aulus Posthumius were Consuls In their times was begun the War by Olymp. 80. 2. Ant. Chr. 457. the Corinthians and Epidaurians against the Athenians who in a sharp Battel overcame the other and with a great Fleet made out against the Halienses and invaded Peloponesus where they slaughter'd and destroy'd many of their Enemies The Peloponesians make Head again and with a great Army sight them at Cerryphalia where the Athenians again rout them Grown now consident with these Successes and observing the Aegineans puffed up with the Victories that they had obtain'd to carry it as Enemies towards them they determin'd to make War upon them and in Execution thereof sent forth against them a great Fleet They of Aegina on the other hand trusting to their Skill War between the Athenians and them of Aegina Ant. Chr. 457. and former Successes at Sea despised the great Forces of the Athenians and with a small Navy and some few other Ships lately built venture a Sea-Fight but were beaten with the loss of Seventy of their Vessels so that now they were wholly discouraged and dejected and therefore were forced to submit P. 283. themselves to the Athenians These things were done by Leocrates the Athenian Admiral in the space of Nine Months War with the Aeginetes In the mean time Deucetius King of Sicily very Rich and of a Noble Family built Menenum and divided by Lot the adjacent Lands amongst them of the Colony brought thither Then he Besieged the Famous City Morgantina and was highly honour'd by all his Countrymen CHAP. XXIII The War between the Corinthians and Megareans THE next year Bion was Archon at Athens and Publius Servilius Structus and Olym. 80. 3. Ant. Ch. 456. Lutius Aebutius Eliuas Roman Consuls During their Government broke out the War between the Corinthians and Megareans about the Limits of their Country At the first they made inroads into one anothers Country and then proceeded with little Skirmishes At length the difference growing higher and hotter the Megarians suspecting their own weakness made a League with the Athenians by which means they ballanced their Enemies in Strength and Power And when the Corinthians sent a considerable Army from Peloponesus against Magera the Athenians sent Aids to the Magerians under Myromides their General a very Valiant Man The Armies presently ingag'd and great Valour and Obstinacy was shew'd on both sides insomuch as the Success was very doubtful a long time till at length the Athenians got the day with the Slaughter of Multitudes of the Enemy And a few Days after the Athenians were Victors in another Battel fought at Cimolia where they likewise kill'd many Within a few Days after a Third Battel was fought Here something seems to be wanting Ant. Chr. 456. in the Greek Copy The Phoceans made War against the Doreans who were originally Lacedemonians and inhabited Three Cities lying under Mount Parnassus †Erybium Cytinium Boium and Erineus At the first the Doreans being overcome lost their Cities to the * Boion War between the Phoceans and Doreans other But the Lacedemonians being of the same Blood afterwards sent them aid under Nicomedes formerly General of Cleomedes who led forth an Army of Fifteen Hundred Lacedemonians and rais'd as many more out of Peloponesus as made up Ten Thousand with these he march'd to the Defence of the Dores he being Tutor and Governor of Pleistonactis their King who was then a Child Having conquered the Phoceans and recover'd the Cities he put an end to the War upon Articles of Peace between the Two Nations When the Athenians understood that the Lacedemonians had made an end of the Phocean War and were ready to return home they consulted how to cut them off in their Passage by the way To this end having resolv'd upon the attempt they took to their aid and assistance the Argives and Thessalians and so making out against them with a Fleet of Fifty Sail man'd with above Fourteen Thousand Souldiers they stopt the Passages through * Grarenea a Ridge of a Hill lying before the Entrance into the Isthmos The Athenians contrive to cut off the Lacedemonians in their return Home Ant. Chr. 456. Geranea The Lacedemonians hearing of the Contrivances of the Athenians turn'd out of the way towards Tanagra in Beotia But
Built the City calling it from the Name of the Spring Thurium The City in length contain'd four Streets The first they call'd Heraclea the second Aphrodisiade the third Olympiad the fourth Dionysiad The bredth was divided into three Streets the first call'd Heroa the other Thuria and the last Thurina When all these Streets were fill'd with Houses the City appear'd very compact and beautiful But the Thurians continued not long at Peace amongst Sedition at Thurium themselves for a grievous Sedition and not without some cause began to disturb their Common-wealth For the Sybarites the ancient Inhabitants shar'd all the chief Places of the Magistracy amongst themselves and left only the inferior Ant. Ch. 445. Offices to the new Colonies And the Wives of the antient Citizens were first admitted to Sacrifice before those that were lately brought into the Freedom of the City And besides they ingross'd all the Land next to the City and divided it among themselves and left that which was far off to the new Comers This Fire of Dissention broke out into a devouring Flame insomuch that the new Colony then more powerful than the other destroy'd almost all the ancient Inhabitants and brought the whole City into their own Power But the Country being very Rich and more than was sufficient for them that remain'd they sent for many out of Greece to till and improve the Land amongst whom they divided both the Houses in the City that were destitute of Inhabitants and the Land in the Country The Inhabitants grew very Rich in a short time and entring into League with the Crotonians govern'd their Common-wealth from thenceforth with great Commendation and having setled a Democracy divided the Citizens into ten Tribes and gave them Names according to their several Countries Three that came out of Peloponesus they call'd the Arcadian Achaian and Elean The same Number of them that came from other more remote Parts of Greece they nam'd the Beotian Amphyctonidae and Doridae according to their several Tribes The four residue from other Countries of Greece they call'd the Jadans Athenaidae Enboedae and Islanders Out of the most learned and best accomplish'd Citizens they chose for their Legislator Charonidas who examin'd the Laws of every Country and pickt out of every one what he judged to be the best and digested them all into one Body or Systeme But Charonidas his Laws Ant. Ch. 445. he added many himself of his own Contrivance To rehearse some of which it will not be unprofitable to the Reader And first he institued That whoever Married a second Wife and brought a Stepmother amongst his Children should 1 Concerning second Marage P. 296. be remov'd from the Senate and Common Assemblies for he judg'd that Man could never advise his Country well who was so imprudent in his own Family For they that were once well Marry'd ought to rest satisfied with such a Happiness and such as are unfortunate in their first Match and yet against their own experience commit a second Fault in the same kind justly deserve to be noted for Fools To False Accusers he appointed this Punishment That they should be led through the City Crown'd with the Shrub-Tamarisk that it might 2 False accusers appear to all that the Offender was guilty of the highest Wickedness And it is reported that some Convicted of this Offence to avoid the disgrace have kill'd themselves By the severity of this Law false Informers the Plague of the Common-wealth were driven out of the City and the Citizens lived in great prosperity Charonidas made likewise a new Law never before instituted by any former Legislator concerning keeping bad Company For he found by Experience That both the Manners and Judgments of good and honest 3 Bad Company Men were often depraved by the society and familiarity of wicked Men and drawn aside from the Paths of Virtue to the filthiness of Vice and that such Company like an infectious Disease seised the Minds of the very best with it's Contagion and Corruption For the way to Vice is down the Hill with a very easy descent by reason whereof many of more than ordinary Integrity insnar'd with the inticing Charms of Pleasure have fallen into the highest degree of Wickedness desiring therefore to prevent this mischief he severly forbad the keeping company and familiarity with lewd Men And fram'd a Process against ill Society and impos'd a severe Fine upon such as should be found Guilty And he made moreover another Law more excellent than this past Ant. Chr. 445. by by all the ancient Lawmakers That is That all the Children of the Citizens should learn to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 Teaching to Write Write and the City should pay the Master Wages For he knew that they who were poor were not able to be at the Charge and by consequence must lose the advantage of Instruction for their Children For he prefer'd and not without Cause the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The praise of the Art of Writing knowledge of Writing to be learnt in the first place before all other Arts For by the help of this many things conducing to the publice Good are preserv'd to Posterity as Suffrages Decrees Epistles Wills Laws and other things necessary for Instruction Who can sufficiently set forth the praises this Art By this the Memory of the Dead is preserv'd amongst the living by these Messengers they that are at the greatest distance far absent may be Convers'd with as present These preserve the Opinions of the wisest Men the Answers of the Gods the Learning of Philosophers all the Sciences of the World and hand them down to Posterity for ever Life is due to Nature but how to live well we ow to the Books of the Learned so that by this good Law at the public Care and Charge those who were illiterate before wholly depriv'd of those great Blessings were now improv'd by more happy Education so that we may say he far exceeded those former Lawmakers who appointed Phisicians for the curing of private Mens Distempers at the charge of the Public for they provided cures for Mens Bodies but he for Ignorance and disease of Mens Souls And we never desire to have need of a P. 297. Phisician but are always unwilling to part with a learned Man Many Poets have Celebrated these Laws concerning evil Company among others are these If one Herd with bad Company I ask not what he is but see Such as his Friends are such is he Ant. Chr. 457. Of his Law concerning Stepmothers mention is made thus The lawgiver say they Charonidas amongst others made this Law Let him have no repute but of a Fool That sets a Stepdame o're his House to Rule Nor let him for a civil Office sue Who to an old Plague dares to add a new If good luck in a Wife thou hast had then Stick at a good hand if bad as most Men Th' art Mad
Thrasybulus and Pericles commanded the Right Wing this was Pericles the Son of that Pericles the Famous Orator whose Surname was Olympus But the Command of part of this Wing he deliver'd to Theramenes who was at first but a Common Souldier but afterwards at several times commanded considerable Forces the rest of the Officers he plac'd in their Order throughout the whole Fleet and compassing the Islands call'd Arginuse he drew out his Fleet in a Line as long as possibly he could On the other side Callicratides advancing into the open Sea commanded the Right Wing The Beotians were in the Left commanded by Thrasonidas the Theban But when they saw that they could not reach to equal the Line of the Enemy because the Islands stretcht out so far he divided his Navy into two parts and fought in two places This amaz'd the Beholders from all Ant. Chr. 403. P. 385. parts as if four Fleets with no less than three hundred Sail close together were hotly engag'd For this was the greatest Sea-Fight that ever was fought by Grecians against Grecians that any History commemorates And now at one instant all the Trumpets were commanded by the Admirals to sound a Charge and the Armies on both sides set up great Shouts in their turns one against another and plying their Oars with great heat and earnestness every one strove who should be the first in making the Onset For there were many that by reason of the long continuance of the War were well instructed for Fights at Sea and the Battle was very hot and obstinate on both sides in regard the Best and Stoutest Men were got together to fight in order to get or lose all at once For none doubted but this Battle would put an end to the War which side soever got the Victory But Callicratides knowing by the Predictions of the Augurs that he was to die endeavour'd to make his Death Honourable and Glorious Therefore he made up fiercely upon the Gallies of Nausias the Vice-Admiral whom he sunk with those next to him at the first Charge others he disabled striking them through with the Beaks of his Ships and others he made useless for Fight by brushing off their Oars At length he struck the Ship of Pericles with such violence that he tore off one great part from another But the Fore-part of his own Ship was so fix'd by the Fierceness of the Stroak in the Prow of his Enemies Ship that he could not clear himself off Upon which Pericles cast Grappling-Irons into Ant. Chr. 403. Callicratides his Vessel and so forc'd him up close side to side and thereupon the Athenians in a great Body boarded him and put all in the Ship to the Sword Here it is reported that Callicratides after he had behav'd himself with great Gallantry a long time and receiv'd many Wounds in all parts of his Body at length weary'd out fell Callicratides kill'd down dead The Report of his Death running through the Fleet the Peloponesians struck with a Pannick Fear began presently to fly But tho' the Right Wing fled yet the Beotians in the Left stuck to it and fought stoutly for some time for they of Eubea being in the same common Danger were very Faithful to them and all those that had revolted from the Athenians were afraid lest they if they recover'd their former Power would revenge themselves upon them that had deserted ' em But when the Beotians saw that the greatest part of the Fleet was routed and broken in pieces and that they were more and more press'd upon by multitudes that made up upon them they fled outright Some of the Peloponesians fled to Chius others to Cumea But the Athenians pursu'd 'em very far and fill'd all the Sea-Coasts with Carcasses of the Dead and Wrecks of Ships After this some of the Commanders advis'd that the Bodies of those that were slain should be taken up because the Athenians us'd severely to punish them who neglected that last Office Others were rather for sailing back forthwith to Mitylene and in the first place to raise the Siege But presently arose a most violent Tempest by which the Ships were greatly shatter'd and broken so that by this and the toil of the late Engagement the Spirits of the Souldiers were very low so that the taking up the Bodies of the Dead was defer'd Atlength the Storm rag'd and increas'd to that degree that they could neither gain Mitylene nor Ant. Chr. 403. perform what they ought for the Dead So that being driven back by the Storm they arriv'd with the Fleet at Arginuse In this Fight the Athenians lost five and twenty of their Ships and most of their Men in them But the Peloponesians seventy seven There The Athenians Victors at Arginuse were so many Ships and Men destroy'd that all the Sea-Coasts of Cumea and Phocea seem'd to be fill'd with Carcasses and Wrecks Eleonicus who was besieging Mitylene having certain Intelligence of the Defeat Mitylene reliev'd P. 386. of the Peloponesians sent away all the Shipping to Chios he himself march'd away with the Land-Army to a Confederate City of the Tyrrenians being afraid lest by a Sally out of the Town when the Athenian Fleet came up his whole Army should be cut off When the Athenians arriv'd at Mitylene they took thence Conon along with them with forty Sail and pass'd over to Samos and there wasted and spoil'd all their Enemy's Country After these thing the Lacedemonians in Eolis and Ionia and the dispers'd Islands met in a Common Council at Ephesus and after many Bandings and Discourses pro and con they at length resolv'd to send an Ambassador to Sparta to desire that Lysander might be constituted Admiral of the Navy For that he approv'd himself with great Commendation when he was in Command and was judg'd to be the most Ante Chr. 403. Shilful General But because the Lacedemonians would not alter the Ancient Custom of their Country they made Aratus Admiral and sent Lysander with him as a Private Man to be his Assistant with this strict Command That the General should always follow his Advice and Councel Thus being sent forth to manage the Command of the Fleet they got togetherfrom Peloponesus and their Confederates as many Gallies as possibly they could The Athenians when they receiv'd the happy Tydings of their Success at Arginuse highly applauded the Commanders for the Victory but were very angry that they neglected to bury those who had lost their Lives in the Defence of the Government Theramenes and Thrasybulus coming before the rest to Athens the other Officers The Officers accus'd at Athens for not Burying the Dead suspecting they would accuse 'em to the People for their Neglect in not Burying the Dead sent Letters against them whereby they signify'd that the Care of Interring them that were slain was committed to them which was the Chief Cause of all the Mischief that afterwards fell upon the other Officers
Hieronymus and Nicodamus two Athenians and he himself hasten'd away to the King sailing Ant. Ch. 394. Conon employ'd by the King of Persia against the Lacedemonians P. 440. to Silicia and from thence passing to Thapsacus in Syria he put himself in a Barge and sail'd down the River Euphrates to Babylon Here being admitted to the King he promis'd That if the King would but furnish him with Money and other Necessaries as he should think fit he would undertake to ruin the Lacedemonian Fleet. The King was much pleas'd and highly Commended and Rewarded him and order'd a Paymaster to attend him and pay him as much Money as he should from time to time require He gave him likewise liberty to chuse what Persian he would to be his Collegue and Assistant in the Command and he thereupon chose Pharnabazus and after he had taken Order for all Things according to the utmost of his Power he went down to Sea CHAP. IX The Confederate War by the Argives and others against the Lacedemonians The Battel at Aricas The Fight at Nemea Pisander the Lacedemonian Admiral routed in a Sea-Fight at Cnidus by the Persian Fleet commanded by Conon the Athenian The Corinthian War against the Lacedemonians and the great Sedition there AT the end of the year Diophantus was made Lord Chancellor at Athens and at Rome Six Military Tribunes were invested with the Consular Authority that is to say Olymp. 96. 2. Ant. Ch. 393. Lucius Valerius Marcus Furius Quintus Servilius Quintus Sulpitius * Mistaken Claudius * Marcus Valerius Maximus Ogron and * Lucius Furius The Confederate War Marius Appius In the time of their Governments the Boeotians and Athenians the Corinthians and the Argives Confederated For they conceiv'd that if they being the most considerable and largest Cities of Greece did but stick close one to another they might easily overcome the Lordly Power of the Lacedemonians and the rather for that they were hated of their Confederates for their Tyrannical Government To this end they first order'd a General Assembly of Members from the several Cities to meet at Corinth where being met they order'd all Things necessary concerning the War Afterwards they sent Messengers from City to City and by that means took off many from siding with the Lacedemonians And presently there join'd with them all Eubea generally the Leucadians Acarnanians Ambraciots and Chalcideans of Thrace They then endeavour'd to bring into the Confederacy the Inhabitants of Peloponnesus but none of them would hearken to them For Sparta lying close to the sides of Peloponnesus was as a Castle or Bulwark for the Defence of the Country Medius the Prince of Larissa in Thessaly was about that time engag'd in a War with Lycophrone Tyrant of the * Phera a City in Macedonia Phereans to whom upon his Request this General Assembly sent in Aid Two thousand Men who being furnish'd with these Aides takes Pharsalus a Lacedemonian Garison and sells all the Inhabitants for Slaves After this the Boeotians with them of Argos separating themselves from Medius took Heraclea in Trachinia being let within the Walls in the night and there they put all the Lacedemonians to the Sword but suffer'd the Peloponnesians to depart with all that belong'd to them Then they recall'd the Trachinians to inhabit the City whom the Lacedemonians had forc'd to till the Land though they were the ancient Inhabitants of the Country And not long after Istmenias the General of the Boeotians leaving the Argives to guard the City caus'd the Eneans and Achamaneans to desert the Lacedemonians and having rais'd among them and other Confederates many Soldiers he march'd with an Army of no less than Six thousand Men against the Phoceans Not long after he encamp'd near Aricas a City of Locris the Birth-place of Ajax as 't is said where the Phoceans under the Ant. Ch. 393. Conduct of Lacisthenes a Laconian came out against him and fought him The Dispute was very sharp for a long time but at length the Boeotians got the Day and pursu'd the The Battel at Aricas Enemy till it grew dark of whom they kill'd above a Thousand and lost Five hundred of their own After this Battel both Sides disbanded their Armies and the Phoceans returned to their own Country and the other to Corinth where having call'd a Senate and encourag'd by this good Success as they conceiv'd of it they muster'd at Corinth rais'd out of all the Cities far and near to the Number of about Fifteen thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse The Lacedemonians seeing that the greatest Cities of Greece had confederated against them determin'd to send for Agesilaus and the Army he had with him out of Asia Yet P. 441. in the mean time they march'd out against the Enemy with Three and twenty thousand The Battel at Nemea Foot and Five hundred Horse which they had rais'd out of their own City and from among their Confederates And not long after a Battel was fought at the River Nemea which continu'd till Night parted them wherein part of the Army on both sides prevail'd one against the other There fell of the Lacedemonians and their Confederates Eleven hundred but of the Boeotians and their Confederates were slain Two thousand Eight hundred As soon as Agesilaus had landed his Army in Europe he was encountred by a great Body Ant. Ch. 393. of Thracians whom he routed and kill'd the greatest part of them Thence he march'd through Macedonia on purpose to pass that way Xerxes had formerly done when he came with a powerful Army into Greece Having therefore pass'd through Macedon and Thessaly he went on forward to the Straits of Thermopylae and pass'd through that way In the mean time Conon and Pharnabazus the Persian Admirals lay at Doryma in the Chersonese with a Fleet of more than Ninety Men of War and being inform'd that the Enemies The Sea-fight at Cnidus Navy lay at Cnidus they prepared for a Sea-Fight * Periarchus is here mistaken for Pisander Ush Ann. 179. Periarchus the Admiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet weighing Anchor from Cnidus arrived at Physeus in Chersonesus with Eighty five Gallies and loosing from thence fell upon the King's Fleet and had the advantage against those Ships he first attack'd But upon the Persian Gallies coming up in a full Body to rescue their Fellows his Confederates fled and made to the Shoar but he judging it a base and dishonourable thing for a Spartan to turn his Back tack'd about to front the Enemy and fighting with great Gallantry after he had destroy'd many of the Persians in the heat of the Fight was at length kill'd and so fell with Honour worthy Pisander kill'd and the Lacedemonians routed at Sea of his Country Then they with Conon pursuing the Lacedemonians to the Shoar took Fifty of their Gallies but the most part of the Men swam to Land and escap'd only Five hundred were taken Prisoners
Mylas and took it and and discharg'd all the Naxians that were there * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 upon terms of mutual Friendship who went to the Sicilian and Grecian Cities some to one place and some to another Dionysius now having made a League with the Cities that lay upon the Sea-Coasts determin'd to pass over with an Army against Rhegium But for the present his Design was retarded by the Sicilians at Tauromenum whom therefore he resolv'd in the first place to reduce Dionysius besieges Tauromenium to which end he marched thither with all his Forces and Encamp'd on that side towards Naxos and continu'd his Siege all Winter in hopes that the Sicilians would leave the Hill because they had not been long there But they having heard their Fathers declare that the ancient Sicilians the former Inhabitants of that Place were expuls'd thence by the Grecians when they arriv'd there and built Naxus they therefore concluded they had just cause both to defend their own Country and to revenge the Injury done to their Ancestors by the Greeks and so they defended the Place with great Resolution In the mean time while the Dispute was hot on both sides * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ant. Ch. 392. the Winter Solstice drew near at hand and Winter coming on apace all the Places near the Castle were full of Snow and Dionysius conceiving that the Sicilians by reason of the strength of the Place and height of the Walls kept but a slender Guard in the Castle he ascends those high and steep Places in a dark and tempestuous Night and with much difficulty by reason of the steepness of the Rock and depth of the Snow at length with a scarr'd Face and half blind with Cold and Snow possess'd himself of one part of the Castle Then presently forcing into another he laid open a Passage for his Army into the City Upon which the whole Power and Strength of the Sicilians ran together and drove the Dionystans out of the City and Castle and he himself by a blow upon his Brigandine in the pursuit was knock'd down and was very near falling alive into the hands of his Enemies And in regard the Sicilians had the advantage of high Ground from whence they gall'd the other above Six hundred of Dionysius's his Men were kill'd and many lost their Arms Dionysius himself Dionysius near killing sav'd only his Corslet After this Misfortune they of Agrigentum and Messina those that sided with Dionysius being at a great distance were altogether intent upon regaining their Liberty and therefore sent back Dionysius's Ambassador who was order'd to them to renew and continue the Confederacy and League that then was between them and the Tyâ—ant About this time Pausanias King of Sparta fled out of his Country by reason of some hainous Crimes laid to his charge by the Citizens when he had reign'd Fourteen Years Agistpolis his Soft succeeded him and continu'd as many years more Then likewise dy'd Pausaniaâ— King of Macedon whom Amyntas treacherously murther'd after he had reign'd only one Year Amyntas who thus thus got the Kingdom held it Four and twenty Years At the End of the Year Demostratus was chosen Archon of Athens and six Military Olymp. 96. 4. Ant. Ch. 391. Tribunes Lucius Titinius Publius Licinius Publius Melius Quintus * Maenius The Acts of Mago in Sicily P. 444. Mallius Gneius Genutius and Lucius Attilius govern'd as Consuls at Rome In their time Mago the Carthaginian General was busie in Sicily endeavouring to settle the Affairs of Carthage there which were then but in an ill Condition since the last slaughter and ruin of their Army To this end he carry'd himself with all Mildness and Humanity towards all the Cities within his Government and receiv'd all others into his Protection that were Enemies to Dionysius and enter'd into Leagues with many of the Sicilians At length he rais'd an Army and march'd against Messina and when he had wasted the Country he return'd with rich Booty and Encamp'd near Abacena a City of his Confederates But Dionysius with his Army march'd up to him and upon his approach both Armies were drawn out in order of Battel upon which there was a sharp and hot Engagement in which the Carthaginians were routed and fled to the City with the loss of above Eight hundred Men And Dionysius return'd to Syracuse But within a few days after he made an Expedition against Dionysius sets upon Rhegium in Italy Rhegium with an hundred Sail well Mann'd and coming upon them on a sudden in the Night he set the Gates on Fire and rear'd Scaling-Ladders to the Walls A few only of the Rhegians at first ran to repulse the Enemy and busied themselves in extinguishing the Fire but by the advice of Heloris the Governor they left the Fire and fell with all their force upon the Enemy and by that means sav'd their City For if they had continu'd Ant. Ch. 391. still in quenching the Flames so small a number could not have kept out the Dionysians till the rest of the Citizens had come in to their assistance For by throwing of Timber and other combustible matter from the Tops of the Houses next adjoining they rather increas'd the Fire Dionysius being thus disappointed in his design wastes and destroys all the Country round about with Fire and Sword but afterwards made a Truce with them for one Year and so return'd to Syracuse In the mean time the Grecians in Italy perceiving that Dionysius his Covetousness and The Grecians confederate in Italy against Dionysius Ambition extended as far as to their Countries enter'd into a general League and appointed a publick Place for their Common Assemblies By this means they hop'd that they should both be able to oppose Dionysius and likewise have an Army always ready to fight the Lucanians who were ever and anon making inroads upon them While these things were doing the Exiles that were in the Lecheum at Corinth being let into the City in the Night endeavour'd to possess themselves of the Walls but were The Lacedaemonians beaten by Iphicrates near Corinth driven out again by Iphicratis and forc'd to fly to the Arsenal with the loss of Three hundred Men. Within a few days after part of the Spartan Army march'd through the Territories of Corinth and were suddenly fallen upon by Iphicrates and some other Confederates who out off the greatest part of them And marching from thence with his Light-arm'd Men against Phlias he engag'd with them that came out of the Town and kill'd above Three hundred of them Hence he made against Sicyon who drew out under Ant. Ch. 391 the Walls and fought him but were beaten and forc'd into the City with the loss of Five hundred Citizens After these things the Argives with all their Forces came against Corinth and took both Corinth taken by the Argives the Castle and City and join'd that Territory to their
Terabazus brought to his Tryal Judgment upon corrupt Judges Terabazus acquitted IN Athens Mystichides was Archon and at Rome three Tribunes were invested with Consular Olymp. 98. 3. Ant. Ch. 384. P. 459. Artaxerxes his Expedition into Cyprus against Evagoras Authority Marcus Furius Caius and Aemilius when Artaxerxes King of Persia began his Expedition against Evagoras King of Cyprus The King had spent much time in preparation for the War and rais'd a great Number of Forces both for Sea and Land from all Parts For his Land-Army consisted of Three hundred thousand Horse and Foot and he Equipp'd a Fleet of above Three hundred Gallies Orontes was made General of the Land-Army and Terabazus a Man highly honour'd among the Persians Admiral of the Fleet. These headed their Armies at Phocea and Cuma and descended to Cilicia and from thence pass'd over to Cyprus where they very vigorously bestirr'd themselves for the carrying on of the War In the mean time Evagoras entred into a League with Acoris King of Aegypt who supply'd him with a great Number of Men being himself then in War with the Persians Evagoras assisted by the King of Aegypt Ant. Ch. 384. He was likewise privately furnish'd with Money by Hecatomnus the Governor of Caria to help him to hire Foreigners And several other Enemies of Persia some secretly others openly confederated with him in the War He had likewise many Cities of Cyprus under his Command with whom join'd Tyre in Phenicia and other Places Moreover he had a Navy of Ninety Sail of which Twenty were from Tyre and the rest of Cyprus His Land-Army consisted of Six thousand of his own Subjects but those from his Confederates were many more Besides being richly supplied by them with Monies he hir'd abundance of Mercenaries And the King of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Arabia and other Princes who were jealous of the King of Persia sent him great Forces Being thus supported he applied himself to the War with great Courage and Resolution And in the first place with his Privateers of which he had many he intercepted the Enemies Transport-Ships loaden with Victuals and Provision and sunk some disabled others and took several besides so that there began to be great Scarcity and Want of Corn in the Persian Camp in regard the Merchants durst not sail to Cyprus where that great Army and Body of Men were got together And this occasion'd a great Mutiny it s the Army for the Mercenaries for want of Bread knock'd some of their Officers on the Head and fill'd the Camp with Mutiny and Tumult to such a degree that the Persian Colonels and Admiral of the Fleet called Gaos could scarcely quell it The Fleet therefore sent to Cilicia for Provision which return'd with a great Quantity of Corn from thence by which the Camp was ever after plentifully supply'd But as to Evagoras Acoris sent to him out of Aegypt Money Corn and all other things necessary sufficient for his Occasions Ant. Ch. 384. Evagoras finding that his Navy was far too weak for the Enemy furnish'd out Threescore Ships more and sent for Fifty besides from Acoris so that now he had a Fleet of Two hundred Sail. And having his Navy thus bravely Furnish'd and Equipp'd ready for a Battel after he had some time Train'd and Exercis'd his Men not without terror to his Enemies he prepar'd for a Fight at Sea But it happen'd that as the King's Fleet passed by towards Citium falling suddenly upon them in an orderly Line of Battel he gain'd by far the Advantage fighting in good order with Ships in Confusion and Separated and with Premeditation engaging with Men surpriz'd and taken at unawares he presently at the first onset routed them For charging in a Body together upon Ships dispers'd and in confusion they sunk and took several of them But afterwards when the Persian Admiral and other Officers gather'd up their Spirits they bravely received the Enemies Charge so that the Engagement grew very sharp in which Evagoras at the beginning had the better but Gaos with great Courage bearing in upon him with his whole Evagoras routed at Sea Fleet the Evagrians fled with the loss of many of their Gallies The Persians having gain'd this Victory muster'd both their Land and Sea-Forces at P. 460. Citium where furnishing themselves with all things necessary they went jointly to besiege Salamis and block'd it up both by Sea and Land But Terabazus after the Sea-Fight put over to Cilicia and went to the King to bring him the News of the Victory Ant. Ch. 384. from whom he brought back Two thousand Talents for the carrying on of the War Evagoras before the Fight at Sea had routed part of the Enemy's Army at Land which much encourag'd him to further Attempts But after his sad Misfortune at Sea and that thereupon he was straightly besieg'd his Spirits grew very low However conceiving it necessary to continue the War he put the Supream Power into the hands of his Son Pythagoras Evagoras goes to Aegypt and left him to defend the City and he himself privately in the Night undiscorn'd by the Enemy with Ten Gallies loos'd from Salamis and sail'd into Aegypt where having Audience of the King he endeavour'd to persuade him to make War upon the King of Persia with all the Power he had While these things were on foot in Asia the Lacedaemonians without any regard to the League made decreed to march with an Army against Mantinea for the Reasons following There was now Peace all over Greece by the Negotiation of Antalcidas by virtue whereof all the Cities were freed from Garisons and govern'd according to their own Laws But the Spartans naturally Ambitious and a long time contriving how to begin a War look'd upon the Peace as a heavy Burden and coveting to gain their ancient Dominion began to endeavour Innovations To this end by their Tools and Creatures they stirr'd up Seditions in the Cities and thence took occasion to disturb the present State of Affairs For they who were Freed and set at Liberty to govern according to the Laws of their own Country call'd them to an account who acted as Magistrates under the Lacedaemonians and being somewhat severe and sharp through the fresh Resentment of the late Injuries suffer'd they banish'd many upon this the Lacedaemonians Ant. Ch. 384. protected those who were depress'd by the contrary Faction and restor'd them by force of Arms and by that means first impos'd upon the weaker Cities and brought them into Slavery But afterwards they gave Laws to Cities and Places of great Account not having kept the League two years together And now because Mantinea was near to The Lacedaemonians begin to make War upon the Mantineans them and full of Valiant Men and by the Peace grown very Rich they were jealous of it and resolved to bring down the Lordly Spirits of those Inhabitants In the first
that Summer For they were reputed the most valiant Men of all the Arcadians and therefore the Spartans in former times were us'd to account these their fastest and truest Friends in all Fights and Engagements But when Winter drew on and the River running under the Town swell'd high by the Rains the Lacedemonians dam'd up the River with Earth and Rubbish and turn'd the Current into the City so that all the place round about was like to a standing Pool by reason whereof the Houses fell down which amaz'd them of Mantinea that they were forc'd to deliver up the City Which being thus taken the Citizens suffer'd no other hardships from Mantinea taken the Lacedemonians save only that they were order'd to return to those Ancient Villages from whence at first they came they were forc'd therefore to leave their Country and Ant. Ch. 383. Dionysius designs upon Aepyius settle themselves and their Families in the Villages About this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had a design to gain the Cities lying upon the Adriatick Sea and that which chiefly mov'd him to it was because he covered to be Master of the Jonian Sea as they call it to the end he might have a free and open passage to Epirus and to have Towns and places for his Ships ready to touch at For he was every day making preparation to Transport great number of Forces into Epirus and to rifle and plunder the rich Temple at Delphos To this end he made a * Molussus a part of Epirus League with the Illyrians by the help of Alcetas the Molossian who was then an Exile at Syracuse And the Illyrians being then engag'd in a War he sent them Two thousand Soldiers and Five hundred Grecian Arms the Arms they distributed amongst the strongest and stoutest of their Men and the Auxiliaries they mixt here and there in several of their own Companies and Regiments The Illyrians having now rais'd a great Army made an irruption into Epirus in order to restore Alcetas to his Kingdom and wasted and spoil'd the Country without opposition or controul Afterwards a sharp Battle was fought between them and the Molossians in which the Illyrians were Victors and kill'd A great slaughter of the Molossians above Fifteen thousand of the Molossians which Slaughter of the Epirots being made known to the Lacedemonians they sent them aid to curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the Barbarians During the transaction of these Affairs the * Paros an Island of the Egean Sea near Delos Lyssus built by Dionysius in Pharos Parii by the encouragement of an old Prophecy sent forth a Colony to the Adriatick Coast where they built Pharos by the help of Dionysius in an Island so call'd For not many years before he had sent a Colony thither and built the City Lyssus by the advantage of which place when he had little else to do he rais'd an Arsenal for Two hundred Gallies and Wall'd the Town in so large a Circuit that it exceeded in compass all the Cities of Greece He likewise built stately Schools and Colledges on the on the side of the River * Or rather Anapis in Sicily Olymp. 96. 1. A. M. 3588. Ant. Ch. 382. P. 465. Ant. Ch. 381. P. 465. Anapus with Temples and other beautiful Fabricks to advance the Glory and Greatness of the City And now ended the Year when Diotrephes for the next was Archon of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls At Aelis was solemniz'd the Ninety ninth Olympiad in which Dicon the Syracusian wan the Prize At this time the Pharii who were now seated in the Island Pharos Wall'd in the City they had built near the Sea side not in the least injuring the Barbarians the Ancient Inhabitants of the Island but allotted them a place very strong and excellently well fortify'd But this nestling of the Greeks was a great Eye-sore to the natural Inhabitants therefore they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the Continent over against them who pass'd over to Pharos in many small Vessels to the number of Ten thousand Men and upwards and fell upon the Greeks and kill'd many of them But he who was made Governor of Lyssus by Dionysius with a great Fleet set upon the Shipping of the Illyrians and took and sunk all of them kill'd Five thousand of their Men and took Two thousand prisoners Dionysius being now in great want of Money began an Expedition with Threescore Gallies into * Tyrthenia by the Greek but mistaken Hetruria under colour to scour the Seas of Pyrats but in truth to rob a famous Temple in those parts which was very full * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of rich Gifts and Donations It stood in the Suburbs of Agylla a City of Hetruria where was the Arsenal which they call the Towers He landed in the Night and forcing in at break of day accomplish'd his Design For there being but a small Guard in the Castle he easily over-power'd them rifled the Temple and took out above a Thousand Talents And tho' they of Agylla sally'd out to repel the Enemy yet he routed 'em took many Dionysius rifles a Temple at Agylla in Hetruria to get Money prisoners and after he had wasted and spoil'd the Country sailed back to Syracuse where he rais'd no less than Five hundred Talents by the sale of the Spoils Having thus fill'd his Coffers he rais'd Soldiers from all parts and got together a great Army so that it was evident to the apprehension of all that he design'd War against the Carthaginians And these were the things done this year Afterwards the Dignity of Archon was conferr'd upon Phanostratus at Athens And Olymp. 99. 2. Ant. Ch. 381. the Romans made Four Military Tribunes Consuls Lucius Lucretius Servius Sulpitius * Caius Lucius Emilius and Lucius Furius At this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being prepar'd for the War against Carthage watch'd for a fair occasion to colour and countenance his Design Discerning therefore that the Cities subject to the Carthaginians were inclin'd to a Revolt he receiv'd into his Protection as many as would come to him and enter'd into a League with them carrying himself with great complacency and winning behaviour Upon this the Carthaginians first sent Ambassadors to him and demanded the restitution of the Cities which being deny'd was the occasion of a new War The Carthaginians therefore entred into Confederacies with their Neighbours and all Another War with the Carthaginians by Dionysius Ant. Ch. 381. join'd together in the War against the Tyrant And because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the War they Listed Soldiers out of the choicest of the Citizens and laid up great Sums of Money wherewith they hir'd a vast number of Foreigners And having made Mago their General who at that time bore the Title of King they Transported many Thousands of Soldiers both into Italy and Sicily for they had decreed
Athenians forthwith led out a great Army against the Plateans and having entred the Confines of Platea by this sudden and unexpected Irruption they found many of the Citizens stragling in the Fields who were presently snapt up by the Horsemen the rest fled into the City and having no Confederates to assist them were forc'd to deliver up themselves upon such Terms and Conditions as the Enemy was pleas'd to allow 'em For they were to leave the City and take away with them only their Houshold Goods and never more set foot in Baeotia After this the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thebans raz'd Platea and took Thespia that sided against them by assault The Plateans fled to Athens with their Wives and Children and were there kindly receiv'd into the Franchises and Liberties of the City And in this condition stood the Affairs of Baeotia all that time The Lacedemonians had now sent Mnasippus Mnasippus sent to Corcyra by the Lacedemonians The City Cor-Tyra in the Island Corcycyra with a Fleet of Sixty five Sail and Fifteen hundred Men under his Command to Corcyra which after he arriv'd at the Island and had taken the Exiles on board he sail'd into the Haven and presently possess'd himself of Four of their Gallies and forc'd the rest upon Land which they of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Corcyra burnt to prevent their falling into the Enemies hands he routed them likewise in a Land Fight tho' they had advantageously possessed themselves of a Hill insomuch as all the Corcyrians every where were in fear and amazement The Athenians had some time before sent Timotheus the Son of Conon to the aid Ant. Ch. 371. Timotheus sent by the Athenians to Corcyra came too late of the Corcyreans with a Navy of Sixty Sail but before he came in to succour them he sail'd into Thrace and brought over many of the Cities there to the Athenian Interest and enlarg'd his Fleet with Thirty Sail But because he came too late to the assistance of them of Corcyra the people of Athens were very angry at him and took away his Commission yet when he return'd to Athens with a great number of Ambassadors that came along with him to confirm the Leagues with the Athenians and besides brought in â—â—motheus disearded the Fleet in good Order being more than they were by Thirty Sail the People rescinded the former Decree and restor'd him to his Command Before this they had Restor'd likewise prepar'd Forty Gallies more so that their whole Fleet was Fourscore and had made also plentiful Provision of Corn Arms and all other things necessary for the War But for the present they sent Five hundred Men to the aid of them of Corcyra under the Command of Ctesides who enter'd privately in the Night into * Corcyra where he found the Townsmen in bad circumstances by their Sedition and ill management of Cresides câ—mes to the City Corcyra from Athens Affairs relating to the War But forthwith quieting all Parties he made it his business to put all things in a posture of Defence and by this means put Heart and Courage into the Besieg'd In the first place he made a Sally and cut off Two hundred of the Enemy Presently after in a sharp Engagement he kill'd Mnasippus and many of his Army And Mnasippus kill'd Ant. Ch. 371. P. 482. now when the War was almost at an end in Corcyra arriv'd Timotheus and Iphicrates with the Athenian Fleet who coming too late did nothing worth remembring save that they took Nine Gallies Men and all sent by Dionysius out of Stcily to the assistance of the Lacedemonians under the Command of * Cissides Cassidas and Crinippus and by the Sale of the Captives rais'd Threescore Talents with which they paid off the Soldiers While these things were acting Nicocles an Eunuch in Cyprus treacherously murther'd Evagoras Murther'd in Cyprus King Evagoras and made himself King of Salamis In Italy the Romans fought with the Prenestines and routed and kill'd many of them Afterwards when Asteius was chief Magistrate at Athens and Six Military Tribunes viz Olymp. 101. 4. Ant. Ch. 370. Earthquakes in Peâ—oponnesus Marcus Furius Lucius Furius Aulus Posthumus Lucius Lucretius Marcus Fabius and Lucius Posthumus executed the Office of Consuls at Rome there hapned such dreadful Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus throughout all the Cities and over all the Country that are incredible to relate For never in any former Ages did the like Calamity fall upon the Grecian Cities which were now swallow'd up together with their Inhabitants and certainly some Divine Power contriv'd and executed this remarkable ruine and destruction of Mankind Nay the time when it was done aggravated the greatness of the calamity For the Earthquake hapned not in the day when the distressed might have found out some way or other to have help'd themselves but in the night when the Houses by the violence of the shake fell down in confused heaps so that by the darkness of the Night and the suddenness of the ruine Men were in that perplexity that they knew not which way to turn themselves for security insomuch as the greatest part of the Inhabitants buried in the rubbish of the Houses miserably perish'd But as soon as Ant. Ch. 370. it was Day some came running out of the Houses and thinking they had escap'd the danger fell into a far greater and unexpected mischief for the Sea rag'd to that degree and broke in with that violence that it swallow'd up them and their Houses together Two Cities of Achaia one call'd Helica and the other Bura chiefly suffer'd by this sad accident of which two Helica was of the greatest account of any of the Cities of Helica and Bura swallow'd up Achaia There was a very hot dispute concerning the cause of this Evil. Indeed the Natural Philosophers do generally ascribe all such Events to Natural Causes and necessary Circumstances and not to any Divine Hand But they who have more reverend Thoughts and Sentiments of a Deity give a very probable account of this Matter that this Destruction was the effect of the Anger of the Gods for the impious violation of the Rights of Religion of which we shall give a more particular account The Three Cities of Jonia were accustom'd to have a general Assembly of all the Jonians at Mycale and thereabouts where in a certain solitary place according to Ancient Rites they offer'd many costly Sacrifices to Neptune which * Pan Ionian A general Festival of the Ionians Panionion Festivals the Ionians not being able to solemnize at that place by reason of the frequent Wars and Disturbances they remov'd those Assemblies to a more secure place not far from Ephesus But sending to Delphos to consult there with the Oracle they were commanded to take Images from the most Ancient Altars of their Forefathers meaning from Helica a City of the Country formerly call'd Ionia but now
clear and open before them arriv'd at length at Sellacia For it was order'd that all the Forces should meet together at that place where being all now join'd they march'd towards Sparta and wasted the Country all before them with Fire and Sword And now the Lacedaemonians seeing their ancient Country Liconia that had never known what Waste and Spoil meant for the space of Five hundred years before to be thus cruelly harass'd and destroy'd could no longer forbear but were ready to run upon their Enemy as it were with open mouth But being by some Magistrates that came from the City commanded not to hasten away P. 491. too far out of the Bounds of their Country lest some other should make an inroad into it in the mean time and being likewise advis'd to recollect themselves and think seriously of defending the City with much ado they submitted to the Advice In the mean time Epaminondas having pass'd his Army over the Mountain Taygetus and arriv'd at the River Euâ—ota which was then very high being Winter-time he endeavour'd all he could to get over The Lacedaemonians perceiving how his Troops were disorder'd and dispers'd through the difficulty of the Passage laid hold upon this fit occasion to fall upon them Leaving therefore their Wives Children and Old Men as a Guard for the City they made out against the Enemy in good Order with all the Young and The Thebans attacks by the Spartans Ant. Ch. 367. Strong Men of the Town and by a sudden and hot Charge cut off a great number in their passing the River But the Boeotians and Arcadians valiantly standing their Ground surrounded their Enemies However the Spartans after they had kill'd a great number of the Boeotians at length broke through and return'd to the City leaving behind them remarkable Instances of their Valour Presently after when Epaminondas came up with his whole Army to the Terror of Epaminondas besieges Sparta the Inhabitants to the City the Spartans by the advantage of the Strength of the Places kill'd great numbers of them And now all hands were at work and very earnest to gain the City insomuch as that they seem'd to be in a fair way to take Sparta by storm But the Assailants through their Over-heat and Violence being many of them kill'd and others wounded Epaminondas caus'd a Trumpet to sound a Retreat and so call'd them off Presently after the Thebans made their approach to the City and challeng'd the Spartans to come forth and fight with them or else to acknowledge themselves Inferior and not able to contend with them To whom they answer'd that when they saw their opportunity they would be sure not to decline Fighting though they laid all at Stake The Army therefore now drew off from the Siege and having wasted and spoil'd all Laconia and loaden themselves with rich Prey and Plunder return'd into Arcadia Afterwards the Athenians who came too late and did nothing worth taking notice of March'd back into Attica In the mean while Four thousand Men came in to the Assistance of the Lacedemonians from their Consederates To these they added a Thousand Helots newly Manumitted and set Free and Two hundred Beotian Fugitives and many more from the neighbouring Towns and Villages so that now they were strong enough to Cope with the Enemy And these Forces being kept together and daily Exercis'd grew more and more daring and fit for publick Service in the Field Ant. Ch. 367. But Epaminondas being Naturally inclin'd to things that were Great and ambitious to Messina Rebuilt by Epaminondas Eternize his own praise and Honour perswaded the Arcadians and the other Allies to re-edifie and replenish Messina with new Inhabitants which had been destroy'd by the Lacedaemonians * Above 280 Years Sir Walter Rawleighs History of the World lib. 2. 1. part c. 27. fol. 359. and lay Wast and Desolate many Years for that it was most commodiously Situated for the Invading of Sparta at any time having procur'd their Consent he enquir'd after all the ancient Inhabitants that were living in any Place And enfranchizing many others that were willing to settle themselves there he Repair'd Messina and made it very Populous and divided the Land belonging to the City by Lot amongst the new Inhabitants and fill'd the Country about with stately Seats and beautiful Buildings and so rais'd up a noble Grecian City out of its Ruins to its former State and Grandeur for which he was highly Honour'd I conceive it will not be amiss in this place in regard Messina has been so often taken and Ruin'd If I say something in short of this City from its beginning Anciently the An account of the several States of Messina Family of Neleus and Nestor to the time of the Trojan War possess'd it Afterwards Orestes the Son of Agamemnon and his Posterity enjoy'd it till the Return of the Heraclidae Then Cresphontes chose Messina for his share and his Posterity Reign'd there for some time but they being Ejected it came into the power of the Lacedemonians who became * Cresphontes Lords thereof For after that Teleclytus King of the Lacedemonians was slain in a P. 492. The first Messinian War Olymp. 9. This War began Olymp. 9. 2. in the Reign of Manasses Ended 14 Olymp. 1. Sir Walter Rawleigh's Hist World 356. lib. 2. c. 27. Battle the Messinians at length were subdu'd by the Spartans This War is said to have continu'd Twenty Years and that the Lacedemonians had taken a solemn Oath that they would never return to Sparta till they had taken Messina At that time were Born those call'd the Partheniae who afterwards enjoy'd the City Tarentum The Messinians in after-times being oppress'd by the Lacedemonians * The second Messinian War 39 Years Ant. Ch. 367. Aristomenes stirr'd them up to Revolt and destroy'd many of the Spartans At which time Tyrreus the Poet was sent by the Athenians to the Spartans to be their General But there are others that say that Aristomenes flourish'd in the time of the Twenty years War The last War made upon them was after that terrible Earthquake which almost Ruin'd Sparta and destroy'd all its Inhabitants At that time those that remain'd of the Messinians together with the Helots who Revolted with them Inhabited Ithon because Messina had lain Wast many Years together before that time But being unfortunate in every Encounter they were at length utterly Ruin'd and driven out of their Country and settl'd themselves in Naupachus which was given them to Inhabit by the Athenians And from thence some remov'd to Cephalenia and others into Sicily where they built the City Messina so call'd from them And now the Thebans in the last place by the Advice of Epaminondas who Invited the Messinians from all Places where they were Rebuilt Messina and restor'd to the new Inhabitants all the ancient Territories formerly belonging to the City And thus Great and Various were the Changes and
part of the Country of Elis Triphilia call'd Lassion The Archadians and Eleans had been quarrelling a long time about Triphilia And upon several Turns of Fortune first one and then the other got the Possession which being at this time in the hands of the Arcadians the Eleans under the Shelter and Colour of the Arcadian Fugitives dispossessed the Arcadians They Enrag'd at this Affront and Injury by their Ambassadors first demanded the Redelivery of the Place but their demand was slighted thereupon they procur'd the Athenians to joyn with them in the War and Besieg'd Lassion A Battle near Lassion between the Eleans and Arcadians But the Eleans came presently into the Assistance of the Exiles Upon which a Battle was Fought near Lassion In which the Eleans were Routed being overpowr'd by number and lost above two hundred Men. The Seeds of War being now Sown the Controversie between the Eleans and the Arcadians grew hotter every Day For the Arcadians pufft up with the late Victory presently March'd their Army into the Country of Elis and took the Cities Marganus Cronion Cyparissia and Coryphasion In the mean time Ptolomaeus Alorites in Macedonia was treacherously Murther'd by his Brother Perdiccas after he had Reign'd three Years Perdiccas succeeded him and enjoy'd the Kingdom five Years At this time Timocrates was Archon at Athens and three Military Tribunes invested Olymp. 104. 1. Ant. Ch. 362. with Consular Authority rul'd at Rome viz. Titus Quintius Servilius Cornelius and Servius Sulpitius The Hundred and fourth Olympiad was now Celebrated by the Pisate and the Arcadians where Phocides the Athenian was Victor About this time it happn'd that the * Of Pisa in the Reign of Elis. Quarrels between the Pisate and the Eleans about the Olympick Games Pisaeans upon the account of some old Fables and Stories they had amongst them to regain the ancient Honour and Dignity of their Country challeng'd it as their Right to Convene and Manage the Olympick Games Judging it therefore now a fit time to dispute this matter they took in the Arcadians the Enemies of the Eleans as their Confederates in the War With whose Aid and Assistance they March'd against the * Of the City Elis. P. 498. Eleans who had then appointed the Games Whereupon the Eleans with all their Forces made out against them upon which there was a very sharp Encounter The Grecians who were then come together to this Solemnity stood as Spectators with Crowns upon their Heads out of reach of all danger and at every brave Action of either Party gave up great shouts The Pisaeans at length being Conquerors manag'd the Sports but the Eleans never accounted this Olympiad in their Annals because they lookt upon it to be acted by Force and against Law During these Transactions of Affairs Epaminondas the Theban who was in great Esteem among the People made a Speech to the Citizens in which he stirr'd them up Epaminondas stirs up the Thebans to gain the Dominion at Sea to gain the Dominion of the Sea In this Oration which he had premeditated long before he shew'd them that the thing was easily done as it was advantageous and profitable for the Commonwealth and amongst other things he likewise told them that being Sovereigns at Land they might be easily Masters at Sea For altho' the Athenions in the War against Xerxes had a Navy of Two hundred Sail well Equipp'd and Furnish'd yet they were under the Command of the Lacedemonians who had but Ten. When he had spoken what he had to say sutable to the occasion he brought the Thebans to a Compliance It was therefore forthwith Decreed by the People that a Hundred Gallies and as many Docks should be built and that application should be made to the Rhodians Chians and Bizantians for their Assistance to forward the Work Epaminondas himself being sent away with some Forces to the aforemention'd Cities so terrifi'd Lachetes the Athenian General who was sent with a Strong and well Furnish'd Fleet to obstruct the Designs of Ant. Ch 362. the Thebans that he forc'd him to Sail back and reduc'd those Cities to the Obedience of Thebes And no doubt but if this Man had liv'd some time longer he had gain'd for the Thebans the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land But not long after being kill'd at the Battle at Mantenea where he obtain'd a famous Victory for his Country by his own fall all the prosperity of the Thebans presently dy'd as it were with him But we shall Treat of these things more particularly and distinctly shortly hereafter About the same time likewise the Thebans resolv'd to Invade Orchomenon for the Reasons The Thebans design to B siege Orchomenon following Some of the Theban Fugitives had a purpose to change the Government of Thebes into an Aristocracy and to that purpose join'd in Confederacy with Three hundred Horsemen of Orchomenon These Horses were us'd to Rendezvouz at a certain Day appointed and ordered by the Thebans and therefore they contriv'd that at that very Day when ever it should be they would fall upon the City And being there were many others that were engag'd to be assisting in effecting this Design they took a fit opportunity at length to meet together Then some of the chief Conspirators who began to repent of the Treason discovered all to the Beotians and by betraying their fellows sav'd their own Lives Upon this all the Horsemen by Command of the Magistrates were seiz'd and being afterwards brought before the Senate they were all Judg'd to be put to Death and that the Inhabitants of Orchomenon should be sold for Slaves and their City raz'd to the Ground The Thebans had born an old grudge towards Ant. Ch. 36â— them of Orchomenon for many Generations because that in the times of the * Or demy-gods Heroes they forc'd them to pay Tribute till Hercules set them free Having therefore now got an opportunity and a good colour as they conceiv'd to revenge themselves they Marcht with their Forces against Orchomenon And presently making themselves Masters of the City they put all the Men to the Sword and sold the Women and Children Orchomenon taken and raz'd for Slaves At this same time the Thessalians made War upon Alexander the Prince of Pherea but being often beaten and having lost many Men they solicited the Thebans to send Aid Pelopidas sent by the Thebans against Alexander of Pherea P. 499. to them under the Command of Pelopidas For they knew he was a brave spirited Man and an excellent Commander and an inveterate Enemy of Alexander upon the account of his late Imprisonment The Beotians hereupon call'd a general Council and gave Audience to the Ambassadors and having heard their Message they readily comply'd in all things to their request and forthwith order'd Pelopidas to their assistance with Seven thousand Men who presently Obey'd and just as he was Marching out with the Army the Sun was Ecclips'd which
they were moved and acted as by some Enthusiasm so he likewise was inspir'd with a Spirit of Prophecy The News presently spreading abroad among the Inhabitants how wonderfully they were affected that look'd down into the Chasm many flock'd to the place and out of Curiosity made Experiments and as many as came near were always acted with a Spirit of Divination For these Reasons the Place was counted the Residence of some Oracle For some time therefore it was a practice that those who had a desire to know Future Events would approach to this Denn and there return Answers of things that were to come one to another But whereas many through an Excess and Transport of Mind would leap into the Gulf and so were never seen more it was judg'd adviseable by the Inhabitants to avoid the like danger for the future that some one Woman should be consecrated Prophetess and that by her the Answer of the Oracle should be deliver'd and that an Engine should be made for her whereon she might sit and by that means be inspir'd without any danger and give Answers to them that consulted with her concerning Future Events This Machine had three Feet from whence it was call'd the Tripode whose Figure and Three Bases Shape almost all the Tripodes of Brass made to this day do imitate But sufficient we conceive is said concerning the manner of finding out the Seat of the Oracle and for what Reasons the Tripode was made It 's reported That at the first Virgins were assign'd to this Office because that in their Nature they are more pure and harmless and of the same Sex with * The Sister of Apollo Diana And besides for that they were judg'd fittest to keep the Secrets of the Oracle But it 's said that of latter time one Thessalus Echecrates coming to the Oracle upon sight of the Virgin-Prophetess for her admirable Beauty fell in love with her and ravish'd her Which wicked Fact caus'd the Delphians to make a Law That no young Virgin for the future but a Ant. Ch. 353. grave Woman of fifty Years of Age in a Virgin 's Dress to keep up the Memory of the ancient Mode in Divination should preside and return the Answers These are the old fabulous Stories that are told concerning the first discovery of the Oracle But to return to the Acts of Philomelus who being now Lord of the Temple commanded Pythia to answer him from the Tripods according to the ancient Rite and Custom of the Country When the Prophetess answer'd him saying This is the Custom of the Country he commanded her with Threats to ascend the Tripode Whereupon she submitting by force to the Authority of the Imposer answer'd him That it was lawful for him to do what he list At which he was very jocund and said he had receiv'd an Answer fit for his Purpose And thereupon presently caus'd the Answer to be recorded and expos'd to be read that so it might be evident to all that the God had given him liberty to do what he pleas'd Then he call'd a General Assembly and rehears'd to them the Divine Oracle and bid them all to be constant and courageous and then betook himself again to the Business of the War Moreover a Prodigy appear'd to him in the Temple of Apollo for an Eagle hovering over it and at length casting her self down to the ground pursu'd the Pigeons that were fed and kept in the Temple from place to place so that she snatch'd away some even from the Altars themselves Those that were vers'd in interpreting things of this Nature declar'd that this portended that Philomelus and the Phocians should possess themselves of all the Treasures of the Temple Being greatly puff'd up with this Encouragement he singles out the choicest of his Friends to send as Messengers Ant. Ch. 353. abroad some to Athens others to Lacedaemon and others to Thebes and other most remarkable Cities of Greece with this Apology That he had seiz'd upon Delphos not with any design to commit any Sacrilege but to regain the Patronage of the Temple for his Country and declar'd that he was ready to give an exact account to all the Greeks of the Money and all the dedicated Gifts there both for weight and number whoever should require the same At length he desir'd that if any out of Envy or Malice should make War upon the Phocians that they would rather join with him against such or at least stand Neuters The Ambassadors quitting themselves with all diligence in this matter the Athenians Lacedaemonians and some others entred into the Confederacy and promis'd them assistance But the Boeotians with the Locrians and some others were of a contrary Mind who took up Arms in defence of the Oracle against the Phocians These were the things done in the Course of this Year CHAP. VII The Battel at Phaedra between Philomelus and the Locrians The Parties engag'd in the Phocian War The Battel between the Boeotians and Phocians Philomelus kill'd Onomarchus made General His Dreams Successes and Death NOW Diotinus executed the Office of Archon at Athens and Cneius Manlius and Caius Martius of Consuls at Rome when Philomelus having a prospect of the Storm Olymp. 106. 3. Ant. Ch. 352. An. M. 3596. of War that was rushing in upon him hir'd a great number of Soldiers with whom he join'd the most expert and choicest of the Phocians But tho' he was in want of Money yet he still forbore to meddle with the Sacred Treasures but got sufficient to pay the Mercenaries out of the Estates of the greatest men among the Delphians When he had rais'd a considerable Army he march'd into the Field that all might take notice that he was ready to fight with any Enemy that appear'd against the Phocians Upon this the Locrians The Battel at the Rocks of Phaedra See the Story in Ovid. Epist Phaedra to Hippolytus made out against him and fought with him at a Place call'd The Rocks of Phaedra whom he routed and kill'd multitudes of them and took many Prisoners and forc'd some of them to cast themselves down headlong from the Top of the Rock After this Battle the Phocians grew very high crested upon the account of their prosperous Success The Misfortune on the other hand greatly discourag'd the Locrians they sent therefore an Ambassador to Thebes to desire them to afford their assistance both to them and the Oracle The Baeotians both out of their Piety towards the Gods and for Confirmation of the Decrees of the Amphictyons wherein they were greatly concern'd solicited by their Ambassadors the Thessalians and others of the Amphictyons to join with them in the War against the Phocians Upon which after that the Amphictyons had decreed War to be made upon the Phocians there arose great Uproars and Factions throughout all Greece Some were for assisting the Oracle and for prosecuting the Phocians with Revenge as Sacrilegers others were for defending them And while
Valour and Conduct all the Greek Cities through Sicily readily submitted to him and he as readily set them at Liberty to govern by their own Laws Many Cities likewise of the Sicani Sicilians and other Countries subject to the Carthaginians sent presently their Ambassadors to him in order to be receiv'd into a League and be his Confederates But the Senate and People of Carthage perceiving that their Officers were sluggish and unactive in the Management of the War determin'd to send over others with a considerable Additional Force And to that end with all Dispatch they rais'd out of their own City and from among the Africans all such as they judg'd able to bear Arms for this Expedition And besides they took care to be provided with a sufficient Stock of Money and listed Mercenaries out of Spain Gaul and * In Italy now the States of Genoa Ligurla They fitted out likewise a great Navy both of †Men of War Olymp. 109. 4. Ant. Ch. 339. An. M. 3605. Long Ships and others for carrying Provision and in all other Respects were so careful and diligent that nothing was wanting that was necessary At the time when Nichomachus was chief Magistrate at Athens and Caius Martius and Titus Manlius Torquatus were Roman Consuls Phocion the Athenian subdu'd and expuls'd Clitarchus Prince of * Eretria whom Philip had set over that City In Caria †Pizodarus Petinthus besieg'd by Philip in Thrace in Propontis Pexodorus the youngest Brother expell'd Adam out of the Principality and reign'd Five Years to the time of Alexander's Expedition into Asia But the Power of Philip still encreasing he march'd with an Army against * A City in Euboea now Negropont Perinthus which favour'd the Athenians and much obstructed him in his Designs He push'd on the Siege therefore with all Eagerness and to that end incessantly batter'd the Walls with his Engines from time to time relieving those that were tir'd with fresh Men He made likewise Approaches with Towers of Fourscore Cubits high mounting much above the Walls whereby he greatly annoy'd the Besieg'd being so high above them He so ply'd them likewise with his Battering Rams and undermin'd the Foundations of the Walls to that degree that a great part of them tumbled down But the Perinthians defended themselves with that Valour that they speedily rais'd up a new Wall upon which there were such Disputes and * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fighting the one to gain and the other to defend the Wall that it was to be admir'd In the mean time while they were thus eagerly contending on both Sides Philip being well furnished with * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Shot mightily gall'd them upon the Wall But the Perinthians though they lost many Men every Day were reinforc'd with Supplies of Men Darts and Shot from Byzantium so that hereby becoming of equal Force with the Enemy they took Courage and valiantly stood to it for the Preservation of their Country However the King remitted nothing of his former Heat and Diligence and dividing his Army into several Battalions girt the City round and relieving his Men by Turns assaulted the Walls continually Night and Day He had an Army of Thirty thousand Men and a vast Multitude of Darts and Engines both for Battery and other Purposes so that the Besieged were very sorely press'd The Siege having now continued long and many of the Townsmen killed and wounded and Provision growing scanty the Town was upon the Point of being surrender'd when Fortune favouring the Distress'd handed to them an unexpected Deliverance For the growing Power of the King being nois'd abroad throughout Asia the King of Persia who now began to suspect the Greatness of Philip commanded by his Letters the Lords Lieutenants of the Sea-Coasts to assist the Perinthians with what Forces they could Upon which they all unanimously sent to Perinthus a great Number of Mercenary Soldiers Plenty of Coin sufficient Provision Weapons and all other Things necessary for War The Bizantians likewise sent thither a Commander and the best of their Soldiers The Forces now equal on both sides and the War reviv'd there was now again so sharp an Encounter both to gain and defend the City as that none could possibly exceed For Philip by the continual Batteries of the Rams brought down part of the Wall and by his Shot forc'd the Besieg'd from the Buâ—warks so that he made his way with a strong Body of Men through the Ruins of the Wall and scal'd the Bulwarks that were before clear'd of them that should have defended them The matter being disputed hand to hand at the Swords point Death and Wounds follow'd inasmuch as the Rewards of Victory put Life into the Valour of both Parties For the Macedonians being assur'd they should have the Plunder of a rich City and likewise be honourably rewarded by Philip were resolv'd valiantly to undergo all Hardships whatsoever The Besieged on the other hand having as it were before their Eyes the Miseries attending a Place taken by Storm with generous and undaunted Resolutions shunn'd nothing of Hazard for their own and the Preservation of their Country The Situation of the Place contributed much all along to the Besieged for the Batteling the Enemy For Perinthus is situated on the Sea-side upon a rising Neck of Land in a Peninsula stretch'd out a Furlong in length The Houses are close together and very high for one stands above another according to the Ascent of the Hill and the Form of the City represents as it were a Theatre And therefore though a large Breach was made in the Walls yet they within were but little prejudic'd thereby for the strait and narrow Passage being barricado'd the higher Houses were instead and as advantageous as a Wall Philip therefore having gain'd the Wall after much Toil and Hazard found another far stronger made by the Situation of the Houses And besides all these Disadvantages he saw that every thing necessary for War was readily and in great abundance sent to them from Byzantium therefore he divided his Army into two Bodies the one half he left with the best of his Commanders to carry on the Siege and with the rest he marches speedily away to Byzantium and lays close Siege to it on a sudden Upon whick the Townsmen were put into great fear and perplexity having before sent away their Soldiers Arms and other things necessary for War to the Perinthians These were the things done at Perinthus and Byzantium at that time Here Ephorus one of the Writers ends his History with the Siege of Perinthus In his Memoirs he comprehends the Affairs both of the Greeks and Barbarians from the return of the * This Return was about the time the Ark was taken by the Philistines 80 Years after the Ruin of Troy before Christ 1100 Years Heraclide for the space of almost Seven hundred and fifty Years and divides his History into Thirty Books to every one of which he
Ground Halicarnassus taken Then he order'd part of his Army to march further up into the Country in order to force other Provinces to his Obedience these Forces valiantly brought under the Power of Alexander all the Nations as far as to the Borders of the Greater Phrygia and forc'd Ant. Ch. 332. them to find Provision for their Army Alexander himself subdu'd all the Sea Coast of Asia to Cilicia gaining many Cities by Surrender and taking several Forts and Castles by Storm amongst which there was one that was taken after a wonderful manner which by reason of the Rarity of the Thing is not to be pass'd over In the utmost Borders of Lycia the Marmarensians who inhabited upon a great Rock and well fortifi'd set upon the Rear of Alexander's Amy in their March thither and slew many of the Macedonians and carry'd away a great number of Prisoners and Carriage-Horses At which the King was so inrag'd that he resolv'd to besiege the Place and us'd his utmost Endeavour to gain it But the * Or Marmarians Marmarensians trusting to their own Valour and the Strength of the Place manfully endur'd the Siege for they were assaulted two Days together without any intermission and were assur'd that the King would not stir thence till he had taken the Rock The ancient Men therefore at the first advis'd the Younger to forbear standing it out with such Violence and to make Peace with the King upon as good Conditions as they could which when they deny'd and all resolv'd to part with their Lives and the Liberties of their Country together the graver Men then advis'd them to kill all the old Men Women and Children and that those that were strong and able to defend themselves should break through their Enemies Camp in the Night and flee to the next Mountains The young Men approv'd of the Councel and The strange Resolution of the Marmarians thereupon an Edict was made That every one should go to his own House and Eat and Drink plentifully with his Wife Children and Relations and then expect the Execution of the Decree But some of the young Men who were more considerate than the rest who were about Six hundred in the whole judg'd it more Advisable to forbear Ant. Ch. 332. killing their own Kindred and Relations with their own Hands but rather set the Houses on fire and then to sally out at the Gates and make to the Mountains for their Security This was presently taken to and the Thing put in execution and so every Man's House became his Sepulchre And the young Men themselves broke through the midst of their Enemies and fled to the Hills near at hand And these were the chief Things done this Year CHAP. III. Mytelen taken by Memnon Darius his General His Successes He dies Charidemus the Athenian unjustly put to Death by Darius Alexander falls sick recover'd by Philippus Alexander seizes Alexander of Lyncestas upon his Mother's Letters Alexander takes Issus The memorable Battel at Issus where the Mother Wife Two Daughters and Son of Darius were taken Alexander's noble Carriage towards them Darius's Letters and Offers to Alexander Darius prepares another Army BUT in the following Year wherein Nicocrates was chief Governor of Athens and Olymp. 3. 4. Ant. Ch. 331. An. M. 3617. Cesus Valerius and Lucius Papirius succeeded in the Consular Dignity at Rome Darius sent a great Sum of Money to Memnon and declar'd him General of all his Forces Hereupon he rais'd great Numbers of Men from all Parts and fitting out a Navy of Three hundred Sail set himself with all diligence to the prosecution of the War To that end he brought in Chius to join with him Then he sail'd to Lesbos and presently took Antissa Mythimnus Pyrrhus and Erissus But for * Mitylene besieg'd and taken by Memnon in the Island Lesbos Mitylene and †Lesbos a City in Lesbos Lesbos because it was much larger and strongly Garison'd and well provided he gain'd it not without many Assaults and the Loss of many of his Men though he took it at length with much ado The Fame of this Action being presently nois'd abroad many of the Cyclade Islands sent Ambassadors to him to make Leagues with him Then there was a Report spread abroad that Memnon with his whole Fleet was intending to invade Eabaea which put all the Cities into a great Consternation And some of the Graecians being come into the Confederacy of the Persians were hearten'd in hopes of a change of their Affairs for the better Besides Memnon had corrupted many of the Greeks with Money to sail in the same Bottom with the Persians But Fortune put a stop to the Progress of this Man's Success for he fell sick of a mortal Distemper and dv'd and by his Death the Memnon dies Affaris of Darius went backward For the * Of Persia King hop'd to have transferr'd the whole Weight of the War out of Asia into Europe But when he heard of the Death of Memnon he call'd his Friends together and ask'd their Advice Whether he should send a General with the Army or go himself in Person and try his Fortune with the Macedonians Some were of Opinion for the King to go himself for that they said the Persians would then with more chearfulness venture their Lives But Charidemus the Athenian who was in great Esteem for his Valour and Prudence as a General for under Philip he gain'd a great Reputation and was his chief and principal Adviser in all his weighty Affairs advis'd Darius not to lay the Kingdom rashly at stake but still to continue Lord of Asia and keep the Government in his own Hand and to appoint an Experienc'd General to manage the Concerns of the War And he told him that an Hundred thousand Men of which Number a Third Part to be Mercenaries out of Greece were sufficient for the Expedition and engag'd that he would see the Thing accomplish'd The King at the first agreed to what he said But his Friends peremptorily rejected this Advice suspecting that Charidemus sought for the chief Ant. Ch. 331. Command out of design to give up all into the Power of the Macedonians Hereupon Charidemus was in such a Rage as that he call'd them all Cowards With which Words the King was much more offended than before and whereas Anger never suffers a Man to consider wisely before hand Darius orders him to be bound in a Belt which is the manner of the Persians and delivers him to his Guard to be put to Death Who when he was leading to Execution cry'd out That the King would in a short time repent of what he had done in this Matter and would be punish'd for that unjust Judgment against him by the loss of his Kingdom Thus fell Charidemus from the top of all his Hopes and Expectations Charidemus unjustly put to Death by Darius through the unseasonable Liberty of his Tongue But the King as
by Instruments hoist up and so let down into these Vaults In this Citadel were many stately Lodgings both for the King and his Soldiers of excellent Workmanship and Treasury Chambers most commodiously contriv'd for the laying up of Money Here Alexander made a sumptuous Feast for the Entertainment of his Friends in Commemoration Alexander Feasts at Persepolis of his Victory and offer'd magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods At this Feast were entertain'd Whores who prostituted their Bodies for Hire where the Cups went so high and the Reins so let loose to Drunkenness and Debauchery that many were both drunk and mad Among the rest at that time there was a Curtesan call'd Thais an Athenian that said Alexander would perform the most glorious Act of any that ever he did if while he was Feasting with them he would burn the Palace and so the Glory and Renown of Persia might be said to be brought to nothing in a moment by the Hands of Women This spreading abroad and coming to the Ears of the young Men who commonly make little use of Reason when Drink is in their Heads presently one crys Ant. Ch. 328. out Come on bring us Fire-brands and so incites the rest to Fire the Citadel to revenge that Impiety the Persians had committed in destroying the Temples of the Grecians At this others with joy set up a shout but said That so brave an Exploit belong'd only to Alexander to perform The King stirr'd up at these Words embrac'd the Motion upon which as many as were present left their Cups and leap'd from the Table and said That they would now celebrate a victorious Festival to Bacchus Hereupon multitudes of Firebrands were presently got together and all the Women that play'd on Musical Instruments which were at the Feast were call'd for and then the King with Songs Pipes and Flutes bravely led the way to this noble Expedition contriv'd and manag'd by this Whore Thais who next after the King threw the first Firebrand into the Palace This President was presently follow'd by the rest so that in a very short time the whole Fabrick by the Violence of the Fire was consum'd to Ashes Persepolis burnt It 's very observable and not without just admiration that the Sacrilege and Impiety of Xerxes King of Persia exercised in his destroying the Citadel of Athens should so many years after be reveng'd in the same kind by one Curtesan only of that City that was so injur'd After these things thus done Alexander marches against the rest of the Persian Cities and having taken in some by Force and others surrender'd upon the Fame and Report of his Lâ—nity and Moderation he made after Darius who had begun to raise Forces out Ant. Ch. 328. of Bactria and other Provinces but being prevented by the March of the Enemy he made away with all speed out of Bactria with Thirty thousand Persians and Mercenary Greeks and in his return was treacherously Murther'd by Bessus the Lord-Lieutenant of Bactria He was scarce dead when Alexander with a Party of Light Horse came up to Darius murder'd the Place where he lay and there finding him caus'd him to be honourably interr'd But some do report that Alexander finding him yet alive Darius complain'd of his sad Misfortune and desir'd him that he would see his Death reveng'd which Alexander faithfully promis'd He forthwith indeed pursu'd Bessus but he being a long way before him escap'd into Bactria so that considering it was not possible to overtake him he march'd back This was the State of Affairs in Asia In Europe the Lacedaemonians being routed in a great Battel by Antipater were forc'd to send Ambassadors to him who put them off till the meeting of the General Assembly of Greece which afterwards met at Corinth where after many things were Banded and Disputed on both sides the Matter was at length left to the Decision of Alexander Hereupon Antipater receiv'd the chiefest of the Nobility of Sparta as Hostages and the Lacedaemonians sent Ambassadors into Asia to beg Pardon for their late Revolt CHAP. VIII Bessus stirs up the Bactrians Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries with Rewards The River Stiboetes He enters Hircania Its Richness Enters the Mardis Country Loses his brave Horse but is restor'd Thalestris the Amazon Queen meets him He falls into the Effeminacy of the Persians Enters Drangina A Plot against Alexander Philotas and others put to Death Marches against the Arimispi Subdues Arachosia WHen this Year ended Cephisophon executed the Office of Chief Magistrate at Olymp p. 112. 4. Ant. Ch. 327. An. M. 3621. Athens and Caius Valerius and Marcus Claudius were created Roman Consuls At that time Bessus with Naâ—arzanes and Barxaentes and many others after the Death of Darius having escap'd the hands of Alexander came into Bactria And in regard he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of this Country by Darius and upon that account was Bessus stirs up the Bactrians 〈◊〉 is own'd as King well known by the Inhabitants he persuaded the People to stand up for their Liberty and told them That the Situation and Condition of their Country was such being full of difficult Passes and very Populous that they had an extraordinary advantage to succeed in the Attempt and promised that he himself would take upon him the whole Management of the War Hereupon he so far prevail'd that he got a considerable Number to join with him and to own him for King Then he Listed Men prepar'd Arms and procur'd whatever was necessary for the present State of his Affairs In the mean time Alexander perceiving that the Macedonians had a design to end the War with the Death of Darius and to return to their own Country he call'd them together and so courted them by an Oration fitted for the purpose that he prevail'd with them readily to go on with the Expeditions that then yet remain'd Then he call'd together all the Greek Auxiliaries and having highly commended them for their Valour bestow'd upon every Horseman as a Reward a Talent and every Footman Ten * Ten Minas 31 l. 5 s. Alexander discharges the Greek Auxiliaries and rewards them Ant. Ch. 327. Minas and discharg'd them from further Service in the Army And over and besides he paid to every one of them what was due to them for their common Pay and gave them likewise sufficient Provision to carry them into their own Country and to every one that was willing still to continue in the Army he gave Three Talents He gave indeed large Rewards to the Soldiers being naturally of a generous Disposition and besides in pursuing Darius had possess'd himself of a vast Treasure For he had receiv'd Eight thousand Talents out of the Treasures and besides what he gave to the Soldiers he rais'd Thirteen thousand Talents by sale of the Cups Flaggons and Furniture And it was believ'd that what was stollen and taken away by force was much more Having done this he march'd with his
r. 388 The taking of their City by Lysander 353 r. 389 The Thirty Tyrants of Athens 357 r. 396 r. 397 The War with the Tyrants 373 r. 414 Their Ejection ibid Ten others set up in their room prove as as bad as they 374 r. 415 Athens wall'd again 393 r. 442 They stir up the Cities against Sparta 419 r. 471 471 The Beotian War and their Expedition into Beotia 420 r. 472 How the league with Sparta is broken after the Peace of Antilcida ibid. A new War with Sparta The first Victory after their loss at Egos-Potamos against the Spartans at Naxos in a Sea-fight 422 r. 475 Their Expedition into Corcyra and Victory over the Spartans They assist the Spartans their implacable Enemies against the Thebans by Iphicrates 435 437 r. 490 493 Are routed by Philip 478 r. 511 Their Acts in the Social War 485 r. 521 Their War with Philip 503 r. 539 The Battel at Chaeronea where they are overcome by Philip 516 r. 555 Their War with Antipater 578 r. 633 c. Their City given up to Antipater and garison'd by him 581 r. 637 Their Democracy restor'd 602 r. 662 Antigonus and Demetrius honour'd by them 677 r. 757 Athenae a University for the Liberal Arts and Sciences 311 r. 344 Attica wasted by Xerxes 223 r. 250 By Mardonius 230 r. 257 By the Spartans 280 284 r. 308 309 r. 313 314 Atho Mount Atho digg'd thro' by Xerxes's Army 310 r. 343 Augurs a superstitious Observation of Augurs the occasion of the Ruin of the Athenians in Sicily 305 r. 337 Shew'd to Philomelus 489 r. 524 Portending the death of Alexander M. 571 r. 623 Axiotheca the Wife of Nicocles murders her self and her whole Family 665 r. 743 B. Babylon Alexander M. his first Entry into Babylon 548 r. 596 His second and last where he died 570 r. 622 Babylonia the Province of Arcon 574 r. 628 It s Scituation 576 r. 630 Antipater allotted it to Seleucus 590 r. 648 Bactria Conquer'd by Alexander M. The Province of Philip 574 r. 628 The Scituation 576 r. 630 Bagistama a fruitful Country r. 621 Bagoas the Eunuch colleague with Mentor in Egypt 499 500 r. 535 536 Destroys Ochus and all his Family 501 r. 537 How he was punished 502 r. 564 Belus his Sepulchre repair'd by Alexander M. 570 r. 622 Bessus treacherously murders Darius and stirs up the Bactrians against Alexander M. 552 r. 601 Punished by Alexander M. 556 r. 606 Beotians whence so call'd r. 696 Their War with the Plateans 280 r. 308 With the Athenians 290 321 With the Phoceans and Lacedemonians 393 394 395 r. 439 441 442 The Beotian War against the Lacedemonians to the end 414 r. 465 466 Overcome by Philomelus 491 r. 526 By Onomarchus 493 r. 528 They overcome Phayllus at Orchomenus Cephissus and Chaeronea 504 r. 541 Overcome by Leosthenes 578 r. 633 Join with Antigonus 642 r. 713 Boeotarchs 431 r. 485 Bomilcar his Ambition 661 r. 737 Invades the Soveraignty over the Carthaginians 674 r. 754 His Conflict with the Citizens 675 r. 755 His punishment 676 〈◊〉 756 Bucephalus Alexander M. his Horse his properties 554 r. 603 Is taken ibid. Built a City in India call'd Bucephala in memory of his Horse 564 r. 612 Bura and Helice drown'd two Cities in Greece 428 r. 481 Buildings Stately Buildings in Sicily 514 r. 553 Burial the remarkable love of a Wife to her Husband at his Funeral 622 r. 689 Bees make their Honey Combs in the Hipps of Agathocles his Statue 607 r. 671 Byzantians their Expedition into Bithynia and Cruelty 297 r. 328 The City taken by the Athenians by Treachery but not without Blows 331 r. 366 C. Cadmus the first King of Thebes 271 r. 300 Cadmea the Cittadel of Thebes taken by the Spartans 416 r. 467 Recover'd 418 r. 470 Callantineans their War with Lysimachus 640 r. 711 Callicrates his Sea-Fight with the Athenians 305 349 r. 373 385 Camillus overcomes the Volsci Equi and the Gauls 406 r. 456 Campanians assist Dionysius in Sicily 330 r. 364 Are Rooted out of Sicily by Timoleon 514 r. 553 Cappadocia the Province of Eumenes 574 r. 628 It s Situation 576 r. 630 Carducians the hardships of the Grecians through their Countrey 370 r. 411 The Mountains there ibid. Caria its Situation 576 r. 630 The Province of Cassander 574 r. 628 Carmania the Province of Tlepolimus 574 r. 628 It s Situation 576 r. 630 Carrhae Villages in Mesopotamia 569 r. 621 Carthaginians their numerous Forces brought into Sicily as Confederats with Xerxes 225 r. 252 Their miserable slaughter at Himera by Gelo 227 r. 254 Their Cruelty and Impiety in the Sacking of Selinunt 327 r. 361 And after of Himera 330 r. 364 Their War with Dionysius 376 r. 418 Are overcome by the Syracusians 385 r. 430 Their Navy damag'd by Dionysius 391 r. 434 A grievous Plague amongst them ibid. The burning of their Fleet 390 r. 435 Another Expedition into Sicily against Dionysius 398 r. 445 Another War with him 414 r. 465 Plague and Pannick fears 418 r. 469 The last War with Dionysius 439 r. 495 Another Expedition against Timoleon 508 512 r. 545 550 Overcome by Timoleon 513 r. 551 Their Expedition against Agathocles and their Shipwrack 654 r. 728 The manner of the publick Mourning ibid. Their Victory at Ecnomon 656 r. 730 The Terror amongst the Carthaginians upon the landing of Agathocles in Africa 660 r. 737 Human sacrifices in Africa 662 r. 739 Towns taken by Agathocles in Africa 664 r. 741 Their miserable Slaughter in Assaulting Syracuse 668 r. 747 They overcome Agathocles in Africa 684 r. 767 The Tents of the Carthaginians burnt by chance cause a great terror ibid. Cassander his War with Olympias 622 r. 689 He builds Cassandra and repairs Thebes 630 r. 699 Uses Rhoxana and her Son very ill ibid. His Expedition into Peloponnesus 630 r. 699 Confederates against Antigonus 632 r. 701 Another Expedition into Peloponnesus 635 r. 705 Into Illyrium and his happy success there ibid. Into Cario against Antigonus and his good success there 641 r. 712 His War with the Apolloniats 648 r. 719 Wickedly murders the Son of Alexander and his Mother 654 r. 728 Assumes the Kingdom 680 r. 761 His Expedition against Antigonus 702 r. 788 Caulonia Besieg'd and raz'd 401 403 r. 449 451 Cerberus how he was pull'd out of Hell by Hercules 372 r. 413 Chabrias the Athenian General defends Corinth against the Thebans 437 r. 493 Their General in Sicily 285 r. 314 His Victory at Sea over Pollides the Spartan 422 r. 475 His Death 423 r. 476 Charonaea Philip gains a great Victory over the Athenians at Charonaea 516 555 Chaldaeans their Opinion of the Prodigies in the Heavens 429 r. 483 The Nature of their Divinations 570 r. 622 Chares the Athenian General overcomes the Argives 440 r. 496 His Acts in the Social War 480 486 r. 514 521 Charonidas His Laws 267 r. 295 Cilicia The Province of Philotas its
healthfulness of the Climate is such that they are not without cause call'd but are really and in truth Blessed and Happy Islands Lastly Macareus King of Lesbos made the first Law among them which was so beneficial and advantagious to the Publick that he gave it the Name of the Lion because of the strength and force of that Beast A considerable time after this Colony planted in Lesbos another was brought into the Island Tenedos in this manner Tennes was the Son of Cyrnus King of Colone in Troas and was a Man renown'd Tenedos for his Valour he brought over a Colony out of the opposite Continent and possess'd himself of the Island Leucophrys at that time desolate After he had divided the Country by Lot amongst his Subjects and had built a City he call'd it Tennus after his own Name By his good and upright Government he gain'd upon the Hearts of his People and was highly honour'd while he liv'd and after his Death was ador'd as a Demy-God For they built a Temple in honour of him and offered Sacrifices to him as a God Which Religious Veneration was continu'd to Times not long since But we are not here to omit what the Islanders report concerning Tennes the Founder of the City * Or Tennus Tenedos They say that Cygnus the Father of Tennes giving Ear to the false Suggestions and Calumniations of his Wife lockt his Son in a Chest and caus'd him to be thrown into the Sea and that the Chest was cast up by the Waves upon Tencdos and being thus strangely preserv'd by the special Providence of God became King of the Island and afterwards growing renown'd for his Justice and other eminent Virtues he was at length honour'd and ador'd as a God And because his Stepmother hir'd a †A Minstrel Piper by a false Oath to support her own Calumny it 's a Law amongst them of Tenedos That no Piper shall come into the Temple Afterwards when Tennes was kill'd by Achilles in the time of the Trojan War and Tenedos then laid wast by the Grecians the Tenedeans made another Law that it should not be lawful so much as once to name Achilles in Tennes his Temple These are the things related of Tenedos and it's ancient Inhabitanas Having now given an Account of the most considerable Islands we shall proceed in the next place to the lesser The Cyclade Islands were Formerly desolate and uninhabited But Minos the The Cycladae Islands Son of Jupiter and Europa King of Crete having a strong Army at Land and with a powerful Navy Master at Sea sent many Colonies out of Crete and Peopled many of the Islands of the Cyclades and divided the Lands to the People by Lot and subdu'd a great part of the Sea-Coasts of Asia and therefore the Sea-Ports and Havens of Asia and of the Islands have the same Names with those in Crete and are call'd Minoi Minos being now grown great and powerful began to envy his Brother Rhadamanthus his Copartner in the Kingdom for the honour and reputation he had gain'd by his Justice Willing therefore to remove him as far from him as possibly he could he sent him into the furthest parts of his Dominions Whereupon Rhadamanthus abiding in the Islands over against Ionia and Caria caus'd Erythrus to build a City in Asia after his own Name and made Oenopion the Son of Ariadna the Daughter of Minos Lord of Chius These things were all done before the Trojan War But after the destruction of Troy the Cares grown rich and wealthy gain'd the Dominion at Sea and subdu'd the Cyclades some of which they took into their own hands and rooted out the Cretians others they injoy'd in Common with the ancient Cretian Inhabitants But in process of time the Grecians growing strong and powerful the barbarous Carians were ejected out of most of the Cyclades and the Islands fell into the hands of the Greeks Of which we shall give a more particular Account hereafter in proper Time and Place D. G. The following Books that is to say the VI VII VIII IX X are lost THE Last Ten Books OF THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF Diodorus the Sicilian CONTAINING The Affairs of the WORLD for the space of 179 Years from the Expedition of Xerxes into Greece to Seleucus his coming into Cappadocia with his Army and the other Confederate Princes into other Parts against Antigonus in the 3 d Year of the 119 th Olympiad Together with The Fragments of PHOTIUS his BIBLIOTHECA and others Published by L. Rhodomannus AND The Fragments Published by H. Valesius and by F. Vrsinus WITH A SUPPLEMENT Made English By GEORGE BOOTH of Chester Esq LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1700. ANTIENT SICELE ACCORDING TO THE Description of Philip Cluuerius THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XI The PREFACE THE Book next before this being the Tenth in the whole Composure of our History ends with things done in the Tear immediately before the Descent of Xerxes into Europe and with those Debates in the General Assemblies of the Grecians at Corinth concerning the admission of Gelo into the Grecian Confederacy In this to proceed as things were done in a continued Series of the History we shall begin with Xerxes ' s Expedition into Greece and end the Year immediately before the Army of the Athenians under Cymon their General invaded Cyprus CHAP. I. Of Xerxes his Expedition into Greece and the Battel of Thermopyle and the Sea Fight at Salamis CAllias being Archon or chief Magistrate of Athens Spurius Cassius and Proclus Virginius Tricostus Consuls at Rome in the Seventy Fifth Olympiad celebrated at Elis in which * Asyehus Asylus the Syracusian Olymp. 75. Ant. Chr. 478. was Victor Xerxes for the reason after mention'd rais'd an Army against the Grecians †He married Artozostra the Daughter of Darius and was himself the Son of Gobrias whose Daughter Darius married Herod lib. 6. c. 43. and lib. 7. c. 5. Mardonius the Persian was Cousin German and by Marriage likewise nearly related to Xerxes of great esteem among the Persians for his Valour and Prudence This Man prompted forward by the greatness of his Spirit and the heat of his Youth burned with Ambition to be General of so great an Army as that Expedition requir'd and therefore persuaded Xerxes that he would bend all his power to subdue the Grecians those implacable Enemies of the Persians Being brought over to close with this Advice he determin'd utterly to destroy and root them up And to that end sent Embassadors to Carthage to treat with them concerning the joining of their Forces together Whereupon it was thus agreed between them That Xerxes should Land his Forces in Greece and that the Carthaginians at the same time should with a great Army invade the Greeks in Italy and Sicily According to which Compact the Carthaginians raised a great sum of Money and hired
the least impair'd So that there was now begun a fierce Encounter Upon which many more likewise mounting over the Sicilians with much ado over-powering them by their multitude at length drave them from the Post and presently by the Mould and Bank that Ant. Ch. 395. P. 425. Motya taken was rais'd Dionysius his whole Army broke into the City and now every place was strew'd with dead Bodies For the Sicilians resolving to revenge themselves upon the Carthaginians for their former Cruelties without any regard either to Age or Sex slew all before them putting Man Woman and Child to the Sword But Dionysius having a mind to sell all the Citizens for Slaves thereby to raise Money commanded the Soldiers to forbear killing the Prisoners But when he saw that none regarded him but that the Sicilians rag'd like wild Beasts he order'd a Cryer by publick Proclamation to declare That he would have the Motyans to fly for refuge to the Graecian Temples Upon which the Common Soldiers stopp'd their hands but forthwith sell a plundering and spoiling all through the City and carried away abundance of Silver and Gold rich Garments and all sorts of other Wealth and Treasure For Dionysius for the Encouragement of his Soldiers for the time to come had given them the Plunder of the City After all was over he rewarded Archylus who first mounted the Wall with an Hundred * Above 300 l. Minas and all the rest every one according to his Merit As many of the Motyans as were left alive he sold for * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sold under the Spear Slaves But Daimenes and some other Greeks who join'd with the Carthaginians and were taken Prisoners he commanded to be * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Crucify'd After this he put a Garison into Motya and made Bito the Syracusian Governor the greater part of the Garison were Sicilians Then he order'd Leptinus the Admiral with an Hundred and Twenty sail to watch the Carthaginians at Sea and likewise to make Incursions as he had before design'd upon Egista and Entella He himself return'd with the Army to Syracuse Summer now drawing near to an End At this time Sophocles the Son of Sophocles began to make Tragedies at Athens and came off Twelve times a Conqueror Sophoeles the Tragedian When this Year was ended Phormio entred upon the chief Magistracy at Athens and at Rome six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Authority Cncius Genusius Lucius An. M. 3576. Olymp. 96. 1. Ant. Ch. 394. Atilius Marcus Pomponius Gains Duilius Marcus Veturius and Valerius Publius At this time was celebrated the Ninety Sixth Olympiad in which Eupolis of Elis was Victor In the time of their Governments Dionysius Lord of Syracuse marched from thence with his Army and invaded the Territories of the Carthaginians When he was wasting Dionysius still carries on the War against the Carthaginians and spoiling the Country the Halicyans out of Fear of him sent Ambassadors to his Camp and became Confederates But they of Egesta made a sudden and unexpected Sally upon the Guards of the Besiegers and burnt their Tents which caus'd a great Consternation and Tumult through the Camp For the Flame catching and running along at a great distance was not easily quench'd so that some of the Soldiers in quenching of the Fire were destroy'd and many Horses were burnt and the Tents together But Dionysius went on spoiling and wasting the Country without any Opposition In the mean time Leptinas the Admiral who lay then with the Fleet at Motya was very intent in observing the Enemy at Sea And the Carthaginians having certain Intelligence Ant. Ch. 394. of the strength of Dionysius resolv'd to exceed him in all warlike Provision and Preparation whatsoever To which end according to their Laws they made Imilco their King The great Preparations of the Carthaginians against Dionysius and rais'd Forces out of all parts of Africa and Spain of which some were their own Confederates and others Mercenaries At length they got together an Army of above Three hundred thousand Foot and Four thousand Horse besides Chariots to the number of Four hundred They had likewise a Fleet to the number of Three hundred long Gallies for Men of War and Six hundred Ships of Burden as Ephorus relates to Tranâ—port all manner of Provision Engines of Battery and all other Necessaries for the War But Timeus affirms P. 426. that not above a Hundred thousand were transported from Africa into Sicily with which Three thousand of the Sicilians join'd when they came over Imilco deliver'd Commissions seal'd up to every one of the Officers with a Command they should not open them till they were out at Sea and then to Execute their Orders He did this that the Spies which might be amongst them might not be able to inform Dionysius of the Design of the Fleet. The Orders were That they should make straight to Panormus Upon this they all set sail with a fair Wind The Transport Ships made directly in to the open Sea but the Gallies sail'd along the Coast of Africa When the Transport Ships and Ships of Burden with a fresh Gale came within sight of Sicily Dionysius sent out Leptines with Thirty Sail against them with Order to Sink and Destory as many as he could who forthwith made up to them and fought those he first met with and sunk several with all the Men in them The rest though they were heavy loaden by the help of the Wind fortunately veering about easily escap'd but about Fifty were sunk down right in which were lost Five thousand Soldiers and Two hundred Ant. Ch. 394. Chariots In the mean time Imilco arriv'd at Panormus and landing his Men march'd directly against the Enemy Comanding the Fleet to sail along upon the Coast near to him In his march he entred Eryx by Treachery and thence hasten'd with all speed to Motya Motya retaken by Storm And because Dionysius was then busie in besieging of Egista Imilco had the Opportunity to take Motya by Storm Although the Sicilians were very earnest and desirous to fight the Enemy yet Dionysius judg'd it more advisable for him to draw off to some other Place because he was both far off from his Confederates and his Provisions too began to grow very low Determining therefore to be gone he advis'd the Sicilians for the present to quit their Cities and join themselves to the Army promising to plant them in a richer and in no less a Country than their own and telling them that when the War was ended as many as would might return to their former Habitations upon this some few of them embrac'd the Offer lest if they refus'd they should have been plunder'd by the Soldiers The rest deserted together with the Haliceans who sent Ambassadors to the Carthaginians and renew'd their League with them Dionysius therefore made with all speed to Syracuse spoiling and wasting the Country all along
Turns of Messina The Thebans having dispatch'd all these things in the space of Eighty five Days leaving a strong Garrison for the defence of Messina return'd to their own Country And the Lacedemonians having now unexpectedly rid themselves of the Enemy sent some of the greatest men of their City to Athens and upon a Treaty concerning the Principality it was agreed that the Athenians should be Masters at Sea and the Lacedemonians have the chief Command at Land But afterwards both Cities executed the Sovereignty in Common About the same time the Arcadians Created Lycomedes General and sent him away Pallene taken by Sterm by the Arcadians with five thousand strong and lusty young Men to Besiege Pallene in Laconia who took it by Storm and put above Three hundred Lacedemonians there in Garrison to the Sword And having plunder'd the City and wasted and spoil'd the Country return'd home before the Lacedemonians could send them any Relief The Beotians likewise being desir'd by the Thessalians to Free them from the Tyranny of Alexander the Pherean then but feeble and almost broken sent Pelopidas with a Pelopidas sent into Thessaly strong Army into Thessaly with Orders to Manage affairs there to the advantage of the Beotians When he came to Larissa he possessed himself of the Castle then Garrison'd by Alexander thence he March'd into Macedonia and made a League with King Alexander and receiv'd Philip his Brother as an Hostage and sent him to Thebes And having perfected whatever he thought might be for the Service of the Beotians he return'd into his own Country Things standing thus the Arcadians Argives and Eleans unanimously agreed to make Several Countrys Confederate against Sparta P. 493. War upon the Lacedaemonians and to that end to send Ambassadors to the Beotians to persuade them to join with them in the War They accordingly Consented and sent forth an Army of Seven thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse under the Command of Epaminondas and the other Beotarchs The Athenians hearing of the preparations of the Beotians against Peloponnesus sent an Army against them under the Command of Ant. Ch. 367. Chabrias their General who when he arriv'd at Corinth rais'd Men out of Megera Pellene and Corinth and made up an Army of Ten thousand Men who being join'd with the Lacedaemonians and other Confederates at Corinth their whole Forces were no less than Twenty thousand They made it first their Business to guard all the Passages and to do all they could to prevent the Beotians from breaking into Peloponnesus To this The narrow Pass of Peloponnesus between two Seas Lechaeum lying on the West and Cenchrea on the East end they drew a Wall with a deep Trench from * Cenchrea to * Lechaeum to block up the entrance that Way The thing was done with that quickness and expedition through multitude of Hands and diligence of those Employ'd that the Place was Fortifi'd before the Beotians could reach thither As soon as Epaminondas came up to the Place upon diligent view of the Fortification he discern'd that that part kept by the Lacedaemonians was the Weakest and therefore did all he could to draw them out to a fair Field Battle tho' they were almost three times his Number But when he saw they would not stir but kept themselves within their Epaminondas breaks again into Peloponnesus Fortifications and Trenches he made a fierce Assault upon them Storming them in every Part But the Action was Hottest and Sharpest on both sides where the Lacedemonians were Posted for there the place was of easiest Entrance and most difficult to be kept But Epaminondas having with him the flower of Thebes with much ado beat off the Lacedaemonians and so clearing the Way broke in with his Forces and laid the passage plainly open into Peloponnesus which was an Action nothing Inferior to any he had done before Hereupon he forthwith March'd to Trezene and Epidaurus and Wasted Ant. Ch. 367. and Harrass'd the Country round about but could not take the Cities being very strongly Garrison'd but Sicyon * Pheâ— in Elis. Pheunte and some others submitted to him Then he March'd with his Army against Corinth And having routed the Townsmen in an Encounter he pursu'd them to the very Walls Where some of the Beotians puffed up with their good Success Rashly broke through the Gates into the City upon which the Corinthians in a great Fright shut themselves up in their Houses But Chabrias the Athenian General both Cordially and Faithfully made Head against the Beotians and Drove some of them out of the City making a great slaughter of the rest In the heat of this Action the Beotians approach'd to Corinth with their whole Army in Battalia to the great Terror of the Inhabitants Upon which Chabrias with his Athenians forthwith made a Sally out of the City and having possessed himself of the Hills Adjoyning there bore the brunt of the Enemies Charge On the other side the Beotians encourag'd being strong of Body and of long experience in Feats of Arms doubted not but to Rout the Athenians But the Chabrians by the advantage of the higer Ground and continual Succours coming in to them out of the City so defended themselves that they Kill'd and grievously Gall'd their Assailants and beat them off So that the Beotians after the Loss of a great Number of their Men not being able to do any thing drew off their Forces But Chabrias having thus Baffl'd the Enemy for his Valour Faithfulness and Military Conduct was Cry'd up and greatly Admir'd CHAP. VIII Dionysius sends Gauls and Spaniards to the assistance of the Lacedemonians Pelopidas and Istmenias clapt up by Alexander Tyrant of Pherea The Boeotians pursu'd by the Phereans brought off by Epaminondas then a private Soldier The Fight between the Arcadians and Lacedemonians Dionysius falls upon the Carthaginian Territories in Sicily Dionysius dyes The cause of his death The cruelty of Alexander the Pherean at Scotusa Epaminondas breaks again into Peloponnesus Coos Peopled and Wall'd The end of the Laconick and Beotick War by the Mediation of the Persian King ABout this time arriv'd at Corinth Two thousand Gauls and Spaniards sent by Dionysius the Tyrant to the Lacedemonians from Sicily who had Five Months Pay advance Olymp. 102. 4. Ant. Ch. 366. The Grecians to try their Valour drew them out against the Enemy who so far approv'd themselves stout and valiant Men as that they routed and kill'd many of the Beotians and their Confederates And after they had been very useful in the War and purchas'd Aids arriv'd at Corinth from Dionysius to themselves Praise and Esteem both for their Courage and Service and had been rewarded according to their Merits by the Lacedemonians they were sent back into Sicily at the end of the Summer After these things Philiscus Ambassador from Artaxerxes King of Persia came into Greece P. 494. Artaxerxes sends again to compose Matters in Greece but in