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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
country_n	ancient_a	call_v	situation_n	3,751	5	12.3408	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A20492	The surueye of the vvorld, or situation of the earth, so muche as is inhabited Comprysing briefely the generall partes thereof, with the names both new and olde, of the principal countries, kingdoms, peoples, cities, towns, portes, promontories, hils, woods, mountains, valleyes, riuers and fountains therin conteyned. Also of seas, with their clyffes, reaches, turnings, elbows, quicksands, rocks, flattes, shelues and shoares. A work very necessary and delectable for students of geographie, saylers, and others. First vvritten in Greeke by Dionise Alexandrine, and novv englished by Thomas Twine, Gentl.; Orbis terrae descriptio. English	Dionysius, Periegetes.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1572 (1572)	STC 6901; ESTC S112016	35,765	93

the moūt Taurus beginneth by litle to decrease towardes Pamphylia ▪ to change name béeing no longer called Taurus but Cragus where standeth also a town by the riuer Eurimedon y inhabitāts wherof do worship Venus do accustomably offer vnto hir the bloud of swine other beasts Ther folow other cities of Pāphilia as Corycus Pergae and Phaselis very much through blown with winds Amōg the thickest of whom towards the easte lye the Lycaones men also very fit for warre and well practised in shooting Whose neighbours are the Pi●idei whose principall cities be these Termesus Lyrbae and Selgae which they say was of aunciente time founded by the Amyclei From thence when towards the east the sea commeth in with a round reache like a circle all the lande that lyeth neare therto must neads also resemble the same shape for that cause it is not muche vnlike to the sea Euxinū In that nooke be the Cilices very farre into the East the aunciente records of antiquitie since our forefathers dayes called that place the straights of Asie That cuntrey is muche moystned with many riuers not all rysing there but comming from other places whereof there be thrée chiefe Pyramus Pinarius and Cydnus which only amōgst the rest rūning through y midst of Tharsus deuideth y citie with his cōfortable stream a citie most noble for beutiful buildings where they say lōg ago the famous horse Pegasus left his hoofe therof y citie was called Tharson ▪ And also where the report goth Bellerophō was cast down by him so departed to Iupiter whereby y place becā renoumed wher he had cōtinuedlōg before sequestred from all companie of man There are to be séen also many other cities of Cilicia standing here and there among whiche Lyrnessus is one and Malos by the sea side Diuers also there are which stande partely within the lande and partly on the shore The land Comogena is neare hereto and the cities of Syria nowe Suria a large countrie and wide reaching vnto the Sea but the side whiche lyeth to the West stretcheth to the foote of mount Casius Who so vnderstandeth wel the situation and fourme hereof with studie and diligence shall soone perceyue howe the other parts of Asie lye For the fourme thereof consisteth of foure angles the parte that lyeth easterly surmounteth the other in multitude We declared howe that all Asie was deuided into twayne and that it stretched forth to the mount Indus whiche is one of the boundes therof especially where it lyeth to the North and Nilus an other where it runneth to the west The Ocean standeth in steade of the rest whiche is called Indicus on what parte it loketh to the East and boundeth at south on the read sea called Mare Rubrum But Syrie wherof we speake but nowe béeing thrust as it were almost into the middes and bowels therof and touching the sea both at East and south hath within it that way many citties Which bicause it standeth lowe and is enclosed with two very high hilles Casius at the west side and Libanus at the east y inhabitaunts cal it in their tōgue a valley And bicause it séemed vnto thē more commodious and far more frutefull than any other for grasse corne and such like and easie to be passed vnto by ship many noble mē and such as were of great abilitie chose that place to dwel in building there citties townes and distinguishing them by diuers names For those which dwell more within the conunent land are by one name called Sirij But they whiche lye nigh the Sea side are Phoenices ▪ which in times pa●●e comming from the Erytheri are thought to haue bin the firste which assayed the Sea with shippe and inuented the trade of marchandise whereby men might be pronoked to conetousnesse and desire of riches And firste also which founde out the motions of the heuens and course of the starres with the supernall bodies by the excellencie of their witte and industrie These are the inhabitours of Ioppes now Iaffa Gaza and Elicides and which of long continuaunce haue possessed the fayre and aunciente citie Tyrus nowe Sur builded from the beginning Then they which founded the watry citie Byblon nowe Gae●a and windy Sidon now Sidoni vpon the banke of the calme riuer Bostrenus who possesse also Tripolis now Tripol de la Suria Orthosides and Marathon nowe Maugath and the noble citie Laodex nowe Lyche builded as they say by Neptunus where Daphne was weaned Also the people of Apamia within the mayne lande where the riuer Orontes nowe Tarfaro running towardes the Easte parteth Antiochia in twayne And generally all Syria is very riche and plentyfull abounding with corne and pasture for grazyng of cattell at whose inlande partes which are to the Southe moste adiacent lyeth the entrance to the sea Arabicum which washeth the shoares of both Arabia and Syria continually howbeit by little and little turning to the east approcheth the Elani where as the Arabes lye possessing a countrey of all other moste rythest and precious It standeth highe and is enuironed with two seas Persicum and Arabicum and lyeth also open vnto two wynds For the Arabicum requireth a Western wynd and Persicum an Easterne But that parte of Arabia whych lyeth to the east and south is washed also with the Red sea called Mare rubrum Of this countreye I wyll speake somewhat bycause it conteyneth many regions whose power and wealth all other doe wonder at and are amazed to beholde their greate store and abundaunce And I wyll not omitte that béeing verye muche delyghted with Sacrifice there is no one parte of all the countrey but dothe smelle of Parfume and Myrrhe and of soote smellyng Calamus whiche are caste into the fire to burne Who will not take it for an vndoubted truth that Iupiter being father to Dionysius tooke him foorth of his thinghe at the celebration of whose natiuitie he replenished the whole countrey with fragrant odoures And that those shéepe wherwith Arabia aboundeth obteyned that guift that while they were féeding they should be clad in thick and fine fléeses and the pondes and waters swarme with varietie and multitude of Fishes And that so many flocks of birds forsoke the deserte and came thither bringyng with thē boughs of precious Cinamom wherwith that coūtrey now is wonderfully stored Moreouer that this Dionysius after that he was borne and somewhat sprong vp wearing on the skinne of a yong Goate and hauing his lockes tressed vp with yuie and vine leaues his belly ful of good wine went wandering about all the countrey rather pouring foorth vnmeasurablye than bestowing moderatly great riches sowing golde like séede to bryng foorthe fruite which should neuer perish And for that cause all that region vntill this daye is thought to abound with such commodities that the very

and Eurotas doo séeme neyther of them to flowe oute of any sea but rather to spring out of the inner bowels of the earth Alpheus parteth the lande of the Clij Eurotas passeth through the Amyclaei In the middle of the Ilande in a valley at the foote of the hil Erimanthus dwel the Arcades From which hill Melas Crathia and Iaon thrée riuers do fall and also auncient Ladon Nexte vnto these are the Argiui and Lacones whose countreis lye one to the east an other to the southe The sides of this Isthmus as is well knowne are beaten with two seas one on the East parte an other on the West vntill it drawe nearer and narower aboute the places called Sacronida But in syghte of this same Isthmus called Pelopone●us and towarde the east syde thereof boundeth the noble kingdome of A●●ica the n●urce and mother of renoumed ●● and excellente witts whome the diuine water Ilisus passeth by where sometime as Poets do fable Boreas state away his louer Orithya There do the Boetes and the Locri inhabite After this Thessalia and Macedonia are discouered the●e where the snowye toppes of Emeus in Thracia may be séene Ouer directly against that towards the Weste Epirus Dodonea butteth foorth very long and large and so do the Aetolia towards the South through whose middle floweth the riuer Achelous with his siluer sands into the straytes of Tinacria deuiding the Ilands called Echinadae néere vnto the citties of the Cephalleni Eastward lyeth the countrey Phocis whiche stretcheth alōg to the North vnto the mouth of the Thermopylae vnder the toppe of snowy Parnaius Out of whose middle the riuer Zephisus runneth foorthe of a rocke féedeth the countrey nigh wyth perpetuall moysture Then followeth the lande Phiton wonderously abounding with diuerse ●● straunge●dori●erous fauours Where the Dragon of Delphos at Diotripodes lyeth slayne within the walles of the temple at this day horrible to be séene for multitude and greatnesse of scales Where Apollo as often as occasion serued hym to trauaile from the Iles of Miletum nowe Melasar or Clarum was wont to rest hymself and put off his golden quyuer And thus muche is sufficient to haue declared as briefly as we coulde the situation and countreyes of Europe and how the same lyeth in respect of other partes of the worlde Of the Ilands in Europe OVre purpose nowe is to intreate of the Ilands whiche be in Europe before y we come to any other part of the world to describe it which in widenesse contayneth almost the other twayne Wherefore to begin where Europe f●●●●e lifteth vp his head and Hercules pillers be erected and deuide Libya from other parts the Ocean running betwéene Gadira first cōmeth to hande For that being in times past possessed by the Phoenices which worshipped Hercules was called of them Gadira for before it was called not Gadira but Contimissa by the Hiberi Ne●te followe the Iles Gimnesiae the nearest whereof is called Bausus The other twain are called Baleares for stinging wherin the people there are much exercised Whereof the one and bigger nowe Mallorea hath in it the citie Tirracona nowe Tarragona the other and lesser now Menorca the citie Barcilona now Barchino lying to the North. Then followe Sardinia nowe Sardegne and néere to that Cirnus lying bothe almoste direct ouer against Ostia wherof the one which is Corsica standeth a great deale higher and is mere inacce●●ible enuironed partly with high and craggy clyffes and rockes partely with a mightie roughe wood bothe of them verie good for fruitfulnesse of soyle and plentie of dyuers commodities growing in the countrie Consequently there appeare certayne Ilandes standing rounde which beeing once in the hands of king Hippota which dwelte there a most friendly king vnto straungers were by him named Aeolides The same for the excellente vertues wherewith he was endued for be surmounted in godlinesse and curtefie was reported to haue obteyned of the gods that he shold not only be lord ouer those Ilands which are seuen in numbre but also be ruler of the winds where euer they blew on any nauigable sea These Ilāds also be called Plociae of the Greks But there is none nearer vnto these than Tinacria called also Sicilia standing in sight of Italy and defended with thrée famous promontories whereof one is called Pachynus nowe Cabo Pacino standing to the Easte and hath at the foote the noble citie Syracuse nowe Saragosa de Sicilia in foretime a greate and stout seate of tyrants The other is called Pelorus which standeth northerly and looketh to Italy to whome the cittie Messana now Missetia adioyneth The thirde promontorie is Lilybaeus arising against the surges of the west winde and sea where standeth also a cittie of the same name But as touching sayling from Pelorus which lyeth towardes Italy it is very daungerous and almost present death for the course is very narrow and crooked the sea kept within the straite not withoute greate force and violence for the streame is there swallowed vp in voyde and déepe caues which as some saye were made by Eonius and Neptunus and there roreth and rageth with moste horrible bellowings Forth of Sicilia Southerly is the passage into Lybia at the begynning of one of the Syrtes The other is quickly perceyued in looking toward the shoare of Italy In sight wherof we may espie two Ilands one Menix the other Gortina whiche are in maner of an hauen into Lybia In the elbowe of the sea Adriaticum at the left hande towardes Iapygium ryseth an Ilande wherein bicause Diomedes sometyme had buylded and possessed it was called of him Diomedea Whether as the fame goeth that valiant gentleman béeing driuen in a flaw by force of wind and tyde with certaine prisoners of the Hiberi continued there through the enticement of a wicked woman called Aegialaea Towarde the East afarre off is there a course open to the Ilands of Absyrtes where as reporte goeth certaine men whiche trauayled from Colchos brake in whyle they pursued Medea then running from them Néere vnto these the Lyburnides are planted And towarde the Southe behinde the crags of the Mounte Ceraunius there are certein Ilandes discouered which they call Amphraciae Ther is also Corcyra now Corfu to be séene a riche and plentyfull Iland the noble and renoumed kyngdome of aunciente Alcinous and néere neyghbour to Neritia in Ithaca a pleasaunt laye and countrey to Vlysses with diuers other lying here and there which the Riuer Achelous whyle hée passeth from Chalcis compasseth and watereth There bée many also towardes the Northe whereof Aegyla is one and Cythera an other and Caluaria and on the other syde towardes the Weaste Carpathos Also Creta nowe called Candia whyche lyeth not farre off a goodly Ilande and

the Ocean and almost extreme in temperature But ouer against them wher the Blemij inhabite there riseth an hill whereout Nilus runneth and so foorth procéedyng eastward toward the Aethiopes is termed of them Syrus Afterward running into Egypte when it is come to the citie Syena is first called Nilus by the inhabitants there From thence it rūneth into the north and at length diuideth it selfe into many partes and floweth into the sea with seuen streames ouerflowing al Egypt by the waye and replenishing it with greate and wonderfull fertilitie And truely there is no one riuer in that part of the world comparable with that eyther in widenesse plentie of water or other cōmodities This same is the boūd whiche parteth halfe Affrike from Asie leauing Affrike on the southe syde and Asie on the Easte This is the same Egypt which hath always brought forth notable men of sundrie and incomparable wits For as antiquitic doth recorde the Egyptians were the firste men and they first prescribed the fourme and discipline of life and manners who first also found out the vse of the plough plowing of the lande and sowing of the séede The same were they whiche firste tooke the measure of Heauen with an instrument and inuented the oblyque course of the Sunne and Moone in the Zodiacke and whiche firste founde out this knowledge of Cosmographi● whereby the countrie hath deserued no smal commendation Besides all this there is no lande whiche surpasseth it in plentie of all things eyther in aboundance of herbage and corne or in greatnesse or beautie of building The fourme whereof is caused by the lying of the sides for it is br●●de and wyde towardes the Northe but narower in the East butteth forth ●●opewise to the Syenes and intrenched wyth two hilles betwéene whome Nylus runneth This is the same Egypt whiche in tymes past ● nourished vp so many noble and 〈…〉 so many puissant princes and that chiefe is in whome stoode that moste auncient citie Thebes with hi● hundred gates Wher it is also sayde that Memnon the wyse king was went to salute his mother Aurora Which nourisheth also them whiche inhabited the Inlande Heptapolis and those which do dwell on the coast of the south sea toward the marish Serbonis where on the west lyeth the most famous citie sometyme founded by Alexander king of Macedoma called Alexandria And where that wōderful temple of Iupiter of Sinopita ▪ standeth ▪ much spoken of and hery ●●●●ou●●y builded with m●●● preci●●se metals of al kinds Touching this citie it is constantly adnouched that there is none in the earth of more excellencie none more worthy admiration none richer or more happy for all things Where also the goodly high ●ops of Pallenis ▪ from whence ●●uellers commyng a farre of● may be espied be di 〈…〉 nere the rockye Hills 〈…〉 the Towne Peleus is erected whose inhabitaunts ●●e s● experte in the arte of sayling that ●● the other people of Libya they be reputed rather Gods than men These dwell aboute the mouth of seuenfolde Nilus There be moreouer many other peoples and nations diuersly dispersed ●● that countrey wherof some be caste back as it were to the Oceane sheare ●●●●e dwell within the lād replenishing ●●s same with many excellent faire buildings Diuerse a●● inhabite the shoare of the lake Triton whiche runneth also through the middest of Libya into the sea The Situation of Europe HEreafter ensueth the situation of Europe whiche differeth not muche in forme from Libya but that it bendeth a litle to the north and likewise retourneth againe and ioyneth to the ende of South Libya and butte bothe in one ●●nner sorte on Asie the one reaching foorthe to the extreame parte of the North the other to the South But to speake more plainly howe it lyeth it is so that at the head it séemeth sharpe poynted lyke the pointe of a triangle waxing alwayes narrower towards the West and encreasing in widnesse much in the East By vnderstanding whereof we shall y better perceyue what bounds it hath howe farre they stretche and what dominions and countries it cōte●neth Wherefore I will begin at the ●●per side which reacheth forth to Hercules pillers where firste of all the Hiberi dwell a people very proude high minded Nexte towards the Northe are the Britannes then the Germanes whose bodyes are white and faire and naturally giuen to warres possessing the countrye nexte to the forest Equinus And not farre off Boia appeareth both large and wyde so called of the lykenesse it hathe to an Oxe hyde So tourning to the mounts Pirrhenaei towards the floud Eridanus the Celtae inhabite where as fables testifye the sisters Heliades beeing oppressed with immoderate sorowe for the death of their brother Phaeton continued so long in wéeping that so con●i●●●ed with heauinesse they were all conuerted into a precious kynde of A●●er trées still sheading teares Which ●●ares are often and diligently wyped away by the Celtae there dwelling and are turned into Amber lyke Golde and a● harde as a stone After ensueth Tyrrhenia at the Northe syde whereof the Alpes begin to arise forth whereof the Rhyne a greate and large streame issueth But before that I passe to Tyrrhenia I muste fyrste speake of the ryuer Rhenus or the Rhyne whether he passeth to the boundes of Europe The Rhyne therefore rysing as we haue sayde oute of the Alpes fyrste seuereth the Celtae from the Germans and runneth into the Northerne Oceane with a large chanell But before that he come ●ighe the Sea out of his springs he engendreth the riuer Ister amōg the Sueui which maketh all that cuntrie nauigable for trafike of marchandise This riuer Ister running toward the east is encreased with many other waters and so runneth forward fomie and misty nere Pe●ce through 〈…〉 ●ightie ch●●●●l● into the sea 〈…〉 the north it 〈…〉 ●iue 〈…〉 countries vntil● it ▪ 〈…〉 to the ●oot●● ▪ of fen●e Maeous ● For first it 〈…〉 the ▪ Germanes and after ●●●i●●th 〈…〉 Sarmatae now● 〈…〉 ●● p●sseth by the Ge●es and Bast●●●●s ▪ which●●●● towarde the O●ean● ▪ ● ▪ fulfilleth ▪ the country of Dacia with plentie 〈…〉 ningth roughe the mi●●●st of the Alani and T●uri gyueth ●●●sage for shippe● throughe the 〈…〉 lande 〈…〉 ●yche ●●u●● inhabiting that hye country ●o● ▪ time parte of 〈…〉 race possess● ▪ a na●o●● howbeit ●●o●g ▪ pi●●● of lande ▪ stretching to the ●●o●●●● the 〈…〉 whose ●eig●bour●s 〈…〉 the Alan● as ●e haue sayde 〈…〉 ●● 〈…〉 ●●●● with horses Vnt● t●●se ▪ 〈…〉 the ▪ Melan●●leni the H●ppemolo●i ▪ the Ne●●● ▪ the Hippopodes ▪ the Gelones ▪ and A●●●●●●si ▪ with moe in ●i●w● whe●●● of it is stra●nge to s●● howe that ▪ al● moste infinite of nations possesse that vtter parte of Europe from whence ▪ the ryuer Borystenes

of the kinde of Scythians whose names and maners doe remayne vnknowne by reason of the sharpnesse of place where they dwel and the vneasy accosse vnto them with the extremitie of the ayre and bytter colde wherwith those countreys which lye to the vttermoste part of the earth for the moste parte are molested And these be the countreis which as we sayd lye to the north about the sea Caspium Hereafter I wil entreate of those which lye towards the west from Golchis ▪ and Phasis on this side and dwell vpon the shoare of the sea Euxinum and also of them which in habite as farre as Traicium where the land of Chalcidos lieth Of countreys in the west In this rehersall the Byzeres shall be first and nexte the Bechyres and Macrones and then the Phylires who as yet do retayne their aunciente Cities and woodden cotages which they builded lōg since Vnto these do ioyne the Thibareni noble shipmasters nexte to these sit the Chalybes a very harde people who hauing obtayned a cuntrey which for immoderate drouth is vnapte for any tillage haue very much profited in the arte which they haue learned For they neuer rest from hammeryng and forgyng of weapons and armoure for warre In so much that all the countrey béeing couered with smoke séemeth as though it were on syre and clattereth with continuall knocking bearing of yron Thēre we procéede to Astyria whiche is wat●red by the riuer Thermodo● falling frō the mounte Armenus and from thē●e runneth to the Amazones with a swif●e streame who as the reporte goeth following Sinope from Sopida ▪ at commaundement of Iupiter who entirely louing hir had transported hir though unwilling out of hir owne countrey and had placed hir nigh within his quarters and curteously appoynted a place where she mighte cōtinually bewayle the absence of hir parēts In which place afterward she builded a citie and called it Sinopaea now Sinopi after hir owne name About the banks of this riuer there is chrystal hewed very pure and white like yce and there also is found the Iasper stone And not very far off y riuers Iris Halys rūning along do make the coūtry moyst plesant both of them gliding towardes the north frō the hil Armenus wher thei issue ●o lick the land along nigh the hill Carabis Then next be the Paphlagons cast off somwhat néere the shore so forth to the holy land of y Mariandyni where as it is reported the furious thrée headed dog whom that hardie hand of valiāt Hercules ouercame and led away out of hel vomited forth a certaine deadly kinde of frothie venime which poysoned all the countrie with infectiō After the Paphlagons and Mariandyni we passe into Byth●ia now y great T●urchia a plesant country fulfilled with al plētie whō the noble water Rhebas moistneth with his swéet streame vntil he fal into y sea which is at hād beingin al y earth no water more plesant or y bringeth to the ●●e greter delectatiō And these be the coūtrei● people whiche as I haue saide do inhabite the Weast partes of the sea The other of whiche I intreated laste before be Scythians and lye to the north Of the third part of Asie NOw I must go through with y third part of Asie whiche boundeth to the sea looketh to the south discouering y entrāce into Hellespōtus openeth the southerly course into the sea Aegaeum butteth forth into Syria Arabia And first of al the Calcedons apere at y very mouth looking ouer directly to Bizantū whose borderers are Bebryces the mounts of Mysia ▪ out of which y riuer Cius yeldeth forth his plesant water wher it is said that the Nimphs in time past stale away the beutiful child Hylas being then attendāt vpon great Hercules From thence there lieth open a gret vent into Hellespontus in Phrygia y lesse The one is situate farther within a great deale is farre larger néere to the riuer Sangarius And thys which is the larger and lieth forth to the east is very fruitfull for corne grasse ●ingeth vp great store of good horses The other which looketh to the west is descried at the foote of the renoumed Ida hauing at the one syde the noble and famous citie of Troy called also Ilium so muche spoken of so large and so wyde the nourse and brooder of many a valiant Gentleman buylded as it is thought by Neptunus and Apollo but afterward destroyd by the aduis● of Iuno and Pallas planted faste by the riuers Xanthus and Simois of Ida. Hereto lyeth Aeolia nigh aboue Hellespontus ▪ towardes y shore of the sea Aegaeum in which also y Iones be included and the memorable riuer Meander glyding thorough with his gentle streame parteth also Miletus and wide Prienes Wherof that whiche is in the middle and lyeth moste to the north al that wholly Ephesus doth possesse lying to the sea syde sometyme the glorious citie of quiuered Diana ▪ to hir de●●●ated ▪ Wher as ●ame telleth in old time the Amazones ●uylded a temple of wonderful workmāship vpon the sto●k an Elme ●ree and for that ●ause was had in greate admnation amongest all people allages ▪ From this next forth to the East lieth Meonia vpon a stéep rock vnder the side of the mount Tmolus out of whiche the Riuer Pactolus runneth with his sande all of golde and maketh therwith the whole countrey to glitter Vppon whose bankes when once the spring tyme of the yeare is come there are Swannes herd continually singing whiche féede there commonly raunging on the riuers side with such harmonie that nothing can be more pleasant to the eare their foode dayly encreasing vpon the shoare And the Riuer also Enister spryngeth vp and bestoweth his water plentifully in diuers places of the countrey Moreouer it bringeth foorthe very faire women who many tymes according to their custome hauing their loynes girded with girdles of gold do make pastyme among them selues leadyng straunge formes of dauncing cast round into a ring or circle chéefly whē they celebrate their accustomed feastes of Bacchus once euery yeare in daunces and other myrthe Where wenches of flourishing yeres being mingled with them lyke wanton kiddes and lambes dance and play togither raise no small pleasure while they be daūcing to the beholders For the winde somtime huffeth vp their garmēts their order in dauncing ingēdreth a certain plesant noyse much deliting the minds of the hearers But let vs leaue these things to the mē of Lydia whose practise study is on them y hauing allotted a coūtrey ful of pleasures they may also intēd to folow the same nothing degenerating frō nature or theyr coūtry maners Consequently the Licij enioy the next shore chiefly where the riuer Xāthus cōmeth down