see not how our people can mainteine their honor but the next course to assure them selues is to haue cautionary townes or hostages or both deliuered into their handes townes that they may assure them selues of retraite in case of bad dealing hostages that they may be assured of their good dealing Without townes their case is desperate if the enemie preuaile The b Froâ—ssart French that came to aide Galeazzo Duke of Millain vnder the leading of the Countie of Armignac being scattered in the siege of Alexandria were slaine by the Pesants of the Countrey The like happened to those poore Lanceknights that were defeated at c Anno 1569. Moncontour Neither were the Spaniards better vsed that came in aide of the Leaguers being defeated by the present french king neere Dreux anno 1589. This towne that is giuen in caution is to be garded with a sufficient force of English furnished with victuals and munitions in the garde of the garrison and not as in Vlissingen in the keeping of the townesmen vnto whom whosoeuer trusteth shall assuredly be deceiued Thirly let those that haue the gouernment of our men see that they both march and lodge vnited and strong that they be not either disturbed in the night nor betraied vnder colour of frieÌ„dship Strangers that stragle are a spoile not onely to the pesants but to their secrete euil-willers And those that lodge without defence or suffer any to come within them in the night are open to euery enterprise of their enemies That they may both lodge and march hard together order is to be taken that they may haue victuals deliuered them alwaies before hand and that they be not driuen to seeke abroad for them To conclude the onely meanes of safetie is neither to trust enemy nor friend for none are abused but they that trust dissoyall people If that our men can neither haue townes nor hostages nor victuals nor good vsage what should they be sent among such people or why should they trust others being not themselues trusted or why should any succour be sent but such as may command and punish the dissoyall and haue strength to stand vpon themselues Those therefore that are gouernours I trust they will maturely consider of this point if not let them looke for this issue if the enemy be stronger then are our men either to be slaine or famished by the enemie if by our forces our friendes preuaile then for their rewarde shall they either be turned out of the countrey with disgrace or be famished or cut in peeces by their friendes These things considered let vs nowe consequently proceede to declare howe an army after that it is exercised and furnished and that the Generals haue all due considerations both therein and in all other prouision and proceeding required before the marche of the army may march orderly and safely CHAP. VI. Part. I. Of the order and aray of an army marching toward the enemy THe first care of him that meaneth to march safely in the enemies countrey or where an enemie is neere ought to be that his troupes obserue good order and aray and the neerer that he approcheth to the enemy the greater ought his care to be The neglect of this point onely hath bene the ouerthrow of many armies It giueth opportunitie to the enemy to assaile vs and confoundeth yong souldiers when they are ignorant how to come in order to defend themselues Easie it is to be obserued of men that are willing and vnderstand reason and sharpe effects and correction it worketh on the stubborne and wilfull That the General or his officers may put the armie in good order of march first they are to vnderstand what is the aray of the whole armie considered together as one whole body Secondly the places of euery part as of horsemen footemen and of footemen of the diuers sortes of weapons Thirdly the iust distances of souldier from souldier according to euery mans qualitie and weapon Fourthly the places of the Generall and other chiefe Commanders Fiftly of the great Ordonance and munition Lastly of the cariages and baggage and boyes and seruants that attend vpon it and likewise of marchants and victualers and others that followe the army for other causes then to fight The armie consisteth of three partes commonly considered especially as it marcheth for in fighting the orders and parts doe much differ The first part that marcheth wee call vantgard the second the battell the third the arier ward Euery one of these ought to be a perfect body of it selfe hauing both his smal shot and great ordonnance and his horsemen and his pikes targets and halberds placed in good order Oft times I know it is otherwise and that either horsemen or pikes or targets are wanting in some part or other But howe much of these they want so much they want of perfection and due proportion in a iust army For we speake not of 6 or 7 thousand which cannot obserue this order but had better to march vnited but of a ful army of 24 or 30 thousand which number marching in this order so that one part may succour an other I accompt doth march orderly and strongly If one part goe farre before an other it may fall out as it happened to the Protestants in the plaines of S. Clere anno 1569 that one part shall be in route before the other can come to succour The Romanes marched distinguished by legions whose numbers were diuers and which seldome were complete but in effect the aray was one saue that the Romanes commonly made but two partes of their armie and placed their baggage in the midst as did Caesar marching against the Neruians In the order of the partes and placing of horsemen and footemen and sorting of weapons the same reasons haue place for the most part among all nations Before the auantgard light horsemen by ancient prescription may challenge the first place If they be seconded with some shot and targetters lightly armed they may be the bolder to come neere the enemy and to abide his charge These are called auantcoureurs and serue for discouery of the enemies proceedings and of the situation of the Countrey and intercepting of the enemies espials and diuers other vses Vpon the front of the auantgard march small shot and musquetiers after them follow the armed men with the ensignes in the midst or rather somewhat toward the first rankes On either hand and behind the armed men are other companies of shot to be ranged and without the shot somewhat auanced forward argoletiers and then launces take their place If the enemie make countenance as if he would charge some part of our army with his horse they are to be drawne toward the side where the enemie threatneth to giue the charge but if the enemie doe flie before vs and shunne to fight the horsemen of the whole armie would be ioyned together and sent to charge him on the sides or backe and to stay his marche
the Low Countries of Portugall and France you both vnderstand the practise of armes and the wants of the souldiors the generall hope of al souldiors nay of al that loue their countrey is that your Lordship which so wel vnderstandeth the common disorders of the warres and the great importance of them and hath so great fauour and meanes by reason of your auctoritie to correct them wil one day be a meane to see them in some part redressed all those parts which are required of a sufficient generall do seeme to florish and shew forth themselues in your doings and promise these things in your behalfe Through disorder of some ignorance in others to speake nothing of pinching false reckonings hitherto her Maiestie hath not bene resolued to bring into the field a sufficient armie and those small forces if I may so call such smal troupes that haue bene employed in diuers seruices haue wanted much of their necessary prouisions not that the charge is so great that it could not be borne nor for that her care was lesse then is conuenient for if the same order were abroad that is at home why may not this countrey mainteine thirty or fourty thousand abroad that mainteineth so many millions at home men do not spend more nor eate more abroad then at home but the reason why a sufficient army is hardly mainteined is because there wanteth good directions and orders and punishment of bad dealing some impute the fault to griedy mens insatiable couetousnes which like a goulfe wil neuer be filled but that is not all nor the greatest disorder others thinke it impossible for this Realme to beare the infinite charge of an army but why should not this whole kingdome be able to mainteine 30. thousand in pay when as the citie of Rome the territory being not past ten miles in breadth in that warre which the same had with the a Liui. lib. 8. 9. Latins sent forth ten legions which being full at that time amounted to 40000. foote beside horsmen but what should I speake of Rome the mistres of the world for warlike discipline when as the Cities of Athens and Sparta nay the townes of Thebes Corinth Argos and diuers other in Greece Italy mainteined great armies both at home abroad vpon their owne charges who seeth not then that the cause of these calamities and disorders is want of militarie knowledge and not want of meanes and that as disorder want of reward and punishment is cause that our enterprises are so easily dissolued and vanish of themselues so order and gouernement in ancient times were causes of their happy successe and would also make our affaires succeede the better I neede not seeke farre to finde examples for proofe of this matter seeing the good gouernment of Edward the first that so long warred in Scotland of Edward the third and Henry the fift and eight that were so victorious in France aforde vs such store if then the griedines of some were restreined with sharpe punishment men of heroical spirits not tainted with the base desire of gaine were allured with honor preferment to take vpon them the charge of matters if such were chosen for commanders as haue nothing before their eyes but honor and the enlargement of the commonwealth and all men were resolued to bestow more in iron and steele then in silkes and veluets and golden coates and most things were gouerned by lawe and order of warre and not by fauour and partialitie or which is worse by money in summe if true and ancient discipline of armes were either restored or setled among souldiers I would not doubt but that this Countrey would be able not onely to mainteine a sufficient strength of men but that we should also recouer the ancient glory of the English nation spread farre abroad in France Spaine and other countreys in time past now blemished only with some mens misgouernment Wherefore seeing it hath pleased God not only to make your Lordship acquainted but also partaker of the common calamities of souldiers and giuen you fauour and accesse to her Maiestie in whom it lyeth to reforme these abuses as you haue hitherto employed your person and goods in the seruice of her and your countrey so I beseech you cease not vntill such time as you haue accomplished the redresse of these disorders these are they that without any one stroke of the enemie haue broken our enterprises it is not the courage of the Spaniard nor force of the Dutch nor brauerie of the French that hath frustrated our late attemptes neither doeth force so often ouerthrow armies in fielde as daliance irresolution and delay then through niggardise and good husbandry want of pay and necessarie furniture thirdly presumption and want of strength and sufficient force and lastly those abuses which through want haue crept into armies of late time for pitie could not be corrected for what conscience is it to punish those that spoyle and wander abroad when if they should not thus doe they should sterue for hunger if a Generall haue sufficient force and prouision it is his fault if he doe nothing if he want either force or pay then it is their fault that should haue sent him foorth better prouided many doe great wrong to our Generals in the Portugall expedition when they impute the fault to them God knoweth that with such slender prouision nothing could be done more others that are more deepely to be charged for breaking that enterprise yea and famishing of many poore soules lye hid and I thinke meane not to answere vntill such time as God shall call them before his tribunall seate there to answere once for all If any meanes could bee deuised that abuses of imprests and false musters and accounts taken away loyall captaines might be chosen and poore souldiers be well furnished and that matters might proceed with speede and resolution and more force bee ioyned together I would then hope there would be some seruice done without forces cōuenient what reason hath any to hope for better for as a little water sprinkled on the fire doth make the same more to flame and sparkle so small supplies doe rather kindle and nourish warres then ende them or exstinguish them The onely meanes to redresse both these and all other disorders consisteth in the restoring and by sharpe punishment mainteining of true militarie discipline and orders Without this as a discrazied body is easily dissolued without outward force so an armie though neuer so great without one blow of the enemie is broken and scattered without doing any effect With exercise of armes and obseruance of true discipline of war great enterprises most happily are atchieued The a Romani sibi orbem subegerunt armorum exercitatione disciplina castrorum vsuque militiae Veget. de re mil. Romanes did subdue the world by the exercise of armes and their orders of encamping and practise of warre Neither did they excell the
league amongst them to moderate the excessiue power of the king of Spaine in that coūtrey if at any time he should go about to encroche vpon any one of them Herein consisted the speciall b Guicciard hist lib. 1. commendation of the great wisedome of Laurence Medici the elder that during his time he kept all the states of Italy as it were in equall ballance not suffering any to passe their ancient limits And I doubt not but our gouernours in the defence of the lowe Countries haue a speciall regard that the king of Spaine settle not himselfe in the quiet possession of Holland Zeland and the rest least that enioying so many commodious portes ships mariners and commodities he might percase afterward make that a steppe to stride ouer or at least to looke ouer into England As c Vt quisque ab oppresso proximus sit per omnes velut continens incendium peruadet Liu. 37. euery nation is neere to those that are subdued so will the fire once enflamed embrace it and so passe ouer to the rest as Antiochus said to Prusias perswading him in time to withstand the Romanes The Romanes perceiuing that the Samnites after they had subdued the d Liu. 7. Sidicins intended to warre vpon their next neighbours the Campanians they delayed the matter no longer nor suffered them to proceede further time it is therefore for Christian Princes to awake and iust cause they haue to withstand the encrochments of the king of Spaine that vnder pretence of the Romish religion eniambeth vpon al his neighbours vnlesse they will be swallowed vp in the vnsatiable gulfe of the ambitions tyrannie of the Spanish nation Last of all whosoeuer adhereth to our enemies and aideth them with men munitions and victuals against vs they are also our enemies and giue vs iust cause of warre against them this cause moued the Romanes to defie the e Latinis quod eorum iuuentus hostibus mixta populata esset Rom. agros bellā indictum Liu. lib. 6. 7. Latines that ayded their enemies and the same is reckened among the causes of their warres against Philip king f Liu. 31. of Macedonia for he did not only aide the Carthaginians with men but also ioyned with Annibal in league against the Romanes No iust cause therefore haue our neighbours to complaine that we haue stayed their shippes that caried victuals munitions and other commodities to the Spaniard There is no fault but one that as we haue stayed some so we haue dismissed others and haue not made prise of al by Publike authoritie and that those of the lowe Countries do commonly trade into Spaine for whose sake the quarrell is vndertaken with Spaine The Romanes as in the treatise of peace they comprised their owne confederates so in denouncing of warres they defied their enemies and their associates as is euident in that forme of defiance which they published against a cum Antiocho rege quique eiu sectā secuti sunr bellum initum Liui. 36. Antiochus Which the Greekes also obserued in the Peloponnesian warres made not onely against the principals but also all their adherents And it is the b Memoires de Fr. common forme of defiances vsed at this day As for warres vndertaken through c Libido dominandi causa belli Salust coniur Catil ambition and anger and such like affections they are vniust and the causes vnlawfull neither are they to be excused that forced by strong hand out of their owne countrey doe seeke by violence to possesse that which belongeth to others For this cause the Romanes resisted with such force the Gaules Germanes Danes Gothes and others that came to dwell in Italy And although such wanderers haue had good successe in diuers countreys by reason of the sinnes of the inhabitants as the Saxons Picts Danes and Normans in this land the Franks Burguignions and Normans in Gaule the Lombards Gothes in Italy and Spaine yet was not the cause of their warres iust for euery one is to holde him to his owne lot vnlesse the countrey be waste and dispeopled which countrey God giueth to these that can possesse it and therefore did the Sueuians iniuriously forbid any to dwell in their waste borders and the Spaniards haue no reason by force and lawe to keepe other nations out of the Indies which notwithstanding themselues are not able to people Yet to make iust d What beside the cause is to be respected in lawfull warres warres it is not sufficient only that the cause be iust but that they be enterprised first by those that haue soueraigne authoritie secondly that they be not begun especially by those that inuade others without demaund of restitution or satisfaction or denunciation and last of all that they be not prosecuted with barbarous crueltie The first point is expresly set downe in termes in the Romane lawes allowed by consent of all nations The e C. quid culpatur 23. qu. 1. Canons doe also confirme the same And if it were in others power great inconueniences would ensue It is a speciall marke of soueraintie to haue power of warre peace In Liuy these formes are very vsuall Praenestinis ex S.C. populi iussu bellū indictum est And againe ex auctoritate patrum populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri iussit The wars of the Romans against the a Liu. 21.31.41 Carthaginians Philip Antiochus Perseus and others were not enterprised but by auctoritie of the people which in that state had soueraigne commandement in those times Him that beganne any braules or made peace with forreine nations of his owne priuate head b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plato 12. delegib Plato in his common wealth adiudgeth worthie of death And therefore did Hanno giue counsell to the Carthaginians that they should deliuer vp Annibal to the Romanes for that he had begunne the warres against them without publike authoritie Those that offended in this case by the c ff Ad L. Iul. maiest L. vnic C. vt armorum vsus lawes of the Romanes were in case of treason Marcellus vpon that ground building his reasons would haue perswaded the Senate to deliuer d Caes de bel ciu 1. Caesar to the Gaules And so scrupulous haue some men beene in this Realme in stirring without commission that they doubted whether without commaundement they might leuy forces to represse rebels This percase might seeme too scrupulous but they thought it better to be too slowe then too forward For they e Hostes sunt quibus publicè bellū indicitur reliqui sunt latrunculi praedones L. hostes ff de captiu are onely to be accompted publike enemies in warre who by those that haue supreme auctoritie are declared enemies If any vpon priuate motion fall on spoyling they are but theeues and robbers sayth Vlpian And this saith f cont Faust Manich. Augustine is the order of nature best agreeing with the peace of states that the
should be dispersed in villages when the enemie is at hande and cabines are not so soone built nor is stuffe in all places to bee founde to builde them with The Romanes to euery hundred had both cariages and tents assigned For want whereof our souldiers are seldome well lodged especially in marching and yet are they long about it And where they lye by reason of their cutting downe of woods they leaue marks of their being there many yeeres after Without spades mattocks axes baskets and such like instruments the souldier can neither enclose his enemie nor fortifie himselfe and therefore as very necessary things are such instruments to be prouided as also whatsoeuer is necessary for passing of riuers assalting of townes and other faites of armes I neede not make mention of horses of seruice seeing euery man knoweth what difficulties an armie destitute of horsemen susteineth That which shal be sufficient shal be spoken when we come to speake of horsemen Onely now I will admonish Gentlemen to haue more care of keeping races of horses because in case of present necessitie they that haue them not of their owne shall hardly obteine them of others The last thing that I am here to speake of is first to bee thought of I meane prouision of victuals without which men can neither liue in warres nor in peace It is a faint fight that hungersterued souldiers doe make In a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenoph. exp Cyr. 1. warres without things necessary there is neither vse of souldier nor captaine He that b Qui frumentuÌ„ neçessariumque cômeatum non parat vincitur sine ferro Veget. lib. 3. c. 26. prouideth not victuals beforehand is ouercome without drawing of a sword Against other mischiefes there are remedies but there is no wrastling against hunger Want driueth men to their wittes end When the Lacedemonian souldiers were straited their Generall writ thus to the Magistrates the c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenoph. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. souldiers are sterued for hunger what shall we do The two d Liui. 23. Scipioes writ to the Romane Senate that without supply of victuals their army must needes dissolue And Caesar e Caes bel Gal. 7. told his souldiers that were determined to retrayte that without their cariages where their victuals were they could no furthâ—r doe seruice against the enemie And therefore victuals must be had ready it is too late to seeke for them in Villages when the hungry souldier is ready to sterue Caesar f Re frumentaria comparata castra mouet bel gal 2. would not once moue towarde the enemie before he had his prouision with him g De obsessione non priùs agendum consticuit quam rem frumentariam expedisset Caes com bel gal lib. 7. Nor would he resolue to besiege any towne before he had taken order for sufficient victuals for his army His vse h Vbi instabat dies quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporceret Caes com 1. 6. bel gal was to deuide victuals to euery company for certaine dayes beforehand The garrison townes of the Romanes were furnished with wheat vineger bacon barley and straw for a yeere beforehand as Capitolinus sheweth in the life of Gordian The reason is laide downe by Tacitus that i Vtaduersus moras obsidionis annuis copiis firmentur Tacit. annal they might be stored with prouision against long sieges The Colonies which were peopled with Romanes and placed as gardes and propugnacles against their enemies were stored with all things necessary How our souldiers were furnished in Flanders and Portugall I report me to their knowledge that endured those seruices Beeing no better furnished it is not to be marueiled â—hough they kept no better order k Disciplinam seruare non potest ieiunus exercitus Cassiod 4. Var. lect c. 13. Hungry souldiers are hardly kept within the compasse of lawes The belly as is commonly sayde in this case hath no eares The cause of all such miseries in warres are diuers first want of care and good proceeding then niggardise and miserie thirdly fraude and deceite last of all impunitie Which are not to be redressed but with contrary proceeding and folowing the precedents of ancient warriers The Romanes gaue to their Generall both treasure and authoritie sufficient to prouide things necessary for the army They brought victuals into the army sufficient and for feare of want layde vp abundance in garners and storehouses in strong places neere to the countrey where their army soiourned Opposing their forces against Annibal they chose a Liu. 21. Clastidium for their storehouse Caesar in the wars against theÌ„ of Auuergne brought all his prouision to b Caes bel gal 7. Nouiodune because it lay neere The Romanes caused their ships of victuals to discharge at c Eo omnes ex Italia oneâ—ariae naues dirigebant cursum Liu. l. 37. Chios in their warres against Antiochus He chose Lysimachia for the place of his store For the warres of d Liu. l. 44. Macedonia they made their prouision in Thessaly e Caesar câ—rtis locis horrea constituit frumentum conquirâ— iussit de bel ciu 3. Caesar had his garners in conuenient places to supply his army in his warres against Pompey Pompey brought all his prouision to Dyrrhachium Asdrubal entring f Fines hostium ingrediens frumentum commeatusque in vrbem Asenam conuexit Liu. 23. Spaine caried all the victuals and store of the countrey into Asena and Scipio likewise landing g Horrea noua aedificata veteâ—a á Scipione repleta frumento ex population bus commeatu Siculo Liui. 29. in Afrike made newe storehouses and filled both new and olde partly with victuals sent out of Sicile and partly with those which hee got by the spoile of the countrey When a strong army commeth into any countrey it is no masterie for the same to finde h Formidine populationis obsides frumentum aalia quae vsui forent affatim praebita Salust bel Iugurth victuals forrage either by feare or force But the companies sent into France and Flanders being so weake it was no marnell if they pined being pend vp or confined within some garrison the enemie being alwayes stronger without For the assurance of our victuals that come vnto vs garisons would be placed in conuenient distances Caesar in the warres with the i PedituÌ„ 10000. sibi celeriter mitti voluit quò expeditiore re frumentaria vteretur Caes bel Gal. 7. Auuergnacs vsed 10. thousand Heduans to this purpose Neither would he suffer any k Vellaunodunum ne quem post se hostem relinqueret quo expeditiore refrumentaria vteretur oppugnare instituit ibidem towne to remaine vntaken betwixt him and his victuals For the fetching in of victuals a conuenient power of horsemen would be sent forth seconded with footemen to forrage and range the countrey Besides this the army would haue diuers cariages laden with
the ancient Britons hee vnderstoode the estate of the countrey and had great helpe to atchieue his purpose against it While they of the citie of a Phil. Comin Dinant suffered themselues to be disioyned from their associates of Liege Charles Duke of Burgundy did easily ouercome them If Lewis the xi of France had not separated and broken the league first betweene the Duke of Burgundy and the Dukes of Britaine and Normandy and afterward betwixt king Edward the fourth and the Duke of Burgundy he could not haue escaped with so litle losse nor vanquished his enemies with so great gaine We haue also domesticall examples of the same but too many and which I cannot without some griefe remember not with dint of sword nor open force but with secret practices with our associates and friendes in France the French tooke not onely Normandy but also Gascoyne and Guienne from the English nation And neuer omitting any opportunitie to trouble vs they wrought much woe vnto this land in the dayes of King Iohn by furthering and procuring the reuolt of the Nobilitie Neither can any estate continue that hath his partes deuided For as one sayth it falleth out that while euery man looking to his owne present safetie a Dum pugnant singuli vincuntur omnes Tacit. suffereth his friendes to fight single all are ouercome By this means the Spaniard hath so much preuailed in the Low countreys and the people haue hurt themselues For disioyning their counsailes and forces and refusing the b Resusans le secours des estrangers Hist de troubl de Fran. lib. 1. ayde of strangers they are for the most part a spoyle vnto the enemie And if we would haue vsed greater force and more diligence in withdrawing from the Spaniard his associates and subiects of Portugall of the Ilands and of the Low countreys hee would haue bene long ere this very gentle to deale withall But some wise men as they say haue not onely not sought to cause his subiects to reuolt but haue refused and still refuse to receiue them that holde out their hands crauing helpe of friends and long since are weary of the Spanish tyranny As for those that suppose the Spaniards to haue such holde of all the countreys which nowe they possesse and of the inhabitants thereof that we should but loose labour in attempting their reuolt they seeme to be ignorant not onely of the state of his countreys and of the Spanish gouernement but also of the nature of things It is well knowen with what discontentment and grudge both the Portugals and those of the Lowe countreys doe serue the Spaniard The Portugals were ready to receiue vs at our last expedition thither and would haue declared themselues further if they had perceiued that wee had bene able to defend them against the Spaniard The state of Milan is holden more by force then by loue or good title They of Naples and Sicile haue by many signes declared their great discontentment of the Spanish yoke The Indians would reuolt if they knewe which way In all countreys there are euer some that either for hope or hatred desire change of state Annibal after that hee had once or twise beaten the Romanes in Italy did afterwarde mainteine the warres for the most part with the aydes of that countrey And Caesar vsed the strength of the Gaules against the rest of the nation Vpon the first ouerthrow which Scipio gaue to the Carthaginians in Affrike he caused most of the countrey to turne enemie against them Neither may we thinke that the state of Spaine is in this point better then other nations especially seeing the stirres in Aragon and Grenade beside many other offers in Castile doe declare that there are among them many mal-contents The Spaniard doubteth not to finde many such among vs but it were to be wished that we would rather make triall first whether there were any such to be found in Spaine When the French made their expeditions into a Guicciard Hist Naples they found great aydes in the countrey some also beside exspectation Why then should Spaine differ from Italy But while we seeke to augment our forces with the succours of our associates and friendes we are not so to rely vpon them but that we prepare sufficient forces of our owne nation both to resist the enemie and if neede be to commaund our associates therein folowing the wise proceedings of the Romanes that neuer would admit a greater number of associates then they had of their citizens in their army and had alwayes an eye that they practised not with the enemie In this as in b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Epicharm other points to distrust is a great point of wisedome The Scipioes did trust but too much to the aydes of the Celtiberians in Spaine For being abandoned by them they were exposed naked and vnprouided to the mercy of their enemies c Liu. 1. Tullius Hostilius did deale more wisely For although hee had the succours of the Albans with him yet had hee force sufficient to vanquish his enemis without them If not he had farre worse speeded For in the middes of the battell he was forsaken by them The d Guicciard Hift. Switzers that came in ayde of Lewis Sforza solde him into the handes of Lewis the xij at Nouara and did not onely forsake him And of late yeres the Protestants that eame out of Germany vnder the guidance of the Dukes of Bouillion were in their greatest neede forsaken of the Lansknights that came to ayde them I neede not labour inueh to prooue this seeing the great expenses that by the French and others hane beene wasted vpon the Almains of late time doe teach vs howe little vse or hope there is of the ayde of that nation Of all those that folowe our ensignes and ioyne together with vs those are least to be trusted that are lately reuolted Good it were to trie such and then to trust them Two a Guicciardio Spaniards feining them selues fugitiues in the warres betwixt the Spaniards and the Venetians attempted to kill Aluian the Venetian Generall The like was attempted by certaine Turks against Scanderbeg The Numidians that reuolted to the Romans a litle before their battel with Annibal at Cannae made a great flaughter among the Romanes after the battell ioyued Maureuell that runagate pretending to forsake the enemie vpon some displeasure would haue slaine the Admirall but when he sawe howe that could not be done without euident danger he slew Mouy a valiant gentleman and so returned againe to the enemie Neuer any did wholy rely vpon his associates especially such as were newly come vnto him without losse or danger Good it had bene for vs not to haue looked for so much at the Portugales hands as we did it may be they would haue assisted vs if we had bene the stronger but euery one treadeth on those that are throwen vnder foote and thrusteth forward those that are falling
kept let them choose out men capable of gouernment souldiers not rascals With great care this abuse ought to be reformed for it is a point very material a Lib. 1. de re milit c. 7. Vegetius doubted not to place both the strēgth of the Romane army the foundation of the Romane Empire in the first choise and triall of their souldiers Therefore were the Generals either present themselues at the musters or els did they employ men of knowledge grauitie and honesty as hath bin already declared Those that through couetousnesse or fauour did corrupt their orders for musters were detested and punished b Motus senatu Pedius Blaesus ob delectum militarem pretio ambitione corruptum Pedius Blaesus for this cause was ignominiously put out of the Senate Such as sought gaine by this shamefull practise are taxed by c Delectum Batauorum onerabant ministri auaritia ac luxu senes autinualidos conquirēdo quos pretio dimitterent Tac. 20. Tacitus as doing a thing rare and not tollerable When this disorder grewe great they forbad by expresse lawe all men to take money eyther for a Neque ob militem legendum dimittendúmue aes accipiat ff ad leg Iul. repetund l. choosing or dismissing of souldiers They that answered not to their names at musters among the Romanes were taken and imprisoned and their goods sold as Liuy witnesseth In the time of b Val. Max. li. 6. ca. 3. Traianus the Emperour one that made his sonne vnable to serue in the warres was banished his countrey So were it to be wished that men of honour and skill deputed by the Generall were present at the musters and that all able men would offer themselues to doe their countrey seruice that such as choose men vnable to excuse others or else doe dimisse sufficient men for money were themselues dimissed and seuerely punished and finally that such were chosen that haue somewhat in their countrey to loose and to carry with them for maintenance of themselues if neede be But this is onely to be wished in such seruice as for good order and sufficient number is like to prooue honourable and when men shall be better prouided and paid and more accompt made of them c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pericl Thucid. 1. Now some make accompt of money no accōpt of men like to the Athenians that lamented the losse of their goods and not of mens persons which are infinitely more in value In these disorders it is not fit that others should be imployed in warres then such as now are which some cal pressed men for that they go as willingly to seruice as to hanging or pressing and money imprested cōmeth eyther rarely or is taken from them My onely hope is that one day there wil be better prouision and proceeding in warres at what time these rules may better be put in execution In the meane time wee may learne what hath bene the practice of times past in the choyse of souldiers and what rules ought nowe to be practised In the choice of souldiers we are especially to respect three things first the strength of the body secondly the vigour and vertues of the mind and thirdly the maner and trade of the parties liuing Vegetius and certaine idle Italians giue precepts concerning the climate countrey and diuers situations of regions which they would haue in the choise of souldiers to be respected but experience teacheth vs that oft times valiant men are found in Cities and fruitfull Countries yea vnder hotte climates which they condemne and cowardes in hilles and rockes and Northren Regions which they commend True it is that Northren people are commonly more valiant and venturous then those of Asia Afrike that are from vs farre East and south But what doth that consideration help vs that make our leuies of souldiers not in Asia nor Affrike but here in England and Ireland and thereabout whether therefore souldiers be brought vp in the citie or country or bred in hilles or valleis or champaine country in the north or south of England I respect not but if they haue strength of body to endure labours and a mind vigorous and couragious and an honest disposition and haue liued such a life as hath beene tried somtimes in labour I refuse them not wheresoeuer they haue beene bred Nay I wish to haue such Contrariwise cowards and weake persons and men of lewd conditions or which haue bene tenderly brought vp I would refuse although they come from the north or hilly countries Pyrrhus gaue orders to his commissioners for mosters to chuse bigge and corpulent men Marius made choise of men of great stature But if I might be heard I woulde neither wish such men to be sought for for seldome are great and bigge men able to endure trauel nor men of a meane or short stature to be refused if they haue strong and actiue bodies Men of meane stature are for the most part more vigorous and couragious they do more easily endure labors and commonly excell great bodied men in swiftnesse and running which is a matter in a souldier verie requisite and commendable a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Achilles was much commended for that hee was swift of foote and b He was called Cursor Papirius tooke his name and commendation of running c Vtilius est fortes esse milites quà m grandes Veget. lib. 1. c. 6. Vegetius saith it is bettet to haue stout and strong then huge and big souldiers Such Caesar commonly did chuse and experience sheweth vs that men burdened with flesh can neither endure labour nor hurts whereas the meane stature and habite of bodie endureth both For trial of the strength of a mans body we are not only to looke vpon the lineaments and outward proportion of the parts but rather what the party can do in running leaping wrastling such like exercises For oftentimes an euill-fauoured body may haue a quicke strength and tall big persons may prooue weake dainty sickly By the outward apparance we may notwithstanding make a probable coniecture of a mans strength For they that haue a likely body and a sharp countenance and hard flesh sinowy armes and legs rather then ful or fleshy are likely to proue strong men Yet do not orders of warre admit old men past 46. vnles they be old souldiers for that their strength is decaying and their bodies lesse apt to labor nor youths vnder 20. vnlesse it be some that by triall declareth himselfe to haue strength for that as yet they are not come to their full pitch and strength But that which specially commendeth souldiers is the vigor of the mind and good conditions coniectured by the visage outward behauior but knowen only by their conuersation which is to be learned of others If the man be a knowen coward or of a dull disposition or mutinous or giuen to drinke or theeuery or other disorders howsoeuer his body
carriages wanted victuals and armes and munitions many things necessary But seeing they haue done such things at such disaduantage they may thinke our men would haue done much more if the party had bin equall or our men better prouided and furnished Beside this souldiers chosen of this nation are bound with a straiter bond to their prince country then any stranger They haue more reason to fight hauing not only the defence of their prince and country but also their religion lawes liberty wiues and children coÌ„mitted to their hands they are more patient in aduersity haue lesse cause to reuolt Wanting of pay or part of their pay which God wot they may percase do oft times they notwithstanding continue constant and loyal If they offend hauing their wiues children landes goods and friends behinde them they are more easily corrected Finally lesse pay doth content our souldiers then any forreine natioÌ„ I doubt not but if that mony which hath bin cast away vpoÌ„ the Dutch and French had bene emploied vpon our poore country souldiers the country had beene better stored with mony and the people better prouided for warres and greater seruice done vpon the enemy Let vs now compare strangers vnto the subiects of this land There is at all no trust in them a Infidas venâ—lésque manus ibi fas vbi maxima merces Their handes are saleable their heartes faithlesse They accompt that cause best where they may haue most hire It is follie saith b Polyb. lib. 2. Polybius and want of iudgement to put trust in strangers beeing more in number and strength then our owne nation The first time that euer the Romanes vsed mercenary souldiers was when the two Scipioes were gouernours of their forces in Spaine Those two being together with their army betrayed and ruinated by the Celtiberians that forsooke them in their neede may be an euident c Liu. 24. document neuer to trust strangers vnlesse wee haue force to commaund them and constraine them Annibal d Liu. 23. abandoned by the Spanish and Numidian horsemen was greatly weakened e Liu. 23. Mutines forsaking the Carthaginians in whose succour hee came out of Numidia disordered all their affaires in Sicile The Romanes giuing themselues to pleasures and ease and vsing forraine forces of Germanes and Gaules ruinated that huge Empire which was left them by their ancestors Which as Tacitus saith were inuincible so long as they vsed their owne souldiers The Gaules f Qua nihil in exercitu Rom. firmum nisi externum Tacit. 3. reuolted from the Romanes because they saw no strength in the Romane army but that which was of straÌ„gers Of whom they presumed that they would not ioyne with the Romans against them The Thessalian horsemen forsaking the Athenians in the battel of a Thucid. 1. Tanagra occasioned the victory to the Lacedemonians their enemies The same had hapned to the b Thucid. 4. Lacedemonians by the treachery of the Macedonians that forsooke them when the Thracians charged them had not the resolution of Brasidas remedied the disorder The departure of c Guicciar 15. 6000. Grisons that left Francis the first of France before Pauy was the beginning of his weakenesse 2000. mercenary men leauing Maximilian the Emperor broke his enterprise against the Venetians d Guicciar 2. Fabritio Prospero ColoÌ„na although highly aduanced by Charles the 8. of France yet in the end reuolted to Ferdinand In the days of Ed. the 3. Rich. the 2. Hen. the 5. and 6 the greatest e Froissart losses we had in France happened by the reuolt of the French which our men without cause trusted When al was lost yet did wée retaine Caleis vntil it was taken from vs by force for that it was kept peopled by the English nation Yet the same was almost betrayed by an Italian to whom Edw. the 3. gaue it in guard How the Germans that came into France of late in aide of the Protestants vnder the Dukes of Bouillion the baron Donaw behaued themselues I report me to the memory of those poore gentlemeÌ„ that by their disloyaltie and treason were left as a spoyle to the enemie Oft times strangers not only forsake their friends but also ioyne with the enemy oppugne them The f Liu. 21. Gaules in the 2. wars with Carthage flew the watch of the Romanes by night fled ioyned themselues with Annibal The Dutchmen that Charles the 8. of France left in the kingdome of g Guicciar lib. 3. Naples for the defence thereof corrupted with mony tooke part with the enemy The b Tacit. 20. Romans betrayed by their associats at one time were slain both by them by the enemy The ancient Britons vsing in time past the help of the Saxons were by them driuen out of their natiue country The like hapned to the i Caes bel gal 1. Sequanians long before For requiring aide of the Germanes against the Heduans their neighbors they were driuen out of their owne possessions by those that came to succour them k Salust bel Iugurth Iugurtha by the trechery of certaine Thracians that serued the Romanes in Affrike entred the Romane campe in the night and made a great slaughter therein The Turkes are now in possession of Constantinople in aide whereof they first came out of Asia Strangers are neuer satisfied with any pay yet seldome do they any seruice The l Dimissi Galli pecuniam ingentem sine labore ac periculo partam retulerunt Liu. 10. Gaules hired by the Hetruscians carried away their mony without doing anie seruice against the Romanes When the French had foyled the enemy then the hired Switzers and Dutchmen crying for mony hindered their victory They tooke mony saith a Guicciar lib. 2. 12. Guicciardin of al hands did seruice to none It is not possible saith he to manage the b Impossible a manegiar li Suizzerisenza denari infiniti Guicciar lib 9. Switzers without infinit treasure It is long to report al the discourses of their insatiable couetousnes treasons Of king Edw. the 3. purposing to recouer his right in France Froissart sayth that with great summes of mony he hired the Dutch to ioyne with him but he got no ayde of them nor other aduancement but a vaine title of Lieutenant to the Emperor Not long since the c Hie duitch or Germanes Dutch calling for mony when they should fight gaue the victorie to the Duke of Alua their enemie and betrayed their Generall the Prince of Orenge There is nothing more cowardly then strangers when they come to seruice They are d Non fide non affectu tenentur Sine pudore flagitii fugiunt Tacit. in vit Agric not reteined by affection nor regard promise and shame not to flye to saue their skinnes Nothing can bee deuised more disorderly nor rauinous The Switzers tooke their owne Captains prisoners in Lombardy and kept them as pledges
Consul in the Macedonian warre seizing a e Praesidium ibi imposuit Nam erat oppidum opportunum ad impetus in Macedoniam faciendos Liu. 31. towne that lay fitly against Macedonia did put garrison in it and from thence made diuers attempts against the Macedonians Antiochus f Liu. 45. purposing to inuade Aegypt furnished Pelusium which is the kay of that countrey with sufficient garrison Yet before the army be brought in sight of the enemy the same is to bee refreshed certaine dayes whether it bee of their trauailes by land in their march or iactation and disease at sea g Liu. 21. Annibal before hee brought foorth his army to fight with the Romanes in Italy caused the same to refresh and rest it selfe diuers dayes after his wearisome iourney through the Alpes And likewise returning out of Italie into Afrike to defend his Countrey against Scipio hee h Paucos dies ad reficiendum militem ex iactatione maritima sumpsit Liu. 30. refreshed his men certayne dayes of their trauaile at sea before he marched against the enemy Whether the country be knowen to the General or not yet ought be not to march without diligeÌ„t discouerers sent before at any time least of all when hee commeth into a strange country all enemy Wherefore after hee hath setled his matters in the towne or port which hee hath seased and refreshed his men let him then send forth espials and discouerers to vnderstand the site of the countrey and proceedings of the enemy a Annibal consulis consilia atque animum situÌ„ regionum itineraque explorauit Liu 22. Annibal before he incountred with Flaminius the Romane Generall sent before him certaine men to espy his purposes and to view the situation of the countrey and the wayes which he was to trauaile It is the practise of all wise Generalles The Romanes neglecting to make this discouery were enclosed at Caudium by the Samnites and shamefully ouercome and Annibal himselfe trusting an ignorant guide was almost intrapped at Cales by Fabius Curio b Caes de bel ciu l. 2. marching in the sandes of Afrike without knowledge of the enemies power or the disaduantage of the country being drie and plaine was ouerthrowen together with his whole army by the Numidian horsemen of Iuba Appius c Appius Boiorum agros populans inexplorato riullisque stationibus sirmatis caesus cum legionibus Liu. 31. spoyling the country of the Boyans without espiall sent before guards placed in conuenient distances was himselfe slaine together with his company The meanes to escape these trappes and ambushes is viligent espiall and discouery If our army do march farre vp into the countrey then is diligent heede to be taken that the enemy do not cut betweene vs and our succours or victuallers For fauour whereof wee are to assure our selues of the passages and to place garrisons in conuenient distances Caesar distributed tenne thousand d Caes bel gal 7. quo expeditiore re frumenâ—â—rià vteretur Heduans in diuers townes and fortes vpon the way that his victualles might come to his army with safety He tooke Vellaunodunum that lay upon the way lest the enemy might stop the passage The towne of e Liu. 28. Astapa in Spaine was taken and ruinated by L. Martius for that the garrison of the enemies there did spoyle the confederates of the Romanes and intercept the victuallers that came to the army The same course did f Caes de bel ciu lib. 3. Caesar take for the brideling of the enemy and assurance of his victualles in his warres against Pompey But because nothing is more to be feared of an army transported into a strange country then want of victuals therfore must the Generals mind be intentiue and carefull not only for the g 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenoph. Cyr. paed 1. present but also for the future time He may not thinke that hee shall alwayes finde corne and prouision in the country especially if the enemy vnderstand the traine of warres Caesar found the same by experience in his warres in France when the enemy burned the country before him When the Persian king vnderstood the intention of Cyrus to be to depriue him of his crowne he sent a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenoph. exped Cyr. 1. horsemen before to burne all things that might profitably serue the enemy And in the inuasion which Annibal made in Italy Fabius caused all the prouision that might serue for an army to be either spoyled or brought into strong townes in all places neere where Annibal and his company passed Therefore is it requisite that store of horses and carriages go along with the army for carriage of victualles munitions and other necessaries Cyrus b Xenoph. exped Cyr. 1. had foure hundred wagons laden with prouision beside those that belonged to particulars When in the country nothing is to be found then may this serue Further for fetching in of victualles the army ought to haue a sufficient strength of horsemen seconded with troupes of footemen for their retraite Annibal at one roade in Italy beside infinite cattell tooke foure thousand horses notwithstanding the strict commaundement of the Romanes that all things should be brought into strong holdes Whatsoeuer prouision may be found the same is to be saued and conueyed into those places that best may be defended and serue fittest for the prouision of our army c Salapiarn frumentum ex agris Metapontino Heracleensâ— comportat Annibal Liu. 24. Annibal brought all the corne and prouision which he found in the territorie of Metapontus and Heraclea into Salapia After that d Liu. 29. Scipio in his expedition in Afrike had taken Vtica he caused all the prouision and corne that could be found in the country to be carried thither and to be laid vp in store The same course did Quintius take in his warres against Nabis the tyrant and Caesar in his inuasion of this e Caef. bel gal 4. frumentum comportat Iland If the country where our army passeth doe not furnish vs with victualles the same is vtterly to be ruinated and burned Which if the countrey people do perceiue either for feare or for hope they will succour vs. f Liu 38. Manlius inuading the Gallogrecians forced all those countries where hee passed to compound for feare of spoyle For like dreade the Frenchmen where the English army g Froissart passed in the dayes of Edward the third did supplie the same with necessarie prouision It is a shame saieth h Cyr. paed 1. Xenophon for him that hath a sufficient army not to bee able to get victualles and things necessarie for the same If the enemie shall spoyle one countrey as looking for our forces that way yet shall it be hard for him to spoile the whole vnlesse hee meane to famish his owne people also The Romanes against the a Quò expeditiores commeatus essent incertior hostis quà venturum
way But what neede examples of foreine nations seeing it hath bene the vse of our ancesters to seeke their enemies alwayes abroade in their owne countreys this course is most honorable most safe yea and that which is nowe most accompted of by some most profitable and least chargeable for vs also Nothing can be more honorable then to defend our religion lawes and countrey against those that seeke to oppresse vs no course more safe then so to hazard that the losse doe not endanger our state no way more profitable then by keeping the enemy farre off to mainteine the reuenues of the Crowne and euery mans priuate liuing and trade at home Wherefore refusing the pernicious counsell of those that babble of I knowe not what peace let the Spaniard rather feele the effects of warre in Spaine then bee suffered be to drawe his vnsatiable sword in England his malice is not lesse then it was But hither to God hath broken his purposes and crossed his designements But if he be suffered quietly to possesse Britein the longer wee differre our warres the more dangerous we shall finde them and our selues more vnable to resist Nowe that hee hath a strong party against him in France and that the Low countreys either stand against him or are weary of his gouernement and that Portugal is malcontent with his newe tyranny is the time to hurt him and preuaile against him If we suffer him to settle his owne affaires and this good opportunitie to passe I feare we shall often wish for the like and hardly finde it CHAP. V. Part. 3. Wherein certaine aduertisements are giuen to our souldiers that are sent in ayde of foreine nations THe best counsell that I can giue my countreymen is to assayle the enemy in his owne countrey but seeing that I cannot I feare perswade them to that is best and safest the next good that I can doe them is to admonish them that being sent in small numbers to succour our friendes oppugned by our common enemy they proceede not rashly First therefore wisedome requireth that they goe strong for that in foreine countreys they are no lesse to feare the practices of double hearted friends then the force of open enemies The Romanes when they sent ayde to their friendes neuer sent lesse then a full army sufficient to encounter the enemy In sending lesse either they should not haue pleasured their friends or els haue endangerd their owne men Besides this it would haue bene dishonor to the name of the Romanes if either they had not bene able to ouercome the enemy or willing to see their friendes long languish in feare or their souldiers ouermatched and not able to looke out into the fielde For this cause being required ayde of the Campanians against the Samnites of the Latins against the Volscians they sent their Consuls Generals forth with a mighty force not only to driue the enemie from the townes but also to fight with him in the fielde And taking vpon them the protection of the Sicilians against them of Carthage they sent thither sufficient strength both by sea and land Caesar going in ayde of the Heduans and other the confederates of the Romanes in France oppressed by the Heluetians Germans led with him a most braue army furnished with all things necessary Neither was it the vse of the Romanes only but of all nations that vnderstood the practise of armes yea and of ours also The Blacke Prince in the dayes of Edward the third going into Spaine in succour of Don Pedro de Castile led thither a most florishing army where with he ouerthrew the power of Spaine and restored the Ring to his seate Likewise the Duke of Lancaster in his expedition into Portugall did not rely vpon the ayde of that nation but caried with him a gallant army of English men And when Edward the fourth went into France to ayde the Duke of Burgundy be caried with him such a power as the heartes of the French trembled to see it and the king rather by money and rewardes then by force sought to cause them to returne If the Romanes had sent three or foure thousand in ayde of their friendes in Sicile or Greece or Asia and so supplyed them by litle and litle the opinion of their wisdome and forces would neuer haue growen so glorious Neither could the Prince of Parma of late times if he had gone into France with a small force haue deliuered his confederates from danger or els broken the purposes of his enemies in that sort hee hath If then wee will not followe the ancient rules of warre yet let vs not shewe lesse iudgement and value in our proceedings then our enemie Whosoeuer therefore meaneth to winne honor in succour of his friends abroad let him as much as he can endeuour to cary with him a sufficient force Small numbers are neither esteemed of enemies nor friends Into the field they dare not come for they are too fewe and too weake being penned vp in cities they famish If our friends be stronger then our ayde then are they commaunded by them If any of their leaders want gouernement our men that are put to all hard seruices pay the prise of their folly If any calamitie happen to their army our people first feele it They shift for them selues being in their owne countrey ours are slayne both of enemies and friendes and if victuals waxe scant they sterue first I neede not shewe this by other examples then by our proceedings in France and the Lowe countries But suppose that by our aide our friendes should be able to ouercome or make peace with the enemy yet are not our people more assured then before When the Protestants in the first ciuil warres by the meanes of our forces had obteined that they would or at least tollerable conditions of peace they ioyned with our enemies to besiege vs in Newhauen and sent vs away without reward or thankes The Spaniards that had restored a Guicciar li. 16. Maximilian Sforza to the Duchie of Millan the warres being ended for their reward had like to haue had their throates cut But they stood so much vpon their gard that the practise of Hierome Moron and the Marquis of Pescara could take no effect In ancient time howe often haue our people bene deluded by the Dukes of Britaine and Burgundy in whose aide they went to venture their liues and doe we thinke that the people of the Lowe countries if once they be deliuered from the feare of the Spaniard will not turne out our garrisons and vse vs in like sort they will be able to doe it and others haue done so before Why then should we thinke our selues priuiledged To assure our selues therefore of our friendes the onely meanes is to haue a force sufficient to master them and correct their disloyaltie The same is the only course to preuaile against our enemies to helpe our friendes and mainteine our selues If that may not be obteined I
Liui. 6. Romane Consul hauing receiued newes that some of his company would be defeated without present succour and not reteining the messenger fell into an ambush layde for him The most assured way of intelligence is by espials secretly sent or discouerers approching the enemie Annibal f Liuy 30. returning out of Italy to defend his owne countrey against Scipio sent diuers espials into his campe g Pro perfugis speculandi gratia in Caesaris castra mittit Hirt. de bel Afric Scipio in the warres of Caesar in Afrike sent two Getulians to espie Caesars campe disguised as fugitiues But because such persons cannot long stay there without being discouered therefore sometimes vnder colour of parley and sometime vnder colour of buying or selling or other busines souldiers disguised like marchants espie out the enemies proceeding Scipio while the treatie of peace continued betwixt him and h Liui. 29. Syphax sent diuers captaines in slaues apparel which wandering about the enemies campe discouered the accesses and issues of it which being reported to Scipio gaue him the meanes to charge Syphax in the night being quiet and safe as he conceiued in his lodging i Scipio cum equitatu iaculatoribúsque expeditis profectus ad castra hostium exque propinquo copias quantae cuius generis essēt speculandas obuius fit Annibali ipsi cum equitibus ad exploranda circa loca progresso Liui. 21. Scipio this mans father before the battel with Annibal at Trebia drew foorth his horsemen and light armed to view Annibals campe Annibal for the same purpose came against him with other horsmen But because this maner of discouery cannot be made without force therefore did a Equitatum omnem ad numerum 4000 praemittit qui videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant Caes bel Gal. 1. Caesar pursuing the Heluetians send all his horsemen in number 4000 to see what wayes the enemies marched The b Histoir de trou de Franc. lib. 9. Admirall of France hauing receiued some losse in the plaines of S. Clere anno 1569 for want of good espiall sent certeine horsemen to the number of sixteene which going nere and taking some prisoners might vnderstand the enemies resolution but because they were so few they were beaten backe before they could see any thing and returned without effect Yet we thinke we doe much when we send foorth sixe or seuen horsemen badly mounted for some do rashly proceed without them but both courses are contrary to the practise of warre The view of the countrey well described in cards both teach a wise Generall many thinges for there he may see the tract of riuers the distances of places the rising of hilles and many such opportunities The c Mouerat senatum maximè maris terrarumque regionis eius situm demonstrando Liu. 32. Romanes in ancient time vsed when they consulted of any action to view the situation of the countrey layed before them The Counte of Purlitia in his aduertisements to Ferdinand the Emperour and Don Sancho de Londonno stand vpon the same as a necessary point for by view of regions described many thinges appeare that otherwise cannot be conceiued But much better may the countrey be discouered if men of iudgement go before with the horsemen to view the same and to follow the traces of the enemies those that obserue this course both go returne safely Marcellus d Exploratò cunfirmisque praesidijs tuto receptu praedatum ierat Liu. 23. searching out the lurking holes of the enemy and placing strong gards in places conuenient returned safely from forraging the countrey They that march forward blindely without either view of the countrey or knowledge of the enemies proceedinges are subiect to many mishaps The Romane armie at the straits of Caudium compassed in by the enemy on euery side complaineth that like e Non ducem locorum fuisse non exploratorem belluarum modo caecos in foueam missos Liu. 9. brute beastes going on without guide or espiall they were carried headlong as it were into a pit f Liu. 31. Appius spoiling the countrey of the Boians without either discouery or standes of men well placed was drawen into an ambush and slaine together with his army This one point neglected cost many of the Romanes their liues in the warres with Annibal Marcus Marcellus going himselfe with a small company to view the countrey was himselfe drawne into ambush and slaine g Vocula nec aduentum hostium explorauit eoque simul egressus victusque Tacit. 20. Vocula charging the enemy without knowledge of his forces was assoone slaine as he went fast out of his lodging to fight with him The Counte of Aremberge by the brauery of the Spaniard forced to passe the Hist de troubl de Fr. l. 1. riuer before he knew the strength of the enemy which seemed not great was defeated with his company by the Counte Lodwike The Admirals vantgard was broken in the plaines of S. Clere an 1569 b Ibidem lib. 9. for that the same did bluntly charge the enemy of whose forces and number the same was ignorant The carelesse march of Mouuans and Pierregourde that were charged before they vnderstood of the enemies approch was cause of their ouerthrow and hath also both vnto the enemy and to vs wrought many calamities in the Low countries which those that escaped narrowly may remember and can report Dangerous therefore it is to march by night especially in countries vnknowen and where the enemies proceedinges are vnknowen Asdrubal c Liu. 27. in the night lost his guide his way and wearied himselfe and being the next day forced to fight was ouercome by the Romanes at the riuer of Metaurus Puygalliard in these late troubles of France marching all night most of his troupes lost their way the rest the day following were defeated at S. Gemme by a very few Protestants Those that escape by policy out of straits as Annibal did at Cales and Asdrubal in Spaine he driuing away the corps de gard by feare of fire the other escaping during parley of yeelding and likewise they that haue had good successe charging the enemy at all aduentures haue bene more happy then wise Those therefore that march against their enemies are to discouer the countrey and affaires of the enemy diligently and to shun night marches but if necessity force them thereunto yet wisedome admonisheth them to vnderstand the enemies doings perfectly to procure sure guides and to keepe them fast to march close together now and then to make alta that those that lagge may come vp by sure marks to know frends frō enemies and to giue certeine perfect directions Which course while d Liu. 25. Martius did holde in Spaine Scipio in Afrike he ouercame the Carthaginians and dislodged them twise e Liu. 29. Scipio foiled Syphax and burnt his campe and slew his people in the night The countrey and proceeding of the
warre and iustly after the victorie for as good successe procureth to the Conquerour friends so euery one abandoneth and contemneth the vanquished The Capuans and a great part of Italy reuolted from the Romanes after the infortunate encounter at Cannae Philip king of Macedonia being ouercome by Titus Quintius not onely sawe the departure of his confederates and friendes but also the rebellion of his owne subiects After that the Carthaginians side began to decline in their warres with the Romanes all their friendes forsooke them The same disloyall dealing of subiects and friendes Charles last Duke of Burgundy felt after his disastrous iourney against the Switzers at Granson Hereupon Philip of Comines taketh occasion to tell a long tale howe dangerous it is for a Prince to be ouercome in a pight fielde at which if he had knowne ancient histories he would not haue made such wonderment For there neuer was nor can be other successe looked for in such cases Wherefore after the victorie the Generall is to practise with the friendes and confederates of the vanquished and with good conditions to vnite them vnto him selfe Heerein the opinion of the iustice and good dealing of the Generall shall greatly further his desire as is euident by the example of Scipio and Annibal For Scipio sending vnto euery Citie in Spaine those pledges which the enemie had from them and which he had taken from the enemie he gotte him selfe much friendshippe and Annibal after his victorie dismissing such of the associats of the Romanes as he had taken without ransome and vsing them courteously procured him selfe amongest them great credite of good dealing so that many did adhere vnto him and forsake the Romanes Thus we see howe the victorie is to be pursued Nowe therefore let vs see howe our conquest may be mainteined and assured For want of which consideration we see whereto the victories of this nation in France and otherwhere are come and how hardly and chargeably that which we haue remaining in Ireland is kept in deuotion and what is there to be feared if euer any enemy with resolution and strength doe there assaile vs. To keepe our conquest there are two principall meanes both necessarie Force and Iustice for neither without force can those that are rebellious and desirous of innouation be repressed nor without iustice can the peaceable be defended or contented That Empire sayth a Id firmissimum longèimperiuÌ„ est quo obedientes gaudent Liu. 9. Camillus is most firme and durable which the subiects do willingly embrace and gladly continue And hard it is to keepe men discontent long in subiection by force A countrey a Impâ—rium sâ—cilèâ—js artibus râ—tinetur quibus initio partum est Salâ—st coniur Catilin subdued is kept by the same meanes that it was subdued that is saieth Salust by fortitude industrie iustice The vse of force is diuers First to repell the enemie if hee come againe and to keepe him downe that hee looke not vp Caesar vsed this course in the subduing of France being alwayes readie to represse the disobedient and the same was vsed both in the subduing of Spayne and Afrike and other countreys by the ancient Romanes The French not hauing force readie in Naples and Milan to encounter the Spaniards that came to molest them in their possession soone lost prise Secondly force is necessarie to subdue rebels and mutinous persons that may procure the trouble of the state The Romanes vntill the countrey was quiet which they had vanquished and vntill euery husbandman and other fell to labour kept an armie there continually when the same was pacified they brought away their maine force and placed some of their souldiers inhabitants in some strong places in the countrey which liued vpon the profites thereof and yet kept the same in obedience These townes they called Colonies The Romanes hauing diuers times vanquished the b Ea clade conterritis hostium animis vt etiam vbi ea remisissee terrore aliquo tenerentur Velitris auxere numerum Colonorum Romani Norbae in montes nouam Coloniam quae arx in pomptino esset miserunt Liu. 2. Volscians and Sabines and yet seeing them readie to rebell for to keepe them in order placed Romanes in the towne of Velitri and in the mountaines in Norba to serue as castles among them Afterward when they had vanquished the c Tum de praesidio regionis depopulatae agitari coeptum itaque placuit vt duae coloniae circa Vestinum Falernum agrum deducerentur Liu. 10. Vestinians and spoyled their countrey consulting by what gardes they might best keepe the countrey in deuotion They resolued to send two Colonies into the countrey of the Vestinians and the territorie neere the hill Falernum These townes being peopled with Romanes and placed in countreys of new conquest Tullie calleth propugnacles of the Romane empire Tacitus calleth Cremona a fortresse and d Propugnaculum aduersus Gallos trans Padum agenteâ— Tacit. 9. propugnacle against the Gaules beyond Padus This meanes also other nations haue thought fittest to keepe countreys in subiection And therefore nothing among them was more vsuall then to translate inhabitants from one place into another The kings of Syria hauing vanquished the Israelites placed a Colonie in Samaria The Athenians taking the Island e Thucid. 4. Cythera from the Lacedemonians remooued the old inhabitants and peopled it with their friends And against the f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thucid 1. Thracians in defence of their conquest they sent ten thousand inhabitants into Strymon The kings of this realme peopling Caleis with English kept the same long in their possession which they lost not but by force If they had likewise peopled Rochel Poitiers Limoges Burdeaux and other townes with this nation they would not haue bene so hard to keepe nor readie to reuolt not doing that they did soone loose the same by treason And if Colonies had now of late bene sent into Ireland not as now scattering and disunited and few in number but in good strength and vnited by lawes and dwelling in townes as the Romanes did I doubt not but the countrey would bee better assured and the charge farre lesser then now it is For the charge of garrisons is great the insolencie of garrison souldiers greater And if an enemie come against them their strength is nothing If any man say that it is hard to dispossesse the ancient inhabitants of the countrey out of their dwellings he considereth not that rebels and enemies are so to bee vsed and that if they bee placed other where it is of mercie rather then desert which notwithstanding in all cases may not bee vsed Hard it is sayd a Plutarch apopth Agesilaus to be mercifull and wise both together Yet if inhabitants when the time was had bene sent into Ireland being voyde in some places diuers English might haue bene placed without iniurie to any To maintaine a force therfore without great charge the meane
warres and seeing that wee take armes in hand not to do wrong but that we may recouer or obtaine our owne right let no man refuse reason that may haue it But because many that seeme to offer peace haue nothing but warres in their hearts let vs now that we haue shewed the practise traine of war whose ende is peace declare also how we may assure our selues that we be not abused either with coloured treaties or vnequall conditions or bad assurance of peace which is more dangerous then any warre Metellus in c Verbis pax nunciabatur ceterùm re asperrimum bellum erat Salust bel Ingurth wordes and pretense made semblant that he would make peace with Iugurtha but his doings were the effectes of most sharp warres Maximilian the emperor being demanded what he meant to treate so much of peace with his enemy whom he deadly hated answered that thereby he hoped to giue him a d Per darli colpo mortale Guicciar mortal wouÌ„d when least he looked for it e Pompeius ab Augusto imagine pacis deceptus Lepidus amicitiae specie Tacit. annal 1. Sextus Pompeius by a fained shew of peace was abused by Augustus and Lepidus was ensnared vnder colour of friendship What the Spaniard meant by the treaty of Dunkirke his nauy at the same time comming in hostile manner vpon our coast declareth The very motion and mention of peace doth slake the preparatiues of warre and while men do either hope or desire peace they f Ex mentione spe pacis negligentia vt fit apud Paenos orta crat Liu. 29. stand more negligently vpon their garde Sometime vnder colour of seeking a Philippus de pace agendo nihil aliud nisi moram dilationâ— ad vires colligendas quâ—â—rebat Liu. 32. peace the enemy seeketh delayes vntill such time as he himselfe is ready Philip of Macedonia being foyled by the Romanes seemed very desirous of peace that in the meane time he might againe repayre his forces For this cause b Thucid. 1. Archidamus counselled the Lacedemonians rather to treat of peace then to denounce warre vnto the Athenians vntil such time as they were better prouided The Ambassadors of the c Caes bel gal 4. Tencterians and other Germans desired peace of Caesar that came against them because a great part of their forces was from them Sometimes trechery is wrought vnder colour of treaty of peace Metellus d Salust bel Iugurth during the treaty of peace with Iugurtha corrupted most of his friendes Scipio e Liu. 29. to the intent his men might haue accesse into Syphax his campe pretended the continuance of the treaty of peace albeit he misliked the conditions and meant nothing but to espy his campe and to surprise him at vn wares The messengers of the f Legati per speciem pacis petendae speculatum ad L. Aemilium venerunt Liu 40 Ligurians vnder colour of treaty of peace espyed what Aemilius did in his campe Cotys g Tacit. annal 2. king of Thrace vnder colour of confirming a league was drawen to a banquet and there slaine by his enemy Rhecuporis Caesar Borgia hauing made a solemne league with the Duke of h Guicciard Grauina other Princes of Italy contrary to his othe slew them hauing them once in his hands Therefore in treating of peace wee must first see that wee slacke not our preparatiues of warre nor defer to take any aduantage that is offered i Perseus ni vana spes pacis occaecasset consilia omnia praeparata atque instructa habens cùm nihil haberent Romani suo maximè tempore atque alieno hostibus incipere bellum potuit Liu. 42. Perseus king of Macedonia if a vaine hope of peace had not blinded his eyes might then with aduantage haue begun the warres when him selfe was most ready and the Romanes most vnready and vnprouided k 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thucid 1. Archidamus albeit hee perswaded the Lacedaemonians to talke of peace yet would he not haue them neglect to prouide for warre For peace is not obteined with parley or entreaty vnlesse wee also make ready our forces Secondly heede must be taken that wee trust not the enemy None are more easily abused then those that are light of credit we may not therefore let the enemy see our weaknesse or any thing that may preiudice vs nor commit our selues into our enemies handes either during the treaty or after the conclusion of peace Philip of Comines noteth it as a great simplicitie in our nation that hauing concluded peace with Lewis the French King did so familiarly come into Amiens and conuerse with the French that meant them no good Seeing peace is so easily violated vpon light occasions hee is not wise that will trust the enemy too farre That which certaine Italians perswaded Lewis Sforza that fayth is rather to be violated then wee suffer a Guicciar li. 4. any part of our State to be taken from vs that some doe nowe put in practice And yet breach of promise is oft times b Cosa facile a Principi di iustificar imprese con titoli Ch'apparisconâ— honesti Guicciar 16. iustified with glorious pretenses Wherefore seeing as experience teacheth vs that Princes c Principi si riconciliono piu tosto conle dimostrationi che con li effetti Guiciar lib. 1. are rather made friends in shew then in effect those that deale wisely doe so condition with the enemy that if hee breake they may haue the staffe in their owne handes to chastice him Thirdly great care is to be taken that wee yeelde no aduantage to the enemy The first iniury that we receiue at the enemies handes is but a step to the next as hath bene shewed and he that from the top of the staires descendeth one step shall sooner be thrust downe to the bottome then recouer the top againe Hee that once beginneth to fall is easily ouerthrowen The Africans that yeelded one little peece of ground to them of Carthage were in the end constreined to yeelde them their whole countrey The Germans receiued into France by the Gaules and Saxons into this Iland by the ancient inhabitants did after contend with them for the possession and right of the whole countrey The time to treat of peace which is fourthly to be considered is when both parties haue tasted of the cup of calamities that warres bring with them and yet neither part is ouerthrowen or throughly vanquished When things doe hang in equall ballance then is the fittest time to treat of peace by the iudgement of Annibal and then d Si integer quaÌ„ si victus pacem aequiorem impetrari posse ratus est Liu. 30. most equall conditions are liked of both parties For being vanquished the conquerour giueth rather then receiueth conditions as the Romanes did to the Carthaginians to Philip of Macedonia to Antiochus and to other Princes and nations which they vanquished Further
ignorance or thinke themselues punished otherwise then they ought I haue for instruction of yong souldiers comprised in writing such matters as for the good gouernment of the campe and armie those that conuerse in the armie I thought most necessary to be knoweÌ„ and published in the campe garrison other places of seruice Neither is the course new or strange The prince of Orenge for the good gouernment of his campe before Florence in the dayes of Charles the 5 by sound of trumpet c Caualier Cicuta published such orders as he would haue obserued The duke of Alua though otherwise cruel yet a man skilfull in matters of warre for reformatioÌ„ of diuers disorders crept in among the d Se debrian promulgar algunos estatutos con cuya osseruantia los soldados particulares y priuados no hisiessen desorden alguna Sanch. de Lond. Spanish souldiers gaue order to SaÌ„cho de Londonno to frame certaine statutes in writing which being published might giue theÌ„ particular notice of their duties The e Puis auoir fait quelques â—ix militaires statuts politics firent iurer la noblesse soldats autres de les entretenir inutolablement Histoir de troubl de Fr. l. 4. Protestants an 1568. hauing made certaine militarie lawes orders for the gouernement of their army did publish the same cause both the nobilitie other soldiers to sweare that they would obserue theÌ„ inuiolably In imitatioÌ„ of others I haue thought good likewise to set down a forme of militarie lawes not that all of them are necessary for all times places nor that I could set down so many as are necessarie but wise gouerners hauing this draught before their eyes may chuse such as are fittest and apply them to their companie and other circumstances Howsoeuer it is whether it be by a Res militaris legibus in tuto collocata L. 1. Cod. de Iustin cod confirmand lawes or without lawes let those that haue the gouernement of souldiers haue care of the obseruance of militarie discipline without which an armie is like a bodie discrazed and disioyned and by which armies beforetime out of order haue bene made victorious Before Scipioes comming into Spayne the Romanes through their disorders had receiued many foiles of their enemies But after that he had b Scipio minor militarem disciplinam reuocans pulcherrimam tulit de Hispanis victoriam Plor epit Liu. l. 58. remooued those disorders of a cowardly and disorderly multitude hee made a most victorious armie Like commendation did Metellus deserue in Afrike who remoouing all instruments and occasions of pleasure e Metellus adiumenta ignauiae sustulit c. Salust bel Iugurth and slouthfulnesse and restoring the strict orders of the Romanes in their marching encamping labours and watches brought Iugurtha to great extremitie which before that time ouercame and contemned the Romane forces Corbulo by like d Legiones Corbulo operum laboris ignaras populationibus laetantes ad veterem morem reduxit Tacit. seueritie causing the Romane souldiers to returne to the obseruance of militarie lawes and to endure labour and to keepe araie and to refraine their outcourses for spoyles obtained diuers great victories against the Parthians and others Neither doe I doubt if the ancient orders of warres might be obserued of our English souldiers but that they should be likewise victorious ouer all their enemies To doe them honour and my countrey good I haue as neere as I could endeuoured to set them downe in termes beginning first with matters concerning religion which howsoeuer it is now neglected and scorned of prophane men yet ought it both in this and other things to haue the first place CHAP. XXI Wherein a forme of Militarie lawes requisite to be published and obserued of our English souldiers and others imploied in publike seruice of their countrey is prescribed The first part of it conteineth lawes concerning religion and morall matters 1 EVerie Morning at the relieuing of the watch and euerie Euening at the setting of the watch all Captains Souldiers others both in campe and garrison either in some speciall place to bee appointed or in their corps de garde or those that watch in their garde the rest in some other place shall assemble to heare prayers and other exercises of Religion 2 No enterprise shal be taken in hand but the companies that are to execute the same shal first commend themselues to God and pray to him to graunt them good successe 3 Euery Sunday the whole company at houres appointed shal meete to serue God so much as the necessities of warres wil permit And for this cause a conuenient number of Ministers are to be enterteined and such as abuse them to be seuerely punished 4 Notorious swearers and blasphemers shal be punished according to the qualitie of their offence yea with death if their faults be heynous 5 All abuses of Gods word and holy Name in cursing banning charming and whatsoeuer other vnlawful practice shal be punished by imprisonment of the offenders and death also if the crime be heinous and the example scandalous 6 Many offences against God and man doe spring of dicing carding and other such vnlawfull games Therefore let all dice and eardes and such like instruments of abuse be taken away as much as may be and let such gamesters be admonished and if they doe not so leaue and reforme themselues let them be imprisoned 7 Common women let them be whipped out of the campe and garrison and such souldiers and others as vse their company let them be imprisoned Officers that giue bad examples of such matters let them loose their places Suspicious women let them be banished the campe or garrison 8 For that God is greatly offended with drunkennes and the abuses that come of it and forasmuch also as campes and garrisons are thereby much disordered and many good men suffer for the abuse of such lewd drunkards therefore such are to be imprisoned and fedde with bread and water so long as the qualitie of their offence shall deserue Annotations and interpretations of the former lawes for the better vnderstanding of them Concerning Religion The name of Religion I know will seeme strange to most of our lustie yong souldiers that in swearing and blaspheming place their greatest brauery accompt it a shame for a souldier to be religious But seeing not onely Religion but reason also may teach them that no good successe can be expected at Gods handes where hee is not serued and that such wicked men as they shew themselues to be are rather to feare the wrath of God then to hope for victory or other fauour let them if they be but motherwise desist from scoffing at Religion if they be Christian-wise let them learne to serue him that is Lord of armies and giuer of victory The very Gentiles albeit ignorant of the true God yet in matters of warre were most deuout and religious The Romanes yelded
notice tooke the towne disfurnished of souldiers The a Qualquiera persona que hiziere o fixare carteles o dixiere palabras escandalosas de las quales puede causarse tumulto o motin muera por ello Que ningun soldado sobre enemistad o pendentia vieia durante la guerra y iornada rinne nitrate ni por pendentia nueua desafie a otro so pena de la vida al prouocante y destierro al prouocado Spaniards therefore doe expresly forbid all cartels iniurious wordes and braules vpon great penalties both in their armies and garrisons 20 21 No souldier nor other shal fraudulently c. Those that know what necessities poore souldiers are driuen vnto cannot chuse but pity their estate that contrary to orders of law are forced to shift Yet for the necessitie of some the disorder of others that as they stole at home so steale abroad may not passe vnpunished b Nemo pullum alienum rapiat ouem nemo contingat oleum salem lignum nemo exigat Vopisc in vita Aurel Aurelian the emperor would not suffer his souldiers to take so much as a pullet or oile or salt or wood from the country people For c De praeda hostium non lachrymis prouincialiū habeat Vopisc ibidem souldiers saith he ought to enrich themselues with the spoiles of the enemie not with teares of the people that are friends d Sueton. in Tyber Tiberius caused one of his gard to be put to death for taking a peacocke out of a mans yard e Tacit. annal Aufidius Cassius punished rapine and theft most extremely Of the Turke it is reported that he put one of his souldiers to death for taking away a poore womans milke f L. 3. § qui aliena ff de re milit Modestinus iudged him worthy of death that stole his fellows armes To restraine this disorder the Romane souldiers when they were first inrolled did sweare that they would bring to the general or his deputy whatsoeuer they should take vp Onely certaine trifling things were excepted Caesar setting gardes at the gates of the city of g Leptitanis se tradentibus centuriones ad portā posuit ne quis miles ingrederetur Hirt. de bel Afric Leptis that yeelded to him kept his souldiers out for feare they should spoile the inhabitants The Romanes most seuerely punished h Liu. 29. Pleminius and others that spoiled the towne of Locri wherein they lay in garrison And put to death al that legion that driuing out the townsmē seized Rhegium to their owne vse The Spaniards doe diligently a Que ningum soldado dentro ni suera del campo tome ni quite cosa alguna a persona alguna forbid such filcheries In summe the ancient orders of warre require that not only souldiers and others within the campe or garrison possesse their armes and goods in peace but also that our associats and friends be kept from spoyle 22 No man shall burne c. Many things may be found in the enemies countrey which might greatly benefit the army if they could be saued from the wanton spoyle of the souldier Wherefore that souldiers fall not into needlesse wants through their owne default let this law among others be diligently executed 23 All murders c. Such offences as by ciuil lawes are punished at home ought to haue like punishment abroad Yet must the Iudges and Officers that dealt herein proceede with great discretion For small matters in time of peace as neglecting of the watch and disobedience against Officers are seuerely punished in time of warres and contrariwise great matters in time of peace are for some euident cause neglected in warres Fauour and alliance b Aliter in ardore belli aliter in pace iudicandum saith Fabius Liu. 24. haue liew in choyce of Officers in peaceable gouernment but in warres they that make not choyce of worthy men worthily repent themselues Againe in time of peace proceeding is flow and formes are obserued but in proceeding in martiall causes neither formalities nor delayes are admitted Prouided alwayes that in cutting off formalities and delayes iniustice be not done 24 No souldier nor other c. The fift lawe of this Chapter concerneth Captains and Officers this is proper to souldiers and such as passe for souldiers Both are litle ynough to redresse disorders and if there were diuers other lawes made to the same purpose yet were it good if all could remedy the inconueniences that follow false and fraudulent dealing in mosters 25 No souldier that hath c. Military discipline is so farre growne out of vse that men are constreined by expresse lawes to prescribe many particular matters which otherwise might seeme either trifling or needeles And among other things as you see that souldiers dispence and spend their victuals moderatly or rather sparingly for he that betime spareth not very timely shall want CHAP. XXI Part. 4. Wherein orders especially concerning the campe or towne of garrison are conteined 1 WHosoeuer shall deale fraudulently or negligently in such matters as are by his Camerada committed to his trust or gouernment let him haue punishemnt according to his offence and make double restitution out of his pay 2 All manner of persons within the campe or garrison after the watch is set shall repaire to their quarter and there vse silence that euery man may rest All straglers and tumultuous persons that are taken abroad after that time shal be cōmitted to prison and there abide vntill their cause be examined by the officers of iustice order taken for their punishment or dismissing 3 No man in campe or garrison in time of warre shall lodge out of his quarter or delay to repaire thither vpon an alarme giuen vpon paine of imprisonment 4 No souldier nor other shall receiue any stranger into his cabine or lodging vpon paine of imprisonment nor shall harbour any spye or messenger from the enemie vpon paine of death 5 No manner of person shall passe in or out of the campe or towne of garrison any other then the ordinary wayes vpon payne of death 6 Women and boyes and such as do idlely follow the souldiers not being enterteined in pay as much as may be are to bee banished the campe 7 No captaine souldier nor other person in time of necessitie and for defence of himselfe and the armie or garrison shal refuse to worke with mattocke spade basket or other instrument vpon pain of imprisonment 8 No souldier appointed to stand sentinell shall depart from the place or sleepe in the place vpon paine of death nor shall sitte downe vpon paine of imprisonment 9 For keeping the campe cleane and mainteining of mens health some places shal be assigned for the slaughter of beasts others for other necessities at the outsides of the campe or towne of garrison out of which places it shall not be permitted to anie to kill beastes or doe other offices vpon paine of imprisonment Euery