speak_v but_o occasional_o of_o the_o affair_n of_o china_n father_n semedo_n indeed_o apply_v himself_o whole_o to_o the_o description_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o his_o relation_n wherein_o he_o have_v be_v very_o fortunate_a father_n couplet_n in_o his_o chronology_n and_o father_n martini_n in_o his_o first_o decad_n of_o the_o history_n of_o china_n and_o his_o relation_n of_o the_o tartar_n war_n have_v publish_v almost_o a_o complete_a succession_n of_o the_o history_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o same_o father_n martini_n in_o his_o atlas_n have_v make_v a_o geographical_a description_n of_o it_o so_o complete_a and_o full_a that_o there_o hardly_o remain_v any_o thing_n more_o for_o we_o to_o desire_v and_o last_o the_o annual_a letter_n and_o other_o piece_n which_o i_o have_v cite_v give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o mission_n which_o they_o undertake_v inform_v we_o of_o several_a notable_a and_o curious_a particular_n but_o though_o these_o author_n be_v every_o one_o worthy_a to_o be_v esteem_v and_o value_v certain_a it_o be_v that_o we_o want_v still_o a_o very_a great_a number_n of_o considerable_a particular_n whither_o it_o be_v that_o the_o subject_n be_v too_o copious_a to_o be_v exhaust_v or_o that_o those_o other_o design_n which_o they_o propose_v to_o themselves_o divert_v their_o particular_a industry_n however_o it_o be_v it_o be_v apparent_a that_o father_n magaillans_n have_v it_o in_o his_o thought_n to_o have_v supply_v all_o the_o defect_n which_o he_o find_v in_o those_o other_o piece_n and_o whatever_o be_v want_v that_o may_v give_v we_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o china_n for_o they_o who_o read_v this_o relation_n will_v find_v that_o the_o matter_n therein_o contain_v have_v either_o be_v whole_o omit_v by_o all_o other_o author_n or_o else_o but_o very_o slight_o touch_v and_o therefore_o in_o regard_n they_o be_v thing_n of_o great_a curiosity_n i_o make_v no_o question_n but_o this_o translation_n will_v be_v grateful_a to_o the_o more_o exact_a part_n of_o the_o learned_a world._n in_o a_o word_n it_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o have_v all_o those_o advantage_n that_o suffice_v to_o recommend_v it_o to_o the_o reader_n the_o matter_n be_v of_o great_a consequence_n and_o become_v the_o curiosity_n of_o all_o those_o that_o desire_v to_o know_v remote_a country_n since_o it_o have_v describe_v with_o a_o extraordinary_a exactness_n and_o part_n by_o part_n what_o be_v most_o considerable_a in_o that_o same_o famous_a empire_n of_o china_n there_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o determine_v by_o evident_a proof_n that_o the_o country_n of_o catay_n and_o mangi_n be_v comprehend_v in_o that_o spacious_a kingdom_n it_o discourse_n at_o large_a of_o the_o chinese_n language_n of_o the_o letter_n and_o their_o composition_n of_o the_o word_n which_o they_o comprehend_v of_o the_o excellency_n of_o the_o language_n and_o how_o easy_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v to_o attain_v it_o which_o give_v we_o a_o far_o different_a idea_n of_o it_o from_o whatever_o we_o have_v have_v till_o now_o of_o the_o chinese_n book_n and_o their_o antiquity_n and_o the_o great_a number_n of_o they_o upon_o all_o sort_n of_o subject_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o their_o king_n of_o the_o certain_a and_o successive_a continuance_n of_o the_o chinese_n chronology_n from_o the_o next_o age_n to_o the_o deluge_n it_o show_v we_o the_o industry_n of_o the_o chinese_n in_o many_o thing_n their_o wonderful_a form_n of_o government_n and_o all_o their_o different_a tribunal_n with_o a_o world_n of_o other_o circumstance_n there_o you_o find_v a_o exact_a acount_n of_o all_o their_o public_a work_n and_o a_o particular_a description_n of_o some_o magnificent_a bridge_n the_o great_a canal_n the_o city_n of_o pe_n kim_n their_o most_o sumptuous_a house_n their_o principal_a temple_n and_o the_o vast_a and_o spacious_a palace_n of_o the_o emperor_n which_o comprehend_v within_o it_o several_a other_o sufficient_a to_o make_v we_o admire_v their_o architecture_n and_o the_o form_n and_o contrivance_n of_o their_o building_n last_o there_o be_v a_o description_n of_o a_o certain_a sort_n of_o wax_n which_o be_v not_o any_o where_o else_o to_o be_v find_v of_o the_o riches_n of_o china_n of_o the_o emperor_n revenue_n of_o some_o remarkable_a ceremony_n and_o of_o so_o many_o other_o particular_n which_o it_o will_v be_v here_o too_o tedious_a a_o trouble_n to_o repeat_v the_o author_n be_v well_o inform_v of_o all_o those_o thing_n of_o which_o he_o give_v we_o a_o account_n he_o have_v travel_v over_o all_o the_o chief_a part_n of_o china_n from_o the_o year_n 1640._o to_o 1648._o at_o what_o time_n he_o be_v carry_v to_o pe_n kim_n where_o he_o stay_v nine_o and_o twenty_o year_n at_o the_o court_n that_o be_v to_o say_v till_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1677._o without_o stir_v from_o thence_o unless_o it_o be_v once_o that_o he_o be_v send_v to_o macao_n by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o emperor_n so_o long_a and_o constant_a a_o residence_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o language_n and_o book_n his_o conversation_n with_o person_n the_o most_o considerable_a in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o liberty_n which_o he_o have_v to_o enter_v into_o the_o palace_n the_o choice_n which_o he_o make_v of_o the_o matter_n and_o particular_n of_o which_o he_o give_v a_o account_n will_v easy_o confirm_v we_o that_o he_o have_v a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o he_o give_v we_o the_o relation_n so_o that_o although_o the_o description_n which_o he_o give_v we_o of_o the_o emperor_n palace_n do_v not_o agree_v with_o that_o which_o we_o find_v in_o the_o dutch_a embassy_n to_o china_n yet_o there_o be_v all_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o world_n to_o prefer_v the_o testimony_n of_o this_o author_n before_o that_o relation_n the_o sincerity_n also_o and_o reality_n of_o father_n magaillans_n far_o appear_v by_o this_o that_o he_o make_v no_o scruple_n to_o correct_a father_n martini_n where_o he_o know_v he_o to_o be_v in_o a_o error_n though_o in_o other_o place_n he_o confirm_v by_o his_o testimony_n the_o esteem_n which_o all_o europe_n have_v for_o the_o work_n of_o that_o father_n and_o for_o that_o he_o speak_v with_o moderation_n of_o many_o other_o thing_n where_o the_o author_n have_v stretch_v too_o far_o in_o their_o relation_n have_v thus_o far_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o worth_n and_o merit_n of_o this_o relation_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o tell_v the_o reader_n how_o it_o fall_v into_o my_o hand_n it_o be_v now_o about_o three_o year_n since_o that_o f._n couplet_n come_v to_o rome_n in_o the_o quality_n of_o procurator_n for_o the_o mission_n of_o china_n have_v several_a occasion_n to_o wait_v upon_o cardinal_n d'_fw-fr estrees_n where_o i_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o be_v at_o that_o time_n his_o eminency_n ask_v he_o several_a curious_a question_n concern_v china_n but_o chief_o concern_v pe_n kim_n the_o emperor_n court_n and_o the_o government_n and_o policy_n of_o that_o great_a kingdom_n to_o which_o the_o father_n give_v his_o eminency_n all_o the_o satisfaction_n he_o can_v desire_v so_o far_o as_o he_o know_v but_o in_o regard_n he_o have_v never_o be_v but_o once_o at_o pe_n kim_n when_o he_o be_v carry_v prisoner_n thither_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o late_a persecution_n he_o answer_v the_o cardinal_n with_o his_o usual_a sincerity_n that_o he_o be_v not_o so_o well_o inform_v as_o to_o those_o other_o particular_a question_n which_o his_o eminency_n put_v to_o he_o but_o that_o he_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o china_n a_o portugese_n manuscript_n write_v by_o f._n gabriel_n de_fw-fr magaillans_n where_o he_o will_v find_v the_o plenary_a satisfaction_n of_o all_o that_o he_o desire_v to_o know_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n present_v the_o manuscript_n to_o his_o eminency_n who_o have_v read_v it_o over_o with_o great_a delight_n give_v it_o into_o my_o hand_n upon_o a_o proffer_n which_o i_o make_v he_o to_o translate_v it_o however_o i_o find_v it_o a_o more_o difficult_a task_n than_o i_o imagine_v for_o though_o father_n de_fw-fr magaillan_n have_v deliver_v it_o fair_o write_v yet_o by_o a_o unfortunate_a accident_n it_o happen_v to_o be_v half_o burn_v so_o that_o i_o be_v force_v to_o have_v recourse_n to_o the_o confuse_a original_a which_o have_v be_v lucky_o preserve_v which_o be_v the_o great_a part_n write_v in_o loose_a paper_n it_o require_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o time_n to_o place_v they_o in_o order_n and_o find_v out_o the_o connection_n the_o author_n have_v entitle_v his_o work_n the_o twelve_o excellency_n of_o china_n but_o this_o title_n seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v too_o much_o affect_v and_o not_o answerable_a to_o the_o subject_a for_o it_o be_v not_o limit_v to_o
a_o stranger_n can_v not_o understand_v the_o force_n of_o the_o language_n but_o hear_v the_o tartar_n so_o often_o call_v the_o southern_a chineses_n mangi_n believe_v it_o to_o be_v the_o name_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o nation_n and_o not_o a_o name_n of_o reproach_n however_o that_o there_o may_v be_v no_o far_o doubt_v but_o that_o the_o name_n of_o catai_n and_o mangi_n be_v quite_o different_a and_o do_v not_o both_o of_o they_o signify_v china_n i_o shall_v here_o translate_v a_o piece_n of_o the_o forty_o four_o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o marcus_n paulus_n by_o which_o it_o will_v evident_o appear_v that_o what_o i_o affirm_v be_v a_o constant_a and_o assure_a truth_n for_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n of_o the_o great_a river_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o vastness_n of_o its_o stream_n the_o chineses_n call_v â—…_n âm_fw-la eu_fw-fr kiam_fw-la or_o the_o river_n son_n of_o the_o sea_n he_o go_v on_o in_o this_o manner_n cainguiâ—…s_v â—…s_z a_o small_a city_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o this_o river_n upon_o the_o southside_n where_o they_o gather_v ever_o year_n a_o great_a quantity_n of_o rice_n the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v carry_v to_o cambalu_n to_o supply_v the_o court_n of_o the_o great_a cam._n these_o provision_n be_v transport_v to_o catai_n by_o water_n over_o river_n and_o lake_n and_o one_o large_a and_o deep_a canal_n which_o the_o great_a cam_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v make_v for_o the_o passage_n of_o vessel_n from_o one_o river_n to_o another_o and_o to_o go_v from_o the_o province_n of_o mangi_n to_o cambalu_n without_o go_v by_o sea._n this_o be_v a_o work_n of_o wonder_n for_o its_o situation_n and_o its_o length_n but_o more_o for_o the_o benefit_n which_o the_o city_n receive_v from_o it_o the_o great_a cham_n also_o cause_v to_o be_v raise_v all_o along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o say_a river_n and_o canal_n very_o strong_a and_o spacious_a dam_n for_o traveller_n to_o walk_v upon_o these_o be_v the_o word_n of_o m._n paulus_n and_o we_o shall_v speak_v of_o this_o great_a work_n in_o the_o seven_o chapter_n but_o as_o for_o caingui_n mention_v by_o that_o author_n to_o speak_v proper_o it_o be_v neither_o a_o town_n nor_o a_o city_n the_o chineses_n call_v it_o chim_z kiam_fw-la keu_n that_o be_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o son_n of_o the_o river_n in_o regard_n that_o a_o arm_n of_o the_o river_n separate_v in_o that_o place_n and_o after_o it_o have_v run_v through_o part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o nan_n kim_n cross_v the_o country_n of_o vhe_fw-it kiam_fw-la as_o far_a as_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o it_o call_v ham_n cheu_n on_o both_o the_o side_n of_o this_o mouth_n there_o be_v one_o of_o those_o sort_n of_o place_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v mâ_fw-la teû_fw-fr that_o be_v a_o place_n frequent_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o trade_n because_o the_o bark_n there_o meet_v and_o come_v to_o a_o anchor_n to_o ride_v secure_a in_o the_o night_n time_n now_o this_o place_n of_o which_o marcus_n paulus_n speak_v may_v well_o be_v call_v a_o town_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o extraordinary_a number_n of_o vessel_n that_o resort_v thither_o though_o it_o be_v neither_o wall_v nor_o have_v building_n enough_o to_o form_v a_o city_n now_o though_o this_o be_v perfect_o know_v by_o all_o such_o as_o be_v employ_v as_o missionary_n into_o this_o kingdom_n yet_o i_o can_v forbear_v to_o the_o end_n i_o may_v make_v this_o matter_n yet_o more_o evident_a to_o unfold_v some_o other_o passage_n of_o the_o same_o author_n and_o to_o begin_v with_o the_o name_n of_o so_o many_o city_n of_o which_o he_o make_v mention_n in_o his_o history_n in_o the_o twenty_o seven_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o speak_v of_o the_o city_n of_o tainfu_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v tai_n yven_v fu_n and_o which_o as_o we_o have_v say_v be_v the_o capitol_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xansi_fw-la in_o the_o 28_o chapter_n he_o speak_v of_o another_o city_n of_o the_o same_o province_n call_v by_o the_o chinese_n pim_n yam_fw-la fu_fw-la and_o which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o the_o second_o rank_n as_o be_v the_o most_o rich_a and_o potent_a in_o the_o whole_a empire_n except_o that_o of_o sucheu_o in_o the_o province_n of_o nankin_n in_o the_o 56th_o chapter_n he_o speak_v of_o the_o city_n of_o coiganzù_n which_o be_v call_v hoaì_n gââ—…_n fû_fw-fr which_o be_v a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n and_o very_o rich_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n which_o be_v there_o make_v as_o in_o the_o territory_n round_o about_o and_o which_o be_v thence_o transport_v into_o several_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o m._n paulus_n observe_v in_o the_o same_o chapter_n in_o the_o 65th_o chapter_n he_o speak_v of_o the_o city_n of_o chian_a gian_n fu_o which_o be_v call_v chim_z kiam_fw-la fu_fw-la in_o his_o seventi_v chapter_n he_o describe_v the_o city_n of_o tâ—…pinxu_fw-la otherwise_o tai_n 〈◊〉_d fu_o in_o the_o province_n of_o namkim_n in_o the_o 75th_o he_o mention_n the_o city_n of_o fogiu_n otherwise_o foe_n cheu_n the_o capital_a of_o the_o province_n of_o foyes_n kien_n in_o the_o 76th_o he_o have_v the_o city_n of_o quelinfu_n which_o be_v call_v kien_fw-mi nim_fw-mi fu_fw-mi he_o also_o report_v that_o about_o this_o city_n there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n of_o lion_n and_o that_o he_o repeat_v several_a time_n in_o other_o place_n which_o give_v we_o to_o understand_v that_o he_o be_v misinform_v in_o most_o thing_n since_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o chinese_n never_o see_v a_o lion_n not_o so_o much_o as_o in_o picture_n and_o therefore_o they_o paint_v a_o lion_n quite_o another_o creature_n than_o he_o be_v for_o my_o part_n i_o be_o persuade_v that_o m._n paulus_n be_v mistake_v in_o believe_v those_o great_a and_o furious_a tiger_n which_o be_v so_o common_a in_o that_o empire_n to_o be_v lion_n and_o he_o confirm_v i_o in_o this_o persuasion_n by_o say_v in_o the_o 14_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n that_o the_o great_a have_fw-mi have_v lion_n train_v up_o to_o hunt_v the_o other_o wild_a beast_n and_o that_o they_o be_v mark_v with_o white_a black_a and_o red_a list_n or_o streak_n and_o be_v large_a than_o the_o lion_n of_o babylon_n all_o which_o perfect_o agree_v with_o the_o description_n of_o the_o tiger_n or_o leopard_n which_o several_a of_o the_o prince_n of_o asia_n make_v use_n of_o in_o their_o châ—…ces_n but_o not_o at_o all_o with_o the_o description_n of_o lion_n the_o same_o author_n make_v mention_n of_o several_a other_o city_n the_o name_n of_o which_o be_v so_o change_v that_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v chinesie_n that_o they_o have_v no_o resemblance_n to_o the_o language_n nevertheless_o we_o clear_o find_v that_o the_o province_n and_o city_n which_o he_o place_n in_o catai_n and_o mangi_n belong_v all_o to_o china_n because_o they_o general_o end_v with_o the_o syllable_n fu_fw-fr which_o in_o the_o chinesie_n language_n signify_v a_o city_n for_o example_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n of_o canton_n be_v quam_fw-la cheu_fw-la fu_fw-la quam_fw-la cheu_fw-la be_v the_o proper_a name_n that_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o rest_n and_o fu_n signify_v a_o city_n as_o polis_n among_o the_o greek_n and_o so_o constantinopolis_n signify_v the_o city_n of_o constantine_n and_o adrianopolis_n the_o city_n of_o adrian_n we_o draw_v the_o second_o proof_n of_o the_o description_n which_o m._n paulus_n make_v in_o the_o sixteen_o and_o seven_o teenth_n chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n of_o the_o old_a and_o new_a city_n of_o pekim_n and_o the_o king_n palace_n in_o regard_n that_o all_o that_o he_o speak_v of_o it_o be_v conformable_a to_o what_o we_o see_v at_o this_o day_n and_o to_o what_o we_o shall_v describe_v in_o the_o progress_n of_o this_o relation_n the_o third_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o wine_n which_o be_v drink_v in_o that_o court_n and_o the_o stone-coal_n which_o they_o burn_v there_o and_o be_v call_v muy_fw-es this_o coal_n be_v bring_v from_o certain_a mountain_n two_o league_n distant_a from_o the_o city_n and_o it_o be_v a_o wonderful_a thing_n that_o the_o mine_n have_v never_o fail_v notwithstanding_o that_o for_o above_o these_o four_o thousand_o year_n not_o only_o this_o city_n so_o large_a and_o populous_a but_o also_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o province_n have_v consume_v such_o a_o incredible_a quantity_n there_o be_v not_o any_o one_o family_n though_o never_o so_o poor_a which_o have_v not_o a_o stove_n heat_v with_o this_o coal_n that_o last_v and_o preserve_v a_o heat_n much_o more_o violent_a than_o charcoal_n these_o stove_n be_v make_v of_o brick_n like_o a_o bed_n or_o couch_n three_o or_o four_o hand_n breadth_n high_a and_o broad_a or_o
care_n of_o his_o education_n which_o happen_v according_o that_o this_o child_n become_v a_o man_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a valour_n and_o that_o his_o son_n and_o grand_a child_n rule_v this_o country_n but_o that_o in_o the_o five_o generation_n the_o people_n rebel_v against_o this_o family_n which_o they_o defeat_v and_o exterminate_v all_o but_o one_o who_o betake_v himself_o to_o flight_n this_o prince_n be_v close_o pursue_v and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o run_v any_o far_a sit_v himself_o down_o upon_o the_o ground_n despair_v to_o save_v his_o life_n at_o what_o time_n a_o magpie_n come_v and_o perch_v upon_o his_o head_n and_o delude_v his_o enemy_n who_o take_v he_o for_o the_o stump_n of_o a_o tree_n and_o not_o for_o a_o man._n and_o thus_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o see_v as_o father_n adam_n observe_v that_o thus_o far_o the_o relation_n be_v altogether_o fabulous_a and_o clear_o demonstrate_v that_o the_o original_a of_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n be_v very_o obscure_a and_o have_v nothing_o of_o illustrious_a or_o renown_a that_o which_o follow_v be_v certain_a and_o unquestionable_a in_o regard_v the_o person_n such_o as_o he_o be_v live_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o age_n and_o make_v himself_o sufficient_o know_v by_o the_o bloody_a war_n which_o he_o make_v upon_o the_o chinese_n in_o revenge_n of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n who_o the_o chinese_n mandarin_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v murder_v and_o of_o other_o outrage_n commit_v against_o his_o nation_n father_n adam_n say_v that_o he_o be_v lord_n of_o the_o valley_n of_o moncheu_o which_o father_n martini_n take_v for_o a_o great_a city_n the_o emperor_n van-liè_a give_v he_o the_o government_n of_o that_o same_o valley_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n upon_o condition_n he_o shall_v defend_v they_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o oriental_a tartar_n who_o be_v divide_v into_o seven_o small_a principality_n he_o be_v call_v tiel_n mini_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1628._o his_o son_n a_o person_n of_o more_o wisdom_n and_o moderation_n continue_v the_o war_n till_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1634._o cumtè_fw-fr his_o son_n in_o some_o measure_n complete_v the_o conquest_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n but_o die_v before_o he_o obtain_v the_o possession_n of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1644._o his_o son_n xunchi_fw-la at_o the_o age_n of_o six_o year_n be_v acknowledge_v emperor_n at_o pekim_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1662._o leave_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o son_n camtri_n the_o monarch_n reign_v at_o present_a this_o catalogue_n of_o the_o tartarian_a prince_n of_o father_n adam_n confirm_v by_o father_n couplet_n in_o his_o chronology_n by_o father_n rouge-mount_n in_o his_o historia_n tartaro-sinica_a and_o the_o embassy_n of_o the_o hollander_n give_v we_o to_o understand_v that_o father_n magaillans_n have_v good_a reason_n to_o justify_v himself_o for_o say_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v neither_o any_o king_n nor_o any_o word_n to_o signify_v a_o king_n see_v that_o it_o be_v but_o in_o this_o age_n that_o their_o prince_n have_v derive_v their_o original_a from_o a_o petty_a captain_n of_o a_o hord_n or_o chief_a leader_n of_o banditi_n or_o wander_a tartar_n here_o we_o be_v far_a to_o observe_v that_o tartary_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o northern_a asia_n be_v divide_v by_o the_o chinese_n into_o western_a and_o eastern_a the_o inhabitant_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n night-wanderer_n with_o their_o flock_n and_o herd_n and_o live_v in_o tent_n but_o the_o western_a be_v incomparable_o more_o potent_a than_o the_o eastern_a in_o regard_n they_o possess_v all_o that_o country_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o extreme_a part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n and_o the_o country_n of_o the_o mogul_n the_o persian_a and_o the_o muscovite_n all_o which_o they_o possess_v entire_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o saint_n lewis_n the_o eastern_a tartary_n reach_v from_o the_o country_n of_o leaotûm_fw-la beyond_o japon_n and_o comprehend_v the_o province_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr to_o the_o north_n of_o corea_n the_o province_n of_o niulhan_n to_o the_o north_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr that_o of_o yupi_n to_o the_o east_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr and_o the_o country_n of_o yâ—…co_n to_o the_o north-east_n of_o japon_n and_o to_o the_o east_n of_o yupi_n but_o these_o country_n be_v poor_a and_o ill_o people_v there_o be_v not_o above_o two_o or_o three_o little_a city_n in_o they_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v barren_a uncultivated_a and_o full_a of_o wood_n and_o mountain_n verbiest_n nevertheless_o these_o tartar_n be_v not_o a_o little_a formidable_a when_o they_o be_v unite_v as_o be_v harden_v to_o labour_n in_o a_o rigorous_a climate_n and_o almost_o always_o ahorleback_n and_o employ_v in_o hunt_v or_o busy_v in_o war._n they_o make_v themselves_o know_v by_o their_o incursion_n into_o china_n above_o two_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n and_o in_o the_o twelve_o age_n after_o the_o incarnation_n they_o possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o province_n of_o leaotum_n pekim_n xensi_fw-la xansi_fw-la and_o xantum_fw-la but_o the_o ancestor_n of_o the_o tartarian_a prince_n who_o reign_v in_o china_n be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v master_n of_o all_o the_o eastern_a tartary_n that_o they_o be_v not_o lord_n of_o all_o the_o province_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr where_o as_o have_v be_v say_v there_o be_v seven_o or_o eight_o destinct_a sovereign_n and_o father_n adam_n observe_v that_o tienâ—…um_n great_a grand_a father_n to_o the_o emperor_n reign_v at_o present_a when_o he_o enter_v into_o china_n have_v not_o above_o eight_o thousand_o man_n which_o be_v soon_o increase_v by_o the_o concourse_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n and_o a_o innumerable_a number_n of_o the_o western_a tartar_n which_o the_o fame_n of_o his_o victory_n and_o the_o noise_n of_o prodigious_a booty_n draw_v to_o his_o assistance_n p._n 3._o the_o kingdom_n of_o chahamalaha_n who_o inhabitant_n be_v mahometan_n and_o which_o border_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la this_o name_n of_o chahamalaha_n be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v as_o i_o very_o believe_v in_o any_o map_n nor_o in_o any_o other_o relation_n but_o i_o be_o persuade_v by_o what_o our_o author_n say_v of_o it_o that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o place_n which_o father_n martini_n call_v samahania_n and_o which_o as_o he_o do_v i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o usbeg_n or_o of_o mauralnara_n of_o which_o samarcand_n be_v the_o chief_a city_n for_o that_o we_o know_v not_o of_o any_o other_o kingdom_n of_o mahometan_n to_o the_o west_n of_o xensi_fw-la where_o there_o be_v several_a considerable_a city_n palace_n and_o house_n artificial_o build_v and_o good_a architecture_n store_n of_o gold_n and_o silver-plate_n and_o other_o thing_n which_o the_o chineses_n allow_v the_o country_n of_o samahania_n or_o samahan_n by_o the_o report_n of_o father_n martini_n nor_o must_v we_o be_v surprise_v that_o the_o chineses_n assure_v we_o that_o this_o kingdom_n border_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la for_o that_o they_o never_o travel_v towards_o the_o west_n nor_o have_v any_o other_o knowledge_n of_o the_o country_n situate_v westward_o than_o what_o they_o learn_v from_o the_o information_n of_o the_o caravan_n that_o come_v once_o in_o two_o or_o three_o year_n to_o trade_n in_o china_n under_o pretence_n of_o a_o embassy_n for_o the_o merchant_n make_v use_v of_o that_o invention_n to_o get_v leave_n to_o enter_v into_o china_n which_o will_v be_v otherwise_o deny_v they_o they_o rendezvous_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o cascar_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o the_o travel_n of_o benedict_n goez_n insert_v into_o the_o relation_n of_o father_n trigaut_n but_o former_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o time_n of_o tamerlan_n who_o make_v samarcand_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o the_o world_n they_o go_v for_o the_o most_o part_n from_o that_o city_n and_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o those_o merchant_n to_o give_v themselves_o the_o great_a reputation_n assume_v to_o themselves_o to_o be_v all_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o samarcand_n and_o that_o the_o chinese_n who_o want_v the_o letter_n r_o and_o easy_o confound_v c._n with_o h_n write_v samahand_o instead_o of_o samarcand_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n also_o the_o chineses_n observe_v the_o merchant_n arrive_v à _fw-la sucheu_fw-la the_o last_o city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la and_o style_v themselves_o all_o native_n of_o samahan_n or_o samarcand_n may_v ready_o believe_v that_o samahan_n border_v upon_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la p._n 3._o usanguè_fw-fr this_o must_v certain_o be_v the_o same_o country_n which_o father_n martini_n call_v usucang_v and_o which_o be_v contain_v within_o the_o kingdom_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v sifan_n situate_v to_o the_o west_n of_o the_o province_n
cambalu_n and_o many_o other_o city_n and_o country_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o extent_n and_o division_n of_o china_n of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o city_n and_o other_o wall_a town_n and_o some_o other_o particular_n observe_v by_o the_o chinese_n author_n it_o be_v now_o eighteen_o year_n since_o father_n francis_n fierrado_n vice-provincial_a of_o china_n and_o afterward_o visitor_n of_o japan_n and_o china_n order_v i_o to_o write_v the_o history_n of_o this_o empire_n and_o the_o progress_n of_o the_o gospel_n there_o first_o begin_v to_o be_v preach_v now_o fourscore_o and_o thirteen_o year_n ago_o but_o the_o employment_n of_o the_o mission_n and_o the_o persecution_n we_o have_v undergo_v have_v hinder_v i_o from_o go_v on_o with_o it_o the_o father_n nicholas_n trigaut_n a_o fleming_n alvero_n semedo_n a_o portugese_n martini_n native_a of_o trent_n antony_n govea_n and_o ignatius_n de_fw-fr costa_n in_o their_o yearly_a relation_n have_v treat_v very_o large_o upon_o this_o subject_a but_o the_o beauty_n the_o grandeur_n and_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o empire_n be_v such_o copious_a subject_n that_o though_o there_o have_v be_v much_o already_o write_v concern_v they_o yet_o there_o remain_v much_o more_o to_o be_v say_v wherefore_o i_o think_v it_o my_o duty_n to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o place_n the_o chief_a observation_n which_o i_o have_v collect_v together_o china_n be_v seat_v almost_o at_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n of_o asia_n towards_o the_o east_n it_o lie_v under_o twenty_o three_o degree_n from_o north_n to_o south_n from_o the_o fortress_n of_o caiazzo_n pim_n place_v upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n in_o forty_o one_o degree_n of_o latitude_n to_o the_o meridional_a point_n of_o the_o island_n of_o hai_o nan_n in_o eighteen_o degree_n of_o elevation_n and_o a_o to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o province_n of_o quamtum_fw-la so_o that_o the_o length_n of_o china_n from_o north_n to_o south_n according_a to_o the_o chinese_n book_n be_v five_o thousand_o seven_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o li_n or_o furlong_n which_o make_v 402½_n spanish_n or_o portugal_n league_n at_o 17½_n to_o a_o degree_n 575_o french_a league_n at_o 25._o to_o a_o degree_n â—…45_n german_n at_o 15._o to_o a_o degree_n 1380_o italian_a mile_n at_o 60._o to_o a_o degree_n 5750_o li_n or_o chinese_n furlong_n at_o 250._o to_o a_o degree_n from_o the_o point_n of_o nîm_n pô_o a_o seaport_n town_n in_o the_o province_n of_o chekiam_a where_o the_o portugal_n be_v former_o wont_n to_o trade_n and_o which_o ferdinand_n mendez_n call_v leam_fw-la po_n to_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o province_n of_o suchuen_n in_o a_o straight_a line_n from_o east_n to_o west_n it_o be_v account_v 297_o spanish_n and_o portugal_n league_n 426_o french_a league_n 255_o german_a mile_n 1020_o italian_a mile_n 4080_o chinese_n furlong_n at_o 240_o to_o a_o degree_n but_o if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o length_n of_o china_n where_o it_o be_v long_a you_o must_v take_v it_o from_o the_o last_o place_n to_o the_o northwest_n of_o the_o province_n of_o leaotum_n call_v caiyven_v to_o the_o last_o city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o yunnan_n call_v cin_n tien_n kiun_n min_fw-mi fu._n take_v it_o thus_o and_o then_o the_o long_a length_n of_o this_o empire_n will_v bâ—…_n 525_o spanish_a league_n 750_o french_a league_n 1800_o italian_a mile_n 8400_o chinese_n furlong_n at_o four_o and_o a_o half_a to_o a_o mile_n of_o italy_n the_o true_a breadth_n of_o china_n to_o take_v it_o from_o tamburlaine_n chan_n the_o most_o easterly_a place_n of_o the_o country_n of_o leao_n tum_fw-la and_o which_o join_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o corea_n to_o the_o place_n call_v tum_o tim_o to_o the_o west_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la be_v 350_o spanish_a league_n 500_o french_a league_n 300_o german_a mile_n 1200_o italian_a mile_n 5400_o chinese_n furlong_n there_o be_v fifteen_o province_n in_o this_o empire_n which_o for_o their_o largeness_n their_o riches_n and_o fertility_n may_v well_o be_v call_v kingdom_n which_o the_o chineses_n rank_n in_o this_o order_n according_a to_o their_o antiquity_n and_o precedency_n pe_fw-la kim_n nan_n kim_v now_o call_v kiamm_n nân_n xansi_fw-fr xantum_fw-la hô_o nân_n xénsi_fw-fr vhe_fw-it kiam_fw-la kiam_fw-la si_fw-la hù_fw-fr quam_fw-la su_n chuen_fw-ge foe_n kien_n quám_fw-la tumm_n quam_fw-la si_fw-la yunnan_n quei_z cheum_fw-la the_o country_n of_o leao_n tum_fw-la might_n also_o well_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o a_o province_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o extent_n but_o the_o chineses_n include_v it_o within_o the_o province_n of_o xan_n tum_fw-la the_o province_n that_o lie_v upon_o the_o sea_n be_v pe_n kim_v xan_n tum_fw-la nan_n kim_v vhe_fw-it kiam_fw-la foe_n kien_n and_o quam_fw-la tum_fw-la those_o that_o border_n upon_o foreign_a kingdom_n be_v pekim_v xansi_fw-la xensi_fw-la su_n chuen_fw-ge yunnan_n quamsi_n the_o midland_n province_n be_v honan_n hu_o quam_fw-la kiamsi_fw-la quci_fw-la cheu_fw-la by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o cluverius_n trust_v too_o unwary_o to_o false_a relation_n when_o he_o reckon_v up_o eighteen_o province_n in_o china_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o kingdom_n of_o cochinchina_n for_o though_o that_o kingdom_n and_o that_o of_o tum_o kim_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o china_n it_o be_v but_o for_o a_o very_a few_o year_n and_o it_o be_v a_o long_a time_n ago_o since_o they_o throw_v off_o that_o subjection_n there_o be_v several_a island_n also_o belong_v to_o china_n as_o the_o great_a and_o little_a lieu_fw-fr kieu_fw-fr tai_n van_n which_o the_o portuguese_n call_v formosa_fw-la where_o the_o hollander_n have_v a_o fortress_n which_o be_v wrest_v out_o of_o their_o hand_n by_o a_o chinese_n pirate_n some_o year_n since_o and_o where_o they_o lose_v a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o great_a gun_n and_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o good_n hai_o nan_n and_o hiam_fw-la xan_n where_o stand_v the_o city_n of_o amagao_n or_o macao_n upon_o the_o southern_a promontory_n of_o that_o island_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o other_o some_o inhabit_a other_o quite_o desert_n the_o kingdom_n of_o corea_n be_v not_o a_o island_n adjoin_v to_o china_n as_o cluverius_n believe_v but_o a_o great_a promontory_n of_o the_o firm_a land_n extend_v itself_o from_o the_o north_n to_o the_o south_n neither_o be_v xam_n haì_n a_o island_n as_o martini_n write_v in_o his_o atlas_n and_o mark_n it_o in_o his_o map_n but_o a_o fortress_n so_o vast_a and_o so_o well_o fortify_v by_o art_n and_o nature_n that_o it_o may_v compare_v with_o the_o best_a in_o europe_n it_o stand_v upon_o the_o firm_a land_n near_o the_o sea_n between_o the_o province_n of_o pe_n kim_n and_o the_o country_n of_o leao_n tum_fw-la the_o place_n wall_v in_o through_o the_o whole_a extent_n of_o this_o empire_n amount_v to_o the_o number_n of_o four_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o two_o and_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o order_n the_o civil_a and_o military_a the_o civil_a order_n comprehend_v two_o thousand_o forty_o five_o wall_v town_n that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o hundred_o seventy_o five_o city_n of_o the_o first_o rank_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v furio_n two_o hundred_o seventy_o four_o of_o the_o second_o order_n which_o they_o call_v cheum_fw-la one_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o eighty_o and_o eight_o city_n which_o they_o call_v hièn_fw-fr two_o hundred_o and_o five_o royal_a hostery_n or_o place_n of_o entertainment_n call_v you_o and_o a_o hundred_o and_o three_o court_n of_o guard_n or_o royal_a hostery_n of_o the_o second_o rank_n which_o they_o call_v cham_n chin._n among_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o this_o empire_n i_o reckon_v several_a seat_v in_o the_o province_n of_o yun_n nan_n quei_z cheum_fw-la quam_fw-la si_fw-la and_o sum_n chuen_fw-ge which_o however_o pay_v no_o tribute_n to_o the_o emperor_n nor_o yield_v he_o any_o obedience_n but_o be_v govern_v by_o particular_a and_o absolute_a prince_n these_o town_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n so_o environ_v with_o high_a mountain_n and_o steep_a rock_n as_o if_o nature_n have_v take_v a_o particular_a care_n of_o their_o fortification_n within_o which_o mountain_n lie_v field_n and_o plain_n for_o several_a day_n journey_n where_o be_v to_o be_v see_v city_n both_o of_o the_o first_o and_o second_o rank_n together_o with_o many_o town_n and_o village_n the_o chineses_n call_v these_o lord_n tù_fw-fr sù_n or_o tù_fw-fr quon_n that_o be_v to_o say_v mandarin_n of_o the_o country_n for_o that_o as_o they_o believe_v there_o be_v no_o emperor_n of_o the_o world_n but_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n so_o they_o be_v conceit_v that_o there_o be_v no_o other_o prince_n or_o lord_n but_o such_o as_o they_o to_o who_o the_o emperor_n give_v that_o title_n nor_o do_v they_o give_v the_o title_n of_o mandarin_n of_o the_o land_n or_o country_n to_o those_o but_o to_o distinguish_v