Enacted to be a Capital Crime for any of the Jews to go though driven thither by a Storm 117. Aelius Adrian succeeded Trajan in the Empire when the latter had reigned nineteen years and in his time it was that Florus and Suetonius the Roman Historians and the Greek Philosophers Plutarch and Sextus the Empirick flourished In this Reign Saturninus Basilides and Carpocrates the Hereticks are said to have lived from whom some are of opinion the Sect of the Gnosticks sprung though others think them older You may consult Dr. Hammond on this Head in the Third Chapter of his Prooemial Dissertation concerning Antichrist He thinks those Hereticks to have had their Original from Simon Magus and that they were given to all manner of filthy Concupiscence and no farther Christians than in Name which in time of Persecution they made no scriple to deny They must certainly be the worst of Men who in the days of the Apostles boasted of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vain Science See 1 Tim. vi 20. But of this we have already spoken in several places of our Additions to Hammond's Annotations 〈◊〉 the New Testament In this Age it was that Quadratus a Disciple of the Apostles and Aristides an Athenian Philosopher wrote Apologies for the Christian Religion which are lost though there be a fragment of the former extant in the Sixth Book and Third Chapter of Eusebius's Natural History About those Times was also written that Tract which we have now under the Name of Hermes Pastor 128. Aquila Ponticus who was at first a Christian then turn'd Jew translated the Old Testament into Greek in the time of Adrian who not long after began to rebuild Jerusalem and to carry a Colony thither calling the same by the Name of Aelia Capitolina This the Jews were offended at wherefore they began secretly to consult about making an Insurrection and at last brake forth into open Rebellion under the Conduct of Barchochebas who boasted himself to have been the Messias and therefore took that Name upon him which implied as much as The Son of a Star 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But having failed the Expectation of the Jews for he and a great number of his Men were overthrown by Hadrian he was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Barchozba i. e. The Son of a Lye Phavorinus of whom A. Gellius hath written so much in his Book called Noctes Articae flourished at this time as did also Ptolemy the famous Mathematician 137. Adrian adopted Cejonius Commodus Verus to whom he gave the Name of Aelius Verus and together with his Adopted Son died the following year But had a little before his departure adopted Arrius Antoninus who afterwards got the Sirname of Pius but it was upon this Condition That he should adopt Arrius Verus and M. Aurelius He was succeeded by Antoninus Pius in whose Reign lived Justin Martyr several of whose Pieces are still extant Galen of Pergamus the famous Physician Arrian a Philosopher of Nicomedia Maximus of Tyre Sextus of Chaeronea Plutarch's Grand-son and Lucian of Samosata Marcion and Valentine the Hereticks began at that time to diffuse their Heresies at Rome 161. Antoninus Pius dying this year was succeeded by the two Caesars M. Aurelius Antoninus and L. Aelius Verus who eight years after died of an Apoplectick Fit These Emperors waged various Wars both against the Parthians and Germans with good success In the Reign of these Emperors lived Athenaeus Author of the Deipnosophists and Polycarpus among the Christians whose Epistle to the Philippians is still extant and who himself was martyred Theophilus of Antioch whose Books we have to Autolychus as also Melito of Sardis and Athenagoras whose Apology for the Christians and Book concerning the Resurrection are still in being Marcus Aurelius after a Reign of nineteen years about nine whereof were in conjunction with Verus and the rest either alone himself or with his Son Commodus ended his days in Pannonia now called Hungary This was the best Prince that ever governed the Roman Empire he left an excellent and most useful Book behind him entituled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 on which Thomas Gataker wrote learned Notes 180. The best of Emperors was succeeded by the worst of Sons L. Aurelius Commodus in whose time lived Irenaens Bishop of Lyons and Theodotion Ponticus who translated the Old Testament into Greek Montanus also together with Priscilla and Maximilla gave now a beginning to the Heresie of the Montanists Neither are we to forget that Julius Pollux flourished in this Age whose work called Onomasticon is still extant 192. Commodus after he had escaped several Plots against him was at last taken off by the Contrivance of Martia his Concubine with Laetus and Electus his Chamberlains who advanced Pertinax in his room but he could not hold it full three months and so was slain by the Soldiery Next after him was Didius Julianus made Emperor who in about two months time ran the same fate as his Predecessor In the mean time L. Septimius Severus in Pannonia Pescennius Niger in Syria and Clodius Albinus in Britain set up for the Empire It was agreed not long after between Severus and Albinus That the former should allow the latter the Dignity of Caesar And as for Niger Severus overthrew him in battel at the River Euphrates and slew him When he had reigned near six years and frequently endeavoured though in vain in a clandestine manner to cut off Albinus he at last attacks him with open force They fought a very great Battel at Lyons in France where after many Men were slain on both sides Albinus also fell leaving the Empire to Severus alone 197. There was a great Controversie arose between the Asian and Western Churches concerning the Observation of Easter Victor Bishop of Rome who would have that Feast to be celebrated the first Sunday after the Fourteenth Day of the New Moon which immediately followed the Vernal Equinox Excommunicated the Bishops of Asia who thought the same should be celebrated on the very Fourteenth Day it self For which Procedure of his Irenaeus sharply reproves Victor Two years after Severus who had given his Son Bassianus the Name of Antoninus and made him Caesar in pursuance to a Decree of the Senate created him Emperor as he did his other Son Caesar 202. Under this Emperor it 's said the Fifth Persecution arose but it does not seem to have been very great Then it was that Tertullian and Origen flourished the former in Africa and the other in Egypt 211. When Geta Severus's younger Son was created Augustus Antoninus sought all opportunities to kill his Father Which when he came to understand he wasted away for very grief and died at York in Britain when he had built a Wall for the defence of that City and the Roman Province from Sea to Sea cross the Island against the Incursions of the Picts He reigned seventeen years eight months and some days As soon as he was dead Antoninus commanded the Physicians who
these two were these Periander the Corinthian Pittacus a Mitylenian Bias of Priene Chilon the Lacedaemonian and Cleobulus the Lindian Of these see the Book writ by Ausonius intituled Ludus Septem Sapientum A few years after Phraortes the Son of Dejoces King of the Medes having laid Siege to Ninive perished with the greatest part of his Army but Cyaxares his Son who Succeeded him in the time of King Josiah going about to Revenge his Fathers Death renewed the Siege of the said City the Father or Grandfather of Nebuchodonozor being then King of Babylon While Cyaxares was ingaged in that Siege the Scythians under the Conduct of Madye making an Eruption out of Scythia over-powered him and so roving through all that part of Asia which is more to the South held it under their power for eight and twenty years 3359. 625. XXXVIII vi 129. This year according as Dionys Petavius conjectures Nabopolassar Nebuchodonozor's Father began his Reign in Babylon and as Berosus says who writ his Annals of the Chaldaeans in Alexander's time he appointed a Lieutenant under him over Egypt Phoenicia and Syria whom afterward Rebelling against him he reduced by his Son Nebuchodonozor unto obedience 3361. 623. XXXIX iv 131. Draco corrects the Laws of Athens and made such severe ones that they were said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be writ not with Ink but with Blood 3370. 614. XLI iii. 140. This year Tarquinius Priscus the fifth King of Rome began his Reign and continued it for 28 years He was Son to Demaratus the Corinthian who before being named Lucius at Lucumum was upon his living at Tarquinij called Tarquinius 3374. 610. XLII iii. 144. After Josiah was overthrown and killed by Necho King of Egypt he was Succeeded by Jehoahaz his Son who Reigned only three Months for being carryed into Egypt Nechoh put Jehoiakim into his room who Reigned eleven years 3376. 608. XLIII i. 146. Nabopolassar sent his Son Nebuchodonozor this year into Syria that he might bring the Kings Lieutenant that had Rebelled against him to his duty which when he had effected he over-ran Judaea took Jerusalem imposed a Tribute upon King Jehoiakim and carryed away some of the People into captivity among whom was Daniel the Prophet Having returned from thence to Babylon he Succeeded his Father in the Kingdom and from hence they compute the beginning of the seventy years which Jeremiah speaks of c. 30. The Scythian Nomades a few years after when they had held Asia for 28 years being feasted by Cyaxares being made drunk with Wine and fallen fast a sleep were utterly cut off by him 3385. 599. XLV ii 155. This year Nebuchodonozor dispossest Jehoiakim who Rebelled against him of his Kingdom and put his Son Jehoiachin in his stead who did not Reign above three Months and some days for he Rebelling also he was besieged in Jerusalem by an Army from Babylon to whom he Surrendred himself and was carryed thither This was the second Captivity wherein Ezekiel Mordecai and Josedek the High-Priest were carryed away Then Nebuchadnezer made Mattaniah his Uncle King in stead of Jehoiakin and called him Zedekiah who was the last King of Judah and Reigned eleven years In these times flourished Epimenides and Anaximander the Philosophers Aleman and Alcaeus the Poets and Sapho the Poetess and from this Age forwards Greece abounded with such Wits 3390. 594. XLVI iii. 160. Solon not long after being Pretor in Athens corrected Draco's Laws which were too severe as Platarch Relates in Solon's Life The same year Astyages the last King of the Medes Succeeded his Father Cyaxares Nebuchadnezer being then King of Babylon who three years after took Jerusalem and put out Zedechiah's Eyes after he had Slain his Children before his face and saving a few poor People led all the Jews into Captivity He also not long after according to Ezechiel's Prophecy c. 26. and so on took Tyre after a long Siege and levelled it with the ground which must be understood of Palaetyrus that stood upon the Continent not of the new City that was built in the Island and which was now first built For when the Tyrians saw that they were no longer a match to the Chaldaeans they carryed every thing that was valuable with their Wives and Children into the Neighbouring Island leaving the old City to the Chaldaean Army and built a new one in that Island See Sir John Marsham ad Saec. 18. After Nebuchadnezer had subdued the remainder of Judaea and Palaestine he Conquered the Ammonites and Moabites and the Egyptians soon after also 3397. 587. XLVIII ii 167. Now the Amphyctions that is Senators chosen out of all Greece who sat at Delphos about the management of the publick concerns of that Country appointed the Pythian Games to be celebrated every fourth year as well as the Olympick ones in honour of Apollo 3407. 577. L. iv 177. Servius Tullius the sixth King of Rome Reigned 41 years who was of so obscure an extract that his Parents were not known whence Seneca in his CVIII Epistle says This shews that there were two Kings of Rome one of which hath no Father and the other no Mother For who Servius's Mother was is doubtful and as for Ancus he had no Father he being called Numa's Grandson which words are worth noting because they are a clear illustration of those words of the Author to the Hebrews where Melchisedec is said to be without Father and without Mother Next year Nebuchadnezer having made Amasis Governor of Egypt he slew King Apries whom Jeremy calls Vaphree and after he had for some years Ruled Egypt in the name of the King of Babylon he shook off his yoke At the same time the Nemaean Games were first celebrated by the Argives and then it was that Aesop the Phrygian and Author of the Fables flourished among the Greeks 3420. 564. LVI i. 190. Evil-merodac Succeeded Nebuchadnezer his Father and Reigned three years Neriglissor Son in Law to Nebuchadnezer having Slain him substituted his own Son in his room and as his Guardian managed the Government for five years whom therefore Daniel the Prophet attributes to Baltassar for so was his Son called About these times Pisistratus first played the Tyrant at Athens who being afterwards twice ejected recovered his power as often within the space of sixteen years Then also Astyages the last King of the Medes according to Justin and others was divested of his Rule by his Grandson Cyrus but according to others whose opinion as being grounded upon Xenophon's Authority we the more readily favour He dyed when Neriglissor King of Babylon made War upon him and left Cyaxares II. to Succeed him who made Cyrus the Son of his Sister Mandanes the Daughter of Astyages and of Cambyses King of Persia who pay'd Tribute to the Medes absolute Commander of his forces though we cannot deny but Marsham reconciles these two opinions in this manner when besides the Kingdom of the Medes whose capital City was Ecbatana he makes
In the Second year of his Reign the Jews begged leave to finish the begun work and at length after sixteen years began to build again notwithstanding all the efforts of the Samaritans to obstruct them who were always very obnoxious to the Jews The Temple was entirely finished within the compass of six years and a little after the Passover was kept at Jerusalem Esd 6. A few years before to wit in the fourth of Cambyses his Reign before the Birth of our Saviour 527 upon the Death of Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens Hippias Succeeded who was his Eldest Son and held the Government for eighteen years Hipparchus a very Learned Man was his Brother who is said to have compiled the Rhapsodies of Homer into one Volume which were before in several scattered pieces This Man seeing he maintained the Tyranny of his Brother was Slain by Harmodius and Aristogiton who though they were themselves killed in the midst of the Guards yet this did so incense the Athenians that they Divested Hippias of the Government who strove now to maintain it in vain and so put an end to Pisistratus his Tyranny 3472. 512. LXVIII ii 242. Not long after the Province of Babylon Revolted from King Darius which however after a long Siege of the City of Babylon he recovered by the cunning of Zopyrus While these things were doing in Greece and Asia Tarquinius Superbus the last King of Rome was expelled from thence because that his Son Sextus Tarquinius Ravished Lucretia and immediately thereupon the Kingly Authority was Abrogated and two Consuls created in the place of the Kings The first that executed that Office were L. Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus which last was by P. Valerius who succeeded him forced to lay down because of his invidious Name as not long after M. Horatius succeeded Brutus who was Slain in Battle a Catalogue of the Consuls that succeeded you have in Petavius About these times Pythagoras of Samos flying both from Samos and the Rulers of it for fear of the Tyranny exercised there went an exile into Italy Syloson Polycrates's Brother was then Tyrant of Samos Hence 't is manifest that Ovid who makes Pythagoras to be Numa Pompilius his Tutor is guilty of a gross Anachronism Next year after the Creation of Confuls at Rome M. Valerius Poplicola in his second Consulship Triumphed for his Conquering Tarquinius and the Etrurians whom he excited to make War upon the Romans But his Victories rendring him afterwards suspected by the People he made a Law whereby a Citizen that was called into question for his life might Appeal from the Consuls and the Senate to the People In the mean time the Family of the Tarquins making it their constant business to seek for aid among the Neighbouring Nations against the Romans stirred up Porsenna King of Etruria to make War upon them in which War the Romans did great exploits and amongst others M. Horatius Cocles Mutius Scaevola and Cloelia Virgo very much signalized themselves by whose Valour more especially Porsenna was brought to raise the Siege of Rome which he had invested and to grant a Peace to the Romans A little after the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was Consecrated by M. Horatius At that time Darius being to make War upon the Scythians made a Bridge over the Thracian Bosphorus and then over the Danube from whence passing over into Scythia after he had lost a great part of his Army he returned into Asia leaving Megabazus to subdue Europe with Eight hundred thousand Men as being perswaded thereto by Hippias the Tyrant of Athens who by the assistance of the Persian Forces thought to reassume his lost power Megabazus Conquered Thrace and Macedon for the King of Persia as also the Ionians but having been overthrown by the Athemians upon several occasions Darius was so incensed at it that he resolved to make War upon Greece In these times flourished Heraclitus the Ephesian and Democritus of Abderis both famous Philosophers The Romans won many Victories over the Sabines and Vejentians they brought also the Latines who made a bustle and stir against them after various overthrows wherein the Romans still worsted them to renew their Alliance with them to whom they added the Volsci and Aequi who also gave them trouble 3491. 493. LXXI iv 261. But the Romans themselves could scarce be at Peace at home for the Commonalty finding they were opprest with the extortions of the Nobility passed over the Anien to the Hill called Mons Sacer as if they designed to erect another Republick without any Nobility but they were brought back to Rome by the Speech and Dexterous Management of Menenius Agrippa There it was that three Tribunes of the People were first created by a Law which they called the Holy Law to whose number two more were afterwards added who were to defend the Privileges of the Commonalty against the Nobles The Power of these Magistrates was esteemed most Sacred and no Law could be enacted without one of them were present While these wranglings were at Rome Darius made open War upon Greece and Mardonius his Son in Law was the first that expelled their respective Tyrants out of the Cities of Ionia and reduced Thrace and Macedon again which had shaken off the Persian yoke under its obedience 3492. 490. LXXII iii. 264. At length when he had entred Greece he engaged at Marathon a City of Attica with the Athenians and Plataeensians who under the Conduct of Miltiades whose number did not exceed ten thousand Men overthrew three hundred thousand of these Barbarians Darius soon after as he was preparing for a new expedition dyed At this time flourished Aeschylus the Athenian a Tragick Poet and Sophocles his Country-man was now born who excelled him in the same sort of Poetry Now the Athenians by the advice of Themistocles built the Pyraeum and Gelo became Tyrant of Syracuse C. Marcius Coriolanus being Banished from Rome excited the Volsci to make War upon this Country and being made their General he besieged Rome whose Siege when he could have taken it he raised at his Mothers tears and intreaties 3498. 486. LXXIII iii. 268. Sp. Cassius in his third Consulship was the first Author of the Agrarian Law which was made about dividing the Land of the Hernici whom the Romans and Latines had Conquered but next year the same Cassius as affecting Tyranny was thrown down headlong over the Rock Tarpeia and so perish'd 3500. 484. LXXIV i. 270. While the Romans waged War with the Vosci Vejentians and Aequi their Neighbour Nations Xerxes fourth King of Persia succeeded Darius and Reigned twenty years in the fourth of his Reign he made War upon Greece whither he Transported his Land Forces consisting of eight hundred thousand Men over a Bridge made cross the Hellespont His Navy consisted of above twelve hundred Ships But he was first beaten by the Athenians more especially under the Conduct of Themistocles in a Naval fight at Salamis and three hundred Spartans
under the leading of Leonidas durst with wonderfull boldness oppose his Land-forces at the Streights of Thermopylae where valiantly fighting they were every man of them Slain But that vast Army was next year utterly overthrown at Plataea a City of Boeotia Mardonius being General of the Persians as Pausanias and Aristides were of the Graecians In these times flourish'd Pindar the Poet and Anaxagoras the Philosopher 3057. 477. LXXV iv 277. Caeso Fabius who with the single Family of the Fabij to the number of three hundred and six of ripe years and four thousand Vassals made War against the Vejentians was overthrown by them at the River Cremera and the whole Army destroyed of which Ovid in his Fastorum says Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes Ad Bellum missos perdidit una dies One day the Fabij all One day the Fabian Race made all extinct But that many things are false herein as that amongst such a number of Men grown there was one under Age is shewn by Dionys Halicarnasseus and the matter is handled at large by Jac. Perizonius in his Observ c. 5. At this time Sicily was imbroil'd several ways what with Gelon and Hieron Tyrants of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum within and the Carthaginians from without who endeavoured to possess themselves of it 3510. 474. LXXVI iii. 280. Artaxerxes was made partner with his Father in the Kingdom About the same time Sophocles began to teach the way of Tragedies and a few years after was the most excellent Tragedian Euripides born In the same Age also flourished Herodotus of Hallicarnassus who is the most Ancient of all the Greek Historians we have 3514. 470. LXXVII iii. 284. Cimon the Son of Miltiades Admiral of the Athenians Fleet took away several Cities of Asia from the Persians and overcame them at Sea with two hundred and fifty Ships only when they had no less than three hundred and forty and a little after gained another Victory over their Land Forces at Eurymedon a City of Pamphylia The Athenians at that time waged War with good success against their Neighbours in Greece and gave divers overthrows to the Thassians Thracians and Aeginetans The Lacedaemonians also brought the Hilotes and Messenians who Rebelled against them under Subjection again having sent home the Auxiliary Troops of Athens because of the suspicion they had of them 3516. 468. LXXVIII i. 286. T. Quinctius General of the Romans obtained a Victory over the Voscians and after the taking of Antium Triumphed Next year upon the Death of Hieron in the Isle of Sicily succeeded his Brother Thrasibulus in his Tyranny over Syracuse but being expelled by the Syracusians he went into Banishment to Locris and from that time forward the Syracusians enjoyed a free State for 40 years together till Dionysius his days 3519. 465. LXXVIII iv 289. Artabanus the Hyrcanian slew Xerxes and Accused his Brother Darius of the Parricide before Artaxerxes whom as we have said Xerxes had made his Copartner in the Empire Darius being condemn'd to die Artaxerxes was wounded by Artabanus but afterwards slain by him whence he obtain'd the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Long Hands and began this year to Reign alone and Reigned XL years To him Themistocles fled in his Banishment who was very kindly received and rewarded by him The same Artaxerxes was a great favourer of the Jews and in the twentieth year of his Reign gave Nehemiah leave to Rebuild the Walls of Jerusalem when Cyrus had only allowed them the favour of Rebuilding the Temple Nehemiah finish'd that work in a very short time notwithstanding all the opposition made to the contrary by the neighbouring Samaritans Ammonites and Arabians 3522. 462. LXXIX iii. 292. In the mean while there was a Law made at Rome after several Tumults raised by the People which was called the Terentian Law concerning the Quinqueviri that were to be created with consular power as well from among the Commonalty as Nobility The year after Ap. Herdonius the Sabine with four thousand Exiles and Servants seized on the Capitol but soon after by the assistance above all others of the Tusculans they were driven out Thenceforward the Romans gave many overthrows to the Sabines and Aequi and when it hapned so that Minucius the Consul through ill management was Besieged by the Aequi in his Camp Quinctius Cincinnatus being called from his Plow to take upon him the Office of Dictator he conquered the Aequi and made them Slaves The Athenians this very time under the Conduct of Leocrates often beat the Corinthians and Epidaurians and forced Garrisons upon the Aeginetae and Megarensians after which under the leading of Myronides they Routed the Lacedaemonians and from this spark was afterwards that flame of the Peloponnesian War kindled 3530. 454. LXXXI iii. 300. Petavius thinks that Daniel s Seventy weeks ought to take their beginning from this year See Lib. 12. de Doc. temp This same year upon the Abrogating of the Terentian Law concerning the Quinqueviri there were three Embassadors sent into Greece to make an inspection into the Laws of that Country and especially into those of Athens that they might amend the Roman Laws by them Upon the return of the Embassadors which was three years after the Tribunes of the People and Consuls were laid aside and the Decemviri constituted to set down the Laws of the Common-wealth who were the first that reduced the same into ten Tables which by the addition of two more to them afterwards made up those Famous twelve Tables which were the foundation of the whole Body of the Roman Laws After the Republick had for the space of two years or a little more been Governed by this sort of Magistracy it reverted to its Ancient form upon this occasion As the Decemviri demeaned themselves but indifferently in their charge and that Appius Claudius had made Virginia a free Maiden of Rome a Slave out of the hopes he had to enjoy her her Father Virginius Slew him made the People Mutiny and brought things so to bear that the Office of the Decemviri was Abrogated and Tributes of the People and Consuls were chosen again While these things were doing in Rome Nehemiah returning from Chaldaea together with Ezra the Scribe Rectified the corrupt manners of the Jews and pressed upon them the observation of the Law of Moses From this time it was that the Jews began to gather the Books of Scripture together into one Volume which is the same we have at this day But seeing that the Jews during the Babylonish Captivity had almost forgot the Hebrew Tongue and way of Writing the Ancient Books were written in Assyrian Characters and what was read in the Hebrew Tongue in the Scriptures was expounded to the People in the Chaldee See Lud. Capellus concerning the Hebrew letters But the Samaritans when they received Moses his Law before the Phoenician or Ancient Character was grown quite obsolete preserved them from whence it comes
with him Darius the Bastard dies and was succeeded by Artaxerxes his Son who was called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mindful and who Reigned forty weeks being the tenth King of Persia The following year was the 28th of the Peloponnesian War wherein Athens after six Months Siege was taken by Lysander as we have said already The thirty Tyrants set upby him in Athens were after three years expelled by Thrasybulus who restored a Democratical Government there 3583. 401. XCIV iv 353. The same year that the thirty Tyrants were expelled out of Athens Cyrus to whom his Father Darius had given the lesser Asia made War upon his Brother Artaxerxes and perish'd therein There were ten thousand Auxiliary Greeks in the Army who though they had lost their General Clearchus a Lacedaemonian whom the Persians slew after Quarter given yet they returned into Greece in spight of the Persians through Nations that hated them even from the Euphrates by way of the Euxine Sea which they coasted under the Conduct first of Chaerisophus the Lacedaemonian and then of Xenophon the Philosopher and incomparable Historian a Native of Athens Xenophon himself writes this History in his Books entituled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The next year was a mournful one by the Death of the incomparable Philosopher Socrates who was Seventy years old and by Anytus and Melitus accused of Irreligion or Prophaneness From him Philosophers were called Socraticks who after had the name of Academicks of whom Plato was chief but by no means to be compared with Socrates 3588. 396. XCVI i. 358. M. Furius Camillus being made Dictator takes Veij while what with Dionysius the Carthaginians and Cities of Sicily the War Raged every where in that Island Agesilaus King of Lacedaemon having entred into a Confederacy with Nephreus King of Egypt obtained divers Victories over the Persians but being shortly after recalled he fought against the Boeotians and their Allies with uncertain Success and the Lacedaemonians could not help being stripped of the Dominion of the Sea where Conon the Athenian Admiral of the Persian Fleet gave them several overthrows 3591. 393. XCVI iv 361. There were Consuls chosen this year at Rome as there were also the year following but from thence forward for five and twenty years there were Military Tribunes created or else they had no chief Magistrates at Rome In the third year after the Creation of Consuls when the Common-wealth was Governed by six Military Tribunes the Cisalpine Gauls laid Siege to Clusium whose Inhabitants had Recourse to the Romans for Succour of whom they begged three Commanders of the Fabian Family who seeing they could do no good with the Gauls under their Conduct they went towards them in a Suppliant manner in Battle Array The Gauls being moved with their unusual boldness march'd straight to the City overcame the Romans in a great Battle at Allia and took Rome except the Capitol But while they shewed themselves careless of their Affairs Camillus who had before been driven into Banishment having gathered some disorderly Troops together did for all that overthrow them whom he drove out of the Roman Territories But M. Manlius who for delivering the Capitol was called Capitolinus being suspected for his Liberality towards those who were in Debt to have a design that way to assume a Regal Authority was thrown down headlong over the Rock Tarpeia and so an end made of him 3606. 377. C. iv 377. When the Lacedaemonians endeavoured to oppress the Cities of Greece and possest themselves fraudulently of the Theban Tower called Cadmaea the Thebans shook off their yoke by the assistance of the Athenians whence arose the Boeotian War wherein after various Conflicts and Events of War the Lacedaemonians were reduced to great extremities by the Boeotian Generals and especially by Pelopidas and Epaminondas and lost the Dominion of Greece whence sprung continual Wars between the Graecian Citties Artaxerxes King of Persia being about to make War against Egypt exhorted them as well then as afterwards to a Peace to no purpose but that expedition into Egypt under the Conduct of Pharnabazus and Iphricrates thro' the overflowness of the former came to nothing 3618. 366. CIII iii. 388. This year dyed Artaxerxes Mnemon and was succeeded by Ochus the Eleventh King of Persia whom Lud. Capellus thinks in his Chron. Sacr. to be Ahassuerus the Husband of Esther It 's certain the two former Syllables of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Achasveros do not ill agree with the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This King according to Eusebius his account Reigned six and twenty years 3621. 363. CIV ii 391. In the time when a great Plague raged in Rome L. Manlius Imperiosus was made Dictator according to Ancient Custom in order to settle the Government This Man had a Son whose Name was Titus Manlius whom he had Banished into the Country and where while he remained he was informed that his Father was cited into Judgment by M. Pomponius Tribune of the People which made him return to the City and with his drawn Sword forced the Tribune to lay aside the Accusation whereby he gained much of the Peoples love This same year that followed next after the Plague when a certain Chasm opened it self in the forum M. Curtius threw himself alive into it after which the Romans gained several Victories over the Gauls In the mean time the power of the Thebans was wonderfully augmented in Greece by the valour of Epaminondas but he dying of the wounds he received in the Battle of Mantinea where he overcame the Lacedaemonian and Arcadian Armies that Republick fell with him In Asia the Nobles having formed a Conspiracy Revolted from the King of Persia but being betray'd by Orontes Governor of Mysia they were in a short time reduced to their Duty Thachos King of Egypt who paid Tribute to the Great King Revolted at the same time from him being Assisted therein by Agesilaus King of Lacedaemonia to whom he gave the Command of his Land Army while Chabria◠the Athenian was Admiral of the Fleet but Nectanebos Thachos's Son having forsaken his Father fled to Persia and returning with a Persian Army into Egypt he Besieged his Father together with Agesilaus in the City of Memphis but Agesilaus making a Sally overthrew the Persians and being soon after about to return into Greece he departed this life while he was in the Country of Cyrenaica 3625. 359. CV ii 395. This year dyed Perdiccas King of Macedon being slain by the Illyrians and was Succeeded by Philip the Son of Amyntas who in a short time won several Victories over the Athenians Paeonians and Illyrians The Jewish Affairs in these times were of no great consideration but the Country seems to have been peaceably cultivated under the Persian Government which however did not hinder but that a great number of the Jews who before and after the Captivity had fixed their Habitations in Egypt were Transplanted by King Ochus into Hyrcania 3627.
with continual Wars At length from these Dissentions arose two most potent Kingdoms viz. that of Seleucus Nicanor in Syria and of Ptolemy the Son of Lagus in Egypt from whence sprung the Seleucian and Lagidan Race of Kings which are to be had in Petavius's Tables 3661. 323. CXIV ii 431. Eight thousand mercenary Greeks that some years before had been disbanded by Alexander having made choice of Leosthenes the Athenian for their General now Alexander was dead recover the Liberty of Greece overcome Antipater Governor of the Country and besiege him in Lamias a City of Thessaly whither he had fled In this Siege Leosthenes was kill'd with a Stone and Hiperides made his Funeral Oration Demosthenes at the same time rejoycing because of the Money he had received from Harpalus But being recalled next year the Macedonians vigorously renew the War against the Graecians and especially the Athenians and having overcome them they put a Garrison into Munichia and forced Demosthenes to flee from Athens again who on the 10th of November poison'd himself in the Isle of Calauria Aristotle is said to have died the same year aged sixty three A little after Demades the Orator entreating Antipater in the Name of the Athenians to withdraw his Garrison from Munichia was together with his Son slain 3663. 321. CXIV iv 433. While Alexander's Successors contend with one another with various success the Consuls of Rome T. Veturius Calvinus and S. Posthumius were overcome at Furcae Caudinae and sold for Captives but next year the Romans under the happy Conduct of L. Papirius served the Samnites the same sauce Three years after Agathocles Son to Carcinus made a Citizen of Rhegium to fill up the number being first taught the Potters Trade by his Father did afterwards turn Soldier and being in time chosen General made himself at last a Tyrant and from thenceforwards waged divers Wars in Sicily against the Athenians and Syracusians and in Africa against the Carthaginians About these times Demetrius Phalereus fled from Athens to Ptolemy King of Egypt who made him Keeper of his Library which was very great In which Age flourish'd also Demetrius Poliorcetes who should not be confounded with the other The first Demagogus was an Athenian but the other was Son to Antigonns who then possess'd himself of Greece and other Countries Then also lived Arcesilaus Prince of the Newer Academy who was descended from Pitanes a City of Aeolis Epicurus sprung from the Gargettian Tribe of Athens and Philemon and Menander both Comick Poets were Cotemporary with him In the mean time the Romans waged divers Wars with the Etrurians Samnites and Gauls All things were quiet with the Jews at the beginning of the Seleucian and Lagidan Monarchies Seleucus allowing them the freedom of all the Cities of Syria while Ptolemy conferred singular Privileges on them in Egypt At this time flourished the Philosophers Crates and Theophrastus Agathocles after he had reigned over the Kingdom of Syracuse and other neighbouring Cities of Italy and Sicily for eight and twenty years and escaped great Calamities was poison'd by Archagathus who with him slew his own Father Agathocles and the other's Son who was designed by him for his Successor While Alexander's Followers and their Children contended with one another with various fortune they sullied the Glory they had gotten before with innumerable Villainies The Commonalty of Rome being oppress'd with Debt withdrew into the Place called Janiculum but being pacified by Q. Hortensius the Dictator they returned again 3699. 285. CXXIII iv 470. Ptolemy called by the Alexandrians Philadelphus by way of Antiphrasis the Son of Ptolemy Lagus and Berenice in his Father's life-time began to reign and reigned Thirty eight Years In this or the foregoing year there was a Translation made of the Law of Moses into the Greek Tongue by the Septuagint who were brought together for that end by Philadelphus and perhaps by his Father Concerning which Translation there are many fabulous things vented and whereof Humphrey Hoddy hath written learnedly in his Differtation cont Hist Aristeae de LXX Int. As soon as Philadelphus came to the Kingdom and that his Father was dead Demetrius Phalereus began to decline in Favour and at last was banished in the second year of Philadelphus wherein Lagides died with the biting of an Asp He had offended Philadelphus because he had put Lagides in the head to leave some one of the Sons of Eurydices his other Wife 's his Successor and not Philadelphus the Son of Berenice and therefore it does not seem that this Person should correct the Translation of the Septuagint as some would have it which is far enough from the Attick Dialect We do not mention in this place the Wars and Dissentions of Alexander's Successors no nor their Names but we think it next to Impiety to pass over Pyrrhus King of Epirus 3703. 281. CXXIV iv 473. When the Tarentines had first pillaged the Romans Ships and evil intreated the Embassadors that had been sent to them to complain of the Wrong they made War upon them wherein they were at first overthrown in a great Battel by the Romans But next year Pyrrhus being invited by them into Italy overcame the Romans who were frightned chiefly at the unusual sight of his Elephants and when C. Fabricius was sent to him about the Redemption of Prisoners he dismiss'd them all without any Ransom Then he sent Cynea for his Embassador to Rome about concluding a Peace But Appius Caecus opposed it and so there was another Battel fought between them with doubtful success but was attended with that consequence that Pyrrhus was forced to leave Italy Then he transported his Army into Sicily where he first fought successfully against the Carthaginians but when in a short time his Affairs began to decline in that Island he returned on a sudden into Italy but he was overcome by the Romans despoiled of his Camp and forced to forsake Italy having left a Garrison in the Tower of Tarentum He spent six years in these Expeditions to little purpose After his return into Epirus he began to ravage Macedon and by little and little after he had won a Victory over Antigonus seized upon it all The second year after this Cleonymus the Lacedaemonian invited him into Laconia to assist him to dispossess his Brother Arius of the Kingdom He came and had almost possess'd himself of Sparta but being at length beaten from thence he laid Siege to Argos and being upon entring into the City it self he was kill'd by a Woman that let a Tile fall upon his Head While Pyrrhus was in Italy the Gauls under the Conduct of Brennus wasted Macedon and other Parts of Greece but when they went about to take Delphos they were said to have been driven from thence by an Earthquake Thunderbolts and portentous Signs Brennus soon after dying of his Wounds they invaded Thrace under the Command of Comontorius and exacted Tribute of the Byzantians 3715. 269. CXXVII iv 485.
Praetor in conjunction with the Aetolians and Attalus King of Pergamus began to infest Greece The Achaians and other Nations of that Country had recourse to Philip for Aid to withstand them who was already angry with the Romans because the said Praetor had fought against him for the Apolliniati and not only so but after having burnt his Fleet forced him to march back into Macedon And these were the Adventures that gave a beginning to the Macedonian War 3772. 212. CXLII i. 542. The Scipio's at this very time were successful in Spain against the Carthaginians but they were both of them three years after together with their Army slain by Asdrubal Marcellus also carry'd on the War with good success in the Isle of Sicily and at last after three years Siege took the City of Syracuse Archimedes alone by the help of some new-invented Engines continued to resist and was against Marcellus's will slain by a fool-hardy Soldier Hannibal's Successes began to decline in Italy while he endeavoured but to no purpose by the Siege of Capua to expell the Romans and attempted Rome her self in vain though he slew Marcellus after two Battels fought with uncertain victory especially after his Brother Asdrubal who was come into Italy to join him with his Forces had been slain by Cl. Nero and Livius Salinator both Consuls But in Spain P. Scipio took New Carthage in one Day overthrew the Carthaginian Army and passing over into Africa made a League with Syphax and Massinissa Kings of Numidia And returning afterwards from thence into Rome he made all necessary Preparation to go back again into Africa and setled the Affairs both of Sicily and Spain that were out of order 3778. 206. CXLIII iii. 548. While Scipio was thus engaged Philopoemenes Praetor of Achaia performed a great many other notable feats as well as overcame Mechanidas Tyrant of Lacedaemonia whom Nabis succeeded The Romans sent Embassadors next year to King Attalus to bring the Image of Idaea the Mother of the Gods to Rome but as in pursuance to the Answer of the Oracle the best Man of the whole City was to receive her young P. Scipio Mnasica was the Person adjudged worthy of that Title And hence it was that those Plays called Megalesia were instituted in honour of the said Goddess Syphax upon his marrying of Sophonisba Asdrubal's Daughter having fallen off from the Romans and closed in with the Interests of the Carthaginians was overcome and taken Prisoner by Scipio and Nssinissa And when the Carthaginians had endeavoured to no purpose to induce the Romans to make a Peace they recalled Hannibal out of Italy who sore against his will passed over into Africa where he was overcome by Scipio in battel who imposed Conditions of Peace upon the Carthaginians and sent their Embassadors to Rome whither himself afterwards returned in triumph The Conquest of CARTHAGE The IXth EPOCH From the Conquest of Carthage to the Birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ were Two Hundred and Two Years which comprehends The IXth PERIOD The Year of the World The Year before Christ Olymp. From the Building of the City 3783. 201. CXLIV iv 553. UPon the terminating of the Carthaginian War that called the Macedonian grew hot between the Romans and King Philip which was also made an end of by them by the frequent Overthrows given King Philip within the term of five years 3789. 195. CXLVI ii 559. Hannibal impatient of Rest endeavoured still to excite his Countrymen to make War upon the Romans but he was constrained for fear of the latter to flee into Asia to Antiochus the Great who was preparing to invade the Romans This King did indeed suddenly enter Greece but was quickly overthrown in a great Battel by M. Acilius Glabrio and so forced to leave that Country But this was not all for in the sixth year after the first Preparations for War he was overcome in Asia it self by L. Scipio who for that reason had the Sirname of Asiaticus given him and obliged to purchase a Peace by quitting all claim to the Countries on this side Mount Taurus Two years after P. Scipio Africanus and Lucius Asiaticus were both adjuged Guilty the former for taking Money of Antiochus to clap up a Peace and the other for misapplying the Treasure of the State The Romans in these times having subdued the Aetolians and so become Arbitrators of the Affairs of all Greece received Embassies from all Parts bringing Complaints against Philip who by his Son Demetrius whom he deputed for that purpose cleared himself before the Senate In this and the following year died three of the most famous Men of that Age viz. Scipio Africanus at Liternum whither he had voluntarily gone into Banishment Philopomoenen Praetor of Achaia at Messena by whose Citizens he was slain and Hannibal in Bithynia with King Prusias where lest he should be given up by him to the Romans he ended his days with Poison Philopomoenen was succeeded by Lycortas in the Praetorship of Achaia But this Republick could not continue long for the Romans its Enemies 3804. 180. CL. i. 574. Philip King of Macedon had two Sons whereof one was a great Enemy and the other a Friend to the Romans Now the former whose Name was Perseus being afraid lest Demetrius the younger of whom before relying upon the Friendship of the Romans should after their Father's death contend with him for the Kingdom he brought such false Accusations against him to his Father that he commanded him first to be poison'd and when he was half dead to be strangled But Philip not long after coming to know the Innocency of Demetrius died of grief about three years after and was succeeded by Perseus in his Dominions 3817. 167. CLIII ii 587. This Prince spent the first five years of his Reign in making Preparations of War against the Romans though he could scarce bear the shock of their Power for the space of four L. Aemilius Paulus triumphed for subduing of him and reduced the Kingdom of Macedon into the form of a Roman Province thereby putting an end thereto after the same had stood for Seven hundred Years Two years after Perseus had begun his Reign over Macedon Antiochus Epiphanes succeeded Seleucus in the Kingdom of Syria Of this Prince it was that Jason having ejected his Brother Onias obtained the High-Priesthood and received him at his entry into Jerusalem in great state He sent the said Prince then fitting out a Fleet in Phoenicia Money by his Brother Menelaus who gave him the same in his own Name and with the addition of three hundred Talents more procured the High-Priesthood for himself But failing again in the Payment of the promised Money his Brother Lysimachus was substituted in his room Hence arose great Contention between these High-Priests Antiochus being afraid lest the Jews would revolt from him when he had failed as he had endeavoured to invade Egypt went back to Jerusalem took away the Vessels out of the Temple and committed many
other Outrages there Soon after he endeavoured by exquisite Torments to bring the Jews to abjure their Religion many of whom he forced to it though he was not able by the cruellest kinds of Death he could think of to frighten others to it among which number were Eleazar and his seven Brethren of whom read 2 Mac. vi vii 3816. 168. CLIII i. 586. Matthatias one of the Lineage of Aaron fled to the Mountains of Judaea and invited those Jews who were zealous for their Old Religion to come and join him but he dying the following year left Judas Maccabaeus his Son to succeed him who performed many famous Exploits against Antiochus his Captains Now the reason why Matthatias's Sons were called Maccabees was because these letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Machbai were on their Ensigns which are the initial letters of these four words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Who among the gods is like unto thee O Lord They were also called Hasmonaei from the Chaldee word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Princes 3819. 165. CLIII iv 589. Judas after he had won many Victories over Antiochus's Generals purged the Temple that had been polluted and consecrated the same by a new Dedication on the 25th Day of the Month Casleu that is November the 23d Hence it was that the Feast called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or The Dedication of the Temple was celebrated every year Next year Antiochus being dead Judas began to take upon him the Office of High-Priest though he could not yet take the City of David where Antiochus Epiphanes had planted a Garrison While he laid Siege to it Antiochus Eupator the Son of Epiphanes came with an Army to Jerusalem and for some time sate down before it but having afterwards patcht up a Peace he entred the City and took and demolish'd the Walls thereof A little after this Demetrius Soter this Prince's Uncle who had been long kept for an Hostage at Rome privately left the City went into Syria and having recovered his Father's Kingdom slew Antiochus and Lysias his chief General and then growing angry with the Jews he was soon after by the artifice of Alcimus who lay upon the catch for the High-Priesthood brought to make a League with them But the Peace was of no long duration for next year a War broke out between them and Judas Maccabaeus fought Bacchides Demetrius's General and slew him Now it was that Eumenes and Attalus Kings of Pergamus lived as also Hipparchus a famous Astronomer among the Greeks not to forget Pacuvius of Brundusium a Tragedy-Writer among the Romans 3835. 149. CLVII iv 605. The Carthaginians molesting Masinissa King of Numidia who was Confederate with the Romans and building Ships contrary to the Articles of the last Peace gave a beginning to the Third Punick War which was carry'd on by Sea and Land by both Consuls and within four years finally terminated with the Destruction of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus Much about the same times began the Achaian War occasioned by the Achaians driving out the Roman Legates from thence as also the War in Spain against Viriatus who invaded Lusitania 3839. 145. CLVIII iv 609. The Jews under the Conduct of Jonathan the Brother of Judas did well enough neither were the Kings of Syria at Enmity with them and Jonathan brought things so well to bear that he made a League with the Romans and Lacedaemonians which last he accosted in a very honourable manner as if they had been originally descended from the same Stock as the Jews 1 Maccab. xii He was succeeded in the Office of High-Priest by his Brother Simon three years after the fore-mention'd League 3851. 139. CLXI iv 621. The Achaian War was terminated within a year after the first commencement of it and the City of Corinth being burnt by L. Mummius Achaia was reduced into the form of a Province which is so much the more to be wonder'd at that the Jews should a little before make an Alliance with the Lacedaemonians who were in Confederacy with the Achaians But in Spain things were carry'd on with various successes until now that Scipio Aemylianus after a long Siege destroyed Numantia Simon two years before this being treacherously slain by Ptolemy his Son-in-Law he was succeeded by John Hyrcanus his Son who was at first in amity with Antiochus Sidetes but afterwards becoming his Enemy laid some of his Cities waste and among others Sicima and Garizim where the Temple that had been built above two hundred years before was utterly destroyed Then he subdued the Edomites and forced them to be Circumcised because they were the Posterity of Abraham The very same year that Numantia was taken died Attalus and left the Romans his Heir and the now bringing of rich Hangings Paintings Pictures Precious Moveables c. out of Asia into Italy began to infect the Romans with Luxury and debauch their Manners That year also Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the People raising a Sedition in the City was slain It was not long after that the Romans began to lead Colonies into Gallia Transalpina after they had subdued the Inhabitants of the Province of Narbonne whilst all things in Asia were turned topsie-turvy by base Murders among the Kings of Syria Demetrius was killed by his Wife Cleopatra for Rhodogunes's sake She also did the same by his Son Seleucus who had assum'd the Kingly Power without her Authority Antiochus Grypus reigned in his stead who made his Mother Cleopatra that would have given him Poison drink it her self After which he waged War with his Brother Antiochus Cyzicenus for a long time with various success 3873. 111. CLXVII ii 643. This year began the Jugurthine War the History whereof is written by Salust King Jugurtha corrupted some of the Roman Commanders with Money and received great Overthrows from others of them till at length after the Revolution of eight years he was led in triumph by C. Marius then Consul At that time it was that Aristobulus upon the Death of Hyrcanus succeeded as High-Priest and reigned one year leaving the Kingdom to Alexander Jannes his Brother who was greatly distressed by Ptolemy Lathurus King of Egypt Marius overcame the Teutones and Ambrones at a Place called Aquae Sextiae and from henceforward the Romans began to oppress the Gauls 3830. 94. CLXXI. iii. 660. Ariobarzanes being by Mithridates expelled the Kingdom of Cappadocia was restored by L. Sulla Propraetor of Cilicia and this gave a beginning to the Mithridatick War which kept the Roman Armies in play for forty years together A little after Nicomedes King of Bithynia being expelled by the same Mithridates was reinstated by Sulla But Mithridates the very next year after the Restitution of Nicomedes having levied a greater Army seized on and wasted Phrygia took care to put to death all the Citizens of Rome that were in Asia and that in one day and invaded Macedon Thrace and Greece Sulla was at that time engaged in the Italian War and gave
the Samnites a great overthrow Marius in the mean time by the assistance of C. Sulpicius Tribune of the People endeavoured to deprive him of his Command But Sulla returning out of Campania to Rome slew Sulpicius and put Marius to flight Italy was again much afflicted the following year with the Armies commanded by Marius Cinna Carbo and Sertorius while Sulla won many Battels from Mithridates and wasted his Army Marius dying of Sickness Cinna being then Consul L. Flaccus succeeded Sulla in the Command but his own Lieutenant Fimbria killed Flaccus who being afterwards forsaken by the Army that went over to Sulla slew himself Nay Cinna was also slain by the very Army he got ready to march against Sulla leaving the Consulship to Carbo alone who refused to accept of the Terms of Peace offered him by Sulla This Man therefore marched out of Greece at the Head of Thirty thousand Men and with them overthrew a much more numerous Army of Cn. Norbanus Flaccus the Consul in Battel At the same time Q. Sertorius who had an Army in Italy despairing of any good Success went into the farther Province of Spain which fell unto his lot to govern But Cneus Pompeius who afterwards conquered him joined Sulla with three Volonian Legions being then but Three and twenty Years old Sulla next year overthrew C. Marius the other 's Son in battel at Praeneste and then possessing himself of the City confiscated the Estates of his Enemies He also fought with and overcame the Praetor Damasippus Marius Carrinates and the Samnite Troops before the Gate called Collina He was afterwards made Dictator which Office after three years space he laid down of himself 3906. 78. CLXXV iii. 676. Hyrcanus upon the death of King Alexander his Father succeeded him in the Kingdom of Judaea and reigned eleven years In the mean time Sertorius in Spain being one while beaten another while Victor worsted the Roman Armies commanded by Metellus and Pompey in divers Battels till that after five years both himself and Perpenna his Lieutenant were slain by the Treachery of their own Men whereby Pompey had the opportunity of recovering Spain At that time Servilius conquered the Isaurians and took their Cities in Cilicia from whence having got the Sirname of Isauricus conquered the Pirates and reduced Cilicia and Crete into the form of a Province he triumphed L. Lucullus engaged in the Mithridatick War and won many Victories over that King That War called the Servile one breaking forth under the Conduct of Spartacus it was with difficulty put an end to in three years space by M. Crassus the Praetor and Cn. Pompeius Cicero was then Quaestor in Sicily and began to be famous for his Eloquence Varro also with Lucretius Catullus and other learned Men lived in those days 3917. 67. CLXXVIII ii 687. Servilius having not perfectly destroyed the Cilician Pirates and others who having repaired their Shipping infested the Seas every where Pompey was entrusted with an extraordinary Commission to clear the Seas from those Robbers which he perform'd with that celerity that he either took them all or having burnt their Ships rendred them incapable of more mischief in the space of forty days The same Pompey being next year sent against Mithridates did at length put a final period to that War and so had the honour of Triumphing He performed also many famous Exploits almost throughout all Asia Then Hyrcanus King and High-Priest of the Jews was put out of the Pontificate by his Brother Aristobulus who exercised that Charge for the space of three years but being taken Prisoner by Pompey when he conquered Jerusalem he was together with his Children sent to Rome and Hyrcanus restored again to his former Office The same year Cicero being Consul delivered the Commonwealth of Rome from a most dangerous Conspiracy Cataline who was the Chief of it being overcome and slain by Petreius Lieutenant to Anthony the other Consul 3924. 60. CLXXX i. 694. Pompey Crassus and Caesar having contracted a strict Friendship one with another formed a Design of oppressing the Commonwealth now distracted with divers Factions Caesar obtained Gaul for his Province and held the same for ten years Syria fell to Crassus his lot from whence marching against the Parthians he was together with his Son P. Crassus and the whole Army hemmed in by their Horse and slain The two Provinces of Spain came to Pompey's share In the mean time Cicero was sent to and recalled from Banishment Hyrcanus in Judaea being driven out of Jerusalem by Alexander the Son of Aristobulus was restored by Gabinius This same Gabinius that he might lessen the Authority of the Grand Synedrim or Council at Jerusalem erected four more like thereunto viz. at Gadaris Amathus Jericho and Saphoris While Caesar was getting several Victories over the Gauls and Germans Pompey dedicated his Theatre and gave Plays wherein ten Lions and eighteen Elephants were slain But Crassus as was said before warring rashly against the Parthians perished in the said Expedition 3933. 51. CLXXXII ii 703. Cicero this year got a Decree of the Senate to make him Proconsul in Cilicia and after having overcome some bands of Robbers in Mount Amanus and taken some Castles was saluted by the Army with the Title of Imperator Cassius also at the same time valiantly defended Syria against the Irruption of the Parthians so that they were forced to be gone re infectâ Next year after the Senate had in vain required Caesar to dismiss his Army broke out the Civil War between him and Pompey wherein first Caesar entring Italy with his Army drove the Senate and Pompey from thence Then Pompey's Troops in Spain submitted to him and after that returning victorions to Rome he entred upon the Consulship and having transported his Army over into Epirus he overcame Pompey himself who flying into Egypt was slain by Ptolemy Caesar pursuing Pompey thither was very like to have been cut off by the King of Egypt yet he overcame the Alexandrians and entred upon the Office of Perpetual Dictator He conquer'd Scipio Pompey's Son-in Law in Africa the following year and at last in the fifth year from the first breaking out of the Civil War beat Pompey's Sons in Spain by which last Victory he got the Sovereign Power entirely into his hands Then he bethought himself of regulating the Course of the Year and seeing the preceding one which was called the Year of Confusion by his Command consisted of 445 Days this which was the 45th before the Birth of our Saviour was the First Julian Year the same being made up of 365 Days and 6 Hours which being set together make One Day in every Fourth Year the same being called the Bissextile or Leap-Year See Pet. Rationar p. 2. l. i. c. 1. He was slain in the fourth year of his Dictatorship and the sixth after the commencement of the Civil War on the First of March in the Senate-House There was one Antipater an Edomite by Nation who
Sentiments of the Manichaeans concerning the Liberty of Man About these times Valentinian the Younger put forth an Edict in favour of the Arians while Theodosius on the other hand did many things in favour of the Homoousians as they called them So that the pious Rules no less strove with one another by the Authority of the Emperors whom they endeavoured to engage on their side than they did in Reproaches and Anathema's Now it was that Cyril of Jerusalem flourish'd and Jerom and John both Presbyters of Antioch which last was called Chrysostom began to grow famous and about two years after the latter was made Presbyter when the Antiochians had thrown down the Statues of Theodosius he made those Orations which are known by the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At the same time Maximus the Tyrant was overcome and slain by Theodosius at Aquileia Neither did his Son Victor survive him long for Count Arbogastes cut off his Head in Gaul Theodosius restored to Valentinian what he took from Maximus Two years after the People of Thessalonica having slain a principal Officer of his Theodosius commanded a great slaughter to be made of them For which reason St. Ambrose shut him out of the Church of Milan till he had given signs of a Publick Repentance neither was he admitted in till after the expiration of some months as other Penitents used to do Moreover he made a Law That the Execution of Sentence past should be deferred for Thirty Days Valentinian also the same year made a Law concerning Deaconesses and Women consecrated to God That they should give nothing to the Churches Which was Repealed not long after And this proved to be the fate of all the Edicts that seemed to take any thing away from the Clergy A Decree of the same Emperor had a like success wherein it was Enacted That Monks should not enter into Cities but dwell in solitary Places For the same was disused in three years after or thereabouts 391. Eugenius relying upon the aid of Count Arbogastus invaded the Western Empire and Valentinian not long after died of a Wound he received of Arbogastus at Vienna He was a Catechumen aâ— that time and desired Ambrose to Baptize him before he went upon the Expedition he had projected against the Barbarians But though he died unbaptized yet Ambrose in his Funeral Sermon stick'd not to say that he was saved Then began great Wranglings to arise about Origen's Opinions between John Bishop of Jerusalem and Epiphanius Bishop of Salamis in Cyprus whose Epistle concerning the said John of Jerusalem's Errors is still extant and was turned into Latin by St. Jerom. Paladius of Galata and Ruffinus a Presbyter of Aquileia were favourers of the same Opinions You may consult Sulpitius Seuerus's Dialogaes and the Origeniana of P. D. Huetius upon this Subject Theodosius being accompany'd with Honorius whom the year before he had created Augustus marched against Arbogastus and Eugenius and having joined Battle was worsted the first day But he overcame the day following the Winds as they said fighting for him Theodosius died the year after this Victory Ruffinus had dispossess'd his Son Arcadius of the Eastern Empire to whom his Father had assign'd it had it not been for Stilicho Honorius's General who defeated and slew him Then Augustine who had been ordained Presbyter five years before was made Bishop of Hipp. Claudian the last of the Latin Poets flourish'd at that time Eutropius was assisting to Stilicho in the overthrowing of Ruffinus but they could not agree long Eutropius made it his business to get the former who was going to the East declared an Enemy to the Commonwealth by the Emperor and Senate and endeavoured from under Honorius's Command to take away Africa by the means of Gildon wherein he proved at first successful But Mascezel Gildo's Brother having received supplies of Men from Stilicho overcame his Brother and distressed him so far by his Victory that he went and hang'd himself and himself soon after was by Stilicho's Command thrown over a Bridge into the River 398. John Chrysostom was made Patriarch of Constantinople a Person no less addicted to a severity of Discipline than famous for Eloquence While he ruled the Church of Constantinople Gainas a Confident of Eutropius having made a League with the Barbarians so far deceived him that in some time he effected his ruine But after divers Commotions raised in Constantinople he was at length slain himself in Thrace At the same time Theophilus Bishop of Alexandria having assembled a Synod took care to have Origen and his Followers condemned He used ill the Origenian Monks of Egypt who in vain fled for Protection to St. Chrysostom 400. Then it was that Alaricus King of the Goths wasted Italy and had Gaul and Spain assigned him by Honorius to dwell in There were several Synods held about these times in Africa against the Donatists whom at length seeing they could not do it by Arguments they overcame by Force And this St. Augustine in his Epistle to Vincentius asserts to be lawful 403. St. Chrysostom not long after was condemned by Theophilus of Alexandria and some other Bishops at the Instigation of Eudoxia the Empress whom he had offended by inveighing against the Plays that were celebrated in honour of her at her Silver Statue which stood not far from the Church Next year he was exil'd into Cilicia thence into Armema and in the fourth year of his Banishment died at Comana upon the Euxine Sea 408. Arcadius himself who sent him into Banishment died also not long after leaving Theodosius his Son an Infant behind him and whom he recommended to the Protection of Isdegerdes King of Persia who discharged the Trust committed to him with great fidelity Stilicho endeavouring to get his Son Eucherius made Caesar was slain Whereupon Alaricus offered to enter into a League with Honorius But the latter rejecting the Terms the other advanced with his Army twice to Rome and at last took the City while one Constantius an obscure Person who invaded the Empire was in the mean time slain in Gaul Alaricus when he had taken and plundered Rome did at his departure take along with him Placidia Honorius's Sister and bestowed her in Marriage on Ataulphus his Kinsman who upon the other's death that happened in a short while after succeeded him in his Dominions 413. About these times Coelestius a Disciple of Peâ—…gius who was a Scot or Britain was condemned â—n the Synod of Carthage Pelagius's Tenet was That all Men had strength enough and to spare bestowed upon them by God whereby freely to discharge their Duty and that they stood in no need of other extraordinary Grace to help them therein besides what the Providence of God bestowed upon all Men and That Infants were neither capable of Vice nor Vertue which then only exert themselves when they become adult Others who denied the said liberty and believed most Men through an Eternal Necessity which they called Predestination