the Persian War by Neoptolemus his Verses Philip's Pride His Murther The Cause of it and how it was done and by whom WHen Pythodorus was chief Governor of Athens and Quintus Publius and Tiberius Olymp. 111. 1. Ant. Ch. 334. An. M. 3609. Aemilius Mamercus were Roman Consuls the Hundred and Eleventh Olympiad was celebrated wherein Cleomentis Cletorius wan the Prize In this Year Philip began the War against the Persians and forthwith sent A taâ—us and Parmenio before into Asia to free the Greek Cities there from Slavery He himself intending to have the Concurrence of the Gods consulted the Oracle at Delphos whether or no he should be victorious over Philip consults the Oracle the King of Persia The Answer was thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Ox is crown'd when 's end is near at hand To offer him a Man doth ready stand This doubtful Answer Philip constru'd to his own advantage as if the Oracle had expresly foretold that he should lead away the Persian King as a Victim to the Sacrifice But in truth it fell out quite otherwise and by the effect it appear'd that it had a contrary Signification to wit that Philip in a Throng at the time of a Sacred Festival was to be knock'd on the Head like a Bullock crown'd with a Garland for Sacrifice In the mean time he was very jocund as if he had conquer'd Asia already and concluded the Gods were engag'd with him in the Expedition Without delay therefore he offer'd most costly and magnificent Sacrifices and at the same time solemnized the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra by Olympias He Marry'd her to Alexander King of Epirus Brother of Olympias Having therefore a desire of a considerable Appearance of Philip's pompous Festivals at the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra the Graecians at this Nuptial Festivity conjoin'd with his Religious Sacrifices he made most pompous Preparation for the Entertainment of his Friends and Guests both with Musick Dancing and Feasting To this End he Invited those that were his special Friends and Familiars all over Greece and commanded his Servants and Attendants that they should invite as many Strangers from all Places as were of their own Acquaintance And his main design in all this was that he might assure all the Graecians of his Kindness towards them and testify his Gratitude by these Friendly Entertainments for the Honours conferr'd upon him A vast Concourse of People therefore were got together from all Places to the Solemnity of these Nuptials which were magnificently Solemniz'd at * Or Aegeas Aeges in Macedonia with all sorts of Sports and Plays so that not only Noblemen and Persons of Quality but even many great Cities presented Philip with Crowns of Gold Among the Cities Athens made one and when the Common Cryer with a loud Voice presented the Crown sent from them to Philip he clos'd with this That if any Plotter of Treason against Philip should hereafter slee to Athens for shelter he should be forthwith deliver'd up By this accidental Publication of this Cryer it seem'd to be intimated as it were by some Divine Providence that some piece of Treachery was near at hand to be executed There were several other the like Words as by a Divine Instigation uttered which portended the King's Death There was then at the Festival Neoptolemus the Tragedian Neoptolemus the Poet. remarkable above all others for the Loudness of his Voice and Famous and Eminent in other respects He had commanded him to repeat some Verses which he was ordered to compose especially relating to the Persian Expedition Whereupon he began to recite a Witty Poem proper as he thought to Philip's intended Passage into Asia wherein he set forth the Glory and Greatness of the Persian King and though he was so Famous all the World over yet that Fortune would some time or other bring him down The Poem was thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Y 're Minds are Higher than the Sky o'er-grown The greatest part of Earth you wish y 're own Houses to Houses join Fools without end You would y 're Lives as well as Lands extend But doleful Death alas Although ye do Creep towards it will gallop unto you Of long Hopes very shortly cut the Clue He added likewise other to the same Sense with these But Philip resting wholly upon these recited his Thoughts were altogether full of his Conquering the King of Persia And he much revolv'd in his Mind the Answer given him by the Oracle which agreed in all Points with the Words of the Tragedian After the Feast for that time was ended and the Sports were to be renew'd the next Day a great number of People in the Night-time flock'd into the Theatre And whereas twelve Images of the Gods amongst other sumptuous Preparations most curiously wrought and richly adorn'd were brought forth in pompous Procession the Image of Philip cloth'd like the Gods in every respect made the Thirteenth hereby arrogating to Philip's Pride himself a Place as if he would be inthron'd among the * There were 12 chief Gods among the Greeks they were call'd Olympii their Names Jupiter Mars Mercury Neptune Vulcan Apollo Juno Vesta Minerva Ceres Diana Venus Vid. Herodotus in Terpsicore Gods The Theatre being now full he himself came forth cloathed in a white Robe his Life-Guard following him at a great Distance designing thereby to evidence it to all that he judg'd himself secure in the Hearts and Affections of the Grecians and therefore stood not in need of the Guard of his Halberteers While he was thus with loud and joyful Acclamations cry'd up as it were to the Stars and the whole Multitude resounded his Praise upon a sudden and beyond all Mens expectation he was treacherously †Phi. murder'd murther'd But for the Clearer and more distinct Understanding of the History in this matter we This was about our 24th of September The manner and occasion of Philip's Murther shall first relate the Causes and Grounds of this Assassination There was one Pausanias a Macedonian of the City call'd Oristis one of the King's Esquires of the Body and for his Beauty dearly belov'd of him This Man taking notice how much another young Youth of the same Name was doted on by Philip fell upon him with very foul and opprobrious Language telling him he was an * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hermaphradite for that he prostituted himself to the Lust of every one that would He resented this Disgrace very ill but conceal'd it for a while Afterwards consulting with Attalus what was to be done for the future he determin'd presently after in an unusual manner to put an end to his own Life For within a while after in a Battel wherein Philip was engag'd against Plurias King of the Illyrians Pausanias in the heat of the Fight interpos'd himself between the
Samians who approached their City easily reduced it and there established a Democracy And having impos'd a Mulct of Eighty Talents upon them and receiv'd as many Youths for Hostages he committed them to the care and custody of the Lemnians and so having in a short time finish'd with good success all for which he was sent he return'd to Athens After this a grievous Sedition happen'd in Samos some being for the Democracy Seditions in Samos others endeavouring to set up an Aristocracy whereby the City was in a mighty popular Tumult They who were against the Democracy went over to Sardis in Asia to Pissuthines the Persian Governor to desire aid who lends them Seven Hundred Soldiers hoping by this means to bring Samos under his power P. 302. The Samians with this aid loosing from Asia in the Night stole secretly upon the City and by the help of their Accomplices enter'd and surpriz'd it and being thus easily possess'd forthwith eject all of the contrary Faction Then having stollen and carry'd away the Hostages out of Lemnos and strengthen'd Samos with Garrisons they declare themselves open Enemies against the Athenians who again send against them Pericles with Sixty Sail who overcame them in a Sea Fight though they had Seventy Sail. Upon this with the help of Twenty Five Ships which join'd him from Chios and Mitylene he besieg'd Samos and some few Days after leaving part of his Forces to maintain the Siege with the rest he made against the Phenician Fleet which the Persians sent to the aid of the Samians The Samians taking advantage of the opportunity of his departure suddenly set upon the rest of his Fleet and routed them with which success they grew very proud and haughty But Pericles hearing of the ruin of his Fleet left behind return'd without delay and got together a strong and numerous Navy fully resolving utterly to ruin the Enemy's Fleet And being speedily supplied by the Athenians with Threescore Ships and with Thirty from Chios and Mitylene he renew'd the Siege both by Sea and Land wearying the City with continual Assaults He was the first that made use of those warlike Engines call'd Battering Rams and Scorpions by the assistance and ingenuity Battering-Rams and Scorpions Ant. Chr. 439. of Artemon the Lacedemonian And by his fierce and violent Assaults battering down the Walls with his Engines the City fell into his Hands And after he had put to Death the Authors of the defection he caus'd the Samians to pay Two Hundred Talents in Compensation for the charge of the War He carry'd away likewise all their Ships and demolish'd the Walls and when he had restored the Democracy return'd into his own Country To this time the Thirty Years Truce between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians continued unviolated And with these things was this Year remarkable When Myrichides govern'd the state of Athens Lucius Julius and Marcus Geganius Olym. 85. 1. An. Mu. 3531. Ant. Chr. 438. were Roman Consuls The Eleans then celebrated the Eighty Fifth Olympiad in which Crisus of Himera was the Second Victor In these times in Sicily Ducetius formerly Prince of the Siculi planted the Country of the Callatines and having setled there many Colonies began at length to take upon him the Sovereign power over the Siculi But falling sick both his Life and his Designs Ducetius dies vanish'd together The Syracusians now being Lords of all the Cities of Sicily except Trinacria War between the Syracusians and Trinacrians resolv'd to gain that likewise by force of Arms for they were exceedingly jealous of the Trinacrians because they were very rich lest they should at any time after gain the Sovereignty of the * Sicilians Siculi to whom they were related as Kindred This City both then and ever had many valiant Men amongst them and upon that account was ever esteem'd the principal City of the Siculi for it was full of good Commanders Men of brave and daring Spirits The Syracusians therefore gathered together all their Forces both from Syracuse and from among their Confederates and march'd against the Trinacrians who being destitute of all assistance by reason the rest of the Cities were subject to Syracuse were in a bloody Battel hard put to it and after a resolute and valiant opposition all gallantly dy'd upon the spot For those that were wounded rather than to undergo the disgrace of being Captives dispatched themselves They of Syracuse having obtain'd this Victory over a People never before subdu'd P. 303. made all the Inhabitants Captives and raz'd the City to the Ground The richest of the Spoils they sent to Delphos as a grateful Offering to the Gods CHAP. VI. The Corinthian War against Corcyra Potidea revolts from the Athenians Quarrels in Thurium Meton's Year Heraclea in Italy built Potidea besieg'd by Phormio GLaucides the Chief Magistrate of Athens Titus Quintus and Agrippa Furius Olym. 85. 2. An. M. 3533. Ant. Ch. 437. Consuls of Rome The Syracusians being Victorious as is before related fell a building of Ships of Three Oars upon a Bank and doubling the number of their Horse busi'd themselves in raising a Land-Army And that they might raise and get together a great Treasure and Fond of Money they exacted larger Contributions from their Subjects and this they did with a Design to subject all Sicily by degrees to their Dominion Whilst these things were in doing the Corinthian War as it 's call'd broke The Corinthian War forth upon the following occasion The Epidamnians the Inhabitants of the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea being Colonies brought from Corcyra and Corinth were greatly distress'd with Tumults and Seditions amongst themselves where the stronger Party cast many of the contrary Faction out of the City whereupon the Exiles join'd together and calling the Illyrians to their Assistance and Confederacy they made against Epidamnum with a great Fleet And being the Barbarians were very strong they easily possess'd themselves of the Country and besieged the City They of Epidamnum not able to resist so great a Force Ant. Chr. 437. sent to Corcyra for aid who were of the same Stock and Kindred but being disregarded by them they made their Application to the Corinthians owning that City to be their only Metropolis and desired a Supply of more Citizens in the room of those that were ejected The Corinthians partly out of pity to them of Epidamnum and partly out of an old grudge they bore them of Corcyra for that they only of all the Colonies brought from them thither neglected to send to them as their Metropolis the usual Offerings decreed Aid to be sent to them of Epidamnum And accordingly they sent both a new Supply of Citizens and a Guard of Souldiers sufficient for the defence of the City The Corcyreans much inrag'd at this fitted out a Fleet of Fifty Sail against them The Admiral of which Fleet after his arrival commanded them of Epidamnum to receive the Exiles And then
resolv'd to discover the Matter to those Captains and Officers as should be able to defeat him in his Contivance and to that purpose strictly observ'd his Motions For he look'd upon it as a base and unworthy Thing that he who had undergone a good part of the Toils and Hazards of the War for the sake of his Father and Brother should be now left alone as a Prey to the Enemy without all Hopes of Deliverance He inform'd therefore some of the Captains and most considerable Officers of the intended Departure of Agathocles and his Companions the next night Whereupon all the Body forthwith made up to him P. 769. and not onâ—y put a stop to his Voyage but acquainted the common Soldiers how the Plot was laid who being both griev'd and enrag'd together laid hold on him and bound him and so committed him to custody An Anarchy following hereupon there was nothing Agathocles in Bonds by his own Men. but Tumult and Confusion throughout all the Camp And when Night came on a Rumour was spread over the Camp that the Enemy was just falling in amongst them Upon which all were so possess'd with a Panick Fear that having none to Command them every one was preparing to get away at which very time they that had the Custody of the Prince in as great a Consternation as the rest thought that some or Ant. Ch. 305. other call'd them forth who thereupon came out with Agathocles in his Chains along with them at which fight the whole Army were so affected with Pity and Compassion that they cry'd out Unloose him let him go Being freed from his Chains he presently after with a small Attendance stole away He steals out of Africa and took Shipping about * At the setting of the Pleiades or Seven Stars the beginning of October in the Night in Winter-time and away he got And thus to preserve himself forsook his Children whom the Soldiers presently upon the News of their Father's Flight knock'd on the Head and then chose Captains from among themselves and made Peace with the Carthaginians upon these His 2 Sons kill'd by the Soldiers Conditions viz. That the Greeks should receive Three hundred Talents and should restore all the Towns they then held and that all that would might take up Arms Peace made with the Carthaginians with the Carthaginians and receive the usual Pay That the rest should be transported to Sicily and should have Selinunt for their Habitation The greatest part of the Soldiers who were faithful to what they had agreed had all as faithfully perform'd to them But those Cities and Towns that held out in Hopes and Expectations of Relief from Agathocles were all taken by force of Arms whose several Governors the Carthaginians crucifi'd and the rest they bound in Chains and employ'd them to Till and Repair by their own Labours those Parts of the Country that they had before wasted and destroy'd And thus the Carthaginians after they had been harrass'd and vext with a Four Years War recover'd their former Peace and Liberty Ant. Ch. 305. In this Expedition of Agathocles into Africa any one may observe most remarkable Accidents and the Divine Providence in the Punishment inflicted upon his Sons For being routed in Sicily he lost the greatest part of his Army A little time after he overcame the Conquerors with a very inconsiderable Body of Men in Africa In Sicily being thrown out of all the Cities he was coop'd up by a close Siege within the Walls of Syracuse In Africa he gain'd all the Towns except Carthage and closely besieg'd the Carthaginians in that City by which Fortune seem'd to make it her Business to let every one see what Power she had to retrieve those Things that seem'd to be in a desperate Condition But after that Agathocles in the height of his Prosperity had murder'd Opellas against all the Laws of Friendship and Hospitality God made it manifestly apparent that for that piece of Wickedness acted upon that Man whatever happen'd to him afterwards was order'd and dispens'd by his own hand For the very Month and Day of the Month that he kill'd Ophellas and brought over to him all his Army the very Moral 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉 same Day and Month he again lost both his Sons and his Army And that which is more especially to be observ'd was That God as a just Law-giver inflicted on him a double Ant Ch 305. Punishment for he who had most wickedly destroy'd his Friend was depriv'd of two Sons together even by the Hands of those that came along with Ophellas This Remark ought not to offend those who slight and despise such Providences As for Agathocles as soon as he landed in Sicily by a hasty flight out of Africa he Agathocles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aegista sent for part of his Forces and march'd to the Consederate City of the Aegestines And being in want of Money exacted the greatest part of the Estates of those that were rich in which Place were Ten thousand Inhabitants This many of them took very heinously and met together in private Cabals But he finding out that the 〈◊〉 were plotting against him he brought most dreadful Calamity upon the City For drawing out all the Poor out of the Town he cut all their Throats upon the Bank of the River Scamander And all those who seem'd to be richer than the rest he put to several P. 770. Tortures to force them to confess how much Money they had For some he broke upon the Wheel others he bound to his Engines of Battery and shot them away like Stones And of others he cut out the Ankle-bones of their Feet and by his cruel and unmerciful Dealing put them to most horrible Torments He invented likewise another sort of Ant. Ch. 305. Punishment not much unlike the Phalerian Bull for he made a Bed of Brâ—â—s exactly after the shape of a Man wherein were several Openings and hollow Places on every side Those that he intended to torment he put into this Bed and then put fire under it and burnt them to Death In this only this Engine differ'd from the Bull. That those that perish'd and were consum'd in those strait and narrow Holes were expos'd to the view of every one He would likewise break in pieces the Ankle-Bones of some of the rich Women with Iron Pincers and cut off the Breasts of others and would sometimes lay a weight of Tiles upon the Loins of Women with Child till he forc'd the Child to leap as it were forcibly out of the Womb. While the Tyrant was in this manner endeavouring to find out all the Wealth every Body had and the whole City was in Terror and Astonishment some burnt themselves and their Houses together and others hang'd themselves And thus Aegesta in one black and doleful Day had the Prime and Flower of her Youth cut off But the young Women and Children the Tyrant transported into
Ethiopians Sesostris's Expedition inhabiting the South and having conquer'd them forc'd them to pay him Tribute of Ebony Gold and Elephant's Teeth Then he sent forth a Navy of Four Hundred Sail into the Red Sea and was the first Egyptian that built long Ships By the help of this Fleet he gain'd all the Islands in this Sea and subdu'd the bordering Nations as far as to India But he himself marching forward with his Land-Army conquer'd all Asia For he not only invaded those Nations which Alexander the Macedonian afterwards subdu'd but likewise those which he never set foot upon For he both pass'd over the River Ganges and likewise pierc'd through all India to the main Ocean Then he subdu'd the Scythians as far as to the River Tanais which divides Europe from Asia where they say he left some of his Egyptians at the Lake Meotis and gave Original to the Nations of Colchis and to prove that they were originally Egyptians they bring this Argument that they are circumcis'd after the manner of the Egyptians which Custom continu'd in this Colony as it did amongst the Jews In the same manner he brought into his Subjection all the rest of Asia and most of the Islands of the Cyclades Thence passing over into Europe he was in danger of losing his whole Army through the difficulty of the Passages and want of Provision And therefore putting a stop to his Expedition in Thrace up and down in all his Conquests he erected Pillars whereon were inscrib'd in Egyptian Letters call'd Hieroglifics these Words Sesoosis King of Kings and Lord of Lords subdu'd this Country by his Arms. Among those Nations that were stout and warlike he carv'd upon those Pillars the Privy Members of a Man Amongst them that were cowardly and faint-hearted the secret Parts of a Woman conceiving that the chief and principal Member of a Man would be a clear Evidence to Posterity of the Courage of every one of them In some Places he set up his own Statue carv'd in Stone arm'd with a Bow and a Lance above Four Cubits and Four Hands in height of which stature he himself was Having now spent Nine Years in this Expedition carrying himself courteously and familiarly towards all his Subjects in the mean time he ordered the Nations he had conquer'd to bring their Presents and Tributes every Year into Egypt every one proportionable to their several Abilities And he himself with the Captives and the rest of the Spoils of which there was a vast quantity return'd into Egypt far surpassing all the Kings before him in the greatness of his Actions and Atchievements He adorn'd all the Temples of Egypt with rich Presents and the Spoils of his Enemies Then he rewarded his Souldiers that had serv'd him in the War every one according to their Desert It 's most certain that the Army not only return'd loaded with Riches and receiv'd the Glory and Honour of their approv'd Valour but the whole Country of Egypt reapt many Advantages by this Expedition Sesoosis having now disbanded his Army gave leave to his Companions in Arms and Fellow Victors to take their ease and injoy the Fruits of their Conquest But he himself fir'd with an earnest desire of Glory and ambitious to leave behind him eternal Monuments of his Memory made many fair and stately Works admirable both for their Cost and Contrivance by which he both advanc'd his own Immortal Praise and procur'd unspeakable Advantages to the Egyptians with perfect Peace and Security for the time to come For beginning first with what concern'd the Gods he built a Temple in all the Cities of Egypt to that God whom every particular place most ador'd and he imploy'd none of the Egyptians in his Works but finish'd all by the labours of the Captives and therefore he caus'd an Inscription to be made upon all the Temples thus None of the Natives were put to labour here It 's reported that some of the Babylonian Captives because they were not able to bear the fatigue of the Work rebell'd against the King and having possess'd themselves of a Fort near the River they took up Arms against the Egyptians and wasted the Country thereabouts but at length having got a Pardon they chose a Place for their Habitation and call'd it after the Name of that in their own Country Babylon Upon the like occasion they say that Troy situated near the River Nile was so call'd For Menelaus when he return'd from Ilium with many Prisoners arriv'd in Egypt where the Trojans deserting the King seiz'd upon a certain strong place and took up Arms against the Greeks till they had gain'd their Liberty and then built a famous City after the name of their own But I am not ignorant how Ctesias the Cretian gives a far different account of these Cities when he says that some of those who came in former times with Semiramis into Egypt call'd the Cities which they built after the Names of those in their own Country But it 's no easie matter to know the certain truth of these things Yet it 's necessary to observe the different Opinions concerning them that the Judicious Reader may have an occasion to inquire in order to pick out the real Truth Sesoosis moreover rais'd many Mounts and Banks of Earth to which he remov'd all the Cities that lay low and in the plain that both Man and Beast might be safe and secure at the time of the Inundation of the River He cut likewise many deep Dykes from the River all along as far as from Memphis to the Sea for the ready and quick conveying of Corn and other Provision and Merchandize by short Cuts thither both for the support of Trade and Commerce and maintenance of Peace and Plenty all over the Country And that which was of greatest moment and concern of all was that he fortify'd all Parts of the Country against Incursions of Enemies and made it difficult of access whereas before the greatest part of Egypt lay open and expos'd either for Chariots or Horsemen to enter But now by reason of the multitude of Canals drawn all along from the River the Entrance was very difficult and the Country not so easily to be invaded He defended likewise the East side of Egypt against the Irruptions of the Syrians and Arabians with a Wall drawn from Ielusium through the Deserts as far as to Heliopolis for the space of a Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs He caus'd likewise a Ship to be made of Cedar Two Hundred and Fourscore Cubits in length guilded over with Gold on the outside and with Silver within and this he dedicated to the God that was most ador'd by the Thebans He erected likewise Two Obelisks of Polish'd Marble a Hundred and Twenty Cubits high on which were inscrib'd a Description of the large Extent of his Empire the great value of his Revenue and the number of the Nations by him conquer'd He plac'd likewise at Memphis in the Temple of
Pictures and Images where likewise were portray'd the Resemblances of the Kings the Temples and the Sacrifices in most beautiful Colours And such was the Cost and Stateliness of this Sepulcher begun by these Kings that if they had not been dethron'd before it was perfected none ever after could have exceeded them in the state and magnificence of their Works But after they had reign'd over Egypt Fifteen Years all of them but one lost their Sovereignty in the manner following Psammeticus Saites one of the Kings whose Province was upon the Sea Coasts Psammeticus An. Mu. 3288. Ant. Ch. 669. 29 Year of Manasseth King of Judah traffickt with all sorts of Merchants and especially with the Phenicians and Grecians by this means inriching his Province by vending his own Commodities and the importation of those that came from Greece he not only grew very wealthy but gain'd an interest in the Nations and Princes abroad upon which account he was envy'd by the rest of the Kings who for that reason made War upon him Some antient Historians tell a Story That these Princes were told by Herodotus lib. 2. c. 151. the Oracle That which of them should first pour Wine out of a brazen Viol to the God ador'd at Memphis should be sole Lord of all Egypt Whereupon Psammeticus when the Priest brought out of the Temple Twelve Golden Viols pluckt off his Helmet and pour'd out a Wine Offering from thence which when his Collegues took notice of they forbore putting him to death but depos'd him and banish'd him into the Fenns bordering upon the Sea-Coasts Whether therefore it were this or Envy as is said before that gave Birth to this Dissention and Difference amongst them it 's certain Psammeticus hir'd Souldiers out of Arabia Caria and Ionia and in a Field-Fight near the City Moniemphis he got the day Some of the Kings of the other side were slain and the rest fled into Africa and were not able further to contend for the Kingdom Psammeticus having now gain'd possession of the whole built a Portico to the East Gate of the Temple at Memphis in honour of that God and incompass'd the Temple with a Wall supporting it with Colosses of Twelve Cubits high in the room of Pillars He bestow'd likewise upon his Mercenary Souldiers many large Rewards over and above their Pay promis'd them He gave them also a Place call'd Stratopedon to inhabit and divided amongst them by Lot a large piece of Land a little above the Mouth of Pelusium whom Amasis who reign'd many Years after transplanted to Memphis Being therefore that he had gain'd the Kingdom by the help of his stipendary Souldiers he intrusted them chiefly in the concerns of the Government and entertain'd great numbers of Strangers and Foreigners Afterwards undertaking an Expedition into Syria to honour the Foreigners he plac'd them in the right Wing of his Army but out of slight and disregard to the natural Egyptians he drew up them in the Left with which Affront the Egyptians were so incens'd that above Two Hundred Thousand of them revolted and marcht away towards Ethiopia there to settle themselves in new Habitations At first the King sent some of his Captives after them to make an Apology for the Dishonour done them but these not being hearken'd unto the King himself with some of his Nobility follow'd them by Water But they marcht on and entred Egypt near the River Nile where he earnestly entreated them to alter their purpose and to remember their Gods their Country Wives and Children Psammeticu's Army revolt They all cry'd out beating upon their Shields and shaking their Spears that as long as they had Arms in their Hands they could easily gain another Country and then turning aside the Flaps of their Coats they shew'd their Privy Members bawling out That as long as they were so furnish'd they should never want Wives or Children Possess'd with this Resolution and Magnanimity of Mind they despis'd every thing that by all others are highly priz'd and valu'd and setled themselves in a rich and fruitful Soyl in Ethiopia dividing the Land amongst themselves by lot Psammeticus laid this greatly to heart and made it his Business to settle the Affairs of Egypt and to increase his Revenues and enter'd into League with the Athenians and other Grecians and was very kind and liberal to all Strangers that came into Egypt He was so taken with the Grecians that he caus'd his Son to be instructed in the Grecian Learning He was certainly the first of all the Kings of Egypt that incourag'd Foreigners to traffick in his Country giving safe Conduct to all Strangers that sail'd thither For the former Kings allow'd no Strangers to come into Egypt and if any did arrive they either put them to death or made them Slaves And it was the Churlishness of this Nation which caus'd all that noise among the Greeks concerning the Cruelty and Wickedness of Busiris though all was not true as it was related but the extraordinary Severity of the Country gave occasion to the raising of those Fables After Psammticeus and Four Generations past Apries reign'd Two and Twenty Apries Years He invaded with mighty Forces Cyprus and Phenicia and took Sidon by Storm and through Fear and Terror of him brought other Cities of Phenicia into Subjection And having routed the Cyprians and Phenicians in a great Sea-Fight he return'd into Egypt loaden with the Spoils of his Enemies But afterwards sending an Army against Cyrene and Barca he lost most of them at which those that escap'd were extraordinarily inrag'd and suspecting that he imploy'd them in this Expedition on purpose to have them all cut off that he might reign the more securely over the rest they all revolted For Amasis a Amasis Nobleman of Egypt being sent against them by the King not only slighted the King's Commands in endeavouring to make all whole again but on the contrary incited the Rebels to a higher degree of Rage and Indignation against him and turn'd Rebel himself and was created King And not long after when the rest of the People all went over to him the King not knowing what to do was 〈◊〉 to fly for Aid to the stipendiary Souldiers who were about Thirty Thousand but being routed in a Field-Fight near to a Town call'd Marius he was there taken Prisoner and strangl'd Amasis having setl'd his Affairs in Egypt so as he judg'd most conducing to the publick good govern'd the Egyptians with all Justice and Moderation and by this gain'd the good Will of all the People He conquer'd also the Cities of Cyprus and adorn'd the Temples of the Gods with many rich Gifts and Offerings Having reign'd Five and Fifty Years he died about the time Cambyses King of Persia first invaded Egypt in the Third Year of the Sixty Third Olympiad in which Olymp. 63. Ant. Ch. 523. Parmenides of Camarina was Victor CHAP. VI. The Customs of the Egyptians Of their Kings Of
out to the end that none might see what they were doing lest it should be nois'd abroad and come to the Ears of the Indians Having therefore provided Shipping and Elephants in the space of two years in the third she randezvouz'd all her Forces in Bactria Her Army consisted as Ctesias says of three Millions of Foot * 500000 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in the margent 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 200000. two hundred Thousand Horse and a hundred Thousand Chariots and a hundred Thousand Men mounted upon Camels with Swords four Cubits long The Boats that might be taken asunder were two Thousand which the Camels carry'd by Land as they did the Mock-Elephants as we have before declar'd The Souldiers made their Horses familiar with these feign'd Beasts by bringing them often to them lest they should be terrify'd at the Sight of them which Perseus imitated many Ages after when he was to fight with the Romans who had Elephants in their Army out of Africa However this Contrivance prov'd to be of no Advantage either to him or her as will appear in the Issue herein a little after related When Stabrobates the Indian King heard of these great Armies and the mighty Preparations made against him he did all he could to excel Semiramis in every thing And first he built of great Canes four Thousand River-boats For abundance of these Canes grow in India about the Rivers and Fenns so thick as a Man can scarce fathom And Vessels made of these Reeds they say are exceeding useful because they 'l never rot or be worm-eaten He was very diligent likewise in preparing of Arms and going from Place to Place throughout all India and so rais'd a far greater Army than that of Semiramis To his former Number of Elephants he added more which he took by hunting and furnish'd them all with every thing that might make them look terrible in the Face of their Enemies so that by their Multitude and the Compleatness of their * Breastplates Armour in all Points it seem'd above the Strength and Power of Man to bear up against the violent Shock of these Creatures Having therefore made all these Preparations he sent Embassadours to Semiramis as she was on her March towards him to complain and upbraid her for beginning a War without any Provocation or Injury offer'd her and by his private Letters taxed her with her whorish Course of Life and vow'd calling the Gods to witness that if he conquer'd her he would nail her to the Cross When she read the Letters she smil'd and said the Indian should presently have a Trial of her Valour by her Actions When she came up with her Army to the River Indus she found the Enemies Fleet drawn up in a Line of Battle whereupon she forthwith drew up her own and having mann'd it with the stoutest Souldiers joyn'd Battle yet so ordering the Matter as to have her Land-forces ready upon the Shoar to be assisting as there should be Occasion After a long and sharp Fight with Marks of Valour on both sides Semiramis was at length victorious and sunk a Thousand of the Enemies Vessels and took a great number of Prisoners Puffed up with this Success she took in all the Cities and Islands that lay in the River and carry'd away a hundred Thousand Captives After this the Indian King drew off his Army as if he fled for Fear but in Truth to decoy his Enemies to pass the River Semiramis therefore seeing things fall out according to her wish laid a broad Bridge of Boats at a vast Charge over the River and thereby passed over all her Forces leaving only threescore Thousand to guard the Bridge and with the rest of her Army pursu'd the Indians She plac'd the Mock-Elephants in the Front that the Enemies Scouts might presently inform the King what Multitudes of Elephants she had in her Army And she was not deceiv'd in her hopes for when the Spies gave an Account to the Indians what a great Multitude of these Creatures were advancing towards them they were all in amaze inquiring among themselves whence the Assyrians should be supply'd with such a vast number of Elephants But the Cheat could not be long conceal'd for some of Semiramis's Souldiers being laid by the Heels for their Carelesness upon the Guard through Fear of further Punishment made their Escape and fled to the Enemy and undeceiv'd them as to the Elephants upon which the Indian King was mightily encourag'd and caus'd Notice of the Delusion to be spread through the whole Army and then forthwith march'd with all his Force against the Assyrians Semiramis on the other hand doing the like When they approach'd near one to another Stabrobates the Indian King plac'd his Horse and Chariots in the Van-guard at a good distance before the main Body of his Army The Queen having plac'd her Mock-Elephants at the like distance from her main Body valiantly receiv'd her Enemies Charge but the Indian Horse were most strangely terrify'd for in Regard the Phantasms at a distance seem'd to be real Elephants the Horses of the Indians being inur'd to those Creatures prest boldly and undauntedly forward but when they came near and saw another sort of Beast than usual and the smell and every thing else almost being strange and new to them they broke in with great Terror and Confusion one upon another so that they cast some of their Riders headlong to the Ground and ran away with others as the Lot happen'd into the midst of their Enemies Whereupon Semiramis readily making use of her Advantage with a Body of choice Men fell in upon them and routed them forcing them back to their main Body And though Stabrobates was something astonish'd at this unexpected Defeat yet he brought up his Foot against the Enemy with his Elephants in the Front He himself was in the right Wing mounted upon a stately Elephant and made a fierce Charge upon the Queen her self who happen'd then to be opposite to him in the left And tho' the Mock-Elephants in Semiramis's Army did the like yet they stood the violent shock of the other but a little while for the Indian Beasts being both exceeding strong and stout easily bore down and destroy'd all that oppos'd them so that there was a great Slaughter for some they trampl'd under foot others they rent in pieces with their Teeth and toss'd up others with their Trunks into the Air. The Ground therefore being cover'd with Heaps of dead Carcases and nothing but Death and Destruction to be seen on every hand so that all were full of Horror and Amazement none durst keep their Order or Ranks any longer Upon which the whole Assyrian Army fled outright and the Indian King encountred with Semiramis and first wounded her with an Arrow in the Arm and afterwards with a Dart in wheeling about in the Shoulder whereupon the Queen her Wounds not being mortal fled and by the Swiftness of her Horse which far exceeded
young Lamb out of the Kettle to the admiration and astonishment of the young Women who now thinking they might with great assurance depend upon what she promis'd resolv'd to observe her in all her Commands and all of them but Alcetis who out of a pious and natural Affection to her Father would not lay Hands upon him cudgell'd him to Death Whereupon Medea pretended that Vows and Prayers were first to be made to the Moon before his Body was dissected and cast into the Cauldron To which end she carried the Young Ladies with Torches and Fire-brands to the top of the highest part of the Palace where Medea to spin out time mumbled out a long Prayer P. 178. in the language of Colchis that the Argonauts might make the Assault in the mean time who now seeing the Fire from the Turret concluded the King was dispatch'd and therefore in a Body they made hastily to the City where presently mounting over the Walls they enter'd the Palace with their drawn Swords and kill'd the Watch that oppos'd them As soon as Pelias his Daughters were come down to boil their Father unexpectedly seeing Jason with the rest of the Noble Youths his Companions enter'd into the midst of the Palace they grievously cry'd out with exceeding sorrow and lamentation Having now neither power to revenge themselves upon Medea nor time to purge themselves from the horrid fact that by her Delusions they had committed they had forthwith murder'd themselves if Jason pitying their miserable Condition had not prevented them and comforted them with this Consideration that their present Misery was not occasion'd by their own malitious Contrivance but that they were without any Fault of theirs led aside by the deceit of another He promis'd them likewise that their whole family should be civilly and honourably us'd Having therefore call'd together a General Assembly he excus'd what was done and declar'd that he had dealt far more gently with the Authors of those Injuries than they deserv'd and what he had done was far short of what he and his had suffer'd Then he plac'd Acastus the Eldest Son of Pelias upon his Father's Throne and carry'd himself with all due respect to the King's Daughters and in performance of what he had promis'd it 's said he at length marry'd them to the greatest Persons of Quality Alcestis the Eldest he marry'd to Admetus the Thessalian the Son of Pheretes Amphinome to Andraemon the Brother of Leonteus and Eradne to Canas the Prince of Phocis the Son of Cephalus And these were the things afterwards done by Jason Then arriving with the rest of the Heroes in the Isthmos of Peloponesus he there sacrific'd to Neptune and dedicated the Ship Argo to that God Having gain'd the special favour of Creon King of Corinth he was made Free of the City and ever after dwelt among the Corinthians When the Argonauts were preparing every one to return into his own Country they say Hercules made this Proposal Olympick Games instituted by Hercules This was the first Institution But the Olympicks were not an Aera till 460 Years after An. Mund. 3174 in the 37th Year of Vzziah King of Judah before Christ 774. that to obviate the unexpected Blasts and Frowns of Fortune they should enter into an Oath mutually to assist each other whenever any of them stood in need of help and that they should pick out the most remarkable place in Greece for the celebrating of Sports and a General and Solemn Meeting of all the Grecians and that the Games should be celebrated in honour of Jupiter Olympus the greatest of the Gods Upon which the Heroes enter'd into the Association propos'd and left it to Hercules to institute the Games who made choice of the Ground in the Territories of Elis near to the River Alpheus for the General and Solemn Meeting and dedicated the Place to the chiefest of the Gods from whom it was call'd Olympick Having therefore appointed Horse-coursing Wrestling and other Oymnick Sports and ordered their several Prizes and Rewards he sent Messengers to all the Cities to acquaint them with the institution of these Games He was in no small Honour and Repute before upon the account of his Expedition with the Argonauts But this Institution of the Olympick Games much more advanc'd his praise for he was so cry'd up amongst all the Grecians and was so eminently famous in the esteem of most of the Cities that many desir'd to enter into a League of Friendship with him and to stand and fall with him in all Dangers whatsoever His Valour and Military Art was so admir'd by every Body that he presently got together a vast Army with which he went through the whole World desiring to benefit all Mankind Upon which account all unanimously agree that he has attain'd to a state of Immortality But the Poets according to their prodigous P. 179. way of relating matters say that Hercules himself alone and without any Arms perform'd all those famous Actions reported of him But we have before given an Account of all those things that are fabulously related concerning this God And now it remains that we should proceed with the History of Jason It 's said that he and Medea as Man and Wife liv'd together Ten Years in Corinth and of her begat first Two Twins Thessalus and Alcimena and a Third call'd Tisandrus much younger than the other Two During all this time they say Medea was greatly belov'd of her Husband being eminent not only for the excellency of her Beauty but for her Prudence and other Virtuous Qualifications But it 's said that when she grew old and her Beauty began to decay Jason fell in love with Glauces the Daughter of Creon and courted the young Lady to marry her The Father agreed to the Match and appointed a Day but Jason they say first apply'd himself to Medea in order to persuade her to a voluntary Divorce telling her that he did not marry this other Lady out of any aversion or disgust to her but that he might have Children to be Heirs to the Royal Family Hereat the Woman storm'd and appeal'd to the Gods for Revenge the Witnesses of his Oath and Vows However it 's said Jason without any further regard to her marry'd the King's Daughter Medea therefore being commanded to leave the City having only one Day allow'd her by Creon to prepare for her Departure by the Art of Witchcraft she chang'd the Form of her Countenance and enter'd the Palace in the Night and by a Root found out by Cerces her Sister which being kindled was of such a nature as it could not be extinguish'd she set the Palace on Fire And now all being in a Flame Jason sprang out from the Burning and escap'd but Glance and her Father Creon hem'd in on every side by the Fire were both consum'd Some Historians say that Medea's Sons presented the new Bride with poyson'd Plasters which she applying to her self miserably perish'd and her Father
Masters of * Iberia Spain open'd all And hence it was they grew so Rich and Potent and hir'd so many Valiant Soldiers by whose assistance they carry'd on so many great Wars that they neither trusted to the Soldiers rais'd from among their own Citizens nor to those of their Confederates but involv'd the Romans Sicilians and Africans in extream Hazards almost to their utter Ruins by conquering all with their Monies dug out of the Mines For the Carthaginians were ever of old excessively thirsting after Gain and the Italians came not one jot behind any of them but were as eager to ingross all In many Places of Spain there 's found also Tin but not upon the Surface of P. 218. Portugal the Ground as some Historians report but they dig it up and melt it down as they do Gold and Silver Above Lusitania there 's much of this Tin Metal that is in the Islands lying in the Ocean over against Iberia which are therefore call'd Cassiterides and much of it likewise is transported out of Britain into Gaul the opposite Continent which the Merchants carry on Horse-backs through the heart of Celtica to Marselles and the City call'd Narbo which City is a Roman Colony and the greatest Mart Town for Wealth and Trade in those Parts But now having done with the Gauls and Celtiberians we shall pass to the †The Genoans Ligurians Ligurians They inhabit a rough and barren Country and live a toylsom and troublesom Life in their daily Labour for their common Sustinence for the Country being Mountainous and full of Woods some are imploy'd all Day long in cutting down Trees being furnish'd with strong and great Hatchets for that purpose The Husbandman's business for the most part lies in hewing and breaking Rocks the Soyl is so very rough and craggy for there 's not a Clod of Earth they can dig up without a Stone and though they continually thus conflict so many Hardships yet Custom has turn'd it to a Second Nature and after all their Labour and Toyl they reap but very little Fruit scarce sufficient to supply their Necessities Daily Toil therefore and scarcity of Food is the reason they are so Lean and nothing but Sinews The Women share in these Laborious Tasks as much as the Men These People hunt often and take many wild Beasts by which they supply the want of Bread Being therefore accustom'd to range the Snowy Mountains and climb the rough and craggy Hills their Bodies are very strong and brawny Some of them for want of Corn and other Fruits drink Water and feed upon Locusts and wild Beasts and cram their Bellies with such Herbs as the Land there produces their Country being altogether a Stranger to those desirable Deities Ceres and Bacchus In the Night they lie in the Fields and very seldom so much as in the meanest Huts or Cottages but most commonly in hollow Rocks and natural Caves wheresoever they judge there may be a convenient shelter for them and much after this manner they do in all other things living after the old fordid and barbarous manner In short the Women here are as strong as Men and the Men as Beasts and therefore it 's reported that in their Wars sometimes the biggest Men among the Gauls have been foyl'd and slain in a single Combat upon a Challenge by a little slender Ligurian They are lighter arm'd than the Romans for they defend themselves with a long Shield made after the fashion of the Gauls and their Cassocks are girt about them with a Belt They wear wild Beasts Skins and carry a Sword of an ordinary length But some of them conversing much with the Romans have chang'd their ancient manner of arming themselves and have imitated their Lords and Masters They are bold and daring not only in times of War but upon all other occasions For in their Traffick they sail through the * Adriatick from Sardona a City of Liburnia now Croatia Sardonian and African Seas exposing themselves to great Hazards in little Skiffs less than the ordinary Ships without the help of any other Vessels in which notwithstanding they 'l boldly to admiration venture to weather out the greatest Storms and Tempests Now it remains we should speak of the †Hetrurians or Tuscans in Italy now under the great Duke of Tuscany Tyrrhenians They were anciently very valiant and injoy'd a large Country and built many Famous Cities and having a great Navy were long Masters at Sea and call'd the Sea lying under Italy the P. 219. * Between Sicily and Sardinia formerly the lower Sea on the South-West side of Italy the Adriatick or Gulf of Venice being call'd the Higher Sea on the North-East of Italy Tyrrhenian Sea after their own Name Amongst other things wherewith they furnish'd their Land Army they found out the most useful Instrument for War the Trumpet which from them is call'd Tyrrhena To the Generals of their Army they gave these Badges of Honour they allow'd them an Ivory Throne and a Purple Robe They were the first that invented Portico's or Galleries to their Houses to avoid the trouble and noise of a croud of Servants and other Hangers-on most of which being imitated by the Romans and brought into their Commonwealth were afterwards improv'd to a great degree of Curiosity They gave themselves much to Learning especially to the study of natural Philosophy and amongst natural Events mightily intent above all others to find out the nature of Thunder and Lightning And therefore to this Day they are admir'd by all Princes all the World over who make use of them to interpret all the Prodigious effects of Thunder They injoy a very rich Country and well Till'd and Improv'd and so reap abundance of all sorts of Fruits not only for their necessary Food but for Pleasure and Delight They had their Tables spread twice a Day furnish'd with all sorts of Varieties even to Luxury and Excess Their Foot-Carpets are interwoven with Flower-works and abundance of Silver Cups and great variety of them they make use of Of Houshold Servants they have great numbers some of whom are very beautiful and others exceeding rich in Apparel above the Condition of Servants Both Servants and Freemen have several Apartments allow'd them compleatly furnish'd with all manner of Adornments At last they threw off their former Sobriety and now live an idle and debaucht Life in Riot and Drunkenness so that it 's no wonder that they have lost the Honour and Reputation their Fore-fathers gain'd by Warlike Atchievments The goodness of the Soyl does not a little add Fuel to their Luxury for they injoy a most Fertile Country rich Land whence they reap abundance of all sorts of Fruits For Hetruria is second to none for Fertility of Soil being a large Champain Country yet distinguish'd with rising Hills here and there fit and commodious likewise for Tillage It 's water'd also with moderate Showers not only in the
after was ador'd by the Inhabitants as a Goddess by the Name of Leucothea Afterwards the Telchines foreseeing an Inundation coming upon Rhodes forsook the Island and were dispers'd and scatter'd Abroad Of whom Lycus went into Lycia and built the Temple of Apollo Lycius near to the Banks of the River Xanthus When the Flood came it rose so high that besides destroying those that remain'd in the Island all the flat and Champain part of the Country with Showers that pour'd down continually was like a standing Pool of Water Some few that fled to the higher Grounds were preserv'd amongst whom were the Sons of Jupiter But Sol as the Story is falling in love with Rhoda call'd the Island after her Name Rhodes and cleared the Island of the Inundation But the truth coucht in the Fable is this In the first Generation of all things when the Island lay in Mud and Dirt the Sun dry'd up the Moisture and made the Land productive of Living Creatures whence sprang the Seven Heliades so call'd from †In Greek Helios the Sun and other Men the Original Inhabitants And hence it is that they account the Island to be consecrated to the Sun and the Rhodians in after-times constantly worship'd the Sun above all other Gods as the Parent from whence they first sprang The Names of his * The Heliades Seven Sons are Ochimus Ceraphus Macir Astis Tenages Triopas and Candalus ‖ Sol the Sun he had only one Daughter call'd Electryo who dying a Virgin became ever after ador'd by the Rhodians as a Demy-Goddess When the Heliades attain'd to Mens Estate Sol told 'em that which soever of them first sacrific'd to Minerva should ever enjoy the presence of the Goddess The same thing it 's said was promis'd and foretold at the same time to the Athenians Hereupon it fell out that the Heliades through P. 227. too much hast forgot to put Fire under the Altars before they laid the Sacrifices upon them Cecrops they say then reign'd in Athens and was later than the other in slaying the Burnt-Offering but was before them in burning the Victim for which Reason there 's a peculiar * That is laying the Victim upon the Altar before the Fire Ceremony us'd in Rhodes in their Sacred Mysteries to this Day and the Image of the Goddess is set up there These things some have related concerning the Antiquities of the Rhodians among whom is Zenon who wrote their History The Heliades as they were in station above other Men so they excell'd others in Learning and especially in Astrology They were the Persons that first found out the Art of Navigation and the dividing of the Day into Hours Tenages was the most ingenious of any of them and therefore through Envy was Murdered by his Brothers Upon discovery of the Fact both the principal Authors and their Accomplices fled for it Macer got to Lesbos and Candalus to Coos Actis fled into Egypt and there built Heliopolis calling it after the Name of his Father and from him the Egyptians learnt the Science of Astrology Afterwards when most of the Inhabitants of Greece were destroy'd by the Flood and all Records and ancient Monuments perish'd with them the Egyptians took this occasion to appropriate the study of Astrology solely to themselves and whereas the Grecians through Ignorance as yet valu'd not Learning it became a general Opinion that the Egyptians were the first that found out the Knowledge of the Stars And so even the Athenians themselves though they built the City Sais in Egypt yet by reason of the Flood were led into the same Error of forgetting what was before And therefore it 's believ'd that many Ages after Cadmus the Son Cadmus of Agenor brought the Knowledge of Letters out of Phaenicia first into Greece and after him it 's suppos'd the Grecians themselves added some Letters to those they learn'd before but a general Ignorance however still prevailed amongst them Triopas another Son past over into Caria and possessed himself of the Promontory there call'd from him Triopium The rest of Sol's Sons having had no hand in the Murder staid behind in Rhodes and afterwards built the City Achaia and dwelt in Ialysia But the Regal Power was in Ochymus the Eldest Son who marry'd Hegetoria one of the Nymphs and of her begat a Daughter call'd Gydippe who afterwards went by the Name of Cyrbias by marrying of whom Cercaphis his Brother came to the Kingdom after whose Death Three of the Sons Lindus Ialysus and Camirus reign'd together in whose time a great Inundation laid Cyrbe waste and desolate These Three Brothers divided the Country amongst themselves and each built a City and call'd them after their own Names At this time Danaus fled out of Egypt with his great number of Daughters Danaus and landed at Lindus in Rhodes where being receiv'd by the Inhabitants he built a Temple to Minerva and consecrated to her an Altar During this Travel of Danaus Three of his Daughters dy'd in Lindus and the rest pass'd over with their Father to Argos Not long after Cadmus the Son of Agenor being commanded by the King to Cadmus seek after Europa made for Rhodes and in the Voyage being overtaken with a violent Storm made a Vow to build a Temple to Neptune Having therefore escap'd the danger according to his Vow he dedicated a Temple to this God in the Island and left some of the Phaenicians to be Overseers of the Sacred Mysteries who were made Members of the City with the Ialysians and out of their Families they say from time to time were chosen the Priests Cadmus at that time devoted many rich Gifts to Minerva Lindia amongst which was a Brass Cauldron a most excellent piece of curious ancient Workmanship it had an Inscription upon it in Phaenician Letters which were therefore called Phaenician P. 228. because they say they were first brought out of Phaenicia into Greece In after-times vast Serpents bred in Rhodes which destroy'd many of the Inhabitants those therefore that remain'd sent to Delos to consult the Oracle what was to be done for the removal of the present Calamity they suffer'd under who return'd answer That they should admit Phorbas and his Followers to share with them in the Island He was the Son of Lapithas and was then with many of his Friends in Thessaly seeking for a convenient Place wherein to settle themselves The Rhodians hereupon according to the direction of the Oracle sent for Phorbas and receiv'd him as a Proprietor with them in the Island who destroy'd all the Serpents and freed the Country from their former fears and from thenceforth continu'd in Rhodes and was after his Death ador'd as a Demy-God having approv'd himself a Good Man in several other respects Afterwards Althaemenes the Son of Catreus King of Crete consulting the Oracle Althaemenes concerning some Affairs was answer'd that it would be his Fate to kill his own Father to
occasion in all publick Meetings and Assemblies stirr'd up the Cities and by fair and smooth Words so far wrought as to prevail with them to put themselves under the Protection of the Athenians And that which help'd forward the matter to the advantage of the Athenians was this that follows Pausanias had agreed with Artabazus that he should not suffer any to return that brought him Letters from himself lest their Intreagues should be discovered Whereupon all such Messengers were kill'd to prevent their Return which being taken notice of and suspected by * One Argilius his Catamite Cornel. Nep. one imploy'd in that Affair he open'd the Letters deliver'd to him and by the Contents being now confirm'd in his former Opinion of the Destruction of the other Letter-Carriers he deliver'd the Letters to the Ephori who not being fully satisfied of the truth by those Letters which were very dark but insisting upon further and clearer Evidence the Messenger told them he would find out a way how they might convict him of his Treason by Testimony out of his own Mouth Whereupon the Messenger forthwith went to Tenarus to pay his Devotion in the Temple of Neptune where he wrought a double †A Room with a Partition built in some part of the Ground belonging to the Temple for the Greek Word is Hiero which is the Temple or any of the Consecrated Ground The Word Temenos is properly the Temple it self Tent one within another within one of which were conceal'd The manner of the Discovery of Pausanias his Treason some of the Ephori and other Spartans Pausanias hastens thither and inquires of him what was the ground and cause of his Earnestness in his Addresses who complain'd that he by his Letters had determin'd his Death notwithstanding his Innocency Upon which Pausanias declar'd he was very sorry for what he had done and begg'd his Pardon and entreated him to conceal the matter and promised he would bountifully reward him And so they parted But the Ephori and those with them took little notice at that time of the business but a while after the Lacedemonians with the authority of the Ephori consulted together to seize him and bring him to his Tryal which he foreseeing fled to the Temple of Minerva Chalcidica The Lacedemonians being at a stand whether it were lawful for them to force him out of the Temple it 's said his Mother went thither and plac'd a Tile she brought with her before the Gate of the Temple and without doing or saying any other thing return'd to her own House which when the Lacedemonians understood according to the Mother's Sentence they made up the Gate of the Temple and by this means he was famish'd to Death His Body indeed was deliver'd to his Friends to be bury'd but the Deity was highly incens'd for the Violation of the Sanctuary For when the Spartans went to enquire P. 266. at the Oracle of Delphos concerning some other matters they were commanded to restore the Suppliant to the Goddess Which Command being impossible for them to observe there were many and great Consultations among 'em what was best to be done At length they came to this Resolve to set up and dedicate Two Brazen Statues of Pausanias in the Temple of Minerva which was done accordingly And now according to our usual manner through the whole Course of our History as we have used to advance the just Praises of them that were vertuous The Censure of Pausanias and deserving and on the other hand to perpetuate the dishonourable Actions after their Deaths of such as acted wickedly so we shall not let pass the detestable Malice and Treason of Pausanias without Censure For who could not but admire the madness of this Man who after his Victory obtain'd at Platea and by other noble Actions being grown so deservedly famous and popular among Ante Chr. 475. the the Grecians did not only neglect to preserve what honour and authority he had gain'd but in a sordid manner thirsting after the Riches and effeminate Delights of the Persians wickedly stain'd all his former Glory by Treason Grown proud by success he grew weary of the plain Laconian way of Living and gave himself up to the Luxury Voluptuousness and softness of the Persians whom it less became of all other Men to imitate For he knew not by relation from others but by his own Experience how much the severe Discipline of his own Country did exceed the soft Manners of the other as to the advancement of Vertue and Courage And therefore his Treason not only brought upon himself just punishment but likewise was the occasion that all his fellow Citizens were deprived of the Admiralty at Sea For the great care and integrity of Aristides in the management of Martial Affairs being taken notice of as likewise his Courtesie and Moderation towards all All submit to Aristides that were under his Command and that managed with an apparent demonstration of all manner of Virtuons Qualities all with one consent chose to subject themselves to the Athenians The Captains and Officers therefore sent from Sparta no longer regarding Pausanias but all admiring Aristides submitted in every thing to him by which means he got the Sovereignty of the Sea without Blows Aristides therefore forthwith propounds to his Confederates That it might be decreed by the general Consent of the People in their Publick Assemblies that from thenceforth a common Fond or Treasury should be appointed at Delos where all the Money collected for publick Service should be kept In pursuance of which Counsel for the better managing of the War against the Persians wherewith they were then threatned all the Cities were commanded to contribute Aristides his Justice according to their several Abilities which was so liberally done as the Sum amounted to no less than Five Hundred and Sixty Talents which he so equally and justly disposed of being made Lord Treasurer that he gain'd the entire consent and approbation of all the Cities to whatsoever he thought fit to be done And now having accomplished that which above all other things seemed to be most difficult for his Justice and Integrity he got the Name of Aristides the Just And so the very same time that Pausanias by his Wickedness depriv'd his Citizens of the chief Command at Sea Aristides by his Virtue gain'd for the Athenians that Sovereignty which they never had before And these were the Actions of this Year CHAP. VII Hiero King of Sicily prepares to besiege Agrigentum discovers the Treason of them of Himera to Thero their Prince Expells the Cateneans and Naxians WHen Phedon was Archon of Athens the Seventy Sixth Olympiad was perform'd Olymp. 76. Ant. Chr. 474. in which Scamander of Mitylene was Victor the Consuls of Rome were Cesus Fabius and Spur. Furius Medullinus About this time died Leotichidas King of Sparta in the Two and Twentieth Year of his Reign to whom succeeded Archilaus who reign'd
Two and Forty Years At the same time died Anaxilaus King of Rhegium and Zancles after he had governed Eighteen Years and Micychus a faithful Trustee was admitted into the Government upon Condition that he should restore all to the Children of the deceased King when they P. 267. came of Age. Hiero King of Syracuse after the Death of Gelo had a jealous Eye towards Hiero King of Syracuse his Brother Polyzelus because of his great Interest and Esteem among the People and therefore contriv'd how to take him out of the way to which end he imploys all Mercenaries and Strangers about him for his Guard judging that to be the surest way for the keeping Possession of the Kingdom And when the * A People of Sybaris in Greece Sybarites were besieged by the †A People of Croton in Italy Crotonites and desir'd assistance from him he rais'd a great Army and committed the charge of the War to Polyzelus with a purpose that he might fall in the Battel But Polyzelus suspecting the Design refused the Command at which the King fell into a great Rage against his Brother who fled to Thero King of Agrigentum whereupon Hiero makes all preparation Ante Chr. 474. and speed to besiege them both In the mean time Thrasideus the Son of Thero being Governor of Himera by Thrasideus his Oppression his harsh and severe Government quite lost the Hearts of the People But they not daring to complain to his Father not looking upon him as an impartial Judge sent Embassadors to Hiero with great Accusations against Thrasideus and offer both to deliver up their City and to assist him against Thero But Hiero judging it better for his purpose to deal with Thero in a calm and peaceable manner secretly betrays the Himerians and their Plots against him All things being made apparent and plain Thero is not only reconcil'd to Hiero but likewise The Treason of the Himerians discover'd by Hiero Hiero expels the Cataneans restores Polyzelus to his Brother 's former Love and Favour and puts to death many of the Traitors of Himera About the same time Hiero expelled the Cataneans and Naxians from their own Country and planted the Cities with new Colonies of Five Thousand Men out of Peloponesus and as many from Syracuse and call'd Catana Aetna and distributed not only the Country of Catana but many large Tracts adjoyning by Lot amongst the Citizens which were Ten Thousand And this he did both to have Succors at hand upon any Pressing occasion and likewise that he might be honoured after his Death as the Founder of so great a City wherein were contained Ten Thousand Inhabitants The Cataneans and Naxians he transplanted into the City of the Leontines commanding them to abide there in common freedom with the rest of the Inhabitants Thero in like manner considering how Himera was in a great measure depopulated planted the Doreans there and ordered that whosoever would should be inroll'd Citizens of that Place These govern'd the Commonwealth with great Commendation for the space of Fifty Eight Years Not long after which time the Carthaginians raz'd the City to the Ground which hath continu'd ruin'd and in its Rubbish to this Day CHAP. VIII The Lacedemonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea WHen Dromoclides was Archon of Athens and Marcus Fabius and Caius Manlius Olymp. 76. 2. Anno Mund. 3497. Ant. Chr. 473. Consuls of Rome the Lacedemonians were highly concern'd for their loss of the Sovereignty of the Sea and therefore being greatly exasperated against the Grecians who had deserted them they breath'd out Revenge with just Indignation against them A General Council therefore being call'd they advis'd together concerning War to be proclaim'd against the Athenians in order to the Recovery of their Dominion at Sea And in several other Assemblies of the People most of them especially the Young Men were very hot and eager for the War vaunting every where how rich they should be if they succeeded in their Design and how all would be encouraged in the Service of their Country when every private Family hath had such advantages and occasions to enrich and advance themselves And they call'd to mind an old Prophesie from the Oracle which bid them P. 268. beware of having but an half Empire which could signifie nothing else as they alledg'd but the present Circumstances they were in For being there were Two Sovereignties the one at Land and the other at Sea if they lost the one they must needs be Masters but of a Lame Government The whole City almost being of the Opinion for a War the matter was again referr'd to the Senate supposing none would dare to contradict the general Sense of the Citizens But one of the Senators of the Family of Hercules Ant. Chr. 473. call'd Hetaemaridas a Man of great Esteem among the Citizens for his Virtue advised quite otherwise and declar'd his Opinion that they should suffer the Athenians quietly to enjoy the Dominion of the Sea for that it was not the Custom of the Commonwealth of Sparta to contend about that Sovereignty And urging many Reasons for the confirmation of his Opinion which was not at first very grateful he at length prevail'd both with the Senate and People to wave the War And so it was concluded according to his Advice as most advantagious to desist The Athenians at the first were in great fear of a bloody War with the Spartans about this Command at Sea and therefore they built many Gallies for that purpose and provided a great Mass of Treasure and sought to gain all their Neighbours and Confederates with the greatest Demonstrations of kindness and courtesie imaginable But hearing of what was resolv'd and determin'd by the Lacedemonians all fear of War being now vanish'd they wholly bent their Minds to advance the power and greatness of their City CHAP. IX Hiero breaks the power of the Hetruscans by Sea WHen Acestoridas was Archon of Athens and Cesus Fabius and T. Virginius Olymp. 76. 3. An. Mu. 3498. Ante Chr. 472. Consuls of Rome at that time Hiero King of Syracuse at the Request of the Citizens of Cuma in Italy by their Ambassadors who were greatly annoy'd by the Hetruscans sent a considerable Fleet to their Assistance who joyning Battel with the Hetruscans of Tyrenia in a Sea-Fight sunk several of their Ships and obtain'd a compleat Victory and so the power of the Hetruscans being broken they return'd to Syracuse CHAP. X. The War between the Tarentines and the Japigians MEnon being Archon of Athens L. Aemilius Mamercus and C. Cornelius Lâ—ntulus Consuls of Rome broke out a War between the Tarentines and the Olymp. 76. 4. Ant. Ch. 471. Japiges concerning the Limits of their Lands At the first there were but little Skirmishes and taking Booties one from another But the Enmity increasing by degrees and in the mean time Slaughters being committed far and near on both
all the rest of the Grecians For he took Three hundred and forty Ships Twenty thousand Prisoners and a vast Sum of Money The Persians greatly perplexed with this dreadful Blow fell a Building a greater Number of Ships than they had before for the great Successes of the Athenians after this struck them with Fear and Terror and from this time the City increas'd both in Wealth and Power and became famous abroad for the Glory of their Arms. The Athenians dedicated the Tenths of the Spoil to their Gods with this Epigram Since Seas from Europe Asia did divide And Mars first rag'd with bloody Hand Among Mankind the Sun hath not espy'd So sad a Fight from Sea or Land From the Phenician Fleet when strongly man'd An Hundred Ships were took these slew Thousands of Medes made Asia sighing stand Sad and oppress'd with th' Armed Crew These were the things done this Year CHAP. XIV A great Earthquake in Sparta the War upon them by the Helots and Missenians PHedon was now Archon of Athens and Lucius Furius Medullinus and Marcus Manlius Vulso Consuls of Rome when a most sad and unexpected Calamity Olym. 77. 4. Ant. Ch. 467. happened to the Spartans for by an Earthquake there not only the Houses were wholly overturn'd but above Twenty thousand Souls buried in the Rubbish A great Earthquake in Sparta The City shak'd for a long time together and many by the violent Fall of the Walls of the Houses miserably perished and the Houshold-goods and Riches of all sorts were by this dreadful Shake swallow'd up Thus were they punished as by some angry Deity taking Vengeance upon their Crimes And were afterwards brought under many other Calamities by the Hands of Men upon the Accounts following The Helots and Missenians inraged not long before against the Lacedemonians The Helots conspire against Sparta bridled their Anger for a time whilst they fear'd the Power and Grandeur of the City of Sparta But when they observ'd that the greatest part of the City and Inhabitants were destroyed by the late Earthquake setting light by them that were left they enter'd into a League and with joint Force made War upon the Spartans But Archidamus King of Sparta by his Prudence had preserv'd many of the Citizens from the late Ruin and with these resolutely goes forth against the Enemy For while the City was in the height of this terrible Convulsion Archidamus suddenly headed his Army and hasten'd into the open Field and commanded the rest to follow him by which means this remnant Ant. Ch. 467. was preserv'd Having then marshal'd his Men he prepared for Battle The Helots with the Missenians in their first Heat with great Confidence march'd against Sparta supposing there was none to make any Defence But when they understood that Archidamus was ready with the Citizens that were left to defend the City and Country they desisted from their Design Afterwards P. 275. from a Fort they had in Missenia they made daily inrodes into Laconia The Spartans send to the Athenians for Aid who furnish'd them with Supplies The War between the Messenians Lacedemonians And at length by their Diligence in procuring Assistance from the rest of their Confederates they got together an Army equal to their Enemies Nay at the beginning of the War they were far superior but afterwards they dismis'd the Athenians in truth suspecting that they favour'd the Messenians but pretending that the Forces of the other Confederates were sufficient for the present Service The Athenians looking upon it as a Slight and an Affront departed grumbling full of Indignation with their Hearts boyling with Revenge against the Lacedemonians which Hatred increased every day more and more and this was the first Cause of the Enmity between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians which afterwards broke out into open Hostility and fill'd the Cities with Cruelty and Bloodshed and all Greece with Misery and Calamity But we shall write of these things distinctly in their due place After this the Lacedemonians with the Forces of their Confederates besieged Ithome In the mean time all the Helots revolted from the Lacedemonians and join'd with the Messenians And now though the War had continued ten Years compleat wasting one another with various Successes yet they could not decide the Controversy CHAP. XV. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians WHen Theaginidas was Archon of Athens and Lucius Emilius Mamercus and An. Mu. 3504. Olymp. 78. 1. Ant. Ch. 466. Lucius Vopiscus Julius Consuls of Rome began the Seventy Eighth Olympiad wherein Parmenidas Possidoniates was Victor At that time the War broke out between the Argives and the Mycenians upon the following Occasion The Mycenians by reason of the ancient Renown and Glory of their Country would never submit to the Government of the Argives as all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Argos did but were still governed by their own Laws distinct from them of Argos They contended likewise with the Argives concerning the Holy Rights of the Temple of Juno and to have the sole Management of the Nemean Games Besides when the Argives made a Law that none should aid the Lacedemonians at Thermophyle unless the Spartans would relinquish and give up part of their Country to them of Argos they of Mycena only of all the other Cities in the Territories of Argos join'd with the Lacedemonians And lastly they of Argos were jealous lest by the Growth of their Power their ancient Courage should so revive as to contend with them for the Sovereignty For these Reasons they had an evil Eye to the Mycenians and some time not long before had a longing Desire to ruin their City And now they thought a fit Occasion and Opportunity was offer'd them to accomplish what they before design'd in regard the Spartans seemed not to be in a Condition by reason of their late Calamity to aid and assist them To this end they marched against 'em Ante Chr. 466. with a great Army both from Argos and their Confederates and having routed 'em drove 'em within the Walls and besieg'd their City The Mycenians made a stout Defence for a time but wearied out and wasted by Famine the Laccdemonians partly thro' Wars of their own and partly thro' the late Ruins by the Earthquake unable to assist 'em and the help of the other Confederates failing they became a Prey to the Conquerors The Argives made all the Citizens Captives and consecrated a Tenth of the Spoil to God and laid the City even with P. 276. the Ground Such was the End of Mycena a City in former times flourishing Mycena in Greece ruin'd in all Prosperity that had bred and brought up Men famous in their Generations that had been glorious in the World by brave and noble Actions and now lies wast and forsaken unto this day These were the Affairs of this Year CHAP. XVI The Death of Hiero. LYsiatus being Governour or Archon of
Crotonians one Thessalus about Eight and Fifty Years after getting together the remnant of the Sibarites rebuilt Sibaris situated between two Rivers Sybaris and Crathis But the Sibarites growing rich suddenly by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil possess'd the City only Six Years and were again ejected which we intend to relate more fully in the following Book CHAP. XXVIII The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines His strange Submission to the Syracusians who sent him to Corinth with promise to supply him with Necessaries WHen Antidotus was Governor of Athens the Romans chose Lucius Publius Posthumus Olymp. 82. 2. An. M. 3521. Ant. Chr. 450. P. 289. Agrigentines routed by Deucetius and Marcus Horatius Consuls In their time Deucetius the General of the Siculi took Aetna whose Prince was kill'd by Treachery Afterwards he led his Army into the Country of the Agrigentines and besieg'd Motyum a Garrison of the Agrigentines They of Agrigentum sent aid to them of Motyum but his Army fought and routed them and took the Place The Winter approaching all return'd to their several Cities The Syracusians put to Death Bilco the General of the Army the Author as was supposed of that ruin that was brought upon them in this Battel and who was judg'd to have had secret Correspondence with Deucetius At the Return of the Year they made another General committing to him an Army well appointed Fight between the Siculi and Deucetius against the Syracusians in all respects with strict Orders to ruin and destroy Deucetius To which end he led forth the Army and found Deucetius encamp'd near 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nomae where a Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides the Siculi after a valiant Resistance at last fled but a great slaughter was made of 'em in the Pursuit Many of those that escap'd fled to the Forts and Strong Holds for few had Hearts and Courage enough to run the same Fortune with Deucetius Whilst these things were thus acting the Agrigentines retook the Castle of Motyum taken by the Agrigentines Motyum by force wherein at that time was a Garrison of Deucetius then they march'd to the Victorious Syracusians and both encamp'd together But Deucetius having lost all his Treasure in the last Battel was brought near to the utmost extremity partly through the Treachery of some and partly through the Cowardize of others of his Souldiers who deserted him At length seeing matters brought to so desperate a Condition that his Friends A remarkable Passage of Deucetius who were yet about him were ready to lay violent Hands upon him to prevent the execution of their Treacheries he fled with all speed in the Night to Syracuse and whilst it was yet dark came into the Market-place and fell down before the Altars and as an humble Suppliant gave up both himself and his Country into the Hands of the Syracusians The strangeness of the thing brought a great Concourse of People together into the Market-place Upon which a General Assembly of the Magistrates was call'd and there it was debated what was to be done in this matter Some who were used and lov'd to speak much to the People persuaded them to take him as an Enemy and for his many Acts of Hostility against them to punish him accordingly But the Wiser sort of the Senators who were then present declar'd that the Suppliant was to be preserved and that a reverend regard was to be had to the Providence of God The generosity of the Syracusians in sparing Deucetius Ant. Chr. 450. and that they should not have respect so much to what Deucetius deserved as seriously to consider what was fit and just for them to do in such a case To kill one whom Providence had laid as a Suppliant at their Feet was unjust but to preserve and keep to the Rules of Piety towards God and Humanity towards Men that submit to Mercy greatly became the Generosity of the Syracusians Hereupon the People unanimously cried out Let the Suppliant be safe Deucetius thus deliver'd the Syracusians sent him back to Corinth and commanded him there to continue the rest of his Days with a Promise to supply him with all things necessary for his comfortable support And now having perform'd our Promise in setting forth those things that happened the Year next before the Athenian Expedition into Cyprus under Cymon their General we conclude this Book THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XII The PREFACE HE who seriously considers the incertainty and instability of Humane Affairs must needs be struck with great admiration for he 'll find that nothing which amongst Men is accounted Good is purely such nor any thing that is esteemed Bad is perfectly or absolutely evil without some ingredient of Profit and Advantage Which Lesson we may learn from what is before Related if we ponder and digest things well For the Expedition of Xerxes the King of Persia into Greece by reason of his vast Army terrify'd the Grecians to the highest degree who were by that War in great danger to be brought into absolute Slavery and might justly fear that Greece was likely to fall into the same condition with the Greek Cities in Asia who were not long before brought under the power of the Persians But beyond all expectation the event of this War was wonderful for the Grecians were not only deliver'd from this threatning Storm but by that occasion gain'd an everlasting Renown and every City in Greece thereby abounded with so much Wealth that their suddain Turn of Fortune into such a height of Prosperity was admir'd by all For Fifty Years together from that time Greece flourished in all Felicity in which time by the Wealth that abounded amongst them all good Arts were highly improv'd and excellent Artists are recorded to have flourished in this Age amongst whom was Phidias that famous Statuary and several other Arts and Sciences Phidias the Statuary then advanced to an extraordinary degree But the great honour of Greece was Philosophy and Oratory and chiefly among the Athenians Those that were eminent for Philosophy were Socrates Plato and Aristotle For Oratory Pericles Isocrates and his Scholars There were others no less famous for Military Discipline and excellent Commanders as Miltiades Themistocles Aristides Cimon Mironides and many others of whom it would be too tedious to give a particular account For the Athenian Name was highly honoured almost through all parts of the World for they so enlarged their Dominion that by their own strength without the help of the Lacedemonians P. 292. and them of Peloponesus they routed the mighty Armies of the Persians both by Sea and Land and did so weaken that great Empire that they compell'd it upon Treaties to set free all the Grecian Cities in Asia The particulars whereof are distinctly and at large related in the former Book and in this we have at present in hand And now we are come to
all the Cities of Beotia under their dominion unto their ancient Liberties Afterwards at the time when Calimachus was Archon of Athens and Sextus Olymp. 83. 3 Quintilius Tergeminus Roman Consuls In Greece many Cities revolted from the Athenians who were grown very low by reason of the late defeat at Cheronea Ant. Ch. 445. especially the Inhabitants of Eubea were plotting and contriving some dangerous Designs Pericles therefore being made General makes for Eubea with a great Army and assaulted and took the City of the * Call'd Hestiea Hestieans and all the Citizens Captives and transplanted them and by this so terrified the rest that they all submitted unto the Athenian Government And a Peace was concluded for Peace Concluded by the Cities with Athens for 30 Years Thirty Years and the Articles were Sign'd and Seal'd by Callias and Chares CHAP. III. The War between the Agrigentines and Syracusians in Sicily The War between them of Crotona and the Siberites Sibaris raz'd The Building of Thurium Charondas his good Laws in Thurium His remarkable Death The Laws of Zaleucus of Locris IN Sicily Wars arose between them of Syracuse and of Agrigentum for these P. 294. Reasons After the Syracusians had broken the Power of Ducetius Prince of the Siculi upon his submission to the People for Mercy they pardon'd him but commanded him to lead a private Life at Corinth But he continued not long there before he broke all his Engagements and Agreements and pretending that he was commanded by the Oracle to People the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pleasant Sea Coast in Sicily he arriv'd in the Island with a great Number of Men as Colonies to Plant there Some of the Siculi join'd him and amongst them one Archonides Prince of †Now St. Nicholas Erbita While he was intent upon his Colony the Agrigentines partly out of envy to the Syracusians and likewise because they had spar'd Deucetius their common Enemy without their Consent make War upon the Syracusians Upon this the Cities of the Siculi then divided some joyn'd with the Agrigentines others with the Syracusians and great Armies are rais'd on both sides and the Cities are pressed to the War with great Importunity At length emcamping one over against the other at the River Himera they came to a Battle and the Syracusians got the day and kill'd a Thousand of the Agrigentines upon the Place But presently after the Fight the Agrigentines sent Embassadors to Syracuse to make Peace which was agreed unto upon Conditions Whilst things were thus acting in Sicily the City Thurium was Built in Italy And this was the Thurium Built in Italy occasion The Grecians sometime before having Built Sybaris in a short time the City grew very Rich by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil For being Situated between two Rivers Crathis and Sybaris from whence it took it's Name and the Inhabitants having a large and rich Country to Till they grew Rich on a The City Sybaris very rich suddain and taking in many into the Freedom of the City flourish'd to such a degree as that they seem'd to exceed all the Inhabitants of Italy For they were so populous that this one City had in it three hundred thousand Inhabitants There was at that time in the City one call'd Telys who had great Influence over the People This Man by raising Scandals amongst the the Citizens against those who were the Richest so far at length prevail'd with the Sybarites that they Banish'd Five Hundred of the most wealthy Citizens and confiscated The Wealthy Citizens Banish'd by the instigation of Telys their Estates to the public Use These Banish'd Men went to Crotona and there after the manner of suppliants fled to the Altars erected in the Forum Hereupon Telys sent Embassadors to the Crotonians either to deliver up the banish'd Men or expect War A Council was call'd and put to the question whether they should deliver up the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Italiotes so strangers were call'd that liv'd in Italy Pythagoras Ant. Ch. 445. The War between the Sybarites and them of Crotona Suppliants to the Sybarites or ingage in a War with an Enemy more powerful than themselves The Senate and People made some doubt and the People first inclin'd to deliver them up rather than endure the War But afterwards Pythagoras advising them to protect the Suppliants they chang'd their Opinion and determin'd to Fight in their Defence Hereupon the Sybarites took the Field with an Army of three hundred Thousand Men. The Crotonians had but an hundred Thousand which were commanded by Milo the Wrestler who at the first Onset put to flight that Wing of the Army which was opposite to him for he was of invincible Strength and had Courage answerable to his Strength and had been six times Victor at the Olympick Games when he began his Fight he was Crown'd with Olmpick Wealths wearing like Hercules a Lion's Skin and a Club at last he gain'd an absolute Victory and thereupon was much admir'd by his Country-Men Upon the rout the Crotonians gave no Quarter but Kill'd all they took so that most of the Army was destroyed the City was sackt and miserably laid wast and desolate But within fifty eight Years Sybaris ras'd after the Thessalians arriv'd in order to Plant there and P. 295. Rebuilt 58 Years after within less than five Years after they had rebuilt the City they were likewise ejected by the Crotonians For when Calimachus was Archon of Athens this City began to be Inhabited But shortly after it had chang'd both it's Name and Sybaris remov'd chang'd it's Name and call'd Thurium Place being Built elsewhere by Lampo and Xenocrates which was upon this occasion The Sybarites driven out of their Country a second time sent Embassadors into Greece and desir'd aid from the Lacedemonians and Athenians to assist them in restoring them to their Country and likewise desiring that they would send a Colony to partake with them The Lacedemonians rejected their Address but the Athenians resolved to assist them and sent ten Ships with Soldiers to the Sybarites of which Lampo and Xenocrates Ant. Ch. 445. were Generals And Proclamation was made through all the Cities of Peloponesus by the Athenian Heralds that it should be lawful for any that would to Plant with them in their intended new Colony Many comply'd especially being mov'd thereunto by the Oracle of Apollo who advis'd them to Build a City there where there was little Water and yet Bread without Measure Setting Sail therefore for Italy they at length arriv'd at Sybaris and there made diligent search for the Place commended to them by the Deity And finding a Fountain or Spring not far from Sybaris which was call'd Thuria issuing it's Waters through a brazen Pipe call'd Medymnum which signifies a Bushel judging this to be the Place foretold by the Oracle they compass'd it in with a Wall and there
Authors of the Truce insomuch as they of Argos cast Stones at the Officers of the Army and had order'd them all to be put to death which had been executed if by great intercession their Lives had not been spared but their Goods were confiscated and their Houses pull'd down The Lucedemonians also intended to have put Agis to Death but upon his Agis threatned to be put to Death promise to wipe off the stain of the late miscarriage by his future Services with much adoe he was spar'd However for the future they join'd with him Ten Persons approv'd for their Wisdom and Prudence without whose Advice he was strictly charg'd not to do any thing for the time to come After this when the Athenians had sent forth a Thousand well-arm'd Men and Two Hundred Horse by Sea to them of Argos under the command of Nichetes Ante Chr. 420. and Nichostratus to whom Alcibiades join'd himself though then in no command for the great love and kindness he bore towards the Mantineans and Eleans the Argives in a common Assembly decreed that notwithstanding the former Agreement they should make it their business to carry on the War with all their Power To that end all the Officers incouraged every one their own Souldiers who readily and heartily follow'd their Leaders and encamp'd out of the Walls of the City There it was concluded to be most advisable to begin first with an Expedition against Orchomenia in Arcadia To that purpose having advanced into Arcadia they besieg'd the City and wearled it out with Orcomenia taken by the Argives daily Assaults and having taken the Town they march'd to Tegea determining to force that likewise The Tegeans desiring speedy aid from the Lacedemonians they with the strength of their whole City and of their Confederates made for Mantinea conceiving that by Besieging of that a stop would be easily put to the Siege of Tegea But the Mantineans being inforc'd by the Assistance of their Confederates march'd out with the Youth of their City and had an Army in the Field ready to oppose the Lacedemonians Presently hereupon Battel was joyn'd and a select Band of the Argives consisting of a Thousand well disciplin'd and expert Souldiers were the first that put the Enemy to flight and made a great Slaughter in the Pursuit But the Lacedemonians returning from Ant. Chr. 420. A Battel between the Lacedemonians and the Mantineans the Pursuit and Slaughter of those they had routed in another part of the Army fell upon the Conquering Argives and surrounding them made no question but to cut them off every Man And whereas these brave Men although far inferior in number prevail'd in a great measure against their Enemies the Lacedemonian King being earnest to perform his Promise to the Citizens and to wipe off the stain of his former disgrace by some great and remarkable Action in the Head of his Army ran through all sorts of Difficulties in the Fight and had kill'd them all upon the spot if he had not been prevented for Pharax one of the Ten join'd with the King as his Council a Man of great authority in Lacedemon commanded the Souldiers to open a way for the Arcadians lest fighting with Men in a desperate condition they came to experience what Valour can do when it 's driven to a necessity The King restrain'd by his Command a Passage was made for the Enemy to break through as Pharax had ordered And in this manner these Thousand Men got off and the Lacedemonians having gain'd an eminent Victory set up a Trophy and return'd Home The former Year ended Antopha was chief Governour at Athens and Four Military Tribunes Caius Furius * Titus Quinctius Quintilius Olymp. 90. 3. An. Mund. 3554. Ante Chr. 419. Marcus Posthumus and Aulus Cornelius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome At that time the Argives and Lacedemonians had several Meetings and Messages to and fro about entring into a League one with another which was effected P. 327. accordingly Upon this the Mantineans now deserted by A League between the Lacedemonians and the Argives the Garrison put in there by the Argives were forc'd to come under the power of the Lacedemonians About the same time the Thousand choice Men before spoken of in the City of Argos conspir'd to overthrow the Democracy and set up an Aristocracy from among A Sedition in Argos themselves And having many Associates and Abettors in this Affair of the wealthiest and most couragious Men of the City they forthwith seiz'd upon the Tribunes of the People and the Heads and chief of those that were for Popular Government and cut their Throats The rest being terrified repealed all the ancient Laws and began to order all Affairs in the Commonwealth according to the Will and Pleasure of these Men. And after they had thus govern'd for the space of Eight Months they were by an insurrection of the People depos'd and the Democracy restor'd Another Disturbance likewise arose in Greece for upon a Difference happening between the Phoceans and the Locrians the matter came to a decision by the Sword The Phoceans were Conquerors Quarrels and a Fight beween the Phoceans and Locrians and kill'd above a Thousand of the Locrians In the mean time the Athenians under the Command of Niceas took Two Ant. Ch. 419. Cities * Cithera in Peloponesus Cithera and †Nicea a Port Town in Megara Nicea and in * Melus in Thessaly Melus which was taken by Storm they put all but Women and Children to the Sword and them they made Captives In Italy the Fidenates put the Roman Ambassadors to Death upon a light occasion At which base act of Injustice the People of Rome were highly incens'd and decreed to revenge it by a War To this end they made Manius Aemilius Dictator and according to the Custom join'd with him Aulus Cornelius the Master of the Horse When all things were in readiness he marcht against the Fidenates with all expedition who drew out and met him upon which there was a sharp Ingagement and so continu'd for a long time and after many were cut off on both sides they parted at length upon equal Terms At this time Euphemus was chief Magistrate at Athens and the Military Tribunes Olymp. 90. 4. An. Mu. 3555. Ant. Chr. 418. Lucius Furius Lucius Quinctius and Aulus Sempronius again executed the Consular Dignity at Rome At this time the Lacedemonians inforc'd by the Aid of their Confederates made an incursion into Argaia and took the small Town of of Argias kill'd the Inhabitants and raz'd the Castle Then hearing that they of Argos had enlarged their Walls out as far as to the Sea they marched thither and pull'd them down and return'd Home The Athenians made Alcibiades General who with Twenty Ships under his Command was order'd to do the utmost he could to restore the Argives to their former Government for there was such
of Treachery and setting Sail from Rhegium with their whole Fleet arriv'd at Naxus in Sicily where they were friendly and courteously received by the Citizens and from thence they made to Catana But they of Catana refus'd entrance to the Souldiers yet admitted the Generals and call'd a common Assembly where the Athenian Generals treated with them concerning the entring into a mutual League offensive and defensive but whilst Alcibiades was making an Harangue to court 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the People the Souldiers broke through a little Gate into the City by which means the Cataneans were forc'd to join with the Athenians in the War against the Syracusians Whilst these things were acting Abroad they who were Enemies to Alcibiades Alcibiades accused at Athens through private Peaks and Grudges at Athens took Occasion from the maiming and spoiling of the Images and accused him in the Common Assemblies of a Conspiracy against the Democracy which Accusation was much supported and further'd by what had then lately happen'd at Argos For some of the chief of the City conspiring with others of their Dependents to overturn the Democracy in Argos were all destroy'd by the Citizens This Attempt of innovation there P. 333. caus'd the Accusation at Athens to be more readily believed and therefore the People being with all earnestness stir'd up by the Orators sent a Ship from Salamis to Sicily to recall Alcibiades in order to abide his Trial. As soon as it arriv'd at Catana Alcibiades was made acquainted by the Messengers Ant. Ch. 412 what Order they had from the People upon which he with those who were accused with him went on Ship-board into his own Gally and together with that from Salamis set Sail from Catana As soon as he arriv'd at Thurium either through Consciousness of the Guilt of his Impiety or through the fear of the greatness of the Danger he and all those accused with him made their Escape Alcibiades withdraws himself Those who were on Board the Salamian Vessel made great inquiry after Alcibiades but when he could not be found they Sail'd back to Athens and there gave an Account what had happen'd Upon which the Athenians gave Judgment of Death upon Alcibiades and all Alcibiades Condemn'd his Fellow Fugitives their Names being only put up to the Court without being further heard But Alcibiades fled out of Italy to Sparta and there perswaded the Lacedemonians to invade the Athenians But the Generals that remain'd in Sicily sail'd with their Forces to Aegista and took Hyccara a small Town of the Siculi out of whose Spoils they rais'd an Hundred Talents And having receiv'd Thirty Talents more from the Aegistines they sail'd back to Catana where having consulted how to posses themselves of a Place near to the chief Port of Syracuse with-little or no hazard they sent thither a Trusty Fellow of Catana not suspected by the Syracusian Officers with Orders to acquaint them that some of the Cataneans had plotted upon a sudden to set upon the Athenian Souldiers in the Night when they had laid aside their Arms and to burn all their Shipping in their Harbour And that this might be the better effected they desir'd the Commanders to appear with their Army that the Design might not be defeated As soon as the Catanean came to Syracuse he delivered his Message The Generals believing what he said appointed a Night when they would march out with their Forces and sent back the Man to Catana At the Night appointed the Syracusians led forth their Men towards Catana and the Athenians with great Silence made out with their Fleet to the great Port of Syracuse and seizing upon Olympius and all the Places bordering round about they there fortify'd their Camp But the Syracusians understanding the Treachery return'd with a swift March and set upon their Enemies Camp They on the other side issued forth and Battel was join'd in which the Athenians kill'd Four Hundred of their Enemies and put the rest to flight But the Athenian Generals discerning that the Enemy exceeded them in the number of their Horse that they might be the better provided for the Siege sail'd back to Catana Messengers likewise were sent to Athens with Letters to the Democracy to Ant. Chr. 412. desire more Horse and Moneys because the Siege they were about to begin would be long and tedious Upon which it was decreed that Three Hundred Talents and some Troops of Horse should be sent into Sicily During these things Diagoras surnamed the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This Diagoras was a Milean he questioned in his Writings whether there were any Gods for which he was prosecuted Vid. Lact. lib. 1. p. 7. Atheist accused for his Impiety for fear of the People fled out of Attica and a Talent of Silver was promis'd as a Reward by the Voice of the common Cryer to any that should kill him In Italy the Romans had War with the Aequi and took Lavinium by Assault And these were the Actions produc'd this Year Pisander now executed the Office of Archon at Athens and the Romans created P. 334. Olymp. 91. 3. Ant. Ch. 411. The Syracusians crave aid of the Lacedemonians Four Military Tribunes as Consuls Publius Lucretius Caius Servilius Agrippa Memenius and Spurius Veturius At this time the Syracusians sent Embassadors to Corinth and Lacedemon to desire Aid and earnestly intreated that they would not suffer them to be reduc'd to the utmost extremity The Lacedemonians stirr'd up by Alcibiades determin'd to assist the Syracusians and made Gylippus General The Corinthians sent only Two Gallies under Pythes to go along with Gylippus into Sicily for the present while they were preparing a greater Fleet to be sent after them Nicias and Lamachus the Athenian Generals at Catana Ant. Chr. 411. having receiv'd Three Hundred Talents and re-inforc'd with Two Hundred and Fifty Horse from Athens set Sail for Syracuse and arriving there in the Night unsuspected by them of Syracuse possess themselves of †An high piece of Land near the City over-topping it Epipole which they of Syracuse perceiving made a Sally with all speed to drive them thence but were forc'd back within their Walls with the loss of Three Hundred Men. After this there came to the Athenians Three Hundred Horse from Aegina and Two Hundred and Fifty from the Sicilians which made up a Body of above Eight Hundred Horse Being inforc'd they drew a Trench round Labdalus and blockt up the City Syracuse on every side with a Wall At which the Syracusians were greatly terrify'd and to prevent the building of the Wall they sally'd out but after a Skirmish with Horse on both sides the Syracusians were beaten back with great loss Then the Athenians with a part of their Army possess'd themselves of a Place call'd Polichna commanding the Port and drew a Wall about it wherein they included the Temple of Jupiter So that now Syracuse was Besieg'd on both sides
the special property of Covetousness not to be content with its present Condition but violently to lust after things remote and what is not our own which is most notoriously done by these Men For though they were the most happy and prosperous of all the Grecians yet not being able to bear the weight of Ant. Chr. 410. their own greatness they thirsted after Sicily though separated from them by so large a Sea to divide it by Lot amongst themselves A most horrid and wicked thing it is to make War upon them who never gave any occasion or provocation And this these Men have done These are they who not long agoe entred into a League with us of Peace and Friendship and then on a sudden begirt our City with their Forces Certainly it 's a great piece of Pride and Presumption to forejudge the Events of a War and to order and determine the Punishment of an Enemy before the Conquest And this they did not omit for before they came into Sicily it was enacted in their common Assemblies That the Syracusians and Selinuntians should be made Slaves and all the rest brought under Tribute And now when so many complicated Vices center in these Men as insatiable Covetousness Fraud and Treachery insufferable Pride and Insolency what Man in his Wits can shew them Mercy especially when it is so well known how they dealt with them of Mitylene For after they had subdu'd them although they had committed no Offence but only desir'd to preserve their Liberty yet they commanded them all to be put to the Sword a most cruel and barbarous Act and this against Grecians against Confederates and against those that had merited better things at their Hands And therefore let them not think it grievous to suffer that themselves which they have executed upon others For it 's but Ante Chr. 410. just that he who makes a Law to bind others should be subject to the same himself But why do I speak of this when they took * A Town in Thessaly Melus they most miserably destroy'd all the Youth of the City And the Scioneans of the Colony of the Meleans underwent the same Fate So that these Two sorts of People when they fell into the cruel Hands of the Athenians were so totally destroy'd that there was none left to bury the Dead They who acted these things are not Scythians but a People who boast of Humanity and Mercy above all other These are they that by Publick Edict utterly destroy'd these Cities Now can ye imagin how they would have dealth with the City of Syracuse if they had taken it Certainly they who are so cruel towards their own Confederates would have invented something more vile and horrid to have executed upon Strangers By all the Rules of Law and Justice therefore there 's no Mercy remains for these Men who have debarr'd themselves of all Pity and Compassion in their present Calamities For whether can they fly To the Gods whose Worship according to the Laws of the Country they endeavoured to root up To Men whom with all their might they were studying and contriving to make Slaves Will they make their Addresses to Ceres and Proserpina when they came hither to spoil and lay waste the Island dedicated to them So it is But say some the People of Athens are in no Ant. Chr. 410. fault but Alcibiades who advis'd and persuaded to this War What then We know that they who advise for the most part frame their Speeches that way which they conceive is most agreeable to the Humour of their Auditors And he that is to give his Vote often trusts to the Orator what he would have to be urged For the Orator commands not the People but the People order the Orator to propose what is advisable and then determine what they think fit Besides if we pardon the Malefactors upon their casting the fault upon their Advisers we furnish every wicked Fellow with a ready Excuse for the clearing of himself To speak plainly it would be the unjustest thing in the World to give thanks to the People for all the good and advantage we at any time reap and execute Revenge upon the Orators for all the Injuries we suffer It 's to be admir'd to see some so far besotted as to judge it fit that Alcibiades now out of our reach should be punish'd and yet the Prisoners now justly brought to judgment should be discharged that thereby it might be evident to all that the Syracusians are so sottish as not to have any sense of that which is ill but admit the truth be so that the Advisers were the Cause of the War then let the People accuse them because they have led them into such a Disaster In the mean time do you as in Justice P. 347. you ought revenge your selves upon the Multitude by whom you have most injuriously suffered The Sum of all is this If knowingly and advisedly they have thus wronged you they deserve to suffer upon that account if they came upon you rashly and inconsiderately they are not to be spar'd for that Reason lest they make it a Practice to injure others others under pretence of unadvisedness and inconsideration For it 's not just the Syracusians Ant. Chr. 410. should be ruin'd by the rashness and ignorance of the Athenians nor where the Damage is irrepairable to admit of an excuse for the Offenders Yea by Jupiter But Niceas say some pleaded the Cause of the Syracusians and was the only Person dissuaded the People from the War What he said there indeed we heard and what he has acted here we have now seen For he who there argu'd against the Expedition was there General of an Army against us and he who was then the Syracusian Advocate but even now besieg'd and wall'd in their City He who was then so well affected towards you lately commanded the continuance both of the War and the Siege when Demosthenes and all the rest would have drawn off and return'd I judge therefore you will not have more regard to Words than things to Promises than Experiences to things dark and uncertain than to those that are seen and apparent Yet by Jupiter I confess it 's a very wicked thing to perpetuate Enmities and differences But is not the due punishment of those that violate the peace the most natural way to put an end to Hostilities It 's certainly most unjust when it 's apparent if they had been Conquerors they would have made the conquered all Slaves to spare them now they are conquered as if they had done nothing amiss For thus getting their Necks out of the Halter they 'll speak you fair for a time and perhaps remember the kindness so long as it is for their advantage but no longer One thing more I have to say If you follow this Advice besides many other Mischiefs you disoblige the Lacedemonians who readily undertook this War for your sakes and
THE former Year ended Glaucippus was created Archon at Athens and at Olymp. 92. 3. An. M. 3561. Ant. Ch. 407. Rome Marcus Cornelius and Lucius Furius were again chosen Consuls About this time the Aegistines who had confederated with the Athenians after the War was ended in Sicily against the Syracusians were in great fear as they had just cause lest the Siculi should revenge themselves upon them for the many acts of Hostility they committed against them And therefore when the Selinuntines made War upon them concerning some Boundaries that were in Dispute they submitted lest the Syracusians should take that occasion to join with the Selinuntines and so hazard the loss of their Country But when they encroached farther upon their Territories than was agreed upon the Aegistines desir'd aid of the Carthaginians and freely offer'd their City to their Protection When the Embassadors came to Carthage and had deliver'd their Message to the Senate the Carthaginians were much perplexed what to resolve The desire of so convenient a City strongly inclin'd them upon one hand and the fear of The Carthaginians side with the Aegistines Ant. Ch. 407. the Syracusians who had lately destroy'd so powerful an Army of the Athenians discourag'd them on the other But at length their Ambition to gain the City previal'd The Answer therefore to the Embassadors was that they would send them aid For the management of this Affair in case it should break out into a War they made Hannibal General who was then according to their Law chief Magistrate of Carthage He was the Grandchild of Amilcar who was kill'd at Himera at the Battel fought with Gelon and Son of Gesâ—on who for killing of his Father was Banish'd and liv'd at Selinunta Hannibal therefore in regard he bore a natural Hatred against the Grecians and desired by his own Valour to wipe off the stain of his Family was very earnest to make himself P. 353. remarkable by some eminent Service for the advantage of his Country Therefore when he understood that the Selinuntines were not satisfy'd with that part of Land which was yielded to them he together with the Aegistines sends Embassadors to the Syracusians referring the Controversie to their Determination in Words seeming to propose all things fair and just but in Truth with hopes that if the Selinuntines should decline the Arbitration the Syracusians would cast off their Confederacy and League with them But when the Selinuntines who sent likewise their Embassadors refused to stand to their Decision and strongly opposed both the Carthaginean and Aegistean Embassadors the Syracusians were at length resolved both to be at peace with the Carthaginians and likewise to stand to their League with the Selinuntines Upon which when the Embassadors were return'd the Carthaginians sent to the Aegistines Five Thousand Men from Africa and Eight Hundred from Campania These were formerly Ant. Chr. 407. hired by the Calcideans for the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusians but after their overthrow sailing back they knew not under whom to serve The Carthaginians therefore bought them all Horses and giving them large Pay plac'd them in a Garrison at Aegista But the Selinuntines who were then both Rich and Populous valu'd not the Aegistines one jot At the first with a well form'd Army they spoil'd the Country next adjoining to them at length in regard they far exceeded the Aegistines in number they despis'd them and dispers'd themselves ravaging all over the Country The Aegistean Commanders watching their opportunity with the help of the Carthagineans and Campanians set upon them unawares And the Assault being sudden and unexpected they easily routed and put them to flight They kill'd a Thousand and took all their Baggage After this Fight both sides sent forth their Embassadors the Selinuntines to the Syracusians and the Aegistines to the Carthaginians for Aid which being readily promis'd on both sides The Carthaginian War in Sicily this was the beginning of the Carthaginian War The Carthaginians foreseeing the greatness of the War committed the whole management thereof to Hannibal giving him power to raise what Forces he thought sit they themselves Ant. Chr. 407. in the mean time providing all things necessary Hannibal all that Summer and the next Winter raises many Mercenary Souldiers in Spain and lists a great number of his own Citizens and besides these raises Men in every City throughout all Africa and equips out a Fleet intending the next Spring to pass over all his Forces into Sicily In this Condition were the Affairs of Sicily at that time In the mean time * See p. 61. c. 4. Dorieus the Rhodean Admiral of the Italian Gallies as soon as he had quieted the Tumult in Rhodes passed over to the Hellespont with a purpose to join Mindarus who then lay at Abydus getting together from all Parts what Vessels he could from the Peloponesian Confederates When Dorieus was come as far as Sigeum of Troas the Athenians who then lay at Anchor at Sestos having intelligence of his Course made out against him with their whole Fleet of Seventy Four Sail. Dorieus altogether ignorant of the Preparations The Fight at Dardanum against him sails on securely But when he understood what a powerful Navy was making towards him he was in great Consternation and seeing no other means left to escape fled to Dardanum where he landed his Men and placing a Garrison in the City he forthwith furnish'd the Place with abundance of Arms and plac'd his Souldiers some upon the Foredecks of his Vessels and others all along upon the Shoar But the Athenians making up suddenly Ant. Ch. 407. P. 354. upon them endeavour'd to hale off the Ships from the Shoar and by pressing upon the Enemy in so many Places at once they almost wearied them out Mindarus the Peloponesian Admiral hearing the Distress Dorieus was in forthwith set Sail from Abidos with his whole Fleet and made for the Promontory of â—Dardanum with Fourscore and Four Sail to assist him The Land Forces likewise of Pharnabazus were near at Hand to support the Lacedemonian Fleet. When the Navies came near one to another both sides prepar'd to Fight Mindarus commanding a Fleet of Ninety Seven Sail plac'd the Syracusians in the Left Wing and he himself commanded the Right On the Athenians Thrasybulus led the Right and Thrasyllus the Left Wing The Lines of Battel being thus disposed on both sides and the Sign given by the Admirals the Trumpets all at once sounded a Charge And now the Rowers neglecting nothing on their part and the Pilots every where minding with all diligence their several Helms a Bloody Fight began For as often as the Ships forc'd forwards to pierce one another so often did the Pilots at the same instant of time carefully move and turn the Ship that the Stroaks only fell upon the Beaks of the Vessels The Souldiers upon the Decks when at first they saw their Broad-sides lye open to
that Summer For they were reputed the most valiant Men of all the Arcadians and therefore the Spartans in former times were us'd to account these their fastest and truest Friends in all Fights and Engagements But when Winter drew on and the River running under the Town swell'd high by the Rains the Lacedemonians dam'd up the River with Earth and Rubbish and turn'd the Current into the City so that all the place round about was like to a standing Pool by reason whereof the Houses fell down which amaz'd them of Mantinea that they were forc'd to deliver up the City Which being thus taken the Citizens suffer'd no other hardships from Mantinea taken the Lacedemonians save only that they were order'd to return to those Ancient Villages from whence at first they came they were forc'd therefore to leave their Country and Ant. Ch. 383. Dionysius designs upon Aepyius settle themselves and their Families in the Villages About this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had a design to gain the Cities lying upon the Adriatick Sea and that which chiefly mov'd him to it was because he covered to be Master of the Jonian Sea as they call it to the end he might have a free and open passage to Epirus and to have Towns and places for his Ships ready to touch at For he was every day making preparation to Transport great number of Forces into Epirus and to rifle and plunder the rich Temple at Delphos To this end he made a * Molussus a part of Epirus League with the Illyrians by the help of Alcetas the Molossian who was then an Exile at Syracuse And the Illyrians being then engag'd in a War he sent them Two thousand Soldiers and Five hundred Grecian Arms the Arms they distributed amongst the strongest and stoutest of their Men and the Auxiliaries they mixt here and there in several of their own Companies and Regiments The Illyrians having now rais'd a great Army made an irruption into Epirus in order to restore Alcetas to his Kingdom and wasted and spoil'd the Country without opposition or controul Afterwards a sharp Battle was fought between them and the Molossians in which the Illyrians were Victors and kill'd A great slaughter of the Molossians above Fifteen thousand of the Molossians which Slaughter of the Epirots being made known to the Lacedemonians they sent them aid to curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the Barbarians During the transaction of these Affairs the * Paros an Island of the Egean Sea near Delos Lyssus built by Dionysius in Pharos Parii by the encouragement of an old Prophecy sent forth a Colony to the Adriatick Coast where they built Pharos by the help of Dionysius in an Island so call'd For not many years before he had sent a Colony thither and built the City Lyssus by the advantage of which place when he had little else to do he rais'd an Arsenal for Two hundred Gallies and Wall'd the Town in so large a Circuit that it exceeded in compass all the Cities of Greece He likewise built stately Schools and Colledges on the on the side of the River * Or rather Anapis in Sicily Olymp. 96. 1. A. M. 3588. Ant. Ch. 382. P. 465. Ant. Ch. 381. P. 465. Anapus with Temples and other beautiful Fabricks to advance the Glory and Greatness of the City And now ended the Year when Diotrephes for the next was Archon of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls At Aelis was solemniz'd the Ninety ninth Olympiad in which Dicon the Syracusian wan the Prize At this time the Pharii who were now seated in the Island Pharos Wall'd in the City they had built near the Sea side not in the least injuring the Barbarians the Ancient Inhabitants of the Island but allotted them a place very strong and excellently well fortify'd But this nestling of the Greeks was a great Eye-sore to the natural Inhabitants therefore they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the Continent over against them who pass'd over to Pharos in many small Vessels to the number of Ten thousand Men and upwards and fell upon the Greeks and kill'd many of them But he who was made Governor of Lyssus by Dionysius with a great Fleet set upon the Shipping of the Illyrians and took and sunk all of them kill'd Five thousand of their Men and took Two thousand prisoners Dionysius being now in great want of Money began an Expedition with Threescore Gallies into * Tyrthenia by the Greek but mistaken Hetruria under colour to scour the Seas of Pyrats but in truth to rob a famous Temple in those parts which was very full * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of rich Gifts and Donations It stood in the Suburbs of Agylla a City of Hetruria where was the Arsenal which they call the Towers He landed in the Night and forcing in at break of day accomplish'd his Design For there being but a small Guard in the Castle he easily over-power'd them rifled the Temple and took out above a Thousand Talents And tho' they of Agylla sally'd out to repel the Enemy yet he routed 'em took many Dionysius rifles a Temple at Agylla in Hetruria to get Money prisoners and after he had wasted and spoil'd the Country sailed back to Syracuse where he rais'd no less than Five hundred Talents by the sale of the Spoils Having thus fill'd his Coffers he rais'd Soldiers from all parts and got together a great Army so that it was evident to the apprehension of all that he design'd War against the Carthaginians And these were the things done this year Afterwards the Dignity of Archon was conferr'd upon Phanostratus at Athens And Olymp. 99. 2. Ant. Ch. 381. the Romans made Four Military Tribunes Consuls Lucius Lucretius Servius Sulpitius * Caius Lucius Emilius and Lucius Furius At this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being prepar'd for the War against Carthage watch'd for a fair occasion to colour and countenance his Design Discerning therefore that the Cities subject to the Carthaginians were inclin'd to a Revolt he receiv'd into his Protection as many as would come to him and enter'd into a League with them carrying himself with great complacency and winning behaviour Upon this the Carthaginians first sent Ambassadors to him and demanded the restitution of the Cities which being deny'd was the occasion of a new War The Carthaginians therefore entred into Confederacies with their Neighbours and all Another War with the Carthaginians by Dionysius Ant. Ch. 381. join'd together in the War against the Tyrant And because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the War they Listed Soldiers out of the choicest of the Citizens and laid up great Sums of Money wherewith they hir'd a vast number of Foreigners And having made Mago their General who at that time bore the Title of King they Transported many Thousands of Soldiers both into Italy and Sicily for they had decreed
Lords of all Greece both by Sea and Land Sparta in its strength For the Thebans were overaw'd by a Garrison the Corinthians and Argives were tyr'd out with Wars one with another the Athenians for their Covetousness and Cruelty exercis'd among those they had Subdu'd were despis'd by all the Grecians On the other hand all were afraid of the Lacedemonians because they were very Populous expert Soldiers and unweari'd in their Attempts Insomuch that the greatest of the Princes in those times I mean the King of Persia and Dyonysius the Tyrant of Sicily Courted the Spartans and were ambitious of their Alliance Afterward when Nico govern'd at Athens and Six Military Tribunes were Created Olymp. 100. 2. Ant. Ch. 377. Consuls at Rome Lucius Papyrius Caius Cornelius Lucius Manlius Caius Servilius Valerius Aulius and Quintius Fabius the Carthaginians enter'd with an Army into Italy and Restor'd the Hipponiats to their City whence they had been Expuls'd and kindly receiv'd * Menenius all the Exiles that came in to them from all Parts Not long after a great Plague happen'd in Carthage which Raging more and more A Plague in Carthage Ant. Ch. 377. swept away abundance of the Inhabitants insomuch that they were in great danger to have lost their Sovereignty For the Africans slighted and deserted them the Inhabitant of Sardinia supposing they had now a fit opportunity Revolted and rose up in Arms against them Moreover a Remarkable Judgment of God fell upon Carthage The Carthaginians kill one another in the Streets at this time for the City was all on a sudden in an uproar fill'd with Tumult Fear and Horrour and many running Arm'd out of their Houses as if an Enemy had entr'd the Place Fought Wounded and Killd one another in the Streets At length the Gods being Appeas'd by Sacrifices and they deliver'd out of their sad Afflictions they presently Subdu'd the Africans and Recover'd Sardinia After these things when Nausinicus chief Governor of Athens and four Military Olymp. 100. 3. An. M. 3594. Ant. Ch. 376. The Boetian War Tribunes Marcus Cornelius Servilius Quinctius Marcus Furius and Lucius Quinctius were Cloth'd with the Consular dignity at Rome the Beotian War so call'd broke out between the Beotians and the Lacedemonians upon the Accounts following The Lacedemonians against all Law and Justice forcibly detain'd the Citadel of Cadmea and had forc'd many Persons of Quality to fly out of their own Countrey The Exiles therefore upon a private Consult among themselves by the help of the Athenians return'd in the Night into their City and in the first place kill'd all those they judg'd sided with the Lacedemonians surprizing them in their Houses when they were asleep then they stirr'd up all P. 470. The Thebans get in a Body to retake the Citadel the Common People to appear for their Liberties upon which the whole City of Thebes readily came in to their assistance and getting into a Body clapt about Cadmea at break of Day In the mean time the Lacedemonian Garrison that was in the Citadel which consisted of no fewer than Fifteen hundred Men sent a Messenger to Sparta to inform them of the Insurrection in Thebes and to desire Aid with all speed However Ant. 376. they from the Bastions in the Citadel beat off the Besiegers killing and wounding many Upon this the Thebans concluding that great Forces would be brought out of Greece to the assistance of the Lacedemonians sent Ambassadors to Athens to put them in mind how they had been assisted by the Thebans at that time when they rescu'd their Commonwealth from the Slavery they suffer'd under the Thirty Tyrants and therefore that they should press them that they would hasten with all the force they had to help them to Reduce Cadmea before any Aid came from Sparta The People of Athens as soon as they heard what was desir'd by the Thebans decreed that without delay a Strong and Considerable Army should be sent to help them The Athenians assist the Thebans to regain their Liberty both to demonstrate their Gratitude for their former Services and likewise hoping thereby so to oblige the Thebans as that they should ever find them fast and constant Friends to assist them at all times against the growing and boundless power of the Lacedemonians For the Thebans were lookt upon not to be Inferior to any in Greece for number or valour of Men. In conclusion the Athenians made Demophoon General over Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse who drew out before Day next Morning and hasted away with a swift March that he might be before the Lacedemonians however the People of Athens were ready and prepar'd to March out with all their Forces into Beotia if the Thebans had occasion for them Demophoon with great expedition beyond expectation appear'd in view of them of Thebes and Souldiers came together with the like Zeal and Earnestness from other Cities of Beotia so that the Thebans had now a numerous Army consisting of no less than Twelve thousand Ant. Ch. 376. Foot and about Two thousand Horse and all Chearfully and Readily bestirr'd themselves to Besiege the Citadel The Army divided themselves into parties and assaulted the Place by turns persisting without any Cessation Night and Day In the mean time they in the Castle incourag'd by their Officers bore the Brunt with great Courage hoping to receive speedy Succours from the Lacedemonians And indeed they Valiantly stood it out while they had any Victuals left killing and wounding many of the Assailants having the advantage of the strength of the Fort. But when their Provision grew low and the Lacedemonians lingr'd in sending Relief the Garrison began to Mutiny For the Lacedemonians were for the standing of it out to the last Man but the Auxiliaries from the Confederate Cities who were the greater number were for delivering it up so the Spartans who were but few were forc'd to Surrender the Citadel and being dismiss'd according to Articles return'd to Peleponnesus At length the Lacedemonians The Citadel is surrender'd came with their Army to Thebes but having lost their opportunity through the slowness of their March all was to no purpose But they Try'd three of the Officers of the Garrison by a Council of War and Condemn'd two of them to Die and impos'd so great a Mulct and Fine upon the Third as that he was never able to pay it Afterwards the Athenians return'd into their own Country and the Thebans spent much time in vain in the Siege of Thespis During these affairs the Romans sent a Colony of Five P. 471. hundred Citizens into Sardinia upon Terms of being free from Tribute Afterwards when Callias was Lord Chancellor of Athens and four Military Tribunes Olymp. 100 4. Ant. Ch. 375. Lucius Papyrius Marcus * Publiu Publius †Cornelius Titus * Tiâ—o Cornelius and †Luc. Quinctius Quintus Lucius were honour'd with the
clear and open before them arriv'd at length at Sellacia For it was order'd that all the Forces should meet together at that place where being all now join'd they march'd towards Sparta and wasted the Country all before them with Fire and Sword And now the Lacedaemonians seeing their ancient Country Liconia that had never known what Waste and Spoil meant for the space of Five hundred years before to be thus cruelly harass'd and destroy'd could no longer forbear but were ready to run upon their Enemy as it were with open mouth But being by some Magistrates that came from the City commanded not to hasten away P. 491. too far out of the Bounds of their Country lest some other should make an inroad into it in the mean time and being likewise advis'd to recollect themselves and think seriously of defending the City with much ado they submitted to the Advice In the mean time Epaminondas having pass'd his Army over the Mountain Taygetus and arriv'd at the River Euâ—ota which was then very high being Winter-time he endeavour'd all he could to get over The Lacedaemonians perceiving how his Troops were disorder'd and dispers'd through the difficulty of the Passage laid hold upon this fit occasion to fall upon them Leaving therefore their Wives Children and Old Men as a Guard for the City they made out against the Enemy in good Order with all the Young and The Thebans attacks by the Spartans Ant. Ch. 367. Strong Men of the Town and by a sudden and hot Charge cut off a great number in their passing the River But the Boeotians and Arcadians valiantly standing their Ground surrounded their Enemies However the Spartans after they had kill'd a great number of the Boeotians at length broke through and return'd to the City leaving behind them remarkable Instances of their Valour Presently after when Epaminondas came up with his whole Army to the Terror of Epaminondas besieges Sparta the Inhabitants to the City the Spartans by the advantage of the Strength of the Places kill'd great numbers of them And now all hands were at work and very earnest to gain the City insomuch as that they seem'd to be in a fair way to take Sparta by storm But the Assailants through their Over-heat and Violence being many of them kill'd and others wounded Epaminondas caus'd a Trumpet to sound a Retreat and so call'd them off Presently after the Thebans made their approach to the City and challeng'd the Spartans to come forth and fight with them or else to acknowledge themselves Inferior and not able to contend with them To whom they answer'd that when they saw their opportunity they would be sure not to decline Fighting though they laid all at Stake The Army therefore now drew off from the Siege and having wasted and spoil'd all Laconia and loaden themselves with rich Prey and Plunder return'd into Arcadia Afterwards the Athenians who came too late and did nothing worth taking notice of March'd back into Attica In the mean while Four thousand Men came in to the Assistance of the Lacedemonians from their Consederates To these they added a Thousand Helots newly Manumitted and set Free and Two hundred Beotian Fugitives and many more from the neighbouring Towns and Villages so that now they were strong enough to Cope with the Enemy And these Forces being kept together and daily Exercis'd grew more and more daring and fit for publick Service in the Field Ant. Ch. 367. But Epaminondas being Naturally inclin'd to things that were Great and ambitious to Messina Rebuilt by Epaminondas Eternize his own praise and Honour perswaded the Arcadians and the other Allies to re-edifie and replenish Messina with new Inhabitants which had been destroy'd by the Lacedaemonians * Above 280 Years Sir Walter Rawleighs History of the World lib. 2. 1. part c. 27. fol. 359. and lay Wast and Desolate many Years for that it was most commodiously Situated for the Invading of Sparta at any time having procur'd their Consent he enquir'd after all the ancient Inhabitants that were living in any Place And enfranchizing many others that were willing to settle themselves there he Repair'd Messina and made it very Populous and divided the Land belonging to the City by Lot amongst the new Inhabitants and fill'd the Country about with stately Seats and beautiful Buildings and so rais'd up a noble Grecian City out of its Ruins to its former State and Grandeur for which he was highly Honour'd I conceive it will not be amiss in this place in regard Messina has been so often taken and Ruin'd If I say something in short of this City from its beginning Anciently the An account of the several States of Messina Family of Neleus and Nestor to the time of the Trojan War possess'd it Afterwards Orestes the Son of Agamemnon and his Posterity enjoy'd it till the Return of the Heraclidae Then Cresphontes chose Messina for his share and his Posterity Reign'd there for some time but they being Ejected it came into the power of the Lacedemonians who became * Cresphontes Lords thereof For after that Teleclytus King of the Lacedemonians was slain in a P. 492. The first Messinian War Olymp. 9. This War began Olymp. 9. 2. in the Reign of Manasses Ended 14 Olymp. 1. Sir Walter Rawleigh's Hist World 356. lib. 2. c. 27. Battle the Messinians at length were subdu'd by the Spartans This War is said to have continu'd Twenty Years and that the Lacedemonians had taken a solemn Oath that they would never return to Sparta till they had taken Messina At that time were Born those call'd the Partheniae who afterwards enjoy'd the City Tarentum The Messinians in after-times being oppress'd by the Lacedemonians * The second Messinian War 39 Years Ant. Ch. 367. Aristomenes stirr'd them up to Revolt and destroy'd many of the Spartans At which time Tyrreus the Poet was sent by the Athenians to the Spartans to be their General But there are others that say that Aristomenes flourish'd in the time of the Twenty years War The last War made upon them was after that terrible Earthquake which almost Ruin'd Sparta and destroy'd all its Inhabitants At that time those that remain'd of the Messinians together with the Helots who Revolted with them Inhabited Ithon because Messina had lain Wast many Years together before that time But being unfortunate in every Encounter they were at length utterly Ruin'd and driven out of their Country and settl'd themselves in Naupachus which was given them to Inhabit by the Athenians And from thence some remov'd to Cephalenia and others into Sicily where they built the City Messina so call'd from them And now the Thebans in the last place by the Advice of Epaminondas who Invited the Messinians from all Places where they were Rebuilt Messina and restor'd to the new Inhabitants all the ancient Territories formerly belonging to the City And thus Great and Various were the Changes and
Megalopolitans Ant. Ch. 350. The Lacedaemonians fell out with them of Megalopolis and therefore Archadamus their General made Incursions into their Borders With which the Megalopolitans being highly incensed and not being able to contend by their own Strength sought for Relief from their Confederates Upon which the Argives Sicyons and Messenians assisted them with all the Force they could make After them the Thebans came in to their Assistance with Four thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse under the Command of Cephisiones Being thus strengthened the Megalopolitans made an Expedition and encamped at the Fountains of Aphaeus On the other side the Lacedaemonians were joined with Three thousand Foot from the Phocians and with an Hundred and fifty Horse from Lycophron and Pitholaus who were lately deposed from their Government over the Pheraeans And having got together a considerable Army they encamped at Mantinea But marching hence to Orneas a City belonging to the Argives they took it before the Enemy could come up to them for this Place was in League with the Megalopolitans And though the Argives broke forth upon them yet they were overcome in the Engagement and lost above Two hundred Men. Then the Thebans double to the Lacedaemonians in Number but much inferior to them in their Order of Discipline came upon them upon which there was a sharp Engagement and even while the Victory was doubtful the Argives flag'd and made away with all their Confederates to their Cities But the Lacedaemonians entred into Arcadia and took Elisunta by Storm and after they had plunder'd the Town returned to Sparta Not long after the Thebans with their Confederates routed the Enemy at Telphusa and with the Slaughter of many of them took Anaxandrus the General and several others to the Number of Sixty Prisoners Presently after they became Conquerors likewise in two other Battels and cut off many of their Enemies At length after a remarkable Victory gained by the Lacedaemonians the Armies on both Sides returned to their several Cities and the Lacedaemonians and Megalopolitans entring into a Truce the Thebans returned into Boeotia In the mean time Phalaecus continuing still in Boeotia took Charonaea but upon the Chaâ—oraea taken by Phalaecus Thebans coming into its Relief he was forced to quit it again Afterwards the Boeotians entred Phocis with a great Army and wasted and spoiled a great part of it and harrass'd all the Country round about and plunder'd and destroyed every thing that was in their way They took also some little Towns and loading themselves with abundance of Plunder returned into Boeotia When Thessalus was chief Magistrate at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Titus Quintius Olymp. 107. 2. Ant. Ch. 349. An. M. 3598. executed the Consulship at Rome the Thebans wearied out with the Toils of the Phocian War and brought very low in their Treasure sent Ambassadors to the King of Persia to sollicit that King to supply them with a Sum of Money to which Artaxerxes readily consented and without delay furnished them with Three hundred Talents However there was little or nothing done this Year worth taking notice of between the Boeotians and Phocians save some Skirmishes and harrassing one anothers Countries In Asia the Persian King having invaded Aegypt some Years before with a numerous Army but miscarrying in his Design at this time renewed the War against the Aegyptians and after many worthy Actions performed by his Valour and Diligence he recovered Aegypt Phaenicia and Cyprus But that the History may be made more plain and evident we shall first declare the Causes and Grounds of the War looking back a little to the Times proper for the Occasion The Aegyptians having heretofore rebelled against the Persians Artaxerxes Sirnamed The War of Artaxerxes Ochus with the Aegyptians and Phenicians Ochus notwithstanding sate still and quiet being no ways addicted to Arms. And though Armies under the Command of several Captains were set forth yet through the Treachery and Unskilfulness of the Generals many times he was Unfortunate and Unsuccessful Upon which Account though he was greatly contemned by the Aegyptians yet his Love to his Ease and Pleasure had that Ascendent over him as to inforce him patiently to bear the Disgrace But now when the Phaenicians and Kings of Cyprus Ant. Ch. 349. in imitation of this Disloyalty of the Aegyptians and in Contempt of him were all running into Rebellion the King was at length rouz'd and determin'd to make War upon them But he judged it not Advisable or Prudent to manage the War by his Deputies and Generals but resolved to go himself and try his own Fortune and Conduct in the Defence and Preservation of his Kingdom To that end he made great Preparation of Arms Darts Provision and Forces and raised Three hundred thousand Foot and Thirty thousand Horse and rigg'd out a Fleet of Three hundred Galleys besides Six hundred Ships of Burden and other Transport Ships for all sorts of Provision The War in Phaenicia first broke out upon these Occasions In Phaenicia there is a famous City called Tripolis its Name agreeing with the Nature of the Place for three Cities are contained within its Bounds a Furlong distant one from each other one called the City of the * Aradii a People of Phaenicia Aradians the other of the Sidonians and the third of the Tyrians It 's the most eminent of all the Cities of Phaenicia being that where the General Senate of all the Phaenicians do usually meet and consult about the weighty Affairs of the Nation The Kings Lords Lieutenants and Generals then in Sidon carrying themselves by their severe Edicts rigorously and haughtily towards the Sidonians the Citizens being so abused and not being able longer to brook it studied how to revolt from the Persians Upon which the rest of the Phaenicians being wrought upon by the other to vindicate their Liberty sent Messengers to Nectanetus the King of Aegypt then at War with the Persians to receive them as Confederates and so the whole Nation prepared for War And being that Sidon then exceeded all the rest in Wealth and even private Men by the advantage of Trade were grown very Rich they built a great Number of Ships and raised a potent Army of Mercenaries and both Arms Darts and Provision and all other Things necessary for War were prepared Ant. Ch. 349. And that they might appear first in the War they spoil'd and ruin'd the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The King's Paradise Garden or Orchard Kings Garden cutting down all the Trees where the Persian Kings used to Recreate and Divert themselves Then they burnt all the Hay which the Lord Lieutenants had laid up for the use of the Horses At last they seized upon the Persians who had so insulted over them and haled them to Punishment And in this manner began the War of the Persians with the Phaenicians For the King being informed what the Rebels had so impudently acted threatned to Revenge it
without delay he would take Possession of the City which should be by them deliver'd up to him upon his approach In the mean time the Graecians sent an Herald to Mentor who secretly advis'd them to set upon the Barbarians as soon as Bagoas had entred the Town Bagoas therefore being entred with his Persians but without the Consent of the Greeks as soon as part of the Soldiers were let in the Graecians presently shut up the Gates and fell on a sudden on Bagoas taken Prisoner at Bubastus and all his Men cut of who enâ—red the City the Barbarians and kill'd 'em every Man and took Bagcas himself Prisoner who coming to understand that there was no means left for his Deliverance but by Mentor he earnestly intreated him to interpose for his Preservation promising that for the Future he would never undertake any thing without his Advice Mentor prevail'd with the Graecians to Discharge him and to Surrender the City so that the whole Success and Glory of the Action was attributed to him Bagoas being thus freed by his means entred into a Solemn Covenant of Friendship upon Oath with Mentor and faithfully kept it to the Time of his Death so that these Bagoas releaâ—'d by Mentor's meaâ—s two always concurring and agreeing were able to do more with the King than all his other Friends or any of his Kindred For Mentor being made Artaxerxes's Lord-Lieutenant of all the Asiatick Shore was greatly Serviceable to the King by procuring Soldeers out of Greece and by his Faithful and Diligent Administration of the Government Bagoas commanding all as Viceroy in the higher Parts of Asia grew to that degree of Power through his Consultation with Mentor upon all Occasions that he had the Kingdom at Command neither did Artaxerxes any thing without his Consent And after the King's Death his Power was such That the Successors were ever Nominated and Appointed by him and all Affairs of the Kingdom were so wholly manag'd by him that he wanted nothing but the Name of a King But we shall speak of these things in their proper Place After the Surrender of Bubastus the rest of the Cities out of fear submitted and deliver'd Ant. Ch. 348. up themselves upon Articles into the Hands of the Persians In the mean while Nectabanus who was now at Memphis seeing the swift Motions of the Enemy durst not venture a Battel in defence of his Sovereignty but abdicating his Kingdom pack'd up a great deal of Treasure and fled into Aethiopia And so Artaxerxes possess'd himself of all Aegypt and demolished the Walls of all the Cities especially those that were the Greatest and of most account and heap'd together an infinite Mass of Gold and Silver by spoiling of the Temples He carry'd away likewise all the Records and Writings out of the most ancient Temples Which Bagoas a while after suffer'd the Priests to redeem for a great Sum of Money Then he sent home the Greek Auxiliaries with ample Rewards to every one according to their Deserts for their Services and intrusting Pherendatus with the Government of Aegypt he return'd with his Army loaden with Spoil triumphing in the Glory of his Victory to Babylon At the time when Callimachus was Lord-Chancellor at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Olymp. 107. 4. Ant. Ch. 347. Mentor advanc'd Publius Valerius were Roman Consuls Artaxerxes advanc'd Mentor for the good Services he had done him especially in the Aegyptian War above all his Ariends and that he might put a Mark upon his Valour by a Reward more than ordinary he bestow'd upon him an Hundred Talents of Silver and rich Furniture for his House He made him likewise Prefact of all the Asiatick Shore and General of his Army with absolute Power to suppress all Rebellions in those Parts Mentor being in near Alliance and Kindred with Actabazus and Memnon who had not long before made War upon the Persians and were now fled â—at of Asia to Philip in Macedonia by his Interest with the King procur'd their Pardon and thereupon sent for them both to come to him with their Families For Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnon's Sister Eleven Sons and Ten Daughters with which numerous Progeny Mentor was Ant. Ch. 347. greatly delighted and advanc'd the young Men as they grew up to high Places of Command in the Army The first Expedition which Mentor made was against Hennias Prince or Tyrant of * Atarne in Mysia over against Lesbos Atarne who had rebell'd against Artaxerxes and was possess'd of many strong Cities and Mentors stratagem to subdue Hennias Castles upon promise made him to procure the King's Pardon he brought him to a Parley and upon that occasion having surpris'd him he clapt him up and possessing himself of his Seal-Ring he writ Letters in his Name to the several Cities signifying that through Mentor he was restor'd to the King's Favour and sent away likewise with those that carry'd the Letters such as should take Possession for the King of all the Forts and Castles The Governors of the Cities giving credit to the Letters and being likewise very desirous of Peace deliver'd up all the Towns and Forts to the King in every place through the Country All the Revolted Cities being gain'd by this Trick of Mentor without any Hazard or Fatigue the King was highly pleas'd with him as having acted the Part of a Brave and Prudent General And with no less success partly by Policy and partly by force of Arms he reduc'd in a short time the other Captains that were in Rebellion And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time In Europe Philip King of Macedon made an Expedition against the * Calcidean Cities and took Zeira and raz'd it to the Ground and brought other Towns out of Fear In Thrace Zeira raz'd by Philip. likewise to submit He set again likewise upon Phaeca and threw out its Prince Pitholaus About that time Sparticus King of Pontus dy'd having reign'd Five Years Parysades his Brother suceeded him and govern'd Eight and Thirty years CHAP. X. Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont The Athenians jealous of Philip and instigated by Demosthenes Philip's Policies The Value of the Riches taken out of the Temple at Delphos Dionysius sent Presents to Delphos which were taken by the Athenians His Letter to the Athenians The Temple burnt The End of the Phocian War The Punishments decreed by the Amphictyons against the Phocians The Miseries of the Sacrilegers Timoleon sent to Syracuse AFter the End of this Year Theophilus rul'd as Archon at Athens and Caius Sulpitius and Caius Quintius executed the Consular-Dignity at Rome at which time was celebrated Olymp. 108. 1. Ant. Ch. 346. An. M. 3600. the Hundred and Eighth Olmypiad in which Polycles of Cyrene bore away the Crown of Victory At the same time Philip made an Expedition against the Cities of the Hellespont of which Micaberna and Torone were betray'd into his hands Then he made
that the Name of the King was only chang'd but that the Government should not be manag'd a jot worse than it was when his Father was alive He courteously likewise gave Audience to the Ambassadors and desir'd the Grecians that they would have the same Kindness for him that they had for his Father which he so esteem'd as that he look'd upon it as part of his Inheritance Then he employ'd himself in the frequent Trainings of the Soldiers and in Martial Exercises and brought the Army readily to submit to his Commands Attalus the Uncle of Cleopatra Philip's other Wife conspir'd to gain the Kingdom and therefore he resolv'd to take him out of the way For Cleopatra was brought to bed of a Son a few Alexander â—n rives how to kill Attalus Days before the Death of Philip and Attalus was sent a little before as General with Parmenio his Colleague with an Army into Asia where by his Bribes and fair Tongue he so gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers that the Army was wholly at his Devotion Therefore the King conceiv'd he had just cause to be jealous of him lest if he should side with the Grecians who he knew were his Enemies he should by that means gain the Kingdom to himself Therefore he made choice of Heccateus one of his Friends and sent him with a considerable Army into Asia with Command to bring over Attalus alive if Ant. Ch. 333. he could and if he could not effect that to take the first Opportunity to kill him When he came into Asia he join'd his Forces with Attalus and Parmenio and watch'd a fit Opportunity to execute what he was commanded In the mean time Alexander being inform'd that many of the Greciani were hatching some Mischief in order to new Commotions his Thoughts were greatly perplex'd and Conspiracies among the Grecians against Alexander disturb'd For the Athenians Demosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians rejoyc'd at the News of Philip's Death and resolv'd that the Macedonians should no longer domineer over Greece To this end they sent over Ambassadors to Attalus and privately consulted with him concerning the Management of the whole Affair and stirr'd up many of the Cities to assert their Liberties The Etolians made a Decree to recall the Exiles of Acarnania whom Philip had driven out of their Country The Ambrociots by the Persuasion of Aristarchus drave outthe Garison that was there and restor'd the Democracy The Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the Garison that was in the Citadel of Cadmea and that Alexander should never with their Consent have Command in Greece The Arcadians Ant. Ch. 333. also as they were the only People that refus'd to give their Consent that Philip should be General of Greece so they now rejected Alexander The rest of the Peloponnesians as the Argives Eleans Lacedaemonians and some others were with all their might for their own Government To conclude many of the Nations beyond Macedonia waited for an Opportunity to rebell and great Commotions there were among the Barbarians in those Parts Notwithstanding all which and the Fears that were every where in the Kingdom and though he was but a Youth yet in a short time beyond all expectation he overcame all those Difficulties and made all plain and clear before him reducing some to their Duty by fair and smooth Words and others through fear and dread of Punishments and the rest he compell'd by force to stoop to his Sovereignty In the first place he so far gain'd upon the Thessalians both by Promises of large Rewards and by his smooth and courteous Language telling them how near of kin he was to them by his Descent from Hercules that they by a Publick Decree declar'd him General of Greece as that which descended to him from his Father Having gain'd this Point he brought over the bordering Nations to the same Good Opinion of him Then he went to Pyle and in the Senate of the Amphictyons he so manag'd his Matters that by the General Consent of all he was created Generalissimo of all Greece He assur'd the Ambrociots Alexander made General of Greece in a kind and smooth Oration made to them That he had that Kindness for them that he would presently restore them to that Liberty which they so lately sought to recover But to strike the greater Terror into those that regarded not his Words he came with a swift March with an Army of Macedonians in an hostile manner into Baeotia and encamping near Cadmea struck a Terror into the City of the Thebans About the same time the Athenians hearing of the King 's coming into Boeotia slighted Ant. Ch. 333. him no longer For the Quickness of the Youth and his diligent dispatch of Business greatly terrify'd the Revolters Hereupon the Athenians order'd every thing they had in the Country to be brought into the City and the Walls to be repair'd and guarded as well as they could and sent Ambassadors to Alexander to beg pardon that they had no The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander sooner own'd his Sovereignty and order'd Demosthenes to accompany the Ambassadors But he came not with the other to Alexander but return'd from Citherone to Athens either because he was afraid upon the account of the Speeches he had publickly made against the Macedonians or that he was not willing to displease the Persian King For it is reported that he had receiv'd great Sums of Money from the Persians to beat down the Interest of the Macedonians by his Orations Which was hinted they say by Eschines in one of his Speeches wherein he upbraids Demosthenes for taking of Bribes in these Words Now the King's Gold plentifully bears all his Charges But this will not serve his turn long for * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a debaucht Course Covetousness is never satisfy'd with Abundance But to proceed Alexander return'd a very courteous Answer to the Ambassadors which freed the Athenians from their Fears and he order'd all the Ambassadors and * Of the Amphictyons Members of the Council to meet him at Corinth where when those who were usually Members of the General Council were come the King by a gracious Speech so prevail'd with the Grecians that they created him General of all Greece and decreed him Aid and Assistance against the Persians in order to revenge the many Injuries the Greeks had receiv'd Ant. Ch. 333. from them Having gain'd the Honour he thus sought for he march'd back with his Army into Macedonia Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece we shall relate next what things were done in Asia For Attalus presently upon the death of Philip began to set up for himself and to that end made a League with the Athenians in order by their joint Concurrence to oppose Alexander But afterwards he chang'd his Mind and fent a Letter written to him by Demosthenes to Alexander and in many smooth and flattering Expressions endeavour'd to
together for their remaining Liberties But the Athenians in regard they had receiv'd many Kindnesses and Marks of Honour from Alexander beyond all the rest of the Cities continu'd quiet and firm in their Duty But many of the Peloponnesians and some others entred into the League and inroll'd their Names as Soldiers for the Army so as according as every City was able they sent forth the choicest of their Youth and rais'd an Army of Twenty thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse The Management of the whole War was left to the Lacedaemonians who were resolv'd to lay all at Stake and made Agis General Antipater hearing of the Defection of the Greeks compos'd all Matters relating to the War in Thrace as well as he could and march'd with all his Forces into Greece having no less than Forty thousand Greek Auxiliaries as Confederates Hereupon a great Battel was fought wherein Agis though he behav'd himself with great Valour and Resolution was kill'd and at length the Lacedaemonians having stood to it stoutly for a long time upon their Confederates giving Ground likewise retreated towards Sparta There fell of the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates in this Battel above Five thousand and Three hundred Of those with Antipater Three thousand and Five hundred There was one Thing very Remarkable concerning the Death of Agis Having fought with great Gallantry and Resolution and receiv'd many Wounds he was carry'd off by the Soldiers in order to be brought back to his own Country but being surrounded by the Enemy and finding no likelihood to escape he charg'd his Soldiers forthwith to be gone and preserve themselves for the further Service of their Country He himself remain'd and with his Sword in his Hand fought it out upon his Knees and kill'd several of the Assailants till at length being shot through the Body with a Dart he there dy'd after he had reign'd Nine Years Thus far for Europe we shall now return again to the Affairs of Asia CHAP. VII Alexander comes to Babylon The Wealth found there Views his Troops at Sitacana The Riches there Thence goes into the Country of the Uxians Marches towards Persepolis A Company of maim'd Greeks met Alexander His Bounty to them He takes Persepolis gives it up to the Plunder of the Soldiers The Riches of the Cittadel of Persepolis Alexander's Feast at Persepolis Persepolis burnt at the Instigation of Thais Darius murder'd DArius being routed at Arabela fled towards the higher Provinces to the end that he might both by the distance of the Place recruit himself and likewise have more time to raise a new Army He came first to Ecbatane where he stay'd for some time and there receiv'd his broken Troops that came in to him and arm'd again such as had lost their Arms. He sent likewise for the Militia out of the Neighbouring Provinces and dispatch'd Messengers to the Lord-Lieutenants and Commanders in Bactria and the upper Praefectures wishing them to abide firm to him in their Faith and Loyalty Ant. Ch. 328. In the mean time Alexander after he had buri'd those that were kill'd in the Battel enter'd Arbela where he found abundance of rich Furniture of the Kings and vast Treasures of the Barbarians amounting to Three thousand Talents of Silver But because he judg'd that the Air thereabouts must needs be infected through the Stench of the Bodies that lay there slain he presently remov'd his Camp and came with all his Alexander comes to Babylon Forces to Babylon where he was chearfully receiv'd by the Inhabitants and splendid Entertainment afforded to the Macedonians And there his Army was refresh'd after the many Toils and Difficulties they had undergone And thus in the Confluence of all Things desirable and free and noble Entertainment of the Citizens he continu'd in the City above Thirty Days Then he made Agatho of Pydna Governor of the Castle with a Garison of Seven Hundred Macedonians To Apollodorus of Amphipolis and Menetes of Pelea he gave the Government of Babylon and of all the Prefectures as far as to Cilicia and order'd them to raise what Forces they could and gave them a Thousand Talents for that purpose He made Mithrinas who betray'd the Castle of Sardis Lord Lieutenant of Armenia Of the Monies that he found in Babylon he gave to every Horseman * About 19 l. Six Minas to every Auxiliary Five to each of the Macedonian Phalanx Two and to every Foreign Mercenary Two Months Pay The King removing from Babylon as he was in his March there came to him Recruits from Antipater Five hundred Macedonian Horse and Six thousand Foot Six hundred Recruits come to him Thracian Horse and Three thousand Five hundred Trallians From Peloponnesus Four thousand Ant. Ch. 328. Foot and almost a Thousand Horse Among these were sent Fifty of the Sons of the King 's special Friends from Macedonia design'd by their Fathers to be of the King's Life-Guard Having receiv'd these he march'd forward and came after Six Decampments into the Province of Sitacina And here he stay'd several Days in regard the Country abounded in all Things necessary for the Life of Man and for that he had a mind his Soldiers should refresh themselves after their tedious March And had a Purpose likewise to take a more exact View and Account of his Troops and to inlarge the Commands and Governments of his Captains and Commanders and so to strengthen his Army both by the Number of Soldiers and Valour of their Officers All which he forthwith put in Execution and making choice of the most Deserving with the utmost Care possible he advanc'd many from very considerable Places of Trust and Authority to much higher Preferments by which means he both promoted his Officers and gain'd their Hearts and Affections at the same time He took care also for the better Government of the Common Soldiers and by many new Inventions put every thing into a better Order and Posture than they were before To conclude when he had so manag'd every thing as that he had gain'd the Love of the whole Army and made them in all Points observant to his Commands and was assur'd for Valour they would give Ground to none he march'd forward in order to finish by fighting what further remain'd When he came to the Province of Susiana he presently without any difficulty gain'd the Possession Ant. Ch. 328. of Susa the Royal City the most beautiful Palace of the Universe which was voluntarily surrender'd to him by Abuletes the Lord Lieutenant of the Province But some Writers Enters Susa have said That this was done by order from Darius himself to them that otherwise would have been both Loyal and Faithful to his Interest and that this was done by the Persian King for this end that Alexander being taken up with Matters of such great Moment as taking Possession of famous and noble Cities and loading himself with vast Treasures Darius might gain more time for the raising of fresh
Porus the Generals of his Army and the Chiefest of his Commanders There were taken above Nine thousand Prisoners and Fourscore Elephants As for Porus he was not yet quite dead and therefore Alexander recommended him to the Care of the Indians themselves for the dressing of his Wounds There fell of the Macedonians Two hundred and fourscore Horse and above Seven hundred Foot whom the King took care to be decently bury'd and rewarded those that surviv'd who had merited by their Valour He sacrific'd likewise to the Sun through whose Favour and Assistance he had conquer'd the East The neighbouring Mountains being cloth'd with great Numbers of Firr-Trees Cedars and the Pitch-Tree the Place affords plentiful Materials for the Building of Ships and therefore he built as many here as he had occasion for For he design'd when he came to the utmost Bounds of India after he had subdu'd those Nations that lay in his way to pass along through the River into the Ocean In the mean time he built Two Cities in those Parts one upon the further side of the * River Hydaspis River where he pass'd over the other where he overcame Porus and both were presently Ant. Ch. 325. perfected having many hands at work Porus being recover'd he restor'd him to the Possession of his Kingdom and being there was plenty of all sorts of Provision he suffer'd his Army to lie still and refresh themselves Porus restor'd for the space of thirty Days There are some things very remarkable and worth observing in the Mountains near where they encamp'd For besides the Materials for Shipping this Tract abounds with Serpents of a vast Bigness 16 Cubits in length and breeds a sort of Apes to be admir'd both for their number and greatness of their Bodies The nature of the Beast has instructed the Hunter how to take her for she 's apt to imitate every Action she sees but because of her Strength and natural Sagacity it 's very difficult to take her by force Therefore some of the Hunters anoint their Eyes with Honey and others put on Shoes in the sight of the Apes and some there are that clap upon their Heads * Glasses made hallow like Caps Looking-glasses Then they leave some Shoes behind them with Bands fixt to them and instead of Honey lay Birdlime and within the Glasses are Ropes to run on Nooses When they are gone the poor Beasts begin presently to imitate what they saw done and so are deluded for their Eye-lids are glew'd together their Feet are fast bound and their whole Bodies held by the Snares and so they become an easie Prey to the Hunter Afterwards Alexander forces Embisarus who had been so slow in assisting Porus and now in a Consternation to a Submission and then passes the River with his Forces and makes his way through a most fruitful Country For here are strange sorts of Trees Ant. Ch. 325. seventy Cubits high and of that thickness that four Men can scarcely fathom 'em and cast Trees a Shade 300 foot distance There are likewise in this Tract multitudes of Serpents of small Bodies but for their various Colour most remarkable For some lie like Rods yellow as Brass others have very rough and hairy Breasts and whoever is bitten by them falls down dead immediately If any be stung by them he 's most horridly tormented and a bloody Sweat issues out at all the Pores of his Body The Macedonians to secure themselves from these Mischiefs hung up their Beds on the Limbs of these Trees watching the greatest part of the Night But at length by some of the Inhabitants they were directed to a Root which was an Antidote against the Poison After the King had mov'd from thence he was inform'd that Porus a neighbouring Prince Nephew of Porus lately vanquish'd was fled out of his Kingdom and run to the Gangarides At which Alexander was not a little troubled and thereupon sent Hephestion with a considerable Body of Men into his Dominion and order'd him to reduce it into the nature of a Province and to deliver it into the hands of his Friend Porus. He himself march'd into the Country of the Andrastians and gain'd some of their Cities by assault Marches against the Andrastians Catheri and others by surrender Thence he came into the Country of the Catheri where by the Law the living Wives are burnt together with their dead Husbands and the Wickedness and Treachery of one Woman who poison'd her Husband was the occasion of this Law There the King burnt down to the Ground the greatest and strongest Town of all others in those Parts after he had with great difficulty and hazard taken it by assault The Inhabitants of another Ant. Ch. 〈◊〉 Town which he was ready to assault came forth and humbly submitted themselves to him upon which he spar'd them Thence he led his Army to the Cities belonging to Sophithes which were govern'd by most excellent Laws amongst the rest they strictly observe this To value their Beauty and The Custom of Sophithes his Cities and comely Proportion above all other Things and therefore they carefully examine every part of the Child when it is in the Cradle and such as are sound and perfect in every Limb and Member and likely to be strong and comely they nurse and bring up but such as are lame and deficient and of a weak Habit of Body they kill as not worth the rearing They have the same regard to their Marriages for without any respect to Portion or any other Advantages they only mind the Beauty of the Person and the Health and Strength of their Bodies Hence it is that those who live in those Cities are for the most part more Beautiful and Comely than others But Sophithes the King surpass'd all the rest of his Subjects for admirable Beauty and stately Proportion for he was above four Cubits high He came forth of his Royal City and gave up himself and Kingdom into the hands of Alexander and from the Bounty of the Victor forthwith receiv'd it back again and thereupon he nobly feasted Alexander and all his Army for several Days together And after many rich Presents made to him he presented him with an hundred and fifty Dogs of a wonderful Strength and Bigness and of other most remarkable Properties It was said Indian Dogs they were brought forth by Tygars who had coupled with Dogs Alexander minding by an Experiment to try their Strength and Courage caus'd an exceeding great Lion to be brought into the Circus and then loos'd at him two of the weakest of the Dogs which Ant. Ch. 325. proving too weak he let go other two The Lion being now surrounded by four and over-power'd Sophithes sent one with a Sword who began to cut off the right Thigh of one of the Dogs Upon which the King call'd out and thereupon the Squires of his Body ran to the Indian and held his Hand But Sophithes
place look'd upon all Greece to be the common Country of every Grecian and that they had heretofore repuls'd the Barbarians at Sea who invaded them with a Design to Inslave Greece and that now they had determin'd to oppose the Macedonians for the common Good with their Navies Lives and Fortunes The Wiser sort of the Grecians judg'd the Athenians more forward than prudent in passing this Decree and what they had design'd seem'd to carry an honourable Aspect but Ant. Ch. 321. nothing of Profit and Advantage to the State For that they made a stir and bustle unseasonably and began a War against mighty and victorious Armies when there was no necessity for it and though they had the repute of a prudent People yet they consider'd not the notorious Ruine and Destruction of Thebes However notwithstanding the Ambassadors came to the Cities and by their usual florid way of address had heated and egg'd them on to the War yet many confederated in the League some in the Names of their several Cities and others in the Names of whole Countries As for the rest of the Grecians some sided with the Macedonians and others stood Neuter But all the Aetolians generally as is before said enter'd into the Confederacy and after them all the Thessalians except them of Pellena Likewise the Oetaeans except the Heracleans The Phthiotians amongst the Acheans except the Thebans The Elians except the Maleans Then generally all the Doreans Locrians and Phocians join'd in the League Also the Enians Clyzeans and Dolopeans To these join'd likewise the Athamanes Leucadians and Molossians under the Command of Arypteus But this Man play'd the Impostor in the Confederacy and afterwards underhand treacherously aided the Macedonians A small Part likewise of the Illyrians and Thracians out of hatred to the Macedonians came into the League together with the Carystines out of Euboea and at length out of Ant. Ch. 321. Peloponnesus the Argives Sicyonians Eleans Messenians and those that Inhabited * The Sea Coasts Acta All these before nam'd confederated with the Grecians The People of Athens also sent Auxiliaries to Leosthenes out of the Cities Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse and Two thousand Mercenaries who were oppos'd by the Boetians in their march through Boetia for the Reasons following Alexander when he raz'd Thebes granted the Territories of the City to the neighbouring Boetians who divided the Lands of those miserable People amongst themselves by Lot and thereby gain'd large Possessions who understanding that the Athenians if they prevail'd design'd to restore the Country and Lands to the Thebans sided with the Macedonians and while the Boetians were Encamp'd at Platea Leosthenes came with part of his Forces into Boetia and drawing up the Athenians into Battalia fell upon the Inhabitants routed them and set up a Trophy and then return'd to Pylas Here after he had block'd up all the Passages he Encamp'd for some time expecting the Macedonian Army But Antipater who was left Viceroy of Europe by Alexander as soon as he heard of his Death at Babylon and of the Divisions of the Provinces sent to Craterus in Cilicia to come to him with all the Force he had for his Assistance For he being sent away some time before into Cilicia had ready Thirty thousand Macedonians who were dismiss'd from the Service in Asia with which he was returning into Macedonia He likewise solicited Philotas Ant. Ch. 321. who had the Province of Phrygia near the Hellespont under his Command to assist him and promis'd to him one of his Daughters in Marriage For as soon as he heard of the Insurrection of the Grecians against him he left Sippas with a considerable Body of Men General in Macedonia with Orders to raise many more and he himself march'd out of Macedonia into Thessaly with Thirteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse For at that time there was great scarcity of Soldiers in Macedonia by reason of the Recruits sent into Asia With these Forces sail'd along the whole Fleet near at hand which Alexander had sent into Macedonia with a vast Treasure out of the King's Treasuries The Navy consisted of an Hundred and ten Gallies of three Tire of Oars The Thessalians indeed at the beginning joining with Antipater had sent to him many brave Horses but afterwards being brought over by the Athenians into the contrary Interest they turn'd off with their Horse to Leosthenes and join'd with the Athenians for the recovery of the Liberty of Greece The Athenians therefore growing very strong by many flocking thus in to them the Grecians Antipater routed Ant. Ch. 321. Lamia a City in Thessaly over power'd the Macedonians and overcame them in a Battel Antipater being routed not daring to abide in the Field nor judging it safe to return into Macedonia fled to Lamia where he drew in his Army into the City repair'd the Walls furnish'd himself with Arms Offensive and Defensive and with Corn and Provision waiting for supplies out of Asia Leosthenes with all his Forces coming up close to Lamia fortify'd his Camp with a Lamia besieg'd deep Trench and Rampire And first he drew up his Army in the face of the City to provoke the Macedonians to fight But they not daring to Engage he daily assaulted the Walls with fresh Men succeeding one another But the Macedonians made a stout Defence and many of the Grecians through their Rashness and Imprudence were cut off For having a strong Body of Men in the City and well furnish'd with all sorts of Weapons and the Walls of the City with great Expence being strong and well built the Besieg'd easily repuls'd the Enemy Leosthenes therefore perceiving he could not gain the Town by force of Arms block'd it up to hinder all supplies of Provision supposing the Besieg'd would be presently subdu'd by Famine and want of Bread To this end he rais'd a Wall and drew a deep Trench round about it and so penn'd them up Afterwards the Aetolians being call'd away upon the occasion of some Publick concerns got leave of Leosthenes to return home and so all of them march'd back into Aetolia But while Antipater with his Army was in these desperate Straights and the City near Ant. Ch. 321. lost for want of Provision Fortune on a sudden turn'd the Scale to the Advantage of the Macedonians For Antipater made a Sally upon them that were busy'd in opening the Trenches where Leosthenes coming in to their Relief receiv'd a Blow upon the Head with a Stone which fell'd him to the Ground and so was carry'd off half dead into the Camp and died the Third day after and was honourably Bury'd upon the account of Leosthenes kill'd the Noble Service he had perform'd in the War The Athenians commanded Hyperides to set forth his Praise in a Funeral Oration who was esteem'd the Chiefest of the Orators at that time both for his Eloquence and particular hatred of the Macedonians For Demosthenes the
the Siege and to let Arrideus know That the City was ready to submit to any thing he thought fit except the receiving of a Garison But in the mean time they secretly arm'd all their young Men and Slaves that were fit for Service and so lin'd the Walls round with Men for the Defence of the Town But Arrideus still pressing the matter for the receiving of a Garison the Ambassadors answer'd Ant. Ch 319. That they would acquaint the Citizens with his Demands which he consented unto and so discharg'd them and being thus freed they spent all that Day and the Night next following in Preparations for the holding out of the Siege Being thus deluded he lost the Opportunity of accomplishing what he design'd For the Cyzians in regard the City was very strong and well guarded on the Land side for it was a Peninsula and being P. 655. Masters likewise at Sea they easily repuls'd the Enemy Moreover they sent to them of Byzantium for Soldiers and Darts and all other Things that were necessary and useful against an Assault All which were speedily and readily sent to them whereby their Hopes were so reviv'd that they were the more encourag'd to stand it out to the utmost They presently likewise put forth their Long Ships to Sea and fail'd along the Coast and took in those that were in the Fields and brought them back to the City Having therefore thus increas'd the number of their Soldiers after the killing a great many of the Besiegers they forc'd the Enemy to raise the Siege whereupon Arrideus cheated by this Stratagem of the Cyzians after a fruitless attempt return'd into his own Province In the mean time Antigonus lying at Celena was inform'd of the Siege at Cyzicum and therefore resolv'd to lay an Obligation upon that City then in danger to be ruin'd to Antigonus goes to vaise the Siege at Cyzicum Ant. Ch. 319. favour him in his future Designs To that end he detach'd out of his whole Army Twenty thousand of his best Foot and Three thousand Horse and with these march'd away with all speed to the Aid of the Cyzians but came thither a little too late And so though he made a show of a great Kindness to the City yet he was wholly frustrated in his Design But he sent Ambassadors to Arrideus to expostulate Matters with him first Why he dar'd to besiege a Greek Confederate City without any Provocation Then to charge him with open Rebellion and with a Purpose to make himself absolute Lord and Sovereign of the Province Lastly To command him to depart out of the Province and thence-forward to live a private Life and content himself with one only City for his Subsistence Arrideus hearing these Demands of the Ambassadors and charging them with Insolency told them he would not leave the Province but that he would Garrison all his Cities and was resolv'd to decide the matter with him by the Sword In pursuance of what he had said having every where fortified his Towns and Cities he sent away a General with part of his Army commanding him to join with Eumenes and to free the Fort from the Siege and Eumenes from the Straits and Difficulties wherein Eumenes got out of Nora by Antigonus his Order The Acts of Antigonus Ant. Ch. 319. he then was and to persuade him to be his Confederate in the War Antigonus in the mean time eager to be reveng'd on Arrideus sent away some of his Forces against him and he himself march'd with a numerous Army towards Lydia with a Purpose to depose Clitus the Lord-Lieutenant of that Province who having before intelligence of his march Garison'd all his principal Cities and he himself sail'd over into Macedonia to inform the Kings and Polysperchon of the Revolt and Impudence of Antigonus and to crave their Aid and Assistance Antigonus at his first approach had Ephesus deliver'd up to him by the Assistance of some in the City Afterwards when Aesculus the Rhodian arriv'd at Ephesus with four Ships wherein were Six hundred Talents of Silver sent out of Cilicia to the Kings in Macedonia he seiz'd upon the Money alledging he had occasion to use it for the raising and listing Soldiers By which Act he sufficiently declar'd to the World That he was altogether designing his own Interest and was an apparent Enemy to the Kings After this he besieg'd those Cities that stood out some of which he took by Assault and others he gain'd by fair Words and Promises Having now related the Acts of Antigonus we shall pass over to those Things that happen'd to Eumenes This Man had the frequent Experience of sudden Turns and Eumenes his various Fortunes Changes of Fortune being sometimes in low and other times again beyond all Expectation in very prosperous Circumstances In former times when he assisted Perdiccas and the Kings he gain'd the Province of Cappadocia and those Places that as Members belong'd to it where he liv'd in the height of Prosperity commanding both Men and Money at his Pleasure For he conquer'd P. 656. Ant. Ch. 317. Craterus and Neoptolemus two famous Captains who then Commanded the before-unconquer'd Troops of the Macedonians and kill'd them both in the Fight So that now he seem'd to be invincible when on a sudden his Fortune was so chang'd that he was routed by Antigonus in a great Battel and forc'd to fly with a few Friends to a very little Fort for shelter Being then shut up and hemm'd in with a double Wall he had no Friend left that could help him in his Distress but after he had been coop'd up a Year together now utterly despairing of Deliverance unexpectedly and on a sudden appear'd an opportunity of Freedom from all his Troubles For Antigonus who a little before had straitly besieg'd him and earnestly sought to take away his Life the Scene being chang'd now seeks to him to be a Partner with him in his Concerns and so upon a mutual Stipulation upon Oath between them he was freed from the Pressures and Hardships of the Siege And thus after a long time being unexpectedly deliver'd he continu'd a while in Cappadocia where he again got together his old Friends and his former Fellow-Soldiers that were dispers'd and scatter'd up and down in the Country and was so wonderfully belov'd that many of his Associates and Companions in the same Hopes and Expectations presently flock'd to him ready to join in Arms and be observent to all his Commands To conclude within a very few days he had got together above Two thousand Soldiers who chearfully listed themselves besides those five hundred Friends who indur'd the Siege with him in the Fort And by the Assistance of Fortune he was at length rais'd to that height that he gain'd the Kings Forces and defended the Interest of the Kings against all that dar'd to deprive them of their Sovereign Authority But we shall give a more exact account of these Matters shortly hereafter in
Cities revolt from Agathocles WHen Simonides was Lord-Chancellor of Athens and the Romans had created Marcus Olymp. 117. 2. Ant. Ch. 309. Cassander c. mak s Peace with Antigonus P. 728. Valerius and Publius Decius Consuls Cassander Ptolemy and Lysimachus made Peace with Antigonus the Form of which was put into Writing and contain'd the Terms following That Cassander should be the Sovereign Lord of all in Europe till Alexander the Son of Rhoxana came of full Age That Lysimachus should have the chief Command in Thrace Ptolemy should enjoy the Sovereign Power in Egypt and the bordering Cities in Arabia and Africa That Antigonus should be Lord of all Asia And the Greeks should Govern according to their own Laws But these Conditions they observ'd not long but every one took one Occasion or other to incroach upon more than his Part came to Cassander seeing that Alexander the Son of Rhoxana now grew up towards Man's Estate and hearing how it was the Discourse of some throughout all Macedonia That it was now Rhoxana and her Son murder'd fit the young Man should be freed from his Prison and assume the Government of his Father's Kingdom into his own hands out of fear of being supplanted commanded Glaucias the Keeper to murder both Rhoxana and the King and to hide their Bodies when he had done and by all means possible conceal their Deaths This he effectually executed and so by this means Cassander Lysimachus Ptolemy and Antigonus himself were freed from all Grounds of Fear upon the account of the King For now all the Seed Royal being extinct and no Successor remaining every one of the Captains that had possess'd themselves of Provinces or Cities took upon themselves the Titles and The Captains take the Title of Kings Stiles of Kings and every one claim'd the Province of which he was Governor as a Conquer'd Kingdom And thus stood the Affairs in Asia Europe Greece and Macedonia In Italy the Romans march'd with a great Body of Horse and Foot against Pollitium a City of the Marucci where they remov'd part of the Citizens and made them a new Colony giving them Interamna as it 's call'd to inhabit Ant. Ch. 309. Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles In Sicily the Power of Agathocles increas'd every day his Forces growing stronger and stronger Whereupon the Carthaginians being inform'd that he had gain'd almost all the Towns and Cities through the Island and that their Captains and Commanders there were not able to deal with him they resolv'd to pursue the War with more Vigour To this end they forthwith provided a Fleet of a Hundred and thirty Sail of Men of War and made Amilcar a Person of eminent Quality General and deliver'd to him Two thousand Soldiers rais'd out of the City amongst whom many were Men of Note Out of Afric◠Ten thousand from Tyrrhenia a Thousand Mercenaries and Two hundred Charioteers and a Thousand Slingers from the Baleary Islands They provided likewise a great Treasure all sorts of Weapons store of Corn and all other Things necessary for carrying on the War as they had occasion to use And now when the whole Fleet had hois'd up Sail and were come into the open Sea on a sudden a violent Storm arose which sunk Sixty of the Gallies and broke in pieces Two hundred of the Ships loaden with Corn and Provision The rest of the Fleet after much Hardship at Sea with much ado got into Sicily Many of the most eminent Men of Carthage were lost at this time which occasion'd a publick Lamentation in that City For when any Misfortune happens to that Place greater than ordinary their Custom is to cover the Walls Ant. Ch. 309. with black Cassocks or Cloaks Amilcar the General after he was landed muster'd those that were sav'd from the Storm and to supply those that were lost listed Foreign Mercenaries and rais'd others from among the Confederates throughout all Sicily whom he join'd with the rest of the Forces that were there before and carefully providing every thing that was necessary for the War he kept the Army in the Field having under his Command about Forty thousand Foot and near Five thousand Horse Having therefore in a short time recruited himself and being accounted a Man of great Reputation for Honesty and Integrity he both reviv'd the Courage of the Confederates and in no small measure struck a Terror into the Hearts of his Enemies On the other side Agathocles perceiving that he was far overpower'd by the Carthaginians in Number of their Forces concluded that many of the Forts and Castles and those Cities and Towns that bore him a Grudge would revolt to the Enemy especially P. 729. he fear'd the City of the Geloans because he heard all the Enemies Forces were encamp'd in their Territories And besides no small Detriment befel him at this time in his Fleet for about Twenty Sail then at Sea together with their Men all fell into the Hands of the Carthaginians However he conceiv'd it fit to put a Garison into the Place for its Security but durst not bring any Forces openly into the City lest the Geloans should prevent him who had not then at any time before any Occasion offered them to rebel And so by that means he might come to * A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cast away lose a Town that had been very useful and serviceable to him Therefore to prevent Suspicion he sent into the City Soldiers by degrees a few at a time as if they had come there for other Purposes till he had got so many into the Town as far exceeded the Citizens in Number And then a while after he came thither himself and charg'd the Geloans with a traiterous design to revolt However whether this were true or not or that they were falsly accus'd by the Exiles or that his Design was to scrape and get together what Money he could he put to Death above Four Four thousand Geloans murder'd by Agathocles thousand of the Geloans and confiscated all their Estates and threaten'd all the rest with Death that did not bring forth all their Money whether Silver or Gold coin'd or uncoin'd Whereupon all out of fear of this thundring Edict forthwith obey'd his Command whereby he heap'd together a vast Treasure and became a Terror to all his Subjects And though he was judg'd to deal too severely and cruelly with the Geloans yet he order'd them to be decently buri'd without the Walls and then leaving the City with a strong Garison encamp'd with his Army over-against the Enemy The Carthaginians possess'd the Hill Ecnomen where formerly stood the Castle of Phaleris as is reported where they say the Tyrant had the Brazen Bull contriv'd to torment Offenders by putting Fire under it thereby causing it to grow scorching hot by degrees And therefore by reason of this horrid Cruelty executed upon poor miserable Creatures the Hill was call'd * The wicked Place Ecnomen
Tyndarites Then the Consuls leaving a Garison in Panormus March'd away to Messina The Year following the Romans design'd another Descent into Lybia but being prevented from landing by the Carthaginians they return'd to Panormus Thence in their return to Râ—â—e by another Tempest they lost 150 Ships of War besides Transport Ships with all their Loading and Provision About this time the Governour of Therme being abroad about some necessary occasions was taken Prisoner by the Roman Army and during his Confinement he Treated by Messengers with the General to open the Gates of the City to him in the Night if he might be releas'd The time was agreed upon and he was order'd to be discharg'd and 1000 Men were sent thither in the Night who came there at the time appointed whereupon he open'd the Gates and the chiefest Persons of Quality only entred giving a strict charge to the Guard to shut the Gates and suffer none other to enter and this they did to the end that none but themselves might have the plunder and pillage of the City but they were all presently knock'd on the Head a just reward for their Covetousness But at another time Therme and Lipara were given up into the hands of the Romans Yet they fail'd of their purpose at the Castle of Er 〈…〉 tho' they besieg'd it with 40000 Foot and 1000 Horse Asdrubal the Carthaginian General being ill spoken of by his Soldiers for not sighting March'd away with the whole Army and came to Panormus through the straits of Selinuntia and passing over the River near the Town he Encamp'd close to the Walls without Fortifying himself in Contempt of the Enemy And now again plenty of Wine being brought into the Camp by the Merchants the Celte made themselves drunk and Olymp. 132. 1. Ant Ch 249. Caecilius routs the Carthâ—ginians while they were roaring and tearing and filling all places with disorder and confusion * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Long Ships 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caecilius the Consul broke in upon them and totally routed them and sent 60 Elephants then taken in the Fight to Rome which were the admiration of the Romans Out of the 24th BOOK Eclog. 1. THE Carthaginians after they had raz'd the City Selinunte transplanted the Citizens to Lilybeum But the Râ—mans sail'd with 240 long Gallies and 60 Lilâ—beum resiâ—g'd by the Romans round Vessels and all other sorts of Shipping to Panormus and thence to Lilybeum which now they began to besiege and fortify'd themselves by a Trench drawn all along from Sea to Sea Then they prepar'd them * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Engines to cast Stones battering Rams and * Call'd by the Romans Testudines Engines not only to batter but pluck the Stones by violence out of the Walls and all other things necessary for the raising of Mounts and Bulwarks Then they fill'd 15 of their round Vessels with Stones and cast them into the Mouth of the Harbour to choak it up The Roman Army amounted to the number of 110000 Men of whom 60000 Foot and 700 Horse were order'd to carry on the Siege But 4000 Men with Corn and Provision were sent from Carthage to the Besieged which greatly heartned them and * Adherbal Atarbus their Governor When the Romans understood that Relief was got into the City they fill'd up the Mouth of the Harbour a second time and made a Bomb with Anchors and great Pieces of Timber but the Wind which then blew high and the violent Surges of the Sea broke all asunder The Romans likewise made another * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Engine to cast mighty Stones but the Carthaginians rais'd another Wall within and the Romans fill'd up the City Trench with Earth which was 60 Cubits broad and 40 deep And whilst a Skirmish was fought on that side of the Walls towards the Sea the Râ—mans plac'd an Ambush on the other side and the Soldiers within making Sallies out of the Town to help them that were engag'd at the Sea-side those that lay in Ambush having Scaling-Ladders ready mounted gain'd the first Wall which being known the Carthaginian Commander fell furiously upon them and kill'd 10000 upon the Place and put the rest to flight and burnt all the Roman Engines battering Rams Instruments to cast Stones and all their Works and Fortifications After this the Carthaginians seeing that their Horse was of no use to them in the strait and narrow Passages sent them away to Drapanum Then presently came in strong Recruits to the Carthaginians but the Romans by the burning of their Engines and through want of Provision and the breaking out of the Plague amongst them were reduc'd to great Straits for only the Romans and their Confederates eat Flesh and so a great Distemper seiz'd them that in a very few days there dy'd 10000 so that they were very earnest to breast up the Siege but Hiero King of Syracuse sent them a great quantity of Corn which again encourag'd them to continue Afterwards the Romans chose another Consul and gave the Command of the Army to Claudius the Consul the Son of Appius who taking charge of the Army stop'd up the Mouth of the Port as his Predecessor had done but the Sea bore down and carry'd all away again Moreover Claudius thinking himself able to do great Things furnish'd out 210 of the best Ships and arriv'd at Drapanum and there engag'd with the Carthaginians in a Sea-fight and was beaten and lost 117 of his Ships and 20000 Men. There never happen'd so great a Fight at Sea and so absolute a Victory either among Thâ— Romans beaten at Sea by the Carthaginians the Carthaginians or any other about these times and that which was more to be admir'd was That tho' the Carthaginians were in so great Danger and had only 90 Sail yet they lost not one Man and had but a very few wounded With 30 Sail Note Not one Man lost in a great Sea-fight which intercepted the Corn and Provision belonging to the Romans and carry'd it to Drapanum and taking thence what remain'd that was useful they came to Lilybeum and loaded the Besieg'd with all kind of Provision And now Carthalo the General came from Carthage with 70 long Ships or Men of War and as many loaden with Corn who also set upon the Romans and sunk some of their Vessels and carry'd off four others that lay at Anchor But after he heard that the Roman Fleet was set forth from Syracuse having call'd a Council of War he went out to Sea against them with 220 Sail of the best Ships he had When the Fleets came in sight one of another near the Coasts of Gela the Romans struck with a Pannick Fear attack'd about and hasted to Phintiades leaving all their Transport Ships loaden with Provision and other Vessels behind them But the Carthaginians making a swift Pursuit after them there happened a fierce Engagement In which the Carthaginians sunk 50 of
In the mean time Amilcar having gain'd many Cities in Spain built a very large Town which from its situation he call'd Acra Leuca having afterwards besieg'd the City * Acra Leuca now St. Leucar probable r. Helice he sent away the greatest part of his Army and Elephants into their Winter Quarters to the City he had lately built and continu'd with the rest at the Siege But Orisso the King under pretence of coming in as a Friend to join with Amilcar sucour'd the Besieg'd and forc'd Amilcar to fly and raise his Siege his Sons * now not in being and Friends he order'd for their safety to take one way by themselves and he himself pass'd another and being hotly pursu'd by the King in taking a great River he was forc'd off his Horse by the violence of the Stream and so drowned But Hanniball and Asdruball his Sons got safe to Acra Leuca or the White Citadell And tho' Amilcar Amilcar drown'd in Spain dy'd many Ages before our time yet History has left an Epitaph and Commemoration of his due praise But Asdrubal his Son-in-law as soon as he heard of his Father-in law's death forthwith marched away and came to Acra with above 100 Elephants Being chosen General by the Army and the Carthaginians he pickt out 50000 Foot of old experienc'd Soldiers 6000 Horse and 200 Elephants In the first place he ruin'd and broke in pieces King Orisso then he put to the Sword all that were the occasion of Amilcar's Gr. flight and got possession of Twelve Cities and at length all the Cities of Spain And having now celebrated a new Marriage and taken the Daughter of the King of Spain to Wife he was invested with full Power in the Government by all the Spaniards He afterwards built a City by the Sea-side which he call'd Carthage and after this another and aspir'd to exceed Amilcar in Power and Greatness He had in his Army 60000 Asdrubal Assassinated in Spain Foot 8000 Horse and 200 Elephants But at length he was assassinated by one of his own Houshold having been General Nine Years 3. The Celtae with the Gauls entring into a War against the Romans rais'd an Army Olymp. 138. 4. Ant. Ch. 223. A War between the Celtae and the Romans of 200000 Men and in the First Battle were victorious and likewise in the Second wherein one of the Roman Consuls were kill'd tho' the Romans had an Army of 70000 Foot and 7000 Horse However tho' they were worsted in the Two First Battles yet in the Third they gain'd a signal Victory killing 40000 upon the place and taking the rest prisoners So that the greatest of their Kings cut his own Throat but the other was taken alive After this brave Exploit Aemilius being made Consul wasted the Country of the Gauls and Celtae and took in many Cities and Castles and filled the City of Rome with Spoils 4. Hiero King of Syracuse supply'd the Romans with Corn in the Celtick War and was paid for it when the War was ended 5. The Army wanting a General after Asdrubal was slain the Charthaginians unanimously Hanniball chose Hannibal the Eldest Son of Amilcar to be their General While the City Seguntum was Besieg'd by Hanniball the Citizens got together all the Riches in the The beginning of the Second Punick War which continued 17 Years Olymp. 1140. 3. Ant. Ch. 216. Seguntum taken in Spain Temples and all the Silver and Gold in the Houses nay till it came to the Jewels in the Womens Ears and laid them on an heap and melted them down mixing Brass and Lead with the Gold and Silver to make them useless and invaluable and having so done they all valiantly made a Sally and fought it out to the last Man and all dy'd upon the place not without a great slaughter first made of their Enemies The Mothers likewise first kill'd their own Children and then stifled themselves by the smoak of the Furnaces And so Hanniball gain'd the Town without any benefit of Plunder whom when the Romans demanded to be brought to Trial for his breach of the League and could not prevail they began the War call'd the Hannibal War Out of the 26th BOOK Eclog. 1. THere was never any Poet or Historian or any Learned Man of what Science Plin. lib. 35. C. 8. Praxitiles Plin. lib. 36. C. 5. Plin. 35. 10. Appelles and Parrasius soever that could please all their Readers in every thing Neither can any thing that is mortal tho' it attain its end and design gain the general approbation of all so as to be wholly free from Exception and Censure For neither * Phidias who was so admir'd for his Ivory Images Nor * Praxiles that excellent Stone-cutter Nor Appelles or Parrasius who attain'd to the highest pitch of Art and Skill in Limning and Painting could ever reach to that degree of Happiness as to exhibit any piece of their several Arts that was not in some respect capable of Censure For who was a more Famous Poet than Homer or an Orator than Demosthenes Who more Just than Aristides and Solon yet join'd as a Flaw to all their Excellencies there is an Oration that carps at them and makes them as if they were all ignorant Fellows For indeed being but Men altho' they attained to eminent Perfection in their several Accomplishments yet through Human Frailty they fail'd and mistook in many things However some Men there are who discover both their Envy and Folly who wilfully omit to give an account of what is commendable and praise-worthy but where they have any colour to find fault there they fix and are unwilling ever to leave it endeavouring by blackning another to set forth the more their own Worth and Excellencies not considering that every Art and peculiar Accomplishment is more to be judg'd of by enquiry into the thing it self than by making conclusions from the partial and peevish Passion of another But any would admire this industrious Folly of Detraction whereby a person by blackening another in truth loses his own Reputation There are some things that by * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The folly of Nature a blind instinct are naturally hurtful as Frost and Snow burn and blast the fairest and most pleasant Fruits and the resplendent Whiteness of the Snow so dazles the Eyes that it almost deprives them of their Sight and so some Men that have neither Wit nor Will to do any thing that is commendable themselves yet have Malice and Folly enough naturally to judge and condemn the Actions of others But it is the part of a prudent and understanding Man always to attribute due praise to them who by their Industry have prosecuted virtuous Designs And where any have not been so successful as they desir'd not to taunt at the infirmity of Humane Nature But so much of these envious Men. 2. For as a brave Champion after he has spent much time in anointing himself at length descends
Force But when they made their Submission by their Commissioners for the present he remitted their Faults but after they were brought Prisoners to Rome he order'd them to fight with wild Beasts where it 's reported that they ended their Lives with great gallantry and nobleness of Mind for they scorn'd to fight with Beasts but thrust one another through at the publick Altars And after all were dead Satyrus being the last with an Heroick Spirit kill'd himself And this was the Tragical End of the Servants War after it had continu'd almost Four years Out of the same BOOK Eclog. 2. ONE Battaces Priest of the Goddess * This Rhea is said to be the Mother of the Gods Rhea they say came to Rome from Pesinunte a City of Phrygia who declar'd he came thither by the Command of the Goddess and told the Magistrates and Senate that their Temple was prophan'd and that a publick Expiation ought to be made in the name of the Romans His Habit and other Ornaments of his Body was very strange and altogether unusual at Rome for he wore a Crown or Mitre of a vast Bigness and a Flower'd Gown imbroider'd with Gold representing the State and Dignity of a King After he had spoken to the People from the Bench and instructed them in the Matters of Religion he was honour'd with publick Entertainments and large Gifts and Presents But he was forbid to wear a Crown by Aulus Pompeius a Tribune of the People However being brought by another Tribune to the Desk and being ask'd how the Expiatory Sacrifices should be made his Answers were stuff'd with nothing but Superstitious Rites and Ceremonies At length things were so manag'd that he was driven out by Pompeius his Faction with many Scorns and Affronts upon which he went to his Inn and never after appear'd abroad But only told them that not only he was disgrac'd but the Goddess was reproach'd and dishonour'd Presently after Pompeius fell into an high Feaver and then a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cynanchino Morbo Or a Dog's Disease Quinsie which took away his Speech and he dy'd the Third day Upon which it was the common Discourse and Sentiment amongst the ordinary sort that he was thus punish'd by a Divine Hand for his prophane and impious abuse of the Goddess and her Priest For the Romans are addicted to Superstition much above many other Nations And therefore Battaces being honour'd with many Presents and Liberty granted to him to wear his Sacred Vestments with all their Ornaments the day he had design'd for his departure he was conducted by multitudes both of Men and Women out of the City Out of the same Book Eclog. 3. IT was a Custom amongst the Roman Soldiers That if any Commander of an Army fought a Battle and kill'd above 6000 of the Enemy he was term'd * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Emperor which is the same with * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 King among the Grecians Fragment Lib. 37. Ecloga Prima THE Marsian War took its name from the Authors of the Defection tho' the Italians The Confederate War of the Marsi Olymp. 172. 2. Ant. Ch. 89. generally made this War upon the Romans It 's said the first occasion of this arose from the profuseness and luxury the Romans were fall'n into who were formerly frugal and sparing in their way of living This alteration caus'd great Heart-burnings between the Commonalty and the Senate For when the Senate prevail'd with the Italians to supply the City with Provisions and upon their frequent Addresses had promis'd to enfranchise them and make them Freemen of Rome and to ratify it by a Law and the Italians saw nothing perform'd that was promis'd these were the sparks that at length broke forth into a flame at the time when Lucius Martius Philippus and * Julius Caesar Gr. 170. Olymp. Others say 172. Sextus Julius were Consuls in the 117th Olympiad Many were the Slaughters Sieges and Sacking of Towns on both sides during this War Victory hovering sometimes here and sometimes there as uncertain where to fall giving no assurance to either party which of them she favour'd But at length after the shedding of much Blood the Romans with much ado got the better and regain'd their former Power and Sovereignty There were engag'd against them in this War the Samnites the Asculans Lucanans Picentians them of * Still being 14 Miles from Naples Nola and other Cities and Nations Amongst which was * Cortinium in Italy a City of the Peligni now call'd Pienza under the Duke of Florence Cortinum a large and famous City greatly frequented in which the Italians had a little before planted a Colony Here were all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a City and the maintenance of the Government particularly a large Market-place and Court-House with a vast Treasure and plentiful Provisions of all sorts They had likewise a Senate consisting of 500 Men. Out of which were chosen those reputed fit to execute the highest places of Magistracy and to manage the weighty Affairs of the Commonwealth These therefore they entrusted with the management of the War and put the absolute power of the disposing of all their concerns into the hands of the Senators who made a Law that Two Consuls should be chosen every year and Twelve Generals At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo a Marsian a Man of chiefest quality in his Country and Caius Aponius Motulus famous for his noble Acts above the rest of his own Nation were chosen Consuls They divided all Italy into Two Parts and took either of their equal shares for the executing of their Consular Authority They allotted the Region or Tract from the Cercoli so call'd to the Adriatick Sea which lay to the North and West to Pompaedius to six of the Generals The rest which lay to the South and East the Italians assign'd to Motulus with as many more of the Military Officers Having put all things into this good Order and to sum up all having order'd all things according to the ancient Model of the Roman Government they set themselves more intently and earnestly to the prosecuting of the War and call'd the City it self Italy And they were so successful that they came off Conquerors for the most part till Cneius Pompeius was made Consul and General Pompey who with Sylla deputed by Cato the other Consul often routed them and reduc'd them to those straits that at length their Power was broken in pieces However they An Isthmus in Italy call'd Calabria still continu'd the War but were often worsted by Caius Cossinius General in * Japygia Being therefore distress'd and harass'd with so many and great mischiefs one upon the neck of another and the Marsians and other Nations falling to the Romans they forsook their new City and transplanted themselves to Aesernia a City of the Samnites under the conduct of Five Generals of whom they made Quintus
Pompoedius Chief for his Valour and prudent management of the War who with the consent of all the other Captains rais'd a great Army which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides he got together at least 20000 Foot and 1000 Horse of manumitted Slaves and Arm'd them as well as the time would allow And coming to an Engagement with the Romans whose General was Mamercus he kill'd a few of them but lost above 6000 of his own Men. About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia which had in it a great number of Soldiers and carry'd away above 3000 prisoners And now the Romans prevail'd every day more and more against their Enemies So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates King of Pontus who had then a brave and well appointed Army to intreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans by which means they told him that their Power would be easily broken Mithridates answer'd that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdu'd Asia in order to which he was then engag'd The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance and of supplies of Money were greatly discourag'd For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius who commanded those that were left of the Lucanians The Marsian War being now almost at an end there arose again a great Sedition in Rome by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates stirr'd up thereunto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reap'd by that War For Caius Julius and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul oppos'd one another and the People on that occasion were divided some for one and some for the other There were likewise other disturbances about the same time For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola and so terrify'd many of the bordering Territories with their Cities that he forc'd them to the obedience of the Romans But when Sylla was engag'd in the War in Asia against Mithridates and Rome was fill'd with slaughters and intestine broils Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia not being able to take the strong City Aesias after a long time they had lain before it left part of their Army to maintain the Siege and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium in hopes that if they gain'd this place they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrify'd the Italiots with the greatness of his Army and his vast preparations that they drew off from the Siege and so the Rhegians were delivered And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla and most of them were kill'd in the War and those that surviv'd all joyn'd with the Conqueror Scylla And thus ended the Marsian War and the greatest home-bred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end a Second great Sedition was rais'd The War between Sylia and Marius Olymp. 174. Ant. Ch. 80. Or rather Aphroditus Beautiful in Rome stirr'd up by Sylla and Caius Marius a young Man the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul In this Commotion many thousands of Men perish'd At length Sylla prevail'd and being created Dictator he call'd himself Epaphroditus which vain glorious Title did not altogether deceive him for he prosper'd all his life long and dy'd a natural death after all his Victories But Marius altho' he behav'd himself with great Gallantry in the War against Sylla being at length routed fled with 15000 Men to Proeneste where he was Besieg'd a long time at length all having forsaken him and seeing no way how to escape he earnestly intreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that surrounded him After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Masters Life and then immediately kill'd himself And so at length ended this Civil War However some relicks of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pursu'd it with some others were suppress'd But after these were all ruin'd and destroy'd there broke out such a flame of Discord The War between Caesar and Pompey which continu'd Four years Olymp. 182. Ant. Ch. 47. between Julius Caesar and Pompey who for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans partly by the Conduct of Sylla and partly by his own Valour was sirnam'd the Great that the Romans were again involv'd in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle he himself was afterwards Murther'd near Alexandria and the unbounded power of the Consuls being at length restrain'd and limited fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself and so ended the Sedition But when he was murther'd another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murtherers which was manag'd by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius and Octavius Augustus When this War was ended by dint of Sword and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supream Power broke out into an open War And after much Blood spilt on both sides Augustus gain'd the Empire which he held during his Life having now wav'd Augustus Emperor his Consular Power and Dignity Out of the 38th BOOK CINNA and Marius calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers This was long before in time and therefore comes in here with relation to some other Matter before related but now lost For this Sedition was in 173. Olymp. Ant. Ch. 86 consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and confirming of the Peace At length they resolv'd to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were their Enemies and who were most capable to make a disturbance and overturn all their Affairs that so the Factious Party being purg'd out from among them they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security according to their own Will and Pleasure Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside Persons were proscrib'd and butcher'd in every place without being heard At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Triumph for his Victory over the * Danes Cimbri and had more than an ordinary share in the Affections of the People was
Intelligence was brought to Alexander of these things he forthwith commanded his Foot in every Regiment to prepare Scaling Ladders and he himself march'd away with his Army to a City call'd Gaza which was next to the Camp and lay first in his way for it was said the Barbarians had fled into seven Towns of that Country Craterus he sent to Cyropolis the greatest of all the Cities and in which a very great number of the Barbarians had shelter'd themselves The King commanded him to encamp near the City and to fortifie his Camp with a Trench and Wall drawn round and place such Engines upon his Bulwarks as he saw occasion to use that the Townsmen being busie in assaulting Craterus might have no leisure to come in to the assistance of other Cities The King himself as soon as he came to Gaza forthwith at the first approach commanded his Men to set Scaling-Ladders round the Walls which were but of Earth and not very high Upon which the Slingers Darters and Archers together with the Foot made an Assault ply'd and gall'd them that defended the Walls with their Darts and shot out of the Engines so that by Showres of Darts and Arrows the Wall was presently clear'd of its Defendants and the Scaling-Ladders in a trice were set to the Walls and the Macedonians enter'd and put all the Men to the Sword for so Alexander had commanded but the Women and Children with the rest of the Prey they carry'd away Thence the King forthwith march'd to another City fortified much like unto Gaza which he took much after the same manner the very same day and dealt with the Prisoners after the same manner as with them at Gaza After this he made to a third City which he took the next day upon the first Assualt In the mean time while he was reducing these Cities with his Foot he sent away his Horse to two other neighbouring Cities with Orders to watch 'em lest the Inhabitants hearing of the taking of the Cities bordering upon 'em and oâ— the King 's near approach should fly and leave the Cities so as he should not be able to pursue with any hopes to overtake ' em And indeed it fell out as he thought which evidenc'd the sending forth of the Horse to be necessary For the Barbarians who still were possess'd of two other Cities seeing the Smoak of the City which was burnt and was over-against 'em besides some who escap'd out of the Overthrow brought them news of the City being taken with all speed in whole droves fled out of the Cities and fell in among the Horse that were sent forth and multitudes of 'em were knock'd on the Head The King having taken and raz'd these five Towns in the space of two days march'd away to Cyropolis the greatest of their Cities The Walls of this City were higher than any of the rest the Town being built by Cyrus And forasmuch as there were many stout Men and good Soldiers the Inhabitants of the Country were got together into this place the Macedonians could not easily like to the other places take it at the first Assault and therefore Alexander order'd that with the Battering-Rams and other Engines they shou'd batter the Walls and where-ever any Breach was made there forthwith to make an Assault But the King observing the Channel of the River which ran through the City like a little Brook to be then dry and not contiguous or near the Walls but affording a direct Passage for his Soldiers into the City he took with him his Guard Targateers Archers and the Agrians the Barbarians then busie in observing the Engines and those that manag'd 'em and secretly with few at first enter'd through the Channel into the City and broke down the Gates that were in that part and readily let in the rest of the Soldiers Upon which the Barbarians perceiving the City to be enter'd however set upon Alexander's Soldiers and fought and resolutely in which Conflict Alexander receiv'd a Blow on his Head and Neck with a Stone Craterus and many others were wounded with Darts and Arrows but at length the Barbarians were driven out of the Market-place In the mean time those that assaulted the Walls enter'd all being clear of those that should have defended them In the first Conflict at the entring of the City there were slain of the Enemy about eight thousand the rest for they were eighteen thousand that had there put in themselves fled into the Castle who after one day's siege for want of Water surrender'd themselves The seventh City the King took at the first Assault Ptolemy indeed says that it was surrender'd but Aristobulus relates that it was taken by storm and that all in it were put to the Sword Ptolemy writes that all the Prisoners were distributed in the Army and order'd to be kept bound till the King left the Country lest any one of 'em that revolted should be left behind While these things were on foot the Army of the Asian Scythians came to the Banks of the River * Not Genais near the Lake Meotis but another call'd Iaxartes See Pl. N. Hist l. 6. c. 16. Ganais because they heard that some of the Barbarians inhabiting beyond the River had revolted from Alexander and their aim therefore was that if there were any considerable Defection they likewise might act their part in falling upon the Macedonians At the same time Intelligence was brought that Spitamenes had besieg'd those that were left in Garison in the Castle of Patachades Alexander therefore sent Andromachus Medemenus and Caranus against Spitamenes with sixty Horse of the Social Band and eight hundred of the Mercenaries who were under the Command of Caranus But of Foot there were Fifteen hundred Mercenaries with them the King join'd in Commission one Pharnuches for an Interpreter a Lycian by Nation who was well skill'd in the Language of the Barbarians and therefore was judged a fit Person to transact matters with them The King having in the space of 20 days Wall'd the * Call'd Alexandria upon the Banks of Iaxartes call'd Tanais City he had before design'd to build gave it the Greek Mercenaries to be Inhabited by them and to such neighbouring Barbarians as had a mind to remove their Habitations and dwell there and to some of the Macedonians that were Disabled and unfit to bear Arms. Afterwards having Sacrificed to the Gods after the manner of his Country and exhibited the Gymnick Sports and Horse-Courses finding that the Scythians did not March back and leave the River but threw their Darts over for it was there very narrow and after their Barbarous manner gave out most opprobious and railing Language against Alexander as that he durst not fight with the Scythians and if he did he should find by experience how great a difference there was between the Scythians and the Barbarous Asiaticks The King being provok'd with these things resolv'd to pass the River and fall upon 'em and