the first Year after the Expulsion of the Tarquins the City of Rome being afflicted with the Plague Publius Valertus Publicola who was then Consul freed the People from this Evil by offering in the same Place a black Ox to Pluto and a black Cow to Proserpina and he caused this Inscription to be graven on the same Altar Publius Valerius Publicola hath consecrated a Fire to Pluto and Proserpina in Campus Martius and celebrated Games in Honour of the said Gods for the Deliverance of the People of Rome Rome being after that afflicted with Wars and Pestilence in the Fourth Consulship of Marcus Potitus 352 Years after the Foundation thereof the Senate ordered the Sibyll's Books to be consulted by those whose Business it was They answered that those Evils would be at an end if they did but offer Sacrifices to Pluto and Proserpina They presently sought out the Place where the Altar of these Gods was buried found it and consecrated it anew and they had no sooner finish'd their Sacrifices thereon but the Romans found themselves freed from the Evils they laboured under after which they buried the said Altar again and the same is in a certain Place at the End of Campus Martius but these Sacrifices having been neglected from the Consulship of Lucius Cénsorinus and Manlius Puelius and new Misfortunes befalling them in Augustus his Reign the said Prince renew'd those Plays under the Consulship of Lucius Censormus and Caius Sabinus after Ateius Capito had informed them of the Ceremonies they were to observe thereat and that the Quindecim-viri in whose Custody the Sibyll's Books were had found out the Place where the Sacrifices and Shews ought to be performed The Emperor Claudius after Augustus caused the same Games to be celebrated without any regard had to the Law that required they should not be performed but once every Age. Afterwards Domitian not minding what Claudius had done celebrated them at the full Revolution of an Age from the time of Augustus his solemnizings of them Lastly Severus assisted by his Sons Caracalla and Geta renewed the same Games under the Consulship of Chilo and Libo Here follows the Manner how these Plays are set down in the publick Registers the Heralds went about to invite the People to a Shew which they had never seen and should never see again but this once Harvest-time being come a few Days before this Feast the Quindecim-viri whose Business it was to look after the Ceremonies of Religion sate upon a Tribunal before the Capitol and Apollo's Temple from whence they distributed Torches of Sulphur and Bitumen to the People which every one used to purifie himself with They gave none to the Slaves but only to such as were free Afterwards all the People went to the Temples we have mentioned and to that of Diana upon Mount Aventine every one of which carried some Wheat Barley and Beans thither and kept the sacred Eve there all Night in Honour of the Destinies with a great deal of Company Lastly They solemnized this â—east for Three Days and Three Nights beginning with offering Sacrifices in Campus Martius upon the Banks of the Tiber in a Place named Terentum The Gods to whom they offered were Jupiter Juno Apollo Latona and Diana as also the Destinies Lucina Ceres Pluto and Proserpina The first Night Two Hours after Sun-set the Emperor being assisted by the Quidecim-viri of whom before sacrificed Three Lambs upon Three Altars raised upon the Banks of the Tiber and when he had sprinkled the Altars with the Victims Blood he burnt them all whole during which Time the Musicians who were set upon an advanced Place sung an Hymn made for that Purpose They lighted Fires and Lamps every where and gave Shews that agreed with those Sacrifices Those who were to provide for Ceremonies by way of Recompence receiv'd the first Fruits of the Earth after some of them had been distributed to all the People In the Morning they met in the Capitol from whence after they had sacrificed the usual Victims they went to the Theater to celebrate Games there in Honour of Apollo and Diana On the second Day the Women of Quality went to the Capitol at the Hour assigned them in the Sibyll's Books and there sacrificed to Jupiter and sung Hymns in his Praise Lastly On the third Day a Company of Youths of good Birth to the Number of 27 and as many young Girls all whose Parents were alive in fix Chorus's sung Hymns in Greek and Latin and Sacred Songs for the obtaining all manner of Prosperity to the Cities of Rome There were moreover many other Things done according to the Prescription of the Gods and as long as these Ceremonies were observed the Roman Empire remained entire but to the end you may know the Truth of what has been said I 'll here recite the Oracle of the Sibylle her self as others have already done Roman remember every 110th Year which is the longest Time of the Duration of a Man's Life I say remember to offer Sacrifice to the immortal Gods in the Field that is watered by the Tiber. When the Night is come and that the Sun is set then offer Goats and Sheep to the Destinies afterwards offer proper Sacrifices to Lucina who presides over Child-bearing next sacrifice a Hog and a black Sow to the Earth and this done offer white Oxen on Jupiter's Altar and this must be performed in the Day-time and not by Night for those Sacrifices that are made in the Day-time please the Coelestial Gods by the same Reason thou shall offer to Juno a young Cow that has a good Hide the like Sacrifices thou shall make to Phoebus-Apolio the Son of Latona who is also called the Sun and let the Roman Boys accompanied with Girls sing Hymns with a loud Voice in the Sacred Temples but so that the Girls sing on one side and the Boys on the other and the Parents both of the one and the other must be then alive let married Women fall upon their Knees before Juno's Altar and pray that Goddess to give Ear to the publick Vows and theirs in particular let every one according to his Ability offer first Fruits to the Gods to render them propitious and these first Fruits ought to be kept with Care and they must not forget to distribute some of them to every one that assists at the Sacrifices let there be a great Number of People Night and Day at the Resting-places of the Gods and there let serious and diverting Things be agreeably intermix'd See therefore O Roman that these Injunctions be always kept in mind by thee and thus the Country of Italy and that of the Latins will always be subject to thy Power SELLA SOLIDA a Chair or Seat made of a piece of Wood wherein the Augurs sate when they were taking their Augury SELLA CURULIS the Curule-Chair which was adorned with ivory and on which the great Magistrates of Rome had a Right to sit and to be carried SEMELE
Augurs and consecrated to some Deity it was called Templum and Aedes Sacra And for this Reason doubtless we find these words confounded by Cicero and others and used one for the other for the Temple of Vertue and Honour which Cicero called Templum was called by Aurelius Victor Aedicula by Titus Livius Aedes and Cella and Pliny only Aedes unless they meant hereby to shew that the Romans us'd these words indifferently Another remarkable Difference betwixt Aedes and Templum is this that Templum was built upon an high Place to which Men ascended by many Steps having a large compass of Ground about it which afforded an unbounded Prospect Aedes on the contrary was built in a low Place the Entrance was without any Ascent and it was encompassed with Houses AEDES in the singular number is a House in general whether publick or private in the City or the Country yet according to exact Propriety of Speech Aedes was used for Houses in the City and Villa for those in the Country Nevertheless in the Numbring of the People made by the Censors Villae were called Aedes The Romans till the time of Pyrrhus i. e. for more than four hundred Years had their Houses built after a very plain fashion They were made like a Terras cover'd with Slates and Straw according to the Testimony of Varro scandulis robusteis stramento tectae But in after-ages the Magnificence of their Buildings grew to such an Excess that the Author of the Preface to Vitruvius says the House of a private Person was found to amount to near fifty Millions and an Aedile caused to be built in less than a year's time a Theatre which had three hundred and sixty-Pillars whereof the lowermost which were of Marble were forty feet high those in the middle were of Brass and those in the third rank were of Crystal 't is said also that this Theatre was adorn'd with three thousand Statues of Brass and after all that this so magnificent Building was to serve only for six Weeks We shall elsewhere give an account of the Magnificence of their publick Building The Pomp and Accommodations of the Roman Houses were remarkable for their Height the great number of Apartments they had for Summer and Winter for divers Ornaments of Atchitecture used about them as well as for the Beauty and scarceness of the Materials of which the Bulk of the Building consisted They raised their Houses to such a monstrous Height that to prevent the Ruine of many Houses Augustus confin'd their Height to seventy feet and Nero to sixty only The Orator Aristides considering this excessive Height says That if one should take asunder all the Rafters of their Houses and range them in order one beside another they would cover all Italy from Tiber as far as the Ionian Sea These Houses had many Partitions consisting of several Apartments which made them to be taken for so many Towns 'T is a strange thing says Valerius Maximus upon this occasion that the Grandees of Rome thought their Houses were confin'd within too narrow bounds tho they were of as large extent as the Inheritance of Cincinnatus Angustè se habitare credunt quorum domus tantum patet quantum Cincinnati rura patuerunt Seneca adds That they built Courts as large as Towns and Houses as high as Mountains Ovid informs us That Vedeius Pollio having left as a Legacy by his Last Will to Augustus a very magnificent and sumptuous House this wise Prince who then discharg'd the Office of Censor thought that the excessive Magnificence of this stately House was a bad Example and therefore caus'd it to be demolished After this Livia built in the same place a Temple which she dedicated to Conjugal Concord We scarce read any thing else in the Historians and Poets but Invectives against the Houses of the Grandees of Rome which had coop'd up the Country Farmers within a very narrow compass which took up whole Countries and enclosed Canals of Water round and four-squared of very large extent upon the great Lakes of Italy whereas in former times the Houses of private Men were small and the Republick great all sumptuous Buildings were reserv'd for the publick Conveniencies of Cities or the Adorning of Temples This is what Horace tells us in these Verses Iam pauca aratro jugera regia Males relinquunt undique latins Extenta visentur Lucrino Stagna lacu platanusque coelebs Evincet ulmos Non it a Romuli Praescriptum intensi Catonis Auspiciis veterumque norma Privatus illis census erat brevis Commune magnum oppida publico Sumtu jubentes Deorum Templa nove decorare saxo Od. 15. lib. 11. This Poet elsewhere blames one of his Friends who had reason to apprehend the approach of Death and yet was still projecting to build Works of Marble The his whole Thoughts ought to be employ'd upon Death and the Grave yet the Earth was not large enough for his Designs and he undertook to turn back the Sea to make may for his Buildings he drove away his Neighbours whose Lands were added to his own instead of thinking in how few days he himself should be laid in a Grave which would take up no more room than those he had driven away from their Possessions The same Complaints we may make at this day of the greatest part of the Grandees who enlarge their own Lands at the expence of private Men Non ebur neque aureum Meâ renides in domo lacunar Tu secanda marmora Lacas sub ipsum funus sepulcri Immemor struis domos Marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges Summovere littora Parúen locuples centinente ripa Quid quod usque proximos Revellis agri terminos ultra Limites clientium Salis avarus Quid ultrà tendis Aequa tellas Pauperi recluditur Regumque pueris c. Od. 18. lib. 11. AEDEPOL as if one should say per Aedem Pollucis By the Temple and Deity of Pollux an Oath of the antient Romans common both to Men and Women This God was the Protector of the Romans who built him a Temple at Rome AEDICULA RIDICULI the Chappel of the God of Joy and Laughter built at two miles distance from Rome without the Gate Capena The Occasion of the Building of it was this Hannibal after the Battel of Canna came and besieged Rome on that side where was the Gate Capena but being forced to raise the Siege with great Disgrace because of the Inundations and Storms which happen'd at that time the Romans upon this Occasion rais'd a very loud Laughter and therefore they built a little Oratory under the Name of the God of Joy and Laughter 'T is true they were not the first who built a Temple to him for Plutarch tells us in the Life of Lycurgus the Lacedemonians rear'd up a Statue to this Deity and the Inhabitants of Hypata in Thessaly sacrificed to him every year Pansanias also makes mention of a God called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
went and acquainted the Tribunes that passing through the New-street in the night he heard a Voice more than human over the Temple of Vesta which gave the Romans notice that the Gauls were coming against Rome This Information was neglected upon account of the Person who gave it but the Event prov'd the Truth of it Hereupon Camillus thought that to appease the angry Gods he ought to acknowledge this Voice as a new Deity under the Title of The Speaking God and to build an Altar to offer Sacrifice to him ALA a Wing in the Roman Armies was made up of the Cavalry and Infantry of the Confederates and which cover'd the Body of the Roman Army as the Wings cover the Bodies of Birds There was a Right and a Left Wing both mix'd with the Cavalry and Infantry which they called Alares or Alares Copiae They were made up each of four hundred Horsemen divided into ten Squadrons and 4200 Foot Some say that Pan the Indian a Captain of Bacchus was the first Inventor of this way of drawing up an Army in Battle whence it comes to pass that the Antients have painted him with Horns on his Head because what we call Wings they called Horns ALADUS or ALADINUS SYLVIUS Eutropius calls him Romus Cassiodorus and Sextus Victor names him Aremulus Titus Livius Messala and Sabellicus call him Romulus But tho there are different Opinions about the Name of this Prince there is an universal Consent in the Abhorrence of his Tyranny and a general Agreement about his exttaordinary Death His Pride transported him so far as to equal himself with Jupiter the King of the Gods in his Age. He counterfeited the Noise of his Thunder by certain Engines but at last he perished by a Tempest and Thunder as real as his own were vain Fire from Heaven consum'd his Palace the Lake in the middle of which it was built flowed extraordinarily and contributed to the Destruction of his Family He reigned nineteen years ALAPA a Box on the Ear. Majoris Alapae mecum veneunt Phaed. I do not grant them Liberty so easily Boxes on the Ear were usually given to Slaves when they were set at Liberty ALAUDA a Lark The Poets say it was Scylla the Daughter of Nisus King of Megara whom she deliver'd into the hands of Minos King of Crete having cut off his fatal Hair which was of a purple Colour The Gods changed her into a Lark and her Father into a Hawk which continually pursues her says the Fable to punish her horrible Treason ALAUDA the Name of a Roman Legion of a French one according to Bochart the Soldiers of which carried a Lark's Tuft upon the top of their Helmets ALBA a Name given to three or four Cities of which the principal was Alba Longa so called by the Antients because it extended to a great Length in the Territory of Rome it was built by Ascanius the Son of Aeneas from whence the Inhabitants are called Albini Ascanius built it in a place where he had observ'd a white Sow thirty years after the Foundation of Lavinium which his Father had built This number of Years was signified to him by the thirty Pigs which that Sow then suckled He would have transported the Gods of Troy which Aeneas had brought with him into this new City but he found the next day they were carried to Lavinium whereupon Ascanius left them there and contented himself with settling a College of six hundred Trojans to serve them according to the Worship used in Phrygia Aegistheus was chosen to be the Chief of those Priests This City had several Kings and maintained fierce Wars against the Romans which did not cease till the famous Combat between the three Curatii on the Albins parts and the three Horatii on the Romans side The three Curatii were slain and and by their Death their Country became subject to the Romans as both Parties had agreed before the Combat Metius Suffetius was made the first Governour of it ALBINUS a Native of Adrumetum in Africk He was descended of a Noble Family which came from Rome having the Whiteness of the Europeans but a frizled Beard like those of that Country his Stature was tall and proportionably thick he was of a melancholy Temper and had a wide Mouth he was also a great Eater A certain Writer named Codrus has told incredible things of him saying That he eat at one Breakfast five hundred Figs one hundred Peaches ten Melons twenty pounds of Raisins one hundred Wood-peckers and four hundred Oysters which without doubt is rather an Hyperbole than a Truth After the Death of the Emperour Pertinax Albinus was chosen Emperour by the Troops which he commanded in Great-Britain and at the same time Severus who had just defeated Pescennius Niger was likewise chosen Emperour by the Eastern Troops Albinus fearing least he should be seiz'd in England went into France with fifty thousand Men and Severus had about as many Albinus being secure because the City of Lyons took his part gave Severus battel He had an Advantage at the first Onset and Severus himself being faln from his Horse had thoughts of giving over the Battel but at last Albinus was conquer'd and the Conquerour caus'd his Head to be cut off and sent to Rome and cast his Body into the River Rhosne ALBION or BRITANNIA England Caesar l. 5. c. 3. of the War with the Gauls gives this Description of it the interiour part of Britannia is inhabited by the Natives of the Country but on the Coasts by the Gauls which for the most part keep still their Names the Island is well peopled and their Houses much like the Gauls they have much Cattel they use Copper Money or Iron Rings by weight for want of Silver they have Mines of Tin in the middle of the Country and of Iron on the Coasts which yield no great Revenue but the Copper which they use is brought them from abroad all sorts of Wood grow there as in France except Beach and Firr the People scruple to eat Hares Geese and Hens altho they breed them up for Pleasure the Air is more temperate than in Gallia and the Cold less violent the Isle is triangular the side which is opposite to Gallia is above an hundred and twenty Leagues in length from the County of Kent which is the furthest end towards the East and where almost all the Ships from Gallia do land to the other which is Southward the Western Coast which lies overagainst Spain and Ireland contains near 180 Leagues in length Ireland is not half so big as England between them lies the Isle of Mon or Anglesea where some say there are thirty Days all Night in Winter but I found no such thing only I have observ'd by Water-Clocks that the Nights are shorter in those Parts than they are in Gallia The most civiliz'd People of England are those of the County of Kent which lies along the Coasts The inward parts of the Countrey
swiftness so she resolved to marry none but him that should excel her in running Hippomenes the Son of Mars entred the Lifts with her and gained the Victory by casting three Golden Apples which Venus had given him out of the Garden of the Hesperides in her way for she stopping to take them up her Eyes were dazled with their shining and he overcame her by this Stratagem and enjoyed his Love but lying with her in the Temple of Cybele the Goddess was angry at the action and metamorphosed them the one into a Lion and the other into a Lioness ATE a Prophetess or Goddess according to Plutarch In his Banquet of the seven wise Men whom Jupiter cast down headlong from Heaven to Earth at the Birth of Hercules wherein Juno deceived him Homer makes Aâ—e the Daughter of Jupiter who was sent to Men to be the Source of all Evils in the Company of the Litae the Daughters of Jupiter who comfort them but because they are very old lame and blind they come often very late Homer also makes mention of Ate whom he affirms to be a Goddess for midable to Men Gods and even to Jupiter himself although she is his Daughter And after he has related the Surprize that Juno put Jupiter in when she caused Eurysthcus to be born before Hercules which gave him Power over Hercules he says that Jupiter being angry with Ate cast her down headlong from Heaven to Earth swearing that she should never return thither again So that Ate concerns her self wholly with humane Affairs Illico corripuit Aten juravit firmum juramentum nunquam in Olympum Coelum stellatum redituram Aten quae omnes infortunio afficit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sic fatus ejicit à Coelo stellato manu rotans fulgur mex autem pervenit ad opera hominum It is evident that the name of this Goddess comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nocco who if Homer makes the Daughter of Jupiter 't is because no Evil happens to us but by the permission of Providence that if this Goddess was heretofore in Heaven and was banished out of it 't was because the Division among the Angels was but once made when they became Evil of Good as they were created and by their own Sin separated themselves from the Company of Blessed Spirits The Banishment of Ate to the Earth signifies nothing else but the terrible Effects of divine Justice which shews itself only upon the Earth because that 's the only Theatre of Injustice ATELLANAE COMOEDIAE Atellan Comedies or Farces which were acted at the end of Comedies to divert the People The Original of these Farces was as Atella a City of Apulia in Campania between Capua and Naples whose Inhabitants were very Satyrical and full of filthy and obscene words These Farces were acted by the Youth in Masquerade as Festus observes and Titus Livius adds that the Atellans would not suffer any to act their Farces that were Stage-players or Comedians for they were not removed from their Tribe as infamous nor prohibited from going to War as other Comedians were Tertia species est fabularum latinarum quae à civitate Oscorum At-llâ in quâ primum caeptae Atellanae dictae sunt Diomedes the Grammarian Quod genus ludorum ab Oscis acceptum tenuit juventus nec'ab histrionibus pollxi passa est â—oinstitutum manet ut actores Atellanarum nec tribu moveantur stipendia tanquam expertes artis ludicrae faciant ATELLANI VERSUS Verses of which these sorts of Farces were composed which were very free and a little lascivious ATHAMAS King of Thebes and Son of Aeolus He married Nephele by whom he had two Children Phryxus and Helle Nephele being turned mad by Bacchus Athamas divorced her and married Themisto the Daughter of Hypsaeus by whom he had Sphincius and Orchomenus but being also divorced from her he married Ino the Daughter of Cadmus by whom he had Learchus and Melicâ—rtus Themisto being very angry to see her self so supplanted resolved to put Ino's Children to Death and hiding her self in a Place of the Palace she slew her own Children instead of her Rivals being deceived by the Cloaths which the Nurse had put on them This cruel Mistake made her slay her self Ino being thus rid of Themisto's Children contrived to take off Nepheles's Children whom she hated and to that end procured a Famine in her Country being advised to parch the Corn and not sow it which caused a Famine and a Plague Athamas sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos how he might be delivered from these Evils but his Messengers being bribed by Ino told him that the Oracle had ordered that he should sacrifice his Son Phryxus who offered himself voluntarily to Death notwithstanding Athamas was against it But as they went to sacrifice him the Accomplices discovered to Athamas the Malice of Ino who immediately delivered her and her Son Melicertus to Phryxus to be revenged on her but as he was going to put them to Death Bacchus whom she had nursed delivered them by covering them with a Cloud Athamas was punished with Madness by Jupiter and slew his Son Learchus whom he took for a Lyons Whelp Ino escaped with her Son Melicertus and cast her self head long into the Sea where Neptune Deifyed them Ino under the name of Lâ—â—oâ—thea or the Mother Mutata and Melicertus under the Name of Palaemon or Portunus ATHENAEA Feasts at Athens dedicated to the Honour of Minerva of which some were kept every Year and others every Five Years according to the Institution of Ericthonius King of Athens as Pausanias says ATHENAEUM a Place at Athens consecrated to Minerva where the Greek Poets went to make an Offering of their Works as the Latins consecrated them in the Temple of Apollo This Place was like a publick School where they taught the Liberal Arts. ATHENAE Athens the most famous City of Greece situated in that part of Achaia which lies upon the Coast from whence it was called Acte and after Attica The first Founder of it was Cecreps in the time of Moses from whence it was called Cecropia or Ionia from Ion the Son of Xuthus and afterwards Athens from Minerva for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Minerva This City was famous for Learning and Eloquence and the Defence of all Greece says Lucian in his Praise of Demosthenes I might adds he speak of the Gods to whom it owes its beginning their Amours Decrees Dwellings Presence and Mysteries I might speak of its Laws Decrees Assemblies Colonies Victories and Trophies which are so great and many as well by Sea as by Land that he must be more eloquent than D mosthenes which can sufficiently describe them It was governed by Kings for the Space of 460 Years of whom the first was Cecrops but their Power degenerating into Tyranny the People shook of the Regal Yoke which ended in Codrus They were governed for a long time after by 500 Magistrates named PRYTANES who
ruled by turns 50 at a time and after by Nine Magistrates of whom the Chief was called ARCHON This Government did not continue above 460 Years and their Commonwealth or somewhat like it being often interrupted by Tyrants who assumed an absolute Authority This City anciently so great is now reduced to a small Castle and a few Fishermens Huts but the Ruins of it gives us a sufficient Proof of its Antiquity Varro gives this Account of the Original of the word Athens An Olive Tree says he growing up out of the Earth on a sudden in a certain Place and a Spring of Water rising in another these Prodigies astonished the King who sent to Apollo at Delphos to know the Signification of them and what he should do The Oracle answered that the Olive Tree signifyed Minerva and the Water Neptune and it belonged to them to see from which of those two Gods they would name their City Hereupon Cecrops assembled all his Citizens as well Men as Women for the Women at that time had a Voice in their Councils When then they came to vote all the Men were for Neptune and all the Women for Minerva and because there was one Woman more Minerva carried it and the City was named Athens which is taken from that of Minerva whom the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Neptune being incensed at it depopulated the Country of the Athenians with his Waves and to appease him says the same Author the Women suffered 3 sore Punishments First that from that time they should never have a Voice in their Councils the 2d that none of their Children should bear their Name and lastly that they should not be called Athenians but Atticks Varro gives us also an historical and not fabulous Reason of the Name of Athens and tells us that there happened so great a Difference between Neptune and Minerva about it that Apollo durst not be an Arbitrator between them but left the Decision of it to Men as Jupiter did that of the three Goddesses to Paris and adds that Minerva carried it by the number of Votes ATHENIENSES the Athenians a People of Attica whose chief City was Athens very civilized and polited by Learning and being brought up in the Poverty of Philosophy were such Enemies to Luxury that they reformed even Strangers who came among them so far were they from suffering themselves to be corrupted by them They particularly honoured the Goddess Minerva to whom they built a Temple where certain Virgins kept Celestial Fire near the Image of the Goddess and their Money as also their Banners bore her Image They also gave a special Worship to Ceres appointing a Feast to her during which time the Women were not allowed to marry and abstained from eating lying upon the Ground Nine whole Days They put Malefactors to Death by making them drink the juice of Hemlock We read in the Discourse of Philostratus Of the Nativity of Minerva That the Rhodians wanting fire for the Sacrifices the Goddess left them and went to the City of Athens to which she gave her Name The Inhabitants having a fine and polished Mind gave her a particular Worship building her a Temple in their Castle under the name of Parthenos which signifies a Virgin where they set her Image of Gold and Ivory made by the Hands of Phidias 39 Foot high who engraved on her Shield or Buckler the Battel of the Amazons with the Athenians as also that of the Giants with the Gods and upon her Slippers the Fight between the Centaurs and Lapithae The Athenians says Elian wore Purple Garments having their Hairs tyed with Ribbons of Gold and Silver adorned with golden Grashoppers Thucydides in the beginning of his History calls the Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Wearers of Grashoppers and the reason he gives for it is this He says 't was to distinguish Free-men from Slaves Lucian tells us the same thing Tretzes teaches us that the Grashoppers which the Athenians wore were to shew that they were great Speakers and very prolix in their Discourse ATHLETAE Wrestlers or Combatants courageous and strong Men who addicted themselves to bodily Exercises as running fighting and others of like Natures among the Greeks and Romans and for whom the Ancients appointed Prizes These Athletae were in great esteem among the Greeks but were infamous at Rome for some time Ulpian the Lawyer freed them from the Marks of Infamy This is the way by which they were matched in the Plays of the Cirque They took an Earthen Pot into which they put certain Balls about the bigness of a Bean on which was set an A or a B or some other Letter and always two Letters alike Then the Champions come forth one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter before they drew and then put their Hands into the Pot but the Herald of the Plays stretching out of his Rod hindered them from reading their Tickets till they were all drawn Presently one of the Judges or some other Person took every ones Ball and joined them together who had the same Letters If the Number of the Athletae were odd he that had the single Letter was to fight with the Conqueror which was no small Advantage because he came fresh to the Combate with him who was weary Their Food was Barly Bread which was the Reason they were called Hordearii i. e. Barly-eaters and also another sort of Bread called Coliphia of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Robusta because it made their Bodies strong and robust Some fed them with soft Cheese and Dromeus was the first who fed them with Meat according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Eliaca who gives us the History of Four famous Athletae of extraordinary Strength of whom the first was POLYDAMAS the Thessalian who in his Youth encountred and slew a Lion of a vast Bigness which harboured in Mount Olympus and infested the whole Country round about Another time he took a fierce Bull by the hinder part and pulled off both his Feet and with one hand he stopped a Chariot in its full Course The 2d was Milo of Crotona who knocked down a Bull with a Blow of his Fist after he had carried him a long way upon his Back The third was THEAGENES the Thasian who took a Brazen Image off its pedestal and carried it a great way The 4th was EUTHIMUS a Native of Locris in Italy who fought against an evil Spirit which very much disturbed the Inhabitants of Themessa and conquered him insomuch that he married the Damosel who was carrying to be sacrificed to it and freed the Country from that mischievous Daemon ATHOS Mount Athos situate between Macedonia and Thrace Xerxes cut a way through it to make a Passage for his Army when he went into Greece Lucian relates that the Architect Dinocrates who was in the Army of Alexander offered him to cut Mount Athos into the Shape of a
Cap of fine Leather to whom he says that his Head was shod They made use also of the Bark of a Tree which they wove or knit as Martianus Capella tells us Calceos praeterca ex papyro textili subligavit which are also mention'd by Benedictus Balduinus in Book 3. de Calceis antiquis These sort of Shoes were especially used in Egypt for the Priests wore them when they sacrific'd to the Gods They made them also of Broom and Rushes and they were call'd spartei and juncei calcei which Fashion came from Foreign Countries and these the Spanish Peasants wore as Pliny testifies They made them also of Flaxen Cloth very white embroider'd and enrich'd with Pearls and Diamonds History informs us that the Emperor Antoninus surnam'd Philosophus and his Successors till Constantine's Time wore Shoes of this sort They made use also of Mettals to make Shoes as Iron Brass Gold and Silver Empedocles wore Shoes or Slippers of Brass which gave occasion to that Apostrophe of Lucian in his Dialogues to him God preserve you good Master Slip-shoe The Romans had Shoes of Iron but they were used for the Punishment of Christians during the Persecutions They put great Nails into them which they caus'd to be made red-hot as was done to St. Basil ferreas crepidas ignitis clavis confixas calceatus They wore also Shoes of massy Gold and others which were only gilt Plautus in his Bacchides speaks of a very rich Man who wore Shoes whose Soals were of Gold Etiam rogas qui soccis babeat auro suppactum solum Julius Caesar wore Shoes of Gold and others which were only gilt according to the Testimony of Seneca Qui excusant eum nigant id insolentiae factum aiunt socculum auratum imò aureum margaritis distinctum ostendere eum voluisse They made use also of Wood whereof they made Wooden Shoes and Sandals or Galloches which were the Shoes of the Poor and of Parricides when they were shut up in a Sack as Cicero tells us Si quis parentes occiderit vel verberavit ei damnato obvolvatur or folliculo lupino soleae ligneae pedibus inducantur Here follow the Names of the several sorts of Shoes which were used by the Ancients CALCEI Mullei Soleae Sandalia Cothurni Caligae Gallicae Crepidae Socci Perones Ocreae to which we may add those which were introduc'd by Custom borrow'd for the most part from the strange Fashions of divers People which are the Campagi Phaecasia Sicyonia Alcibiadae Amiclaidae Anaxyrides Arpides Laconicae Lymphides Persicae Scythicae Iphicratides Of each of which we shall speak according to the Order of the Alphabet CALCEUS which we now call a Shoe was different from ours in this that it covered half the Leg and was open in the Fore-part and was tied with Thongs or Straps which they called corrigias calceamenti This may be easily observ'd from the Passage of Sidonius Apollinaris Etconcurrentibus anfis Vinclorum pandas texunt per crura catenas This Shoe was extream close upon the Foot when they had a mind to be handsomly shod and thence it was called tersum calceum or tentipellium and it was a Sign of Carelessness or Poverty to have a Shoe too big and your Feet loose in it and bagging out laxum calceum follentem or follicantem which made Ovid caution his Mistress to take heed that her Shoe was not too big Nec vagas in laxâ pes tibi pelle natet Thus St. Jerom says that all the Care of worldly Men was to be handsomly cloath'd and shod Omnis bis cura in vestibus si benè oleant si pes in laxâ pelle non folliat To shun this they took care to tie their Straps close as Tibullus tells us Ansaque compressos alligat arcta pedes and to stuff them with Locks of Wool and such like Things as we learn from Tertullian Stipabant tomento upon which Words Rhenanus says Stipant ne follicet calceus they stuff it with Wool for fear left it should have Wrinkles and the Foot turn about in it The Toe of the Shoe ended in a Point bending a little backwards which they called calceum rostratum repandum uncinatum and those who wore them so were called uncipedes as Tertullian tells us in his Book de Pallio C. 5. Such were the Shoes of Juno as Cicero informs us cum â—â—lceis repandis The common Citizens wore black Shoes and the ordinary Women wore white And therefore Lipsius seems to be mistaken when he endeavours to prove that the Shooes of the Romans were white and grounds his Opinion upon a Passage of Martial where 't is said Calceus candidior sit primâ nive But this learned Man doubtless did not take Notice that in this Place Martial blames Cecinna because he had a very nafty Gown and wore Shoes as white as Snow What is aâ—hrm'd by Horace and Juvenal is more probable therefore that they wore black Nevertheless 't is true that some Men wore white Shoes under the Emperors for we read in Spartianus that Alexander Severus forbad Men to use them and permitted the Use of them only to Women who wore also some that were red and some of other Colours which made Persius caution a young Man to take heed lest his Mistress should cuff him with her red Patten soleâ objurgabere rubrâ The Shoes of Senators Patricians and their Children had something like a Crescent at the End which made the Figure of a C to shew that they were descended of the Number of the first 100 Senators or Fathers which Romulus instituted after the building of his new City Plutarch gives other Reasons for it Resides this Crescent was upon the Instep and served to tie the Shoe close as now our Buckles do if we will believe Balduinus who pretends to prove it by this Verse of Statius Primaque patriciâ clausit vestigia lunâ And by the Authority of Triaguellus upon the fifth Book of Alexand. Neap. Lunulae says he in calceis erant fibulae eburneae ad instar Lunae corniculantes These Crescents were made of different Matter as Gold Silver and Ivory adorn'd with Diamonds and other precious Stones The chief Roman Magistrates wore commonly red Shoes on Days of Ceremony and Triumphs The greatest part of Writers will have the Emperor Dioclesian to be the first who wore precious Stones upon his Shoes and that he presented them to be kiss'd by those who did him Reverence Yet we find that Heliogabalus wore them before him as also Alexander Severus and Pliny speaks of this Custom as an Abuse very common in his Time The Slaves wore no Shoes but went barefoot and for that Reason they were called cretati or gypsati from their dusty Feet There were also some Free-men that went barefooted and Tacitus observes that Phocion and Cato Vticensis and many others walk'd without Shoes but these Examples are rare and generally speaking all Persons that were of a free Condition walk'd always shod
these Gallows and then drawing them again with a Hook they cast them into the Tiber Tandem apud Gemonias minutissimis ictibus excarnificatus atque confectus est inde unco tractus in Tiberim This Historian seems to intimate that they were tied there before they were dead These Gallows stood in the fourteenth Ward of the City GENETHLIUS An Epithet given to Jupiter because Poets represent him presiding over the Generation and Nativities of Children GENIUS A Divinity whom ancient Phllosophers esteemed to be the Son of God and the Father of Men. They allowed a Genius or Intelligence to each Province Town and Person who took care of the Affairs of this World They allowed also Genius's to Forests Fountains Trees Eloquence Sciences and Joy and it appears by several Medals particularly one of Nero GENIO AUGUSTI GENIO SENATUS GENIO P. ROMANI GENIO EXERCITUUM Upon these Medals the figure of God Genius is represented veiled at the middle of the Body holding with one hand a Horn of Plenty and with the other a Cup for the Sacrifice and before the Statue there was an Altar and a Fire thereon Which agrees with the description that Ammianus Marcellinus has given us of the same in the 25th Book of the Emperor Julianus's Deeds Censorinus in his Book intituled de Die Natali says that as soon as Men are born they are put under the tuition of God Genius and Euclid tells us that Men have two Genins's one good and the other bad Plutarch relates in the life of Brutus that he saw by night in a Dream a Fantome by the light of a Lamp that was in his Chamber and having asked him who he was he answer'd him that he was his bad Genius Each person offered Sacrifice every year to his Genius and particularly upon Birth-days with leven and salted Dough and sometimes with a Pig two months old and scattered Flowers and sprinkled Wine to him and the Sacrifice being over they made a great Feast for their Friends and thus the Comedians was called Genio indulgere or Genio volupe facere In the beginning it was not permitted to swear by the Genius of the Prince but afterwards the most solemn Oaths were those that were sworn by the Genius of the Emperor and Suetonius assures that Caligula put many to death because they refused to swear by his Genius Apuleius has writ a Treatise of the Genius or evil Spirit of Socrates The name of Genius among some who call themselves Christians is given to the good Angels attending Men or States The Pagans rank'd Venus Priapus and Genius among the number of the Gods who are intrusted with the care of Men's Generation By these three Divinities the Heathens understood nothing else but the fecundity of nature that brings forth every day so many living Creatures as Festus says Genius est Deorum filius parens hominum ex quo homines gignuntur propterea Genius meus nominatur quia me genuit the Genius is the Son of the Gods and the Father of Men and my Genius is called Genius because he has begotten me This worship was rendered to Nature not only because of the celestial Intelligence who presides over our Generation but also because of the fecundity of the Stars and Elements giving Being to so many Creatures Censorinus affirms that there was no bloody Sacrifice offered to Genius wherefore Persius says funde merum Genio for Men would not shed Blood upon their birth-day He is called Genius because he is the God who is intrusted with the care of Men as soon as they are born And this Author tells us still that this Genius never leaves Men from the first instant of their life to the last and has a very great Authority over them and that some Men confounded him with the God Lar and admitted two Genius's in Houses where Husband and Wife lived together Eundem esse Genium Larem multi veteres memoriae prodiderunt hunc in not maximam quinimo omnem habere potestatem creditum est Non nulli binos Genios in its duntaxat domibus quae essent maritae colendos putaverunt The Tabula Caebetis says that Genius directs those who come into the World the way they should observe that many forget the Directions but that yet he gives them warning that they are not to mind the Goods of Fortune which might be taken away from them Monet Genius id Fortuna esse ingenium ut quae dederit eripiat and tells them still that Men who don't hearken to his precepts come to a bad end GERMANIA See after GERMANICUS GERMANICUS The Son of Drusus and Nephew to the Emperor Tiberius He married Agrippina the Grand-Daughter of Augustus and had six Children by her viz. three Sons and three Daughters Nero Drusus Caligula Agrippina Drusilla and Livia In the time he commanded six Legions in Germany he refused the Empire that the Legions offered him after the death of Augustus He took the sirname of Germanicus because he had subdued Germany and triumphed over the Germans at last he died in Syrla being poisoned by Piso's order and was lamented by all the Inhabitants of Syria and Neighbouring Provinces thereof A Hero says Tacitus worthy of respect both for his discourse and presence whose Fortune was without Envy his Reputation without blemish and his Majestick Countenance without arrogance his Funeral Pomp tho' without splendor and great show was yet Illustrious only by the commemoration of his Virtues and celebration of his Glory Some more nicely observing his Life his Age his Gate and the Circumstances of his Death have compared him to Alexander the Great Both fine Men of good meen and great birth who died something more than thirty years old by a Conspiracy of their own Men in a foreign Country Before his Corps was reduced to Ashes it was exposed in the publick place of Antioch which was appointed for his Burial The Senate ordained great Honours to his Memory viz. That his Name should be solemnized in the Salian Hymn that in all the places where the Priests of Augustus should meet they should set him an Ivory Chair and a Crown of Oak upon it that a Statue of Ivory should be carried for him at the opening of the Circian Games that no body should be chosen Augur or Pontiff in his room but that a Triumphal Arch should be erected to his Memory at Rome Mount Amanus in Syria and on the Banks of the River Rhine and that his Atchievements should be engraven upon them with this Inscription That he Died for the Commonwealth That a Monument should be fet up for him in the City of Antioch where his Corps was burnt and a Tribunal at Epidaphne where he was dead They ordered also his Picture drawn in a golden Shield of an extraordinary bigness should be set up amongst the Orators The Squadron of the Youth was called by Equestrian Order the Squadron of Germanicus and they ordered that at the Ides of
Mouths But Jupiter with Mercury's assistance defeated them in the Phlegrean Fields in Thessalia and amongst others punished severely Typheus laying whole Sicily over his Body and Mount Oeta over his Head After this famous Victory Jupiter made War against Tyrants and protected Men in trouble whereby he got a great name For he governed his Dominions by good and just Laws and shared his Kingdoms with his Brethren giving the Empire of the Sea and Rivers to Neptune the Government of Subterraneous places to Pluto and kept for himself the Empire of Heaven with the general Government of all that is done upon the Earth according to the Fable The truth is that Jupiter possessed himself of the Empire of the East and left the command in the West to Pluto and to Neptune the Government of the Seas And tho' the name of Jupiter was granted to these three Brothers yet it was with this difference that the name of Jupiter absolutely taken signifies the King of Heaven also called Supremus Rex hominum atque Deorum but some Epithet is always added when that name is bestowed upon the two other for when they speak of Pluto he is called Jupiter Infimus or Stygius and Neptune is sirnamed Jupiter Medius The Philosophers who have Physically Interpreted this Jupiter by a natural Cause understand by him the highest Region of the Air where the Elementary Fire is placed and the Fire it self which warming the inferiour Air attributed to Juno is able to produce all things Others have taken this Jupiter for the Air in all its extent from whence comes this way of speaking Sub Dio i. e. under Jupiter or in the Air for the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Genitive whereof is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies Jupiter Wherefore Horace says Manet sub Jove frigido he is exposed to the Air. Lactantius reports That Jupiter was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he was the eldest of Saturn's Sons then living his eldest Brothers having been all devoured by their Father Quod primus ex liberis Saturni maribus vixerit And that Euhemerus of Messina in Peloponnesus has written his History as well as that of the other Gods taken out of the ancient Titles and Inscriptions he found in the Temples that Ennius translated that History into Latin and that these Histories are true tho adorned with new inventions of Poets That Jupiter reigned on Mount Olympus the name whereof is sometimes given to Heaven because of his heighth wherefore Poets fancied that he was King of Heaven That he gave the Government of the Sea and some Islands in the neighbourhood of his Dominions to Neptune which gave occasion to Poets to represent Neptune as the King of the Seas That in fine Jupiter died and was buried as Lucian and Euhemeris report in Crete with this Inscription 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jupiter Saturni At last Lactantius says that Jupiter having travelled over all Provinces and gained the Friendship of all Princes perswaded them to build him Temples after his departure in token of Hospitality Every Nation had their Jupiter called by several names but the Greeks and Romans called the Soveraign God of each Nation by the name of Jupiter Pliny speaking of the God of the Ethiopians in Africa called Assabi nus says that he was esteemed to be Jupiter Osiris The most famous King of Egypt ranked in the number of Gods was also known by the name of Jupiter as 't is recorded by Diodorus Siculus The Phaenicians had their Belus or the Sun whom the Greeks called Jupiter as Eusebius reports Dagon the God of the Phaenicians of the City of Axotus was called by the Husbandmen Jupiter because he had taught them how to manure the ground and cultivate Wheat Dagon quod frumentum aratrum invenisset nuncupatus est Jupiter Aratrius Jupiter the Son of Neptune was a God of the Sidonians called Maritimus because this people was wholly given to Navigation Stephanus assures us that the same who was called Marnas at Gaza was named Jupiter at Crete for Marnas or Maranasin in the Phaenician Language signify King of men There was a Jupiter Belus amongst the Babylonians and a Jupiter Indiges amongst the Latins which shews that what Varro affirms as Tertullian relates in his Apologetick is true that there were three hundred Jupiters i. e. three hundred Kings and King's Fathers who called themselves Jupiter to immortalize their name and obtain Divine honours Notwithstanding it must be granted that the Jupiter of Crete the Father of Minos was one of the most famous and most ancient Jupiters of the West Callimachus the Poet and his Scholiasts have written that Minos having been buried in that Island with this Inscription that he was the Son of Jupiter the name of Minos was put out and that of Jupiter left Wherefore the Inhabitants of Crete said that they had the Sepulcher of Jupiter The Dactyli of Mount Ida the Curetes and Corybants were ascribed to this Jupiter because they had taken care of his Education Jupiter Ammon was also very famous and was represented with a Ram's-head because of his intricate Oracles if we believe Servius Herodotus gives us a better reason for the same when he says that the Ammonites had that worship from the Egyptians who inhabited the City of Thebes where Jupiter was represented with a Ram's-head Jupiter Ammon was a King of Egypt rank'd by the Egyptians in the number of Gods and adored in the most remote Provinces Diodorus Siculus reporting the tradition of the Inhabitants of Libya gives us a quite different account of him which yet comes to the same for he says that Jupiter Ammon was a great King who after his death was reckoned a fabulous God and a Chimerical Oracle This Historian mentions still another Writer more ancient than himself who wrote that Ammon reigned in Libya and married Rhea the Daughter of Caelus Sister to Saturn and other Titans and that Rhea being divorced she married Saturn and induced him to make War against Ammon whom he vanquished and forced him to make his escape by Sea and retired to Crete where he possessed himself of the Kingdom Then the same Author tells us that Dionysius having conquered Egypt established young Jupiter King of that Country and gave him Olympius to be his Governour from whence Jupiter was named Olympius Strabo writes that the Arabians had also their Jupiter however this Jupiter was but one of their Kings as it appears not only because he was associated with Bacchus but also by the undertaking of Alexander For this Prince being acquainted that the Arabians honoured but two Divinities Jupiter and Bacchus resolved to subdue them that he might be their God amongst them Poets tell us that Jupiter married several Wives and even Juno his Sister according to the Assyrian and Persian Fashion and that being a fruitful Lover he begat a great many Children both legitimate and natural turning himself sometimes into
the word Asylum IV. NE QUID IN ADMINISTRATIONE REIPUBLICAE NISI AUGURATE FIERET That nothing should be done in the Government of the Republick before the Augur was consulted to know the Will of the Gods This is confirm'd by Tully in his first Book de divinatione and by Dionysius Halicarnasseus in the 2d Book of the Roman Antiquities where he tells us that Romulus being established King by the Will of the Gods which he had consulted by taking the Auspices he ordered that this custom should be religiously observed for the time to come either in the Creation of Kings or election of Magistrates or in Affairs of great consequence wherein the Commonwealth was concerned V. UT PENES REGES SACRORUM OM NIUM ET GRAVIORUM JUDICIORUM ESSET ARBITRIUM ET POTESTAS PATRICII EADEM SACRA CUSTODIRENT ET CURARFNT MAGISTRATUS SOLI REGERENT JUSQUE DE LEVIORIBUS CAUSIS REDDERENT PLEBEII DENIQUE COLERENT AGROS PECORA ALERENT QUAESTUOSA EXERCERENT OFFICIA ET ARTES NON TAMEN SELLULARIAS ET SORDIDAS SERVIS LIBERTINIS ET ADVENIS RELINQUENDAS That Kings should have Soveraign Authority over Religious Matters as also in the administration of Affairs of the greatest consequence belonging to the Law that the Patricians should attend and take care of the Sacrifices that they only should perform the office of the Magistrates and administer Justice in cases of lesser moment that the Plebeians should cultivate the Fields feed the Cattle exercise Arts and Trades except the vilest which were preserved for Slaves Freedmen's Sons and Foreigners Kings were the Overseers of Sacrifices and joyned the power of Priesthood to the Royal Authority wherefore the Romans having expelled the Kings established a King whom they called Rex Sacrificulus as we learn of Livy Regibus exactis parta libertate rerum deinde divinarum habita cura quia quaedam publica Sacra per ipsos factitata erant nec ubi Reguns desiderium esset Regem sacrificulum creant and the Wife of the King of the Sacrifices was called Regina as Macrobius reports l. 4. c. 15. The King administred Justice in causes concerning Witchcraft publick Offences Crimes of High Treason under-hand Dealings sheltering of wicked Men and unlawful Meetings The Patricians performed the office of Inferiour Judges in cases of Murthers Fires Robberies publick Extortions removals of Land-marks and other Offences between private men At first they were the only men who performed the office of Priesthood but afterwards in the time of the Common-wealth the offices of Religion were bestowed upon Plebeians for in the year ccccli after the foundation of Rome during the Consulat of Q. Apuleius Pansa and Marcus Valerius Co vinus five Augures were created out of the body of the people And in series of time they raised themselves to the High Priesthood The Patricians only had a right to the Magistracy but sixteen years after the Kings were banished Rome it was conferred on the people for in the year cccxli after the foundation of Rome Quaestors were chosen out of the people as also Tribunes out of the Soldiers in the year cccliii Some years after Consuls in the year ccclxxxviii and other Magistrates called Aediles Curules in the year ccclxxxix Dictators in the year ccciic Censors in the year ccciv and in fine Praetors in the ccccxvii but the interregnum only was left to the Patricians VI. UT POPULUS ACCEDENTE SENATUS AUCTORITATE MAGISTRATUS CREARET LEGES JUBERET BELLA DECERNERET That the People with the Authority of the Senate should choose Magistrates make Laws and make the War And this was done in the Assemblies of the people either by Parishes Tribes or Hundreds VII UT REGI MAGISTRATUIQUE AUGUSTIOR SEMPER IN PUBLICO ESSET HABITUS SUAQUE INSIGNIA That the King and Magistrates should wear Habits of Distinction and Badges of Honour The Kings Emperors and Consuls were cloathed with a Robe of State called Trabea the painted Gown and the Robe called Praetexta mentioned in this Book in their order VIII UT SENATUS PUBLICUM ESSET ET COMMUNE CIVITATIS CONSILIUM ET IN EUM PATRICIIS TANTUM PATERET ADITUS That the Senate should be the common Council of the City of Rome and the Empire and that the Patricians only should be admitted into it Romulus at first instituted one hundred Senators to whom he added the like number eight years after because of the Peace concluded with the Sabins Tarquinius Priscus increased that number to an hundred more Since during the Triumvirat their number was augmented to nine hundred and afterwards to a thousand but Caesar Augustus reduced that number IX UT COLONI ROMANI MITTERENTUR IN OPPIDA BELLO CAPTA VEL SALTEM HOSTES VICTI FRANGENDIS ILLORUM VIRIBUS AGRI MULTARENTUR PARTE That the Romans should send Roman Colonies into the Conquered Cities or at least that the Enemies should forfeit one part of their Lands Tacitus speaks thus of this custom in the 11th Book of his Annals c. 12. Do we repent to have been seeking for the Family of the Balbi in Spain or others no less illustrious in Gallia Narbonensis Their Posterity flourishes still amongst us and bear an equal love with us for their Country What is the cause of the ruin of Sparta and Athens tho very flourishing Cities but using the vanquished like Slaves and refusing them entrance into their Common-wealths Romulus was much wiser in making Citizens of his Enemies in one day X. ANNUS ROMANUS DECEM ESSET MENSIUM That the Roman year should contain ten months This year began with March Numa added two Months to it viz. January and February and ordered that the year should begin with January See what is said under the word Annus XI UT MULIER QUE VIRO JUXTA SACRATAS LEGES NUPSIT ILLI SACRORUM FORTUNARUM QUE ESSET SOCIA NEVE EAM DESERERET ET QUEMADMODOM ILLE FAMILIAE DOMINUS ITA HAEC FORET DOMINA NEQUE DEFUNCTO VIRO NON SECUS AC FILLIA PATRI HERES ESSET IN PORTIONEM QUIDEM AEQUAM SI LIBERI EXTARENT EX ASSE VERO SI MINUS That a Woman who had married a Man according to the Sacred Laws should participate of the Sacrifices and Wealth with her Husband that she should be Mistress of the Family as he was himself the Master thereof that she should inherit his Estate in an equal portion like one of his Children if there was any born during their Marriage otherwise she should inherit all By the Sacred Laws in Marriages it must be understood either the Marriages solemnized with a Ceremony called Confarreatio which was performed with a Cake of Wheat in presence of ten Witnesses and with Sacrifices and Forms of Prayers And the Children born of this Marriage were called confarreatis Parentibus geniti or the Marriages made ex coemptione by a mutual bargain from whence the Wives were called Matres Familias Mothers of Families These two kinds of Marriages are called by ancient Lawyers Justae nuptiae to
Petitions and Requests made unto him and afterwards to enlarge upon them in the Letters Patent or Briefs that were granted He had under him other Officers who were called Scriniarii Memoriae or Memoriales T is thought this Office was instituted by Augustus and that the same was exercised by Roman Knights MAGISTER SCRINII EPISTOLARUM the Secretary who wrote the Emperor's Letters Augustus writ them himself and then gave them to Mecaenas and Agrippa to correct says Dio other Emperors usually dictated them or told their Secretary what they would have writ and then did no more than subscribe them with the Word Vale unless it were that they had a Mind to keep a Business secret This Secretary had Thirty Four Officers under him which they called Epistolares MAGISTER SCRINII LIBELLORUM Master of the Requests the Person who represented to the Prince the Requests and Petitions of particular Persons and received his Answer which was reduced into Writing by his Clerks who were Thirty Four in Number and were called Libellenses This may be seen in the Notitia Imperii Cognitiones preces Magister Libellorum tractabat Acta Libellenses scribebant We have still in being the Form of a Petition that was presented to the Emperor Antoninus Pius in these Words Cum ante hos dies conjugem filium amiserim pressus necessitate corpora eorum fictili sarcophago commendaverim donec quietis locus quem emeraem aedificaretur viâ Flaminiâ inter milliare secundum tertium euntibus ab Vrbe parte laevâ custodia Monumenti Flam. Thymeles Amelosae M. Signii Orgilii Rogo Domine permittas mihi in eodem Loco in marmorco sarcophago quem mibi modo comparavi ea corpora colligere ut quando ego esse desiero pariter cum eis ponar This was a Petition presented by Arrim Alphius the Freed-man of Arria Fadilla the Emperor's Mother importing his Desire to have Leave given him to gather up his Wife and his Sons Bones to be laid in a Marble-Coffin which before he had put in an Earthen-Vessel till such Time as the Place which he had bought to raise a Monument for them was ready to whom Answer was given in this Manner Decretum fieri placet Jubentius Celsus promagister subscripsi III Non. Novemb. MAGISTER SCRINII DISPOSITIONUM was the Person who gave the Emperor an Account of the Sentences and Judgments past by the Judges of the respective Places and who examined them to see if they had judged aright or not and thereupon sent the Answer to his Prince He had Courriers appointed on purpose to carry these Answers who were called Agentes ad Responsum and a Fund to pay them called Aurum ad Responsum MAIA the Daughter of Atlas and the Nymph Pleione on whom Jupiter was enamoured who bore him Mercury MAIUS May the fifth Month in the Year reckoning from the first of January and the third in counting the Year to begin with March as they anciently did the Sun enters now into Gemini and the Plants of the Earth flower This Month was called Maius by Romulus in respect to the Senators and Nobles of his City which were named Majores as the following Month was named Junius in Honour of the Youth of Rome in Honorem Juniorum who served him in the War Others will have it to have been called thus from Maia the Mother of Mercury to whom they offered Sacrifice on that Day This Month was under the Protection of Apollo and therein also they kept the Festival of Bona Dea that of Goblins called Lemuria and the Ceremony of Regifugium or the Expulsion of Kings On the first Day was celebrated the Anniversary of the Dedication of an Altar erected by the Sabines to the Lares or Houshold Gods praestitibus Laribus because they took a faithful Care of whatever was in the House These Lares had a Dog represented at their Feet because this Animal also took Care of the House And this is the Reason which Ovid gives of it L. 1. Fast At canis ante Pedes saxo fabricatus eodem Stabat quae standi cum Lare causa fuit Servat uterque domum domino quoque fidus uterque est Compita grata Deo compita grata cani The Roman Ladies on this same Day offered Sacrifice to Bona Dea in the Chief Pontiff's House whereat it was not lawful for Men to assist they also covered all Mens Pictures and Statues as they did those of other Animals of the Male Kind On the 9th was celebrated the Feast of Apparitions or Goblins called Lemuria or Remuria instituted by Romulus for appeasing the Ghost of his Brother Remus that appeared to him in the Night See Lemuria On the 12th came on the Feast of Mars surnamed Vltor or the Avenger to whom Augustus consecrated a Temple on that Day On the 15th or Ides of the Month was performed the Ceremony of the Argians whereon the Vestal Virgins threw Thirty Figures made of Rushes into the Tiber above the Wooden Bridge The same Day was kept the Feast of Traders which they celebrated in Honour of Mercury they offered unto him a whole Sow and went to a Fountain called Aqua Mercurii at the Gate named Capena and there sprinkled themselves with a Lawrel-branch praying that God to favour them in their Gains and to pardon the exorbitant Prizes they sold their Goods at in the Way of their Occupations On the 21st came on the Feast named Secunda Agonia or Agonalia whereof I have spoken under Agonalia On the 24th was another Ceremony called Regifugium which same was often repeated in the Compass of the Year See Regifugium Plutarch asks why the Romans did not marry in the Month of May and says it was either because that in that Month they made several Expiations with which Marriage did not agree or because the Month of May took its Name from aged Persons Majores for whom Marriage was not suitable but that the Month of June deducing its Name from Juniores Marriages were re-assumed therein A little farther he asks why Virgins never married on Festival Days or such as the Publick Assembly were held on but that Widows affected to marry at those times He answers that Virgins are married with Grief and as it were by Constraint which is not suitable to Festival Days an causa est ratio quam affert Varro virgines nubere invitas tristes festo autem die nilil agi debet cum molestid But as for Widows they married the rather on Festival Days because they could do it then much more retiredly the Feast having drawn all the People thither and they thereby with Reason exprest their Shame for their Second Marriages MAMURIUS surnamed Veturius whose Name is famous in the Hymns of the Salians for having made Eleven Shields or Bucklers so like unto that which Numa pretended to have fallen down from Heaven that it could not be distinguished from them MANCEPS A Farmer of the Publick Revenue MANCEPS
amounted to 8 in all At last Sylla being desirous to fill up the Senate which was exhausted by the Civil Wars and having given an Account to them how Things stood with them in particular made up the Number of Quaestors to because that Charge was as a kind of an Antroduction into that Body The Quaestorship was always conferred either upon Persons of Merit or Reputation till it came to be as it were exposed to sale by the Shews they gave Julius Caesar raised the Number of them to 40 in order to fill up the Senate and their Business was to assist the Generals of the Army that went to War to receive the Money that arose from the Spoils and Booty taken from the Enemy and to pay the Soldiers The City Questors received the Taxes and Impositions laid upon the People went to meet Foreign Embassadors took care to treat them in their Journey and to furnish them an House at the Charge of the Common-wealth QUAESTORES PARRICIDII they were Questors sent into the Provinces by Order of the Senate to try criminal Cases their Power was great they had Lictors and other Officers to attend them they were chosen annually tho' they continued them sometimes longer QUERCETULANA See Porta QUINQUATRIA they were certain Feasts celebrated at Rome in Honour of Pallas like unto those called Panathenaea by the Athenians This Name was given them because they lasted for Five Days on the first of which they offered Sacrifices and Oblations without the Effusion of Blood the Second Third and Fourth were spent in the Fights of the Gladiators and on the Fifth they went in Procession through the City These Feast Days began on the 18th of March and Scholars had a Vacation for all that While and presented their Masters with a Gift which was called Minerval They also acted Tragedies now and there were Disputations held between the learned Poets and Orators concerning polite Learning wherein the Conqueror received a Prize appointed for that Purpose by the Emperor Domitian Here it was Stacius vauntingly gloried that he had conquered and received a Present from the Emperor himself Lux mihi Romanae qualis sub collibus Albae Cùm modò Germanas acres modò Daca sonantem Praelia Palladio tua me manus induit auro QUINQUENNALES LUDI Games celebrated every Five Years in divers Cities in Honour of such Emperors as had been deified QUINQUE-VIRI MENSARII Five Men appointed extraordinarily by the Consuls to discharge the Debts of the People that had been ruined by the Usuries exacted from them QUIRINALIS see Mons. QUIRINUS the Surname of Romulus and he was so called from a Javelin which the Sabins named Quiris according to the Testimony of Festus or else from the Sabins themselves who were called Cures to whom he gave a Part of Rome to live in and this after they had coalesced into one Body with the Sabines made the Romans be called Quirites or lastly upon the Account of God Mars from whom Romulus said he was descended and who was called Quiris because he was pictured holding a Lance in his Hand Junius Proculus swore he appeared to him upon the Via Albina in an august and glorious Manner with glittering Arms and commanded him to tell the Romans that God Mars his Father had taken him up to Heaven that they should set up Altars and worship him as a God by the Name of Quirinus Lactantius gives an Account of the Prayers that were made to this new Deity which he has taken out of Ennius O Romule Romule dico ô Qualem te patriae custodem Dî genuerunt Tu produxisti nos intra luminis auras O pater ô genitor ô sanguen Dîs oriundum They celebrated a Feast called Populi-fugium in Memory of his Deification beause of the Storm which made the People run into their Tents It was kept on the Fifth of July QUIRITES thus the People of Rome were called from Cures a City of the Sabines with whom Romulus made an Alliance and shared his City with them so that the said Two People being united into one Body were called by one common Name Quirites R. R Is a Liquid Consonant and the 17th Letter of the Alphabet it was formerly a Numeral Letter and signified 80 and when there was an Accent above it implied 80000. RAMNENSES a Troop of 100 Horse that took their Name from Romulus RATITI Pieces of Money that weighted Four Ounces on which was graven the Figure of a round Vessel called Ratis RECINIUM and RECINUM and RECINUS was a kind of a square Mantle or Vail wore by Women or their Heads Salmasius will have it to be a sort of a Gown wore by Roman Ladies and tucked up before with a square Pin of a Purple Colour RECUPERATORES Judges delegated by the Prator to take Cognizance of a Fact REDDIIIO The Third part of the Sacrifice of the Heathens when they put in the Entrails of the Victim after they had inspected the same REGIFUGIUM a Feast celebrated every Year at Rome on the 24th of February in Commemoration of the Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus and the Overthrow of the Monarchy It was also performed on the 26th of May when the King of the Sacrifices in the Place where the Assemblies were held offered Bean-flour and Bacon and when the Sacrifice was over they hasted away with all speed to denote the precipitate Flight of King Tarquin REGIO a Part of the City of Rome Tullius Hostilius was the first that divided Rome into Four Parts the same being called Suburana Esquilina Collina and Palatina Things continued in this State till Augustus his Time who divided it into Fourteen Parts over each of which he settled Two Surveyors called Curatores viarum who were made annually and took their Divisions by Lot They wore a Purple Robe and had each of them Two Lictors that walked before them in the Division where they presided They had Slaves under them who were to take care of the Fires that should happen Their Charge was to provide for the Tranquillity of their respective Divisions and to keep them clean to take care that new Buildings did not increase too much and were not built higher than the Law did prescribe They had 2 Officers called Denunciators to assist them in each Division who gave them an Account of all Disorders that happened also a Watch to prevent all unlawful Meetings in the Night and to seize Vagabonds and Rogues These Fourteen Divisions contained 424 Streets 31 of which were called Great or Royal Streets which begun at the gilt Pillar which stood at the Entry into the open Place in the Middle of the City and to each of these Streets belonged Four Vico-Magistri who took care of them and carried the Orders of the City to each Citizen Alexander Severus increased the Number to Fourteen more Surveyors who served as Assessors to the Governour of the City The first Division began at the Gate Capens and was 12222 Feet in Circumference The same
with H. S. the Mark of a Sestertius you find an indeclinable Noun of Number or one that in the declining of it may be taken for Masculine and Neuter you cannot find out the Signification of it but by the Consequence Subject and Sence Thus when Cicero L. 5. contra Verrem said Ad singula medimna multi H. S. duorum multi H. S. quinque accessionem cogebantur dare you cannot judge but by what follows what Sum he means for his Expressiion may suit with simple Numbers and with 1000 but the Consequence discovers that he speaks only of single Sesterces for should they be taken for Thousands the same would be ridiculous for that Occasion Care must be had to observe that the Words Sestertius or nummus signifie oftentimes the same thing insomuch that mille nummûm mille Sestertiûm or mille mummûm Sestertiûm may be indifferently used for one another but there are various Opinions concerning the Reason that is given for this Construction and these Expressions for to say nothing of that of Nonius and some of the Ancients who thought without any Grounds that these Genetives mummûm and Sestertiûm put by a Syncope for nummorum and Sestertiorum were Accusatives they usually take the Word mille for a Noun Substantive that governs the Genetive nummûm and Sestertiûm however if we believe Scioppius Mille is ever an Adjective as well as other Nouns of Number and therefore we must suppose a Nominative Case of which this Genetive is governed This Author in his 14th Letter endeavours to prove that the Word Res or Negotium must be understood so as when Juvenal says Quantum quisque suâ nummorum possidet arcâ Here quantum being an Adjective must necessarily suppose Negotium understood insomuch that if we should say Res or Negotium mille nummorum the Syntax would be plain and very regular but if it should be said Mille nummorum est in arcâ the same will be figurative and the Word Res still understood which will govern the Genetive mille mummorum which are the Adjective and the Substantive But Res mille nummorum is the same thing as mille nummi just as Phoedrus says Res cibi for cibus Where we meet with Sestertiûm decies numeratum esse in Cicero 't is a Syllepsis numeri where numeratum which refers to negotium is put for Numerata which should have been so exprest as 't is indeed in some Editions because they suppose centena millia understood Again An accepto centies Sestertiûm fecerit in Velleius Paterculus is put for acceptis centies centenis millibus Sestertiûm farther you have in Plautus Trapezitae mille Drachmarum sunt redditae put for res mille Drachmarum est reddita But as the Ancients used decies Sestertiûm or decies centena millia Sestertiûm so they also said decies aeris for decies centena millia aeris Authors often omit the Word Sestertiûm by an Ellipsis as Suetonius does in Caesar's Life Promissumque jus annulorum cum millibus CCCC distulit and the same he does in Vespatian's Life Primus è fisco Latinis Graecisque Rhetoribus annua centena constituit that is centena millia Sestertiûm The Roman As was worth 3 Farthings of our Money the Roman Denarius 10 As's being 7 Pence of English the little Sestertius 1d ob qa q. but the great Sestertium contains 1000 Sesterces which in our Money is 7 l. 16 s. 3 d. and in Latin they use unum Sestertium duo Sestert c. SEVA a Knife used at Sacrifices wherewith they cut the Throat of the Victims SEVERUS a Roman Emperor born in Affrica and of a fierce and cruel Disposition he was cruel to the highest Degree against his Competitors to the Empire the Nobility and those who sided with his Enemies he grosly abused the famous City Bizantium and subjected it to Heraclea because she took the Part of Pescennius Niger he also used the City of Lyons after an inhumane manner putting it to Fire and Sword because she stuck to the Interest of Albinus He is commended for his Sobriety Frugality and Modesty in Apparel which were Vertues common enough in Africa He was couragious valiant indefatigable and very useful to the Commonwealth insomuch that the Senate being sensible both of the good and bad Qualities of this Prince thought it might have redounded to the Benefit of the Empire either that he had never been born or never died SEXAGENARIUM DE PONTE DEJICERE It signified to deprive an old Man of 60 Years of Age of his Right to give his Vote in the Elections made at Rome because the People went over a little Bridge in order to throw their Ballot into an Urn for the chusing of Magistrates and old Men of sixty were put by SEXTANS the Romans divided their As which was a Pound of Brass into 12 Ounces The Ounce was called uncia from the Word unum and 2 Ounces sextans being the sixth part of 12 Ounces which made the As or Pound It was also a Measure which contained 2 Ounces of Liquor Sextantes Calliste duos infunde Falerni Fill me two Sextans or 2 Ounces of Falernian Wine SEXTARIUS a Measure which held 24 Ounces of Wine but according to Weight contained no more than a Pound and 8 Ounces it held about a Pint English Measure SEXTILIS the Month of August or sixth in the Year if you begin it as the Romans did with March and the 8th to reckon as we do This Month was under the Protection of Ceres and had several Feasts in it See Calendarium SI VOBIS VIDETUR DISCEDITE QUIRITES Citizens if you please you may depart It was an ancient Form of Speech among the Romans for dismissing the Assembly of the People SI SCIENS FALLO ME DIESPITER SALVA URBE ARCE QUE BONIS EJICIAT UTI EGO HUNC LAPIDEM If I have not an Intention to observe this Treaty and Alliance may Jupiter throw me out of my Estate with as much Violence as I do this Stone without any Harm done to the City It was the Form of an Oath used at the making of Treaties and Alliances which imported an Imprecation against him who did not act sincerely in the said Treaty for 't was a Custom to throw a Stone at the Victim and to wish the Gods served them so if they used any Cheat or Deceit in the Matter SIBYLLAE the Sibylls Virgin-Prophesses so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in the Laconic Tongue was the Genitive of the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Deliberation Others derive it from the Hebrew Kibel and Kabala Authors differ about the Number of the Sibylls and concerning the Places where they uttered their Predictions Martianus Capella reckons but two Sibylls viz. Erophile of Troy the Daughter of the Marpessus whom he confounds with the Phrygian and Cumaean Sibylls and Symachia born at Erithraea a City of the Lower Asia who came to Cumae and
there pronounced Oracles Pliny L. 34. C. 5. speaks of Three Statues of the Sibylls at Rome near the Rostra one erected by Pacuvius Taurus the Aedile of the People and the other Two by Messala whom Solinus calls Sibyllae Cumeae Delphicae and Erithâ—e Elian L. 12. Hist makes them to be Four viz. Those of Erithrea Samos Egypt and Sardis some have increased their Number even to Ten as Varro does in his Six Books concerning Divine Things dedicated to Julius Caesar the Pontifex Maximus The Persian Sibyll of whom Nicanor speaks was born according to Suidas at Noa a City near the Red-Sea which they would have to be same as the Chaldaean and Hebrew Sibyll properly called Sambetha who foretold divers Things concerning the Messias his Birth Life Circumstances of his Death and second Coming The Libyan Sibyll of whom Euripides the Poet speaks in his Prologue to Lamia who was the Daughter of Jupiter and Lamia Neptune's Daughter as Pausanias writes in his Phocica The Grecians says he make her to be the Daughter of Jupiter and Lamia Neptune's Daughter the first of Womankind that delivered Oracles and was called Sibylla by the Lybians She spent a great part of her Life in the Isle of Samos at Claros a City of the Colophonians at Delos and Delphi she died in Troas The Sibyll of Delphi of whom Crysippus makes mention in his Book of Divination Diodorus L. 4. C. 6. calls her Daphne the Daughter of Tiresias whom the Argians after the Destruction of Thebes sent to Delphi where she delivered Oracles being inspired by Apollo and sate upon the Tripod Virgil L. 6. Aen. speaks of her where he introduces Aeneas entring into the Sibyll's Cave and praying to unfold unto him the Will of the Gods viva voce and not as she sometimes did upon the Leaves of Trees which the Wind carried thither and promising withal to build a magnificent Temple for Apollo and to recommend his Oracles to his Posterity Sibylla Cumaea which was born at Cuma in Iona. Lactantius says 't was she that carried the Nine Books to Tarquinius Priscus Sibylla Erytbraea Apollodorus will have her to be his Fellow-Citizen and that when the Grecians went to the Siege of Troy she prophesied to them that they should take it Eusebius places her above 450 Years after the Siege of Troy in the Reign of Romulus Strabo speaks of several Sibylls of the same Name one before and another after the Time of Alexander whose Name was Athenaïs Lactantius makes Babylon to be the Place of her Nativity and calls her Erythraea because she was born in the Country of the Erythreans in a Place called Bata where the City Erythraea was afterwards built There are some Authors who make Sardis to be the Place of her Birth others Sicily some again Rhodes Lybia and Samos She composed Odes and Oracles and invented a kind of a Triangular Lyre she is the most Famous of all the Sibylls The Senate sent to Erythraea for the Verses and they were laid up in the Capitol The Sibyll of Samos of which mention is made in the Samian Annals her Name was Pitho The Cumaean Sibyll or she of Cuma in Italy of whom Virgil speaks Huic ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem And again in Eclogue 4. Vltima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas And Ovid de Fastis Cumaam veteres consuluistis anum The Sibyll of Hellespont born at Troy that lived in Solon and Cyrus his Time The Phrygian Sibyll that prophesied at Ancyra The Sibylla Tiburtina or of Tibur a Country Five or Six Leagues from Rome upon the River Anio These are the Names of the Ten Sibylls spoken of by Varro besides which there were also the Sibyll of Collophon whose Name was Lampusia the Daughter of the Prophet Colchas also she of Th-ssaly called Mantha the Daughter of Tiresias of Thebes and Cassandra King Priamus his Daughter SIBYLLINILIBRI the Sibylls Books wherein the Predictions of the Sibylls were written these Books were had in so great Authority among the Romans that they did nothing of moment either in Peace or War without first consulting of them They committed them to the Custody of two Persons of the Patrician Order who were called Duumviri sacrorum who had leave to consult them by an Order of the Senate Tarquin who was the first that instituted this Sacerdotal Office threw one of the Keepers of these Books whose Name was M. Attilius into the Sea sowed up in a Leathern-Bag because he had given a Copy of them to Petronius Sabinus and this sort of Punishment was afterwards appointed for Parricides This Priesthood was exercised by Two Persons only till the Year 384 when they were increased to the Number of Ten half of them Patricians and the other half Plebeians and Sylla made them Fifteen and at last they amounted to Sixty but still retained the Name of Quindecim-viri These Books of the Sibylls were preserved entire above 450 Years till the War with the Marsi in a Vault of the Capitol shut up in a Stone-Trough They were burnt with the Capitol in the Year 670. The Senate Seven Years after sent Deputies to all the Cities of Asia and Italy to collect and transcribe the Verses of the Sibylls that might be yet in being Tacitus also relates that Augustus finding the Verses and Predictions of these Sibylls passed through the Hands of several Persons ordered an exact Search to be made for them at Samos Erythraea Troy in Affrica and throughout the Colonies of Italy and to put them into the Hands of the respective Governours that so by the Advice of the Quindecim-viri they might retain those that were Genuine and reject the rest and this is also witnessed by Suetonius SIGILLARIA Feasts celebrated after the Saturnalia wherein they offered little Statues of Gold Silver and other Mettals to Saturn instead of Men which before were sacrificed to him Hercules changed this cruel Custom by giving a favourable Interpretation to the Oracle SIGNA Roman Ensigns whereof there were different sorts on some of them the Image of the Emperor was represented and they that carried them were called Imaginiferi others had an Hand stretched out as a Symbol of Concord and these Ensign-bearers were called Signiferi some had a Silver-Eagle which made those that carried them be called Aquiliferi Eagle-bearers others had a Dragon with a Silver-head and the rest of his Body of Taffety which was blown by the Wind as if he were a real Dragon and these Dragon-bearers were named Draconarii lastly the Emperor's Ensign was called Labarum which they carried out when he went into the Field It was of a Purple Colour beset with Gold Fringe and adorned with precious Stones All these Ensigns were sustained by a Halfpike sharp at the And that it might the more easily be fixed in the Groand Those who carried the Labarum were called Labariferi SIGNUM RUGNAE the Signal of Battle it was a Coat of Arms of a Purple Colour set upon the General
out of the Isle of the Blessed Vlysses took him aside and gave him a Letter to Calypso without the Knowledge of his Wife and that he arriving within Three Days after in the Isle of Ogygia broke open this Letter for fear lest this crafty Knare should put so me Trick upon him and he found written in it what follows I should not have left you before but that I inffer'd Shipwrack and hardly escaped by the Help of Leucotheus in the Country of the Phaeaces When I returned home I found my Wife courted by a sort of People who consumed my Goods and after they were killed I was assassinated by Telemachus whom I had by Circe At present I am in the Isle of the Blessed where I remember with Grief the Pleasures we enjoy'd together and wish that I had always continued with you and had accepted the Offer you made me of Immortality If I can therefore make an Escape you may rest assured that you shall see me again Farewel He delivered this Letter to Calypso whom he found in a Grotto such as Homer describes where she was working Hangings with Figures in them CHAM or CHAMESES the Son of Noab who brought upon himself his Father's Curse by his Reproaches although he had for his Share the rich Countries of Syria and Egypt and all Affrica as we read in Genesis yet he made Inroads into the Countries possessed by his Nephews and planted there such Vices as were not known before He continued Ten Years in Italy and was driven thence by Janus Fuctius does not reckon him among the first Founders of the Italians CAMILLA the Queen of the Volsci who was much addicted to Hunting and was never so well pleased as in shooting with a Bow She came into the Help of Turnus and the Latins against Aeneas and signalized herself by many brave Exploits She was treacherously killed by Arontius as we learn from Virgil in L 11. of the Aeneids CAMILLUS Camillus Furius an illustrious Roman who was called a second Romulus for restoring the Roman Commonwealth He vanquished the Antiatae in a Naval Fight and caused the Prows of the Ships to be brought into the Place of the Assemblies at Rome which were afterwards called Rostra being the Tribunal for Orations When the Capitol was besieged by the Gauls he was chosen Dictator although he had been banished by his ungrateful Country-men Assoon as he heard this News he solicited the Ardeatae to come in to the Assistance of Rome and invited all Italy to oppose the Invasion of the Gauls He arrived at Rome in that very Moment when the Citizens were weighing 2000 Pounds of Gold in Performance of a Treaty they had made with the Gauls to oblige them to raise the Seige But he charging them on a sudden forced them by this Surprize to draw off with Shame and Loss After this Defeat and Deliverance of Rome he made a Model of a Temple for that Voice which had given Notice to the Romans of the Arrival of the Gauls and which they had slighted He instituted Sacrifices to it under the Name of Deus Locutius He caused also a Temple to be built to Juno Moneta and the Goddess Matuta The Romans in Acknowledgement of so many Benefits erected to him an Equestrian Statue in the Market-place of Rome which was an Honour that was never done to any Citizen before He died of the Plague at Eighty Years of age CAMILLUS or CASMILLUS was the Minister of the Gods Cabiri Thus Plutarch says that the Romans and Greeks gave this Name to a young Man who served in the Temple of Jupiter as the Greeks gave it to Mercury Ministrantem in ade Jovis puerum in flore aetatis dici Camillum ut Mercurium Graecorum nonnulli Camillum à ministerio appellavêre Varro thinks that this Name comes from the Mysteries of the Samothracians Macrobius informs us that the young Boys and Maids who ministred to the Priests and Priestesses of the Pagan Deities were call'd Camilli and Camillae Romani quoque pueros puellasve nobiles investes Camillos Camillas appellant Flaminicarum Flaminum praeministros Servius says that in the Tuscan Tongue Mercury was call'd Camillus as being the Minister of the Gods This Word Camillus obtained among the Tuscans Romans Greeks Samothracians and the Egyptians and came from the East into the West Bochart thinks that this Word might be deriv'd from the Arabick chadamae i. e. ministrare And 't is well known that the Arabick has much Affinity with the Phoenician and Hebrew Tongues Grotius derives Camillus from Chamarim Writings wherein this Term signifies Priests or Augurs CAMOENAE the Nine Muses the Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne so call'd from the Sweetness of their Singing CAMPANA SUPELLEX an Earthen Vessel which was made in Campania CAMPANA alone or NOLAE Bells Pancirollus says expresly that they were not invented until about the Year of J. C. 400 or 420 when they were first found out by the Bishop of Nola in Campania call'd Paulinus And that for this Reason they were call'd Campanae from the Country or Nolae from the City where they were first used But Salmuth upon this Passage of Pancirollus tells us that it was an ancient Error to think that Paulinus first invented the Use of Bells since they were in use from the Times of Moses for the High-Priest among the Jews had a great many little Bells of Gold at the lower part of his Garment to give Notice to the People when he entred into and when he came out of the Sanctuary The Priest of Proserpina among the Athenians call'd Hierophantus rung a Bell to call the People to Sacrifice The Romans likewise had a Bell in the publick Baths to give Notice of the Time when they were open'd and shut up as may appear from these Verses of Martial L. 14. Epigr. 163. Redde pilam sonat aes thermarum ludere pergis Virgine vis solâ lotus abire domum Plutarch in his Book of Symposiacks speaks of certain Greeks who assembled at the Ringing of a Bell to go and sup together Adrianus Junius assures us that the Ancients used Bells for the same End as we do that they rung them at the Death of any Person as is done to this Day out of a superstitious Opinion which was then generally receiv'd that the Sound of Bells drove away Devils They made use of them also against Enchantments and particularly after the Moon was eclipsed which they thought came to pass by Magick Thus we must understand these Verses of Juvenal Jam nemo tubas atque aera fatiget Vna laboranti poterit sucurrere Lunae CAMPESTRE the Lappet of a Gown or lower part of a Cassock that went round the Body a sort of Apron wherewith they girded themselves who perform'd the Exercises in the Campus Martius which reach'd from the Navel down to the middle of their Thighs to cover their Privy Parts CAMPUS MARTIUS a large Place without Rome between the City and
the River Tiber. Some Authors affirm that Romulus consecrated it to the God Mars from whom he said he was descended and that he devoted it to the Exercises of the Roman Youth Others as particularly Titus Livius think that Tarquinius Superbus challeng'd to himself the Use of it and that when he was driven away upon the Account of his Cruelty and the impudent Rape of his Son committed on the Body of the chaste Lucretia the Romans confiscated all his Goods and particularly a great Field cover'd with Corn without the City which they consecrated to the God Mars by throwing all the Corn into the Tiber Ager Tarquinius qui inter Vrbem Tiberim fuit consecratus Marti Martius deinde campus fuit Liv. This Field contain'd all that great Plain which reaches to the Gate call'd Popolo and even as far as the Pons Milvius or Ponte-mole according to the Topography of Cluverius It had on one side the Tiber and on the other the Quirinal Mount the Capitol and the little Hill of Gardens It s lowermost part was call'd Vallis Martia which reach'd from the Arch of Domitian as far as the Gate Popolo Strabo speaking of the Beauties of the City of Rome takes particular Notice of the Field of Mars which was of a prodigious Compass and much longer than it was broad In this Field the People assembled to chuse Magistrates Review was taken of the Armies and the Consuls listed Souldiers This Place serv'd also for the Exercises of the Youth as to ride the Horse to Wrestle to shoot with the Bow to throw the Quoit or Ring And after these Exercises they bath'd themselves in the Tiber to refresh themselves and to learn to swim In this Place the People beheld the Naumachiae or Sea-fights which were shown there for their Pleasure and Diversion Here also were to be seen the Statues of illustrious Men and a vast Gallery built by Antoninus Pius together with that Pillar 70 Foot high whose Ascent was 106 Steps that were enlightned by 36 Windows Here also was the Obelisk which Augustus fetch'd from Egypt that supported a Sun-dial Moreover in this Place were to be seen the Arch of Domitian the Amphitheatre of the Emperor Claudius the Naumachia of Domitian the Mansoleum of Augustus the Sepulchre of Marcellus his Nephew the Trophies of Marius and a vast Number of Sepulchres and ancient Monuments all along the River-side At one End of this Place there was a little rising Ground call'd Mons Citorius or Citatorum on which the People mounted to give their Votes at Elections Very near to this was the Town-house where Foreign Ambassadors were receiv'd lodg'd and entertain'd at the Charge of the Commonwealth during the Time of their Embassy as Titus Livius relates upon occasion of the Macedonian Ambassadors Macedones deducti extra Vrbem in villam publicam ibique eis locus lautia praebita In this Place also the Censors made the first Assessment and the Enrolment of the People and their Estates in the Year 319. In Cicero's Time C. Capito made a Proposal to build the Campus Martius and inclose it within the City He offer'd to make the Septa or Inclosures into which the People entred one by one to give their Votes of Marble which before were only of Wood But the Civil Wars which fell out unexpectedly hindred the Execution of this great Design CAMPUS FLORAE the Field of Flora a Place consecrated to that Goddess wherein were shown the Games call'd Floralia instituted to her Honour CAMPUS SCELERATUS a Place which was near the Porta Collina where the Vestal Virgins which were lewd Prostitutes were enterr'd alive CAMPUS RIDICULI a Place where Hannibal encamp'd when he besieg'd Rome which he might easily have taken if he had not been frighted with vain Dreams and Fancies which kindred him from continuing the Siege for the Romans perceiving the Siege to be raised and their City by this means to be deliver'd upon this occasion burst out into a very loud Laughter and henceforth erected an Altar to the God of Laughter CANCELLARIUS he who went by this Name in the Roman Empire had neither the Dignity nor the Power of him whom we now call Chancellor in England for he was only a little Officer of very small Esteem among the Romans who sate in a Place shut up with Grates or Bars to write out the Sentences of the Judges and other Judicial Acts very much like our Registers or Deputy-Registers They were paid by the Roll for their Writing as Salmasius has observ'd when he relates a Passage out of the Laws of the Lombards Volumus ut nullus Cancellarius pro ullo judicio aut scripto aliquid amplius accipere audeat nisi dimidiam libram argenti de majoribus scriptis de minoribus autem infra dimidiam libram Doubless this Officer was a very inconsiderable Person since Vopiscus tells us that Numerianus made a very shameful Election when he preferr'd one of these Officers to be Governour of Rome Praefectum Vrbi unum è Cancellariis suis fecit quo â—oedius nec cogitari potuit aliquid nec dici Mons Menage says that this Word comes à Cancellis from the Bars or Lattice within which the Emperor was when he administred Justice because the Chancellor stood at the Door of that Apartment which separated the Prince from the People M. Du Cange following herein the Opinion of Joannes de Janua thinks that this Word comes from Palestine wherein the Tops of Houses were flat and made in the Form of Terrass-walks having Bannisters with cross Bars which were call'd Cancelli and that those who mounted upon these Tops of Houses to repeat an Oration were call'd Cancellarii and that this Name was extended to those who pleaded within the Bars which were call'd Cancelli forenses and that afterwards those were call'd Chancellors who sate in the first Place between these Bars The Register in Sea-Port-Towns i. e. in the Maritime Places in the Levans was also call'd Chancellor CANDELA BRUM a Candlestick The Candlestick of the Temple at Jerusalem which was of Gold which weigh'd 100 Minae i. e. Pounds differ'd from the Candlestick of the Romans in this that the latter had but one Stem with its Foot and one Lamp at top whereas the Candlestick of the Temple of Solomon had seven Branches three on each side and one in the middle together with seventy Lamps as Josephus says Du Choul in the Religion of the ancient Romans has given seven Branches to their Candlestick as Joseph did to that in Solomon's Temple but then he allows to it only seven Lamps whereof that in the middle is greater than the rest and represents the Sun as the six other do the Planets This Candlestick with the Vessels and other Rarities of the Temple at Jerusalem serv'd for Ornaments to the Triumph of Titus and Vespasian after the Sacking of Jerusalem and it was laid up in the Temple of Peace together with the Sacred Vessels of