Selected quad for the lemma: city_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	master_n	young_a	youth_n	21	3	7.7089	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16282	The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations collected out of the best vvriters by Ioannes Boemus ... ; with many other things of the same argument, gathered out of the historie of Nicholas Damascen ; the like also out of the history of America, or Brasill, written by Iohn Lerius ; the faith, religion and manners of the Aethiopians, and the deploration of the people of Lappia, compiled by Damianus a ̀Goes ; with a short discourse of the Aethiopians, taken out of Ioseph Scaliger his seuenth booke de emendatione temporum ; written in Latin, and now newly translated into English, by Ed. Aston.; Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus. English. 1611	Boemus, Joannes, ca. 1485-1535.; Góis, Damião de, 1502-1574.; Nicolaus, of Damascus.; Léry, Jean de, 1534-1611. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil.; Scaliger, Joseph Juste, 1540-1609. De emendatione temporum.; Aston, Edward, b. 1573 or 4.	1611 (1611)	STC 3198.5; ESTC S102777	343,933	572

very charitable for there is almost no City but it hath in it a couent of Mendicant Friers and a common house to releeue and harbor poore Pilgrimes and strangers There bee also sostred and brought vp many yong youths that haue left their owne countries and fathers houses to attaine learning in Germany of which sort of striplings and yong students you shal see so many in one City as you will thinke it strange how they should be maintained And these bee onely nourished and brought vp by the almes and charity of the Citizens and goe singing from house to house for victuals whereof they haue inough giuen them for because they frequent the Church daily and helpe the Priests to singe masse and bee afterwards made priests themselues In euery parish is one publike house or free schoole wherein as well these as the Cittizens sonnes be brought vp in learning their maisters and tutors be such as bee both learned and vertuous who chastice those which be shrewde or neglect their learning sometimes with words and sometimes with stripes Their dwelling houses for the most part be ioyned together and builded according to euery mans ability some high some low but al aptly and conueniently disposed for their trading the rich mens houses be builded stately with lime and stone and poore mens with timber and morter and all of them couered either with tile or slate which whether it be done for state or to preuent danger of fire I am not able to say In Saxony and diuerse other places besides they couer their houses with smooth shingles which maketh their building seeme more base and more subiect to burning The streets for the most part throughout all the Cities of Germany be paued with flint stone and vpon the gates of euery City stand high turrets or watch-towers wherein in the day time be placed certaine skouts to giue notice vnto the warders below by the sound of a trumpet of all horsemen they perceiue comming towards them to the end that hauing warning afore-hand they may bee more prouident to prouide for the safety of the city Their cities for the most part be defended both naturaly artificially being scituated either vpon the tops of hils or by winding riuers such as be scituated vpon the plaine ground be compassed and immured with strong wals and trenches defended with innumerable towers and bulwarkes the fields also about many of their cities be so inclosed on all sides with deepe and large ditches as they serue for a sufficient defence against the inuasion of forraine enemies The fourth last and lowest estate of the Germaines be of such as dwel in country villages and follow husbandry and be therefore called clownes or bores whose estate and condition of all others is most hard and miserable for they liue basely by themselues vtterly seperated from all other sorts of people so as they haue no fellowship with others but their owne families and their cattaile Their dwelling houses be low cottages made of timber and clay and couered with straw their bread is meane and course their meate either oatmeale pottage or sodden beanes or pulse and their drinke is either water or whey their apparell a Canuas frocke such as our Carters vse in England high shooes or startvps and coloured caps These clownes be a very turbulent toylsome and beastly kinde of people they carry into Citties neere adioyning them all their fruites and increase that arriseth from their corne and cattaile other then what their Landlords haue for they themselues doe scarce taste of any fruite of their trauaile that good is where they sell them and make their prouision of such things as they haue need of for amongst them dwel few artificers or none at all Euery village hath a Church in it whether in the forenoone vpon holy daies all the people resort to heare seruice and in the after-noone some of them meete togither in one place or other where they fall to chopping and chainging or conferring of other busnesse the youth fall a dauncing after the minstrels and old men a tipling in tavernes and none of these clownes will goe abroad amongst other people but with weapons about them for they haue their swords ready at all assaies Euery village chooseth out two or foure of the most substantial men amongst them whom they call their maisters these be indifferent men to decide contentions and controuersies growing by contracts and haue the disposing and ordering of their little common-wealth next vnto their Land-lords for it is they that haue the sole gouernment and authority ouer them all other then what is by them permitted to these chosen praefects which in their vulgar tongue they call Sculteti These clownes liue in great drudgery and slauery vnder their Land-lords for they plow their grounds sow their seedes get in their haruest prouide them fuel repaire their houses skoure their ditches and maintaine their fencing in a word there is no slauery whatsoeuer but is wholy imposed vpon those bores nor dare they for their liues once refuse to doe any thing their Land-lords command them for if they doe they shall be soundly punished and yet there is no one thing that oppresseth them more neerely then that the farmes they possesse be none of their owne but that notwithstanding they be euery way else slaues vnto their Land-lords they must pay vnto them yeerely a great part of their corne and graine for rent And these bee generally the manners of the Germaines at this day and this their course of life Of Saxony and how the Saxons liued in times past and how they now liue CAP. XIII SAXONIA a particular Prouince of Germany is bounded vpon the West with the riuer Visera or as some will haue it with the riuer of Rheine vpon the North with Dacia and the Baltean sea with Franconia on the South against which lie opposite a longth-wise Boiarie and Bohemia and with Prussia on the East within which bounds and limits how many sundry sorts of people distinguished by sundry names be at this day comprehended and included may easily be vnderstood by the precedent description of Germany all which are said to liue vnder the Saxon law This country was named Saxony of a people called Saxons who according to the opinion of some writers were the remnant of the Macedonian army which followed Alexander the Great and at his death were disperced into all parts of the world Some others affirme that they were wandring Britans and such as had no certaine habitations and that they forsooke their natiue soile to seeke them better seates and getting shipping and arryuing in Germany expelled thence the Thuringij and possessed their land For at the first the people of Saxony were turbulent and troublesome il and ouerthwart neighbours vnto all those which dwelled neere vnto them yet were they at home peaceable and quiet and maruellous vigilant and industrious for the good of their country and common-wealth besides that

of Rhodes Scicilia Corsica Sardinia and of some few besides So far hath that most cruel enemy of mankinde preuailed by bringing in such diuersity of manners such hatefull and damnable superstitious abuses in ceremonies and sacred things that whilest euery nation contendeth by strongest arguments to prooue that the GOD which they worship and adore is the true and great GOD and that they onely goe the way of eternall happinesse and all others the by-path that leadeth to perdition Whilest also euery sect indeauoureth to aduance and set forth themselues it insueth that each one persecuting other with mortall enmity and deadly hatred it is not onely daungerous to trauell into forraine nations but in a manner vtterly bard and prohibited which I perswade my selfe is the cause that the names of bordering nations beeing scarce knowne to their neerrest neighbors whatsoeuer is either written or reported of them is now accounted fabulous and vntrue the knowledge whereof notwithstanding hath euer beene reputed so pleasant so profitable and so praise-worthy as it is most manifest that for the loue and desire thereof onely without other cause at all very many forsaking father and mother wife and children countrie and kin and that which is more neglecting their owne health haue aduentured through great difficulties and daungers care and troubles long and tedious iourneies into forraine nations onely to furnish themselues with experience So as it is vndoubtedly true that not in these daies onely but almost from the beginning of the world All those haue bin generally esteemed men of greatest authority wisdome and learning and by open consent haue beene elected and chosen Maisters and Gouernours Councellors and Iudges Captaines and Controllers who hauing sometimes trauelled strang countries haue knowne the manners of many people and cities for euer as those auncient Philosophers of Greece and Italy which were first founders of sundry sects wherin they instructed their Disciples Schollers as namely Socrates of the Socratick sect Plato of the Academicke Aristotle of the Peripatick Antisthines of the Cynick Aristyppus of the Cyrenaicke Zeno of the Stoicke and Pithagoras of the Pithagoricke As also those old law-giuers Minos and Rhodomanthus to the men of Creete Orpheus to those of Thrace Draco Solon to the Athenians Licurgus to the Lacedemonians Moses to the Iewes Zamolxis to the Scythians and many others which wee see haue set down to their people diuers prescript ceremonies ciuil disciplines inuented not of those seueral sects disciplines and lawes within their city walles but learned and brought them from the Caldeans themselues beeing the most wise men of the world from the Indian Philosophers the Brackmans Gymnosophists and from the Aegiptian Priests with whom sometimes they were conuersant To conclude wee plainely perceiue that those most renowned worthies Iupiter of Creete who was reported to haue measured the world fiue times ouer and his two sonnes of like disire and successe Dionysius surnamed Bacchus and valiant Hercules and Theseus his imitator Iason with the rest of the Greekes which went with him for the golden Fleece wether-beaten Vlisses and Aencas the outcast of Troy Cyrus Darius Xerxes Alexander the Great Hanibal the Carthaginiā Mithrydate king of Pontus expert in the language of fifty nations the great Antiochus and innumerable other Romane Princes and Gouernors the Scipios the Marii the Lentuli Pompey the Great Iulius Caesar Octauian Augustus the Constantines Charles Othones Conrades Henries and Frederickes haue by their warlike expeditions into forraine nations purchased vnto themselues an euerlasting fame and immortal memory Wherefore seeing there is so great pleasure and profit in the knowledge of countries and of their manners and also seeing it is not in euery mans power nor yet lawfull for many causes for euery one to trauel and behold lands far remote thou maist good gentle reader as wel by reading comprehend vnderstand the most renowned customes of al nations and the seueral sytuation of each country expressed in this booke and that as readily with as much pleasure as if taking thee by the hand I shold lead thee through euery nation one after an other faithfully relate vnto thee in what place and vnder what kind of gouernment each nation haue liued heretofore and now doe liue Nor would I haue thee distasted or carried away for that by some too seuere reformer it may bee obiected and laide in my teeth that I haue produced for new and for mine owne a matter written long agoe and heretofore handled of no lesse then a thousand Authors and that I haue vsed only their words without alteration But if thou diligently marke my purpose thou shalt find that in imitation of that liberal houshoulder to whom Christ in the Gospell compared euery learned scribe I haue presented thee my kinde guest with some things as well out of mine owne braine as wholy extracted from the hidden treasure of my bookes and not onely with borowed and vnknowne stuffe but with sundry new dainties of mine owne deuising Farewel and what euer thou findest herein accept in good part To the Reader in commendation of this worke NOt Soline Pliny Trogus nor Herodotus of worth Not Strabo best Geographer that Cretish Isle brought forth Not true historian Siculus nor yet Berosus sage Nor any other writer else within this latter age Not Siluius after Pius Pope the second of that name Nor yet Sabellicus whose workes deserue immortal fame In volums large doe touch so neere the state of th' viniverse As doth the Author of this booke in sewer words reherse For here each part of Asiae soile distinctly you may find Th' Arabians Persians and the Meades the Scythians the Inde The Sirian and Assirian and all the Parthians race The Getes and Dacians Europs Scythes the people ecke of Thrace The Sauromates and those which in Pannonia doe remaine The Germaine the Italian the French and those of Spaine The Irish and the British Isles of Islands all the best And Affricke nations al which first old Affrican possest The Aethiops and the Carthage men and those of Aegipt-land And al the people that doe dwel on the dry Libian sand And many more inhabitants of diuers Isles beside And where the sect of Mahomet most chiefly doth abide What ample large and spatious lands doe honor Christ their head And through what kingdomes of the world his faithfull flocke are spread FINIS The manners lawes and customes of all Nations LIB 1. The true opinions of Diuines concerning mans originall CAP. 1. WHen the diuine Maiestie vpon the first day of Creation had finished this great and wonderfull Architecture of heauen and earth which of his beauty and elegant forme is called the world and all things contained within the compasse thereof vpon the sixt day hee created man of purpose that hee might haue all other things in full fruition and be Lord and Gouernour ouer them and making him the noblest of all other Creatures

hundred out of this order be elected for the most part all the chiefe Gouernours and men of great authority and dignity There bee three orders of footemen first the Ianizaries who while they be young vnder the age of twelue yeeres bee elected out of the whole Empire by the Serchers Inquisitors or muster-Muster-maisters and for a space trained vp in military discipline in publicke places of excercise and then sent into the warres cloathed in short garments and round cappes turning vpwards and armed with shields swords and bowes these defend the camps and besiege Citties and are more in number then twentie thousand The Asappi be of the second order which be footmen armed with a light armor they vse swords shields long speares and weare red caps to distinguish them from the Ianizaries these gal the enemies horses in battaile and the number of them is answerable to the greatnesse of the army and at the least 4000. of them goe with the King and it is decreed that their wages shall surcease when the wars are ended The regall army consisteth of two hundred thousand fighting men but the company of footmen which be either voluntaries or such as haue bin dismissed from the wars and bee sommoned to serue againe serue without wages with these be mixed slaues pages skullions and drudges carpenters pioners and victuallers of the campe These make waies euen and plaine in rugged and rough places build bridges ouer riuers pooles erect Rampires and Bulwarkes against the enemie and make all others things ready which be profitable for the assaulting and conquering of Citties Vsurers Bankers Exchangers and Brokers that sell garments for souldiors and an infinite rabble of such like people follow the campe also least any thing should bee wanting that is necessary for the souldiors But their is no one thing so much to bee admired and wondred at in that people as their celerity in action their constancy and perseuerance in dangers and their obedience of gouernment for they loose their liues for the least offence that is they wil swim deepe riuers and whitlepits clime the steepest hils and when they be commanded run head-long through thicke or thin rough or smooth not so much regarding their liues as the will of the commander they most patiently endure both watching and want their is no sedition no tumult no clamors or outcries raysed in their armies and in the night time there is such continual and husht silence in their campes as they wil rather suffer captiues to escape then to haue any tumults or hurly burly raised amongst them Of all men now liuing the Turkes make warres most orderly so that it needs not seeme strange to any what the cause should bee that hath raised them to this height at this day that about two hundred yeeres since there was no nation like them For it may bee truely said of them that they bee an inuincible Nation vnlesse they bee vanquished by some great plague or pestilence or else by ciuill dessention amongst themselues The souldiours bee attired verie comely wearing nothing that is vndecent or vnhonest in their saddles and bridles is neither curiositie nor superfluity and none of them goe armed but when they be in fight and at other times they haue their armour carried after them in cariages They vse no Standards or Ensigns but Launces vpon the tops whereof hang downe certaine threeds of diuers sundrie collours by which each captaine is knowne of his company yet they vse drummes and physes to summon and incite them to fight the battaile finished all the army is set in readinesse and viewed by the Register who is one of the noble men that they may know who and how many were slaine in the fight and for the ordaining of others in their places In all their assemblies and banquets they pray for the souldiours but more deuoutly for such as were slaine in defence of their country esteeming those happy and blessed that died not at home amidst the sorrow and lamentations of their wiues and children but abroad amongst the out-cries of their enemies clattering of armour and shattering of speares They describe extoll and chaunt out the victories of their ancestors thinking thereby to make their souldiours more forward and couragious Their buildings and dwelling houses bee made for the most part of timber and morter and very few of stone vnlesse the houses of great men Bathes and Temples which be commonly builded of stone yet there be some of the Plebeians or common people of such exceeding wealth as some one alone is able of himselfe to furnish and set forth a whole army but beeing as indeed they are very frugal and shunning all sumptuousnesse they cherish humility and patiently indure this voluntary pouerty And for this cause they vtterly renounce all pictures and so much abhorre and detest the caruing of Images as they terme Christians Idolaters because they bee delighted in these things contending that they affirme the truth in saying so They vse no seales at all to their letters neither the King nor no man else but giue credit so soone as they heare the name of him that sent it or view the stile of the writer neither is there any vse of belles no not so much as any of the Christians that dwelleth amongst them are once permitted to vse them They play at no game for money or any thing else but persecute all gamesters with many ignominies and reproaches no man of what dignitie estate or condition soeuer hee is of desireth to sit vpon any stoole forme or seate to sustaine him from the ground but disposing and placeing his bodie and garments in comelie and decent order sitteth him downe vpon the ground as children doe The table wherevpon they eate their meate is made for the most part of an oxe-hide or of a stagges skin vndrest and the haire on beeing made rounde and some foure or fiue handfull in breadth and with many iron rings sowed vnto the sides thereof through which they put a leatherne thong by which deuise it is opened shut and carried like a purse No one doth enter into any house Church or other place wherein they may sit but they must first put off their shooes for they account it vnhonest and vndecent for any one to sit with his shooes on and therefore they vse such manner of shooes as they can easily put off and on The places wherein they sit either in their houses or Churches are couered with course woollen blankets or else with mats and sometimes by reason of the basenesse and vncleannesse of the places they be borded or plancked Both men and women weare long and large garments made open with a slit before that they may the better couer and bend themselues when they purge their bodies of their naturall excrementes in doing whereof they bee very precise that they turne not their faces towardes the Sunne rysing which way the doe turne themselues when they pray they bee very

much more beautifull and comely when their heades bee thicke growne with haires and smoothly combed then otherwise they would bee if their haire were shaggie rugged vncombed and neglected The King when he beginneth battaile sacrifiseth a shee-goate to the Muses They vse one certaine and strict kind of liuing both at home and in the warres For they held that they were not borne onely to themselues but for the good of their Countrie They practised no gainefull and commodious arts but were wholly employed in the studie of matters belonging to martiall discipline spending their spare time in sollemne banquettings by which meanes it came to passe that as Plutarch hath very well noted the Spartans neuer would or if they would yet they knew not how to liue priuately with a selfe-regard but were wholly deuoted to the common good of their countrie The Spartanes as they differed from all other nations in many other things so did they in giuing their voyces for electing of Officers For there were a few picked out from the rest to vndergo this businesse who were inclosed in a Chamber next adioyning to the Councel-house where they should neither see nor bee seene of any and then as the names of the Competitors were particularly drawne out one after another and at happe-hazard they did diligently marke and obserue the applause and assent of the people vnto euery name aduisedly noting and setting downe in a table who had the greatest applause and who the least which beeing afterwards openly reade it was thereby knowne which of the competitors had the most voyces Furthermore Lycurgus was the first that remoouing all superstition permitted the Cittizens to bury the dead bodies in the cittie allowing thē plots of ground about the Temples wherein to erect their monuments but it was not lawfull for any one to engraue or imprint the name of either man or woman vpon their sepulcher but the names of those onely which were manfully slaine in the wars nor to lament for those which were dead aboue the space of eleuen dayes The citizens moreouer were restrained from trauelling into other countries lest they should bring into their cittie strange customes and manners and all strangers and trauellers which arriued there were bar'd and excluded from out their citty vnlesse their presence were profitable to the common-wealth lest as Thucydides saith forraine nations should learne and be partakers of the Laconian discipline which may iustly be tearmed a very inhumane part or else as Plutarch writeth lest by the mutuall concourse and passage too and fro of strangers new speeches and languages might creepe into the cittie from whence might proceed new iudgements and dissonant desires which to the common-wealth would bee matters most pernitious and dangerous Young men hee allowed to weare but one coate throughout the whole yeare nor might any one go finer or fare more daintily then others did He commanded that nothing should be bought with readie money but by exchange of wares and commodities that children when they were of the age of twelue or fourteene yeares should not be suffered to come into the market-place or chiefe part of the cittie but were brought into the fields to the end they should not spend the prime of their youth in luxurie and wantonnesse but in labour and painfulnesse ordaining that they shold haue nothing layd vnder them to sleepe vpon and that they should eate no pottage nor gruell nor once returne into the cittie before they were men He ordained also that maydes should be married without portions to the end that none should couet wiues for their wealth and that husbands might carrie the more seueritie ouer their wiues when they could not vpbraide them with the greatnesse of their portions and how much they were aduanced by them that men shold be esteemed honourable not for their riches and greatnes but for their age and grauitie for old age was held in more reuerence and reputation amongst the Spartans then in any other countrie besides To the Kings he granted power ouer the wars to the Magistrates iudgements and yearely successions the keeping and custodie of the lawes to the Senate and to the people power and authoritie both to elect the Senat and to create Magistrates whom they pleased Now for because these new lawes and institutions all former customes beeing dissolued and abrogated seemed very harsh and difficult he fained that Apollo of Delphos was the author and inuentor of them and that frō thence at the commandement of that god hee brought them to Sparta thinking thereby that the feare and reuerence of religion would vanquish all rediousnesse and irkesomnesse of vsing them And finally to the end his lawes might remaine and continue to all eternitie he bound and obliged the cittizens by an oath that they should alter none of those lawes which he had made and established for them vntill he himselfe returned back vnto them alledging that he intended to go to Delphos to aske counsell of the Oracle there what he shold alter or adde to his lawes which done he tooke his iourney to Creete and there liued in perpetuall exile commanding when he lay vppon his death-bed that as soone as he was dead his bones should be cast into the sea lest by any chance they might be conueyed to Lacedemon whereby the Spartans might suppose themselues absolued and released from that oath which they had taken not to alter those lawes before his returne vnto them It is not amisse in this place to describe and set foorth what honors and dignities the Spartans were wont to giue to their Kings And first they had two Orders or Estates of Priests attending vppon them to do sacrifices one of the Lacedemonian Iupiter and the other of the celestiall Iupiter and their law of armes was that vpon what people or country the Kings intended to make warres it rested not in the power of any of the Spartans to prohibite or gaine-say it for if they did they offended so haynously as they would hardly purge themselues that in their marching and setting forward to the warres the kings should go foremost and be last in the retraite And that they should haue an hundred choice and select men to be their guard that in their expeditions and setting forward on their voyages they might haue what beast they would for sacrifice and that they might take to themselues the hides and skins of the beasts that were offered And these were their priuiledges in the warres And the honors and dignities attributed vnto them in time of peace were these when in their Common-wealth any banquets were made for the death of any great man the Kings should sit downe first and be first serued and that they two alone should haue betwixt them twice as much meate as all those that sate with them besides the skinnes of all beasts sacrificed Moreouer in the Kalends of euery moneth they had each of them a beast giuen them from out the reuenues of the

in honour of Heroules and were long since instituted in the dayes of Euander Dionysius Halicarnasseus following the opinion of Varro herein saith that Romulus ordained three score priests to make publike sacrifices through euery tribe and euery ward annexing vnto them as their assistants the diuiners and southsaiers euery ward likewise had his proper Genius or spirit which they supposed did defend them and their proper ministers to doe sacrifice vnto them but the goddesse Vesta was generally worshipped of all And lastly hee deuided and digested the yeere into tenne monthes by all which ordinances and decrees it may easily bee gathered and plainely perceiued that Romulus was most skilfull and expert in all matters both diuine and humaine and that they detract much from his glory and wisdome which report that the people of Rome liued without morality amongst themselues or religion towards their gods vntill the raigne of Numa Pompilius And these were the ciuil institutions ordained by Romulus But Numa Pompilius that afterwards succeeded him in the Kingdome in some part altered and in some part added vnto his Statutes and first in following the course of the Moone hee disposed the yeere into twelue monthes whereas before Romulus made it to consist but of tenne and altering the order of the monethes hee set Ianuary and February before March whereas till that time March was the first month and the beginning of the yeere and so hee made March for to bee the third in order and ranke Next hee appointed some daies to bee festiuall and holy and some other as dismal ominous and vnluckie wherein he would not any way meddle with the people or beginne any businesse After this hee created one chiefe Flamin or Priest to doe sacrifice to Iupiter whom he called Dialis and honored him with a roabe of dignity and chaire of state hee then created two other priests one to sacrifice to Mars and the other to Romulus and these were also called Flamines for the caps of honour which they wore vpon their heads moreouer he elected the Virgine Vestals which for the first ten yeeres did nothing but learne the rites and manner of sacrifising the next ten yeeres they spent in doing sacrifice themselues and the third ten yeeres they taught and instructed nouisses and fresh commers into that profession and then at the thirtith yeeres end it was in their choise whether they would mary or continue still in that course of life And those Virgin Vestals were maintained at the common cost of the City and reuerenced with titles of perpetual virginity and other ceremonies but if any of them were conuicted of incest her sentence was sorrowfully pronounced by the Cittizens that shee should bee set quicke in the ground at the gate called Collina which is in the hill Quirinalis and there couered with earth till shee were dead Hee dedicated also vnto Mars twelue other priests which hee called Salij whose office was vpon certaine daies in the month of March which tooke his name of the god Mars to lead a solemne dance in some of the principall places of the City they were cloathed with coates of diuers collours and their vppermost garments were red and changeable they had swords by their sides hanging in brazen belts in their right hand they caried launces and rods and brazen bucklers in their left and vpon their heads they wore high hats waxing sharpe towards the crowne These priests which for their solemne dancing the Romaines called Sallij according to the opinion of Dionysius did little differ from the Coribantes or Sibilles priests which the Greekes called Curetes finally he created a Bishop or high priest to whom he gaue supreme authority ouer all infreior priests and in him it lay to appoint what oblations should bee offred vpon what daies and in what Temples Besides all these holy orders of priests and religious persons hee ordained the Feciales or herraulds to denounce warre or peace and they were to haue a speciall regard that the Romanes should not make warres against any vniustly and if the Romaines were iniured or robbed by any others these Feciales were to require restitution of the goods wrongfully taken and detained but if they denied to make restitution then were they to denounce open war against them Their power was likewise to deliuer offenders to bee punished to those whose goods they had iniuriously taken if wronge were offered to Legats or Ambassadors they were to correct it and if the causes were honest and iust they might conclude a peace and breake it againe if it appeared that the League was vnlawfully established And if either the captaine or chiefe conductor of the army or the whole army in generall had done any thing contrary to their oths and alleagance in them it rested wholy to punish the offence This done he limitted their times of mourning commanding that the death of infants vnder three yeeres old should not bee lamented at all and that for elder children they should bewaile them as many monthes as they were yeeres old so as it exceeded not ten monthes which was the vttermost time prescribed for mourning for any ones death When Numa Pompilius had established these lawes for the gouernment of the common-wealth he then seuered and distributed the people into sundry companies and societies according to their arts and profession as minstrels crafts-men head-carpenters dyers shoomakers tanners masons potters c. making of diuers of those arts one fraternitie or bodie politicke Seruius Tullius deuided the whole multitude of citizens into sundry orders ranckes or armies which he called Classes and into centuries or bands consisting of a hundred men the manner of his disposition of them was thus In the first order or degree he inroled those who were taxed in their subsidie bookes at a hundred thousand Asses and of this order there was fourescore centuries consisting indifferently of young men and old so as the old men should euer remaine at home to saue and defend the city and the youth were to try the fortune of warres abroad he then commanded them both to weare armor and weapons both of defence of offence as helmets shields priuie-coates and bootes to defend themselues and speares and swords to offend the enemy to this first ranke or degree hee added two centuries of workemen or pioners which were to cast trenches build rampiers and to make all their engines and instruments of warre and they euer went vnarmed to bee alwaies in redinesse for any labor The second order or degree consisted of twentie centuries and were such as were taxed betwixt seuentie fiue and a hundred thousand Asses they were deuided into young and old as the former order and tollerated to weare the same armor and weapons the other did saue onely the coate of fence which they might not weare The third order was of such as were taxed at fifty thousand Asses they consisted of as many centuries as the other and did nothing

and to this they were called by a trumpeter or cornetter And the third was of such as dwelt in diuers parts of the country payd tribute vnto the cittie By the Parliament or conuocation-house of the Centuries where the Consuls put downe and the Decemviri created to whom all the power and Empirie of the Senate descended euen as the authority of the Consuls was first deriued from the Kings nor was it lawfull in any case to appeale from them These Decemviri when they went about to make any new lawes would do it in this manner first one of them had a whole day allowed him to consider what was fitting to be don in which day he bore the greatest authority and when hee had set downe his opinion in writing the next day was allowed for another and to haue the like prime place in gouernement and so likewise the rest euery one his seuerall day and when euery one had had his day and their opinions and doings written in seuerall tables and layd before them altogether they then collected and confirmed what they thought good out of euery ones sentence and so calling them the lawes of the ten tables they published them to the people And there went euer before him that had the chiefest Iurisdiction twelue men carrying bundels of roddes and the other nine had euery one his Vsher going before him But this kind of gouernement continued not long for euen as the power and authority of the Tribunes was vtterly banished out of the citie by the Decemviri so vppon mature consideration it seemed good to the Patricians that the Tribunes in requitall should extinguish and put downe theirs And then was there a law ordained that whatsoeuer was decreed by the Plebeians should go currant through all the people and if any one hindred or impeached the Tribunes or Aediles in their iudgements his head should be sacrificed to Iupiter and his whole family that were free should be sold for slaues at the Temple of Ceres After this there was another Councell created out of the Plebeians and then was it made lawfull and tolerable for the Plebeians to marry and enter into consanguinitie with the Patricians Besides these there were created two Censors who had the charge ouer the Scribes the keeping of the tables and the order and forme of taxing and leuying of money and mustering souldiers committed vnto them This pettie office beeing but meane at the first institution grew in processe of time to an incredible height in so much as the whole raines of correction and ciuill discipline were in conclusion let loose into their hands for the gouernement of the Senate the Equites and Centurians were so curbed and restrained as they had power only to decide controuersies touching honour and reproch and in the Censors consisted the chiefest soueraignty as to view and ouersee publike places to giue pensions to the people and againe to taxe them with exactions and tribute to consecrate sacrifices euery fift yeare for the purgation of the cittie to displace and thrust the Senators out of the cittie or to defame them and these continued in their office for fiue yeares and then new were created in their roomes Then was there another Magistrate created to heare and determine matters whom they called a Praetor and to him was committed power and authoritie ouer all publike and priuate dealings and to constitute and ordaine new lawes and statutes and to abrogate and repeale the old Of these Praetors there was first but one created and he was called Vrbanus Praetor because he had the gouernement of the cittizens to whome he alone beeing not able to vndergo so great a burthen by reason of the great accesse of strangers that daily resorted thither to dwell there was afterwards another Praetor added and him they called Praetor peregrinus as hauing the charge ouer aliens and strangers and this kind of gouernement was called Ius honorarium for the great honour and dignitie that belonged to the Magistrates for they had all the ensignes and ornaments attributed vnto them that before belonged to the Kings and their apparel and furniture was almost equall to the Consuls In this state did the cittie of Rome continue vntil Iulius Caesars time who reduced the gouernement into a Monarchie againe by taking vppon him the name of Imperator which kind of gouernement by Emperors did long after continue and then began to be celebrated at Rome the playes called Ludi Circenses the solemnitie whereof was thus The whole traine of Players issuing orderly from out the Capitoll passed by the forum into a great circle or rundle of ground like a theater made for the Spectators to behold the games And first went the sonnes of the Equites that for age strength and agilitie were most fit for exercises both on foote and horsebacke riding vppon horses and distinguished by their companies and Centuries to shew vnto strangers and forrainers the great hope the citty conceiued of her future happinesse by the exceeding aptnes and towardnes of their youth after them followed the wagoners with chariots some drawn with foure horses and some with two and some others leading little low horses that would stand without the bridle And after them followed the champions that were to try the masteries as wrastling running and the whirleabout called Caestus which was done with plummets of lead beeing all of them naked sauing their priuities then followed the troupe of dancers leapers and vaulters in their companies the men first the young striplings after and then the children in the next ranke vnto these followed the trumpetters and minstrels some playing vpon flutes some vpon pipes and some with a kind of Iuory harpes with 7. strings called Dulcimers the leapers and vaulters were apparelled in red coates girded in the wast with brazen belts and swords at their sides and the mens swords were shorter then the others they had also brazen helmets great plumes of fethers before euery company went men that were skilfull in those kind of exercises to shew them the maner of that dancing and skipping and other more violent and warlike motions by words in meeter consisting of foure syllables They practised also the Enoplian dancing otherwise called the Pyrrhichian dauncing inuented as is supposed by Pallas though some of a contrarie opinion thinke that the Curetes were the first authors of that kind of dancing Then followed the troupe of the Satyrisci with an Enoplian dance these Satyrisci were figured into Sileni and Satyres and they vsed taunting and scoffing motions in their dancing had also a consort of musick following after them Then went there a company with censors in their hands casting round about them sweet odors amongst whom were diuers that carried vpon their shoulders the images of their gods all guilded with gold and siluer and last of all followed the chiefe Magistrates of the city attended with great troups making shew by their easie pace and demure

chiefe guide and conductor in all their trauels and very propitions vnto them in trafficke and trading All the spoiles they tooke in the warres they vowed and consecrated vnto Mars for their victory obtained so as in many Cities you might see great heapes of warlike spoiles laide together and if any one stole any part of the prey to his owne purse hee was seuerely punished The Gaules perswaded themselues that they were the of spring of Pluto the god of riches and therefore they celebrated the beginning of their feasts the night before the feast day supposing that night to bee consecrated vnto Dis The men suffered not their children once to come into their sights before they were growne to mans estate that they were able to manage armes holding it vnfitting and absurde that the sonne while hee is a childe should approach neere the presence of his father The husbands looke how much money they receiued with their wiues in portion so much did they adde vnto it out of their owne stocke and all the increase that came of that coyne was reserued and kept for him or her that was suruiuer The husbands had power and authority of life and death as well ouer their wiues as ouer their children and if any mans wife were conuicted of witch-craft or sorcery she was put to death by her husbands neighbours and friends either by fire or by some other greeuous torments In their funerals all those things which the deceased person held deere vnto him in his life time yea the beasts he loued best were burned with him and not much before the Country was conquered by Iulius Caesar their seruants and retainers were burned with their Maisters dead bodies In their Cities which were maruellous wel gouerned a few of the most worthy and substantialest men amongst them ruled the rest hauing at the first one chiefe ruler ouer them who continued his office for a yeere and in warres they vsed likewise to appoint one to take the charge and command vpon him of al matters belonging to the warres If any priuate person heard any thing spoken by strangers touching the common-wealth they were to make report thereof to the Magistrates though some things they might conceale without danger It was not lawfull for any one to mutter any thing in secret of the common-wealth but in publike places and hee that came last into the councel-house was put to death If any factious fellow raised any tumult or mutiny there was sent vnto him an officer with a sword in his hand ready drawne to proclaime silence and if hee desisted not at the second or third proclamation the officer would curtaile so much of his cloake or cassocke thereby to put him to disgrace as the remnant that was left would serue him to no purpose The chiefe Magistrates had golden maces carried before them they wore chaines about their neckes and bracelets on their armes The common people wore short cloakes and in steed of coates a loose garment slit on the one side that would scarce couer halfe their buttocks their wool is very rough long and shaggy so as their cassockes they called Lenae were maruellous rugged and hairy They tooke great delight in trimming dressing their haire They be tal of stature and for the most part pale of complexion and their armor and weapons are answearable to the proportion of their bodies for they wore long swords hanging at their right sides and long shields proportionable to their speares wherewith they might couer their thighes some of them also had bowes and were very good archers but yet they vsed shooting more in fowling and birding then in the warres and few of them would goe into the field either with slings or clubs They lay vpon the ground and eate their meate sitting vpon straw the substance of their meate was either milke or flesh and especially hogs-flesh for they haue such store of swine feeding in their fields and so large so strong and so swift that strangers that know not their nature are as fearefull of them and in as much daunger as if they were wolues They haue sheepe in as great aboundance as swine whereof when they bee fed and powdred they send many to Rome and diuers other parts of Italy and there sell them Their buildings dwelling houses were made of wood in proportion of shels beeing very large with many spars or rafters They bee naturally cruell and simple withall and in the warres more valiant then politike and much more addicted to follow the warres then husbandry The French women be exceeding fruitful in so much as Gallia Belgica alone sent vnto the warres at one voyage aboue three hundred thousand fighting men when they haue had any victory they bee wonderfull ioyfull and as much amazed after an ouerthrow Their custome was when the battaile was ended and the souldiors departed the field to cut off the heads of their vanquished foes and to hange them at there horse neckes and so to carry them home and there to sticke them vpon poles for a spectacle vnto others But the heads of worthy and renowned souldiors if any such were slaine they would season with odors of Cedar-tree and keepe them for strangers to looke vpon not suffering them to bee ransommed for their weight in gold The ancient Country guise was to weare chaines of gold bracelets and garments spangled with gold In their Diuinations their manner was to strike a man ordained for that purpose vpon the backe and then by his impatience and manner of affliction in his death to Iudge of future euents They had other sorts of humaine sacrifices also for some they would shoot to death and then hang them vpon gibbets within their Temples and some of them would make a great huge Image and put therein men wood sheepe and diuers other sorts of cattaile and so sacrifice them altogether The Frenchmen by reason of their continuall labour and exercise were wont to bee very macilent leane and lanck bellyed for they were so carefull to auoyde all pampering and excesse that if any young mans belly did out-grow his girdle he was openly punished But at this day the French-men by reason of their commerce conuersation and continuall acquaintance with the Romaines are greatly altered from what they were and their manners much bettered for they bee now most ardent professors of the true Religion and all vnder the gouernement of one King Their marriages be solemnized after the Italian rites they be very studious in all the liberall arts and in diuinity especially which is well demonstrated by the great multitude of Students in the citty of Paris which is now the most famous and renownedst Vniuersitie in all Christendome The lawes in France be executed by Magistrates but instituted by the kings their horsmen in time of warres go al in compleat armor and their footmen in light harnesse they haue many good archers that shoote well in long bowes and their bowes be not

surely Germany were an hundred times more happie if those Centaures worse then Dionysius and Phalaris were either vtterly expelled the land or at the least their tyranny and power so restrained abridged as they might be inforced to liue priuate like vnto the Nobility in Heluetia The 3. estate or order of the Germaines is of citizens and towns-men and of these some be onely subiect to Caesar and some to other Princes and Prelates of the church Those which yeld obedience to the Emperor haue many priuiledges lawes and customes common to themselues and euery yeare by the voyces of the cittizens is one chiefe magistrate elected who for his yeare hath a soueraign authority ouer them all and hee of himselfe hath power to punish any one of the same order with death When an offence is cōmitted the offendor is brought before the magistrates elected where beeing sette in councel the accuser is called for who hauing set downe his accusation the defendant hath free liberty to plead for himselfe and when both parties be heard at large the Iudges proceed to sentence which is not by any course of law for that these manner of magistrates be ignorant of the lawes but as they be induced by reason and as the custome hath beene afore-time in like cases the like forme of Iudgement is vsed in ciuill causes likewise sauing that in ciuill and criminall causes the party accused may appeale vnto Caesar which offenders in other causes may not doe In euery Imperiall Citty bee two sorts of Citizens the one of Gentlemen the other of Plebeians the Plebeians or comminalty of the city be occupied in trading and keeping shops but the Gentlemen which bee also called Patritians liue only vpon their patrimony reuenewes in as good fashion as the Nobility or Knights of the country do if any of the comminalty wax so rich that he either by custome or commerce will intrude himselfe into the society of Gentlemen he is notwithstanding his wealth discarded their companies whereof it proceedeth that each of these orders of Citizens haue for many yeeres continued in there owne estate without alteration And yet for all this the administration and gouernment of their commonwealth is commune and permitted as well vnto the Plebeians as Patritians so as the communalty is no way in subiection to the gentility but euery one hath his owne substance in safety with free liberty not transgressing their lawes to liue as they list and Iustice is ministred for the most part throughout al the whole country by men which haue little learning or none at al for in euery City and in many townes likewise bee elected 12. Iudges which be such as be most notorious for vprightnesse and integrity of life not respecting whether they be learned or no which twelue must of necessity take vpon them the office of Iustice and Iudgement for which they expect no other wages nor reward but onely honour and they be so diligent in performing their duties therein that for the common good they will not sticke to neglect al priuate affaires and businesse whatsoeuer be they neuer so vrgent to obserue the times appointed for Iudgment and hearing of causes And they bee all of them sworne to minister Iustice vnto euery one according to right and equity from whose sentences in times past they would neuer appeale esteming it a great indignity vnto them to contradict the decrees of such men as executed their offices gratis but now adaies appeales be vsuall which were the more tollerable a great deale if the Iudges to whom the appeales be made would in their Iudgements obserue the customes of the former Iudges but their doinges are so little regarded that their sentences though neuer so iust and vpright be retracted and wholy altered onely because they seeme to repugne their written lawes whereby the Iudges of the former rancke are vndeseruedly taxed of ignorance their good indeuours reprooued and blemished and the parties to bee releeued oftentimes oppressed which kinde of Iudgement how corrupt it is themselues may easily perceiue Furthermore the Citizens liue and accord together very familiarly and friendly meeting and assembling themselues sometimes in publicke places sometimes in priuate houses where they spend their time some in buying and selling some in conferrence one with an other some in feasting and banquetting and some in gaming and disporting in all which sundry actions can hardly be discouered any deceite or contention They be very curteous and affable for at all times and in all places bee they men or women so often as they meete together so often doe they salute one an other Vpon working daies they be very frugall and sparing both in their diet and apparell but vpon festiuall daies they will goe more gallantly and far more daintily Those which labour eate foure times a day and playmen but twise the mens apparell for the most part is wollen and the womens linnen and each of them so much differrent one from an other both in collour and fashion as you shall hardly finde one man or one woman apparelled like an other for they be so new fangled as they will fall into euery new fashion imitating the Italians but more vsually the French men from whom now of late yeeres the men haue gotten their broad nosed shooes their coates with wide hanging sleeues cut and wouen cappes which they call Pyrethia And not long since they wore shooes with sharpe snoutes short coates cloose to their bodies and hoods with tayles or flappes behinde This sparingnesse in apparel heretofore vsed by men is now descended vnto women and by them practised for whereas they were wonte to weare many kerchers vpon their heads which made their heads seeme great by reason of their many folds of linnen they now weare but one onely They bee also more modest in all their other clothes then heretofore they haue beene in a manner vtterly reiecting gold siluer and pearles and all sumptuous garding of their garments with rich furres and silkes I need not speake of their long traines carried vp behind them which though they were common bee now onely worne of the Nobility and the women be now so decent and comely cloathed as they cannot iustly bee reprehended for any thing they weare sauing that some womens gownes bee ouer wide and to much hollowed about the necke In their funerals and celebration of their friends obites they be attired in blacke and their time of lamentation is thirty daies within which space they doe sacrifice for them three times the first day the seuenth day and the thirtith day They be so deuout and religious a people that euery artificer before he begin his worke wil goe to the Church and heare masse yea both men and maide seruants be by their masters compelled therunto for they hold it a beastly and hatefull thing for any one to neglect his seruice to God either for idlenesse or for any businesse whatsoeuer In giuing almes they be