be_v deliver_v as_o from_o papinian_n some_o distinction_n betwixt_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n and_o the_o praetorian_a law_n make_v in_o the_o same_o city_n for_o it_o be_v say_v there_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n do_v consist_v of_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o people_n the_o ordinance_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o prince_n with_o the_o authority_n of_o wise_a man_n but_o the_o praetorian_a law_n be_v those_o which_o the_o praetor_n do_v introduce_v to_o supply_v to_o help_v or_o to_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n so_o be_v there_o allege_a in_o the_o same_o digest_v out_o of_o paulus_n another_o division_n of_o law_n the_o first_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o second_o be_v the_o civil_a law_n the_o first_o be_v free_v from_o injustice_n the_o second_o be_v deem_v profitable_a to_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n and_o there_o be_v add_v jus_fw-la law_n the_o praetorian_a law_n differ_v from_o and_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n honorarium_fw-la or_o the_o praetorian_a law_n as_o if_o it_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n wherein_o it_o be_v say_v the_o praetor_n do_v give_v law_n though_o he_o do_v determine_v unjust_o have_v relation_n not_o unto_o that_o which_o the_o praetor_n do_v but_o to_o that_o which_o be_v convenient_a for_o he_o to_o do_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v wonder_v that_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o every_o country_n do_v differ_v from_o the_o civil_a or_o roman_a law_n or_o that_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n have_v not_o his_o full_a force_n in_o all_o country_n or_o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o only_a law_n that_o govern_v in_o any_o country_n because_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n itself_o do_v admit_v some_o other_o law_n to_o be_v administer_v within_o the_o city_n than_o that_o which_o be_v call_v and_o account_v their_o own_o civil_a law_n or_o jus_n civil_a and_o where_o there_o be_v question_n make_v before_o concern_v the_o civil_a law_n whether_o the_o same_o be_v only_o the_o roman_a law_n or_o as_o well_o other_o municipal_a law_n some_o civilian_n do_v distinguish_v law_n a_o division_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n they_o into_o two_o part_n the_o roman_a law_n they_o call_v jus_n civil_a commune_v and_o the_o other_o jus_n civil_a particular_a to_o the_o first_o they_o refer_v also_o some_o municipal_a law_n especial_o those_o constitution_n of_o the_o empire_n since_o it_o be_v translate_v to_o germany_n as_o the_o aurea_n bulla_n of_o charles_n the_o four_o also_o the_o constitution_n and_o edict_n of_o germany_n the_o municipal_a or_o civil_a law_n of_o germany_n the_o german_a emperor_n in_o their_o diet_n or_o parliament_n which_o be_v reckon_v and_o refer_v to_o the_o common_a civil_a law_n because_o they_o be_v ordain_v by_o authority_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o yet_o they_o be_v in_o true_a construction_n but_o particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n because_o they_o bound_v none_o but_o such_o as_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o empire_n or_o to_o those_o place_n of_o the_o empire_n for_o which_o they_o be_v make_v and_o which_o do_v submit_v themselves_o thereto_o so_o have_v the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n france_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o france_n certain_a particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n make_v in_o their_o parliament_n which_o be_v ancient_o the_o council_n of_o their_o king_n but_o when_o the_o king_n of_o france_n do_v separate_v their_o council_n of_o state_n from_o those_o parliament_n yet_o the_o parliament_n have_v be_v hold_v in_o certain_a city_n of_o france_n as_o say_v brison_n precedent_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n at_o certain_a time_n of_o the_o year_n the_o first_o and_o principal_n hold_v at_o paris_n establish_v by_o philip_n the_o fair_a or_o as_o some_o say_v by_o lewis_n huttin_n his_o son_n the_o second_o at_o tholose_a for_o languedoe_v the_o three_o at_o bourdeaux_n for_o aquitain_n the_o four_o at_o grenoble_n for_o dauphin_n the_o five_o at_o dijon_n for_o burgoigne_n the_o six_o at_o roven_n for_o normandy_n the_o seven_o at_o aix_n for_o provence_n the_o eight_o for_o bretaign_n institute_v by_o henry_n the_o second_o anno_fw-la 1553._o they_o have_v also_o municipal_a and_o particular_a spain_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o spain_n civil_a law_n ordain_v for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o spain_n as_o those_o set_v down_o by_o alphonsus_n the_o 9th_o and_o the_o like_a for_o that_o and_o other_o country_n be_v extant_a and_o in_o use_n the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n have_v as_o different_a the_o municipal_a law_n of_o scotland_n and_o of_o england_n not_o altogether_o different_a this_o realm_n of_o england_n several_a and_o particular_a municipal_a law_n differ_v from_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n they_o be_v not_o so_o far_o different_a from_o the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n as_o divers_a do_v conceive_v and_o that_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n be_v not_o altogether_o unlike_a these_o of_o england_n but_o in_o many_o point_n do_v concur_v with_o they_o be_v not_o improbable_a for_o that_o there_o be_v a_o book_n concern_v law_n the_o law_n book_n of_o regius_fw-la majestas_fw-la in_o scotland_n like_v to_o glanvil_n book_n of_o the_o english_a law_n the_o ancient_a law_n of_o that_o kingdom_n term_v regius_fw-la majestas_fw-la which_o as_o some_o student_n have_v read_v the_o same_o do_v affirm_v and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v forth_o in_o the_o printer_n epistle_n to_o glanvil_n book_n do_v agree_v much_o and_o in_o many_o place_n word_n for_o word_n with_o the_o say_v glanvil_n book_n and_o do_v often_o vouch_v he_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v the_o ancient_a law_n of_o both_o these_o realm_n do_v then_o agree_v and_o do_v yet_o in_o most_o point_n which_o have_v not_o be_v alter_v by_o statute_n since_o in_o either_o of_o these_o realm_n also_o king_n james_n in_o one_o of_o his_o speech_n make_v to_o the_o knight_n and_o burgess_n of_o the_o low_a house_n of_o parliament_n do_v pronounce_v and_o declare_v that_o the_o trial_n in_o the_o chancery_n of_o scotland_n be_v bring_v from_o this_o of_o england_n show_v the_o time_n author_n and_o occasion_n thereof_o therefore_o it_o one_o a_o opinion_n that_o the_o law_n of_o both_o these_o kingdom_n may_v in_o main_a point_n be_v convenient_o make_v all_o one_o may_v be_v conceive_v that_o there_o be_v not_o such_o great_a discrepancy_n or_o contrariety_n betwixt_o the_o law_n of_o both_o these_o kingdom_n but_o that_o by_o due_a examination_n it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o there_o be_v or_o at_o least_o may_v be_v a_o consonance_n betwixt_o they_o in_o many_o if_o not_o in_o most_o point_n but_o for_o the_o law_n of_o england_n how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o the_o civil_a and_o other_o law_n shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o next_o ensue_a chapter_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n our_o law_n of_o england_n do_v differ_v as_o in_o name_n so_o in_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n consideration_n and_o condition_n from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n first_o for_o the_o name_n they_o receive_v a_o common_a appellation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n a_o name_n scarce_o give_v to_o the_o law_n of_o any_o other_o nation_n england_n why_o our_o law_n be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n therefore_o whence_o it_o receive_v this_o denomination_n of_o the_o common_a law_n may_v breed_v some_o question_n some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o law_n of_o particular_a custom_n or_o of_o custom_n allow_v for_o lawful_a within_o this_o realm_n but_o this_o be_v not_o certain_a nor_o scarce_o probable_a as_o shall_v be_v show_v anon_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o these_o custom_n allow_v for_o law_n be_v rather_o make_v part_n than_o distinguish_v from_o the_o common_a law_n some_o other_o suppose_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n to_o make_v difference_n betwixt_o it_o and_o the_o statute_n law_n which_o as_o they_o be_v of_o another_o kind_n of_o constitution_n than_o be_v the_o common_a law_n as_o will_v be_v make_v evident_a so_o be_v they_o of_o several_a sort_n in_o themselves_o as_o some_o of_o these_o statute_n be_v general_a and_o ordain_v for_o all_o the_o subject_n some_o be_v particular_a and_o make_v for_o the_o settle_n of_o particular_a man_n estate_n and_o of_o particular_a trade_n corporation_n and_o faculty_n therefore_o these_o can_v be_v nor_o may_v not_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v common_a to_o all_o but_o only_o in_o this_o sense_n because_o they_o be_v constitute_v with_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o three_o opinion_n be_v that_o they_o
common_a peace_n and_o society_n of_o man_n lest_o the_o like_a occasion_n of_o wrong_n do_v shall_v grow_v general_a and_o so_o in_o the_o end_n hurtful_a to_o all_o so_o by_o this_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n grow_v the_o division_n of_o good_n the_o distinction_n of_o property_n free_a commerce_n betwixt_o nation_n common_a contract_n and_o the_o like_a by_o this_o we_o see_v that_o the_o secondary_a nature_n the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n law_n of_o nation_n be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o differ_v also_o from_o the_o primary_n law_n of_o nation_n itself_o now_o let_v we_o see_v next_o how_o the_o civil_a law_n differ_v or_o be_v distinguish_v from_o these_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n the_o civil_a law_n or_o the_o appellation_n way_n the_o name_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n take_v two_o way_n thereof_o be_v take_v in_o two_o several_a signification_n for_o either_o it_o be_v in_o a_o strict_a signification_n account_v particular_o and_o only_o for_o the_o roman_a law_n first_o set_v down_o by_o papirius_n papinian_n ulpian_n and_o other_o and_o afterward_o collect_v into_o the_o institutes_n pandect_n or_o digest_v novel_n constitution_n and_o the_o feuda_n by_o justinian_n commandment_n or_o else_o in_o a_o more_o proper_a sense_n it_o be_v accept_v for_o the_o particular_a law_n which_o every_o kingdom_n and_o commonwealth_n do_v constitute_v for_o itself_o and_o although_o caius_n with_o other_o learned_a civilian_n do_v confess_v that_o the_o law_n which_o every_o city_n do_v make_v for_o itself_o be_v proper_o entitle_v jus_n civil_a quasi_fw-la jus_o proprium_fw-la ipsius_fw-la civitatis_fw-la yet_o the_o roman_n have_v get_v under_o their_o subjection_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n give_v law_n unto_o all_o nation_n conquer_a by_o they_o which_o by_o a_o kind_n of_o excellency_n they_o term_v jus_fw-la nostrum_fw-la or_o jus_fw-la civitatis_fw-la therefore_o justinian_n after_o he_o have_v cause_v the_o digest_v to_o be_v compile_v command_v his_o judge_n that_o these_o law_n shall_v be_v use_v in_o all_o country_n and_o that_o his_o praetor_n of_o the_o east_n of_o illyria_n lybia_n and_o other_o part_n shall_v put_v they_o in_o practice_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o roman_a or_o imperial_a law_n be_v general_o call_v the_o civil_a law_n and_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o most_o place_n be_v ever_o since_o so_o observe_v whereas_o otherwise_o in_o proper_a sense_n and_o signification_n the_o particular_a law_n of_o each_o free_a city_n and_o state_n aught_o to_o be_v call_v their_o civil_a law_n but_o both_o these_o that_o be_v the_o roman_a and_o imperial_a civil_a law_n and_o nation_n the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n do_v not_o whole_o differ_v from_o or_o depend_v on_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n the_o particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n of_o every_o city_n commonweal_n or_o free_a state_n do_v not_o whole_o differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n nor_o whole_o depend_v on_o they_o in_o this_o because_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n be_v permanent_a and_o perpetual_a be_v always_o the_o same_o without_o any_o alteration_n but_o the_o other_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o roman_a civil_a law_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o many_o mutation_n the_o roman_a law_n subject_n to_o sundry_a mutation_n mutation_n alteration_n and_o abrogation_n so_o likewise_o all_o other_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n have_v be_v and_o be_v according_a to_o the_o variation_n of_o time_n of_o state_n and_o of_o sundry_a circumstance_n for_o example_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o king_n of_o rome_n whilst_o the_o roman_a state_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o king_n they_o make_v such_o law_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a for_o that_o time_n the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o city_n and_o their_o own_o purpose_n which_o be_v all_o digest_v into_o one_o volume_n by_o sextus_n papirius_n as_o be_v record_v by_o pomponius_n but_o the_o force_n of_o these_o law_n end_v with_o their_o reign_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v transport_v into_o a_o new_a state_n at_o the_o first_o they_o can_v not_o frame_v any_o certain_a or_o constant_a law_n for_o the_o commons_o and_o gentry_n oppose_v each_o other_o for_o rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o consul_n and_o commons_o of_o rome_n twenty_o year_n together_o such_o law_n as_o be_v then_o make_v do_v rather_o seem_v to_o cross_v and_o contend_v one_o with_o the_o other_o than_o to_o concur_v in_o any_o mutual_a harmony_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n for_o the_o consul_n make_v law_n according_a to_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o people_n according_a to_o their_o affection_n until_o they_o agree_v to_o send_v certain_a legate_n unto_o athens_n and_o other_o city_n of_o greece_n famous_a at_o that_o time_n for_o good_a law_n and_o government_n that_o they_o may_v be_v better_o please_v with_o foreign_a law_n who_o envy_v and_o hold_v not_o their_o own_o indifferent_a which_o do_v they_o draw_v those_o law_n bring_v rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o 12_o table_n fetch_v from_o greece_n to_o rome_n from_o thence_o into_o ten_o table_n to_o which_o they_o add_v two_o more_o of_o their_o own_o these_o they_o call_v the_o twelve_o table_n be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n but_o yet_o two_o year_n after_o these_o law_n be_v bring_v to_o rome_n and_o establish_v there_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o decemviri_fw-la upon_o which_o the_o force_n of_o these_o law_n do_v depend_v cease_v and_o be_v extinguish_v by_o the_o lust_n and_o licentious_a life_n of_o appius_n claudius_n be_v one_o of_o they_o and_o although_o those_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n continue_v afterward_o as_o ground_n of_o other_o law_n yet_o be_v they_o still_o add_v to_o and_o alter_v as_o the_o roman_a state_n do_v change_v for_o when_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n of_o rome_n make_v and_o change_v law_n at_o their_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n set_v up_o their_o sovereign_n and_o supreme_a authority_n they_o make_v such_o law_n edict_n and_o constitution_n as_o be_v answerable_a to_o their_o own_o end_n the_o succeed_a emperor_n often_o disannul_v what_o his_o predecessor_n have_v ordain_v and_o as_o they_o abrogate_a the_o law_n of_o other_o so_o do_v they_o not_o long_o uphold_v their_o own_o for_o who_o almost_o be_v there_o among_o they_o that_o do_v not_o change_v their_o own_o constitution_n beside_o as_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n rome_n the_o admixture_n of_o divers_a law_n in_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n grow_v great_a they_o be_v force_v to_o alter_v their_o law_n with_o admixture_n of_o their_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n statute_n of_o the_o commons_o ordinance_n of_o the_o magistrate_n as_o the_o praetorian_a law_n call_v jus_n honorarium_fw-la which_o be_v of_o great_a force_n for_o the_o time_n but_o of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o they_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o praetor_n and_o do_v often_o end_n with_o their_o year_n thus_o the_o roman_a law_n remain_v in_o much_o uncertainty_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o adrian_n the_o emperor_n who_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n do_v cause_v these_o law_n to_o be_v make_v perpetual_a whence_o grow_v the_o name_n of_o edictum_fw-la infringe_v adrian_n edictum_fw-la perpetuum_fw-la infringe_v perpetuum_fw-la but_o yet_o in_o divers_a succeed_a age_n sundry_a of_o these_o law_n be_v also_o abrogate_a and_o even_o the_o law_n compile_v in_o the_o pandect_n and_o code_o by_o justinian_n commandment_n be_v some_o of_o they_o by_o he_o alter_v and_o many_o take_v away_o in_o a_o latter_a book_n call_v the_o authentic_o all_o which_o be_v allege_v to_o show_v the_o instability_n change_n and_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o law_n of_o other_o nation_n which_o have_v be_v find_v uncertain_a in_o their_o ground_n and_o unstable_a in_o their_o continuance_n second_o we_o may_v see_v that_o there_o be_v difference_n betwixt_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n and_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o other_o state_n for_o though_o the_o roman_a imperial_a call_v the_o civil_a law_n do_v bear_v much_o sway_n in_o most_o country_n of_o christendom_n and_o have_v place_n in_o law_n all_o country_n have_v some_o particular_a law_n and_o ordinance_n different_a from_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n their_o proceed_n of_o justice_n but_o least_o of_o any_o place_n within_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n yet_o have_v all_o country_n their_o several_a custom_n statute_n and_o particular_a ordinance_n discrepant_a in_o divers_a point_n from_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o roman_a imperial_a civil_a law_n which_o be_v no_o marvel_n since_o in_o the_o digest_v there_o
else_o a_o estate_n in_o dower_n limit_v to_o a_o wife_n in_o marriage_n and_o this_o reckon_v freehold_n for_o that_o it_o be_v a_o estate_n for_o life_n a_o estate_n for_o year_n by_o grant_n of_o the_o grant_n estate_n for_o year_n by_o grant_n party_n be_v when_o by_o lease_n either_o in_o writing_n or_o word_n call_v a_o lease_n parol_n or_o by_o will_n such_o a_o estate_n be_v grant_v a_o estate_n for_o year_n by_o law_n be_v divers_a law_n estate_n for_o year_n by_o the_o law_n as_o that_o which_o the_o lord_n or_o guardian_n have_v till_o his_o ward_n be_v of_o full_a age_n the_o like_a by_o elegit_fw-la ground_v upon_o a_o statute_n ed._n 1._o upon_o a_o recovery_n of_o debt_n trespass_n or_o acknowledgement_n of_o debt_n in_o the_o chancery_n or_o before_o a_o judge_n the_o like_a estate_n for_o year_n by_o law_n be_v by_o the_o statute_n merchant_n or_o staple_n by_o acknowledge_v a_o debt_n before_o the_o major_a of_o the_o staple_n of_o ancient_a city_n and_o some_o special_a merchandize_v to_n the_o two_o last_o estate_n for_o year_n create_v by_o the_o law_n be_v ordain_v for_o the_o better_a recovery_n and_o assurance_n of_o due_a debt_n but_o whether_o they_o or_o that_o of_o a_o guardian_n be_v estate_n for_o life_n by_o law_n some_o make_v question_n there_o be_v two_o other_o estate_n whereof_o so_o tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n first_o reckon_v tenant_n at_o will_n but_o now_o not_o so_o the_o holder_n be_v call_v tenan_n at_o will_n but_o of_o they_o although_o they_o be_v so_o term_v the_o first_o be_v now_o allow_v for_o a_o more_o ample_a estate_n by_o use_n and_o continuance_n that_o be_v to_o say_v tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n first_o call_v tenant_n in_o vilainage_n but_o now_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o manor_n these_o tenant_n be_v not_o to_o be_v alter_v but_o may_v renew_v their_o estate_n by_o common_a course_n the_o other_o which_o be_v the_o last_o the_o of_o tenant_n at_o will_n the_o mean_a estate_n the_o law_n allow_v of_o least_o and_o mean_a estate_n that_o the_o law_n allow_v be_v call_v tenant_n at_o will_n who_o have_v no_o long_a term_n than_o stand_v with_o the_o will_n and_o pleasure_n of_o the_o landlord_n chap._n vii_o of_o assurance_n and_o conveyance_n which_o grow_v out_o of_o these_o estate_n by_o the_o common-law_n since_o we_o see_v that_o the_o estate_n and_o interest_n of_o man_n can_v pass_v from_o one_o unto_o another_o but_o by_o descent_n or_o by_o conveyance_n it_o be_v not_o amiss_o to_o manifest_v the_o general_a course_n of_o assurance_n which_o be_v usual_a and_o admit_v by_o the_o common-law_n of_o this_o realm_n these_o estate_n have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n their_o passage_n by_o feoffment_n by_o deed_n by_o fine_a and_o release_n by_o common-recovery_n by_o will_n and_o by_o use_v feoffment_n be_v by_o livery_n and_o seisin_n feoffment_n feoffment_n that_o be_v by_o delivery_n of_o possession_n upon_o the_o land_n by_o take_v of_o turf_n and_o twig_n but_o in_o ancient_a time_n as_o bracton_n lib._n 2._o time_n how_o it_o be_v execute_v in_o ancient_a time_n show_v when_o there_o be_v no_o house_n on_o the_o land_n it_o be_v heretofore_o per_fw-la fustim_fw-la &_o per_fw-la baculum_fw-la and_o this_o livery_n by_o bracton_n be_v call_v vestimentum_fw-la donationis_fw-la thereby_o put_v the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o estate_n be_v grant_v in_o possession_n or_o some_o other_o to_o his_o use_n by_o letter_n of_o attorney_n and_o though_o this_o be_v of_o the_o possession_n only_o yet_o without_o livery_n and_o seisin_n no_o feoffment_n can_v receive_v life_n or_o force_n a_o feoffment_n be_v proper_a to_o a_o estate_n least_o a_o feoffment_n proper_a to_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n at_o the_o least_o for_o life_n at_o the_o least_o and_o so_o upward_o or_o else_o by_o grant_n of_o the_o reversion_n and_o attornament_n of_o the_o particular_a tenant_n which_o must_v be_v by_o deed_n because_o the_o possession_n pass_v not_o by_o delivery_n only_o this_o conveyance_n be_v ancient_a and_o most_o of_o force_n be_v notorious_a of_o which_o the_o country_n may_v take_v notice_n and_o be_v much_o use_v at_o this_o day_n exchange_n of_o land_n whereby_o one_o land_n exchange_n of_o land_n parcel_n of_o land_n be_v exchange_v for_o a_o other_o of_o equal_a estate_n heretofore_o much_o use_v but_o not_o now_o grant_n by_o deed_n write_v in_o paper_n concessi_fw-la grant_n by_o deed_n with_o dedi_fw-la &_o concessi_fw-la or_o parchment_n seal_v and_o deliver_v with_o these_o word_n dedi_fw-la &_o concessi_fw-la etc._n etc._n have_v be_v ancient_a and_o most_o usual_a so_o be_v it_o yet_o use_v but_o not_o so_o frequent_a especial_o in_o estate_n of_o any_o value_n a_o other_o assurance_n there_o be_v by_o fine_a which_o also_o be_v ancient_a at_o the_o first_o it_o be_v the_o agreement_n of_o party_n upon_o arbitrement_n or_o otherwise_o after_o a_o controversy_n arisen_a when_o a_o action_n be_v bring_v and_o hang_v for_o so_o be_v the_o ancient_a law_n after_o h._n 3._o his_o time_n for_o before_o and_o then_o fines_n be_v receive_v of_o many_o such_o thing_n and_o in_o such_o sort_n as_o will_v not_o be_v now_o admit_v so_o be_v it_o set_v down_o betwixt_o they_o in_o these_o word_n haec_fw-la est_fw-la finalis_fw-la concordia_fw-la that_o be_v that_o this_o be_v the_o final_a agreement_n betwixt_o such_o and_o such_o person_n therefore_o as_o some_o say_v it_o be_v call_v finis_fw-la quia_fw-la finem_fw-la imponit_fw-la litibus_fw-la because_o it_o make_v a_o end_n of_o strife_n this_o conveyance_n be_v most_o ancient_a as_o some_o hold_v it_o before_o the_o conquest_n but_o now_o use_v in_o the_o king_n court_n of_o common_a plea_n and_o principal_o in_o some_o court_n of_o record_n to_o make_v the_o assurance_n more_o forcible_a and_o certain_a the_o same_o by_o a_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o statute_n fine_n strengthen_v by_o statute_n 18_o year_n of_o edw._n 1._o be_v strengthen_v and_o by_o the_o same_o statute_n every_o person_n of_o full_a age_n of_o sound_a mind_n out_o of_o prison_n and_o within_o the_o realm_n be_v bind_v and_o conclude_v by_o a_o fine_a if_o they_o do_v not_o make_v claim_n within_o a_o year_n and_o a_o day_n after_o the_o fine_a levy_v but_o this_o statute_n be_v think_v too_o penal_a and_o prejudicial_a to_o man_n right_n be_v repel_v by_o another_o statute_n in_o the_o four_o and_o thirty_o year_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o then_o man_n be_v at_o liberty_n as_o before_o to_o make_v their_o claim_n at_o any_o time_n but_o afterward_o this_o statute_n of_o 34_o repeal_v former_a statute_n concern_v fines_n repeal_v edw._n 3._o be_v also_o repeal_v by_o a_o statute_n in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o king_n h._n 7._o and_o also_o by_o a_o statute_n in_o the_o 32_o h._n 8._o fine_n be_v make_v so_o strong_a that_o after_o the_o fine_a ingross_v and_o proclamation_n make_v all_o person_n after_o 5_o year_n non-claim_a be_v bind_v unless_o they_o be_v under_o age_n lunatic_a in_o prison_n or_o out_o of_o the_o land_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fine_a levy_v and_o by_o this_o statute_n of_o 32_o h._n 8._o tenant_n in_o tail_n may_v bar_v his_o issue_n which_o before_o he_o can_v not_o by_o reason_n the_o statute_n of_o 13_o edwardi_fw-la 1._o provide_v he_o shall_v not_o bind_v he_o by_o any_o act_n another_o conveyance_n there_o be_v now_o conveyance_n common-recoverie_n a_o undoer_n of_o former_a conveyance_n much_o in_o use_n yet_o not_o very_o ancient_a which_o may_v be_v call_v a_o pick-lock_n or_o a_o undoer_n of_o former_a assurance_n this_o be_v call_v a_o common-recovery_n and_o be_v never_o use_v till_o about_o the_o 12_o year_n of_o ed._n the_o 4._o it_o be_v not_o warrant_v by_o any_o statute_n but_o a_o invention_n first_o ground_v upon_o a_o mere_a conceit_n now_o hold_v the_o strong_a conveyance_n the_o invention_n be_v that_o the_o issue_n common-recovery_n the_o fraudulent_a invention_n of_o common-recovery_n in_o tail_n or_o he_o in_o the_o reversion_n or_o remainder_n upon_o a_o tail_n shall_v be_v bar_v of_o his_o right_n and_o estate_n by_o a_o recovery_n against_o the_o tenant_n in_o tail_n wherein_o tenant_n in_o tail_n upon_o a_o suppose_a warranty_n do_v vouch_v a_o estranger_fw-fr because_o the_o issue_n or_o he_o in_o the_o reversion_n by_o this_o voucher_n be_v suppose_v to_o have_v a_o recompense_n in_o satisfaction_n of_o his_o estate_n which_o be_v not_o so_o indeed_o this_o be_v then_o but_o a_o mere_a collusion_n and_o indeed_o the_o most_o injurious_a conveyance_n that_o the_o law_n do_v allow_v of_o to_o cut_v off_o man_n title_n and_o possibility_n without_o their_o privity_n or_o satisfaction_n this_o conveyance_n be_v use_v only_o to_o cut_v off_o the_o reversion_n or_o remainder_n depend_v