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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	king_n	time_n	year_n	9,514	5	4.8121	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A13219	A short survey or history of the kingdome of Sueden Containing a briefe description of all the provinces of his whole dominion: as also the riches of his kingdome, the antiquity, nature, and manners of that nation; with the government of his realme, might, and power of this great King, as well by sea as by land; his great officers, his customes and revenves of the Crowne. With a genealogy and pedegree of the kings of Sueden, of those especially who have reigned these last five hundred yeers, with some of their most memorable acts and deeds, with their alliance and issue or off-spring. Something also more particularly concerning that illustrious invincible great Gustavus Adolphus the II. and of his wars with the Russian, Denmarke and Poland: as also of his most memorable acts since his comming to the crowne, as well before, as since his entring into Germany, untill this present yeere 1632.; Suecia, sive de Suecorum Regis dominiis. English. Abridgments	Bure, Anders, 1571-1646.; Hildebrandt, Andreas, d. 1637. Genealogia regum Sueciae. English.; L. S., Sir, fl. 1632.; Story, John, fl. 1632.	1632 (1632)	STC 23518; ESTC S120735	49,965	108

neyther have they any word beginning with two consonants and therefore when they pronounce any such word in other languages they leave out such letters and for this cause if they be not sent abroad while they are yet young they can never learne to pronounce forreigne languages and thus for gratus they pronounce ratus for spes pes for Dominus tominus for bonus ponus c. And this is the reason why the Nobles Merchants and others of ability send their youth to be instructed in the Swedish tongue by which meanes they are afterwards fitted for the learning of any other Againe in their language they observe no genders having one onely articles se which they attribute to both sexes and to all genders Some others for brevity I here willingly passe by These Finlanders in former times had Kings of their owne nation great warres with the Swedish untill such time as being by Ericus King of Sweden subdued in the yeere 1130. they were also forced to embrace the Christian faith Now this King subdued not the whole countrey but afterwards Birgerus Ieri subdued Tavastia and againe Turgillus subdued Runts or Carelia and about the yeere 1193. the better to keepe them in obedience and withall to inhibit the incursions of the Russians hee built the castle Viburg Finland is divided into the South North Caiania Savolaxia Tavastia Nylandia and Carlia The Northerne part is divided from the Southerne by the river Amarokei running hard by the Episcopall sea Abo. In the Westerne part thereof is that old castle Gust● now ruinated in the East part the castle Raseberg together with the Jurisdiction thereto belonging The Northerne part thereof extends it selfe towards the Bothnicke gulfe Nothward comprehending the one and the other Salagundia Vienio and Maseo In it is a famous river called Cumo-elffe abounding with Salmons and many other dainty fishes and neere the Episcopal City Biornebegh falling into the Sea Betwixt this city and Abo are the townes Raumo Nystadh and Nadhandill where was of old that famous Monastery called the valley of grace Caiania called also the Easterne Bothnia is furnished with many goodly fishie rivers It hath lately built there in the towns Vla and Vasa as also the castles Caianoburgum and Vloburgum Sauolaxia abounds with goodly lakes an rivers and almost all of them disburden themselves by the river Vox into that great lake Ladoga This lake Togetha together with these rivers among all the rest of this Scanzian country doe onely breed the seacalfe called Phoca and Vitulus Marinus They are likewise furnished with abundance of other good fishes and among others great Iackes and Pikes which are from thence being first dryed with the frost in great abundance transported to Viburgum In it is also a very faire strong castle built in the yeere 1475. by one Ericus Axelson Master of the Kings houshold and by him called Saint Olauus castle Tavastia is a mediterranean countrey and in it that famous and renowned lake Peiende The srong castle of Tavastia was built by Bergerus Ieri to curbe and keepe under these Tavastians by him newly conquered and subjugated under the Crowne of Sweden having withall compelled them to embrace the Christian religion In the North parts of this countrey the inhabitants fish out of the bottomes of their lakes a certaine rude matter which with small labour and paines and as little charges they make very good yron and very serviceable for mans use Nylandia not that it was so called as though in former times it had beene without any inhabitants but by reason that those who doe now inhabite the same in comparison of other were but newly come thither for the Helsingians and other people of Sweden sent thither their colonies The countrey is fruitful enough and well furnished with store of fish fowle wild beasts for hunting It hath in it two townes Borgo and Hefingfors Carelia is a large and vast Region and seemeth that the old inhabitants lived most by their sheepe and cattell for Curia in their language signifieth sheepe or cattell So long as the Finlanders had a King of their owne nation over them all this countrey of Carelia belonged to Finland but since the Swedish did so much by warre annoy the inhabitants that by little and little they brought many of the Provinces of that country to become tributary to them the Russians much suspecting the power arising of so potent a neighbouring Prince thought in time to anticipate his enemies designes for the which cause this Russian Prince by force of armes made himselfe Master of this whole countrey And this same country was for many yeeres after the common theater of warre betwixt those two potent Princes of Sweden and Russia and that for a long tract of time with various and doubtfull event sometimes the one and sometimes again the other party prevailing untill such time as Magnus surnamed Smek King of Sweden and George Duke of Novogardia divided it equally betwixt them setting appointing their limits and bounds in Systerbecke Now how it came wholly within these few yeeres under the crowne of Sweden shall hereafter in its proper place appeare In this Carelia is that strong city Wiburg a famous staple or mart towne for merchants exceeding well fortified with strong walls and deepe large motes round about and a strong castle in the same This same City have the Russians often but in vaine besieged with 100000. armed men Rexholmia by the Swedish corruptly so called and by the Russians Carologorod or the fort or fortresse of Carelia is seated very strongly in two little Ilands at the mouth of the river Wexen in the one of which is seated the city and in the other the castle The soyle is very fruitfull especially such places as adjoyne next unto the great lake Ladesco Ozera but 15. or 20. miles further from the lake it is so marshie and fenny that the mountainous and hilly parts thereof will onely beare come for the which cause the inhabitants there live most vpon fish and wild beasts and this aforementioned lake is one of the greatest of all Europe as being above 190. miles in length and about 80. in breadth and of this lake about the fifth part onely belongs to the Russian Prince and all the rest to the Crowne of Sweden In this great lake besides the great abundance of Salmons and other fishes there is there caught a little fish also little bigger then a hering and in their language called Ladog no where else in all Russia but there to be found from whence this lake takes the denomination In the countrey of Rexholme are some rubies found Next Carelia followes both in the order of nature and situation the countrey called Ingria which was but lately annexed to the Crowne of Sweden The soile is very fruitful in the which are many rivers full of good wholesome fish

indeed was that hee banished out of his whole kingdome and dominions the superstitious worship of the Church of Rome and thorow his whole dominions caused them to professe the reformed religion according to the confession of Ausbourg or Augustane confession And because we account the Danes usurpation to haue beene no right possession therefore according to Historians we make him to follow in order 143. immediately after Steno whose daughter some say he marryed howbeit if he so did we reade of no issue he had by her The first wise therefore by whom he had any issue was Katharine daughter to Magnus Duke of Saxony and by her he had 1. Ericus who succeeded him in his government His second wife was Margaret daughter to a noble knight Abraham Loholn governour of Vestrogothia whom he marryed An. 1536. who bare unto him these children following 1 Iohn afterwards king of Sweden 2 Katharine marryed to the Earle of East-Freezland 1559. and bare to him Enno Gustavus Iohn and Christopher Earles of East Freizland 3 Cecilie marryed to Christopher Marquesse of Baden 1564. to whom she bare Edward called the Fortunate Christopher Constans and Phillip 4 Magnus Duke of Ostrogothia and dyed 1595. 5 Steno and dyed a child 6 Anna marryed to George Iohn Count Palatine of Rhene and Duke of Bavaria 1564. to whom she bare George Gustavus Iohn Ruphel Anna Margaret and Vrsula marryed to the Duke of Wittenberg 7 Charles who presently dyed 8 Sophia marryed to Magnus Duke of Saxonie 1568. and bare to him Guctavus Duke of Saxonie who dyed at Holmia 1597 9 Elizabeth marryed to Christopher Duke of Meckelburg who had by her one only daughter called Margaret married to the Megapolitane Duke 10 Charles Duke of Sudermania c. This fruitful Queene dyed in the yeare 1551. After her decease he married againe Katharine daughter to Gustavus Olaus Baron of Torpa 1552. but had by her no children 144 Ericus succeeded his father Gustavus and was crowned in Stockeholme 1561. This king for a certaine time waged warre against the Danes and city of Lubecke and drew upon himselfe the hatred and evill will of all his neighbours and as though this had yet beene but a small matter he irritated his own people whom be exceedingly discontented His brother Iohn who had marryed Katharine sister to Sigismund king of Polands widow did altogether mislike his brothers turbulent courses and enterprizes who in his returne from Revalia into Livonia left with the Polonian king his kins man a great summe of money for the which this being put into his hands as a pledge certaine castles and commanderies in the countrey of Livonia This fact his brother otherwise very suspicious interpreted in the worst sense as though his brother had beene combined and ioyned in league with the Dane and Polonian and for this cause with his whole forces assaults his brother takes himselfe wife and whole family prisoners in a towne of Finland called Ako brings them all with him to Stockeholme where having first openly accused him he cast him into prison where be continued for the space of foure whole yeares besides that he put to death many of his familiar friends and acquaintance But at the foure yeares end the case is quite altered his brother finding a meanes to free himselfe out of prison takes his brother captive and makes him drinke of the same cup he had before made him begin with keeping him in close prison during his whole life time 1568. 145 Ericus thus iustly thrust out of his throne his brother was with the unanimous free and generall consent of the whole State elected king in his brothers turne During his reigne he had also great war with but especially with the Dane the Muscovite or Russian He was born 1537 and crowned 1569 He marryed first Katharine daughter to Sigismund king of Poland by whom he had 1. Sigismund now king of Poland 2. Anne After this Queenes decease he marryed one Gunila daughter to one Axelurs Bielke de Hereseter a noble Knight and governour of Ostrogothia whom he marryed 1585. and by whom he had 1 Iohn who in the yeare 1612. married Mary Elizabeth daughter to Charles the 9. King of Sweden 2 Charles borne 1550 first Duke of Sudermania Neriva and Vermelandia and afterwards also elected king of Sweden This king Iohn constantly maintained the same religion of the Augustane confession which his father had formerly professed although underhand he suffered his sonne Sigismund by his mother Katharine to be educated in the Romish religion which cost him no lesse then the losse of his kingdome of Sweden as hereafter shall ap peare And the better to secure his subiects of his constant perseverance in the religion he profesesed he gave then his brother Charles Duke of Finland whom he loved dearely far a pledge or pawne that no innovation should therein be attempted whom he also appointed by his last will and testament during his sonnes absence to be gouernour of the whole kingdome This king dyed in the yeare 1992. 19. of November 246 Sigismundus sonne to the aforesaid Iohn being before during his fathers life time in 1590 beene designed and appointed king of Poland being during his fathers life time elected king of Poland where he also lived and reigned at the time of his fathers death was in the yeare 1599 crowned king of Sweden and the very day of the Epiphanie was appointed for this purpose Now there was to the kings company one Franciscus mala spina Bishop of Vrlia in Italy the Popes Nuncto whom the king and his followers much desired to performe the solemne rites of the Coronation and this Prelate was of opinion that if the States of Sweden had once given way to this beginning the Romish religion might more easily afterwards be againe introduced But against this with might and maine did Adamus Andracanns then Archbishop of Vpsalia oppose affirming that it was flat against the lawes and coostitutions of the kingdome that any other but the Archbishop of Vpsalia should set the diademe royall upon his head and besides that he must now sweare to maintaine that religion now professed within the kingdome of Sweden according to the Augustane confession exhibited to Charles the fift Emperour professed by his grandfather Gustavus and his owne father Iohn the 3. and by a late synod holden at Vpsalia by the whole states of the kingdome confirmed and that he shall not assigne or grant any Church or Churches in any towne of Sweden to any other religion then that of the Augustane confession And further that during the time of his abode in Sweden he should be contented with the service performed within the private chapell of his owoe palace Against this did oppose the Peeres and Nobles of poland that accompanied the king howbeit the Peeres of Sweden were resolute in their purpose insomuch that some dayes were thus spent in alteration At length about mid Ianuary seeing no remedy it was

are called Dukes and livings answerable to their birth and greatnesse assigned them The daughters have portions assigned them yet not out of the Kings treasure but of the subiects purses And although the Kingdome be now become hereditary yet doe the Kings alwayes sweare to maintaine religion according to the Augustane confession The Nobilitie is divided into Earles Barons Knights Squires and ordinary Gentry The Earles were of old called Ieri and were by their Kings created as likewise Dukes called Hertzogh for their singular valor worth but none of those titles were hereditary or descended to posterity And by reason those great men had often in rebellion opposed themselves against their naturall Kings therefore for divers yeeres these titles were quite omitted vntill such time as Ericus 14. in imitation of other Kings and Potentates introduced again these titles of Earles and Barons and made them hereditary to posterity As for Knights they ever were as now they are also made for their worth and proofe vpon the atchieving of some noble exploits and descend not to posterity unlesse they succeed in their predecessours vertues and valour As for the other Gentry the chiefest of them are those we commonly call Squires and of old were called aff-wapu Out of these rankes of Nobility above mentioned are elected and chosen the supreme ministers and officers of iudicature and other great employments of the Kingdome and for this cause have great maintenance allowed them As for the clergie and state ecclesiasticall it is composed of these persons following first is the Archbishop of Vpsalia together with seueh other Bishops and besides these there are yet foure superintendents who although in name they differ from the former yet in nature function little or nothing and this last is most commonly the highest title among the Protestant Churches beyond the seas as well Lutherans or others So these Bishops and I superintendents were adioyned the Canons Prebends c. and under them Ministers and Preachers of euery Parish The Bishops in former times were possessors of many strong holds and Castles and great livings and were exceeding rich by reason whereof they were able to live like great Princes as at this day in Germany and other places is to be seen by this means they became so haughty and insolent that sometimes they waged war with their owne natural Princes sometimes expelling them out of their kingdome For this cause Gustavus the 1. of that name lest the like should befall himselfe or his successours assembled the whole estates of his kingdome to take counsell against the Bishops then making preparation for an open rebellion and by their advice and consent annexed unto the Crowne their lands and possessions together with all their strong holds and Castles reserving for these ecclesiasticall persons some part as well of the tythes as other revenues to be for them a fit and competent maintenance In former time these Bishops had place among the chiefe Senatours and counsellours of the kingdome and the Archbishop of Vpsalia and sometimes also the Bishop of Lincopia assumed unto themselves the title of Primate of the whole Kingdome for the which cause in those dayes this dignity was by great Nobles sued for but since this Kingdome made profession of the reformed Religion the clergie of highest title meddle only with Church-affaires and now mens sonnes of the meanest degree and birth merchants or husbandmens are admitted unto such functions And yet this priviledge they still enioy that in every parliament they have a voice as well as any of the Nobility or others Next follow the military forces as well horse as foot which notwithstanding consist not of forreine mercenary forces For the foot forces are culled and pickt out from among the choicest youth of the kingdome by decimation or taking every tenth man After they are once enrolled they are not onely freed from all subsidies impositions or other payments whatsoever but have also a yeerely stipend allowed them of the king who causeth certaine commanders for this same purpose appointed being first furnished with all manner of weapons for certaine yeares to traine them vp at home in the meane time enuring them to endure all manner of hardship and such toyle and labour as sould eours are wonted in war to endure while in the mean time the old bands if need so require be emploied in forreine expeditions And thus if commeth to passe that although the King carry never so great an army out of the countrey against a forreine enemy yet is the kingdome never left unfurnished of sufficient defence ready to serve upon all occasions and by this meanes there is the lesse use of mercenary souldiers unlesse upon urgent and extraordinary occasion as now in this great and memorable expedition against the Austrian house and the whole Catholike league It need not therefore seeme strange that this great King hath even in our memories waged war alone and the same time against all his three potent neighbours the king of Poland of Denmarke and the great Prince or Duke of Russia For whensoever his forces are either wearied or worne out he is able presently to exchange with a new supply who being already inured to hardship and military labor and toile are able to undergoe any difficulty whatsoever Their horse-forces are raised both from among the Gentrie and the common people The Nobles according to the greatnesse of their Lordships and lands maintaine many horsemen for the defence of the countrey and besides these the commons of every Province possessing rich Manors or Farmes to free themselves from all tributes and taxes maintaine according to their meanes certaine horsemen under the command of the Captaine of that place where hee liveth The fifth degree ranke or order is of merchants inhabiting cities and townes These both bring in and carry out of the kingdome divers merchandizabte commodities bought first of the naturall inhabitants from whence they gather no small gaine Now these cities and merchant staples have among them certaine peculiar municipal lawes and constitutions derived from the law of the most ancient city Bitia the which about 600. yeeres ago was the seat Royal where the King kept his Court and the chiefe staple of of the whole kingdome Each of these cities and townes enioyeth also certaine particular priviledges and very laudable constitutions by which it was ordained and determined after what manner the mediterranean cities should trafficke and trade with the inhabitants and maritime to the end that each place might bee an indifferent sharer in the gaine and besides this laudable constitution was also enacted that the benefit gaine or rising of one City should not prove the ruine of another But these laudable lawes and wholesome constitutions by reason of so many wars and broyles wherewith this kingdome hath so often beene troubled have beene by the governours of this kingdome now for a long time neglected and by this

very day of his coronation killed all the Nobility by him suspected to bee of the contrary faction But by reason of his extraordinary cruelty the same moneth he came was againe expelled the kingdome Now before we proceed to the orderly succession of the ensuing kings something may bee said concerning the king of Denmarke and the originall of the claime he layes to the crowne of Sweden Christierne the 1. of that name of whom something hath been said already the whole royal race of Denmark being now quite extinguished of an Earle of Oldenburg by the consent of the Peeres of the kingdome was elected king and installed in the throne Royall and that chiefly by the commendation of Adolphus of Holsasia his mothers brother and afterwards there arising some broyles and tumults in the kingdome of Sweden the factious of the kingdome of whom was chiefe Iohannes Benedictus Archbishop of Vpsalia having before reiected their naturall king Carolus Canutus and is the pretended right the Dane claimes to the kingdome of Sweden After his decease Iohn his sonne for the space of thirty two years continued king of Denmark He was in like manner by the factious Goths elected king of Sweden after they had reiected Steno the elder who had succeeded his mothers brother Charles but was in a short space after by Swanto being the meanes of Henningus Gaddus Bishop of Lincopia by the consent of the States of the land elected in the roome of Steno againe driven out and in many conflicts being still put to the worse at length fled into Denmarke This Suanto shortly after dying the Peeres of the kingdome after great altercation the Danish faction willing to set against him Ericus Trollus the memory of paternall worth and vertue prevailing made choice of Steno Sture the younger sonne of the aforesaid Suanto Two yeares after the death of Suanto Christierne the second succeeded in the kingdome of Denmarke the greatest scourge that ever befell the kingdome of Sweden who presently resolves to prosecute the pretended right his father and grandfather had to this crowne Steno their new elected king seeing himselfe now as he thought setled in the peaceable possession of the kingdome giving too much eare to flatterers often too frequent in Princes Courts and by their evill counsel seduced committed many grosse and fowle faults in his government by which meanes there following an alienation of the minds of the Nobility he lost likewise at length the love of many of the commons also The Dane who left no wind unsailed to bring his purpose to passe thinking it now good fishing in a muddy water took eftsoone hold of this opportunity and gathering together a great army he begirt Stockeholme round about but Steno likewise with a great army opposing him raised the siege The wind in the meane time being contrary for his returne into Denmarke for the space of three moneths he was put to an extreame great strait for want of provision for his army Steno who used all possible meanes to winne his love and favour with all meanes of necessary provision for his countrey into Denmarke supplyed his present necessitie granting him free leave to returne without any trouble or molestation But this so great a curtesie and kindnesse was but ill requited For foure yeares after having about some matters of great importance as he pretended desired private conference with Steno hee had almost yeelded to goe aboard the enemies ship Being then thus prevented he wished Steno to send him some men of note as Ambassadors to conferre with him and having sent Gaddus and Gustavus sonne to Ericus and after king against his oath and promise carries them both captive into Denmarke This was but the beginning of the next yeres Tragedie Having then the next yeare gathered together a farre greater army then the former he invaded the country of the Vestrogoths and the battell being fought upon the ice Steno being shot thorow the thigh with a gunne dyes shortly after of this wound upon which followed the dissipation and dispersing of the Swedish army Immediately sfter was Christierne by the Danish faction in the principall city Stockeholme elected and crowned king having also after a solemne manner sworne the confirmation of all their priviledges and promised immunitie and pardon for whatsoever was past But the same day fearing lest afterwards in his absence the sonnes of Steno might by the contrary faction be elected having first commanded the gates of the City to be shut up and invited to a feast the chiefe of all the Nobility of the contrary faction in the fight of all the people now trembling and quaking for feare slew 94. of them leaving their dead bodies in the great Court before the towne hall for the space of three dayes for a terrour to the people The dead body of Steno was by the tyrants command taken out of the grave and as some write after he had like a dogge torne it with his teeth commanded to burne is to ashes with the others lately killed The inhabitants were also by the rude souldiers withour any regard off sexe or age cruelly killed and murdered and young children being hung up their heads were cut off from their shoulders The City was rifled and spoiled by the souldiers and no manner of outrage and insolency omitted After his departure from thence as some write he went into a monasterie where he was entertained after the best manner the Monkes were able but after service being Candlemasse day he commanded to take the Abbot and all his Monkes tying them hand and foot and threw them into a deepe river running by the Abbot having by some meanes untyed himselfe was swimming 'a shore which being by him perceived he caused to follow him with a boat and kill him Having thus committed many ontrages and insolencies the people of the land being much therewith distasted tooke courage and about some 30000. in armes pursued him now fleeing and marching more by night then by day untill at length he came inro Denmarke B●ing now so embrued in bloud he could not refraine from crueltie even against his owne kindred he was at length assanlted by Frederick Prince of Holstein ane those of Lubecke and his conscience now affrighting him with his wife Isabella the Emperours sister and his children flees into Zeland which was the third yeare after the massacre of Stockeholme 1523 CHAP. IX 124 GVstavus 1. called Erickson or sonne of Ericus after long imprisonment escaping out of Prison fled speedily out of Denmark and was at length by the generall consent of the States now surviuing accepted for king of the Realme being thereunto well furthered by those of the City of Lubecke which supplyed him with store of money This noble and praise-worthy Prince liued and reigned very peaceably with the love and good liking of his subiects the whole space of 38. yeares and dyed in 1560. The most memorable of his acts and was it not memorable

agreed that the bishop of Vpsalia should performe such rites as belonged to the coronation which was accordingly performed Ericus Sparce also Chancellour of the kingdome administred unto the king his solemne oath he reciprocally answering him and promising first that he would maintaine iusticc and truth within his kingdome and that he would punish and suppresse all iniustice and lying that he would doe iustice to all the Swedish nation as well rich as poore and that according to the lawes and statutes of the kingdome he should governe the same and that by the counsell and consent of his brother Prince Charles and the senate or counsell of the kingdome that he shall consult with the natural inhabitants of the kingdome and not with strangers that hee shall bring no strangers within the realme that hee shall commit the castles and forts of the kingdome and the deserts of Vpsalia to none but the natiues of the countrey that he shall impose no new tribute or taxe upon the subiect unlesse in case of great necessitie for the defence of the kingdome in feare of any intestine commotion or sedition when the kings sonne or daughter is to be marryed when the king is to make any solemne perambulation thorow his whole kingdome or something for the reparation of the desarts of Vpsalia shall be required Moreover that he should confirme all priviledges and immunities heretofore granted to the Peeres of the land the whole people and the clergie thereof and that by all meanes possible he should procure peace and tranquillitie to all his subiects adding lastly this clause to the oath So God be good to my soule and body as I from my heart sweare to observe all the premisses After this was a solemn assembly of the whole States of the kingdome or a Parliament called at Stockeholme wherein was consulted of the government of the kingdome during the kings absence and divers good and wholesome lawes enacted In the moneth of Iuly next after the king departed againe into Poland But some few yeares after hee was by the same States againe abdicated and quite reiected from ever having any right or interest in the government of the kingdome of S weden and was in a Parliament holden at Stockeholme 1590. confirmed And againe in another Parliament holden at Lincopia 1600. as well he himselfe as all his issue and off-spring are for ever excluded from the succession to the kingdome of Sweden The reasons were diuers but especially for sending an army of strangers into the countrey quite contrary to his oath and promise the which if their plot had taken effect might have overthrowne the whole State besides the ruine of religion There were divers other causes published in print as the story mentions the which I have not as yet seene But withall in the abdication of this king this condition was inserted that if within sixe moneths after the finishing of that no hereditary Prince and heire apparant to the crowne of Sweden shall hencefoorth accept of any forreine kingdome unlesse he resolve neverthelesse to live and continue in the same kingdome of Sweden This noble king after he came to the Crown waged warre with the king of Denmarke and at one and the same time with the Russian also For Iuan Wasilicuitz Suski with many of the Peeres being in his chiefe City Mosco very straitly besieged by the Polonians hee sent for aide and succour to this Charles king of Sweden there being then great danger not of the losse of the king and his Nobles onely but even of the utter overthrow and ruine of his whole dominion This Prince therefore sent with great expedition under the command of Iairus de la Garde Earle of Leccho and Arch-marshall of the kingdome of Sweden a great army wherewith he raised the siege overthrew the enemies forces and set at libertie this distressed Prince and all his Peeres The aforenamed Suski making shew of a gratefull acknowledgement of so great a kindnesse received not onely promised but also sealed some deeds whereby hee freely gave unto this king Charles and to his heires and successours kings of Sweden for ever certaine territories and lordships together with the townes castles and forts thereunto belonging But the mance was not answerable to promise for this unthankfull perfidious Prince sent secretly to the captaine of one of his castles wishing him with some forces to intercept those deeds together with the money agreed upon for the souldiers pay King Charles by such an iniury irritated and blame him not raises againe new forces invades the countrey the Polonian having now likewise seized upon Mosco the chiefe City he takes in Rexholme and possesses himselfe of a great part of the countrey round about But while he is now in the middest of his good successe behold cruell Atropos suddenly cuts the thread of his life and so by this meanes together with his hereditarie dominions leaves likewise this warre to be finished by his sonne Gustavus Adolphus at this time king of Sweden whereof more hereafter He dyed of a great sicknesse in a warre against Denmarke An. 1611. Octob. 30. His first wife was Mary daughter to Lewes Elector and Count Palatine of Rhene whom he married An. 1579 and had by her 1 Margaret Elizabeth and died at the age of 5. yeares 2 Elizabeth Sabina who dyed also young 3 Lewes who died instantly after his birth 4 Katharine borne in 1584. and in 1614. marryed to the illustrous Prince Iohn Casimir Prince Palatine of Rhene and Duke of Bavaria 5. Gustavus who dyed a child 6. Mary who dyed also young This vertuous Queene dyed of her selfe in the yeere 1580. His second wife was Christina daughter to Adolphus Duke also of Holsatis who bare to him 1 Christina who lived not long 2 Gustavus Adolphus the illustrious and victorious king of Sweden and born in anno 1594 Decemb. 9. 3. Mary Elizabeth 1596. who in the yeare 1612. was marryed to Iohn an hereditary Prince of the kingdome and Duke of Ostrogothia 4. Charles Philippe a hereditary Prince and Duke of Sundermania Nericia and Vermelandia 1601. He dyed in Livonia unmarried CHAP. X. Of the Noble Illustrious and invincible Prince great Gustavus Adolphus the 2. King of Sweden Goths and Vandals c. and some of his Acts before his entring into Germany 148 Gvstavus Adolphus borne the ninth of Decemb 1594. as said is being but of a tender age for the swaying of the scepter royall his father dying in 1611. he being then but 17. yeares of age was crowned in 1617 Considering then his young yeares and laying them in one scale and the waight of affaires lying on his shoulders in the other we may most iustly wonder and admire at Gods might and power in making him a fit instrument to effect such matters as I doubt not but after-ages shall admire the same In the yeare 1620. he marryed Mary Elinor sister to the illustrious Prince George William Marquis of

lands and possessions but of his electorate dignity also contrary to the Emperours expectation turning his power against himselfe forces him not onely to a restitution of the captives but likewise to a setled peace and liberty of religion within the whole Germane countryes and so it did here plainely appeare how God brought light out of darknes The Iesuites the incendiaries of the Christian world envying the peace and prosperitie of the same as in other parts so in this countrey of Germany have they laboured to overthrow and subvert both the State of the true reformed Church and common-wealth And although they have been a long time proiecting such a plot yet could it not so conveniently be brought about untill such time as Fredericke primus Palatine Elector having accepted of the Bohemian Crowne being freely and lawfully thereunto elected this viperous generation being of a martiall breed failed not to lay hold on such an offered opportunitie and therefore cease not to incense and stirre up the Emperor Ferdinand the 2. of himselfe sensible enough of any thing that might but in shew derogate from the dignity of the Austrian house to prosecute that which before had been proiected And thus was this Noble Prince deprived not onely of his kingdome of Bohemia but of all his hereditary dominions and electorate dignitie And whereas many ignorant of the Iesuites farre fetched secret stratagems did verily beleeve that now they were attained to the utmost end they aimed at it appeared farre otherwise For now the fire that so long lay covered under the ashes breakes foorth and sets upon a sudden all these flourishing provinces of Germany on fire and the visard now remooved their purpose was made manifest to the blindest eye-sight to wit the totall ruine and overthrow of the true religion in many yea in most places of Germany professed the reducing of them againe to the Romish superstition and utter overthrow of the liberties of the Romane Empire whose designes whosoever in defence of Gods cause and liberties of their owne countrey did any way oppose have been in most barbarous manner prosecuted and persecuted with fire and sword and many forced to forsake their ancient inheritances to save their lives and keepe a good conscience in still professing that religion wherein they had heretofore beene brought up Others againe more pusillanimous and loath to loose all for Christ yet besides a shameful and perfidious abiuration of that truth which before they had professed were yet notwithstanding forced to yeeld to such slavish and servile conditions as the insolency of a victorious enemy was pleased to impose upon them When this tyranny had now at least for the space of tenne yeares beene after a rigid manner prosecuted it pleased Almighty God of his infinite goodnesse all other meanes now failing in pitty and compassion to his poore afflicted Church now destitute of the least appearance of any humane helpe to raise up meanes of deliverance where I am sure it was least expected euen that illustrious and victorious king of Sweden Captaine of the Lords host Gustavus Adolphus King of the Swethens Goths and Vandals arriued in Pomer in February An. 1630. and landed neere unto the Isles of Rugen and Vsdome at a little village called Pennemund with no more at the first then 6000 souldiers Himself comming on shoare falls downe and powres out this vnto God O Lord thou that rulest ouer the Heauens the earth and the vast sea I cannot sufficiently giue thee thanks that thou hast preserued me so graciously in this perillous iourney O Lord I render thanks vnto thee and giue praise vnto thee from the very bottome of my heart beseeching thee seeing thou knowest that this voyage my purpose and intent tends not to my owne but onely to they glory and honour and for the comfort and helpe of thy afflicted Church that if now the time and appointed houre become Assist me further with thy grace and blessing grant are a prosperous wind and good weather that I may behold the rest of my Army with a ioyfull eye which I haue left behind me picked vp out of diuers nations to the end that with them I may aduance forward thy holy worke-Amen The Kings Officers and Councell stepping on land after him and hearing such a zealous prayer comming from him in this manner could not forbeare weeping which the King perceiuing said vnto them Weepe not my friends but pray feruently from the bottome of your hearts the more yee pray the more victory God will giue you for earnest prayer is more then the gaining of halfe a battle It seemes since that time that the Kings prayer hath auailed much with God and how mightily the Lord hath been with him in taking in many countries cities and townes in ouerthrowing the Emperours inuincible Army and that of the Catholike League and the mighty increasing of his Armie since his first landing Other particulars may giue satisfaction to the Reader to God the onely author and giuer of them be giuen immortall praise Amen FINIS Division of the Northern world Antiqnity of the kingdome of Sweden Sueonia Suevia Division of the Kingdome of Sweden Sueovia and the parts thereof Vplandia Conmedities of this countrey Mines in this countrey Division of Vplandia Stockholme Vpsalia Vestmania Rich Mines Dalecharlia A profitable water Nericia Sndermannia Nycopia Strengosia Tolga Torsilia Trosa Northland Gestricia Gerralia Helsingia sometimes a kingdome Helsingian an ancient people Affectionate to learning Helsingia properly so called Hudinswaldia Medelpadia Angermannia Fertility of the soyle Bothnia Lappionia or Lappi● Their manner of life Their innocencie Their apparell Strange thred Their tents Their tents The meetings Nature of the people Good soldiers Diamonds Topazes and Amethists among them Diuision of this countrey Gothia Division of this country Vestrgothia Citties Townes Dalia Vermelandia Carolostadium Ostrogothia Fertility of the soyle Smalandia Good pastures Mines of copper and steele Division of this country Olandia Occasion of warres betwixt the two neighbouring Princes Finlandia VVhy so called Nature of this people Singularities in their languagess When and by whom first subdued Division of the country Cities towns and castles Caiania Townes Savolaxia Lake I-adoga Sea Calse Nystat Tavas●ia Nystat or New-castle Yron made of water Nylandi Townes VViburg Rexholmia Greatest lake of all Europe A peculiar fish Rubies Ingria Alce Elgh or Elent Notteburg Capurio Iamarod Esthonia How it came first under the Swedish Crowne Provinces of this countrey Five severall languages in Livonia Nature of the inhabitants Not so vicious as many other Nations Apparell of this people Their buildings Woodshere very frequent Bread of the barke of trees Adultery there vnknowne Manner of their marriage and betrothing Manner of succeeding in inheritances If the heire be absent Dana arf If the heire be 〈◊〉 owne Their hospitality Robberies seldome heard of among this people Gothish letters abolished The Swedish much addicted to the high Dutch speech Italian language The Spanish French Gothe louers of learning Sixe rankes o● degrees of the Swedish nation Princes of the bloods The Nobility Their titles were not hereditary When made hereditary The clergie or persons ecclesiasticall Bishops lived like Princes in Sweden The military forces The trained ●ands whereof consist the foot forcet The horse forces and how raised Merchants Certain lawes and constitutions have been appointed for traffick and commerce Husbandmen Free-holders Werkers in the Mynes Farmers They have a voice in Parliament Antiquities of the Vestrogothian lawes The whole government of this Kingdome comprehended in certaine societies or colledges a Colledges or societie of Iustice 2 Colledge or societie is that of warre or court Marshall 3 Colledge the court of the Chancery The Lord Chancellours office Colledge me Admirall court 5 Colledge is the Exchequer The Lord Marshals office Particular division of the Provinces into smaller parts Severall Iudges The supreame Iudge Legifer Iudicium praetoriale The Ral or Court Royal. Iustice heire of Scotland Sea forces Number of Ships 〈…〉 Mariness and Sailers His land forces The horse not bigge in bulke This king hireth commonly his horsemen Customes threefold Customes arising from his mynes Great number of brasse Ordnance Customes revenues arifing from the fruits of the earth Customes of all manner of merchandise Customes of furres and rich skins The third fort of custome or revenue arbitrary or voluntary contributions 1 King Magog 2 Swennus 3 Getbar 4 Vbbo 40 Ericus the 3. 41 Goodrichus 42 Haldanus 100 Biorno 124 Ericus Sanctus 4. 125 Charles● 126 Canutus 127 Stercherus 128 Ericus 3. 129 Iohn 1. 130 Ericus Balbus 131 Valdemarus 132 Magnus Ladolos 1. 133 Birgerus 134. Magnus Smech 135. Albert of Meckleburge 136 Margaret the Dane 137 Ericus Duke of Pomerania 7. 138 Christopherus Prince Palatine of Rhene and Duke of Bavaria 139. Carolus Canuti 140. Steno Sture 141 Suanto 142 Steno Sture 2 Something concerning the title the kings of Denmarke pretend to the crowne and kingdome of Sweden Christierne the 2 invades the countrey of Sweden A great ingratitude Extreame barbarous crueltie More then ●nhumane crueltie 143 Gustavus Erickson 1. Reformation of religion in the kingdome of Swedea An. 6560 141 Ericus 8. 145 Iohn 2. 146 Sigismundus The oath of Sigismund Abdication of king Sigismund An act against the accepting of a forreine kingdome unlesse he refine himselfe in Sweden His warres against Denmarke and Russia 148 Gustavus Adolphus 2. His war with the king of Denmarke His war with the Russian Prince The countrey of Carelia corruptly called Reaholme taken in The invincible force of Notteburg The strange manner of taking in the Castle of Noneburg The taking in of the strong fort Iuanogorod Confirmation of the ancient lawes concerning trafficke and commerce betwixt the sea townes The Vniversitie of Vpsalia is by him much enriched and adorned Albert killed Another Albert Emperour Wonderfull greatnes of the house of Austria Charlet the attempted the overthrow of true religion together with the Germans liberty

the Kings of that countrey both ancient and of latter times with some of their chiefe acts and the latter Kings alliances In the last place is something more particularly said concerning this great Gustavus Adolphus now raigning and his chiefe acts both before and since his expedition into Germany briefly handled The King of Sweden or Swethland call it as you list although untill now of late yeeres not so much taken notice of in these parts of the world as many other Princes and Potentates yet may it well appeare that hee is on meane Prince nor of small power His chiefe countrey and from which he takes his chiefe denomination is called by some Sueonia and the people from thence Sueones as also and with us most frequently Suevia and the people Swevi now there is in high Germany another countrey sounding somewhat like it called Suevia the people Suevi and in high Dutch Swaben bordering on Bavaria being a colonie in former times come out of this countrey of Sweden of whom my purpose is not here to speake This potent King then hath under his dominion not onely this country of Sweden properly so called but also Gothland Flintland and a great part of Lapland besides some Territories in the dominion of the great Duke or Knez of Russia or Muscovia as hereafter shall appeare This countrey is a very fruitfull soyle a land flowing with milke and honey and yeelding come in great abundance besides the great abundance of mettalls digged out of the bowells of the earth and the excellency of the pastures of this land may from hence appeare that some countrey people of Holland removing their habitation into Sweden affimed that they made as much butter of 60. measures of milke there as they did in Holland of a hundred the like measures This pleasant countrey is replenished with innumerable lakes furnished with most daint y fishes out of these same lakes do run and Issue out many pleasant and profitable rivers This country is in the South parts more plain even but towards the North and VVst more mountainous not without great store of woods very usefull for the fining of those mettals in so great abundance digg'd out of many of those mountaines The maritane pares not of Swethland onley but of Finland also are for the most part environed with high and steepe rocky hils Ilands many of them being scarce covered with greene grasse and this is the cause why it is so hard and difficult a matter for strangers without some skilfull Pilot of the naturall inhabitans to saile neere their shore and strangers at their first approaching wonder that such a country should afford the inhabitants meanes to sustaine life until such time as they are better acquainted with the inner parts of the countrey and this land hath likewise commerce with the I le of Brittaine Denmarke Norway Poland Russia and such other Notherne Regions beyond the 50 or 51 degrees of Northerly latitude that it bringeth forth none of that noble liquor of the grape which is notwithstanding in great abundance brought from other countries and besides they are well furnished with good ale and beere for their ordinary drinke 2. The kingdome of Sweden is divided into Sweden Gothland Finland Ingria and Esthionia Sweden or Swethland called Suecia or Sucovia into Sueovia properly so called and the Northlands Nordlandias Of Sueovia properly so called are these parts or Provinces following Vplandia Vestmania Dalecharlia Nevira and Suedermania This country Vplandia hath most cōmmonly bin graced with the pre-eminence above the rest and where the King hath most commonly kept his Court. This country is very well furnished with plenty of very good corne the which is liberally imparted to these daily diggers of mettalls upon the mountaines It is not destitute of good mines of yron and leed especially and in some places of silver also although not very much It is againe divided into three folk-lands as they call them that is shires or Provinces of three people and these againe sub-divided into smaller parts much answerable to our division of hundred and which name they also attribute unto them Of all the cities and townes uot only of this but of all the other Provinces of the Swedish dominions Stackholme is the chiefe and where the King most cōmonly makes his abode and residence seated in an Iland among the waters as Venice for the which cause it had this name imposed By meanes of the lake Melexus it hath brought from the inland al maner of grain butter cheese and such other commodies usefull for the life of man as also cooper yron and other mettals and again by the same way sends them back such cōmodities as are brought from remote regions and by the sea it is supplied with wine oile salt c. lt is much of the same degree of northerly latitude with the city Aberden in the of Scotland it being seated in the South part of Sweden to wit betwixt the 58. and 59. degree Next unto it is Vpsalia somtime the royal seat of the adjacent northerne parts for there was kept the Kings Court the supreme court of justice and there was also the Archbishops sea with a faire cathedrall Church the which onely of all the rest continueth yet untill this day There there is also a famous Vniversity of the which more hereafter This City is seated as it were in the very center of this rich Province on the banke of the River Sala Besides these there are yet in his Province some others of good note howbeit inferiour to the former to wit Enecopia Sigrundia Oregrundia The next Province of Sueonia is Vestmania in fertility nothing inferiour to Vplandia but in mettalls farre exceeding the same for in it is a very rich silver mine called Salbergh as for good yron and steele there is there also great abundance where mines of copper lead and brimstone are not also wanting The chiefe Citty thereof is called Grosia and commonly Westeras adorned with a Bishops sea and a cathedrall Church where is also a faire stately castle to be seene and heere may one see great store of copper and lead brought from the hils of that countrey There are yet besides this the Townes Arbogia and Koping abounding with the same mettalls but yron especially The Province of Dalecharlia although it be not inferiour to the former in the abundance of mettalls and mineralls yet in the abundance of good copper digged out of these deepe vaults and cavernes to the no small amazement of such as are not acquainted with such sights it doth farre exceede any other and besides copper the same myne yeeldeth yet great store of brimstone alum and copperas And the water which is drawne from thence changeth yron into good copper with the losse of the fourth part if the waight of the yron be in small pieces and the third part only if the pieces be

Besides in that country is great store of wild fowle and wild beasts of severall kinds and among these they hunt most that wilde beast in Latin called Alce in the Swedish language Elgh and in high Dutch Elent These beasts twice a yeere in great troopes passe over the river Nieva for in the spring they passe in great number out of Russia into Carelia and in harvest againe returne the same way into Russia This countrey hath in it many strong forts and castles which have hitherto beene accounted the keyes of the Russian kingdome and no other in all his dominions with them to be compared Notteburg is the chiefest and strongest hold of all the rest and therefore held impregnable howbeit at length taken in by the victorious King now reigning as hereafter shall appeare In the same country are also Capurio Iamarod Castles not onely strong by nature but very well furnished also by the art of man The last of all the Provinces belonging to this Crowne and Kingdome of Sweden is called Esthonia being a part of that vast countrey called Livonia and hath not beene vnder the Swedish gouernment above 60 and odde yeeres and by this meanes came first under that iurisdiction Certaine Nobles who tooke upon them to propagate the Christian religion being sent for into Livonia forgetting the errand they came about gave themselves wholly over to carnall lust and gluttonie and drunkennesse and withall keeping the inhabitants in such a base and slauish subiection that they seemed rather to command ouer beasts then men And for this cause God the auenger of all wrongs and punisher of all wickednesse stirred vp Basilius the tyrant of Muscovia to suppresse their insolencie and punish their pride who subdued a great part of Livonia destroying all in their way that made resistance with fire and sword These poore Livonians now perceiuing themselves pu● to such a strait implored the ayde of the Emperour Charles the 5. keeping then a dyet or generall meeting of the whole estates of the Empire at Ausbourg 1551. this countrey then being a member of the Empire The Emperour then distracted with other warres not being able to send them any succour wished them to seeke for succour and and ayde of the king of Sweden and other neighbouring Princes The Revalians therefore and the Osclians demand ayde of the king of Denmarke Revalia being heretofore built by Valdemarus a King of Denmarke and from him received their priviledges howbeit to no end And therefore finding no sudden succour against so mighty and potent a Prince they were constrained to implore ayde of Ericus 14. king of Sweden and therefore in the yere 1561. freely submitted themselves under his obedience which petition of theirs notwithstanding his father Gustavus had in his life time denied and therefore some are of opinion that this king Ericus brought vpon himselfe and successours a great deale of trouble His sonne Iohn was as wel successour to this quarrell as to the kingdome and tooke from the Russian many of his strong holds The Provinces of this countrey of Esthionia are Revalia towards the North seated neere vnto the Finnicke gulfe vizia in which are these places Refenburgh Tolsburgh and Borholme Alentakia where is that famous merchant staple Naruia and Nystot ●erviai where is Wittensleyn and Lais and Vickia where are Hapsal Lebal and Lode And to this Esthionia belong these Islands also Dagho Orinso Nuko VVrango Odensholme Nargo Vifso and the one and other Nogho the inhabitants of which places as also of Osilea and most of the maritime parts of the continent speake the Swedish language In this great countrey of Livonia besides the Swedish there are yet foure other seuerall languages spoken the German or high Dutch vsed by the Nobles and better sort in the North-parts towards the Finnicke gulfe the Estthionian or Finnicke in the mediterranean parts the Livonians being now almost quite worne out and finally in the South parts thereof they vse the Letticke speech or of the countrey of Lettow which the people Eureles likewise vse the which is as it were a hodge-podge of many severall languages mingle together And these languages differ not onely in dialects but wholly and totally one from another This whole countrey of Livonia and consequently this Esthionia abound with all such things as are necessary for the life of man and are vsually to be found in these Northerne climats And so much shall suffice shortly to haue said concerning the description of the countrey of Sweden and Provinces subiect to the Swedish crowne CHAP. III. Of the nature manners and customes of the Suecians or Swedish and into how many rankes or degrees all these people are diuided THis people is reasonable wittie and vnderstanding and that not onely for learning and vnderstanding of any mechanicall trade but eve for the learning of the arts and sciences as also any outlandish tongues whatsoeuer For such as are of any eminent ranke and degree or competent meanes content not themselves with their Latine tongue and knowledge of the liberall arts but give themselves also very much to the learning of the Germane or high Dutch French tongues In former times their maners conditions were very plaine and homely and although now somewhat declining from former simplicitie yet are they farre from that height of luxurie and pride whereunto many other nations are now so much addicted The apparell of the vulgar sort is but meant but the Gentilitie are now somewhat given to follow outlandish fashions and to emulate their equalls Private mens houses as well in townes as the countrey are for the most part built low and of wood and that both for warmth and for avoyding the dint of great winds In Stocke-holme notwithstanding and some other walled Cities and townes most of their buildings are either of bricke or free-stone The countrey commonly yeelds plentie of good corne and might yeeld more if some of those vast unprofitable woods were cut downe howbeit there is there seldome felt any scarcitie of corne unlesse sometimes the yeare proue very unseasonable which in hotter climats commeth also sometimes to passe and in such a case the countrey-people are sometimes forced to make bread of the barke of the firre and pine-trees which they esteeme very wholesome agreeing well with their stomacks and free from any maligne qualitie Fish and flesh is here very plentifull howbeit neither in great request fresh but either salted up or dryed in the sunne or smoke They are also well stored with venison as also with wild fowle such especially as are accounted the daintiest The coniugall bed is among them kept undefiled and inviolable Their maides are not there maried without consent of parents or guardians neither yet is it lawfull for any man to betroth or marry such a maide without the presence of 4 witnesses two of the part of the bridegrome and as many on the brides side a

made if there were any need And if the country people did not oftentimes conceal some mines newly found out the profit which would arise out of these mynes would amount to a farre greater summe The next way by which the kings revenues are increased is from the fruits of the earth and his customes as well by sea as by land for the king hath the tythes of all manner of graine wheate rye barly c. as also of butter cheese of beasts hides fish and the like the certainty of which reuenues although it be not to us assuredly knowne yet no question ariseth it to no small summe and as is credible to little lesse then 9 or 10. millions say their writers but this must be understood of their owne coine and account not of Sterline money Now concerning his customes the king receiveth custome of all wares transported out of the kingdome or imported into the same And that there be no want of good silver coyne within the kingdome this order hath beene for many yeares agoe established to wit that for every hundreth dollors worth of merchandize transported out of the kingdome they shall pay into the custome-house tenne silver dollors in kind or else tenne ounces of silver for the which they receiue in present pay the worth in other small copper coine of Swedish money currant within the kingdome And for every hundreth dollars worth of wares so transported out of the kingdome the merchant is tyed to bring into the kingdome againe the worth of 90. dollors of such wares as are usefull for the kingdome and for these 90. dollors worth of wares they are to pay into the custome-house tenne dollors or tea ounces of silver of else the worth thereof in other money And whosoever shall faile in any of the premisses for the first fault hee shall pay 20 Swedish markes and the next time all his wares shall be confiscate As for the revenue and custome of rich skins and furs it is sometimes more and sometimes lesse according to the intensenesse and remisnesse of the cold and the abundance of snow For the greater is the snow the greater number of these wild beasts are taken Out of the country of Lapland the Northermost of all his Provinces the king receives a great number of these skins or rich furs And to the end he be not couzned he sendeth thither euery yeare an officer being a clerke who so narrowly inquireth into the number of these beasts so killed that very hardly can he be deceived These rich furs the king disposeth of among his kindred and friends and sometimes also hee exchangeth them with merchants for other wares wherewith they furnish his Court. The third sort of revenue consisteth in voluntary or arbitrary contributions answerable to our subsidies and fifteenes in this kingdome For whensoever the king is to undertake a warre offensive or defensive he calls a Parliament wherin he acquainteth the subiect with his purpose and what charges it is like to arise vnto and then the States of the kingdome agree vpon a certaine summe answerable to the busines to be undertaken But the Nobles and chiefe Gentrie and their tenants are for the most part freed from these impositions unlesse upon very urgent and important occasions But if there be an extreame necessitie and there be not otherwise sufficient supply then their vassals and tenants are tyed to pay halfe of the taxe or subsidie as well as those who are immediately subiect to the king himselfe Besides all this the subiect is tyed to contribute to the marriage of the kings daughters whose do wrie hath been hitherto 100000. dollors neare upon 40000. pound sterling money besides plate and other mooveables unto the which neverthelesse the king may adde at his pleasure as he seeth occasion And whensoever the king permits any of his Court deserving subiects to any preferment he commonly assignes him a certaine number of country people who are esteemed as his vassalls and subiects and are to doe him homage and pay him tribute and certaine duties CHAP. VII Of the Kings of this countrey of Sweden with some of their chiefe and memorable Acts. MOst of the Northerne nations have time out of mind had their Kings by election as the Dane Swedish Polonian and Bohemian The kings of Sweden have beene untill of late yeeres electiue And although it was a matter of no small difficulty among barbarous nations where Mars was more honoured then Minerva and good literature the meanes to eternize heroicall worth scarce heard of in these remote regions to finde out any thing concerning their kings worth the writing yet have we the names of divers kings of that nation recorded of old how be it a constant and continued succession without any interruption wee cannot reade of 1 In the first place then they tell us that Magog sonne to Iaphet Neahs son the founder of the Scythian nation in Europe having passed over the Venedicke gulfe into Gothland by the Latines afterward called by the name of Scythia reigned over those people called Gete Others and that of the more learned ascribe rather the originall of the Goths to Gomer Iaphets eldest sonne and make those two nations Goths and Gete different and distinct nations 2 Vnto Magog as they write succeeded Swennus from whom the nation tooke the name 3 Getbar 4 Vbbo who as they write builded Vpsalia before Abraham was borne And from that time untill our Lord and Saviour they reckon up 35. kings and distinguish them all by their severall names and many of those for their sanctitie of life and conspicuous and eminent vertues were by the rude rimes of those dayes highly commended And besides these divers other kings are yet recorded to have reigned ouer those who under the command of one Berico for feare of intestine warre fled their owne countrey and among those mention is made of one king of the Getes in order 22 Colison by name to whom Augustus Cesar betroathed his daughter Iulia about the which time also Antonius demaunded his daughter in marriage as may cleerely appeare by Suetonius in the life of Augustus Moreover about the time of our Savior reigned Ericus the third surnamed Disertus who for his worth and merit attained to this government To this Ericus succeded to the government of the Swedish nation 41 Godrichus his sonne and next to him 42 Haldanus during the reigne of this king lived that monster of strength for the same cause called Starcherus who is said at singular combats to have killed that great champion Ham which afterwards gave denomination to that famous City Hamburg After those is a long catalogue of their kings recorded but nothing concerning their acts worth the reading recorded that nation then standing more upon the point of valour and honour then upon penning of them for posteritie But farre more fortunate have they beene in their forreine expeditions and transmigrations when as

purpose together with many other things whereon for brevity I may not now insist But that he might leave a perpetuall memoriall to the Christian world that he was as well a favourer of Minerva as of Mars hee hath left thereof a sufficient proofe to all after ages During the reigne of Ericus Balbus the then Archbishop of Vpsalia Iezlerus instituted and founded in the same City a colledge of 4 professors and afterwards the number of professours being increased together with an addition of far greater meanes it was in the yeare 1476. by Pope Sixtus the 4. erected into the forme of an Vniversitie and adorned with the like priviledges as that of Bononia This Vniversitie by iniurie of time and devouring warres being much endammaged and having lost much of it's ancient splendour and beauty was again by the late deceased Charles the 9. is it were out of her ashes not onely restored to former dignity and splendor but a good encrease also added to her former beauty And this same invincible king now living to testifie to posterity the love he beareth to learning hath so encreased both the number of learned professors and their maintenance that now it may well be compared with many of the best Vniversities of Europe and lest it should at any time hereafter by reason of the want or uncertainty of meanes come to ruine or decay did in the yeare 1624. out of his owne revenues settle upon the same very great and large means and confirmed the same in most large and ample manner and made the possession of these lands and rents as sure and firme as the best Noblemans of the kingdome This Prince after he had lived a few yeares in peace was againe intangled in a new warre with his Vncle Sigismund king of Polonia in the which he tooke from him many strong townes and forts of no small importance without any losse to himselfe for he made warre in his enemies countrey both in the kingdome of Poland it selfe in the Duchie of Lithuania and in the rich countrey of Prussia so that if this king had continued as he began and affaires of a higher nature and straine had not invited him another way not with standing the ayde the Emperor his brother in law sent him he had perhaps ere now beene deprived of a great part if not of all his great dominion The which by him wisely and in time foreseene he earnestly sued both to our gracious kings maiestie now living and to the king of France to mediate a faire agreement betwixt him and his nephew the which was accordingly performed the 29. of Septemb. 1629. a truce and cessation of armes beeing for sixe yeares after ensuing there agreed upon by vertue of which agreement the king of Sweden restored againe to his Vncle many places by him taken in the kingdome of Poland and Duchie of Lithuania howbeit he reteineth still many good townes and castles in the countrey of Prussia The particular articles of their agreement for avoiding tediousnesse of set purpose I here passe by and who so is desicous to see the same may have recourse to the histories The entring of the inuincible king of Sweden great Gustavus Adolphus into Germanie with a great Armie Anno 1630. with a touch of some principall exploits by him since that time atchieved and brought to passe RAdolphus Earle of Halsburg being in the yeare 1274. crowned Emperour at Aquisgranum or Aix layed the first foundation of the greatnes of the Austrian house This Prince then besides that with many great lordships partly by force and violence and partly by purchase he much increased his hereditary dominions the country of Austria also by want of a lawfull successour fell into this Emperors hands to dispose of which he eftsoone conferred upon his sonne Albertus Into this Austria then were incorporated all these other dominions Radolphus being dead Adolphus Earle of Nassau was elected Emperor and afterwards by the aforesaid Albertus killed who got himselfe afterward chosen Emperour This Prince likewise spared no paines but improoved his utmost power and means for the increasing of this already grounded greatnes And this made him so eager an enemy to the Helvetian liberty labouring by all meanes direct or indirect to hooke in whatsoever he could compasse to make his sons great and to advance the now rising Austrain house yea so eager was he in prosecuting his purpose that he spared not the very monasteries and religious houses but either bought out light what might thus bee purchased or else procured himselfe and his sons to be made patrons and protectors of such ecclesiasticall places a faire way for future possession But the uniust murder of his predecessor being by his own brothers sonne revenged who killed this ambitious Albert and all his covetousnesse and ambition now layed in the dust the Princes of this Austrain house as they had now then their turnes in his supreame authority so were they not wanting to themselves and successors but as time and opportunity were offered went on in their predecessors footsteps At length after the death of Sigismund the Emperour in the yeare 1438. another Albert of this Austrian house and sonne in law to the asoresaid Sigismund was elected Emperour the which his successors having now yet once againe gotten the ball before them have kept close unto themselves almost for the space of 200 yeares even until this very day having also afterwards added to their former greatnesse the kingdome of Hungaria Bohemia with the appurtenances thereof Silesia Moravia the one and other Lusatis and become also at several times Lords and masters of Stiria Carinthin and Sirolie and by marriage afterwards gotten in the 17. Prouinees At length Charles the fifth as though this house had not yet bin great enough brought for his share the kingdomes of Spaine and Portugall together with all the kingdoms and dominions thereupon depending as namely the kingdome of Naples Sicilie and Duchie of Milan besides the West-Indies and all the riches of that Westerne world with some thing in the East-Indies also All this notwithstanding this great Monarch according to his plus ultra not contented with all these dominions aimed yet further at the subversion and overthrow both of true religion and the liberty of Germany and began to act such a tragedy in high Germany as his sonne Philip afterwards attempted in the low countries for the which cause to have Pope Leo the 10. for his friend as he had before anathematized Luther so this Emperor to act his part proscribes him This plot for a while succeeded according to his wishes insomuch that Iohn Fredericke Prince elector and the Landgrave of Hessen Protectors and maintainers of the true reformed religion preached by Luther and the Germane liberty were in open field overthrown their forces dispersed and they themselves taken prisoners But at length Maurice Duke of Saxonie the Emperours Generall and newly possessed not onely of his kinsmans