Selected quad for the lemma: city_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	honour_n	young_a	youth_n	31	3	7.6535	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16282	The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations collected out of the best vvriters by Ioannes Boemus ... ; with many other things of the same argument, gathered out of the historie of Nicholas Damascen ; the like also out of the history of America, or Brasill, written by Iohn Lerius ; the faith, religion and manners of the Aethiopians, and the deploration of the people of Lappia, compiled by Damianus a ̀Goes ; with a short discourse of the Aethiopians, taken out of Ioseph Scaliger his seuenth booke de emendatione temporum ; written in Latin, and now newly translated into English, by Ed. Aston.; Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus. English. 1611	Boemus, Joannes, ca. 1485-1535.; Góis, Damião de, 1502-1574.; Nicolaus, of Damascus.; Léry, Jean de, 1534-1611. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil.; Scaliger, Joseph Juste, 1540-1609. De emendatione temporum.; Aston, Edward, b. 1573 or 4.	1611 (1611)	STC 3198.5; ESTC S102777	343,933	572

called Saturnalitia and by the Greekes they be called Apophoreta that is to say presents or things giuen to guests to bee carried away with them This custome and ceremonie of theirs was described by the Author of this booke in these verses following O Christ the Word of Father deare c. In honor of thy blessed birth we celebrate eight dayes All which we spend in holy hymnes and chanting forth thy prayse And following thy examples true we gifts do often send Fat Capons Hares or some such thing vnto each louing friend Fine wafers stampt with Images and Pictures rarely signd Or basket full of Oranges doth argue friendly mind Ten Oranges that plumde and topt be with greene boxen crest And spices rare of sundry sorts in honor of this Feast Vpon the Feast day of the Epiphany of our Lord commonly called Twelfte-day euery family maketh a cake of flower hony ginger and pepper and therewith they elect and choose them a King in this maner following the good-wife of the house kneadeth and maketh the cake and in the moulding shee putteth a penny into it without consideration into what place of the cake she putteth it but euen at aduentures then doth she rake away the fire and bake it vppon the harth and when it is baked shee breaketh it into as many peeces as there be men in the whole houshold and so distributeth vnto euery one apart assigning one part thereof vnto Christ another to our blessed Ladie and three portions more to the three Wisemen for and in the name of an almes And in whose part soeuer the penny is found him doe the rest set in a chaire and lifting him vp on high three times with great iollity and mirth they salute him as their king and all the while hee is lifted vppe hee hath in his right hand a peece of chalke with which he maketh a great many crosses vppon the roofes of their chambers and parlours and these crosses they haue in great estimation thinking that by them they escape many dangers And there is no house throughout the whole countrey of Franconia especially if it be a dwelling house but in some one of these twelue nights which bee betwixt the Natiuitie of our Lord and the Epiphany it is perfumed either with Frankinsence or some other sweet smelling perfume against the deceits and illusions of Diuels and Sorcerers It were in vaine to mention in particular in what manner of Epicurisme the Franconians spend the three daies next before Lent if you knew what generall and wilfull madnesse possessed all the rest of Germanie at that time wherein the Franconians do equall them and in what licentious manner all of them then liue for all those three dayes the Germaines practise nothing else but eating drinking and playing plying it so lustily as though they should neuer eate or drinke more or as if with the Epicure they should say I will take my pleasure I will eat and drinke my belly full to day for to morow I shall die Euery one will inuent some new deuice or other to delight their minds and senses withall and to hold them in admiration and to the end they should not blush nor be dashed out of countenance in acting their apish toyes and interludes they maske their faces and change their habites the men wearing womens apparell and the women mens some represent Satyres and some play the diuels part beeing made blacke with woade or inke and cloathed in loathsome apparell like Diuels indeed Some others go starke naked imitating the Priests of Pan of whome I thinke the Germanes haue learned that yearely custome of doting and vnnaturall madnesse This their manner of reuelling differeth not much from the Feastes called Lupercalia which the noble young Romane gallants were wont to celebrate in the moneth of Februarie in honor of the Licaean Pan. For as those Romane youths went round about the Cittie naked and their faces besmered with bloud lashing all they met with cords and whips in rude and barbarous manner most loathsom to behold euen so the Germaines strike those they meete with bags stuft full of sand or ashes There is a strange custome vsed in many places of Germany vppon Ash-wednesday for then the young youth get all the maides together which haue practised dauncing all the yeare before and carrying them in a cart or tumbrell which they draw themselues in stead of horses and a minstrell standing a top of it playing all the way they draw them into some lake or riuer and there wash them well fauouredly What the reason of this ceremonie is I cannot perceiue but as I coniecture they imagine the doing of this to be a purgation and satisfaction to God for practising such light and wanton behauiour vppon Sundayes and Holy-dayes directly against the Canons and precepts of the Church In the middle of Lent at which time they be commanded by the Church to reioyce the youth of Germany where the Authour of this present Worke was borne make an Image of straw resembling the picture of Death and hanging it vppon aspeare carry it vp and downe the streetes with great showting and exclamations and many giue them good intertainment offering them such things as they vsually eate as peason milke and mellow peares and when they be wel refreshed they returne home again but some others on the contrarie part giue them Iohn Drums intertainment reuiling and beating them away frō their houses deeming the picture of death to bee ominous and a foretelling of their deaths indeed The like custome to this is vsed by the Franconians and at the same time for there the young men take an old cart wheele and couer it all ouer with straw and then being a great troupe of them together they cary it to the top of a high hil where after they haue sported themselues most part of the day vnlesse the cold driue them soone home in the euening they set it on fire and set it going downe the hil burning beeing a sight able to astonish the beholders that know not what it meanes for it tumbleth into the valley all of a flaming fire with such a pudder as if the Sunne or Moon should tumble downe from heauen Vppon Easter day some one of the wealthiest amongst them causeth certaine cakes to be made and giueth one or two of them to the young men and as many to the maydes and when they be all mette together a little before night in a plaine medow in the presence of an infinit number of spectators those which bee most nimble of footmanship runne for those cakes the yong men against yong men and the maides against maides Then haue they their solemne ceremonies at the dedication of their parish Churches which by the Institutions of the Church ought to be solemnized by all the parishioners once euery yeare with great ioy and banqueting to which solemnization come many yong men out of other parishes not for any deuotion they beare vnto the Churches

very charitable for there is almost no City but it hath in it a couent of Mendicant Friers and a common house to releeue and harbor poore Pilgrimes and strangers There bee also sostred and brought vp many yong youths that haue left their owne countries and fathers houses to attaine learning in Germany of which sort of striplings and yong students you shal see so many in one City as you will thinke it strange how they should be maintained And these bee onely nourished and brought vp by the almes and charity of the Citizens and goe singing from house to house for victuals whereof they haue inough giuen them for because they frequent the Church daily and helpe the Priests to singe masse and bee afterwards made priests themselues In euery parish is one publike house or free schoole wherein as well these as the Cittizens sonnes be brought vp in learning their maisters and tutors be such as bee both learned and vertuous who chastice those which be shrewde or neglect their learning sometimes with words and sometimes with stripes Their dwelling houses for the most part be ioyned together and builded according to euery mans ability some high some low but al aptly and conueniently disposed for their trading the rich mens houses be builded stately with lime and stone and poore mens with timber and morter and all of them couered either with tile or slate which whether it be done for state or to preuent danger of fire I am not able to say In Saxony and diuerse other places besides they couer their houses with smooth shingles which maketh their building seeme more base and more subiect to burning The streets for the most part throughout all the Cities of Germany be paued with flint stone and vpon the gates of euery City stand high turrets or watch-towers wherein in the day time be placed certaine skouts to giue notice vnto the warders below by the sound of a trumpet of all horsemen they perceiue comming towards them to the end that hauing warning afore-hand they may bee more prouident to prouide for the safety of the city Their cities for the most part be defended both naturaly artificially being scituated either vpon the tops of hils or by winding riuers such as be scituated vpon the plaine ground be compassed and immured with strong wals and trenches defended with innumerable towers and bulwarkes the fields also about many of their cities be so inclosed on all sides with deepe and large ditches as they serue for a sufficient defence against the inuasion of forraine enemies The fourth last and lowest estate of the Germaines be of such as dwel in country villages and follow husbandry and be therefore called clownes or bores whose estate and condition of all others is most hard and miserable for they liue basely by themselues vtterly seperated from all other sorts of people so as they haue no fellowship with others but their owne families and their cattaile Their dwelling houses be low cottages made of timber and clay and couered with straw their bread is meane and course their meate either oatmeale pottage or sodden beanes or pulse and their drinke is either water or whey their apparell a Canuas frocke such as our Carters vse in England high shooes or startvps and coloured caps These clownes be a very turbulent toylsome and beastly kinde of people they carry into Citties neere adioyning them all their fruites and increase that arriseth from their corne and cattaile other then what their Landlords haue for they themselues doe scarce taste of any fruite of their trauaile that good is where they sell them and make their prouision of such things as they haue need of for amongst them dwel few artificers or none at all Euery village hath a Church in it whether in the forenoone vpon holy daies all the people resort to heare seruice and in the after-noone some of them meete togither in one place or other where they fall to chopping and chainging or conferring of other busnesse the youth fall a dauncing after the minstrels and old men a tipling in tavernes and none of these clownes will goe abroad amongst other people but with weapons about them for they haue their swords ready at all assaies Euery village chooseth out two or foure of the most substantial men amongst them whom they call their maisters these be indifferent men to decide contentions and controuersies growing by contracts and haue the disposing and ordering of their little common-wealth next vnto their Land-lords for it is they that haue the sole gouernment and authority ouer them all other then what is by them permitted to these chosen praefects which in their vulgar tongue they call Sculteti These clownes liue in great drudgery and slauery vnder their Land-lords for they plow their grounds sow their seedes get in their haruest prouide them fuel repaire their houses skoure their ditches and maintaine their fencing in a word there is no slauery whatsoeuer but is wholy imposed vpon those bores nor dare they for their liues once refuse to doe any thing their Land-lords command them for if they doe they shall be soundly punished and yet there is no one thing that oppresseth them more neerely then that the farmes they possesse be none of their owne but that notwithstanding they be euery way else slaues vnto their Land-lords they must pay vnto them yeerely a great part of their corne and graine for rent And these bee generally the manners of the Germaines at this day and this their course of life Of Saxony and how the Saxons liued in times past and how they now liue CAP. XIII SAXONIA a particular Prouince of Germany is bounded vpon the West with the riuer Visera or as some will haue it with the riuer of Rheine vpon the North with Dacia and the Baltean sea with Franconia on the South against which lie opposite a longth-wise Boiarie and Bohemia and with Prussia on the East within which bounds and limits how many sundry sorts of people distinguished by sundry names be at this day comprehended and included may easily be vnderstood by the precedent description of Germany all which are said to liue vnder the Saxon law This country was named Saxony of a people called Saxons who according to the opinion of some writers were the remnant of the Macedonian army which followed Alexander the Great and at his death were disperced into all parts of the world Some others affirme that they were wandring Britans and such as had no certaine habitations and that they forsooke their natiue soile to seeke them better seates and getting shipping and arryuing in Germany expelled thence the Thuringij and possessed their land For at the first the people of Saxony were turbulent and troublesome il and ouerthwart neighbours vnto all those which dwelled neere vnto them yet were they at home peaceable and quiet and maruellous vigilant and industrious for the good of their country and common-wealth besides that

and to this they were called by a trumpeter or cornetter And the third was of such as dwelt in diuers parts of the country payd tribute vnto the cittie By the Parliament or conuocation-house of the Centuries where the Consuls put downe and the Decemviri created to whom all the power and Empirie of the Senate descended euen as the authority of the Consuls was first deriued from the Kings nor was it lawfull in any case to appeale from them These Decemviri when they went about to make any new lawes would do it in this manner first one of them had a whole day allowed him to consider what was fitting to be don in which day he bore the greatest authority and when hee had set downe his opinion in writing the next day was allowed for another and to haue the like prime place in gouernement and so likewise the rest euery one his seuerall day and when euery one had had his day and their opinions and doings written in seuerall tables and layd before them altogether they then collected and confirmed what they thought good out of euery ones sentence and so calling them the lawes of the ten tables they published them to the people And there went euer before him that had the chiefest Iurisdiction twelue men carrying bundels of roddes and the other nine had euery one his Vsher going before him But this kind of gouernement continued not long for euen as the power and authority of the Tribunes was vtterly banished out of the citie by the Decemviri so vppon mature consideration it seemed good to the Patricians that the Tribunes in requitall should extinguish and put downe theirs And then was there a law ordained that whatsoeuer was decreed by the Plebeians should go currant through all the people and if any one hindred or impeached the Tribunes or Aediles in their iudgements his head should be sacrificed to Iupiter and his whole family that were free should be sold for slaues at the Temple of Ceres After this there was another Councell created out of the Plebeians and then was it made lawfull and tolerable for the Plebeians to marry and enter into consanguinitie with the Patricians Besides these there were created two Censors who had the charge ouer the Scribes the keeping of the tables and the order and forme of taxing and leuying of money and mustering souldiers committed vnto them This pettie office beeing but meane at the first institution grew in processe of time to an incredible height in so much as the whole raines of correction and ciuill discipline were in conclusion let loose into their hands for the gouernement of the Senate the Equites and Centurians were so curbed and restrained as they had power only to decide controuersies touching honour and reproch and in the Censors consisted the chiefest soueraignty as to view and ouersee publike places to giue pensions to the people and againe to taxe them with exactions and tribute to consecrate sacrifices euery fift yeare for the purgation of the cittie to displace and thrust the Senators out of the cittie or to defame them and these continued in their office for fiue yeares and then new were created in their roomes Then was there another Magistrate created to heare and determine matters whom they called a Praetor and to him was committed power and authoritie ouer all publike and priuate dealings and to constitute and ordaine new lawes and statutes and to abrogate and repeale the old Of these Praetors there was first but one created and he was called Vrbanus Praetor because he had the gouernement of the cittizens to whome he alone beeing not able to vndergo so great a burthen by reason of the great accesse of strangers that daily resorted thither to dwell there was afterwards another Praetor added and him they called Praetor peregrinus as hauing the charge ouer aliens and strangers and this kind of gouernement was called Ius honorarium for the great honour and dignitie that belonged to the Magistrates for they had all the ensignes and ornaments attributed vnto them that before belonged to the Kings and their apparel and furniture was almost equall to the Consuls In this state did the cittie of Rome continue vntil Iulius Caesars time who reduced the gouernement into a Monarchie againe by taking vppon him the name of Imperator which kind of gouernement by Emperors did long after continue and then began to be celebrated at Rome the playes called Ludi Circenses the solemnitie whereof was thus The whole traine of Players issuing orderly from out the Capitoll passed by the forum into a great circle or rundle of ground like a theater made for the Spectators to behold the games And first went the sonnes of the Equites that for age strength and agilitie were most fit for exercises both on foote and horsebacke riding vppon horses and distinguished by their companies and Centuries to shew vnto strangers and forrainers the great hope the citty conceiued of her future happinesse by the exceeding aptnes and towardnes of their youth after them followed the wagoners with chariots some drawn with foure horses and some with two and some others leading little low horses that would stand without the bridle And after them followed the champions that were to try the masteries as wrastling running and the whirleabout called Caestus which was done with plummets of lead beeing all of them naked sauing their priuities then followed the troupe of dancers leapers and vaulters in their companies the men first the young striplings after and then the children in the next ranke vnto these followed the trumpetters and minstrels some playing vpon flutes some vpon pipes and some with a kind of Iuory harpes with 7. strings called Dulcimers the leapers and vaulters were apparelled in red coates girded in the wast with brazen belts and swords at their sides and the mens swords were shorter then the others they had also brazen helmets great plumes of fethers before euery company went men that were skilfull in those kind of exercises to shew them the maner of that dancing and skipping and other more violent and warlike motions by words in meeter consisting of foure syllables They practised also the Enoplian dancing otherwise called the Pyrrhichian dauncing inuented as is supposed by Pallas though some of a contrarie opinion thinke that the Curetes were the first authors of that kind of dancing Then followed the troupe of the Satyrisci with an Enoplian dance these Satyrisci were figured into Sileni and Satyres and they vsed taunting and scoffing motions in their dancing had also a consort of musick following after them Then went there a company with censors in their hands casting round about them sweet odors amongst whom were diuers that carried vpon their shoulders the images of their gods all guilded with gold and siluer and last of all followed the chiefe Magistrates of the city attended with great troups making shew by their easie pace and demure

vessels or glasse vessels and kept them in their houses for the space of a yeare during which time they reuerenced them very religiously offering vnto them the first fruits of their increase Some say that thee that did most excell others in comlinesse of body skill in breeding cattell strength and riches him they elected for their King And that they had an ancient lawe that the Priests of Memphis might when they pleased depriue the King of his life by sending vnto him the messenger that caryed the signe of death and ordaine an other to raigne in his steed They beleeued that there was one immortall God and that hee was maker of the world and gouernor of all things any other God they esteemed mortall who was their vncertaine King as is said And hee that best deserued of their citty him next vnto their King they reuerenced as God And such was the state of Aethiopia at the beginning and for a long continuance these their customes and manners of their nation But at this day as Marcus Antonius Sabellicus out of whose history wee haue taken most matters which wee treate of both in this and the bookes following saith that hee had intelligence from some that were borne in those countries that the King of Aethiopia whome wee call Pretoian or Presbiter Ioan or Ioan and they Gyam which in their language signifieth mighty is so potent a Prince that hee is sayd to haue vnder him as his vassalls three-score and two Kings And that all their great Bishops and states of all those kingdomes are wholy guided by him at whose hands the order of Priesthood is obtained which authority was by the Pope of Rome giuen and annexed to the Maiesty of their Kings and yet hee himselfe is no Priest nor neuer entred into any holy orders There be a great number of Archbishops and euery one of them who euer hath the least hath twenty Bishops vnder his iurisdiction The Princes and other Bishops of great dignity when they goe abroad haue carried before them a crosse and a golden vessell filled with earth that the sight of the one may put them in minde of their mortality and the other of our Sauiours passion Their Priests are suffered to mary for procreations sake but if they bury one wife it is vtterly vnlawfull for them to mary an other Their Temples are very large and farre richer then ours and for the most part builded vp to the topp arch-wise They haue many religious houses and families of holy orders as Antonians Dominicks Calaguritans Augustines and Macarians who be all arrayed by permission of their Archbishops with apparell of one coulour Next vnto Almighty God and his Mother the blessed Virgin Mary Saint Thomas surnamed Didimus is chiefly honoured in that country They hold an opinion that their great King whom they call Gyam was ingendred of King Dauid and that the race of that one family hath continued euer since hee is not black as most of the Aethiopians are but rather white The citty Garama is now the Kings seate which consisteth not of Bulwarkes and houses with strong wals but of tents or tabernacles made of fine flaxe or silke imbrodered with purple and placed in decent and seemely order The King according to his custome liueth for the most part abroade not contayning himselfe within the circuite of the Citty aboue two daies together ether because they account it absurde and effeminate or that they are prohibited by some lawe They haue in redinesse vpon any little occasion tenne hundred thousand men well instructed in feates of armes fiue hundred Elephants besides an infinit number of Horses and Camels There be also throughout the whole kingdome certaine stipendary families the issue whereof haue a gentle incision made in their skinne and bee marked with a hot iron with the signe of the Crosse In warres they vse bowes speares cotes of male and helmets the order of Priesthood is in greatest dignity next vnto whome are the sages or wizards whom they call Balsamati and Tenquati They esteeme much also of innocency and honesty accounting them the first step to wisdome the Nobility are the third in honor and dignity and the stipendary the last the Iudges discerne of causes of life and death but referre the decree to the Praefect of the citty who is called Licomagia who alwaies representes the person of the King written lawes they haue none but iudge according to equity and right If any man bee convicted of adultery hee shall pay for his punishment the fortith part of his goods but the adulteresse shal receiue a domesticall reuenge by her husband for he shall punish her whome it doth most concerne The husbands assigne dowers for their wiues requiring noe portion with them There women are attired with gold wherof that country doth much abound pearles also and silke both men and women weare garments downe to the feete with sleeues and not open in any place all colours are alike vnto them except blacke which is there vsed onely for mourning garments They bewaile the dead for the space of forty dayes The second courses in their greatest banquets consist of raw flesh which beeing finely minced into small peeces and strawed ouer with sweete spices they feed vpon most hungerly wollen cloath they haue none insteed wherof they are clothed either with silke or flax they vse not all one language but diuers and distinguished by diuers names They exercise them-selues eyther in husbandry or about cattle they haue euery yeare two haruests two summers All the people of Lybia from this Aethiopia or India to the vtmost part of the west honour the impiety of Mahomet and liue in the same kinde of religion that those Barbarians practise which are now in Aegipt and bee called Moores as it is thought of their wandring or straying abroad for that country of Libia also was no lesse hatefull than the Sarasins in those accursed times wherein was the greatest alteration in humaine matters the manners of people loue of deuotion and names of all Nations being for the most part changed Of Aegipt and the ancient customes of that country CAP. 5. EGipt a region in Affricke or as some will haue it next adioyning to Affricke was so called of Aegiptus the brother of Danaus King of Argyues before which time it was called Aeria This country as Plinie in his first booke witnesseth ioyneth Eastward to the red sea and to Palaestyne vpon the West it hath Cyrene and the residue of Affricke and extendeth from the South to Aethiopia and from the North to the Aegyptian sea The most famous citties of that country were Thebes Abydos Alexandria Babilon and Memphis now called Damiata and the great citty Cayrus or Alcir which is the Soldans seate In Egypt as Plato reporteth it doth neuer raine but the riuer of Nylus ouer-flowing the whole land once euery yeare after the summer Solstice maketh the whole

losse of both their hands for they thought it fit that that part of the body should suffer punishment during life that was cheefe instrument in the offence and that others also being warned by their miseries and calamities might abstaine from the like lewdnesse There were very sharpe punishments inflicted vpon those that had abused any woman for he which defloured a free woman had his members cut off for that vnder one fault hee had comitted three hanous offences which were iniury corruption of bloud and confusion of children he that was taken in wilfull adultery had a thousand stripes with rods and the adulterous woman had her nose cut off by which disgrace her beauty was blemished and shee punished in that part of her face which did most addorne it It is reported that Bocchoris was the maker of those lawes which partaind to ciuill conuersation amongst men which lawes allow that if one lend mony without specialty and the debitor deny that hee borrowed any the creditor must stand to the debiters oath for an oath is held of great moment as being a religious act and certaine it is that those which often sweare doe abrogate their faith and credits and therfore they will sweare but seldome least they loose their reputations and names of honest men moreouer the same lawe-maker concluding all faithfulnesse in vertue iudged that men ought by good meanes to accustome themselues to honesty that they may not bee thought vnworthy of trust for hee thought it wrong to those to whome mony was lent with-out oath not to performe their faith by swearing whether the goods be their owne or noe The vsury which was agreed vpon by writing forbad that the double forfeture of the thing lent should be exacted and all payments were satisfied by the debitors goods but his body might not be deliuered to the creditor for they thought fit that onely their goods should be subiect and lyable to their debts and their bodies addicted to the Citties whose ayde and assistance they had neede of both in warres and peace neither was it thought fit that the souldiors which ventured their liues for their countries safty should bee thrust in prison for interest which law is supposed to bee translated by Solon to the Athenians and by him called Sisachthia prouiding that men should not loose their liues for the Cittizens vsury more-ouer the particular law and toleration for theeues amongst the Aegiptians was that those that did steale should bring their names in writing to the cheefe Preest and instantly disclose the theft or robbery vnto him In like sort they which had their goods taken from them must write vnto the cheefe Priest the time day and houre that hee was robbed by which meanes the theft being easily found out and discouered he which was robbed should loose the fourth part of that which was stolne which fourth part shall bee giuen to the theefe and the rest restored to the owner For the lawgiuers opinion was that seeing it was vnpossible that theft should altogether bee prohibited men should loose rather some portion of their substance then all that was taken from them The manner of their marriages is not all alike with the Aegiptians for it is lawfull for the Preests to marry but once but the rest may marry as oft as they will according to their desire and ability and there are no children accounted bastards noe though they be begotten of such bond-seruants as be bought with mony for they hold that the father is the onely author of their childrens birth and the mother to be but the receptacle and to yeeld norrishment to the infant It is most incredible to see with what small and easie cost the Aegiptians bring vp their children for the norish them with the roots of bulrushes other like roots raked and roasted in hotte embers and with hearbes growing in fennes and moorish grounds some-times boyld sometimes broyld on the coales and some-times rawe They neuer wore shooes but goe for the most part naked by reason of the temperature of the country so as all the cost that a father bestoweth vpon his childe till hee bee of full age exceedeth not twenty Drachmas The Priests instruct children both in that learning which they call holy and in the other which appertained to knowledge and common instruction and they bee very intentiue and exceedingly bent to the study of Geometry and Arithmatick They suffer them not to vse eyther wrestling or musick supposing the dayly vse of wrestling to be vnsure and dangerous and that thereby their bodyes are made more feeble and weake and musicke they condemned as vtterly vnprofitable and hurtfull in making their mindes effeminate They cure their diseases eyther by fasting or vomitting which they vse eyther dayly or euery third day or fourth day for they are of opinion that all diseases had theyr beginning from surfetting and that therefore that is the best physicke to recouer health which taketh away the cause of the disease Souldiers and trauellers are cured for nothing for the Phisitians liue of the reuenews of the common-wealth and therefore are forced by the law to cure the diseased after the strict forme set downe by the best Phisitians and most approoued writers And the Physition that followeth the rule of that sacred booke though hee cannot cure his patient yet is hee blamelesse but if he cure him by any other meanes then is set downe in that booke hee shall dye for it for the maker of that law was of opinion that there could not a better course of curing bee found out then that which was inuented and obserued for long time by ancient Physitions The Aegiptians worship diuerse creatures beyond all measure not onely while they be liuing but when they be dead also as Cattes Rattes Dogges Hawkes the birds called Ibis Wolues and Crocadiles and many more of like kinde neither be they ashamed to professe open honour vnto them but account it as commendable and lawdable for them to doe it as to doe their seruice to the gods in so much as they will goe about into citties and other places carrying with them Images of those beasts vaunting and glorying what creatures they haue adored at the sight whereof all men in manner of supplyants doe reuerence vnto the Images When any of these beasts die they wrappe the carcase in linnen cloth and annoynt it with Salt beating their brests with bitter exclamations and annoynting it againe with the Iuise of Cedar tree and other odoriferus oyntments that it may keepe the longer they bury it in their hallowed places Hee that willingly killeth any of those creatures shall haue iudgment of death for it but if a man kill the Ibis or the Cat either willingly or at vnawares the whole multitude fall vpon him tormenting and killing him without mercy or iudgment The terror whereof inforceth the beholders to lament his death and to auerre that the beast

spices which grow vpon trees They vse trafficke into Aethiopia with shippes couered with lether their fuell is the barke or rind of Cynamon which is of the nature of wood The Metrapolitan and chiefe citie of this kingdome is situated vpon an hill and is called Saba their Kings are of one kindred and raigne by succession to whom the multitude yeeld honours indifferently as well to the bad as to the good They neuer dare venter out of their Court or chiefe citie fearing lest they should be stoned to death by the common people by reason of an answer which they receiued long since from one of their Oracles At Saba where the King keepeth his Court be siluer iewels and pots of gold of all sorts the beds and three-footed stooles haue siluer feete and all the houshold stuffe is sumptuous and rich beyond credit The porches and galleries also bee vnderpropped with great pillars the heads whereof are siluer and gold the roofes and dores being set with golden bosses intermingled with pretious stones do manifest the sumptuous decking of the whole house for here one place shineth with gold another with siluer another with pretious stones and Elephants tooth and with many other ornaments besides of great woorth and estimation these people haue for many ages flowed in perpetuall felicitie for they bee vtterly voyde of ambition and desire to possesse other mens goods which bringeth many to ruine The people called Garraei be no lesse rich then these for almost all their houshold-stuffe is of gold and siluer and of Iuorie whereof they make the thresholds roofes and walles of their houses The people called Nabathaei of all men be most continent in getting riches they bee very industrious but much more carefull in keeping them for hee that diminisheth his priuate estate hath publicke punishment And on the other side hee is honoured and exalted that increaseth his patrimonie The Arabians vse in their warres swords bowes launces and slings and many times axes also That accursed stocke of the Sarrasins which were the greatest scourges that euer happened to mankind had their beginning in Arabia and as it is very credibly thought a great part of the Arabians became followers of the Sarrasins sect and tooke their name Yet now they haue betaken them to their old names againe The Arabians that dwell about Aegypt liue for the most part by stealing trusting in the swiftnesse of their Camels The manners and customes Of Panchaia and of the manners of the Panchaians CAP. 2. PANCHAIA is a Region of Arabia Diodorus Siculus calleth it an Iland of two hundred Stadia in bredth and that there be in it three stately Citties that is to say Dalida Hyracida and Oceanida the whole countrie is fruitfull enough liuing onely where it is sandie It aboundeth with wine and with frankinsence of which there is so great store as is sufficient to serue all the world for sacrifices it yeeldeth much myrrhe also and other odoriferous spices of diuers kinds which the Panchaians gather and sell to the Marchants of Arabia of whom others buy them transport them into Phaenicia Syria and Egypt from whence they are conveyed into all parts of the world The Panchaians vse Chariots in the warres for so they haue bin alwaies accustomed their common-wealth is diuided into three degrees of people first the Priests who possesse the prime place to whome the artificers are added the husbandmen haue the second and souldiers the third to whom the shepheards be annexed The Priests be gouernours and rulers ouer all the rest to whom the deciding of controuersies and arbittement of all publike affaires and iudiciall causes are committed punishment of death onely excepted The husbandmen imploy themselues onely in tilling and manuring the ground the increase whereof goeth in common to all Out of the husbandmen there be ten elected by the Priests which bee most expert and industrious in husbandrie to bee Iudges ouer the rest aswell for the exhortation of others in the art of husbandrie as for the distribution of their fruites The shepheards likewise bring all their increase as well of such things as appertaine to sacrifices as of all things else to the publike vse some by number and some by weight in doing whereof they be maruellous precise and no one there possesseth any thing in priuate to himselfe but only their houses and gardens for the Priests receiue all the custome and tribute-money and all other things else whatsoeuer into their custodie making diuision thereof as occasion requireth whereof two parts is euer due vnto themselues The Panchaians bee clothed in soft garments for the sheepe of that countrie differ much from others in softnesse and finenesse of wooll both men and women weare ornaments of gold adorning their neckes with chains their hands with bracelets their eares with eare-rings like the Persians and their feet with new shooes of diuers colours The souldiers are maintained onely to defend the countrie from forraine inuasions the Priests liue more sumptuously and in far greater delights then others wearing for the most part fine lightlinnen vestiments downe to the foot and somtimes garments made of the best and purest wooll Vpon their heads they haue myters wrought and imbrodered with gold and in stead of shooes sandals of diuers colours wrought very artificially They weare ornaments of gold also like women excepting eare-rings and be for the most part continually conuersant about the seruice of their gods reciting their worthy and memorable deeds in laudes and hymnes They deriue their pedegree from Iupiter Manasses alledging that when hee was conuersant with men and gouerned the whole world hee was banished into Panchaia The country abounds with gold siluer brasse tin and iron of which it is not lawfull to carry any out of the Iland neither is it tollerable for the Priests to stir out of their holy Temples for if any of them be found abroad it is lawfull to kill them Many oblations of gold and siluer which were long since offered and dedicated to their gods they preserue in their temple the doores whereof are of a very curious building beset with gold siluer and yuorie The bed for their god is all of gold being sixe cubits in length and foure in bredth and of a rare and wonderfull workmanship In like maner the table for their god which is placed neare vnto his bed is equall vnto it both for state quantity and cost They haue one great and magnificent temple which is all erected of white stone vnderset with great pillars carued columnes the length thereof is two acres and the breadth answerable to the length It is adorned with goodly Idols of their gods composed and framed with admirable art and cunning The Priests that haue charge of the sacrifices haue their houses about the temple and all the ground round about the temple for the space of two hundred Stadia is consecrated to the gods and the yearely reuenew thereof spent

much more beautifull and comely when their heades bee thicke growne with haires and smoothly combed then otherwise they would bee if their haire were shaggie rugged vncombed and neglected The King when he beginneth battaile sacrifiseth a shee-goate to the Muses They vse one certaine and strict kind of liuing both at home and in the warres For they held that they were not borne onely to themselues but for the good of their Countrie They practised no gainefull and commodious arts but were wholly employed in the studie of matters belonging to martiall discipline spending their spare time in sollemne banquettings by which meanes it came to passe that as Plutarch hath very well noted the Spartans neuer would or if they would yet they knew not how to liue priuately with a selfe-regard but were wholly deuoted to the common good of their countrie The Spartanes as they differed from all other nations in many other things so did they in giuing their voyces for electing of Officers For there were a few picked out from the rest to vndergo this businesse who were inclosed in a Chamber next adioyning to the Councel-house where they should neither see nor bee seene of any and then as the names of the Competitors were particularly drawne out one after another and at happe-hazard they did diligently marke and obserue the applause and assent of the people vnto euery name aduisedly noting and setting downe in a table who had the greatest applause and who the least which beeing afterwards openly reade it was thereby knowne which of the competitors had the most voyces Furthermore Lycurgus was the first that remoouing all superstition permitted the Cittizens to bury the dead bodies in the cittie allowing thē plots of ground about the Temples wherein to erect their monuments but it was not lawfull for any one to engraue or imprint the name of either man or woman vpon their sepulcher but the names of those onely which were manfully slaine in the wars nor to lament for those which were dead aboue the space of eleuen dayes The citizens moreouer were restrained from trauelling into other countries lest they should bring into their cittie strange customes and manners and all strangers and trauellers which arriued there were bar'd and excluded from out their citty vnlesse their presence were profitable to the common-wealth lest as Thucydides saith forraine nations should learne and be partakers of the Laconian discipline which may iustly be tearmed a very inhumane part or else as Plutarch writeth lest by the mutuall concourse and passage too and fro of strangers new speeches and languages might creepe into the cittie from whence might proceed new iudgements and dissonant desires which to the common-wealth would bee matters most pernitious and dangerous Young men hee allowed to weare but one coate throughout the whole yeare nor might any one go finer or fare more daintily then others did He commanded that nothing should be bought with readie money but by exchange of wares and commodities that children when they were of the age of twelue or fourteene yeares should not be suffered to come into the market-place or chiefe part of the cittie but were brought into the fields to the end they should not spend the prime of their youth in luxurie and wantonnesse but in labour and painfulnesse ordaining that they shold haue nothing layd vnder them to sleepe vpon and that they should eate no pottage nor gruell nor once returne into the cittie before they were men He ordained also that maydes should be married without portions to the end that none should couet wiues for their wealth and that husbands might carrie the more seueritie ouer their wiues when they could not vpbraide them with the greatnesse of their portions and how much they were aduanced by them that men shold be esteemed honourable not for their riches and greatnes but for their age and grauitie for old age was held in more reuerence and reputation amongst the Spartans then in any other countrie besides To the Kings he granted power ouer the wars to the Magistrates iudgements and yearely successions the keeping and custodie of the lawes to the Senate and to the people power and authoritie both to elect the Senat and to create Magistrates whom they pleased Now for because these new lawes and institutions all former customes beeing dissolued and abrogated seemed very harsh and difficult he fained that Apollo of Delphos was the author and inuentor of them and that frō thence at the commandement of that god hee brought them to Sparta thinking thereby that the feare and reuerence of religion would vanquish all rediousnesse and irkesomnesse of vsing them And finally to the end his lawes might remaine and continue to all eternitie he bound and obliged the cittizens by an oath that they should alter none of those lawes which he had made and established for them vntill he himselfe returned back vnto them alledging that he intended to go to Delphos to aske counsell of the Oracle there what he shold alter or adde to his lawes which done he tooke his iourney to Creete and there liued in perpetuall exile commanding when he lay vppon his death-bed that as soone as he was dead his bones should be cast into the sea lest by any chance they might be conueyed to Lacedemon whereby the Spartans might suppose themselues absolued and released from that oath which they had taken not to alter those lawes before his returne vnto them It is not amisse in this place to describe and set foorth what honors and dignities the Spartans were wont to giue to their Kings And first they had two Orders or Estates of Priests attending vppon them to do sacrifices one of the Lacedemonian Iupiter and the other of the celestiall Iupiter and their law of armes was that vpon what people or country the Kings intended to make warres it rested not in the power of any of the Spartans to prohibite or gaine-say it for if they did they offended so haynously as they would hardly purge themselues that in their marching and setting forward to the warres the kings should go foremost and be last in the retraite And that they should haue an hundred choice and select men to be their guard that in their expeditions and setting forward on their voyages they might haue what beast they would for sacrifice and that they might take to themselues the hides and skins of the beasts that were offered And these were their priuiledges in the warres And the honors and dignities attributed vnto them in time of peace were these when in their Common-wealth any banquets were made for the death of any great man the Kings should sit downe first and be first serued and that they two alone should haue betwixt them twice as much meate as all those that sate with them besides the skinnes of all beasts sacrificed Moreouer in the Kalends of euery moneth they had each of them a beast giuen them from out the reuenues of the

cittie to be sacrificed to Apollo a measure of fine wheate flower called Medimnum containing sixe Modia and a measure of wine called a Laconian quart In the beholding of single combats the Kings preceded and gouerned certaine places hauing for their assistants what Cittizens they pleased And each king might choose two Pitheans which were such as were wont to be sent to Delphos to aske counsell of the Oracle and these did commonly diet with the Kings The Kings allowance when they came not to meales in the vsuall place was two measures full of fine flower called Chaenices or Chaeniae which is much about halfe one of our peckes and a measure full of wine called Cotyla that is as much as Sextarius which is about a pinte and an halfe English but when they were present they had double in quantitie as much of euery thing as all the rest that sate with them The Kings were to determine who should be husbands of orphane maydes whose parents were deceased whether he to whome the father bequeathed her or hee on whome the mother bestowed her they had power also ouer common wayes and ouer such as made adopted sons against the kings minds they had seates in the Councell or Senate-house which consisted of 28. Senatours wherein they might sit at their pleasures but if they would not come thither then two of the Senatours which were most neere and deare vnto them represented their persons and had power to pronounce to voyces or suffrages for the Kings and two other for themselues And such were the honors and dignities giuen to the Kings by the Common-wealth of Sparta while they liued and when they were dead these following First certaine hors-men proclaimed and divulged the Kings death throughout all Laconia the like was done also by certaine women which walked vppe and downe about the cittie striking and beating vpon pots or kettles which done there must of euery house two one man and one woman and both free-borne be stayned soyled and defiled with weeping and lamenting which if they refused to do they were seuerally punished The Lacedemonians vsed the same orders in their Kings Funeralles as the barbarous people of Asia did for in this manner did most of those barbarous people bury their Kings The death of the King beeing thus divulged the cittizens of Sparta summoned all their friends and kinsfolkes out of all the Countrey of Lacedemonia to the funerall And after many thousands both of them and of their seruants as also of the Spartans themselues were there assembled both men and women mingled together they lamented and wept beating and striking vppon their forheads and roaring and howling most bitterly concluded their lamentation with this saying That this last deceased king was the best of all their kings And if any of their kings were slaine in the wars they fashioned and pourtrayed an image like vnto him and laying it vpon a bed very richly furnished spent some ten dayes in the interring thereof during which time there was continual vacation and ceasing from prosecuting lawes and exercising iustice in places iudiciall nor was there any Sessions of Magistrates or Officers in all that time but continuall lamentation and bewayling And in this the Lacedemonians agreed with the Persians for when the Lacedemonian King was dead he which succeeded him pardoned and released euery Spartane of all his debt what euer it was that he owed either to the King or Common-wealth And so likewise in Persia he which was newly created king remitted and forgaue vnto all the Cittizens their tribute which they owed In this also the Lacedemonians imitated the Aegiptians for in Lacedemonia as wel as in Aegipt both Cryers Minstrels and Cookes succeeded their fathers in their arts and occupations so as a Cooke was begott by a Cooke a Trumpetter by a Trumpetter and a Cryer by a Cryer Nor did any intrude themselues into another mans function or calling but perseuered and continued in their fathers trade and vocation Of the I le of Creete and of the customes most common amongst the Cretensians CAP. 4. CREETE which is also called Candy is an Iland-situated in the Mediterranian sea and very famous and renowned for hauing in it an hundred Citties This Iland as Strabo writeth is compassed vppon the north with the Aegean Creetish sea and with the Libican or Africane sea vppon the South it lyeth towards Egila and Cythera vpon the west and hath vppon the East the I le Carpathus which lyeth in the midst betwixt Rhodes and Creete The whole Iland containeth in length two hundred and seuentie myles and fiftie myles in breadth and the circuite or compasse round about the Island is fiue hundred eightie and eight myles The most renowned Citties of Creete be Gortyna Cydonea Cnossus and Minois or Minon which is the Kings seate And of all the hilles in the countrey the hill Ida is most famous as beeing of an exceeding and wonderfull height the length whereof as Apollodorus saith is two thousand and three hundred Stadia and fiue thousand and more in compasse but Artimedorus saith That it is not so much in compasse by a thousand stadia In Creete liue no noysome or offensiue creatures there be neither Serpents nor owles bredde and if any be brought thither from other places they dye instantly There be aboundance of Goates but few or no Deere at all it yeeldeth great store of the best and daintiest wines and produceth an herbe called Diptamus which is a byting and drawing hearbe and by vs called Dittanie Dittander or garden Ginger and the Alunosa which beeing eaten is a present remedie against extreame hunger It bringeth foorth also the poysoned and venimous Sphalangi and a pretious stone called Idaeus Dactylus It was first called Cureta of the Inhabitants of Curetes and now by contraction Creete Some others say it was called Creete of one Cres who was sonne vnto Iupiter king of the Curetes and some of Crete the Nymph who was daughter to Hesperides The people at the first were very rude and barbarous till Rodomanthus reduced them to more ciuilitie and better manners after whome succeeded Minois who adorned and furnished them with more equitie and iustice Plato sayth that the Lacedemonians and other auncient citties of Greece deriued their lawes and ordinances from Creete But the good estate of that nation was ouerthrowne and turned vp-side downe first by the gouernement of Tyrants and afterwards by the robberie and warres of the people of Cilicia For the Cretans were very studious in diuers sciences and desirous of libertie which they esteemed their Summum bonum and supposed they possessed all such things as were not subiect to the wanton lusts and vnlawfull desires of Tyrants They had a great care prouident respect and regard of Concord and Amitie as they be mortall enemies to Discord and Sedition which are the nurses and fosterers of Couetousnesse and vnsatiable desire of riches and therefore the people of Creete in auncient

By this diuision of Romulus the three hundred yong men of his garde called Celeres did not onely accomplish his commands in matters concerning the ciuill estate and gouernement of the Citty but they had also the managing of military affaires so as when the King intended to rayse an army it was needelesse for him to create Tribunes oner the Tribes decurions ouer the wards or gouernors and praefects of his horse men but it was inough for him to commande the Tribunes and they the centurions and then the Decurious by their instructions were to bring forth such souldiors as they thought fittest for that purpose by which meanes they would be altogether in redinesse at an instant He elected also a thousand fighting-men which as some write he called Milites because they were a thousand in number And then the more to shew his Maiesty and to bee thought more honorable in the eyes of his people hee ascribed and tooke vnto him-selfe tytles markes and ornaments of Empire and honour as to goe in sumpteous attyre and to haue euer going before him twelue Sergeants or Ministers of execution which hee called Lictores carying euery one a bunch of rods in their hand In ordering these Sergeants or executioners to march before him it may seeme his intent was by them being in number twelue to represent the twelue Augures or south sayers which told him by diuination and coniectures of things to come which manner of diuiners he called Vultures though some bee of opinion that in that ceremony he immitated the Hetrussi or Tuscans who being Twelue sorts of people in number when by generall consent they elected a cheefe Magistrate that should haue the soueraigntie ouer them euery one of those twelue Trybes or sorts of people would present vnto their gouernor such a Sergant Bedell ot apparytor to make way before him and to bee euer in redinesse for execution of any project from whence likewise were vndoubtedly deryued the little Chariots with chaires of estate in them wherein the Romaine Kings vsed to ride their kirtles or robes which they wore vnder their mantles of estate and all their other ensignes and ornaments of honour Now Romulus the better to settle secure and strengthen the state of this Citty invented and deuised this honest pretence and stratagem following intending it wholy to the honour of his Gods for he erected and builded vp a Temple or Church in a darke and shadowed place into which if any stranger did fly and take sanctuary hee would vndertake and secure them in argument of the awe and reuerence he bore vnvnto his Gods that their enemies should not wronge molest or disturbe them promising further that if they would stay with him hee would make them partakers of the priuileges of his Citty and giue them a portion of the ground which hee had gotten by the warrs to liue vpon Then did hee make an institution that no citty gotten by the sword should bee vtterly ruinated and destroyed or brought into bondage and slavery but that there should bee colonies and competent companies of people sent thither from Rome answerable to the quantity of ground so gotten there to inhabite and dwell and that those conquered Citties should bee accounted as vnder Citties vnto Rome and within the compasse of the common-weale But after the death of Titus Tatius which whome Romulus raigned fiue yeares both ouer the Sabinians and the Romaines who were then vnited together into one people hee began to bee more religious and instituted diuers new statutes and decrees as well priuat as publike first hee made a law concerning Matrimony that the wife should haue equall power with her husband ouer all their mony and goods and as much authority in their sacrifices and that shee should liue in as good sort as her husband and be called Mistris ouer the house as well as he Maister and that if hee dyed without Issue his wife should succeed him and inherite all his goods and possessions and if hee left children behinde him yet shee should haue an equall share with them That if shee were conuicted of adultery it should bee lawfull for her husband or his kinsfolke to kill her and that if she drinke any wine at her owne house shee should bee punished as an adultresse by meanes of which institution arose this custome amongst the Romaines that the husbands when they had beene a broade and came home to their houses should imbrace and kisse their wiues and daughters of purpose as Fortius Cato interpreteth it to smell whether they had drunke any wine thereby approuing that as corruption is the beginning of madnesse and frenzie so is drunkennesse the forerunner of rottennesse and corruption Then hee ordayned that parents should haue full power ouer their children to dispose of them as they pleased to restrayne and keepe them vnder to beate them and bynde them and set them to all drudgery yea it was lawfull for them to slay them or sell them for slaues and if any were sold by his father and of him selfe regained his liberty his father might sell him againe and againe after that if hee were so disposed The contents of this law was three hundred yeares after the institution thereof written in twelue tables but yet the rigor and authority was first mitigated and abridged by Numa Pompilius next King to Romulus for he ordained that if the sonne did marry by his fathers consent all the authority his father had ouer him before was then extinct from this seuere law Romulus proceeded to other ordinances establishing that no free-man should exercise any arte or occupation wherein his worke was done sitting as Taylers Shoomakers Scriueners c. and that the Cittizens should practise themselues in husbandry as well as in martiall discipline whereby in after-times it was a great commendation for one to be accounted both a good souldier and a good husbandman for the King thought it a point of great imperfection in any man to be ignorant in either of these exercises but that to be skilfull in manuring and tilling the ground and expert in feats of armes should inseperably go together according to the law of the Lacedemonians and in time of peace his will was that they should wholy giue themselues to husbandry permitting them notwithstanding to buy and make prouision of such things they wanted when necessity constrained them therevnto And in argument that hee was not vnmindfull of matters of religion hee ordained and made Temples Altars and Images of the gods adding there-vnto festiuall dayes and times of solemnity oblations sacrifices holydayes fayres and martes wherein as well to buy any thing they wanted as also to vnderstand their lawes and many other things pertaining to the honor of their gods excluding notwithstanding out of the cittie all forraine and out-landish sacrifices and especially those which were solemnized after the ceremonies of the Greekes those onely excepted which were dedicated and celebrated

in honour of Heroules and were long since instituted in the dayes of Euander Dionysius Halicarnasseus following the opinion of Varro herein saith that Romulus ordained three score priests to make publike sacrifices through euery tribe and euery ward annexing vnto them as their assistants the diuiners and southsaiers euery ward likewise had his proper Genius or spirit which they supposed did defend them and their proper ministers to doe sacrifice vnto them but the goddesse Vesta was generally worshipped of all And lastly hee deuided and digested the yeere into tenne monthes by all which ordinances and decrees it may easily bee gathered and plainely perceiued that Romulus was most skilfull and expert in all matters both diuine and humaine and that they detract much from his glory and wisdome which report that the people of Rome liued without morality amongst themselues or religion towards their gods vntill the raigne of Numa Pompilius And these were the ciuil institutions ordained by Romulus But Numa Pompilius that afterwards succeeded him in the Kingdome in some part altered and in some part added vnto his Statutes and first in following the course of the Moone hee disposed the yeere into twelue monthes whereas before Romulus made it to consist but of tenne and altering the order of the monethes hee set Ianuary and February before March whereas till that time March was the first month and the beginning of the yeere and so hee made March for to bee the third in order and ranke Next hee appointed some daies to bee festiuall and holy and some other as dismal ominous and vnluckie wherein he would not any way meddle with the people or beginne any businesse After this hee created one chiefe Flamin or Priest to doe sacrifice to Iupiter whom he called Dialis and honored him with a roabe of dignity and chaire of state hee then created two other priests one to sacrifice to Mars and the other to Romulus and these were also called Flamines for the caps of honour which they wore vpon their heads moreouer he elected the Virgine Vestals which for the first ten yeeres did nothing but learne the rites and manner of sacrifising the next ten yeeres they spent in doing sacrifice themselues and the third ten yeeres they taught and instructed nouisses and fresh commers into that profession and then at the thirtith yeeres end it was in their choise whether they would mary or continue still in that course of life And those Virgin Vestals were maintained at the common cost of the City and reuerenced with titles of perpetual virginity and other ceremonies but if any of them were conuicted of incest her sentence was sorrowfully pronounced by the Cittizens that shee should bee set quicke in the ground at the gate called Collina which is in the hill Quirinalis and there couered with earth till shee were dead Hee dedicated also vnto Mars twelue other priests which hee called Salij whose office was vpon certaine daies in the month of March which tooke his name of the god Mars to lead a solemne dance in some of the principall places of the City they were cloathed with coates of diuers collours and their vppermost garments were red and changeable they had swords by their sides hanging in brazen belts in their right hand they caried launces and rods and brazen bucklers in their left and vpon their heads they wore high hats waxing sharpe towards the crowne These priests which for their solemne dancing the Romaines called Sallij according to the opinion of Dionysius did little differ from the Coribantes or Sibilles priests which the Greekes called Curetes finally he created a Bishop or high priest to whom he gaue supreme authority ouer all infreior priests and in him it lay to appoint what oblations should bee offred vpon what daies and in what Temples Besides all these holy orders of priests and religious persons hee ordained the Feciales or herraulds to denounce warre or peace and they were to haue a speciall regard that the Romanes should not make warres against any vniustly and if the Romaines were iniured or robbed by any others these Feciales were to require restitution of the goods wrongfully taken and detained but if they denied to make restitution then were they to denounce open war against them Their power was likewise to deliuer offenders to bee punished to those whose goods they had iniuriously taken if wronge were offered to Legats or Ambassadors they were to correct it and if the causes were honest and iust they might conclude a peace and breake it againe if it appeared that the League was vnlawfully established And if either the captaine or chiefe conductor of the army or the whole army in generall had done any thing contrary to their oths and alleagance in them it rested wholy to punish the offence This done he limitted their times of mourning commanding that the death of infants vnder three yeeres old should not bee lamented at all and that for elder children they should bewaile them as many monthes as they were yeeres old so as it exceeded not ten monthes which was the vttermost time prescribed for mourning for any ones death When Numa Pompilius had established these lawes for the gouernment of the common-wealth he then seuered and distributed the people into sundry companies and societies according to their arts and profession as minstrels crafts-men head-carpenters dyers shoomakers tanners masons potters c. making of diuers of those arts one fraternitie or bodie politicke Seruius Tullius deuided the whole multitude of citizens into sundry orders ranckes or armies which he called Classes and into centuries or bands consisting of a hundred men the manner of his disposition of them was thus In the first order or degree he inroled those who were taxed in their subsidie bookes at a hundred thousand Asses and of this order there was fourescore centuries consisting indifferently of young men and old so as the old men should euer remaine at home to saue and defend the city and the youth were to try the fortune of warres abroad he then commanded them both to weare armor and weapons both of defence of offence as helmets shields priuie-coates and bootes to defend themselues and speares and swords to offend the enemy to this first ranke or degree hee added two centuries of workemen or pioners which were to cast trenches build rampiers and to make all their engines and instruments of warre and they euer went vnarmed to bee alwaies in redinesse for any labor The second order or degree consisted of twentie centuries and were such as were taxed betwixt seuentie fiue and a hundred thousand Asses they were deuided into young and old as the former order and tollerated to weare the same armor and weapons the other did saue onely the coate of fence which they might not weare The third order was of such as were taxed at fifty thousand Asses they consisted of as many centuries as the other and did nothing