be of good use to you nor will ever scatter abroad any Pestilent Opinions such as were Cato and Socrates among the Gentiles and St. Bernard and Thomas Aquinas among the Christiansâ— There are also other Good men to be found that are able to act powerfully on either part such as were among the Heathen Alcibiades and Coriolanus both which were the Authors of much good and as much evil to their Countries accordiâ—g as they were led by the Occasion and present necessity upon them as among the Christians were Luther and Sergius who afterwards recanted as it were all that ever they had before Rightly Preached and taught And therefore it concerns the Prince that he shew himself Favourableâ— and Gracious to all Learned Men seeing that he cannot be able to see so far into them as to know what their â—nclinations are And let him use all the means he can to know who are the most excellent for Learning in his Dominions and having notice of them let Him invite them to him and find Imployments for them preventing even the Pope himself in bestowing perferments on them and these he shall encourage and provoke to shew their abilities against the Infidels One only Monk converted all England to the Christian Faith and Charles the Great that extraordinary favourer and Patron of all that were Eminent for Learning and Eloquence whether they were Laicks or Clergy-men subdued Gotland Norway and Denmarkâ— with a great part of Germany also by the means of these Men whom also He rewarded most magnificently In the Conquest also of the New World the Monks were of more use and did more good then the Souldiers And the like might also be effected both in China Ethiopia and Persia. Wherefore New Sciences are to be introduced and New Sects of Philosophers together with the Mathematicks as likewise the study of the Arabick Tongue is to be taken up seeing that the Empires of the Greeks and of the Hebrews are now quite extinct that so by the use thereof the Turks may be the better convinced of their Errour Let there be also certain Assemblies erectedâ— consisting of the wisest persons that can be pickt out both of the Religious Order of the Friers and out of the Laity whose businesse it shall be to deliberate about such things as concern the State that so their Wits being wholly taken up with the meditating about these things they may wholly serve the Prince and him only and not design any thing to his disadvantage while their own only Ambitions will be who shall deserve best of the Prince and so will have no other thoughts And let him make it his businesse to get together as many of these men as he can and withal let him be sure that they be all honest good men For should there be never so many of them yet if they were such as those were that Iezabel had about her one Elijah because he is a Good man would easily confound them all and bring them to nothing Antiochus also erected Greek Schooles at Ierusalem to the end that by that means he might abolish the Wholsome Doctrine and Lawes that Moses had given the Jewes but all in vain because the Macchabees opposed themselves against him In like manner ought the King to set up many Christian Catholick Schoolesâ— and that against the Enemies of Religion for by so doing he shall render Himself secure both from the Pope and from his Enemies and shall besides reduce the Netherlands and bring them under his subjection as I have before declared Neither would I have this one thing to be omitted namely that He erect certain Colledges through all the Provinces of his Dominions in which should be placed all the most Ingenious Boyes of the said Provinces and who are such may easily be known by their first Masters that taught them their Grammers and other the First Rudiments and these being thus câ—lled out of all Grammer Schools I would have to be brought up and maintained at the Kings Charge and there should be a New Order set up of them like that of St. Dominick which Order I would have called The Austrian Order And when any of these were come to be 18. years old they should then be commanded to Preach and these I would have to be called The Kings Preachers and they should then be sent abroad some into Germany and others into England where if they have managed their businesses rightly and well at their return they should have Bishopricks conferred upon them by the King of those that are in the Kings own gift for by so doing he shall render himself secure both from the Pope and also against all perfidious Preachers and Hereticks and by this meanes such persons only shall be maintained at His charge as do him service for it and advance His affairs Neither can it be expressed by words what great advantages He shall reap to himself hereby For among all sorts of Hereticks that are there are none that are farther out of the way of Truth then the Calvinists are who sow abroad the Seeds of Sedition wheresoever they come and endeavour to break asunder the bonds of that Peace which was made known unto the world by Angels and publickly preached by Christ himself and who having neither any respect to Learning nor regarding the Authority of the Fathers do defend their own Sect by their Armes only as the Turks do There is need therefore here of the most Effectual Medicines that can be against this Evil these kind of Men and that is Principiis obstare To stop them in their Beginning which course is to be observed in the Prevention of all Evils whatsoever and then afterwards are those other Remedies to be applied which are before set down namely for the converting of them for which work there must be chosen out honest and painful Labourers who by the Purity of their Doctrine and holinesse of their Life may reduce and winne back such wandring sheep as have gone astray out of the Way of Truth The Kings of Portugal and especially Iohn the Third erected in India certain Colledges and Seminaries wherein are educated a great number of young Youths of all sorts under the Discipline of the Iesuits who also have by this meanes done very much good both in Germany and in the New World For those Cities of Germany in which these Jesuits live have alwaies stood firm in the Faith and those other which have been infected with the Venom of Heresie are cured thereof by their Means But if there be no hopes at all left of reducing these men and bringing them back again into the True Way and making them to submit themselves to our Government and Doctrine then must the King embrace that counsel which was given by Terentius Varro to Hostilius for the keeping of the Tuscans within the bounds of their Duty and Obedience namely let him so order the matter as that they should not be able to shake off the yoak
Authority as we find it testified by daily Experience Or else it may indeed be desired at the Popes hands that it should be so and it may also be declared that the King is willing to yield that in all Causes whatsoever there should be Appeales to the Pope if so be that it may be but every where allowed to appeal first to a Councel of Three Bishops or else that Appeales in all Causes of the Laity shall come at length to the Pope but passing first by degrees through a Councel consisting of two Bishops and the King and so to be referred afterward to a General Councel and last of all to come to the Pope for Appeals from General Councels are very seldome heard of and besides the very Name of a Councel is hateful to the Pope So that in conclusion the determination of all Causes will alwaies rest with the King who by this means shall be a Gainer where he seems to be a Loser CHAP. VII What may be ufrther added concerning Prudence and Opportunity THat Prudence ought in the first place to agree in all things with Divine Fate hath already been shewed it remaineth now that we speak of all the rest of the parts of Prudence and shew whitherto all its Vertues and especially Opportunity ought to be referred for as much as it is the property of Prudence to know how to make use of Occasion We have already also declared upon what Interests and under what Confederacy with the Pope the Monarchy of Spain ought to proceed at least as far as was fit to be committed to writing for the most secret Arcana and Mysteries of State are not thus to be made Publick It is therefore Manifest that the Occasion which the King of Spain hath consists chiefly in this that his Neighbouring Enemies are weak and at discord among themselves touching both Points of Religion and matters of State but his Remoter Enemies are more Powerful so that these if his weaker Neighbours were once overcome seem the more easily conquerable The Spaniard hath besides a Notable Occasion from the Extraordinary advantage of Navigation and by his having Dominion in all places round about the whole Earth in a Circle And it seems to me that the attaining to the Empire of the whole World is a very feasible businesse for Him to bring about if there could be such an Uniting of things together by degrees as I shall shew hereafter according to the General Rules of Politick Prudence Where we shall at length come to Particular Actions examined according to Nearer and Remoter Relations But first of all the Politick Relation of Spain at home is to be strengthened and afterwards the Forrain is to be looked after Thus therefore I proceed on to the businesse CHAP. VIII The Causes by which the Spanish Monarchy may be enlarged and become lesse THe Occasions by which the Spanish Monarchy may be kept up or perhaps be enlarged also are these First of all The Virtue of the King Secondly the Goodnesse of the Lawes thirdly the Wisdome of the Councel fourthly the Iustice of the Officers of State fiftly the Obedience of the Barons sixtly the Multitude and good Discipline of Souldiers and Commanders Seventhly a Full Treasury Eightly the Mutual Love of the People among themselves and toward their King Ninthly Good Preachers in their Sermons speaking for subjection to Kings Tenthly the Good Agreement betwixt his own Kingdomes and the Disagreement betwixt his Neighbours And on the contrary this Monarchy hath these things that may be the ruine of it as First A wicked King Secondly Bad Lawes Thirdly an Ignorant Councel Fourthly Vnjust Officers of State Fifthly a Disobedient Nobility Sixthly the Want of Souldiers and Commanders and those He hath not well disciplined Seventhly Want of Mony Eighthly The Mutual Hatred of the People among themselves and toward their King Ninthly False Prophets or else perhaps True ones that may rise up against Monarchy Tenthly The Discord of his Own Kingdomes and the Agreement among others All which things are Prudently to be considered and weighed seeing that the present Disagreement among the Enemies of Spain and his Power at Sea all over the World have rendred the Attempt not only of maintaining but of enlarging this so great a Monarchy very feasible CHAP. IX Of the King HE cannot govern the World that cannot govern an Empire neither can he rule an Empire that cannot a Kingdom nor he a Kingdom that cannnot a Province nor he a Province that cannot a City nor he a City that cannot a Village nor he a Village that cannot a Family nor he a Family that cannot a single house nor he a single house that cannot govern himself neither can he govern himself that cannot reduce his affections and bring them within the compasse of Reason which very thinâ— no man is able to do except he submit himself to the will of God For whosoever rebels against God who is the Supreme Wisdom against him shall all things that are subordinate to him rebel also and that justly and by the Law of Retaliation which is most just in all both Governments and Actions of Men. Having therefore weighed in onr mind and coâ—sidered all the Ideas and Formes of Humane Government we say that the King of Spains endeavours must be that He may arrive to the Highest pitch of Wisdom that may be For every Virtue is an Affection of the Mind consisting in a certain Mean beyound which if it arise or fall beneath it it comes to be a Vice Now it is Reason that constitutes this Mean And therefore we are to say that Actions alone do not render a man Vertuous but to this purpose there is required also a Natural Inclination in the Person which is derived both from the Complexion of his Parents from the Aire and from the Stars Seeing therefore that the Kingdom of Spain is not an Electtive one but descends by succession I say that the King ought to have but one wife for to have more is contrary to Reason it self which is to be of a tall Stature and she must be both fruitful and Eloquent and must excel all other women in the endowments both of Body and Mind Neither must he look after the Noblensse of her Family only for so she may chance to be barren or may some other waies be not so pleasing to Him and he should be overwhelmed with all those mischieifs that Henry the Eighth was or the Duke of Mantua Whence Francis the Duke of Tuscany might seem to deserve commendation if he had married Blanch only because he wanted an Heir to succeed him The King is likewise to exercise the Act of Copulation with his Queen under a Fortunate Planet onely and after Digestion is finished and besides he must not do this till after he hath abstained some reasonable time from the said Act to the end that his seed may be the more fruitful and when ever he hath any thing to do with his
do not in time fall into the hands of one man who perhaps upon the first Opportunity given may revolt from him as did the Nobility of Iapan who being grown great in power made opposition against their King in the City Meaco which was also done by the Barons of France who thereby hindered their own Monarchy and as Scanderbeg did to the Turk and so likewise the Princes of Ta entum and Salerne and many other in the Kingdom of Naples who made the same Attempts against their Kings both those of Arragon and of Anjou too Now the Mischeifs which these Barons bring upon the People and consequently upon their King are these They come to Naples and to the Court and there spending their mony profusely and lavishly they make a great shew for a while and get in favour with the Kings friends and at length having spent all they return poor home and make prey of whatsoever they can that so they may make themselves whole again and then they return to Court again running round still as it were in the same Circle in so much that we see these mens Territories much more desert and naked then the Kings in Italy are all through the default of the Barons themselves And then if the People have been infested with any Pestilential Diseases or have suffered by the Turks They presently beg of the King to have the yearly Taxes to be remitted for some certain time the payment whereof they themselves require at the hands of the People and in the Kings name too and that with all the severity that may be which the Prince of Rogebo had the confidence to do after the battel with the Turks And lastly under the pretence of the Camera as they call it that is to say that the Country may be freed from quartering of Souldiers they extort from the Subjects many Thousands of Crownes And they find out a Thousand other wayes of fleecing the poor Subjects that so they may never want Supplies either for their Luxury or their Prodigality And notwithstadning that the Spaniards believe that this Lavishnesse of theirs makes for the Kings Advantage and renders his state the more secure because that those that are so given to rioting and Luxury are never any gatherers and hoarders up of vast Sums of Mony which may prove the Instruments of Rebellion yet the plain truth of it is they do him much hurt for they by this meanes reduce the People from whom the greatest part of the Kings Revenues come to a poor low condition For the remedying of which Mischeif it would do well if there were a Law made that no Baron should have above 3000. Crownes of yearly Revenues and that whatsoever any of them hath more it should not descend to his Successor but should go after him to the Exchequer I speak here onely of such Baronies as shall be conferred by the King upon the Grounds aforesaid As for the Ancienter Barons it would do well if there were some Competitions cherished among them that by this means by their contentions they might keep one another under and so likewise that at every Seven years end there should be such an Assembly called together as I spake of before and that the Barons should be freed from all Bonds Likewise that every Baron should every three years find the King as many Souldiers and Horses as he hath Thousands of Crowns of yearly Revenue Let him also divide the Titles of Honour and besides he may do well to create many New Lords finding out for them New Titles that so the smalnesse of their number may not encrease their dignity and honour Let Him take care also that the Lordships and Lords Mannours of the Kingdom of Naples Millan Spain and the Nâ—therlands may be bought by Forraigners that is to say by the Genuese Florentines French and Venetians that so the Barons that are the Natives may be brought lower and the Forreigners may bring the King in a large yearly Revenue out of their own Country Lordships By which means I dare be bold to affirm that the King shall have greater power and Command at Genoa then at Millan because that nothing can be done or resolved upon at Genoa without his knowledge and consent whiles the Genueses will alwayes be in fear of losing the Lordships they have in the King of Spains dominions And by this means also the King shall not need to trouble himself about allowing them maintenance as he is with the Millanois for Whosever is fed by thee he is thy servant And thus have the Florentines alwaies been servants to the King of France into whose Dominions they have liberty of Traffick allowed them But there must be care taken that no Fortified Places be ever put into the hands of any of the Barons And besides there must be such Provision made as that all the Sons of the said Barons should have Spaniards for their Tutors who shall Hispaniolize them and train them up to the Habit Manners and Garbe of the Spaniard And when these Barons shall once begin to grow Powerful He must take them down yet under the pretense of honouring them by sending them away to some Office or Charge that lies in some place far remote from their own Lordships and where they shall be sure to spend more then they get And again when ever the King shall please to take his Progresse into the Country let him so contrive his Gists as that He may lye upon these Barons and so under the pretext of doing them Honour may force them to be at a great charge in entertaining Him Let Him give a willing ear to the People when they make any complaints of them Neither ought Nobility to be higher prized by the King then Virtue which is a Rule that deserves to be observed above all the rest Besides in all the Metropolian Cities in his several Kingdomes as at Lisbon Toledo Antwerp and the rest as well in this as in the other Hemisphere the King under pretext of doing them honours may constitute in each of them five eight or ten Ranks or Orders of Barons such as are at Naples that when they are to treat of any Affairs of State each of them may go into his own Order and Place For being thus divided they will never be able to determine any thing that shall be Prejudicial to the King by reason of the Ambition that will be amongst them and so where there shall be three Lawes perhaps made to the Kings prejudice there will alwaies be eight made for his advantage And the common People also may in like manner be distributed into their several Classes and Ranks And this is much the more honourable and secure way then to cause divisions and sidings into parties among them which is the counsel of some Writers who have a Saying Divide impera Cause Divisions among thy subjects and thou shalt rule them well enough The King must alwayes make much of such persons
is Impossible but that things should alwayes succeed ill with Him so long as there is no provision made for the remedying of this mischief Yet I do not say that a Kings whole strengh consists only in his Mony but He is to consider that Mony alone will do little toward the subduing of an Enemy And indeed we read that Iulius Caesar by his great knowledge in Military affaires and having withal the love of his Souldiersâ— though they were but a very Small Army to speake of yet for all this conquered the whole World And so likewise the Saracens Tartarians and Hunnes without any Mony made themselves Lords of almost the whole World We confesse therefore that Mony is of Excellent good use and most necessary for a Prince for the Preserving and making good the Bounds of his Dominions but not at all for the enlarging of them by adding New Provinces to the same And therefore let him believe that the sinews of his Strength lye in something else then his Mony For that Faith that is purchased by Mony may again be sold for Mony And therefore I beseech you do but observe how in France our King Philip by his mony procured the Dukes of Maine Ioycuse Mercoeur and Guise to take up Armes against the King of Navarre and then again how the King of Navarre by the same meanes got over the very same men to His side after they found King Philip to be grown somewhat close-sisted and not to come off with his Mony so freely as before And in like manner the Commanders and Souldiers in the Low-Countries do now a daies rather exercise the profession of Hucksters then of Souldiers for they do not fight that they may overcome their Enemy but that they may make a gain of their serving in the Wars And so have made Armes which are the Instruments of Monarchy to be the Instruments of their Covetousnesse and their Sports And the King deceives himself whiles He pursues all Covetous Designs for He hath Mony enough if he have but Souldiers enough and if there be withal but Mutual love betwixt him and them and a due regard had to their several merits which things if they be wanting he shall be sure to be a sufficient Loser in the end First therefore and above all things let the King endeavour to treasure up to himself the Minds and Affections of his Subjects and Vassals and indear himself to them by his own Gallantry both in Peace and in War making Himself admired by them by making profession of and proposing to them some New Sciences c. as hath been said before Secondly let Him raise himself a Treasure of his Subjects Bodies by causing them to multiply by Frequency of Marriages to which they are to be encouraged by Honours and other Inticements c. as was also touched before And in the Third place let Him raise himself a Treasure out of the Wealth of his Subjects whiles He makes them Rich by taking care that Agriculture and Manuring of the Ground be promoted and that the making of Silks Woollen Cloath and the like Useful and Profitable Arts and Trades be set on foot and diligently followed rather then that such Courses should be taken as we see now adaies every where whiles in the smaller Towns most people give themselves to Usury and in the Greater Cities men for the most part apply themselves to Merchandise and Extorsion The Pope raises up his Treasures in the Minds of Men and therefore is He a Conquerour because that This being conjoyned with Eloquence and Wisedom is the onely Instrument by which that Treasure is acquired And hence it was that the Saracens by the use of their Tongue and also by making Profession of New Sciences and of a New Religion became Conquerours Iulius Caesar raised Himself a Treasure both in Minds and Bodies by His own Personal Virtue and Gallantry winning to himself and obliging the Hearts and Affections of the Whole Souldiery But the Taâ—tarians and Hunnes did this by Bodies only rendring them so Fruitful as that by reason of their Vast numbers they were fain to leave their Native soyl marching out of it in huge bodies like swarms of Bees and seizing upon others Territories But now the King may by His Own just Right exact all these Treasures at the hands of his Subjects as namely Religion by placing Able Preachers among them Love by Good Lawes the Subjects Profit and True Justice and Multiplication of them by the Waies before laid down where I spoke touching the encreasing of the Number of the Souldiery and let Him require of each several Nation that which they most abound in as People from the Germans Souldiers from the Spaniards Commanders in War and Garments from the Italians from the West-Indies Gold but not the contrary We may truly affirm that the New World hath in a manner undone the Old for it hath sowen Covetousnesse in our Minds and hath quite extinguished Mutual Love among men For all the World are wretchedly in love with Gold only and hence it is that Men are become Deceitful and Fraudulent in their dealings and have often sold and re-sold their Faith for Hire because they saw that Mony was That that did the businesse every where and that was held in Admiration by all people and so They are come now to despise all Sciences and Holy Sermons in comparison of Mony and have bid Adieu both to Agriculture and other Arts applying themselves only to look after the Fertility and Increase of Mony and to get themselves into Rich Mens houses It hath likewise Introduced a great Disparity amongst Men making them either too Richâ— whence they become Proud and Insolent or else leaving them too Poor whence proceeds Envy Theft and Open Robbery Hence also it is that the prices of Corn Wine Flesh Oyl and Cloath are very much raised because that no man applies himself to this kind of Merchandise whence followes Want and Penury and yet Monies in the mean while must be laid out In so much that the poorer sort being not able to hold out in the world are fain either to put themselves into service or else betake themselves to robbing upon the High-Way or else turn Souldiers being necessitated to do so through Poverty and not at all for Love either of the King or of Religion and many times also they run away from their Colours or else change them neither do they endeavour to get Children in a Lawful Way of Marriage because they are not able to pay Taxes or else perhaps they try all the waies that possibly they can to get to be admitted into some Covent or other for Friers or Preachers I therefore here leave it to the King to consider whether or no He may not rather be overcome by Gold which is the Cause of so many Evils I say therefore that there are many things here that stand in need of a Reformation that so the Kings Treasury may grow
those before Him that have been condemned by any Sentence of Judgment or have any waies been branded with any Note of Infamy and let Him command all such Judgments passed against them within the space of five years past to be burnt by which Act of His the Offenders will reckon themselves highly honoured but yet for this favour of the Kings they shall be bound to pay down such a certain Summe of Mony Tenthly let every one that enters first into any great City such as Naples is or into any Garrison such as is that of Cotron pay something at his entrance under pretense of taking notice of all that enter in Then let there be an Imposition laid upon all things whatsoever that are used both for Necessity and Superfluity but upon things of Necessary use as Meat Drink Oyl and the like the Imposition should not be great but upon things of superfluity it should be higher As upon Cards let there be put an Imposition of two Carolines and upon Dice one Caroline upon every Quire of Writing Paper one Grain upon every pair of Gloves half a Caroline but upon Silks and Garments richly wrought with Needlework and Embroideries of Silver and Gold there must be higher Impositions laid for the benefit of the King But I would have the greatest Impositions to be laid upon Whores as at Naples and in all other places the Taxe should be encreased half a Ducat upon every Bawdy-house Neither should Baths or Play-houses and Players be exempted from these Impositions nor yet Innes Tavernsâ— or any Houses of Publick entertainment whatsoever And in all things let the Rule before laid down be observed namely that Necessary things should have but a small Imposition put upon them but a Greater upon those that are not necessary Likewise the King when He is pressed by any great Necessity of the State may have an Estimate made of all his Subjects Lands and accordingly impose Taxes and Tributes upon the same And that this should be done is both Right and Just forâ— every Private Good ought to serve the Publique Good without which mens Private Estates could not be upheld and subsist But I would have these to be not Personal but Real Taxes that is they should not be levied upon the Persons by the Pole but upon their Estates lest otherwise the whole burthen of these Taxes should ly upon the shoulders of the Poor only as it uses to do for the most part For the Gentry use to shake off the burthen that is imposed upon them and cast it upon the Commons as in like manner the Principal Cities cast off theirs upon the Country-man which is against all Justice and Equity in the World Neither ought any Goods to be Taxed but only such as are Certain and Immoveable for the Duke of Alva going about to lay a Taxe upon all Goods indifferently as well Moveable and Uncertain as others caused the whole Country of the Netherlands to rise up against him And if at any time when the Urgent Necessities of the Kingdome shall so require you will lay a Taxe upon Moveable and Uncertain Goods also I should like it well enough if there were the same course taken in proceeding herein as they use to take in some certain Cities of Germany as namely Norimberg Auspâ—rg Collen and some others where they use to put every man to his Oath Yet that way of Imposing Taxes is the more Just and Legal that put them upon all manner of Merchandise and Commodities that are either exported abroad or imported into any of the Kings Dominions for it is but Just and Reasonable that whosoever makes any gain to himself in Our Country or by our Commodities he should pay something in Consideration thereof And whereas all Such Merchants are either the Kings Subjects or else are Forraigners it is fit that we should exact greater Customs from Forraigners then from our Own Merchants which Rule the Great Turk observes at this day exacting Ten in the Hundred upon all Commodities that are imported from Alexandria by Forraigners but taking but Five in the Hundred of his own Merchants In England all Forrain Merchants pay four times as much in Customs as the Natives do but in Denmark they pay but three times and so their payments are diverse according to the diversity of Places To summe up all in a Word Wheresoever all those things that are Necessary for the Substentation of Mans Life are found in greatest Abundance and Plenty to that place will there ever be a Conflux of Riches so that it will concern every Prince to use his Utmost endeavours in bringing his Subjects to apply themselves to Husbandry and the following all sorts of Arts and Manufactures of which we have spoken elsewhere more at large Then I would have all those Waies of raising of Mony that are hateful to the People either to be quite taken away or else to have some other name put upon them in like manner as the Taxes also and Impositions paid into the Exchequer ought to be somewhat abated and to be exacted of the Subject under some other Name And hence it wasâ— that Augustus Caesar did not stile Himself King but onely Tribune because that the Name of a King was hateful to the Romans And therefore I would have the name of Tribute to be changed to Erogations or Contribution and these Names also I would have to be altered perpetually And because the Name of Donative is now become hateful and loathsome to the People the King may do well to lay aside that Name and put some Other upon it But I shall not discourse so very Particularly and Punctually of these things here as I could The Kings Trafficking with the Genoeses is as good as a Treasure to Him let Him therefore use all the means He can to procure liberty of exercising the like Traffick and Commerce with other Nations and Countries There are also many other Extraordinary Profits which Princes may raise to themselves partly from their Own Subjects and partly also from Forraigners such as are Casualties Confiscations Escheats Donatives Portions Honoraries as they call them and many other the like of all which I should speak particularly But I have resolved to keep this discourse till I shall have an opportunity of speaking thereof in the presence of his Majestie CHAP. XVII Of the Peoples Love and Hate and also of Conspiracies IT may perhaps be thought fit by some that in Common-Wealths Mutual Love should be maintained amongst all Fellow-Citizens for the benefit of the Publick as we see it is among the Venetians But that in all Monarchical Governments Hatred and Dissentions are to be sowen abroad among the Subjects lest otherwise when any of them were injured by the Prince the rest should joyn in revenging their fellow-Subjects wrong upon the Prince or lest they should at any time all Unanimously conspire against Him and so all the Subjects Love should be joyntly bent against the King But this
one for then all his Subjects will readily and chearfully compose themselves to the Example of His carriage and behaviour towards others Let those Castles and strong Holds that lye next to France be very well guarded and furnished with all Necessaries and likewise those that are at Corrugna and on the Northern Coast of Spain looking toward England and all care must be taken that these be not set upon by the Enemy But yet the best way would be to have a gallant Fleet consisting of a Thousand sail to be alwaies in readinesse upon all Occasions as I shall shew by and by Let the Spaniards also teach whatever Africans or West or East-Indians are either brought over to them or else come over to them of their own accord all Mechanical Arts and Professions but let them study themselves only Military Sciences and let them indeed â—ather addict themselves to these Studies then to those of Books But as for all Forraigners let them be put rather to the reading of Books then the Practise of Armes For we see that the Learned City Athens was overcome in War by the Martial City Sparta both which notwithstanding were afterward reduced and brought under the power and subjection of the Macedonians namely because this Nation had been better instructed in the Use and Exercise of Arms by their King Philip of Macedonia the Father of Alexander the Great then either of those Cities had been It is sufficient therefore if the King have Seminaries for the Arts and Languages for His new Austrian Order before spoken of to be brought up in among his Forreign Subjects and Nations but as for others there is no great care to be taken of them but they may apply themselves to the Study of Sciences and Arts if they think fit however it is very necessary that in Spain all persons as well in the said Seminaries as out of them be brought up in the Exercise and Knowledge of Armes There ought also to be Schools erected for the Educating and Training up of the Younger Sons of the Spanish Nobility whence the King may be furnished with Able and Faithful Commanders both for Land and Sea service of which thing also we have said somewhat before Neither ought any Man to despise or set light by the Country of Spain because of the Barrennesse of it for this defect is not to be imputed to the Nature of the Soyl but onely to the Scarsity of people to manure it For this Country is of a most fruitful Soyl of it self and yeildeth plentifully all things whatsoever that are necessary for the sustaining of Mans life and if it were but carefully manured and tilled it would be able to feed an infinite number of people in like manner as heretofore it was able besides Its own Inhabitants to feed also the vast Armies of the Carthagineans and Romans Neither did any Country longer or more gallantly stand out against the Power of the Romans then Spain did neither had It ever any Army cut off but it was able presently to raise a greater But to passe by Ancient Stories it is reported by our Latter Writers that the King of Granada brought into the Field against Ferdinand Fifty Thousand Horse which number of Horse I doubt woâ—ld scarsely at this day be made up out of all the other Provinces besides both of Spain and Portugal not that either the Nature of these Countries or the Temper of the Heavens are changed but only because that the number of the Inhabitants is grown lesse and so consequently the Manuring and tilling of the Ground is very much neglected now more then heretofore Now the number of the Inhabitants is decreased first by reason of that war with the Moors where they got the better of the Spaniards for in that War within the space of three Months there were slain Seven Hundred Thousand Men. After this followed another war which continued for the space of Seven Hundred seventy and eight years till such time as the whole Nation of the Moors was utterly rooted out of Spain in which space of time there was a Vast and indeed incredible number of men slain on both sides insomuch that many Cities yea and many whole Large Tracts of Ground were left utterly desert and void of Inhabitants And this War was scarsely ended when presently the Spaniards prepared for other New Wars again setting upon Africk Naples Millan and the West-Indies and having overcome all these they then set themselves to endeavour the Recovery of the Netherlands in which Wars also there was a vast number of Men lost being cut off either by the War or those other Calamities that are the usual Consequents of War And then again even now at this day they are continually sending abroad infinite numbers of people into the aforesaid West-Indies partly to make Plantations there and partly to Traffick as Merchants there or else to keep some Garrisons or other And therefore the Practise of Husbandry hath been a long time neglected in Spain because that the people of that Nation are naturally inclined to the Exercise of Armes and so rather seek after Profit that way by their Pay as Souldiers then by any other way whatsoever And indeed the Spaniard is but a heavy dull fellow not onely at Agriculture and Points of Husbandry but generally at all Mechanical Arts whatsoever and that is the reason that Spain is so unfurnished of Mechanicks and that their Wooll Silk and what other Commodities the Country affords are all transported abroad and what ever course matter they do not send out is in a manner all wrought up by the Italians onely and as for their Fields and Vineyards they leave the manuring of them to â—he French And if we would but diligently examine what the â—eason should be that Spain hath enjoyed a most quiet and undisturbed Peace for so long time together whereas Francâ— is continually harassed and imbroyled in Wars we should find the Principal reason hereof to be this namely because that Spain is continually imployed in some Forreign Wars either in the Indies the Netherlands in subduing some Hereticks or other or in keeping off the Invasions of the Turks or of the Moors in all which the Spaniards have both their hands and Minds wholly imployed and set on work mean while their Country continues quiet and they themselves vent all their venom of Sedition against others And therefore I may not here omit to relate how that many times for want of Souldiers they have been forced to do as the Finlanders are used to do who when they go out to fight against the Muscovites are wont to carry along with them a great number of Fierce Mastive dogs which also many times do them very good service Which very thing was also put in practise in the West Indies by Vasco Nugnez not with out much slaughter done upon those Barbarians many times also by this meanes putting them to flight But we have already dwelt long
therefore let him beware that he discover not at all that He is angry with them Now there ought not any meanes to be used for the causing of any Division amongst them through differences in Religion neither indeed can any such thing possibly be effected but this must be done only by bestowing Rewards upon some of them as we have said before And if any one of the House of Austria should chance to be elected Pope Italy were then quite undone It would do very well also if the King would give way that Others might have liberty to â—ome and Traffick at Genoa as His Subjects do for Genoa is as it were the King of Spain's Treasury and He makes use of them to keep the Princes of Italy in awe And besides the Genois assist Him very much in poynt of Navigation and Seafaring businesses as hath been said before But yet these Genois are to be treated handsomely and cunningly that they may not seem to be forced to do what they do but only by Love and Fair Usage to be brought about to be so Serviceable and Obedient to the King of Spain Yet would I have the King pay his Debts to them as soon as might be and he may either pawn or else sell them some few Townes or Fortified Places least if by chance there should be any General Rising in Italy the Genoises Banners might also march along with them for company Let Him therefore continually have a Vigilant eye upon the two most Flourishing States of the Venetians and the Genueses yet of the two the Vnetian doth far excell the Genuensian both in Dignity and Powerâ— The reason whereof is because that the Venetians by maintaining a Free Trade of Merchandise with other Nations have reasonably well improved every man his own particular Estate but have advanced the Publick infinitely whereas the Genois by being chiefely great Bankers and Mony-Masters have infinitely enlarged their own Private Estates but the Publick hath much suffered thereby Which being considered the King in his Transactions with these two different Commonwealths must proceed in a different manner CHAP. XXII Of Sicily and Sardinia THe Sicilians and Sardinians being both Islanders and also somewhat near Neighbours to Africk ought for these reasons to have stricter Lawes imposed upon them then the Italians and a good way to keep them within the bounds of Obedience would be for the King to secure all their Havens and Fortified places lying upon the Sea Coast. And these places would very easily be rendred secure if the King had but such a Navy continually in a readinesse as I spake of before which I would not have to lye all together in a body but to be divided into severall Squadrons which should lye round about Italy and these Islands and so keep them safe from all Invasions of Enemies the Souldiers of which Fleet if they should be set over the Countrymen would do much more hurt then good and besides the number of them must then be enlarged Whereas by this meanes the Prizes that they take from the Moors and Turks would be sufficient to maintain them and the King would also be thereby enriched and the Coast of Affâ—ick made safe and secure And if it should chance that those of Algier and Tunis should at any time cause any tumult in favour of the Christians there should be Souldiers alwaies in a readinesse to come into their assistance by sayling over into the Kingdome of Oran with which people they may Traffick by carrying into them Silks Wheat and other Commodities so long as the Adriatick Sea is Scoured and made Safe by the Venetians so that there would be no need of fearing either the Turks or Pirats In these Islands there may very convenient Seminaries be erected for the breeding up of Souldiers of such Children as with their Mothers shall be taken from the Turks and Moors and in these may be also taught the Arabick tongue and there may be Monasteries for Friers erected also as we have hinted before And here we are to givâ— a Caution that whensoever any Merchants put in at either of these Islands either from England Turky or Africk there ought to be present some or other of the Clergy lest the inhabitants should be infected with some Forreign Heresy For Islands by reason of their Commodiousnesse for the reception of People of all sorts are very subject to such Mutations and Changes which is also observed by Plato himself Those that live near the Sea Coast by reason of their so constant Conversation with Forreigners for which reason Plato called the Sea the Schoolmaster of all Wickednesse are Crafty subtle and Circumspect and such as know very well what belongs to Trading and Merchandise But on the contrary the Inlanders are sincere upright and just and content with a little The King might also make very good use of Great Cities such as is Syracuse in Sicily which as Cicero here tofore said of it had it been divided into four parts would very well have made as many handsome Cities And such as at this day also is Palermo in the same Island which is adorned with Stately Churches and Palaces wherein there are two things worthy to be taken notice of the one is a stately street that runs all along the whole breadth of the City and divides it in a manner into two parts and is both very streight long and broad and withal adorned with very fair buildings so that I do not know whether all Italy can any where shew the like of it or no The other is a vast Pile or Banke raised up by an infinite expence of mony against the Sea by meanes whereof the City is accommodated with a very fair capacious Haven which is a work that is really worthy of the Ancient Roman Magnificence Islands as Plato saith were for the most part the Nests of Tyrants But touching such Havens as are necessary in case of such fears and likewise of Navigation and Sea voyages I shall have occasion to speak in its proper place And as concerning these Islanders they ought not to be kept short and to be defrauded of things necessary or to be held to too hard meat but they have need rather that such Usurers as lye lurking amongst them and also the Publick prisons should be inquired into and visited as we have said before There may also be erected some Seminaries for Sea-men to which may be yearly sent in Gallies young men to be instructed in the Art of Navigation as the Custome is among the Venetians and this the King ought to do so much the rather because that he wants young Seamen more then any thing but yet to these he must joyn some Transalpine Seamen for the encreasing of his number There may also be instituted in these Islands two New Orders of Knights such as those of Malâ—a neither ought the Revenewes belonging to the Knights that are of the Order of St Iames or of any other Order of
manner are their Ministers in their Disputations much better at Rayling then at Reasoning And hence it is that under the Pretense of Liberty of Conscience they only seek after Liberty of Domineeringâ— and being accounted the only Men which pleases them much better And therefore the first Errour that was committed by the Spaniards in this Particular was that at the Diets of Worms and Ausburg Luther was suffered to go away alive Which although as some are of Opinion was done by Charles the Fifth out of a Politick consideration namely that by this meanes the Pope might have some body that he should alwaies stand in fear of and so should be forced to hold alwaies in with the Emperour furnishing him continually with Mony and Indulgencies till such time as He should attain to an Universal Monarchy and withal pronouncing all wars whatsoever that He should undertake to be Just and Lawful as fearing that in case he should not do these things the Emperour might take part with his Antagonist Luther yet the event shewed clearly that this was done against all the Rules of Policy For the Pope being by this meanes weakned the whole Christian World is now thereby weakned also and now that Heresy is introduced all Subjects under the Pretense of Freedom of Conscience have shaken off the Yoak of Obedience an evident example whereof we have in Germany and the Low Countries both which were Subject to the said Charles V. And therefore we may very well and safely conclude from hence that He was deceived out of a certain Generous Pity because He doubted not but that He should be able to subdue not only Germaâ—y aâ—d the Protestant Princes but even the whole World also whenâ—oever aâ—d as often as himself pleased Which Fancy of his deceived him in like manner in those expeditions that He made against Tâ—nisâ— and France And therefore I say that it was well done of Him indeed to keep his promise made to Luther so long as the Diet lasted But yet afterward He ought not only to have dispatched Him in his return home but to have proceeded to the utter extirpating also of the Protestant Princes For by this meanes that Heresy had been utterly crushed in the very Bud neither should Calvin with so many others that have since inâ—ected both Germanies ever have appeared in the World neither had the Princes of the Netherlands so carefully followed the steps of the Protestant Princes of Germany against the interest of Chaâ—les V. A second errour was commited by them in those Parts that border upon the Rhine in that they believed that they should be able to bring in subjection and order that People that had now shaken off the Yoak only by taking the course that is used by the Spaniards namely by introducing that Rigid Inquisition by the Duke of Alva For we see that Fires that are now beginningâ— by the strength of the Winds blowing on them increase rather the more then are any whit put out by the same When as therefore at the first these aforenamed People cryed out for Liberty of Conscience that so under this Pretense they might shake off the Yoak of Obedience and that they could not at the first of all suppresse them either by Armes or strong Holds or by their Lawes that were yet accommodated to their own Natures and Temper it was an easy matter for them to lay hold on their so much Beloved Liberty And hence it was that they divided themselves into several Republicks and chose themselves Commanders in order to a War to be made with the Spaniards and so by this meanes it came to passe that all the most Ingenious and Valiant Persons among them had now an opportunity of shewing themselves in the World either in the Pulpit or in the Field Then presently followed the Wars betwixt them and the Spaniard whereby these People were so much exasperated as that they gave their Generals a greater Power then they had before and therefore appointed Count William of Nassaw Prince of Orange to be General of all their Forces who was a Man that was indeed more fearful then a Sheep but more crafty then a Foxe to whom his Son now succeeds who is a Warlike young Man and grown famous for his worthy Deeds and Victories that he hath gotten And these Princes because they professed themselves the Patrons of the Peoples Liberty only were strangely followed by them and cryed up above measure Then did they to the end that they might make the People hate the Spaniards the more bring in among them Calvinisme by which meanes there was caused a greater Disagreement betwixt them and the Pope and Spaniard then is caused by the diversity of Manners shape of Body and Disposition of Mind that is betwixt them For the Netherlanders as hath been said before are white of Complexion Tall Licentious great Drinkers and Gluttons Impatient Indiscreet Sanguine and of a free behaviour whereas the Spaniards are Black Crafty Circumspect Sober Continent Patient Discreet Melancholick Covetous Severe and Grave and to say all in a word contrary to them in all things So that it seemes to be an impossible thing where there is so great a dissimilitude and disagreement in Manners and Temper of Body to cause there any agreement of Minds which before was maintained betwixt them only by their being united both in Religion and Government which Union being now dissolved there was Necessarily to follow a Disagreement and Breach of all former Ties of Friendship And hence it is now come to that passe that the Low-Countrymen do more detest and abhor to be subject to the Spaniards then they love their own life and so likewise on the other side the Spaniards hate them worse then the Divell himself although they know how to conceal their hatred of them better then the Netherlanders do theirs yet in the mean time do they not omit to do them all the mischief that possibly they can that so they may make up their revenge full Now the want of weighing and considering rightly of these things was the cause of the losse of these Provinces By what hath been said it appears that the King should not have made so much hast to have brought in the Inquisition amongst them neither should He have put such extraordinary Taxes upon them or have affrighted them with the fear of War But He should rather upon the sudden and before they were aware of any such thing have clapt strong Garrisons into all the great Cities and all the Valiantest and most Eminent Men of any Seditious City should have been sent abroad some whither else under the Pretense of some Military Imployment and the Ringleaders of all Heresies were to have been extirpated and rooted out and honest Preachers chosen out among the Natives and such as were â—ound in the Catholick Religion should have been substituted in their places and then at last after all this should the Inquisition have been brought in by the
is said first to kill a Serpent by which was signified the Defence and Safeguard of Thebes and then afterwards to sow the Teeth of it that is to say to scatter abroad the Poyson of Desire of Innovation and an Earnestnesse to be instructed in the knowledge of learning namely in such New Sciences and Arts as he had brought over with him from his own Country And hence Souldiers are said to spring up who through mutual discord slew each other and the remainders of them that were left joyned themselves with Cadmus their Head and Captain so laying the foundation of the Kingdom of Thebes in Boeotia I affirm therefore that these very Courses ought to have been taken by the King of Spain and not a war to have been onely maintained against them all this while And certainly if the Southern People would ever conquer or lay the foundations of a Monarchy over the Northern seeing that they are not strong enough to bring the same about they ought to have recourse to the Arts either of Cadmus or else of Iason although of the two Iason went the more wisely to work seeing he first wonne the heart of Medea that is the good will and Affections of the Northern Women to him for the Women of those Countries are easily brought to love Southern Men by reason of the Natural Heat that is in them which those Women like very well neither indeed do the Netherlanders hate the Spaniards so much as their Wives love them Afterwards Iason by the enchantments of Medea slew the Dragon that is the Guard of the Kingdom such as are the Warlick and Valiant men of a Nationâ— with the Preachers And then did he by the meanes of enchanted Oyntments tame fierce Beasts the Brazen-footed and fire-spitting Bulls that is by his Friendship and Gifts He won over to him the Nobles and Principal men of the Kingdom And at length by them he sowed about the Teeth of the Dragon that is by the assistance of the Nobles he spread abroad the Seeds of Discord and Dissention about Religion Arts and Honours Whence in the last place sprung up Souldiers that is Factions such as are those of the Guelphs and Gibellines the Pontificians and Imperialists the Lutherans and Catholicks wherein they killed each other But those that remained chose Iason for their Head and Commander and though few in number yet afforded Him their assistance in the getting of the Golden Fleece that is to say such an Empire as we here speak of This Learned Fable I have therefore proposed and explained that I might shew the King of Spain what he is to do seeing that He hath hitherto taken so great pains and lost so many men and all to no purpose as Cadmus did before he had killed the Serpent Namely in the first place I would have either the King himself of else his Daughter or his son to go and dwell either a Antwerp or Bruxels or if he think fit rather at Gaunt that so by their Presence the Subjects may be the more encouraged and withal Forraigners may be drawn thither too herein following the Example of Cadmus who after his men were slain went himself to the Fountain of the Serpent that kept the same In the next place I would have Him remove from all the Neighbouring Provinces all Suspition or fear of having any more Wars made upon them by the Spaniards and He should suffer them to live a while in peace and quietnesse and He withal shew himself so gentle and full of humanity to his own Subjects there that Forreigners taking notice of it should even repine thereat and should have a desire kindled within them of enjoying the same happinesse and of joyning themselves with His Subjects in the defending of that his Dominion In the Third place He should remit the Taxes and Impositions that have been laid upon those Places that are under his subjection and should exact no more of them then what is necessary for the Maintenance of the Kings Court only and the payment of the Souldiers that keep the Garrisons there But however instead thereof He should require a certain number of Souldiers to be raised yearly out of every City which He may send away into the West-Indies And let him be sure to pick out the stoutest and ablest men for this purpose by this means diverting the Noxious Humours from hence and turning them another way and filling up with these men his Armies in other Parts For from all such Countries as abound in Men it is better to require Men then Mony for this is both more advantageous to the Prince and also more agreeable to the humour of the People themselves Fourthly I would have Him make a General Feast every year to be kept upon one certain day in each several City and great Town and at His own charge at which time every City throughout the whole Province would Voluntarily declare their readinesse to serve the House of Austria And at this Yearly Feast I would have no cost to be spared for there is nothing in the world that doth more unite this People among themselves and bind them to others then to Feast them and make them Drunk once a year at least which Practise is said to have been first taken up by Minos the ancient Law-giver Fifthly I would have the Name of the Inquisition taken away though the Inquisition it self should be kept up by the Bishops but under some other Name and â—t should not be so severe as it is in Spain and at Rome but the Terrour of it should consist in Words only and Threatnings rather then in any more Harsh Usage Sixthly that under pretense of a Croysade Expedition there should be Indulgences and Dispensations procured from the Pope concerning Fasting daies and the Abstaining from Flesh at certain times of the Year for these People are infinitely given to Feastings and Revellings Seventhly all Garrison'd Towns should be kept by Spanish Souldiers but the Government of the same should be committed to the care of Bishops as the Government of the several Provinces should be put into the hands of Cardinals who should be such as are of Ripe Years and aâ—e eminent also for Wisdom And then would I have some of the Gentry of Venice to be appointed as Judges and to have the hearing of all Law Causes amongst them for by this means the Italians and Low-Country-men will easily be reconciled to each other seeing that these later love the Itaelians much better then they do the Spaniards Eighthly let Souldiers be tempted by large Pay to leave the service of the Rebel Netherlanders and these should be sent away to the King 's other Armies abroad and the Spaniards should do well to inveagle and fetch away Women out of Their Quarters into their own where they should be married to Spaniards And I would also have Women of Qâ—ality from among the Dutch Hereticks to be chosen out and married to some of the Catholick Nobility
the Persian Coast. And I am of opinion also that the same ought to be done with the Kings of Calecut Narsinga and Caramania but these are not to be furnished with Guns They may indeed be instructed in the Art of Printing and other Arts that are in use among the Christians to the end they may thereby have the Christians in admiration and high esteem and that by the introducing of Ingenious Arts and Sciences amongst them they may be made our Own And yet Arts are wont to become a Prey to Armes at last unlesse they be both equally in practise together And hence it is that Pallas in the Fable is said to have overcome both Calliope and Mars because She was experienced as well in the use of Mars his Armes as Calliope's Arts. The like course is to be taken with those of Taprobanâ— China and Iapan by communicating our Arts and Sciences to them as Printing Painting and the like which will be very much admired by them and by the means of which they may by degrees he won over and may be brought to embrace the Christian Faith But those that deal with them must be sure that above all things they abstain from Covetousnesse and exercising of Cruelty upon any of these people lest otherwise they should be provoked and should joyn all together against us and should thereby prove a great hinderance to the Spaniards Designs We shall not need to speak any thing here of the Great Cham of Cataia seeing that his Country lies so far out of the road that the Spaniard takes in his Voyage to the East-Indies notwithstanding that the Persians and Turks have cause enough to stand in fear of him and we know very well that the Tartarians have many times over-run all Asia and that also becoming Christians they restored unto Us Ierusalem Yet afterwards when they once saw Our Unworthy Base Disposition in that notwithstanding we all professed the same Christian Religion we were yet continually at War one with another they forsook Christianity again and presently embraced Mahumetanisme which at that time flourished infinitely and was in high esteem throughout the Whole East And by this means was it that they came to give over making war any longer upon the Persians and Turks whom they now suffered to live quietly without being at all annoyed by Them who yet had in former times often overthrown and beaten them But on the other side they were more and more alienated from the Christian Faith and from the Christians whom they saw to be so Base and Unworthy as to be continually at discord and variance amongst themselves And yet I believe that the Glorious Spanish Monarchy which encompasseth the whole Earth will shortly reduce them and bring them to embrace again the Christian Religion especially if there should any Wars break out in the Eastern Parts and that so much the rather because that Macon is now divided into many several Sects Besides the People of Calecut and of Goa are Christians already though but Nestorians yet they might easily be brought to embrace the True Primitive Christian Religion if it were but proposed to them to consider that God hath alwaies preserved the Church of Rome and firmly settled it in its own Proper Seat and Power whereas on the Contrary all the Heresies of others have been successelesse and could never get any Dominion or Authority throughout Christendome as appears by Arius Nestorius Macedonius Apollinaris and all other Authors of Heresies Now I do not know any thing that would cause those most Remote Kingdoms to admire us more and that would sooner draw the Inhabitants of the same from their Superstitions and would besides weaken them too and make them unapter for War then if the Knowledge of the Liberal Arts the Languages Philosophy and the Mathematicks were carried thither from hence by some of our Western Professors of the same because that Minuit vires nervosque Minerva Minerva's quiet Arts Take off and Chill our hearts Let the King therefore take care that Forraigners may be exercised only in Idle Umbratil Sciences and Light toyish matters and Pastimes but in the mean time let Him keep His own Natural Subjects to the exercise of their Armes also together with those forenamed Sciences by which Means He may still be victorious But lastly that we may return to our former discourse touching the Persians aiding us against the Turks The Persians having alwayes relyed wholly upon the Number and Goodnesse of their Horse have notwithstanding in the mean time while they have been Victorious in the Open Field yet lost their Cities at home And therefore I say they are to be advised to fortifie their Cities with Castles and strong Holds every where For the Turk although he have been many times beaten by them hath yet by litle and litle so entrenched himself about as it were with Garrisons and Fortifications made in all convenient places that he hath by this means made himself Master of a very great part of the Persians Country and hath possessed himself at last also of the great City Tauris or Ecbatan They must be taught therefore to make use of the same Arts in defending themselves by which they have formerly been beaten CHAP. XXX Of the Great Turk and his Empire BY what means the Turk endeavours to make himself Lord of the whole World hath been as I conceive sufficiently declared before in this Treatise and He will also at this time already be called The Vniversal Lord as the King of Spain is called The Catholick King so that these two Princes seem now to strive which of them shall attain to the Universal Monarchy of the whole World And therefore I think it not amisse to examine here in what Particulars the one of them is either Inferiour or superiour to the other The Great Turk is the most Absolute Lord of and Heir to all the Goods that his subjects have throughout his whole Empire and not of their Goods only but also of their Persons And in this He is worse then ever any Tyrant was in that He arrogates all to Himself and because that although He calls all his People His Sons Yet He doth not like a Father suffer them to inherit any thing but only bestowes yearly upon every one of them as much as He thinks fit appointing them withal the Employments that they shall serve him in He hath also a Religion that is framed according to his own Will only without taking the advise with him of any Arch-Priest He hath likewise a most Able Souldiery because that He takes all the likeliest boyes and youths through all his Dominions and breeds them up in Seminaries erected for that purpose and these He employes both in his wars abroad and in peace at home making some of them Souldiers and others Judges and Noblemen also Neither hath He any Barons to stand in fear of neither hath He any Brothers to share with Him in the Empire For the
Necessary to institute some certain Order of Preachers of the New World to be expressely known by that name seeing that the Businesse seems altogether to require it And the King of Spain must also take care rather how that Country may be made Populous full of Inhabitants then how the Natives may be all rooted out And such among them as will not be converted to Christianity He may make Slaves after the examples of the Romans and Lucullus who alone had forty thousand Slaves of his own by whose meanes he dug down nine Mountaines and laid them level with the plain ground and these Slaves the King of Spain may put to row in his Gallies But as for those that shall embrace the Christian Faith they may be put to learn Mechanical Occupations as Smiths and Carpenters and the like that so the Spaniards themselves may not need to look after any thing else but wholly to mind the exercising of themselves in Military Affaires following herein the example of Croesus King of Lydia whose Custome it was to put all such Prisoners as he had taken in War to learn the trades of Carpenters and Smiths but to keep his own subjects close to their Armes onely I think it fit therefore that a great number of those Indians should be transported over into Spain and Africk and should be set to build great Cities all along upon the Coast of Africk and of Asia the strong Holds and Government of which Cities should be put into the hands of Spaniards onely but the tilling of the Groundâ— and the Mechanical Arts should be left to the Indians to follow or to some other the like Slaves of the Spaniards that should also be Christians And when any of the Indian Kings should chance to be convertedâ— and transported over into Spain they should have Baronies conferred upon them there that so the Spanish Empire might thereby be rendred the more Glorious and that the Indians also might by this means be brought by degrees to love us and our Countries And if the King of Spain had but observed all these Ruleâ— He might at this day have been possessed of larger Territories both in Africk and Asia and Spain also would have been more Populous and strong and the New World much Richer then it is And therefore in my Opinion it is the most Absurd thing in the World for the King to make those parts a Treasury to supply Him with Gold Silver only and not rather with Men seeing that these later are of the two of much the greater Value Now of those Indians being brought up to Trades and comming in progresse of time to be sufficiently Hispaniolized the King may make Souldiers also as the Turk is used to do with such of our Children as he takes to bring up in his Turkish way of life Then would I have in each several Province of the New World an Austrian Seminary to be set up for the training up of Young Souldiers who should acknowledge no other Father save the King onely and another Seminary for Women of which we spake formerly and likewise another for Mariners of which I shall speak more hereafter And by this meanes it would so come to passe that within lesse then Thirty years the King would so abound with Faithful Domestick Servants of his own that He would have no further need to make use either of Auxiliaries or Mercenary Souldiers and He would hereby also winne the hearts of the Indians to him when they shall see their Children to be brought up in so Liberal and Ingenuous a way of Education and shall find them nothing so Rude and Ill-behaved as they were before and so they will the more readily yield to serve the Spaniard Lastly seing that That part of the World is at so vast a distance from this of ours it is â—ecessary that these Parts should be united and joyned together as much as possibly can be for as much as there is no Empire but is Lame and Imperfect withoâ—t this Union The first sort of Union is True Religion and therefore there ought to be strong Castles and Block-houses erected upon all Havens and Mouths of Rivers least the English breaking into these Parts should bring in Heresy whereby the whole Design of the Spaniard would be utterly frustrated and come to nothing And besides there should be nothing had in greater Reverence where any of these People are in Presence then the very name of the Pope that so they may be kept the faster to our Religion And they should be brought also to sue to us and to desire us to prescribe them some Rule of Living here and also the Meanes of attaining to Eternal Life hereafter In the Second Place the King of Spain must make himself Absolute Lord of those Countries for if there should but any other Christian be chosen King in that Part of the World Our King were then quite lost Now there is none that He need to fear in that point unlesse it be some Principal Noble Man especially if it should chance to be such a one as is descended lineally from some of those Worthies that were the First Discoverers of this New World as namely if he should be descended from Columbus who first of all discovered these Parts or else from Cortesius So that it seemes to be necessary that such as have performed such gallant peices of Service should be rewarded indeed with very great Honours and Preferments but then it should not be in those Countries that they themselves had subdued For we know that Marquesse Vaglio who was Nephew to Columbus was once very near being chosen King And even the Vice-Roys themselves as they call them might easily make themselves Kings if they pleased And therefore none but some Principal Nobleman that hath great Revenues of his own either in Spain or Italy is to be placed as Ruler of the New World or at the least some Cardinal or Bishop that hath many kindred here with us The keeping of all strong Holds also and Castles is to be committed to some Garrison Captains who are to expect their reward from the King and the Vice-Roâ—s are to live not in any of the strong Holds but in Cities and it must be so ordered that those that are the Commanders of the strong Holds and Castles and the Vice-Roys may be as much at variance and discord as possibly may be Over such Countries as have been conquered by Portugals there should be placed Spanish Governours and so on the Contrary thus uniting the two Kingdomes the more and by this meanes the Kingdom will be the more happily and the more safely admininistred Clergy men should also be frequently sent to these strong Holds and Castles to take a view of them and especially the Capuchins The Authority alsoâ— of Particular men is to be restrained neither ought too great a Power to be granted to any One man in any matters that are of very great Moment and consequence
but these should be transacted by the Personal joynt consent of all or at least by signifying the same by their Letters In like manner as all things that concern the Kings Interest in Italy are by a very wise course therein taken appointed to be considered of by the Kings Embassadour lying Lieger at Rome the Vice-Roy of Naples and the Governour of Millan The Third sort of Union is of Goods and therefore my Opinion is that the King should do well to divide every New discovered Country among the common People and Maimed Spaniards according to the Ancient Roman Law called Lex Agraria joyning with them also such Africans and Indians as he had not long before transported into Africk but still under this Condition namely that None of them all shall account what he possesses to be his own proper Goods but must reckon upon all to be the Kings save onely what belongs to the Clergy And Fields Castles and Offices are to be frequently taken from those that hold them and to be disposed of to others that so the Eyes of all may be upon the King onely in whose gift and at whose disposal all these things are yet the fruits of the Earth of every mans Land they may gather and enjoy as their own There should also Judges be appointed out of the Clergy who should assign every man what is his Due and should allot so much for the Maintenance of the Clergy so much for to pay Souldiers and so much to be paid to the King for a Tribute And these Judges should take care to see that no Spanish Souldier shall possesse any thing as his own save only his Armes unlesse it be by chance some small Orchard or Garden for to recreate himself in but they shall all be maintained at the Publick Charge And as for such sons of Souldiers as shall not be fit to serve in the Wars they may be put to the Plough and in their places to the end that the whole Power may still be solely the Kings there may be some such chosen out among the Husbandmen as shall be thought most fit for that purpose and may be trained up to the use of Armes And thus shall all things be ordered according to the Kings own wish and desire and the King himself also shall be beloved above all things neither will his Subjects desire to have any ample Possessions seeing they all depend upon Military service only by means whereof they are daily enlarged And when it shall be thought convenient so to do there may be Vines and the Seeds of other things sent over to them that so they may have wherewithal to delight themselves but yet let them be so sparingly furnished with these things as that they may alwaies stand in need of us for their support For if that the use of Vines the liberty to till the ground and the exercise of Armes together with the use of Printing and the Building of Ships should be denied them the King might thereby easily incur the Suspition of Tyranny In the most convenient places of that Hemisphere there should be erected Schools for the study of Astronomy the Mathematicks the Mechanical and other Arts and Sciences as hath been formerly shewed that so the Constellations of the Heavens and the Seas and Countries of that Part of the World may be the more fully discovered and made known I would not have either the Kings or lesser Princes of any of those Countries to be killed but rather to be carried over into Spain For that will both adde to the Majesty of the Spanish Empire and will also very much win upon the Affections of the Indians CHAP. XXXII Of Navigation BUt now for the better preserving of this Dominion of the New World entire to himself the King of Spain had need to build him a great number of Woodden Cities and to put them out to Sea which being laden with Commodities may continually passe to and fro betwixt this and the West-Indiesâ— and by being perpetually abroad and so scouring those Seas may hinder the English and othersâ— from making any Attempts that way For the performing of which Design the King of Spain will have need of very many Ships which should also be very well Manned with a sufficient number of Sea-men which should sayl about to the New VVorld and round about Africk Asia Calicut China Iapan and the Islands adjacent subduing all where ere they come And all this might easily be effected if that the King would but give his mind to gather Men together rather then Mony seeing that it appears evidently enough that in those Expeditions of his against England the Netherlands and France He was utterly frustrate and failed of his designs meerly through his trusting too much to his Mony and his want of Able Souldiers First of all therefore in all the Islands of Sicily Sardinia the Canaries those of the Achipelago St. Lazaro in Hispaniola likewise and the Philippine Islands I would have Seminaries to be erected for Mariners and places appointed all along the Coast of Spain where young youths maâ— be taught to build Ships and Gallies and may learn to know the Stars and the use of the Mariners Compasse and of the Sea Tables and Charts all these things I say I would have beaten into the dullest heads And then whensoever He destroyes any Country He ought to have more regard to the Captives then to the spoiles of it and so becomming wiser then formerly He shall change away Gold and Silver for a better sort of Merchandise Secondly at what parts so ever His Navy shall arrive He should make Havens and erect such Work-houses especially at the mouths of Rivers and Bayes He should cause Ships and Gallies to be built in the manning of which He may make use of such Mariners as have been brought up in the foresaid Seminaries Thirdly when He hath thus gotten to be well stored with Men He may then treat with the richer sort among the Portuguezes and the Genois and let them know that they shall have both of them free liberty to builâ— themselves Ships and Gallies and with the same to sayle round about the New World which is now almost wholly the King of Spains and to go into the Havens and to fall upon Towns and Castles there and to keep all the Booty they shall there find to themselves only the places themselves they shall deliver up to the Kingâ— together with all the Elder Children of both sexes for the supply of His Seminaries And if they chance to take any whole large Country they may have whole Baronies bestowed upon them for their Reward And by this means both the King will be enriched and the Genois will become the Instruments both of confirming and enlarging the Kings Empire who yet are themselves so rich as that they are able either of them to set forth whole Fleets of Ships against the Great Turkâ— and to take in very many Countries for themselves