departed from Tarentum and was slain at Argos a City of Greece In the Consulship of Caius Fabricius Luscinus and C. Claudius Cinna and in the four hundred sixty first year of the City Ptolemy sent Embassadours from Alexandria to Rome to make a friendship with the Romans which they obtained Quintius Gulo and C. Fabius Pictor being Consuls the Picentes raised a War and the next Consuls Pub. Sempronius and Appius Claudius overcame them for which Conquest they triumphed At this time the Romans built these Cities Ariminum in Gaul and Beneventum in Samnium In the Consulship of Marcus Attilius Regulus and Lucius Junius Libo the Roman people proclaimed War against the Salentini a people living in Apulia and vanquished the Brundusini with their City for which there was another Triumph In the four hundred seventy seventh year of the City the Roman Name was famous to all the World yet they had not waged War out of Italy Wherefore they made a Muster to know their Forces there were found two hundred ninty two thousand and three hundred thirty four although they had always been fighting ever since the building of the City The first forein War they made was against the Africans in the Consulship of Appius Claudins and Quintus Fulvius They fought them in Sicily and Appius Claudius triumphed over the Africans and Hiero the King of Sicily The next year Valerius Marcus and Octacilius being Consuls the Romans performed great Actions in Sicily they received into their protection the Taurominitani the Catanenses with fifty Cities The third year they designed to make War with Hiero the King of Sicily But he with all the Nobility of Syracuse desired to make Peace with the Romans and gave them two hundred Talents the Romans overcame the Africans in Sicily for which they triumphed the second time In the fifth year of the Punick War which was carried on against the Africans in the Consulship of Caius Duillius and Cnaeus Cornelius Asina the Romans fought first by Sea having prepared Ships headed with Iron which they call Liburnae Cornelius the Consul was killed by stratagem Duillius having joyned Battel defeated the Carthaginian Admiral and having took one and thirty of his Ships sunk fourteen he took seven thousand Prisoners and slew three There was no Victory more acceptable to the Romans than this because being a people invincible at Land they appeared now very powerful by Sea In the Consulship of Caius Aquilius Florus and Lucius Scipio Scipio took the Islands Corsica and Sardinia and having brought captive from thence several thousand obtained a Triumph L. Manlius Volso and M. Attilius Regulus being Consuls the Romans carried the War over into Africa and fighting by Sea against Hamilcar the Carthaginian General defeated him for he having lost sixty four Ships made homewards the Romans lost two and twenty but being come into Africa they first made the City Clypea surrender it self The Consuls went unto Carthage and having wasted many of their Towns Manlius after his Conquest returned to Rome bringing with him seven and twenty thousand Captives Attilius Regulus tarried in Africa He drew up his Army and fighting against three Carthaginian Captains overcame them and having slain eighteen thousand of their men and taken five thousand with eight Elephants received seventy Cities into the Roman protection Now the Carthaginians being routed desired to make peace with the Romans which Regulus denying but upon very hard terms they desired the Lacedaemonians to help them and Xantippus the General which they had sent defeated Regulus the Roman Geral with a total overthrow for of all his Army there escap'd onely two thousand fifteen thousand men were taken with their General thirty thousand slain and Regulus cast into Prison Marcus Aemilius Paulus and Servius Fulvius Nobilior being Consuls sailing to Africa with a Fleet of three hundred Ships overcame the Africans first in a Sea-fight Aemilius the Consul having sunk one hundred and four of their Ships took thirty with the men in them and having slain or taken fifteen thousand of the Enemy enriched his Souldiers with costly Spoils Now the Romans had subdued all Africa if the scarcity of provisions had not been such that their Army could not subsist there any longer The Consuls as they sailed homewards were Shipwrecked about Sicily and the Tempest so great that out of four hundred and sixty four Ships they could scarce save eighty neither was so great a storm ever heard of But the Romans soon set out another Fleet of two hundred Sail nor was there any one daunted with their former misfortune Cnaeus Servilius Cepio and C. Sempronius Blaesns the Consuls sailing to Africa with two hundred and sixty Ships took some Cities and returning home with rich Spoil were also Shipwracked Wherefore the Romans being afflicted with these continual calamities the Senate Decreed they should abstain from Sea-fights and onely keep a Fleet of sixty Ships to guard Italy In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Caius Furius Pacilus Metellus the Consul in Sicily overcame a General of the Africans marching with thirty Elephants and great Forces and having slain twenty thousand of his men took six and twenty Elephants and gathered together divers others stragling up and down in the Country by the assistance of the Numidians who helped him in that War and brought them to Rome in great Pomp filling all the Roads with an hundred and thirty Elephants After these misfortunes the Carthaginians sent Regulus the Roman General whom they had taken Prisoner to desire the Romans to make peace and exchange their Captives he being come to Rome and brought into the Senate acted nothing as a Roman saying he was no Roman from that Day he had been taken by the Africans hindering even his Wife from embracing him he persuaded the Romans not to make peace with the Carthaginians for they being weaken'd with so many misfortunes were now hopeless he was not of so great value that they should restore so many Captives for him being an old Man and for a few Romans who had been taken Therefore he obtained his request For no body granted Peace to the Africans desiring it Upon his return to Carthage the Romans would have had him to have stay'd at Rome but he answered he could not live there with the same honour as before having been a Slave to the Carthaginians Wherefore when he returned to Africa they put him to a very cruel Death P. Claudius Pulcher and C. Junius being Consuls Claudius fighting with ill Omens against the Carthaginians was defeated for of two hundred and twenty Ships he fled with thirty the Enemy having taken ninety and sunk the rest twenty thousand being made captive Also the other Consuls Fleet was shipwracked but he saved his Army having landed it on the coast hard by Caius Luctatius Catulus and Aulus Posthumius Albinus being Consuls in the twenty third year of the Punick War having the management of the War sailed into Sicily with three hundred Ships
Fingers of the Roman Knights Senators and Soldiers In the mean while Asdrubal Hannibal's Brother remaining with a great Army in Spain that he might bring that Nation under the power of the Africans was overcome by the two Scipio's and lost in that Battel thirty five thousand Men ten thousand of these being taken and twenty-five thousand slain but twelve thousand Foot four thousand Horse with twenty Elephants were sent to him from Carthage to repair his Forces The fourth year after Hannibal came into Italy Marcus Claudius Marcellus the Consul fought successfully against him at Nola a City of Campania Hannibal took many of the Roman Cities in Apulia Calabria and amongst the Brutii at which time also Philip the Macedonian King sent Embassadours to Hannibal promising him aid against the Romans upon this condition that having destroy'd them Hannibal would help him against the Greeks Therefore the Embassadours of King Philip being intercepted and their Embassy known the Romans commanded Marcus Valerius Laevinus to go into Macedonia and Titus Manlius Torquatus the Proconsul into Sardinia for that Province also being underhand stirr'd up by Hannibal had deserted the Roman interest So at one time the Romans fought in four several Countries in Italy against Hannibal in Spain against Asdrubal in Macedonia against King Philip in Sardinia against another Asdrubal a Carthaginian this Asdrubal was taken by Titus Manlius the Pro-consul who had been sent into Sardinia twelve thousand of his Soldiers were slain in that Battel a thousand five hundred taken and Sardinia being subdued by the Romans Manlius the Conqueror brought the Captives and Asdrubal to Rome In the mean while King Philip was overcome by Laevinus in Macedonia and Asdrubal and Mago the third Brother of Hannibal in Spain by the two Scipio's The tenth year after Hannibal came into Italy in the Consulship of P. Sulpicius and Cnaeus Fulvius He came within four miles of Rome his Horse came up to the Gates Not long after for fear of the Consuls coming with an Army Hannibal withdrew into Campania both the Scipios were slain by Asdrubal his Brother in Spain who had been Conquerors for many years yet the Army remained intire for they were overcome more by accident than by Asdrubal's valour At which time also a great part of Sicily was taken by Marcellus the Consul which the Africans had seized and great plunder was carried to Rome from the famous City Syracuse Laevinus made a League in Macedonia with King Philip and many people of Greece and with Attalus King of Asia and passing into Sicily he took Hanno an African Captain at the City Agrigentum together with the Town and sent him to Rome with the principal Captives forty Cities having submitted he took twenty six Thus having subdued all Sicily and Macedonia he returned to Rome with great glory Hannibal having set upon Cnaeus Fulvius the Consul unawares slew him with eight thousand Soldiers In the mean time both the Scipio's being slain and no Roman General in Spain Publius Cornelius Scipio was sent being four and twenty years old the Son of Publius Scipio who had been General there a Man far surpassing almost all the Romans of his time and those that came after him He took Carthage in Spain in which the Africans kept all their Gold Silver and provisions for War also the best Hostages which Hannibal had received from the Spaniards he took Mago Hannibal's Brother in that City whom he sent with others to Rome There was great joy at Rome for this news Scipio restored the Spanish Hostages to their Parents for which kindness almost all the Spaniards unanimously surrendered themselves to him After which things he put to flight Asdrubal Hannibal's Brother and took very great Spoil In the mean while Q. Fabius Maximus re-took Tarentum in Italy where Hannibal had great Forces he slew there Carthalo one of Hannibal's Captains and sold twenty five thousand Captives and having distributed the plunder among his Soldiers sent the price of those that were sold to the Treasury Then many Cities of the Romans which sided with Hannibal yielded themselves to Fabius Maximus The year following Scipio performed famous actions in Spain and recovered several Towns by himself and his Brother Lucius Scipio Yet they fought unsuccessfully in Italy for Claudius Marcellus the Consul was slain by Hannibal The third year after Scipio came into Spain he continued his noble Deeds he receiving into protection the King of Spain overcome in a great Battel and was the first that asked no Hostage of the Conquer'd Hannibal despairing that Spain could be kept against Scipio any longer sent for his Brother Asdrubal to Italy with all his Forces who coming the same way his Brother Hannibal had come fell into the Ambush laid by Appius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator at Sena a City in Picenum yet he was slain fighting valiantly his great Forces were either taken or kill'd and a great Sum of Gold and Silver sent to Rome After this Hannibal began to doubt of the event of the War and the Romans being mightily encouraged sent for Publius Cornelius Scipio out of Spain who came to Rome with great glory In the Consulship of Quintus Caecilius and Lucius Valerius all the Cities which were under the Power of Hannibal among the Brutii deliver'd themselves up to the Romans In the fourteenth year after Hannibal came into Italy Scipio who had acted in Spain successfully was made Consul and sent to Africa something Divine was thought to have been in that Man insomuch that he was believed to have conference with the Gods He fought in Africa against Hanno the Carthaginian General and routed his Army In the second Battel he took his Camp with four thousand and five hundred Soldiers with the slaughter of eleven thousand He took Syphax King of Numidia who had assisted the Africans and seized his Camp who was sent by Scipio to Rome with the most considerable Numidians and infinite Spoils which thing being known almost all Italy deserted Hannibal who was commanded by the Carthaginians to return into Africa now laid waste by Scipio Thus the seventeenth year Italy was freed from Hannibal who was reported to have left it with tears Embassadours from Carthage desiring Peace of Scipio were sent by him to the Roman Senate a Truce for forty five days was granted them till they could return from Rome where they made a Present of thirty thousand pound in Silver The Senate commanded a Peace should be made with the Carthaginians according to the will of Scipio who granted it upon these Conditions That they should keep a Fleet but of thirty Ships that they should pay five hundred thousand pound in Silver and restore the Captives and Fugitives In the mean time Hannibal arriving in Africa the Peace was broken and many Hostilities committed by the Africans yet their Embassadours coming out of the City and seiz'd by the Romans were dismissed by Scipio's command Hannibal being overcome by Scipio in many
return'd to Rome with great pomp in Perseus's Ship reported to have been of an unusual bigness with sixteen ranks of Oars and triumphed most magnificiently in his golden Chariot with his two Sons standing on each side of him and Perseus in the forty fifth year of his age with his two Sons going before him Caius Anicius also triumphed over the Illyrians and Gentius is led before his Chariot with his Brother and Children The Kings of many Nations came to Rome to this great Sight Amongst the rest Attalus and Eumenes Kings in Asia with Prusias King of Bithynia were entertained with much honour and they laid up the Presents which they brought in the Capitol with the consent of the Senate Also Prusias recommended his Son Nicomedes to them The following year Lucius Memmius fought successfully in Spain and afterwards Marcellus the Consul fortunately managed his Affairs there Then the third Carthaginian War begun in the six hundredth year from the building of the City in the Consulship of Lucius Manlius Censorinus and Marcus Manilius fifty one years after the second Punick War These carried the War to Carthage against whom Asdrubal fought as General and Famea commanded the Horse then Scipio the Nephew of Scipio Africanus was a Tribune of the Soldiers him all the Romans feared and respected for he was esteemed very serviceable both in their Battels and at their Councils therefore many things were managed fortunately through him by these Consuls neither did Asdrubal or Famea shun any thing more than to fight against that Squadron of the Romans where Scipio fought About the same time Masinissa the King of Numidia who for sixty years was in League with the Romans in the ninety seventh year of his age died leaving fortry four Sons behind him and ordered Scipio to divide his Empire amongst them Now Scipio being grown famous though but a young Man was made Consul and sent against Carthage he took it and sack'd it and finding there the Spoils which Carthage had gathered together from the destruction of many Cities he restor'd back upon proof to several Cities of Sicily Italy and Africa their Ornaments Thus Carthage was destroyed about seven hundred years after it was built and Scipio by his merit obtained the Name which his Grandfather had being stil'd for his Valour AFRICANVS the YOVNGER In the mean time one called Pseudophilippus took up Arms in Macedonia and utterly defeated Publius Juvencius the Roman Praetor sent against him After him Quintus Caecilius Metellus was sent thither by the Romans and twenty thousand of the Enemy being slain he recovered Macedonia and reduced Pseudophilippus under his Power War was also proclaimed against the Corinthians the Inhabitants of a most famous City in Greece for an affront done to the Roman Embassadours This City Mummius the Consul took and destroy'd then there were three noble Triumphs at Rome at the same time of Africanus out of Africa before whose Chariot Asdrubal was led of Metellus from Macedonia before whom Andriscus went otherwise called Pseudophilippus of Mummius from Corinth before him were carry'd brazen Statues Pictures and other Ornaments of that famous City One Pseudoperseus also rebelled in Macedonia having gathered together several Slaves pretending himself to be Perseus's Son but was overcome with seventeen thousand of his Men by Tremellius the Quaestor At this time an Hermaphrodite being seen at Rome was drowned in the Sea by the appointment of the Southsayers At the same time Metellus perform'd noble Acts in Celtiberia amongst the Spaniards Quintus Pompeius succeeded him a little after Quintus Caepio was sent Commander to the same War which indeed Viriatus waged against the Romans in Lusitania upon which through fear Viriatus was slain by his Soldiers after having made the Spaniards rebel against the Romans for fourteen years He was a Shepherd at first afterwards chief amongst the Thieves at last he stir'd up so many people to this War that he was thought the assertor of the Spaniards liberty against the Romans and when his Murtherers sought their rewards from Caepio the Consul he answered 't was never acceptable to the Romans to have a General murther'd by his own Men. Then Quintius Pompeius the Consul being overcome by the people of Numantia a rich City of Spain made a dishonourable Peace After him Caius Hostilius Mancinus made another League with the Numantians which the Senate and People commanded to be broken and Mancinus the Author of it to be given up to his Enemies that they might revenge the injury of this Rupture upon the cause of it wherefore after so great an ignominy the Roman Army being twice overcome by the Numantians Publius Scipio Africanus was made Consul the second time and sent to Numantia he first corrected the vicious Soldiers without any cruelty more by labour than punishment Then he took many Cities in Spain partly by force and partly by surrendry after a long Siege he took the City Numantia by Famine and ras'd it taking the rest of the Province into his protection About that time Attalus a King in Asia the less the Brother of Eumenes died and by making the Roman people his Heir added Asia to their Empire by his Will A little after Decimus Junius Brutus triumphed with great glory for his Victory over the Callaeci and the Lusitan and Publius Scipio Africanus triumphed the second time over the Numantians the fourteenth year after his first Triumph in Africa In the mean time War was rais'd in Asia by Aristonicus the Son of Eumenes whom he had by an Harlot this Eumenes was the Brother of King Attalus Publius Licinius Crassus was sent against him with the assistance of many Kings For Nicomedes King of Bithynia help'd the Romans and Mithridates King of Pontus with whom afterwards the Romans had a severe War and Ariarathes King of Cappadocia Pylaemenes King of Paphlagonia yet Crassus was overcome and slain in Battel his head brought to Aristonicus and his body buried at Smyrna Afterwards Perpenna the Roman Consul who succeeded Crassus hearing of the event of the War hastened into Asia and having overcome Aristonicus in Battel compelled him through want of Provision to a surrendry at the City Stratonice whither he had fled Aristonicus was strangled in Prison at Rome by the command of the Senate but Perpenna could not enjoy his triumph dying in his return home at Pergamum In the Consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Titus Quintius Flaminius Carthage in Africa by the command of the Senate was rebuilt as it is in my time two and twenty years after Scipio destroy'd it the Romans planting a Colony there In the six hundred twenty seventh year from the building of the City Caius Cassius Longinus and Sextus Domitius Calvinus being Consuls waged War with the Gauls on the other side of the Alps and the Arverni with Bituitus their King killing a great multitude of them at the River Rhodanus the spoil was great from the very Chains taken from them Bituitus surrender'd himself
six hundred seventy eight M. Licinius Lucullus govern'd the Province of Macedonia the Cousin of that Lucullus who managed the War against Mithridates In Italy on a sudden arose a new War for seventy four Gladiators under the command of Spartacus Chrysus and Oenomaus having broken out of their fencing School at Capua fled away and wandering through Italy commenc'd as great a War as Hannibal did for overcoming many of the Roman Captains and two of their Consuls they gathered together an Army of almost sixty thousand Men at last they were conquered by M. Licinius Crassus the Proconsul in Apulia and after many calamities in Italy the War was ended the third year by him In the year of the City six hundred and eighty in the Consulship of P. Cornelius Lentulus and Cnaeus Aufidius Orestes onely the Mithridatick and Macedonian Wars disturb'd the Roman Empire Lucius Lucullus and M. Lucullus managed them For L. Lucullus after his Victory over Mithridates at Cyzicus and his Captains in a Sea fight pursued him and having recovered Paphlagonia and Bithynia he marched into his Kingdom and took Sinope and Amisus two famous Cities in Pontus The second Battel was fought at the City Cabira where Mithridates had gathered together great Forces from all his Countries thereabouts when five thousand Romans putting to flight Mithridates with thirty thousand of his best Soldiers plunder'd his Camp Lucullus also subdu'd Armenia the less which Mithridates governed But he was received after his flight by Tigranes King of the greater Armenia who then reigned with great Fame and oftentimes beating the Persians had seiz'd upon Mesopotamia Syria and part of Phaenicia but Lucullus demanding Mithridates that fled entred Armenia Tigranes his Kingdom took there the famous City Tigranocerta and with eighteen thousand so overthrew Tigranes coming against him with six hundred thousand Cuirassiers one hundred thousand Archers and armed Men that he cut off a great part of his Armenians From thence he marched to the City Nisibis which he took with the King's Brother But those whom Lucullus had left in Pontus with part of the Army to defend the Romans with their conquest in the adjacent Countries behaving themselves carelesly and covetously gave an opportunity to Mithridates of breaking into Pontus and so the War was renewed and one sent to succeed Lucullus having taken Nisibis and preparing the War against the Persians the other Lucullus who governed Macedonia was the first of all the Romans that waged War against the Bessi and overcame them in a great Battel on the Mountain Aemus and having taken the City Vscudama which the Bessi inhabited in one Day and Cibyle he marched Conquerer even to the Danube From thence he went against many Cities bordering on Pontus where he sacked Apollonia and took Calaâ—â—s Parthenopolis Tomi Histrum and all Buzia After the War was ended he returned to Rome and both of them triumph'd but Lucullus who managed the War against Mithridates triumphed with greater glory being Conquerour of so considerable Kingdoms The Macedonian War being ended and by reason of Lucullus his return to Rome the Mithridatic War continuing which Mithridates with new Forces prosecuted there arose a War in Crete Caecilius Metellus was sent thither and in three year having subdued all the Provinces and being stil'd Creticus he triumphed from the conquest of that Island About the same time Libya was added to the Roman Empire by a grant in King Apion's will in which Province there were these famous Cities Berenice Ptolemais and Cyrene Whilst these things were perform'd the Pirats so infested the Seas that the Romans though the Conquerers of all the World could not safely sail Wherefore this War was Decreed to be managed by Cnaeus Pompeius who with great fortune and celerity ended it in few months Afterwards the War against Mithridates and Tigranes was committed to him which having undertook he overcame Mithridates in Armenia the less in a Battel by Night and plunder'd his Camp cutting off forty thousand of the Enemy with the loss onely of twenty of his Soldiers and two Centurions Mithridates fled with his Wife and two Attendants Afterwards when he tyranniz'd over his people in a mutiny of his Soldiers raised by his own Son Pharnaces he was forc'd to poison himself Thus Mithridates died at Bosphorus a Man of great industry and conduct he lived seventy reigned sixty and made War with the Romans forty years Then Pompey made War against Tigranes who surrender'd himself and coming to him in his Camp sixteen miles from Artaxata fell at his feet and delivered up his Crown which Pompey restored again and received him honourably but took away Syria Phaenicia Sophone besides fining him in six thousand Talents of Silver to be paid to the Romans for raising War against them without a cause Afterwards Pompey brought War on the Albani and thrice overcame Orodes their King who at last obtain'd a Peace by his Letters and Presents to Pompey He also overcame in a Battel Anthaces the King of Iberia who submitted to him He gave Armenia the less to Dejotarus the King of Galatia for assisting him in the Mithridatic War And restoring Paphlagonia to Attalus and Pylemenes he made Aristarchus the King of the Colchi Then he subdued the Ituraei and the Arabians and coming into Syria made Seleucia near Antioch a free City because it had not aided King Tigranes He restor'd the people of Antioch their Hostages and added some grounds to the Daphnenses to enlarge their Groves being delighted with the pleasantness of the place and its many Springs From thence he marched into Judaea and in the third month took Jerusalem the chief City and having slain twelve thousand Jews he receiv'd the rest into his protection Having performed these things he returned into Asia and so ended this long War In the Consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero the Orator and C. Antonius in the year of the City six hundred eighty nine Lucius Sergius Catilina a Man of high birth but of a very vitious Disposition plotted with some audacious Noble Men against his Country but he was driven out of the City by Cicero and his Associates upon apprehension strangled in Prison Catiline also overcome in a Battel was slain by Antonius the other Consul In the year of the City six hundred and ninety in the Consulship of D. Junius Silanus and L. Murena Metellus triumphed for conquering Crete and Pompey for the Piratic and Mithridatic Wars no pomp of a Triumph was ever like to Pompey's for Mithridates his and Tigranes's Sons also Aristobulus the King of the Jews with a great Sum of Money were carried before his Chariot At that time there was no considerable War in all the World with the Romans In the year of the City six hundred ninety three Caius Julius Caesar who was afterwards Emperour and L. Bibulus were made Consuls Caesar having obtain'd by Order of Senate the Government of Gaul and Illyricum with ten Legions first overcame the Helvetii who are now
called the Sequani Then after his Victories in very great Battels he marched a Conquerour even to the British Ocean He was almost nine years in subduing all Gaul which lies between the Alps the River Rhone the Rhine and the Ocean in compass three thousand and two hundred miles Then he brought War upon the Britans who never before heard of the Roman Name and having overcome them he took their Hostages and made them tributary to the Roman Empire and ordered Gaul to pay an annual tribute of above three hundred thousand pounds And then passing the Rhine overcame the Germans in very great Battels he was so fortunate that he fought but thrice unsuccessfully once in Person against the Arverni twice in his absence in Germany where his two Lieutenants Titurius and Arunculeius were slain in an Ambush About the same time in the year of the City six hundred ninety seven Marcus Licinius Crassus Pompey's Collegue made the second time Consul was sent against the Parthians and when he fought at Carrae both contrary to the Omens and Praedictions of the Southsayers he was overcome by Surena one of Orodes his Captains and at last was slain with his Son a famous and valiant young Man The residue of his Army was saved by Cnaeus Cassius his Questor who with great resolution and courage so repair'd the calamity that repassing the Euphrates he overcame the Persians in many Battels Now that lamentable and horrible civil War came on which besides the calamities that happen'd in Battel changed the condition of the Roman Name For Caesar returning Conquerour from Gaul required another Consulship and it being without dispute carried on his side he was oppos'd by Marcellus the Consul Bibulus Pompey and Cato and commanded having dismissed his Army to return to Rome for which Affront from Ariminum where he mustered his Soldiers he march'd against his native Country The Consul with Pompey the whole Senate and all the Nobility fled out of the City into Greece Pompey being General rais'd War against Caesar in Epirus Macedonia and Achaia Caesar having entered the City forsaken made himself Dictator Thence marching into Spain he routed Pompey's brave and stout Armies under the three Generals L. Afranius M. Petreius and M. Varro Then returning he marched into Greece where fighting against Pompey he was in the first Battel overthrown and put to flight but the Night drawing on he escaped and upon Pompey 's not pursuing him he said Pompey knew not how to conquer he being only that Day in his Power to have been overcome Afterwards they fought in Thessaly at Palaeopharsalus with great Armies on both sides Pompey's Army consisted of forty thousand Foot and seven thousand Horse in the left Wing with five hundred in the right besides the Auxiliary Forces of all the East all the Nobility with a great number of Senators Praetors and such as had been Consuls and the Conquerors of ny Nations Caesar's Army amounted to thirty thousand Foot with a thousand Horse The Roman Forces were never greater at one time nor never commanded by more valiant Generals they might have overcome the whole World if they had fought against their Enemies But after a sharp fight Pompey being overcome and his Camp plunder'd fled to Alexandria that he might receive aids from the King of Aegypt whose Guardian he had been by order of Senate in his minority but he following Pompeys fortune more than true friendship slew him and sent his Head and Ring to Caesar which he looking on is reported to have wept beholding the Head of so worthy a Man and once his Son-in-law Afterwards Caesar coming to Alexandria Ptolemy had Designs upon his life for which reason Caesar made War with him and he being overcome was drowned in the Nile but his body was afterwards found covered with a Gold Coat of Mail. Caesar having won Alexandria gave that Kingdom to Cleopatra Ptolemy's Sister with whom he had been dishonourably acquainted Caesar returning from thence overcame in a Battel Pharnaces great Mithridates's Son who aided Pompey in Thessaly and also rebelling in Pontus had seiz'd upon many of the Roman Cities upon which misfortune he kill'd himself Then Caesar upon his return to Rome made himself the third time Consul with M. Aemilius Lepidus who was the year before in his Dictatorship General of the Horse From thence he went into Africa to the War which very many of the Nobility with Juba King of Mauritania had raised against him The Roman Generals were P. Cornelius Scipio of the ancient Family of Scipio Africanus he was Father-in-law to Pompey the Great M. Petreius Q. Varius and M. Porcius Cato L. Cornelius Faustus the Son of Sylla the Dictator and Pompey's Son-in-law Caesar in a pitch'd Battel after many Skirmishes overcame them Cato Scipio Petreius and Juba slew themselves but Faustus was put to death After a year Caesar coming back to Rome made himself Consul the fourth time but soon went into Spain where Cnaeus and Sextus Pompey's Sons had levy'd a great War they fought many Battels the last was at the City Munda in which Caesar was so near overcome that seeing his Soldiers sly he would have slain himself lest after so great Military Glory and fifty six years old he should fall into the power of these young Men at last having rallied his Forces he overcame them and slew Pompey's eldest Son and put to flight the younger Now Caesar having ended the Civil Wars through all the World returned to Rome and began to govern too insolently and against the customs of the Roman Liberties He would bestow Honours at his own pleasure which were before given by the people neither would he rise up to the Senate coming to salute him he performed other things after a regal tyrannick manner Whereupon above sixty Senators and Roman Knights conspired against him The chief of the Conspirators were the two Bruti of Brutus's Family who was the first that was made a Roman Consul and had expell'd the Kings with Cnaeus Cassius and Servilius Casca who stab'd Caesar on a certain day with twenty three Wounds when he came to the Senate The Seventh Book OF EVTROPIVS The Reign of Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian From A. V. 710. to V. C. 850. By Mr. Thomas Cornwallis CAESAR being kill'd about the seven hundred and ninth year of the City the Civil Wars were renewed The Senate favouring the murtherers of Caesar Antony the Consul one of Caesars party endeavoured to overthrow them in a Civil War Having therefore disturbed the Commonwealth and done many ill things he was judged an enemy by the Senate The two Consuls Pansa and Hirtius were sent to pursue him with Octavianus Caesar's Nephew a young man eighteen years old whom he made his Heir and commanded to bear his name This is he who afterwards was call'd Augustus and obtained the Empire Wherefore these three Generals marching against Antony overcame him but it happened out that
his age and of his Reign the third year tenth month and eighth day After him Reigned Claudius Caligula's Uncle the Son of Drusus who has a Monument at Moguntiacum whose Nephew Caligula was He governed indifferently well managing many things calmly and moderately some cruelly and foolishly He brought War upon Britany where none of the Romans durst arrive since Julius Caesar and after the Conquest of it by the two renowned Captains Cn. Sentius and Aulus Plautius He made a famous triumph He added also to the Roman Empire some Islands scituated beyond Britany in the Ocean call'd Orcades He stil'd his Son Britannicus and appeared so civil to some of his Friends that he accompanied Plautius a Nobleman who in the British expedition performed many brave actions in his triumph going to the Capitol and walked on his left hand He lived sixty four years and reign'd fourteen He was Consecrated after his death and stiled a God After him came Nero very like to his Uncle Caligula who both disgraced and diminished the Roman Empire one of unusual luxury and expence he followed the example of Caius Caligula and washed himself in hot and cold Oyntments he fished with golden Nets and purple strings he kill'd a great many of the Senate and was an enemy to all good men at last he prostituted himself so basely that he danced and sung upon a Stage in a Fidlers habit he committed many parricides in the murther of his Brother's Wife and Mother he burnt Rome that it might represent to him how heretofore Troy was taken and burnt he performed no warlike action and almost lost Britanny for there in his time two noble Cities were took and destroyed The Parthians took away Armenia and made slaves of the Roman Legions Yet two Provinces were gained in his time Pontus call'd Polemoniacus from the gift of King Polemon the Alps call'd Cotiae from the death of King Cocius Hence he became detestable to Rome deserted by all men and adjudged an enemy by the Senate When he was searched for to be punished which was thus that he should be lead along in publick naked with a Fork upon his neck and beaten with Rods to death should be flung head-long from off the Carpeian Rock he fled out of the Palace near the City in a Farm of one of his Freemen kill'd himself between the Salarian and Numentane way four miles from Rome he built the hot Baths call'd Neronianae and now Alexandrinae he died in the one and thirtieth year of his age and the fourteenth year of his Reign With him all Augustus's Family was extinct After him came Ser. Galba a Senator of a very ancient Family being seventy three years he was chose Emperor by the Spaniards and Gauls and soon after was willingly received by all the Armies when he lived a private life he was eminent in Military and Civil Affairs often Consul often Proconsul and General in the greatest Wars in his short Reign he began well but at last seemed more inclined to severity he was kill'd by the treachery of Otho in the seventh month of his Reign and had his throat cut in the Forum at Rome and buried in his Gardens in the Aurelian way not far from the City Otho having kill'd Galba got the Empire of a more noble race by his Mother than by his Father but neither was mean he was effeminate in his private life and could not shew any experiment of himself in his Reign for at that time when Otho kill'd Galba Vitellius was made Emperor by the German Armies and rais'd War against him when he was beat in a Skirmish at Bebriacum in Italy tho he had great forces remaining He kill'd himself of his own accord and answered his Soldiers desiring him not so soon to despair of the success of the war that he was not of so great value to be the occasion of a Civil War he died a voluntary death in the 38th year of his age and the 95th day of his reign Then Vitellius obtained the Empire of a Family more advanced by preferment than noble his Father was not very honorably born yet bore three regular Consulships he ruled very scandalously notorious for great cruelty especially for Gluttony oftentimes keeping a Feast every 4th or 5th day one Supper was very remarkable which his Brother Vitellius gave him in which entertainment besides other expences there were laid upon the Table two thousand Fish and seven thousand Birds he affected to be like Nero and so far pretended it that he honored him with Funeral Rites who had been so meanly buried he was killed by the Generals of Vespatian having first slain Sabinus the Emperor Vespatian's Brother whom he burnt with the Capitol he was drawn naked publickly and ignominiously through Rome having a Sword under his chin and Dung flung at his face and body by all that met him at last with his throat cut he was flung into the Tyber and wanted common Burial he died in the 57th year of his age and in the eighth month and first day of his Reign After him reigned Vespatian made Emperor at Palestine a Prince of obscure Parentage but to be compared with the best so illustrious before he was Emperor that being sent into Germany by Claudius and then into Britanny he encountered two and thirty times with the Enemy He conquered two valiant Nations took twenty Towns and added the Island Vecta lying just by Britanny to the Roman Empire He carried himself at Rome very moderate in his Reign tho somewhat too covetous of mony yet he took it from none wrongfully and gave with great care that especially to the Poor which he had gathered with all frugality Scarce any Prince before him was more liberal ot just he was of so good a nature that he hardly punished any one guilty of Treason otherwise than by Banishment In his time he added Judaea to the Roman Empire with Hierosoluma the most eminent City of Palaestine and made Provinces of Achaia Lycia Rhodes Byzantium Samos which enjoyed their freedom before his time also Thrace Cilicia Trachea Commagene governed by Confederate Kings he remembred neither offences nor quarrels and patiently bore the reproaches that Lawyers and Philosophers spoke against him yet a diligent exactor of Military Discipline he triumphed for the conquest of Jerusalem with his Son Titus For these things when he was beloved and dear to the Senate the People and to all he died of the Flux in one of his own Mannors near the Country of the Sabines in the sixty ninth year of his age the ninth year and seventh day of his Reign and was numbred amongst the Gods He knew the Nativities of his Sons so well that when many Plots were made against him which being discovered he despised with dissimulation saying to the Senate that his Sons should succced him or none After him came Titus who was also called Vespatian a Man adorned with all sorts of Virtue stiled the love and the delight
this Princes memory that even unto my time the Senators with no other phrase honour'd their Emperours than be thou happier than Augustus and better than Trajan So much hath the glory of goodness obtain'd from him that it gives an occasion of a great Example either to Flatterers or true Praisers After the decease of Trajan Aelius Adrianus was made Emperour indeed not with Trajan's Will but by the help of his Wife Plotina for he as long as he liv'd although he was his kinsman would not adopt him he was born at Italica in Spain who envying the glory of his Predecessour presently forsook those three Provinces which Trajan had added to the Roman Empire and recall'd his Forces out of Assyria Mesopotamia and Armenia and made Euphrates the Eastern bound of the Empire his Friends deter'd him endeavouring to do the same thing in Dacia lest many of the Roman Citizens should be expos'd to the Barbarians for when Trajan had conquer'd that Countrey he brought a great Colony out of the whole Roman Empire to plant and build Cities there Dacia being depopulated in the long War with Decibalus Aelius Adrianus enjoy'd peace all the time of his Reign having made only one War and that by the Governour of the Province he travel'd all over the Roman Empire and built in many places He was a very good Scholar both in Latin and Greek not esteem'd very merciful yet he took great care of his Revenue and the Discipline of his Soldiers He died in Campania above sixty years old and in the twenty first year tenth month and twenty ninth day of his Reign The Senate would not have made him a God onely Titus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus that succeeded him by long intreaty when all the Senators resisted him openly at length obtain'd it Then Titus Antoninus Fulvius Bojonius was made Emperour after Adrianus he was also call'd Pius his Family was Noble but not very ancient yet he himself was so famous a Man that he might as deservedly be compar'd to Numa Pompilius as Trajan to Romulus When he was a private Man he was very honest but when Emperour much more He was rough to none but kind to all indifferently honour'd for his Military Actions affecting more to defend the Provinces than to increase them he made it his business to seek for men that were able to govern the Common-wealth always conferring great honour upon good Men and detesting the bad without severity he was no less venerable to his Confederate Kings than awful insomuch that many Nations of the Barbarians laid down their Arms and submitted themselves to his Opinion in their Controversies and Quarrels he was very rich before he was Emperour but wasted it in his Soldiers pay and gifts bestowed upon his Friends yet he left a rich Treasury behind him He was call'd Pius for his clemency and dy'd at Lorium his Country Palace about twelve miles from Rome in the seventy third year of his age and twenty third of his Reign and was deservedly made a God After him reign'd M. Antoninus Verus who was without doubt a most noble Prince for his Father descended from Numa Pompilius and his Mother from King Salentinus with him reign'd L. Annius Antoninus Verus for then the Roman Commonwealth first submitted to the equal authority of two Princes being govern'd before but by one Emperour These were ally'd by Kindred and Marriage for Verus Annius Antoninus married the Daughter of M. Antoninus but M. Antoninus was Son-in-law to Antoninus Pius by his Wife Galeria Faustina the younger who was his Cousin-german They made War with the Parthians who after the Victory of Trajan then made their first Rebellion V. Antoninus march'd to this War and living at Antioch near Armenia did great actions by the conduct of his Captains he took Seleucia a very famous City in Assyria with five hundred thousand Men and conquering the Parthians made a Triumph with his Brother and Father-in-law He dy'd in Venetia of the Disease which the Grecians call the Apoplexy being kill'd by a sudden eruption of blood in his brain in his Litter with his Brother as he was coming from Concordia to Altinum He was a rough Man yet never did any ill thing in reverence to his Brother he dy'd in the eleventh year of his Reign and was made a God After him only M. Antoninus govern'd the Commonwealth a man more to be admir'd than prais'd he was very peaceable from the beginning of his life insomuch that neither joy nor grief could alter his countenance he mightily lov'd the Stoick Philosophy and was Master of it as well by Learning as by the morality of his life Even when he was a youth he merited so great admiration that Adrianus design'd to make him his Caesar but having adopted Antoninus Pius he made him therefore his Son-in-law that he might come that way to the Government he learn'd Philosophy of Apollonius the Chalcedonian and Greek of Sextus Chaeronensis Plutarch's Nephew and Fronto that most excellent Orator taught him Latin he carry'd himself very justly to all the Romans and was no way puff'd up according to the haughtiness of Emperours he was very liberal and govern'd the Provinces with great moderation Affairs while he reign'd were carry'd on successfully against the Germans in his own Person he made one War with the Marcomanni as considerable as any in Story even to be compar'd with the Carthaginian Wars and from the loss of whole Armies to be esteem'd worse In his time there happen'd so great a Pestilence that after his Victory over the Persians a great number of Men and almost all his Soldiers dy'd through Italy and the Provinces Wherefore after he had persever'd with great labour and patience full three years at Carnuntum he ended that War with the Marcomanni which had been carry'd on by the confederacy of the Quadi the Vandali the Sarmatae the Suevi and all the neighbouring Barbarians he slew a great many thousand of them and having freed the Pannonii from their servitude he made another Triumph at Rome with his Son Com. Antoninus whom he had made his Caesar When his Exchequer was all exhausted in this War and he had no assistance by Presents being unwilling to lay any thing upon the Provinces or the Senate he made an Inventory of the furniture of his Palace and in Trajan's Forum for two months expos'd to sale his golden Vessels his Chrystal and Amber Cups his Wifes and his own Wardrobe and a great many Jewels from which he rais'd a good Sum of God and after the Victory bought his Houshold-stuff again of them that were willing to sell being offended with none that refus'd it He also granted that Noblemen might make Feasts with the same Grandeur and Retinue as himself After this Victory he was so noble in his Sports and publick Shews that he is reported to have expos'd in the Amphitheater an hundred Lions at once Thus after he had restor'd the Commonwealth to a prosperous condition he dy'd
as his Fortune For after the Civil War he often beat the Goths and at last having granted them peace he left even amongst those Barbarians a great remembrance of his favour He was addicted to civil Arts and generous Exercises an affector of true Friendship which he altogether sought to procure by his liberality and easiness as he was severe to some of his Friends so he was extraordinary kind to the rest letting no opportunity slip to make them rich and eminent He made a great many Laws some good and just very many superfluous and some severe He first attempted to advance the City Constantinople called after his own name to so great a pitch as to make it equal with Rome in his Design to make War against the Parthians who had harassed Mesopotamia he died in a publick Vill of the City Nicomedia in the one and thirtieth year of his Reign and the sixty sixth of his age His Death was foretold by a blazing Star called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which of an unusual bigness appeared for some time and he was deservedly made a God He left three of his own Sons and one of his Brothers to succeed him but Dalmatius Caesar a most hopeful Man not unlike his Uncle was slain a while after by a Military Faction with the consent rather than by the command of his Cousin Constantius Moreover Constans his Captains slew Constantine making War against his Brother and unadvisedly fighting at the City Aquileia Thus the Commonwealth was reduced to two Emperours Constans his Reign for some time was great and just afterwards through sickness and the persuasions of some of his worst Friends being grown vicious and intolerable to the Subjects of the Provinces and unacceptable to his Soldiers he was slain by the Faction of Maxentius not far from Spain in a Castle called Helena in the eighteenth year of his Reign and the thirteenth of his age He performed a great many valiant actions in War and was terrible to his Army all his life-life-time without much cruelty Constantius his fortune was various for he suffer'd very many injuries from the Persians who had oftentimes sacked his Towns besieged his Cities and beaten his Armies never had he any success in Battel against King Sapores unless at Singara where the eagerness of his Soldiers lost in probability a certain Victory who tumultuously and foolishly against the reason of War demanded to fight the day being far spent After the death of Constans Magnentius having got Italy Africa and Gaul there arose an insurrection in Illyricum Veteranio being made Emperour by the consent of the Soldiers and now a very old Man and beloved by all by reason of his long continuance and success in War was chosen Prince and Governour of Illyricum He was a virtuous Man observing the ancient Roman manners and of obliging civility but ignorant of all liberal Sciences so that he did not learn even the rudiments of Learning till he was old and made Emperour but Constantius who to revenge his Brothers Death had raised a Civil War put an end to the Reign of Veteranio who after a new and unusual manner by the agreement of the Soldiers was forced to lay down the Imperial Power There arose also a mutiny at Rome by the means of Nepotianus Constantine's Sisters Son who seizing upon the Empire with a party of Gladiators met with a Death worthy of his cruel beginnings being slain on the eight and twentieth day by Magnentius his Captains and his head carried all about the City upon a Javelin There were great Proscriptions and much slaughter of the Nobility at that time Not long after Magnentius was put to flight and very near taken in the Battel at Mursa the great strength of the Romans in that fight was much weaken'd even Soldiers that were fit to manage any forein Wars and might have procured security and many Triumphs to the Commonwealth Soon after Constantius sent Gallus his Uncles Son as Caesar to the East and Magnentius beaten in several Battels in the third year and the seventh month of his Reign killed himself at Lugdunum as his Brother Decentius whom he had sent with an Imperial Authority to govern Gaul did also among the Senones At this time Constantius also having committed a great many out-rages killed Gallus Caesar a man fierce by nature and prone to tyranny if he had been absolute Sylvanus also attempting an Insurrection in Gaul died before the thirtieth day then Constantius was the only Prince and Augustus of the Roman Empire Soon after he sent Julian Caesar to Gaul who was his Cousin and the Brother of Gallus having given him his Sister in marriage At that time the Barbarians sacked a great many Towns besieged others and had horribly wasted all places The Roman Empire by these misfortunes was in a tottering condition by whom with indifferent Forces the great Army of the Alamanni was suppressed at Argentoratum a City of Gaul their most considerable King was taken and Gaul was regained to the Empire This Julian afterwards performed a great many valiant actions against the Barbarians and drove the Germans beyond the River Rhine and restored the Roman Empire to its former Confines Not long after when the German Army was removed from their Garrison in Gaul Julian was chosen Emperor by the Soldiers and after a years space he marched to gain Illyricum whilst Constantius was busie in managing the Parthian Wars who died in his march between Cilicia and Cappadocia in the eight and thirtieth year of his Reign and the five and fortieth of his age and deserved to be numbred amongst the Gods he was a man of an exceeding calm temper easie and giving too much credit to his friends and familiars he was also too uxorious but in the first years of his Reign he behaved himself with great modesty he also enriched his friends nor did let any of them want honor whose industrious services he had made use of yet inclinable to seseverity if he grew jealous of any design upon his Empire but otherwise mild whose success was greater in the Civil than in Forein Wars After this Julian gained the Empire and with great preparation made War with the Parthiuns in which Expedition I my self was present he made some Towns and Castles of the Persians to surrender or else took them by force and having depopulated Assyria he encamp'd for some time at the Town Ctesiphon and returning Conqueror was slain by the Enemy whilst he too rashly pressed on in the Battel on the sixth of the Kalends of July in the seventh year of his Reign and the one and thirtieth of his age and was translated amongst the Gods an extraordinary man designing admirarably to govern the Commonwealth if he had lived he was very skilful in Liberal Sciences and much more learned in Greek than in Latin he was very eloquent and had a memory most ready and tenacious and in some things more resembling a Philosopher he
called Biledulgerid bounded with Mauritania Carthage and Aethiopia Numidae the People of Numidiae O. OLympus 't is the name of three Cities the first in Pamphylia the second in Lycia the third in Cilicia also the name of a Promontory of Cyprus and of twelve Hills especially one very high in Thessaly and 't is also a Promontory in Crete now called Cambrasia or Cambrussia Osdroene a Country in Syria on the confines of Mesopotamia Osdroeni the People of Osdroene P. PAlatinus one of the seven Hills of Rome called so from Palatia Evanders Daughter now Palazzo Maggiore Palaestina a Country of Asia called by the Ancients Canaan and the Land of Promise by Ptolomy Palaestine or the Country of the Philistines and now by Christians the Holy Land it containeth the Countrys of Idumaea Samaria Judaea and Galilee the chief City was Hierusalem Pamphylia a Southern Country in Asia the Less between Cilicia and Lycia now Subject to the Turk and lying on the West part of Caramania Panticapaeon a great City of Taurica now Tartary the Less near the Cimmerian Bosphorus call'd Pantico Pannonia a large Country of Europe now called Hungary divided into the Upper and the Lower Pannonii the People of Pannonia Paphlagonia a Country in Asia the Less lying between Galatia and the Euxine Sea now called Bolli Parthi the People of Parthia a Country in Asia lying between Media Carmania and the Hyrcane Sea by Mercator 't is called Aroch by others Corasan Parthenopolis a City of Macedonia and of Mysia in Asia the Less Peligni a People of Italy about the City Sulmo Pergamus a City of Troas in Asia the Less now called Pergamo or Bargamo where Galen was born Persia a large Country of Asia lying between the Caspian Sea and the Country of the Moguls 't is Ruled by a Sophy and the Inhabitants call it Farsi Perusium a City of Tuscany in the mid-way betwixt Rome and Florence Praeneste a City of Latium in Italy now called Palestrina twenty four miles from Rome Phaselis a City of Pamphylia built in the year of the World 3257. it was a long time held by Pyrats Philippi a City of Thessaly built by Philip King of Macedonia who called it after his name Phrygia a Country in Asia bounded with Caria Lydia Mysia and Bithynia it is divided into the greater and the less now called Troas Picentes the People of Picenum a Country in Italy now called la Marca de Ancona Piraeeus the Port-Town of Athens now called Porto di Setine Ponticum mare called Pontus Euxinus and now the Black Sea Pontus a Country of Asia the Less lying between Bithynia and Paphlagonia and the Euxine Sea Ptolemais a Town by the Red-Sea there are also four Citys of this name Pyrenaei Montes the Mountains that part Spian from France running from East to West eighty five Leagues in length cross the Land Q. QVadi a People in Germany in Moravia Quinquegentiani a People of Africa Quirinalis one of the seven Hills of Rome called so from Romulus's name Quirinus now Monte Cavalle R. RAvenna a City of Italy upon the Coast of the Adriatick Sea Rhaetia the Country of the Grisons on the Alps. Rhenus a River which parts France from Germany and after it has run 300. miles it falls into the River Mosa and the German Sea by two mouths whence Virgil calls it Rhenus bicornis Rhodanus the River Rhone in France Rhodii the People of Rhodes an Isle near Caria in compass an 110 miles Rhodopa a Province of Thrace Rome the chief City of Italy seated on the River Tybur now in the power of the Pope S. SAbini People of Italy not far from Rome Saguntum a City in Spain now called Morvedre famous for its Ruin by Hannibal Saguntini the People of Saguntum Salassi People of Piedmont whose Country in Dutch is called Austhalles from Augusta Praetoria the chief Town Salentini a People of Italy inhabiting that corner of Italy called Terra de Otranto formerly Messapia Salonae Cic. Salona Pl. a City once of Dalmatia out of whose Ruins Spalato came Samos an Isle of the Icarian Sea lying over against Ephesus the compass of it 87 miles Samnites a People of Italy whose Country was called Samnium or Samnis now adays Labruzzo Sardica in this Author is a City in Dacia upon the Ister and also 't is a City anciently in Thrace now the head of Bulgaria called by the Turks and Greeks Sophia Sardinia an Island of Italy under the Spaniard it is 170 miles in length 80 in bredth 450 in compass the chief City is Cagliare Sardi the People of Sardinia Sarmatae the People of Sarmatia Sarmatia a large Country Northward part in Europe part in Asia containing Poland Russia Muscovy and most part of Tartary Sauromatae the Scythians and Tartars a wild People that drink horses blood Saxones the People of Saxony once Masters of great part of Germany some of them came over into England the Duke of it is one of the seven Electors of the Empire Scordisci a People of Pannonia Scythae People of Scythia Scythians or Tartarians in the North parts of Asia and in some part of Europe also Eastward Seleucia the name of several Citys one in Syria in Mesopotamia in Cilicia in Pisidia Sena the City Siena in Tuscany 100 miles from Rome Sicilia the Island of Sicily lying at the toe of Italy and parted with a narrow dangerous Sea 600 miles in compass Siculi the People of Sicily Sipylum the name of a Town and Mountain in Lydia called formerly Tantalis Sirmium the City Sirmisch in the Lower Hungary Smirna a City of Ionia called the old Naulochus now Smyrna or Ismyr Stratonice a Town of Macedonia called so from Stratonice the Daughter of Ariarathes and afterwards built by Adrianus and now called Castro Franco Sutrium the People are called Sutrini a little City of Hetruria now called Tuscany in the Province of St. Peters Patrimony Suevi a People of Germany lying about the Danaw the Country now called Schwaben Suessa Pometia once a City of the Volsci in Latium St. Peters Patrimony Syria a Country in Asia bounded with Asia the Less Euphrates and the Mediterranean Sea divided into Phoenicia and Palaestine Syracusani the People of Syracusae a City of Sicily called Saragossa T. TAiphali and Thervingi People of Dacia Tarentini the People of Tarentum called now Taranto Tarentum a noble City in the farthest part of Magna Graecia now called Tarento Tarraco the chief City of Hispania Tarraconensis which is one of the three parts of Spain and larger than both twice it doth now contain the Kingdom of Castile Gallicia Navarre and Arragon Taurominitani the People of the City of Taurominium in Sicily now called Taormina Taurus a continual Mountain in Asia beginning at the Indian Sea and stretching its Arms Northward and Southward it also reacheth Westward to the Aegean Sea Teutones the People of Germany in General called Almaines Thracia a large Country of Europe commonly called Romania bounded with the Euxine and Aegean Sea Macedonia and the Mountain Hoemus Thessalonica a City of Macedonia built by Philip of Macedon in Memory of Conquering Thessaly now called Salonichi Thessalia a Country of Greece between Boetia Macedonia the River Peneus and Thermopylae Thusci a People now called Tuscans Tygris a famous River of Asia it riseth in Mount Araret in Armenia parts Mesopotamia and Assyria it continues its course after it s joyned with the River Euphrates into the Persian Gulf. Tigurini the People of Tigurum a City of the Helvetians now called Zurich Tygranocerta the Town Sultania in Armenia the Greater Tomos a City of Pontus whereunto Ovid was Banished Transalpini the People of Gaul beyond the Alps from Rome now called the Realm of France Trebia a River of Italy called la Trebia near Placentia running into the Po. Triballi a People of Mysia between Danubius and Aemus now the Bulgarians Tripolis a City of Syria by which name several other Citys are called Troy a City of Phrygia a Country of Asia the Less Tuscia a large Country of Italy called Tuscany divided into two parts the one under the great Duke and the other under the Pope called the Churches Patrimony Tusci a very ancient People of Italy also called Hetrusci now Florentines their Country was called Hetruria now la Toscana Tusculum a City of Latium in Italy now Frascati 12 miles from Rome U. VAndali a People of Germany about Mecklenburg after setling in Spain Andaluzia was called from them Vectis the Isle of Wight about sixty miles in compass twenty in Length and twelve in bredth Newport is the chief Town Vejentes the People of Veii a Town of Hetruria in Italy Venetia the Country of Venice Verona a City of Italy in the Territory of the Venetians Victophali a People of Dacia Viminalis one of the seven Hills of Rome called so from the Osiers that grew there Vindelici People of Vindilicia a Country of Germany where now Bavaria is Volsci a People of Latium in Italy now called Campagna di Roma FINIS * Valens * Julian
for your doubts have such an Oracle Consult your Guide whose Judgment more refin'd Vnties those Knots Dutch Comments leave behind By which your Authors more obscure become The Fogs of Holland cloud the Wit of Rome While these the vehicle of words essay The subtil Spirit flies unseen away He 'l shew you where their secret Treasures lie Sublime their sense and fix their Mercury Let this success brave Youths your minds inflame Eutropius conquer'd calls for nobler Game Lanch boldly next on Tully's flowing Seas And grasp the thunder of Demosthenes To noblest Sciences devote your time And rarely very rarely sport with Rhime See how your Teacher does the practice fly His Genius and the waiting world deny Whilst every Muse in vain stands sighing by Ev'n my poor strains some small Applause have found Yet were I with the foremost Lawrels crown'd With Wit and Verse I 'd hold eternal War To be a thriving Blockhead of the Bar. Once more all Hail to thee Industrious Friend Behold what wonders on thy Toil attend What pains thy methods cost that thus excel Thy midnight Lamp and Thou can only tell Yet for some longer space thy Tillage ply Thy own repose and pressing Friends deny Till like Lycurgus Laws thy Rules succeed And for long Ages leave a noble Breed N. Tate Juventuti Historicae S. P. D. IMperio premeret dominas cum Flavius urbes Victrices Aquilas bello parta trophaea Extendens latè tantos periisse labores Credidit indignum positisque inglorius armis Arripuit calamum Eutropius Dux marte tremendus Ingenio pollens scripsitque praelia gessit Una eademque manus famamque fata Parentum Donavit luce longum aeternavit in aevum Scilicet infantis câ—cinit cunabula Romae Regesque Grandaevosque Patres fascesque verendos Et parvis magnum de maenibus incrementum Sed neque res Italas memorans gentemque Togatam Praeteriit Domini crudelia bella perempti Juvit enim Socias florentesque aere cohortes Et quorum pars magna fuit cantare labores O mundo par opus nec mundi Regibus impar Quis dignus transferre tuas Dux inclyte chartas Romanosque sonos maternâ reddere linguâ Cedit onus pueris humerisque virilibus aequa Incumbit moles nec lassat magna ferentes Fortunata tuo laetare Britannia dono Et vos O matres Castrae innuptaeque puellae Ponite jam fusos operosae pensa diei Ponite hunc melius versetis pollice librum Hîc annosa ducum series hîc Caesaris arma Qui primus toto divisos orbe Britannos Vidit in nostro fixit tentoria Coelo Nec quoties placidè delectant scripta legentes Definite authores toties celebrare tenellos Felices pueri tali sub Praeside docti Queis angusta fovens distendit pectora Pallas Crescite foecundosque simul diffundite ramos Per totam latè gentem quantumque virorum Coetibus hic praestat tantum praestate Juventae Haec ego ut exhibeam gratae munuscula mentis Qui monitus Maidvelle tuos praeceptaque dia Felix ante alios jucundis auribus hausi Volventemque globum mundi Titaniaque astra Vidimus vivum veluti mirabar Aratum E. Trin. Coll. Cant. The LIFE of EVTROPIVS EVtropius was an Italian by Suidas called the Sophist he writ many other things which are lost by the injury of time yet skilled in Arms as well as Arts for he was in that Expedition when Julian was kill'd by the Persians which hapned An. Chr. 365. or with others 363. He drew up this Breviary of Roman History by the order of Flavius Valens the Emperor brother to Valentinian from the building of the City to his time to whom he dedicates it the stile good and considering the time correct the disposition of the matter is very methodical and in the application of Chronology to every great action surpasses Florus who wants it he has been well entertained by the Ancients being translated twice into Greek by Capito an Historian of Lycia and Paeanius some have honored him with the Title of Consul but 't is a mistake for Eutropius mentioned by the Fasti Consulares Collegue to Valentinian the second was not our Author but Eutropius the Eunuch against whom Claudian the Poet writ and who was afterwards slain in his second Consulship Some also would through ignorance in time confound him with Eutropius the Presbyter and Historian Scholar to S. Austin whilst our Author cannot be a Christian for he praises Julian too much tho he says he persecuted them and is angry with Jovian for not falsifying his Oath and breaking the Peace with the Persians which cannot be the advice of a Professor of Christianity and makes no mention of the ten Persecutions nor that of Dioclesian carried on with so much rage but in the time of his Father without doubt he was a Trimmer halting between Pagan and Christian as many then were puzled and groping in a twi-light rather modish in their Religion and imitating the Emperor Nothing else is observable concerning him EVTROPIVS's Epistle To the EMPEROR Flavius Valens To the most Great and ever August Emperor Valens Conqueror of the GOTHS ACcording to your Serene Pleasure I have drawn up in a short Narrative successiuely from the Buildiag of the City to your time the Roman Transactions which have been remarkable both Military and Civil and have added in short all passages eminent in the Lives of our Princes that your Divine Mind may please it self in this to have imitated the Actions of these Illustrious Persons in the Administration of your Empire before they were known by reading The First Book OF EVTROPIVS Containing the seven Kings Reigns with the change of the Commonwealth the Hetrurian War with King Porsena the Wars with the Latins Vejentes Falisci Fidenates and the Gauls and other circumstances remarkable From the building of the City to A. V. C. 365. By Mr. John Williams THE Roman Empire than which none was less in its beginning yet Story mentions none upon its increase greater in the whole World was founded by Romulus who was the Son of a Vestal Virgin and as 't is thought of the God Mars born a twin with his Brother Remus He having lived like a Robber amongst the Shepherds being eighteen years old built a little City upon the Palatine-hill on the eleventh of the Kalends of May in the third year of the sixth Olympiad as they say who speak most probably in the three hundred and ninety fourth year after the sacking of Troy Having built this City which he called Rome from his own Name he performed these things He made a great many of his Neighbours free of his City choosing a hundred out of the old Men whom he called Senators from their age by whose Counsel he would manage his Affairs Then when Romulus and his people wanted Wives he invited the neighbouring Nations to publick Sports and took away their young Women by
of the Horse The first Sedition of the Roman People was in the sixteenth year after the expulsion under pretence that the Commons were oppressed by the Senate and the Consuls Then the Tribunes of the people were made as their proper Judges and Defenders by whom the people might be defended from the Senate and Consuls The next year the Volsci renew'd the War against the Romans and were overcome losing their chief City Corioli In the eighteenth year Quintius Marcius a Roman General who took the City Corioli from the Volsci was banished being angry he goes to the same Volsci and having an Army committed to him against the Romans evercame them in many Battels until he came within five miles of Rome designing to ruin his Native Country having sent back those Embassadors who desired peace had not his Mother Veturia and Wife Volumnia come to him from Rome But he being overcome by their Tears and Entreaties he drew off his Army And was the second who led an Army against his own Country after King Tarquin Coeso Fabius and Titus Virginius being Consuls three hundred Noble Men who were of the Fabian Family undertook the War against the Vejentes without aid promising the Senate and the People that they would by themselves maintain it Accordingly all of them marched out of Rome and every one of them was slain each of them deserving to have been a General One only survived of this great Family who being too young was left at home Soon after a new Register is made at Rome and the number of the Roman Citizens was found to be a hundred and nineteen thousand The year following when the Roman Army was blocked up in the Mount Algidus almost twelve miles from Rome Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus was made Dictator who managing a Farm of four Acres tilled it with his own hands He when he was found Plowing having wiped off the sweat from his Face put on his Robe and relieved the Army having overthrown his Enemies Three hundred and one year from the building of the City the Consular Power which was Supreme ended and ten Men were elected instead of two Consuls called the Decemviri but when they had passed over the first year well in the second year Appius Claudius one of the Decemviri would have defloured a certain young Maid the Daughter of one Virginius who at that time was in service against the Latins whom her Father killed lest she should be dishonour'd by him and returning to the Army raised a Mutiny The Power of the Decemviri was taken away and they condemned In the three hundred and fifteenth year from the building of the City the Fidenates rebelled against the Romans the Vejentes with their King Tolumnius aided them both of which Cities were so near Rome that Fidena was but seven and Veii eighteen miles off and also the Volsci joyned themselves to these But they were conquered by Aemilius the Dictator and Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus General of the Horse King Tolumnius being slain the City Fidena was taken and razed Twenty years after the Vejentes revolted and Furius Camillus the Dictator was sent against them whom he overcame first of all in a pitch'd Battel and took Veii one of the most ancient and the wealthiest Cities of Italy after a long Siege Then he took the noble City of the Falisci But he was maliciously accused as if he had not rightly divided the prey for which reason he was condemned and banish'd Not long after the Galli Senones came to Rome in pursuit of the Romans overcome at the River Allia twelve miles from Rome and took it nor could the Romans defend any thing but the Capitol which when the Gauls had besieged a long while and the Romans very much wanting provision Camillus who pass'd his banishment in a neighbouring City came upon them on a sudden and overthrew them Afterwards they departed having received a Sum of Gold to raise their Siege before the Capitol But Camillus chasing them so overcame them that he recovered the Gold which was given them and all the Military Ensigns which they had taken So the third time he entred Rome in triumph and was stil'd the Second Romulus as if he also had been the founder of his Country The Second Book OF EVTROPIVS The Wars with the Latins Sabins Samnites the Tarentine War with King Pyrrhus and the first War with the Carthaginians with other contemporary Actions of the Romans From V. C. 365. to 512. By Mr. Christopher Lowther IN the three hundred sixty fifth year after the building of the City and the first after it was taken by the Gauls they changed their Officers and instead of two Consuls set up Military Tribunes with a Consular Power From this time the Roman Empire began to enlarge its Dominions for Camillus in the same year took the City of the Volsci which had waged War against the Romans for Seventy years and the City of the Aequi and the Sutrini and having slain their Armies seized all their Cities for which actions he triumphed thrice Also Titus Quintius Cincinnatus pursuing the Praenestini who had come armed even unto the Gates of Rome defeated them at the River Allia and added their Cities to the Roman Empire and having besieged the City Praeneste made it surrender he performed all these actions in twenty days for which they decreed him a Triumph The Authority of the Military Tribunes lasted not long being soon dissolved For four years they were the Supream Officers in Rome then the Military Tribunes resumed again their Dignity with a Consular Power and kept it for three years but afterwards the Consuls were restored In the Consulship of Lucius Genucius and Quintus Servilius Camillus died whom the Romans honour'd above all their famous men next to Romulus Titus Quintius the Dictator was sent against the Gauls who had lately invaded Italy They had pitched their Camps four miles from the City Rome on the other side of the River Anio Titus Manlius a most noble Senator fighting with a Gaul who challenged him slew him in single Combat and having taken off the golden Chain that was about his neck put it upon his own which procured a perpetual honour to his Family that they should be called Torquati the Gauls were put to flight and a little while after Caius Sulpicius the Dictator routed them Not long after Caius Marcius overcame the Tusci and seven thousand of them were led in Triumph The second time the People were taxed and muster'd and when the Latins whom the Romans had subdued would not send them Soldiers they from themselves listed their young Soldiers and made ten Legions which amounts to sixty thousand armed Men or more Yet in these small Affairs the Romans discover'd great valour in their Wars for when they marched against the Gauls under their General Lucius Furius Camillus one of the Gauls challenged the valiantest Man of the Romans to fight with him Then Marcus Valerius a Tribune profer'd himself and
Battels also desired Peace When it came to a Treaty Peace was granted upon the same Conditions as before Scipio having added to the old Sum of five hundred thousand pound a thousand pound more for their late Rupture The Propositions displeased the Carthaginians and they commanded Hannibal to fight The War was carried on against Carthage by Scipio and Masinissa another King of the Numidians who had made a League with Scipio Hannibal sent three Scouts to the Roman Camp whom being taken Scipio commanded to be led through the Camp that the whole Army should be view'd by them that a Dinner should be given them presently and after that to be dismissed that they might tell Hannibal what they had seen in the Roman Camp In the mean time the Armies are drawn up in Batalia by both these Captains the like never was seen in the memory of Man the Armies being drawn up by the most skilful of all Generals Scipio was Conqueror Hannibal himself being almost taken who first escaped with many Horse then with twenty last of all with four Twenty thousand pound in Silver was found in his Camp and eight hundred in Gold with other rich furniture After that Battel Peace was made with the Carthaginians Scipio returning to Rome triumphed with great honour and hence was stil'd Africanus Thus ended this second Punick War after it had lasted nineteen years The Fourth Book OF EVTROPIVS The three Macedonian Wars the third Carthaginian the Syrian with King Antiochus with those in Achaia Asia Spain Transalpine Gaul and in Africa against Jugurtha with other co-incident Actions From V. C. 551. to 648. By Mr. Brune Clench THE second Punick War being ended the Macedonian followed against King Philip. In the five hundred fifty first year from the building of the City Titus Quintius Flaminius was sent against King Philip fought with good success Peace was granted to him upon these Conditions That he should not make War upon the Grecian Cities which the Roman protected against him that he restore the Captives and Deserters and keep but a Fleet of fifty Ships paying yearly four thousand pound in Silver for ten years with his Son Demetrius for a Hostage also Titus Quintius making War with the Lacedaemonians overcame Nabides their General who submitted himself upon the Consuls conditions who upon his return led Demetrius the Son of Philip and Armenes the Son of Nabides two noble Hostages before his triumphal Chariot in great glory After the Macedonian War the Syrian begun against King Antiochus in the Consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio and Marcus Acilius Glabrio Hannibal took part with this King having left Carthage his native Country for fear they should deliver him up to the Romans Marcus Acilius Glabrio fought fortunately in Achaia and having taken King Antiochus's Camp in a Battel by Night put him to flight and restored Demetrius to his Father Philip because he helped the Romans against Antiochus In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Caius Laelius Scipio Africanus went Lieutenant General under his Brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio the Consul against Antiochus Hannibal who was his Admiral was overcome in a Sea-fight Afterwards Antiochus himself was overthrown in a great Battel at Sipylum and Magnesia Cities of Asia by Lucius Cornelius Scipio the Consul Eumenes the Brother of King Attalus who built Eumenia in Phrygia assisted by the Romans in that fight fifty thousand Foot and four thousand Horse of the King's side being slain then Antiochus sought Peace which was granted to him though overcome by the Senate upon the same Conditions as before that he should depart out of Europe and Asia that he should bound himself with the Mountain Taurus pay ten thousand Talents give twenty Hostages with Hannibal the cause of the War All the Cities of Asia which Antiochus lost in this War were given to King Eumenes by the Senate likewise many Cities were given to the Rhodians who assisted the Romans against him Scipio return'd to Rome and triumphed with great honour taking the name of Asiaticus by imitation from conquering Asia as his Brother was called Africanus from overcoming Africa In the Consulship of Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Marcius Philippus Marcus Fulvius triumphed for his Victory over the Aetolians Hannibal after the Victory over Antiochus lest he should be delivered to the Romans fled to Prusias the King of Bithynia being also demanded of him by Titus Quintius Flaminius when he was to have been given up to the Romans he drank Poison and was buried at Libyssa in the borders of Nicomedia Philip the King of Macedonia being dead who had both fought with the Romans and afterwards help'd them against King Antiochus his Son Perseus rebelled in Macedonia having rais'd a great Army to carry on the War Cotys the King of Thrace and the King of Illyricum called Gentius aided him Eumenes the King of Asia Ariarathes King of Cappadocia Antiochus King of Syria Ptolemaeus King of Aegypt with Masinissa the King of Numidia help'd the Romans but Prusias King of Numidia although he married Perseus's Sister stood neuter being civil to both Parties Publius Licinius the Consul and General of the Romans was beaten by the King in a fierce Battel neither would the Romans grant Peace to the King desiring it though they were overcome but upon these Conditions That he should surrender up himself and his Cavalry to the Senate and Roman people A little after Lucius Aemilius Paulus the Consul was sent against him and Caius Anicius the Praetor into Illyricum against Gentius but he being easily overcome in one Battel soon after yielded up himself as his Mother also did with his Wife two Sons and Brother to the Romans Thus the War was ended in thirty days the overthrow of Gentius being sooner known than that the War was begun But Aemilius Paulus the Consul fought the third of the Nones of September with Perseus and overcame him with the slaughter of twenty thousand of his Foot all the Horse being fled with the King the Romans onely with the loss of an hundred gain'd this Victory with the surrendry of all the Cities in Macedonia which the King possess'd He being forsaken of his Friends submitted himself to Paulus but Aemilius did not esteem him as a conquered Man for he would not suffer him though he desired it to lie at his feet but placed him next to him these Conditions were granted to the Macedonians and Illyrians that they should live free paying but half the Tribute they paid to their Kings that it might appear the Roman People fought more for Justice than for Riches Paulus delivered these things in a very great Assembly of the People and treated the Embassadours that came from many parts at a most costly Banquet saying that it became the same General to overcome in War and to appear great in his Entertainment A little after having taken seventy Cities of Epirus which had rebelled against him he distributed the Spoils to the Soldiers and
to Domitius and was led captive by him to Rome where both the Consuls triumphed with great Glory In the Consulship of Marcus Porcius Cato and Quintus Marcius Rex in the six hundred thirty third year from the building of the City the Colony of Narbona was planted in Gaul afterwards the Consuls Lucius Metellus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola triumphed for their conquest in Dalmatia In the six hundred thirty fifth year from the building of the City Caius Cato the Consul fought dishonourably with the Scordisci In the Consulship of Caius Caecilius Metellus and Cnaeus Carbo the two Brothers of Metellus triumphed the same day one for Thrace and the other for Sardinia and 't was then reported at Rome that the Cimbri were come out of Gaul into Italy In the Consulship of P. Scipio Nasica and L. Calpurnius Bestia the War began against Jugurtha King of Numidia for killing the two Kings Adherbal and Hiempsal Sons of Micipsa his Brothers and Confederates with the Romans Calpurnius Bestia the Consul is sent against him but being bribed with the King's Money he made a disgraceful Peace with him which was disliked by the Senate Spurius Posthumius Albinus went the next year to fight Jugurtha He fought by his Brothers ill conduct ingloriously against the Numidians Quintus Caecilius Metellus the Consul was the third that was sent he reduced his Army to Roman Discipline with great severity and order though without capital punishment he overcame Jugurtha in many Battels either taking or hilling his Elephants and when he was making an end of the War Caius Marius succeeded him he overcame both Jugurtha and Bocchus the King of Mauritania who assisted Jugurtha against the Romans having taken some Cities in Numidia he finish'd the War Jugurtha being taken by that great Man Cornelius Sylla his Quaestor whom Bocchus had delivered up though before he had fought for him The Cimbri were overcome in Gaul by Marcus Junius Silanus the Collegue of Quintus Metellus the Scordisci and Triballi in Macedonia by Minucius Rufus and the Lusitani in Spain by Servilius Caepio There were two triumphs for Jugurtha first Metellus then Marius before Marius's Chariot Jugurtha was led in chains with his two Sons and not long after strangled in Prison by the command of the Consul The Fifth Book OF EVTROPIVS The War with the Cimbri c. with Mithridates King of Pontus the Civil War between Marius and Sylla with other interfering Actions From V. C. 648 to 675. By Mr. James Lowther WHILST War was made in Numidia against Jugurtha the Roman Consuls Marcus Manilius and Quintus Caepio were overcome at the River Rhodanus by the Cimbri Teutones Tigurini and Ambrones Nations of Germany and Gaul and the Romans were almost all slain having lost their Tents with a great part of their Army The fear at Rome was scarce so great in Hannibal's time in the Carthaginian Wars lest the Gauls should come again to Rome Wherefore Marius after the Jugurthine Victory the second time was made Consul and the management of the War was Deceed him against the Cimbri and Teutones Also the third and fourth Consulship was conferr'd upon him because the Cimbrian War continued in his fourth Consulship he had Quintus Luctatius Catulus for his Collegue Then fighting with the Cimbri he slew two hundred thousand in two Battels and took eighty thousand and their General Teutobodus for which good service in his absence he was created Consul In the mean time the Cimbri and Teutones whose Forces were yet very great passed over into Italy Caius Marius and Quintus Catulus again fought with them but Catulus the more successfully For in that Battel which both of them fought one hundred and forty thousand were slain either in the fight or in the pursuit sixty thousand taken and but three hundred Roman Soldiers lost in both Armies three and thirty Ensigns were taken from the Cimbri of which Marius his Army got two Catulus his Army thirty one Thus the War was ended and a Triumph Decreed for each of them Sextus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus being Consuls in the six hundred and fifty ninth year from the building of the City when almost all other Wars were now ended the Picentes Marsi and Peligni made a grievous War in Italy who when they had obeyed the Roman people for many years then began to assert their Liberty This War was very dangerous P. Rutilius the Consul was slain in it Caepio a Noble Young Man and Portius Cato the other Consul But the Picentes and the Marsi had these Captains against the Romans Titus Vietius Hierus Asinius Titus Herennius and Aulus Cluentius the Romans fought fortunately against them under Caius Marius now the sixth time a Consul and Cnaeus Pompeius yet under Lucius Cornelius Sylla most successfully who amongst other extraordinary actions so overcame Cluentius Captain of the Enemies with great Forces without losing one of his Men. This War was prolonged for the space of four years yet with great misfortune in the fifth year at last Lucius Cornelius Sylla being Consul ended it when before as Praetor he had valiantly performed many things in that War In the year of the City six hundred sixty two the first civil War began at Rome with the Mithridatick War C. Marius who had been six times Consul was the cause of it for when Sylla the Consul was sent to make War against Mithridates who had seiz'd upon Asia and Achaia being forced for some time to keep his Army in Campania that he might make an end of the War in Italy with the Confederates which we have mentioned Marius desired that he might be sent against Mithridates Whereupon Sylla in great anger came with his Army to Rome where he fought against Marius and Sulpicius and upon his first entrance slew Sulpicius and put Marius to flight Cnaeus Octavius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna being appointed Consuls for the year to come he marched into Asia For Mithridates King of Pontus and of Armenia the less with the Pontick Sea all about the Thracian Bosphorus at first would have drove Nicomedes the Ally of the Roman people out of Bithynia informing the Senate that he was bringing War upon him for the injuries which he had suffered the Senate sent word to Mithridates if he did so he should suffer a War from the Romans Wherefore in a rage he forthwith took Cappadocia expelling King Ariobarzenes a friend of the Romans and presently invaded Bithynia and Paphlagonia having driven out the Kings Pylaemenes and Nicomedes Confederates of the Roman People Then he marched unto Ephesus and sent Letters through all Asia that wheresoever the Roman Citizens were found they should be kill'd in one Day In the mean time Athens a City of Achaia was delivered to Mithridates by Aristones an Athenian For Mithridates had sent Archelaus his Captain into Achaia with one hundred and twenty thousand Horse and Foot by whom he won the rest of Greece Sylla besieged Archelaus at Piraeeus not far
these two Consuls being Conquerors were slain upon which the three Armies obeyed Caesar Antony being put to slight having lost his Army went for succor to Lepidus who was General to Caesar's Horse and then commanded great Forces by whom he was received and soon after Lepidus endeavouring it Caesar made peace with Antony and as if he would vindicate the death of his Father by whom he was adopted in his Will he marched to Rome with his Army and by force procured the Consulship in the twentieth year of his age Having proscribed the Senate he began with Antony and Lepidus to govern the Commonwealth by an Army Cicero the Orator was kill'd by them with many other Noblemen In the mean while Brutus and Cassius the murtherers of Caesar rais'd a great War for there were many Armies in Macedonia and the East which they seiz'd upon wherefore Caesar Octavianus Augustus and Mark Antony went against them Lepidus staid behind to defend Italy they fought against 'em at Philippi a City of Macedonia Caesar and Antony were overcome in the first Battel but the most noble Cassius was slain In the second Brutus and very many Noblemen of his side were slain and then the Commonwealth was thus divided amongst them That Augustus should govern Spain France and Italy Antony Asia Pontus and the East But Lucius Antonius the Consul raised a Civil War in Italy his Brother who had fought with Caesar against Brutus and Cassius he was overcome and taken at Perusium a City of Tuscia but his life spar'd In the mean time Sextus Pompeius the Son of Cn. Pompeius made a War in Sicily those of Brutus and Cassius's party who remain'd joyning with him yet after a War brought upon him by Caesar Augustus and M. Antony at last a Peace was ratified At that time M. Agrippa acted prosperously in Aquitania and L. Ventidius Bassus overcame the Persians making incursions into Syria in three Battels He kill'd Pacorus the Son of King Orodes the same day that heretofore Orodes King of the Persians had kill'd Crassus by Surena his General He first triumph'd truly over the Persians at Rome In the mean time Pompey broke the Peace and being beat in a Sea-fight fled to Asia and was there slain Antony who govern'd Asia and the East being divorced from Augustus's Sister married Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt He also in person fought against the Persians and overcame them in the first Battel but in his return he suffered much by Famine and Pestilence and the Parthians falling upon him in his flight he lost his Victory He also raised a great Civil War by the instigation of his Wife Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt whilst she through a womans ambition long'd to rule at Rome He was overcome by Augustus in a famous Sea-fight at Actium in Epirus from whence he fled to Egypt and in despair when all his Soldiers had revolted to Augustus he killed himself Cleopatra died with the poison of Asps which she had put to her Breasts Octavianus Augustus added Aegypt to the Roman Empire and Cn. Cornelius Gallus was the first that governed it Thus having finished all his Wars every where Augustus in the twelfth year after he had been made Consul returned to Rome From that time he governed the Commonwealth alone for four and forty years having rul'd it twelve years before with Lepidus and Antony and so from the beginning to the end his Reign lasted six and fifty years He died a natural death in the seventy sixth year of his age in Atella a City of Campania He was buried in the Campus Martius at Rome a man not undeservedly for the most part reckon'd a God Nor was any one more happy than him in his Wars or more moderate in Peace He lived with the greatest civility all the four and forty years he ruled alone being most liberal towards all men and very faithful to his friends who he had advanced to so great honors that they were almost equal to himself The Roman affairs never flourished more before his time for besides the Civil Wars in which he was always conqueror he added Aegypt to the Roman Empire with Cantabria and Dalmatia oftentimes overcome before but entirely subdued by him also Pannonia Aquitania Illyricum Rhaetia the Vindelici and the Salassi living upon the Alps with all the Maritime Cities of Pontus and amongst these the famous Cities Bosphorus and Panticapaeon He overcame the Daci in several Battels He cut off the great Forces of the Germans and drove them beyond the River Allis which is up the Country far from the Rhine but this War was managed by his Son-in-law Drusus as the Pannonian War was by his other Son-in-law Tiberius in which War he brought four hundred thousand Captives out of Germany and planted 'em upon the Banks of the Rhine in Gaul He retook Armenia from the Parthians and the Persians gave Hostages to him which they never did before to any other Also they restored the Roman Ensigns which were taken away from Crassus when he was beaten The Scythians and the Indians sent presents and Embassadors to him who before had never heard of the Roman name Galatia in his time was made a Province being before a Kingdom and M. Lollius the Propraetor was the first that governed it The barbarous Nations so loved him that Kings who were Allies of the Roman People built Cities to his honor which they would call Caesarea as that built by King Juba in Mauritania and that in Palestine which now is a very famous City Many Kings left their Kingdoms to do him service and being dressed in a Roman Habit ran by him in his Chariot or on Horseback and dying he was stiled a God He left the Commonwealth to Tiberius in a most flourishing condition who being his Wives Son was afterwards his Son-in-law by the marriage of his Daughter and at last his Son by adoption Tiberius governed very lazily with great cruelty wicked avarice and filthy lust He never fought in person but carried on his Wars by his Lieutenants Some Kings whom he had enticed to him by his flatteries he never let return to their own Country amongst whom Archelaus King of Cappadocia whose Kingdom also he made a Province and commanded the chief City to be called after his name which now is called Caesarea and before Mazaca He reigned three and twenty years and died in Campania in the eighty third year of his age to the great joy of all men After him rul'd Caius Caesar surnamed Caligula Drusus the Son-in-law of Augustus was his Grandfather and Tiberius his great Uncle he was very wicked and horrible one who might excuse the Vices of Tiberius He undertook a War against the Germans and entering into Suevia performed no valiant action He committed Incest with his Sisters and had a Daughter by one of 'em when he had been outragious towards all men in Cruelty Avarice and Lust he was kill'd in his Palace in the nine and thirtieth year of
of mankind very eloquent warlike and temperate he pleaded Causes in Latin and made Greek Poems and Tragedies At the Siege of Jerusalem fighting under his Father he kill'd twelve men upon the Walls with twelve strokes of his Darts he was so civil in his government at Rome that none ever was punished he pardoned those to that degree convicted of Conspiracies against him that he treated them with the same freedom as before he was one of so great easiness and liberality that he could deny nothing to any man and when he was reprehended by his friends he answered that no man ought to depart with a sad countenance from the Emperor wherefore once at Supper remembring he had given nothing that day to any one he said O my friends I have lost this day he built the Amphitheater at Rome and kill'd five thonsand Wild Beasts at its dedication Hence being beloved with unusual kindness he died in the same house his Father did after he had reigned two years eight months and twenty days in the one and fortieth year of his age When he was dead the publick mourning was so great that all grieved as if they had been fatherless The Senate having heard of his death in the evening assembled with all hast in the Senate-House the same night and render'd him being dead so many thanks and praises as never to any Emperor in his presence or in his life time consecrating him amongst the Gods Then Domitian reigned his younger Brother more like Nero Caligula or Tiberius than his Father or Brother yet he governed soberly for his first years soon after falling into the great vices of Lust Anger Cruelty and Covetousness he made himself so hated that he abolished the merits of his Father and Brother he killed the noblest of the Senate and commanded himself to be stiled Lord and God he would suffer no Statue to be erected in the Capitol for him but of Silver and Gold he kill'd his Kinsmen and his pride was execrable he made four Expeditions one in Sarmatia another against the Catti and two against the Daci he triumphed twice over the Daci and the Catti and wore a Laurel for the Sarmatians he suffered many losses in these Wars for his Legions were kill'd in Sarmatia with their General and the Daci cut off Appius Sabinus a Consular man and C. Fuscus Captain of the Guards with their great Armies he built many places at Rome as the Capitol the Forum called Transitorium the Musick Room the Portico's of Isis and Serapis and the Stadium but when he began to be hated by all for his wickedness he was slain in the Palace by a conspiracy of his Servants in the five and fortieth year of his age and fifteenth of his Reign His Corps were carried out by the Bearers with great disgrace and buried scandalously The Eighth Book OF EVTROPIVS The Reign of Nerva Trajan Adrian Antoninus Pius Antoninus Philosophus Commodus Pertinax Julianus Severus Caracalla Madrinus Heliogabalus and Alexander Severus with the most considerable passages From V. C. 850 to 987. By Mr. Robert Ingram IN the eight hundred and fiftieth year from the building of Rome in the Consul ship of Vetus and Valens the Commonwealth was re-stated in a most prosperous condition by being happily committed to the government of good Emperors Nerva succeeded Domitian that cruel Tyrant a Man moderate in his private life valiant and of the middle rank of Nobility who when he was very old by the help of Petronius Secundus the Captain of the Guards and Parthenius who slew Domitian being made Emperour carry'd himself most justly and civily and consulted the good of the Commonwealth with a Divine foresight in adopting Trajan He died at Rome having reign'd sixteen months and eight days in the seventy first year of his age and was consecrated a God After him came Vlpius Trajanus Crinitus born at Italica a City of Spain of a Family more ancient than noble for his Father was the first Consul Trajan being made Emperour at Agrippina a City of Gaul govern'd the Commonwealth so well that he was deservedly profer'd before all other Princes he was of extraordinary civility and valour and extended the bounds of the Roman Empire both far and wide which after the time of Augustus was rather defended than honourably increas'd he repair'd many Cities in Germany on the other side of the Rhine and having overcome Decibalus conquer'd Dacia making that part a Province beyond the Danube which now belongs to the Taiphali Victophali and the Thervingi about one thousand miles in compass he also retook Armenia which the Parthians had seiz'd having kill'd Pharnaces the Syrian who govern'd it He gave a King to the Albani and took under his protection the Kings of the Iberi the Sauromatae the Bosphorani the Arabians the Osroeni and the Colchi and seiz'd upon the Adiabeni and Marchomedi with a great Country of Persia call'd Anthemisius he took the City Seleucia Ctesiphon Babylon and Edessa and conquer'd even unto India at last he came up to the Red Sea and there made three Provinces Armenia Assyria and Mesopotamia with the Nations bordering upon Macedena reducing Arabia to the same form of government he setled a Fleet in the Red Sea to wast the coasts of India Yet he surpass'd his Military Fame with civility and moderation equalizing himself to all at Rome and through the Provinces He oftentimes went to visit his Friends either when they were sick or upon festival Days and without any distinction kept mutual Feasts among them going abroad with them in their Litters he never injur'd any of the Senators nor did any unjust thing to encrease his Exchequer he was liberal to all Men and both publickly and privately enrich'd with Money and Honours even them with whom he was but indifferently acquainted he built many places all over the World and granted great priviledges to Cities he acted all things so peaceably and quietly that all the time he reign'd but one Senator was condemn'd and he by an Order of the Senate unknown to Trajan For this reason most resembling a God both alive and dead he deserv'd to be worship'd all over the World Among other sayings of his this is much esteem'd when his friends blam'd him that he was too kind to all Men he answered he did to them as he should wish Emperours to do to him if he himself was a Subject After he had obtain'd great honour both at home and abroad as he was returning from Persia he dy'd of the Flux at Seleucia a City of Isauria in the sixty second year ninth month and fourth day of his age and of his Reign the nineteenth year sixth month and fifteenth day he was made a God and of all other Emperours was buried within the City his bones were put in a golden Urn and placed under a Pillar in the Forum which he himself had made which Pillar was one hundred forty four feet high So great respect is paid to
years they were slain fighting far from Rome with the Barbarians and consecrated amongst the Roman Gods Then Gallus Hostilianus and Volusianus his Son were made Emperors under their Government Aemilianus endeavoured an Insurrection in Maesia to suppress whom in their march they were killed at Interamna before two years end they did no great action all their Reign it being only remarkable for the Plague and other diseases Aemilianus born of very obscure Parents govern'd more obscurely and died in the third month of his Reign Then Licinius Valerianus being General in Rhaetia and Noricum was saluted first Imperator by his Army afterwards Augustus Gallienus likewise was made Emperor by the Senate Their Government was pernicious and almost destructive to the Roman name either by the ill fortune or idleness of these Princes The Germans came up to Ravenna Valerianus waging War in Mesopotamia was overcome by Sapores King of the Persians and being made captive linger'd out a dishonorable old age in slavery amongst the Parthians Gallienus when he was a young man was made Emperor at first he mannaged the Empire happily then indifferently at last very ill for in his youth he acted valiantly in Gaul and Illyricum having kill'd Ingenuus at Mursia who usurp'd the Empire and Trebellianus a long while he was quiet and peaceable afterward falling into all vice he neglected the Common-wealth through idleness and despair the Almans having wasted all Gaul broke into Italy he lost Dacia which lying beyond the Danube was brought under subjection by Trajan Greece Macedonia Pontus and Asia were over-run by the Goths Pannonia was spoiled by the Sarmatians and the Quadi the Germans came even to Spain and besieged the noble City Tarraco the Parthians having overcome Mesopotamia began to claim a title to Syria Now things being in despair and the Roman Empire almost overthrown Posthumus born of a very mean Race made himself Emperor in Gaul and manag'd his affairs so for ten years space that he almost won all the Provinces that were lost with great valour and moderation he was kill'd in a tumult of his Soldiers because he would not deliver up the City Moguntiacum which had rebelled against him in an Insurrection of Lollianus to be plundered by his Soldiers After him Marius a most useful man made himself Emperor and was kill'd the second day of his Reign Victorinus a very valiant man took upon him the Government of Gaul but being very lascivious and a defiler of other mens Beds he was killed at Agrippina by the Plot of one Acturius in the second year of his Reign Tetricus a Senator succeeded him who was Governor of Aquitania and was chosen Emperor by his Soldiers in his absence he took upon him the Government at Burdegala and patiently bore many Mutinies in the Army But whilst these things were done in Gaul in the East the Persians were overcome by Odenatus who desending Syria and regaining Mesopotamia went as far as Ctesiphon Thus Gallienus not minding the Common-wealth the Roman Empire was kept up in the West by Posthumus in the East by Odenatus in the mean time Gallienus and his Brother Valerianus were kill'd at Mediolanum in the ninth year of their Reign and Claudius succeeded him chosen by his Soldiers and declar'd Emperor by the Senate In a great Battel he overcame the Goths spoiling and depopulating Illyricum and Macedonia he was a frugal modest man a lover of Justice and fit to govern the Commonwealth who nevertheless died of a natural death before he had reigned two years and was stiled a God The Senate honored him mightily that he should have a Golden Shield set up for him in the Senate-house with a Golden Statue in the Capitol After him Quintilius the Brother of Claudius was chosen Emperor by the consent of his Soldiers a man from his extraordinary moderation and civility either to be equall'd or prefer'd before his Brother the Senate agreed that he should be call'd Augustus He was kill'd when he had been Emperor sixteen days After him Aurelian took upon him the Empire born in Dacia Ripensis he was a man powerful in War but of an unruly nature and prone to cruelty he very valiantly beat the Goths and restored the Roman Empire by various successes of War to its ancient bounds he overcame Tetricus in Gaul amongst the Catalauni Tetricus delivering up his Army whose continual Seditions he could not bear for by secret Letters he so press'd Aurelian that among other arguments he us'd this Verse of Virgil Eripe me his invicte malis that is Deliver me thou great Conqueror from these misfortunes He also in a very great Battel took Zenobia not far from Antioch when her Husband Odenatus who commanded those parts of the East was kill'd and entering Rome he triumphed very nobly as if he had been Conqueror of the East and West Tetricus and Zenobia going before his Chariot Tetricus afterward was Governor of Lucania but Zenobia left her posterity at Rome which remain there to these days In his Reign those that belonged to the Mint having coined false mony and kill'd Felicissimus the Master of the Mint made a Rebellion in Rome whom he subdued and quelled with extreme cruelty he put to death many Noblemen being severe and bloody and in some things rather necessary than to be beloved he was harsh all his life time and killed his Sisters Son yet a great keeper up of Military Discipline and a strict corrector of his Soldiers dissolute manners he repair'd and fortifi'd the Walls about Rome and erected a Temple to the Sun inriching it with much Gold and Jewels he deserted the Province of Dacia which Trajan had extended beyond the Danube he wasted all Illyricum and Maesia despairing that it could be kept having drawn the Romans out of the Cities of the Country of Dacia he placed them in the middle of Maesia lying on the right side of the Danube as it flows into the Euxine Sea when before it was on the left side He was kill'd by the treachery of a Servant who brought some names remark'd upon to some Soldiers his Friends forging the Emperors Hand as if he had intended to kill them so that he might be prevented he was killed upon a Journey in the middle of the old way between Constantinople and Heraclea the place is called Caenophrurium but his death was reveng'd and he was made a God having reign'd five years and six months Then Tacitus took upon him the Empire a man well bred and fit to govern the Commonwealth but he could not do any famous action dying before he had been Emperor six months Florianus who succeeded Tacitus reign'd but two months and twenty days neither did he any act worth memory After him Probus a man famous in Military affairs got the Rule of the Commonwealth he restor'd Gaul with great success which the Barbarians possessed he happily suppressed some endeavouring to usurp the Empire viz. Saturninus in the East Proculus and Bonosus at Agrippina
North Armenia the Less and on the South Susiana Atella a Town of Campania Athenians the People of the City of Athens now called Setines famous for an University built on the Sea-Coast in Attica first by Cecrops and called Cecropia Aventinus one of th seven Hills of Rome Now M. di S. Sabina B. BAbylon a noble City in Chaldea anciently famous for its Brick-Walls built by Semiramis in height 300 foot in bredth 75. the River Euphrates passed through the midst of it It is now called Bagdet Basternae a People of Sarmatia in Europe in the Kingdom of Poland near the Euxine Sea Barbaria a Country in Africa it is divided into four Kingdoms Tunis Algiers Fess and Morocco and it lies all along the Africk Shore from the Streights of Gibraltar to Aegypt Bebriacum a Village in Italy between Cremona and Verona where Vitellius worsted Otho it is now called by the Italians la Bina Belgica the Low-Countrey or Neatherlands it containeth seventeen Provinces Beneventum a Town of the Hirpini now in the Kingdom of Naples built by Diomedes it was called Maleventum untill a Colony of Romans was brought there and for good lucks sake it was called Beneventum Berenice a Maritime City of Cyrene another in Aegypt both built by Ptolomy in honour of his Wife Bessi People of Thrace by the River Strymon famous for Theft and Robbery Bithynia a Countrey of Asia the Less next to Troas by Solinus it was called Bebrycia afterwards Mygdonia now 't is called Bursia and Becsanguil by the Turks Manili Bononia Bulloign a City of France in Picardy Bosphorani a People of Sarmatia nigh the Bosphorus Cimmerius Britannia the Isle of Britanny containing England Scotland and Wales it is 800. Miles long the whole Compass 1836 miles It hath on the East the German Sea on the West the Irish on the North the Scottish on the South it is divided by a narrow Sea from Gallia Belgica Brundusini the People of Brundusium now called Brindisi it is a City of Calabria by the Adriatick Sea which hath been a very commodious Haven whence was their usual Passage into Greece Brutij a People in the farthest part of Italy beyond the Lucani over against Sicily whose Kingdom is now called Calabria Burdegala Burdeaux in Guienne in France an Arch-Bishops Seat Byzantium a City of Thrace built by Pausanias a Spartan Captain it was called Ligos afterwards Nova Roma in the time of Severus and being enlarged and made the head of the Oriental Empire in the time of Constantine it was called Constantinople it is now under the power of the Turks being won by Mahomet the Second and it is called Stambol here is the Seat of the Grand-Seignior C. CAbira a City of Asia the Less in Paphligonia Callaeci a People of Lusitania or now rather Gallicia Campania a Champian Country of Italy in the Realm of Naples now called Terra di Lavoro Cannae a pitiful Village in Apulia famous for a great Overthrow which Hannibal gave the Romans there where were slain 40000. and among them such a number of Gentry that he sent three bushels full of Rings to Carthage Capitolium the Capitol a strong Castle of Rome built on one of the seven Hills of Rome of that Name Cappadocia a Country in Asia the Less it is otherwise called Leucosyria Almasia or Geneck and anciently Moga Capua a famous City of Campania not far from Naples Carnuntum a City of the Upper Pannonia now St. Petronel. Carpi a People of Salmatia Europoea Carrae a City in Mesopotamia by the Hebrews Charan now Heren Here Abraham dwelt and it was here that Crassus the Roman with his whole Army was Routed so miserably by the Parthians Carthago a famous City of Africa built by Dido after the Temple of Solomon 135 years and before the building of Rome 133. in the year of the destruction of Troy 300. now called Tunis Catalauni the People of a Country in Spain belonging to the Kingdom of Arragon Catanenses the People of Catana now Catania lying between Messina and Syracuse Catti People of Germany now under the Langrave of Hessen Celtiberia a Country in Spain lying near the River Iberus in the Countrey of Biscay Chalcedon a City in Bithynia where the fourth General Council was held before Christ 453. to refute the Heresie of Nestorius it is otherwise called Computa and of late time Calcitiu and Caulina Cilicia a Countrey in the Lesser Asia where St. Paul was born it is now called Caramania and Fenichia Cimbri a People of Denmark and Holstein Circessunt a Castle of the Romans not far from Euphrates Clypea a Maritime City of Africa Coelius one of the Seven Hills of Rome now M. di S. Giovanni Laterano Caeninenses the People of the Town Caenina in Italy Colchis a Countrey by the Euxine Sea in Asia near Pontus having on the North the Hill Corax being a part of Taurus on the East Iberia on the South Phasis it is now Mengrelia and Laxia Colchi the People of Colehis Concordia a City of the Carni by Aquileia also a City in Germany called Kochersberg Constantinople a City in Thrace called the Port by the Turks Stambol it is the Seat of the Grand Seignior Corinth a famous and rich City of Achaia placed in the Isthmus going into Morea Corsica an Isle in the Ligustick Sea about six miles from Sardinia 't is in compass 300 miles it is now under the City of Genoa Creta the Isle called Candia situated in the mouth of the Aegean Sea between Rhodes and Peloponnesus the breadth of it is fifty miles the length 279. Crustumii a People of Thuscia nigh the Veii in Italy Ctesiphon a Town of Assyria called Calamio or Calaneth Cyrene a Province of Libya between Mareotis and Zeugitana Cyzicus a large City of Mysia in the Lesser Asia by the Propontis D. DAcia a Country beyond Hungary and the Danow 't is now divided into Transylvania which was called Dacia Mediterranea and Valachia called the Hilly Dacia and Moldavia Daci the People of Dacia Dalmatae People of Dalmatia Dalmatia part of Illyricum now called Sclavonia lying between Croatia Bosnia Servia and the Adriatick Sea Danubius the Danow the greatest River in Europe as it passes by Illyricum it changes its name and is called Ister it receives into it sixty more Rivers and arises in the lowest side of Germany out of the Hill Arnoba and runs into the Euxine Sea Dardania the City of Troy in Phrygia in Asia the Less built by King Dardanus Dodonae a City of Chaonia or Molossia now called Larta or Janna and by the Turks under whose Government it is Arbanos E. EBoracum a City in the Kingdom of England called York Edessa a City of Syria Edessi the People of Edessa Ephesus a City in Ionia built by the Amazons as Justin says and called by Lysimachus who removed it to where it now stands after his Wife's name Arsinoe but now Figena or Efeso famous for the Temple of Diana one of the seven
force He overcame the Caeninenses the Antemnates the Crustumii the Sabins the Fidenates and the Vejentes in the War raised against him for the injury offered to their Women All these Cities lay about Rome And when upon a sudden Tempest at an Assembly he was never seen after in the thirty seventh year of his Reign he is consecrated being believed to have gone to the Gods Then the Government of Rome was in the power of Senators for the space of five days by turns which Authority lasted one year Afterwards Numa Pompilius was made King who waged no War yet he was no less serviceable to Rome than Romulus for he founded the Laws and Customs of the Romans who were now thought half Barbarians and Robbers from their continual Wars He divided the year into ten Months which before was confused without any account he constituted very many holy Rites and built many Temples at Rome and died in the forty third year of his Reign Tullus Hostilius succeeded him he renewed the War and overcame the Albani who dwelt twelve miles from Rome He subdued the Vejentes and the Fidenates some of these were six miles from Rome others eighteen He enlarged the City having added the Hill Caelius When he had reigned thirty two years he was killed by Thunder and his House burnt up with Lightning Ancus Marcius Reigned after him he was the Grandchild of Numa by his Daughter he warred against the Latins and joyned the Aventine Hill and the Hill Janiculus to the City built Ostia a Sea-Town sixteen miles from Rome He died a natural death in the twenty fourth year of his Reign Then Priscus Tarquinius was made King He doubled the number of the Senators and built the Circus Maximus at Rome He first instituted the Roman Sports which are continued to our time He also overcame the Sabins and having conquered much of their Country joyned it to the Roman Territory and first of all entred the City in Triumph he built the Walls and the Common Sewers he began the Capitol and was killed by the Sons of Ancus whom he succeeded in the thirty eighth year of his Reign Servius Tullius succeeded him born of a Noble Woman being a Captive and a Handmaid He also overcame the Sabins and added the three Hills Quirinalis Viminalis and Esquilinus to Rome He digged Ditches about the City And first of all numbered and taxed the people which thing was unknown throughout the whole World Upon the Assessment there were found eighty four thousand Roman Citizens with those who lived in the Country He was murthered in the forty fifth year of his Reign by the treachery of his Son-in-law Tarquinius the Son of Priscus his Predecessor and his Daughter Tullia whom Tarquinius had married Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was the Seventh and last of the Roman Kings He overcame the Volsci which people dwelt not far from Rome as we go to Campania he took the City Gabii and Suessa Pometia and made peace with the Thusci and built the Temple of Jupiter in the Capitol Afterwards besieging Ardea a City situated eighteen miles from Rome he lost his Kingdom For when his Son Tarquinius the younger ravished Lucretia a Woman of great quality and the most chast Wife of Collatinus and she complaining of the injury to her Husband her Father and her Friends killed her self in the sight of them all For which reason Brutus her Father and her Husband Tarquinius Collatinus stirred up the people and depos'd Tarquinius Soon after the Army which besieged Ardea with Tarquinius deserted him and he returning to Rome was shut out When he had reigned five and twenty years he fled away with his Wife and Children Thus Rome was governed by seven Kings for the space of two hundred forty three years the Romans hitherto scarcely possessing fifteen miles about their City For this reason two Consuls were chosen for one King that if one had ill Designs the other having equal Power might restrain him And 't was enacted by the Roman people that they should rule no longer than one year lest they should grow proud by a long continuance of their Power but be always courteous knowing they were to be private Men within one year Therefore Lucius Junius Brutus who had been very industrious in expelling King Tarquin and Tarquinius Collatinus the Husband of Lucretia were Consuls the first year But the Consulship was taken away soon from Tarquinius Collatinus for the Romans were not willing that any should remain in the City who was called Tarquinius therefore having gathered together his Estate he departed from Roome Valerius Publicola was made Consul in his stead But King Tarquinius Superbus who was driven out waged War against Rome and by the assistance of several people fought with them that he might be restored to his Kingdom Brutus the Consul and Aruns the Son of Tarquinius kill'd one another in the first Battel yet the Romans came off Conquerors The Roman Matrons mourned one year for Brutus as the Defender of their Chastity and their common Father Valerius Publicola took Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus for his Collegue who was the Father of Lucretia upon whose Death he took Horatius Pulvillus into his place so that there were five Consuls in this first year Tarquinius Collatinus went out of the City by reason of his name Brutus was kill'd in the Battel Sp. Lucretius died a natural Death Tarquinius again made War against Rome the second year that he might be restored Porsena the King of Thuscia assisting him and almost took it but was overcome at last In the third year after the banishing of th◠King Tarquinius when he could 〈◊〉 be received into his Kingdom nor would Porsena who had made peace with the Romans aid him retir'd to Tusculum which City is not far from Rome and there lived a private life with his Wife fourteen years In the fourth year after the Kings were driven from Rome the Sabins waging War against the Romans were overcome upon which there was a Triumph In the fifth year Lucius Valerius the Collegue of Brutus and now the fourth time Consul died he was so poor that he was buried at the expence of the publick for whom the Matrons mourned one year as for Brutus In the ninth year after the banishing of the Tarquins when the Son-in-law of King Tarquinius had gathered together a great Army to revenge the injuries done to his Father-in-law the Romans created a new Authority which was called the Dictatorship being greater than the Consulship In the same year also the General of the Horse who was subordinate to the Dictator was made Nor doth Roman Story relate any thing more like the present Government of the Empire which Your Majesty now enjoys than the ancient Dictatorship chiefly when Caius Caesar and after him Augustus otherwise called Octavianus reigned with the name and honour of Dictactor of whom I shall speak hereafter But Largius was the first Roman Dictator and Spurius Cassius the first General
when he marched out armed a Crow sat upon his right Arm and a little while after when they were fighting the same Crow struck at the eyes of the Gaul with his Wings and Claws that he could not see before him wherefore the Gaul being slain Valerius the Tribune gained not onely the Victory but also a Name For afterwards he was called Corvinus for this Deed and made Consul in the three and twentieth year of his Age. The Latins who would not send the Romans Soldiers began to exact this of them that one of the Consuls should be chosen out of their People and the other from the Romans which being denied they took up Arms against them but being overcome with a great slaughter the Romans triumphed and for this brave Action the Statues of the Consuls were placed upon the Pulpit from whence they spoke their Orations Now the Romans begun to grow powerful for they made War with the Samnites living about a hundred and thirty miles from the City who were situate between Picenum Campania and Apulia L. Papirius Cursor commanded in this War with the honour of Dictator Who going to Rome charged Q. Fabius Maximus General of the Horse to whom he committed the care of the Army not to fight in his absence But he having found an opportunity fought very successfully and routed the Samnites For which thing the Dictator commanded him to be beheaded because he had fought against his Command yet he was freed by the great favour of the Soldiers and the People and there arose so great a mutiny against Papirius that he had like to have been killed amongst them Afterwards in the Consulship of Titus Veturius and Spurius Posthumius the Romans very dishonourably were overcome by the Samnites and made Slaves by them But the Senate and the People broke the Peace which had been made through meer necessity Afterwards L. Papirius the Consul overcame the Samnites and making seven thousand of them Slaves triumphed for the Victory obtained against them At the same time Appius Claudius Censor brought into the City Rome the Water called from his name Claudia and paved the Appian way The Samnites having renewed the War overcame Q. Fabius Maximus and slew three thousand of his Men. Afterwards having his Father Fabius Maximus for his Lieutenant he subdued the Samnites and took most of their Towns Then P. Cornelius Rufinus and Manius Curius Dentatus being Consuls were both sent against the Samnites and overcame them in several great Battels Then they finished the War which the Romans had waged with the Samnites for nine and forty years Neither was there now any Enemy in Italy who would make trial of Roman Valour A few years after some Forces of the Gauls joined themselves with the Tusci and the Samnites but as they marched to Rome Cn. Cornelius Dolabella defeated them At the same time the Romans proclaimed War against the Tarentini who lived in the farthermost part of Italy because they had affronted their Embassadors they desired Pyrrhus the King of Epirus who was descended from Achilles to help them against the Romans who came soon after into Italy This was the first time the Romans fought with a forein Enemy P. Valerius Laevinus the Consul was sent to fight them who having taken Pyrrhus's Spies commands them to be led about his Camp to view his Army and then be sent back to tell Pyrrhus how the Romans managed their Actions Upon the joyning of the Battel Pyrrhus fled yet he overcame the Romans by the help of his Elephants which they feared having never seen them before But the Night putting an end to the fight Laevinus fled Pyrrhus took eighteen hundred Romans whom he used very honourably and also buried their dead whom when he saw lying upon the ground with their wounds in their Breast and Face and with a stern countenance he is reported to have held up his hands to Heaven uttering these words That he might have conquered the whole World if it had been his fortune to have had such valiant Soldiers Afterwards Pyrrhus having joyned the Samnites the Lucani and the Brutii to his Army marched to Rome wasting all places with fire and sword he destroyed Campania and came to the City Praeneste eighteen miles from Rome A little while after he retreated into Campania being affraid of the Army which followed him under the command of a Consul The Romans sent Embassadors to Pyrrhus to desire him to restore them their Captives whom he received very honourably and sent back their Captives without ransom He very much admired one of the Roman Embassadours Fabricius by name and when he knew him to be poor he would have enticed him to leave the Romans and come over to him promising the fourth part of his Kingdom Fabricius despised it Wherefore Pyrrhus esteeming the Romans at a high rate sent an Embassadour a great Man by name Cineas to make Peace with them on equal terms which were that he might reserve that part of Italy which he had Conquer'd The Romans liked not the Propositions Therefore the Senate sent word to Pyrrhus that he could have no peace with the Romans if he stayed in Italy Then the Romans commanded all those Captives which Pyrrhus had restored to be esteemed infamous who should have defended themselves with their Arms neither should they regain their former credit till they had brought back the spoils of their Enemies Pyrrhus his Embassadour returned with this answer whom when Pyrrhus asked what sort of place he found Rome he reply'd That he had seen a Country of Kings that they were all as brave Men there as he was counted in Epirus and Greece P. Sulpicius and Decius Mus the Consuls are sent Generals against him Upon the joining of the Battel Pyrrhus was wounded and his Elephants slain he lost in the Fight twenty thousand the Romans onely five thousand Pyrrhus fled to Tarentum the second year after Fabricius was sent to fight him whom before he could not bribe being one of the Embassadours having promised him the fourth part of his Kingdom Then his Camp and the King 's being nigh one another Pyrrhus his Physician came to him by Night promising to poyson the King if he would reward him for it whom he commanded to be carried bound to Pyrrhus and to be told that he had undertaken to kill him The King admiring at him is reported to have said This is that Fabricius whom 't is harder to disuade from honesty than to alter the Sun's course Then the King went into Sicily Fabricius having defeated the Samnites and the Lucani triumphed Then Manius Curius Dentatus and Cornelius Lentulus were sent against Pyrrhus Curius fought him and cut off his Army and having driven him to Tarentum took his Camp in the same day with the loss of three and twenty thousand of the Enemy Curius Dentatus triumphed in his Consulship he was the first Man that brought Elephants to Rome being four in number A little while after Pyrrhus
the Africans had a Fleet of four hundred against him Luctatius Catulus went sick a Shipboard for he had been wounded in the former Battel The Romans fought very valiantly over against Lilybaeum a City of Sicily they took seventy three Carthaginian Ships and sunk an hundred and twenty five they took thirty two thousand Prisoners having slain thirteen thousand with a great quantity of Gold and Silver Of the Roman Fleet there were but twelve Ships sunk This fight was on the sixth of the Ides of March The Carthaginians soon after desired to make Peace with the Romans which they granted them They restored the Romans their Captives and the Carthaginians having desired their own Captives might be ransomed the Senate commanded those who were in publick Prisons to be sent to them gratis expecting a Ransom onely for them in the possession of private men and upon their return to Carthage it should rather be paid out of the Treasury than by the Carthaginians Quintus Luctatius and Aulus Manlius being Consuls made War with the Falisci whose City heretofore abounded with Riches which War they finished within six days having slain fifteen thousand of the Enemy and granted Peace to the rest taking away half of their Land The Third Book OF EVTROPIVS The War with the Ligurians Sardinians Illyrians and the Cisalpine Gauls the second War with the Carthaginians with other passages From V. C. 512. to 551. By Mr. William Williams THE first Punick War being ended which continued for twenty two years the Romans being grown famous sent Embassadours to Ptolomy the Aegyptian King promising him aid because Antiochus the King of Syria had made War upon him He returned thanks to the Romans but accepted not their help for now the Battel was over At the same time Hiero the most powerful King of Sicily came to Rome to behold the Plays and gave two hundred thousand bushels of Wheat as a gift to the People In the Consulship of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus and Fulvius Flaccus at which time Hiero came to Rome the War also was carried on against the Ligurians in Italy and in conquering them the Romans triumphed The Carthaginians attempted now to renew the War inciting the Sardinians to rebel who ought to have been subject to the Romans according to their former Articles Yet Embassadours from the Carthaginians coming to Rome obtained Peace In the Consulship of Titus Manlius Torquatus and Caius Attilius Balbus the Roman people triumph'd over the Sardinians there being no Wars in any place the Romans enjoy'd peace which onely hapned when Numa Pompilius reigned from the building of Rome Lucius Posthumius Albinus and Cnaeus Fulvius Centumalus being Consuls waged War against the Illyrians and having taken many Cities the Kings of that Country submitted themselves and then the Romans triumphed first over the Illyrians In the Consulship of Lucius Aemilius great Armies of the Gauls passed over the Alps but all Italy assisted the Romans and 't is written by Fabius the Historian who was then a Soldier that eight hundred thousand Men were in readiness for that War but Affairs were manag'd so prosperously by the Consuls that forty thousand of the Enemies were slain and a Triumph Decreed for Aemilius Not many years after the Romans fought against the Gauls in Italy the War was ended in the Consulship of M. Claudius Marcellus and Cnaeus Cornelius Scipio Then Marcellus fighting with a small body of Horse slew with his own hand the King of the Gauls who was called Viridomarus After that with his Collegue he destroyed the great Forces of the Gauls and took Mediolanum and brought great Spoil to Rome and Marcellus triumphing carried the spoils of a certain Gaul on a Truncheon upon his shoulder In the Consulship of M. Minutius and P. Cornelius War was made with the Istri because they had robbed the Roman Ships which carried provision and they were all overcome The same year the Carthaginians began the second Punick War by Hannibal their General who besieged Saguntum a City of Spain in League with the Romans being in the twentieth year of his age his Army consisting of a hundred and fifty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse The Romans sent to Hannibal to keep the peace but he would not see the Embassadours Then sending also to Carthage that they should command Hannibal not to wage War against the Allies of the Roman people they received no civil answer In the mean while the Saguntines were overcome through Famine and being taken by Hannibal were put cruelly to the Sword Then Publius Cornelius Scipio having march'd with an Army into Spain and Tiberius Sempronius into Sicily War was proclaimed against the Carthaginians Hannibal having left his Brother Asdrubal in Spain passed over the Pyrenaean Mountains and made his way through the Alps hitherto unpassable in that part Hannibal is reported to have brought along with him eighty thousand Foot and twenty thousand Horse and seven and thirty Elephants In the mean while many Ligurians and Gauls listed themselves under Hannibal Sempronius Gracchus having notice of Hannibal's coming ship'd his Army out of Sicily to Ariminum Publius Cornelius Scipio first fought Hannibal the Battel being joyn'd his Soldiers fled and Scipio returned wounded into his Camp Sempronius Gracchus and Hannibal fought at the River Trebia He also was overcome Many in Ital submitted themselves to Hannibal he coming from thence into Tuscia fought Flaminius and slew him with five and twenty thousand Romans the rest being put to flight After that Quintus Fabius Maximus was sent against him He by not fighting stop'd the career of the Conqueror and after having found an opportunity overcame him In the five hundred and fortieth year from the building of the City Lucius Aemilius and P. Terentius Varro are sent against Hannibal succeeding Fabius in that War who admonish'd both the Consuls that they could overcome the eager and impatient Hannibal no otherwise than by deferring the Battel But through the rashness of Varro the other Consul contradicting him they fought at a Village in Apulia called Cannae both the Consuls were overcome by Hannibal In that Battel three thousand Africans were slain and a great part of Hannibal's Army wounded the Romans never suffer'd more in any Punick War for in this Fight Aemilius Paulus the Consul was slain and twenty that had been Consuls or Praetors thirty Senators were taken or kill'd three hundred Noble Men forty thousand Soldiers three thousand and five hundred Horse In which misfortunes the Romans disdain'd to mention Peace They listed their Servants having made them free a thing never done before After that Battel many Italian Cities which obeyed the Romans yielded themselves to Hannibal Who profering the Romans to redeem their Captives it was answered by the Senate that they wanted no such Citizens who when they were armed could not defend themselves After that he put them all to death with divers Torments and sent three bushels of golden Rings to Carthage which he pulled from the
from Athens and took the City afterwards a Battel being fought with Archelaus he so overthrew him that out of his hundred and twenty thousand there scarce remain'd ten and of Sylla's Army onely fourteen were slain Mithridates upon the news of this Battel recruited Archelaus with eighty thousand chosen Men out of Asia with whom Sylla fought again In the first Battel twenty thousand of the Enemy were slain with Diogenes the Son of Archelaus In the second all the Forces of Mithridates were cut off Archelaus himself three days lying hid in the Marshes Mithridates upon hearing of this began to treat with Sylla At that time also Sylla overcame the greatest part of the Dardani Scordisci Dalmatians and Moesians and received the rest into his protection When Embassadours came from King Mithridates desiring a Peace Sylla answered that he would not grant it unless the King deserting those places which he was possessed of returned into his own Kingdom Yet afterwards in a personal Treaty Peace was made between them That Sylla hasting to the civil War might be in no danger in his absence For whilst Sylla overcame Mithridates in Achaia and Asia Marius who was fled and Cornelius Cinna one of the Consuls renewed the War in Italy and having entred the City Rome slew the most Noble and consular Men of the Senate and proscribed many having pulled down the House of Sylla they compelled his Sons and Wife to secure themselves by flight every one of the Senate that remain'd flying out of the City came to Sylla in Greece intreating him that he would succour his native Country He passed over into Italy to fight against Norbanus and Scipio the Consuls he fought the first Battel against Norbanus not far from Capua where he slew seven thousand of the Enemy and took six thousand with the loss of one hundred twenty four of his own Then he marched against Scipio but before the Battel Scipio surrendred his Army without bloodshed But upon the new Election of Consuls at Rome Marius the Son of Marius and Papirius Carbo being chose Sylla fought Marius the younger and fifteen thousand of the Enemy being slain lost four hundred Men. Afterwards entring the City and pursuing Marius the younger to Praeneste he besieged him there and forced him to kill himself Then he had a fierce Battel with Lamponius and Carinates Captains of Marius's Party at the Gate Collina Eighty thousand Men were reported to have been in the Army against Sylla twelve thousand yielded themselves the rest were either slain in Battel in the Camp or in flight so unsatiable was the revenge of the Conquerors Cnaeus Carbo the other Consul fled from Ariminum into Sicily and there was slain by Cnaeus Pompeius whom but a young Man twenty one years of age Sylla upon the observation of his industry had made Commander of his Armies with the esteem of being next to himself Upon the death of Carbo Pompey recovered Sicily and passing into Africa slew Domitius one of Marius's Faction and Hiarbas King of Mauritania who aided Domitius After these things Sylla triumphed for conquering Mithridates with great Glory And Cnaeus Pompeius in the twenty fourth year of his age which never had been granted to any of the Romans triumphed for his Victory in Africa Thus these two cruel Wars ended the Italian which is called the Social and the Civil War both which carried on for the space of ten years destroyed above a hundred and fifty thousand twenty four Consular Men eight Praetors sixty Aediles and almost three hundred Senators The Sixth Book OF EVTROPIVS The Wars with Sertorius with the Gladiators and the Pirats the end of the Mithridatic The conquest of Crete and of Tigranes King of Armenia The Catilinarian Conspiracy the death of Crassus in Parthia the Wars in Gaul by Julius Caesar with the civil War between him and Pompey From V. C. 675 to 710. By Mr. Leonard Powel IN the Consulship of Marcus Aemilius and Quintus Catulus when Sylla had setled the Commonwealth new Wars arose one in Spain another in Pamphylia and Cilicia the third in Macedonia the fourth in Dalmatia For Sertorius who was of Marius's Party against Sylla fearing the fate of those who were slain stirr'd up the Spaniards to the War Quintus Caecilius Metellus his Son who overcame King Jugurtha and Lucius Domitius the Praetor were sent Generals against him Domitius was slain by Hirtulejus one of Sertorius's Captains But Metellus fought Sertorius with various success Afterwards when he was thought unfit by himself to manage the War Cnaeus Pompeius was sent into Spain Sertorius fought with variety of fortune against these two Generals till at last killed in the eighth year of the War by his own Soldiers Thus the War was ended by Cnaeus Pompeius a young Man and Quintus Metellus Pius and almost all Spain subdu'd by the Romans Appius Claudius after his Consulship being sent into Macedonia Skirmish'd with several people of the Province Rhodopa and there falling sick died Cnaeus Scribonius after the expiration of his Consulship was sent to succeed him he overcoming the Dardani marched a Conqueror even to the Danube and obtain'd a Triumph having ended the War in three years Publius Servilius a valiant Man was sent Proconsul into Cilicia and Pamphylia After the Conquest of Cilicia he besieged and took the best Cities of Lycia amongst these he took Phaselis Olympus with Corycus of Cilicia then going against the Isauri and they submitting he ended the War in three years The first of all the Romans that marched to the Mountain Taurus returning home he received a Triumph according to his merits and had the name of Isauricus Cnaeus Cosconius being Proconsul was sent into Illyricum he subdued the greatest part of Dalmatia took Salonae and ending the War returned to Rome in three year At the same time Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Catulus's fellow Consul would have raised a civil War but his insurrection was suppress'd in one Summer Then many received their triumphs together Metellus and Pompey from Spain Curio from Macedonia and Servilius from Isauria In the year of the City six hundred seventy six in the Consulship of L. Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta Nicomedes King of Bithynia died and made the Romans his Heir Mithridates having broken the Peace would have again invaded Asia and Bithynia Both the Consuls sent against him had various success for Cotta was overcome by Mithridates in a Battel at Chalcedon and being driven into the City was besieged there But when Mithridates marched from thence to Cyzicus that taking it he might invade all Asia Lucullus the other Consul encountred him and whilst Mithridates was busie in the Siege of Cyzicus he blocked him up in the Rear and overcame him in many Battels At last driving him to Byzantium now call'd Constantinople Lucullus also overcame his Captains in a Sea-fight Thus in one Summer and Winter Lucullus destroy'd almost an hundred thousand of Mithridates Soldiers In the year of the City
in the sixty first year of his age having Reign'd about eighteen years and was made a God according to the earnest desires of all Men. Lucius Antoninus Commodus succeeded him a Man not at all like his Father yet considerable for a War he manag'd successfully against the Germans he endeavour'd to have the month September call'd Commodus from his own name being deprav'd by his luxury and lusts he oftentimes fought as a Gladiator in their Fencing Schools and in the Amphitheater with such sort of Men. He dy'd suddenly and 't was thought he was strangl'd or poison'd when he had Reign'd twelve years and eight months from the death of his Father so detested by every body that he was reflected upon as an Enemy to mankind even after he was dead Pertinax succeeded him an old Man who being above seventy years old and Governour of Rome was made Emperour by an Order of the Senate he was slain in the eightieth day of his Reign by a mutiny of the Praetorian Soldiers and the treachery of Julian After him Salvius Julianus took the government he was a noble Man and skilful in the Laws Nephew to Salvius Julianus who in the time of Adrianus drew up the perpetual Statute He was conquered by Severus at the Milvian Bridg and was slain in the Palace having reigned seven months Septimius Severus succeeded him he was born in Africa at Leptis a Town of the Province of Tripolis He was the first and last Emperour in the memory of Man that ever came out of Africa he was first an Advocate in the Treasury afterwards a Tribune of the Soldiers and so by various employments he came to the government of the Common-wealth He call'd himself Pertinax in honour of that Pertinax slain by Julian he was very parsimonious and by nature cruel He fought many Wars and came off successfully he slew Pescennius Niger at the City Cyzicus who had made a Rebellion in Aegypt and Syria he overcame the Parthians and the Arabians to such a degree that if he pleas'd he might have made their Countrey a Province wherefore he was call'd Parthicus and Arabicus he built many Cities all over the Roman Empire In his Reign Clodius Albinus that conspir'd with Julian to kill Pertinax made himself Caesar in Gaul but was overcome and slain at Lugdunum Severus besides the honor he obtained in Military Actions was much renowned for Politicks being a very good Scholar and an excellent Philosopher his last War was in Britanny where he fortified the Provinces he had recover'd with a great wall two thirty miles long from the German Ocean to the Irish Sea he died at Eboracum when he was a very old man in the eighteenth year and fourth month of his Reign and was consecrated a God he left his two Sons Bassianus and Geta to succeed him and by order of Senate would have Bassianus call'd Antoninus wherefore he assum'd the name of M. Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus and succeeded his Father for his Brother Geta being look'd upon as a publick enemy was forthwith slain M. Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus call'd also Caracalla was much of his Fathers disposition yet somewhat more rough and ill natur'd he made a famous Bath at Rome call'd Antoninianae the only remarkable thing of his life he was one so ungovernable in his Lust that he married his Mother-in-law Julia he ended his days at Osroenes a City not far from Edessa in his design against the Parthians in the sixth year of his Reign and second month scarce three and forty years old and was buried at the publick cost of the people Then Opilius Macrinus the Captain of the Guards was made Emperor with his Son Diadumenus they did nothing worth memory for they reign'd but fourteen months and were both slain by a tumult of the Soldiers After these two Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was made Emperor he was thought to be the Son of Antoninus Caracalla but indeed he was a Priest of the Temple of Heliogabalus he when he came to Rome with the great expectation both of Soldiers and Senators disgrac'd himself with all sorts of Scandal and liv'd most shamefully and lewdly so after two years and eight months his Soldiers slew him and his Mother Semia the Syrian Next to him reign'd Aurelius Alexander he was stil'd by his Army Caesar and by the Senate Augustus he was a very young Man and making War with the Persians most gloriously overcame Xerxes their King He strictly kept up the Discipline of his Soldiers and disbanded some whole Legions that were tumultuous Vlpian the famous Civilian was the Master of his Rolls He was very favourable to Rome but slain in Gaul in an uproar of the Soldiers having reigned thirteen years and eight days extreamly dutiful to his Mother Mammaea The Ninth Book OF EVTROPIVS The Reign of Maximinus Gordianus Philippus Decius Valerianus Gallienus Claudius Aurelianus Tacitus Probus Carus Numerianus Carinus Diocletianus with other Remarks From V. C. 987. to 1056. By Mr. Martin Bowes AFTER Aurelius Alexander Maximinus was the first of any in the Army that obtained the government of the Empire chose only by the Soldiers without the Authority of the Senate himself being no Senator having manag'd the War successfully against the Germans when he war saluted Imperator by his Soldiers upon their revolt Pupienus kill'd him and his young Son at Aquileia with whom he had reigned three years and a few days Afterwards there were three Emperors at once Pupienus Balbinus and Gordianus the two first were of a very mean Family Gordianus was a Nobleman for his Father being Pro-consul of Africa was chosen Emperor by the consent of the Soldiers when Maximinus reigned but when they came to Rome Balbinus and Pupienus were kill'd in the Palace and Gordianus was Emperor alone who being but a young man having married Tranquillina at Rome set open the Temple of double-fac'd Janus and marching to the East made War with the Parthians who now endeavoured to invade the Empire which War he managed very well and beat the Persians in great Battels Returning home he was kill'd by the treachery of Philip who succeeded him His Soldiers built for him a Monument near the River Euphrates twenty miles from Circessus a Castle of the Romans and carrying his Body to Rome stiled him a God The two Philips the Father and the Son when Gordianus was dead got the Empire and having brought back the Army safe they march'd from Syria to Italy When they govern'd in the thousandth year of the City there was a great Festival celebrated with all manner of sports They afterwards were both kill'd by their Soldiers the eldest at Verona the younger at Rome having reign'd five years Nevertheless they were number'd amongst the Gods After these Decius who came from the lower Pannonia born at Bubalia took upon him the Empire he ended the Civil War that was in Gaul and made his Son his Caesar he built a Bath at Rome When he and his Son had rul'd two
time Emperors were only saluted he commanded the people to worship him as a God he wore Jewels upon his Cloaths and Shooes whereas before the Badg of Royalty consisted in a Purple Coat the other dress was in common but Herculius in outward appearance fierce and of a rude disposition discover'd his roughness in the horror of his countenance but smoothing his own nature he obey'd Dioclesian in his more severe designs Dioclesian when he grew old finding himself unfit to govern the Empire mov'd Herculius to live a private life and give up the Common-wealth to brisker and younger men to which his Collegue unwillingly consented yet both of them upon a certain day chang'd the Royal Robe for a Private Habit Dioclesian at Nicomedia Herculius at Mediolanum after they had gloriously triumph'd at Rome over a great many Nations with a magnificent shew of Pageants in which the Wives Sisters and Children of Narseus went before their Chariot one of them retir'd to Salonae the other to Lucania Dioclesian as a private man spun out an honorable old age at a place near Salonae exercising himself in Virtue unusual to him before He was the only man after the foundation of the Roman Empire that of his own accord descended from so high a pitch to a private condition for which reason this hapned to him which never did to any other that tho dying a private man he should be consecrated a God The Tenth Book OF EVTROPIVS Constantius Galerius Licinius Constantinus with his three Sons and Successors also Julianus Jovianus with other Roman Synchronisms From A. C. 1056. to 1119. By Mr. John Shadwell THerefore Dioclesian and Herculius retiring Constantius and Galerius were created Emperours to govern the Commonwealth and the Roman Empire was divided between them Constantius had Gaul Italy and Africa Galerius possessed himself of Illyricum Asia and the Eastern parts having chosen two Caesars But Constantius satisfied with the honour of being Emperour refused the trouble of governing Italy and Africa he was an excellent Man and of most extraordinary civility extreamly gracious to his Allies and private Persons he cared not for the fulness of his Exchequer and was better pleased to have the publick wealth in the hands of private Men than shut up in one fund He affected Pomp so little that on festival Days if he were to feast with many of his Friends he borrowed furniture and Plate from private persons to entertain them The Gauls not onely loved this Man but even reverenced him chiesly because under his power they had escaped the suspected policy of Dioclesian and the bloody rashness of Maximianus he died in Britanny at York in the thirteenth year of his Reign and was consecrated amongst the God Galerius was a Man well bred and famous in warlike matters when he found that the government of Italy fell under his Command by the consent of Constantius he ordained two Caesars But Constantius being dead Constantine his Son by a Wife of mean quality was made Emperour in Brittany and as one most desireable succeeded his Father In the mean while the Praetorian Band at Rome having raised a mutiny proclaimed Maxentius the Son of Herculius Emperour who lived publickly not far from Rome at which news Maximianus Herculius hoping to reassume the power he had unwillingly forsaken came soon to Rome from Lucania where as a private man he had chosen to dwell growing old in that most pleasant Country He persuaded Dioclesian also by Letters but in vain to re-take the Power he had laid down But Severus Caesar being sent to Rome by Galerius against the insurrection of the Praetorian Soldiers arrived there with his Army but besieging the City his Soldiers basely deserted him thus Maxentius his power was encreased and the Empire confirm'd to him Severus in his flight was slain at Ravenna but Herculius Maximianus after these things endeavouring to depose his Son Maxentius in an Assembly of the Army made the Soldiers mutiny and revile him Upon this he went to Gaul with a treacherous Design to associate himself with his Son-in-law Constantine as if his own Son had expelled him but endeavouring whenever he had an opportunity to kill Constantine who reigned in Gaul much beloved both by his Soldiers and the Natives having beaten the Franci and the Alamanni he exposed their Captive Kings to wild Beasts at his publick and noble Show Wherefore his treachery being detected by his Daughter Fausta who discovered the Villany to her Husband Herculius fled to Massilia and there slain intending to sail from thence to his Son was punish'd with a just Death He was a Man prone to all kind of roughness and cruelty unfaithful injurious and very barbarous Now Galerius made Licinius Emperour being a Dacian having been formerly acquainted with him and acceptable to him for his great endeavours and services in the War he made against Narseus Galerius soon after died then the Commonwealth was governed by these four Emperours Constantine and Maxentius Sons of Emperours Licinius and Maximinus being Upstarts But Constantine in the fifth year of his Reign raised a Civil War against Maxentius and routed his Forces in a great many Battels at last at the Milvian Bridg he conquer'd him who had raged with all kind of cruelty against the Nobility at Rome and so gained Italy Not long after Maximinus attempting an insurrection in the East against Licinius his own accidental death at Tarsus prevented his intended destruction But Constantine was a great Man and endeavouring to perform all that he had designed in his mind also affecting the Government of all the World he brought War upon Licinius although he was familiarly acquainted with him and nearly related to him his Sister Constantia being married to Licinius on a sudden he set upon him first in Pannonia and then as he was gathering together great Forces at the City Cibalae and having gained all Dardania Moesia and Macedonia he possessed himself of a great many Provinces Afterwards there arose several Wars between them and the Peace which was made broken in the end Licinius conquer'd in a Sea-fight and at Land at Nicomedia yielded up himself and was killed a private Man at the City Thessalonica contrary to the sincerity of a solemn Oath Then the Roman Empire was under one Emperour and three Caesars never so before Constantine's Sons governing Gaul the Eastern parts and Italy but this wonderful success somewhat alter'd Constantine from his tractable and gentle temper So that first persecuting his nearest Friends he killed his Sisters Son an excellent young Man and of a very good disposition and after the slaughter of very many of his Friends he put his Wife to death He was a Man in the beginning of his Reign to be compared with the best of Princes but at last to be ranked with the indifferent adorned with a great many Virtues both of Mind and Body very ambitious of Military honour Fortune was successful to him in War but his industry was as great
was liberal towards his friends but not so careful as it became so great a Prince for there were some who would wound his honor he was very just to the Natives of the Provinces and eased them from Taxes as much as could be he was courteous to all men but took little care of his Exchequer very ambitious of glory which oftentimes transported his mind he was too great a Persecutor of the Christians yet so as he abstained from putting any to death he was not unlike M. Antoninus whom he endeavoured to imitate After Julian Jovian who at that time was one of the Guard was elected Emperor by the Soldiers more eminent by his Fathers commendation than by his own who through the disorder of his affairs and the want of provision in the Army when he was overcome in several Battels by the Persians made a necessary tho an ignoble peace with King Sapores being forced to diminish the Confines and to part with some of the Roman Empire which in eleven hundred and eighteen years from the building of Rome never hapned till his time I confess our Legions were made slaves at the Town Caudium by Pontius Telesinus in Spain also at Numantia and in Numidia yet no part of the Empire was surrendred This condition of Peace ought not altogether to have been blamed if Jovian would have broke the necessity of his League when it was fresh and in force as the Romans have done in all these Wars that I have given an account of for War was forthwith brought upon the Samnites the Numantians and the Numidians neither was there any Peace ratified But he staying in the East and fearing one that would rival him in his Empire little consulted his own honor wherefore in his march to Illyricum he suddenly died in the Confines of Galatia he was a man neither unactive nor imprudent Many snppose he died of a Surfeit for he loved to indulge Feasting at Supper others of the small of his Bed-chamber which coming from the fresh plaistering of the Wall was dangerous to such that lie there some think he died by the fume of too many coals which he commanded to be burnt it being very cold He died in the seventh month of his Reign on the fourteenth of the Kalends of March and as they who speak most probably in the three and thirtieth year of his age and by the kindness of his Successors was deified for he was inclined to civility and very liberal in his nature This was the state of the Roman Empire when this Jovian and Varronianus were Consuls in the eleven hundred and 19th year after the building of Rome But since I am come to famous and venerable Princes I will put an end to my work for I must speak of what remains in a more lofty stile which I do not at this time so much omit as reserve to be written more accurately A Geograpical INDEX To explain the names of the People Countrys Citys Rivers and Hills mentioned by Eutropius A. A Chaia largely taken is Hellas or Greece but strictly part of the Peloponnesus about Corinth Actium a City of Epirus on the Sea Shore and called Nicopolis in memory of Augustus's Victory over Mark Anthony and Cleopatra Adiabeni the people of Adiabene a Country of Assyria Aegypt a Country in Africa anciently divided by Mela into two parts the lower Delta the upper Thebais Famous for the invention of Arts and Physick Astronomy Husbandry c. It is bounded on the East with the Red-Sea on the West with Cyrene on the North with the Mediterranean-Sea on the South with Aethiopia Aemus or Haemus the greatest Hill of Thrace called now Balkan Aequi a People of Latium in Italy now called Campagna di Roma Aetoli a People of Greece between Acarnania and Phocis Africa one of the four parts of the World it is a Peninsula joyned to Asia by an Isthmus of sixty miles long Agrigentum the Town Gergento on the Hill Agragas in Sicily Agrippina now called Cologne a famous City of the Lower Germany upon the Rhine so called from Agrippina the Empress and Wife of Claudius Albani the People of Albania between Iberia and the Caspian-Sea Albis a River it runs through the midst of Germany called the Elb and falls into the Sea near Hamborough it has its name from Halb that is half Alexandria the name of many Citys but here in Aegypt now called Scanderia built by Alexander the Great Alexandrini the People of Alexandria Algidus a Hill 12 miles from Rome with the Town Algidum built upon it Allia a River of the Sabins in Italy flowing into the Tiber supposed now to be Rio de Mosso famous for the Slaughter of the 300. Fabij Almans a People of Germany near to Rhaetia heretofore inhabiting in Suevia now all the Germans are called Almans Altinum a Town of the Lower Pannonia now Hungary called Tolna Ambrones a People of France where Ambrun is now tho Cluverius makes them some of the Helvetii The Alps high Mountains which part Italy from Germany and France Anio a River of the Sabin's flowing into the Tyber three miles from Rome now called Teverone Antemnates the People of the City Antemnae in Italy Anthemisius a Country of Persia Antiochia Antioch a great City of Syria this is the City where men were first named Christians Apollonia a name of many Citys 1. in Macedonia 2. in Asia 3. in Thrace Apulia a Country in Italy it is now called Puglia it is divided into two parts the one is called Puglia Piana or Daunia the other Peucetia or Terra di Barri Aquileia a City of Italy not far from Venice Aquitania the third part of France now called Guienne one side bordering on the Ocean-Sea on the West it hath Spain on the North the Province of Lyons and on the South Narbone Arabia a Country of Asia so called between Judea and Aegypt It is divided into three parts Arabia the Stony Arabia the Desert and Arabia the Happy Ardea once a City of Italy twenty miles from Rome Argentoratum a City of Alsatia it is now called Strasburg Argos a Country and a City in the Peloponnese Ariminum a City of Italy by the River Rubico cow called Rimini Armenia now called Turcomania a Country of Asia divided into two parts the greater and the less the greater hath on the West Cappadocia on the East part of the Hyrcane-Sea on the South Mesopotamia the Less hath on the North and West a part of Cappadocia on the East Euphrates on the South Taurus Armorica Bretagne in France so called by Caesar Arverni a People of France by the River Loire this Province is called Auvergne Asia the third part of the World divided into two parts the Greater and the Lesser the Greater is parted from Europe by Tanais and from Africa by Nilus The Lesser is now under the power of the Turks and called Natolia Assyria a Country in Asia on the East it hath Media on the West Mesopotamia on the
Wonders of the World which was burned by Erostratus the same night that Alexander was born Epirus a Country in Greece 't was called by the Ancients Chaonia and Molossia now Larta and Chimera 't is under the Turks and by some called Albania inferior Esquilinus one of the seven Hills of Rome Eumenia a City of Phrygia built by Eumenes from whom it took its name Euphrates a River of Mesopotamia rising out of Niphatis a Hill of Armenia one of the Rivers that come out of Paradise it passes through Babylon and now called Aferat or Frat. Europa Europe one of the four parts of the World and most considerable for Arts and Arms so called from Europa the Daughter of Agenor King of Tyre F. FAlisci a People of Tuscany in Italy subdued by Camillus the Consul Fidenae a City of Latium a Province of Italy now called St. Peters Patrimony G. GAbii a City of the Volscians twelve miles from Rome in the way to Praeneste now called Campo Gabio Galatia or Gallograecia a Country in Asia the Less lying between Paphlagonia Pontus and Cappadocia whereof Dejotarus for whom Tully did make an Oration was King 't is now called Chiangare and by the Turks Gelas. Gallia now called France it is bounded with the English Aquitane and Mediterranean Seas the Pyrenean Hills and the Alps. Galli the People of Gallia now called the French Germania Germany a most large Country in Europe having on the West the River Rhine on the North the Baltick Ocean on the South-West the Danow 't is divided into ten Circles and Governed by the Emperor and seven Electoral Princes with other Dukes and Petty Princes Germani Germans the People of Germany Gothi a people of the Lower Scythia in the Northern part of Europe they did Wast and Depopulate a great part of Europe Graecia a famous Eastern Province of Europe the Nurse of Valour and Learning H. HElvetii the People of Helvetia now called Switzers Heraclea a City in Thrace betwixt Stanbol and Galliopolis once called Perinthus Hierosolyma Jerusalem called also Salem and by the Poets Solyma the chief City of the Holy Land indeed once of the whole World 't was also called Aelia from Aelius Adrianus The Turks who have it now in possession call it Chutz or Gots Hispania the Country of Spain by the Ancients called Iberia 't is environ'd with the Mediterranian the Ocean and Cantabrian Seas except towards France from which 't is sever'd by the Pyrenean Hills I. Janiculum a Castle upon the Hill Janiculus one of the four Hills of Rome called from the God Janus now Montorio Iberi a People of Spain which was called Iberia either from King Iberus or from the River Iberus Illyricum the Country called Sclavonia or Wedenland having on the North Pannonia on the West Istria on the East Mysia Superior and on the South the Adriatick Sea India a large Country of Asia call'd by the Natives Indostan 't is bounded on the East with China on the North with Tartary on the West with Persia and on the South with the Indian Sea Interamna and Italian City in Vmbria called Terani Isauria a Southern Country of Galatia joyning to Pisidia with a City called Isauria which was afterwards called Claudiopolis Istri the People of Istria a Country now in Italy by the Dutch called Histerech so called from the River Ister under the Dominion of Venice Italica a City of Spain built by Scipio Africanus Ituraei the People of Iturea a Region of Palestine bordering upon Arabia Judaei Jews People of Judaea or Palestine now dispersed over all the World L. LAcedaemonia a large Country of Peloponnesus now called Tzaconia the chief City whereof was Lacedaemon called also Sparta Lacedaemonii the People of Lacedaemon Latini the People of Latium a Province in Italy now called Compagna di Roma Leptis a City of Africa between the two Syrtes belonging to Tripoli and now called Lebeda or Lepeda Libyssa a Town of Bythynia called now Polmen where Hannibal died between Nicomedia and Chalcedon Ligures the People of Liguria in Italy reaching from the Hill Apenninus to the Tuscan Sea of which Genoa is the chief City 't is now called La Riviera di Genoua Lilybaeum a Promontory and City of Sicily now called Capo coco Lingones People of France dwelling about Longres Lorium a Village 12 miles from Rome Lucania a Country of Italy in the Kingdom of Naples Lugdunum the City Lyons in France called for difference-sake Lugdunum Celtarum from Lugdunum Batavorum Lusitania the third part of Spain now called Protugal 't is parted on the North from Tarracon by the River Ducro Lycia a Country in Asia the Less now called Bricquia by others Aldinelli situated between Caria and Pamphylia M. MAcedonia a large Country of Greece containing several Provinces 't is now all under the Turks Maesi People of Maesia a Country in Europe adjoyning to Pannonia and running out at length along the Danube to the Pontus antiently the higher and the lower now Bulgaria Servia Magnesia a Country of Macedonia joyning to Thessaly containing Pieria and Pelasgia Marcomanni People near Austria whose Country is called Mark or as others Bohemians Mare Rubrum the Red Sea called by the Greeks Erythraeum and 't is also called Sinus Arabicus it parts Asia from Africa Mariana a City in Corsica now called Matino or Zagorolo Marsi a People of Latium in Italy Massilia a City in Provence in France called Marsiles Mazaca the City Caesaria in Cappadocia by the Hill Argaeus Mauritania a Country in Africa called Morisco lying towards the Gaditan Straits and the West Ocean 't is divided into Tingitana which contains in it the Kingdom of Fess and Morocco and Caesariensis called the Kingdom of Algier and is now with other Countrys contained under the general name of Barbary Mediolanum the City of Milan in Italy where St. Ambrose was Bishop remarkable for four things for multitude of People a stately Church a strong Castle and a Library well furnished Mesopotamia a Country of Asia between Tigris and Euphrates Milvius Pons a Bridge two miles from Rome where Milvius Ager lies Moguntiacum the City Mentz in Germany the Seat of one of the Spiritual Electors of the Emperor here was Printing first invented Munda a Town in Hispania Boetica where the last and most bloody Battel that ever Caesar undertook was fought between him and the Sons of Pompey Mursa a Town in Pannonia N. NArbona a City in France an Arch-Bishops See Nicomedia a City of Bithynia by the Propontis Nicomedienses a People of Bithynia Nisibis otherwise Antiochia of this name are many Cities one of Syria called Epiphane Nola a City of Campania fourteen miles from Naples where Augustus Caesar died tho our Author mentions Atella Noricum a great tract of Ground containing several Countrys as great part of Austria Stiria Carinthia c. Numantia a City of Spain now called Soria or Garray Numentana via a Road that went from Rome to Nomentum Numidia a part of Africa now