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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06425	The beginning, continuance, and decay of estates vvherein are handled many notable questions concerning the establishment of empires and monarchies. Written in French by R. de Lusing, L. of Alymes: and translated into English by I.F.; De la naissance, durée et cheute des estats. English	Lucinge, René de, sieur des Alymes, 1553-ca. 1615.; Finet, John, Sir, 1571-1641.	1606 (1606)	STC 16897; ESTC S107708	113,193	176

other whereupon will those so mighty Princes of Germany and the Imperiall townes spend their reuenues and incomparable riches what occasion can all of them finde more goodly then this to attaine to an immortall glory It is then for the inlarging the kingdome of Christ that we must imploy all we haue and for the deliuerance of those sacred places ouer which those barbarous infidels tyrannize to redeeme so many thousand of poore Christian slaues which suffer and grone vnder the yoake of that inraged dogge to giue life to an infinite number of Christians to reuenge their wrongs to punish the iniurires blasphemies which that tyrant and his helhounds haue breathed out against the glory of God his holy name and church And if humaine appetite must needs be an actor in this theater it would be an easie matter for great Princes that send their forces to vrge this consideration in the capitulations that they should haue in fauour of their contributions part of the spoiles and conquests that they might happily obtaine Againe if the loue of the seruice of God had a working in them they might vndertake in person the Generall conduct of the army or command part of the confederat troupes Godfrey a poore Prince in comparison of those that now sway Christendome alienated the Duchy of Bouillion for so godly a voyage Stephen Count of Chartres did the like with his estate as did also many great men who had no other motiue thereunto then the enterprise of the holy land Charles the seuenth King of France did he not succor the Emperour of Constantinople with a great number of horse which he sent him vnder the conduct of the greatest personages of his kingdome And must we sit idle with crossed armes whilest the cruell flames of this infidels tyranny burne and consume the houses of our neighbours CHAP. X. Wherein consist the greatest forces of the Turke 1 Whether the Ianizzars be the chiefe strength of the Turke 2 That horse are more necessary in the war then foote 3 The progresse of the Turke before and after the institution of the Ianissars 4 Victories gotten by the horse 5 Ouerthrowes giuen by the enemies horse to the Christians 6 Conclusion that horse in seruice excell foote IT seemeth that the greatest part of such as discourse of the forces of the Turke attribute his chiefe strength to the band of Ianizzars as the only sinew of his power and amongst other reasons wherewith they striue to fortify their oppinion this is one It hath hapned many times that the army of the Ottomans hath beene so hardly laide to as the battaile hath been in a manner lost yet haue they gathered strength and kept themselues on foote yea they haue gotten the victory and all through the vertue and valour of these Legionaries 2 Machiauel discourseth vpon this point and as one much passionate holdeth himselfe to this argument that foote are more necessary then horse in all exploites of war and he laieth his principall foundation vpon the example of certaine Romaine Captaines which saith he to breake into and force the enemy on foote haue caused their men at armes to alight from their horses and fight on foote against them It is a poore argument and of small importance since that for once that they made their horsemen alight an hundred occasions were offered to make them mount on horse backe if they had the commodity of horse he which is on horsebacke may when he please alight but a footeman cannot get vp on horsebacke when hee will This mony shall serue to pay Machiauel whom I leaue to proceed forward I affirme that in a ranged battaile and in the plaine field the forces of the Turke consist and principally rely on the horse The proofes are cleere and at hand as the processe of this discourse shall discouer 3 First no man is ignorant of the great victories the Turk got long time before the institution of the Ianizzars Amurath the second the yeere 1420. was he that first ordained them yet Ottoman had before that taken Sebasta a city of importance in Asia where he slew aboue an hundred thousand of his enemies Orcan his sonne had dispoiled the Emperour of Constantinople and of Bithinia at seuerall worthy incounters Amurath the first had passed Asia into Europe with his forces tooke Gallipoli Filipoli and Andrinople and we may thinke that he did not obtaine those victories without dangerous and bloudy incounters he conquered also diuers other cities and wan many other victories of the Princes of Seruia and Bulgaria whom he compelled to stoope vnder the yoake of his obedience Baiazet the first ouercame Sigismonde King of Bohemia and put all those French to the sword which Charles the 6. of France sent to his succour Calepin his sonne vnderstanding that Sigismond had raised an army vpon the newes of the ouerthrow giuen by Tamburlaine to Baiazet to salue his losses went to meete him at Salumbezza and so valiantly incountred him as his whole army was cut in peeces so as it cannot be said that the victories the Turke hath obtained since the institution of Ianizzars haue beene either greater or more memorable then the former rather they were the steps to these other happy atchieuements The beginning of things containe in them the efficient vertue of the whole This disputation might proue great and might ballance on either side if I did not ad waight to one of the opinions I will then say that before the institution and seminary of Ianizzars the Turks receiued but one memorable ouerthrow at mount Stella at the hands of Tamburlan the most strong enemy that euer they assaied and that after their institution they receiued more and greater as were those of Vsumcassan of Iohn Huniades of Mathew Coruin of the Mamelucks of the great Scanderbag of Don Iohn of Austria of the Kings of Persia and others 4 The second proofe which I will produce to fortifie the truth of my proposition is that all such as haue had the better hand of the Turkes euer had it by the meanes of their horse wherein they did exceed the enemy in number and strength as we haue so often saide of the Persians and of the Mamelucks The great Sophi ●●mael had he not vanquished Selim the second with the strength of his horse if when he did set vpon the rier-ward where the Turke was in person the thunder of his Cannon had not so affrighted the horse as they ran away with their masters to the disordering of the whole armie The onely thing that ouerthrew the fortune which the Persian had almost alreadie in his possession Cudabeuda King of Persia hath many times ouercome the Turkish forces by the onely strength of his horse whereof he hath more and is better armed then the other The Hungarians in like sort haue many times put the Turkes to the woorse by their fight on horsebacke 5 The third and strongest proofe of my assertion is

credit and authority of his master to whom he remaineth as countable Moreouer the subiect fixeth his eies and affection vpon his Prince and lauisheth his life and meanes according as the businesse is and he is addicted Francis the first King of France being before Pauy powred money foorth as a man may say by bushels yet Odet de Lautrey his lieutenant generall lost the Duchy of Millan for lacke of three hundred thousand crownes that were assigned him for his charges but were neuer deliuered him Whereupon the Switzers failing of their entertainment whom he had till then fed with hopes of pay he was constrained to fight with such disaduantage as hee miscaried and his whole army was put to flight which had not happened if the King had beene there in person for either money had not failed or else the credit and authority that accompanieth the Princes presence had wrought them to patience and contained them in entire deuotion 4 Moreouer the great train of Nobility and men of quality that the Prince bringeth with him is a strengthening to his army and addeth to it life and beauty euery man striuing to appeare more gallant then other which they would not vouchsafe to doe nor to subiect themselues commanded but by an ordinary Generall for there are alwaies about the King by election or necessity many great personages equall in power and dignity and some differing too in rancke and charge either as being Princes of the bloud or for honor and authority woon by desert al which would perhaps doe little for the Generall but would most willingly obey and expose all for their King and master to whom they owe a duty both of nature and benefit These great mens followers serue also to increase the army 5 Beside these considerations the King bringeth euermore with him a resolution of his enterprises wherein a Generall most commonly proceedeth with a restraint and aduise as fearing in his too forward attempting to exceed his commission In the meane while time passeth and occasion escapeth most often to the Princes hinderance and blot to his reputation 6 In this regard if the wisedome and loyalty of the Captaine be approued Princes ought not too strictly to limit their charges but if they doubt of them it is indiscretion to put them into their hands as we may see by these examples Don Emanuel King of Portugal hauing sent the Duke of Braganza General into Africke he fortunately wan and made sure for his Prince the towne of Aza Azamor but that performed hee would not take Marocco as at that time he might haue easily done though he were counselled thereto by the wisest and greatest of his army because that said he it went beyond his Commission Lopez Zoares Generall for the same King lost in like manner the opportunity to take the city of Aden of especiall importance for the affaires of his master for it standeth iust in the mouth of the Red sea though the inhabitants would haue deliuered him the keies Insomuch as hee should haue taken vpon him as he said more then his commission allowed him The thing was of that consequence as hee might well haue forborne the obseruation of his fast to swallow such a morsell Neither had the seruice beene one of the least he could haue performed for his master 7 In conclusion we are to grant that the presence of the king bringeth with it a certaine greatnesse and more aweth the enimy then his Lieutenant as it was seene at the enterprise of Tunise for Barbarossa sharply tooke vp and reproued those who said that the Emperour Charles the fift was himselfe in person in the Christian army inferring heereby that he should then haue his hands fuller then he made account and that nothing could be lacking in the enemies campe when their Prince was there present This is that may be saide of the good redoundeth from the presence of the king in his army Let vs now see what may be alledged on the contrary 8 First it may be said that the King which goeth to the wars in person ministreth greater occasion then he would to his enemy to prouide himselfe of forces meanes and friendes and affordeth him matter also of pretending a more glorious victory with the hopes whereof and of rich spoiles he putteth courage in his men disposing them to attempt valiantly all things be they neuer so hazardous so hartning them to fight 9 It may be said likewise that the presence of the King maketh his Captaines lesse heedefull and diligent at all occurrants and aduantages because they in part relie vpon the vigilant eye of the Prince who is to carry away the whole honour of the enterprise their valour remaining as dimmed and eclipsed This hapned at the battaile of Pauie For the Commanders relying vpon the kings presence and discreet carriage of matters had no regard but of their pleasures in stead of diligently bethinking themselues of the duty of their seuerall charges which in the ende turned to the ruine and dishonor both of their masters and themselues 10 Againe an army where the King is in person is alwaies replenished with Princes and great personages all which promising themselues great matters seeke not but to excel one another in place and command whence grow among them iealosies enuies and sundry differences breeding infinite disorders to the ouerthrow or hinderance of their Masters affaires Who is not without his part of feare to discontent some in contenting others This plague of ambition is such as it will sometimes so wrest the consciences and honours of these great men as they will not sticke to hinder the seruice of their Masters only to oppose the fortune and woorth of such a one as they see out-strippeth them in preferment yea oft times their ambition groweth so extreame as for despitethey wil vtterly forsake their Princes seruice Their vertue and valour being perhaps in the meane time not of the meanest and such as if it were well imploied would gaine honour and victory to the army 11 There is yet another discommodity and that is that the king carying with him the party whō in his absence he intendeth to constitute his Lieutenant he in the mean time repineth at his Masters worthy exploites considering how the honour should haue beene his if alone he had the managing of the army againe knowing that all such misfortunes or discomfitures as may befall it shall be attributed to the insufficiencie of the Prince and not to him he the lesse regardeth it In a word the glory we pretend and the iealousie we haue of our particular honors are two especiall powers to shake and curbe generous spirits The Emperour Charles the fift had sufficient triall of it for some of his Captaines and Lieutenants could oft times with small store of money and few men gaine triumphant victories as well at Milan and Naples as else where which perhaps in presence of the Emperour would not haue beene so fortunately

the first without respect to any This is the reason that there hath neuer beene knowen any popular rebellion in his estate 2 The port of the great Turke as they tearme it as who would say his courte and gard consisteth chiesely and ordinarily of foure thousand horse distributed into foure companies to wit the Spahioglani who are in al a thousand besides their seruants which march not in their rancke but apart and of these euery one hath seauen or eight These range themselues on the right hand of their Lord wheresoeuer he become and the Solastri equall in place and authority on the left These two sortes are accounted as children of the great Turke and are nourished and brought vp in the Sarraglio at his charge as hath beene said and there trained vp in all exercises of armes After these march the companies of the Vlifezgi Charipici inferiour to the other in rancke and authority Those on the right hand these on the left either consisting of a thousand horse And wheresoeuer the great Turke goe they neuer forsake him These foure thousand horse together with twelue thousand Ianizzars are the strength and gard of the person and port of the Turke with these forces he is alwaies able to hold in awe and subiection a city more populous then Constantinople and not stand in feare of any attempt against his person 3 In other places of his Empire he bestowes other great numbers of the Ianizzars to be assistant to the Gouernors and Bassas besides the succours they are to haue of such horse and foote as those are bound to furnish on whom the Turke hath at other times bestowed such arable lands as haue beene conquered by armes whence he draweth one man or more as the necessity of his affaires requireth and according as is the value of what they possesse These are called Mozzellini Such as are tied to this contribution may be compared to the Feudataries of our Prince towards whose seruice they are to finde a light horse or musket and some of them two more or lesse according to the imperiall institutions of such fees and tenures as so binde them After all those we haue named march the Alcanzi or Aconizij as a man would say Aduenturers which haue no wages are appointed to march a daies iourny before the campe pilling harrowing and hauocking all before them whereof they are to answeare the fift parte clcere to the great Turke of these there are thirty thousand besides them there are the Azapi of meane quality but such as serue his turne for Gally-slaues mariners and pioners to intrench fill vp ditches raise engines and perform other such like seruill offices their number is 40000. Ouer and aboue these vnder two Beglerbees or Lientenants generall the one in Europe the other in Asia he hath neere an hundred thousand horse in ordinary intertainment The Beglerby of Grecia or Europ which is as much to say as Prince of all Princes hath his place of residency at Sophia a towne of Seruia That of Asia abideth at Culhea a towne of Galatia Each of these hath vnder his obedience many Sangiacks as much as to say sherifes or bailifs the very children of the great Turke which gouerne in the Prouinces where they command are bound to obey them This great multitude of horsemen are so well mounted and armed as none can chuse or wish a more fit or direct meanes then their ordinary strength to hinder all popular reuolts or rebellions be they neuer so great That which hapned to Gazeles after the death of Selim doth sufficiently approue it he thought to stirre against Soliman and to moue Syria to rebell but he was preuented by that mighty power which Soliman found euen then in a readinesse wherewith he ouerthrew him These ordinary prouisions of war are the more terrible and effectual in regard that all the people of his obedience are intirely disarmed of whatsoeuer offensiue weapons 4 The Romans obserued this custome to distribute diuers of their legions about the frontiers of Germany alongst the Rhene and Danowb to the same end and purpose as the Turke entertaineth his horse But it seemeth that he proceedeth therein more discreetly then did the Romans for they kept all their forces together in one place and vnder one Generall of whom depended the absolute command of the armies whence it fell out that to accommodate themselues they ouerthrew the houses of particular men ruined and famished the countrey as well by the hauocke they made which alwaies attendeth so great a multitude as by their large prouisions most necessary for an armie The other prouinces farre distant were exempt from this oppression yet not from contribution but those which sustained the armie were so ouerburdened as their miserie incited them to rebell and shake off their obedience But contrariwise the Turke which disperseth his horse and foote into diuers Prouinces vnder the command of sixtie and six Sangiacks draweth not after him such disorder or ill satisfaction as did the Romans Their great assemblie in one place was cause of seditions debates mutinies and other mischiefes most difficult to be preuented They did not perceiue how this manner of proceeding was a means that the Souldiers grew too much to affect their Captaines and that the Captaines found themselues by them enabled to attempt as they often did many things to the preiudice of the Empire And in very deed it oftentimes hapned that their armies made choice of their General for Emperour in despite of the Senatours authoritie either in regard of the valour they knew to be in them or of some pecuniarie corrupting their affections which the Senate could not remedy And in trueth it was a very easie matter for the Generall so farre from home and holding his forces vnited in one body to practise the Colonels and the Colonels to bargaine and buie the harts and affections of the Souldiers by them to possesse the Empire so as sometime the armie of Spaine chose their Generall Emperour and at the same time that of Germany theirs whereof we haue many examples as also of the calamities and miseries which did thence accrew to the Estate and subiects 5 It is an inconuenience whereto the Turke cannot be subiect for keeping his troups and armies so spread abroad and disperst they haue not the meanes to mutinie especially being in no place ouer strong nor yet grow to affect their Beglerbyes or Gouernours whom they seldome see or repaire to much lesse can the Beglerbee in his owne behalfe easily winne or entice the hearts of the Sangiacks or affections of the Souldiers as he might well doe if the troupes were alwais together in time of peace and abroad in one and the same prouince CHAP. VI. How the Turke represseth the power of the great men of his estate 1 The authoritie of a Prince if his vertue be not eminent aboue all the great men of his kingdome is by their vertue obscured whence groweth the

diminution of the subiects obseruance 2 From whence the authoritie of the Nobilitie doth proceed 3 The detestable crueltie of the Turkish Emperour against the next of his bloud 4 Vsage of great men taken by the Turkes 5 The vncertaine fortune and estate of the Turkes officers 1 TO the end the dependencie and authoritie whereof wee haue hitherto entreated be without alteration maintained it is requisite that the Prince haue a care that there be none in his countrey who for their greatnesse may incourage the people and embolden them to attempt ought backt by their authoritie countenance and conduct 2 This greatnesse may grow from three principall causes either in regard they are Princes of the bloud or for that they are noted to be nobly descended and rich or else for the reputation they haue gotten and a long while preserued either by cunning or by their owne valour and merit things that winne credit and name amongst the common people Concerning the first cause the children brethren and kinsmen of the Turke are great by consanguinitie The Barons of the country obtaine the second ranke whereto the noblenesse of their family calleth them for the third such ministers and officers as beare a stroake and swaie in matters of the highest consequence are accounted great 3 The Ottaman Princes of nature barbarous and cruell ordinarily shelter themselues from these inconueniences with courses far from all humanity in as much as without all respect of Law religion or other ciuill consideration they vpon the least scruple that may be ridde their hands by execrable murthers of their neerest kinsfolkes and friends yea euen of their fathers and brethren alone to inioy and by their death to assure to themselues the quiet possession of their kingdome Selim the first murthered two of his brethren procured the death of all his nephewes yea and of his father also He would often say that there was nothing more sweet then to raigne out of the suspition and shadow of his kindred and that he deserued pardon for what he had committed since it was the same play and vsage he should haue receiued if any other but himselfe had attained to the crowne Amurath the third which now raigneth made his entry by the death of his brother and searched the establishing of his Empire euen in the belly of his mother then great with childe making for this end one end of her what she went withall these cruelties are monstrous in the sight of God and man and full of horror and infamie yet hath it not beene knowen for all this that euer any citie any people or armie did reuolt or mutine This inhumanitie is amongst them growne to that lawfull and ordinarie consequence as they vsually put it in practise without feare of blame or reproch The examples thereof are as infinite as their memories stinking and abhominable In a word this butchering is amongst them an hereditary succession descending from one to another which God would reuenge with our hands if we would amend our liues 4 As for the Barons and Lords of the countrey Mahomet the first destroied their seed expelling them out of his estate as he did all the originarie Turkish Princes his allies and if by chance there remaine any of the Ottoman race he is so kept downe as he traileth as they say his belly vpon the ground liuing most poorely without all charge and manage of affaires so as neither valour nor riches can make him appeere or shine in the worlds eie rather he remaineth eclipsed amongst the vulgar sort without honour credit or estimation As for the Princes and mightie men of the countrey by them subdued they know well enough how to ridde their hands of them in sort as we haue before declared so as neuer Empire was raised or maintained with more execrable murthers then this hath beene in these daies they neither sparing Princes of their bloud nor the chiefe Potentates of their prouinces for they blinde them if not kill them 5 Now concerning the ministers and officers who by long managing of waightie affaires haue attained to Honorable places authority and reputation there is not one be hee neuer so great which at the least winke wrath and pleasure of his Lord loseth not his life immediatly Baiazet caused Acomat Bassa to be put to death an excellent man of armes and a woorthy Captaine saying the too much reputation of the seruant was a cause of the too great ielousie of the master Selim likewise put many to death and amongst others Mustafa Bassa whom he caused to be strangled at Prusa and after to be cast out to the dogs This was his recompence for fauoring him in the vsurpation of the Empire against Baiazet his father then liuing and for making riddance of his two brethren Acomat and Corcut. He suspected it was he that had reuealed his secret as indeed he had to Aladin and Amarath children of his brother Acomat because contrary to his expectation he sought their death It is in a manner an ordinary course with Princes that one light offence obscureth and maketh them forget a thousand good seruices performed for the good of their affaires For my part I am of opinion that this rage and inhumane cruelty familiar with the house of the Ottomans is but a true and iust iudgment of God who will by their parricid handes chastice the Apostasies and wickednesse of one by another considering the greater part of them are Christians who haue denied their faith and by that miserable act climed vp to the height of those eminent charges and dignities they possesse As not long since his diuine Maiestie permitted a poore simple souldiour to kill Mahomet Bassa a man most mighty in credit and authority but more rich of power and meanes yet such a one as had beene a Christian and had taken vpon him the orders of Priesthood CHAP. VII How he confoundeth the practises of forraine Princes his neighbours 1 The diuorce of the Greeke church from the Romish confirmeth the Turkish Empire 2 What were requisite to stir vp the Turkish subiects to rebellion 3 The Greekes vtterly destitute of meanes for such proceedings 4 His owne subiects throughly curbed 1 ONe of the most assured meanes practised by the Turke as an infallible course of setling his estate against the intelligence which his people might hold with Christian princes is the diuorce separation he maintaineth betweene the Greeke the Romish church supposing while this schisme shall continue amongst them that they will neuer establish betweene them a sound amity This made the conquest of Constantinople easie vnto them this hath forwarded the proceeding of his victories and as it were put into his hands all those rich and goodly Prouinces whereof he is at this day the peaceable but Tyrannicall owner moreouer he so narrowly obserueth our vnhappie discord as he by a perpetuall counsaill endeuoureth all he can possibly that the Patriarkes render no obedience to the Pope neither is it