a_o supplement_n to_o dr._n burnet_n letter_n relate_v to_o his_o travel_n through_o switzerland_n italy_n germany_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o year_n 1685_o and_o 1686._o be_v further_n remark_n on_o switzerland_n and_o italy_n etc._n etc._n write_a by_o â—_o nobleman_n of_o italy_n and_o communicate_v to_o the_o author_n â—hich_v he_o have_v since_o think_v fit_a to_o publish_v in_o vindication_n of_o some_o passage_n in_o the_o letter_n rotterdam_n â—…nted_v by_o abraham_n acher_n bookseller_n by_o the_o exchange_n 1687._o the_o content_n remark_n upon_o switzerland_n the_o grison_n country_n the_o bailiage_n of_o lugane_n the_o lake_n the_o duchy_n of_o ferrara_n the_o estate_n of_o bolognia_n the_o country_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o tuscany_n with_o particular_a observation_n on_o the_o temporal_a government_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o the_o reduction_n of_o the_o interest_n due_a by_o the_o monk_n at_o rome_n and_o of_o the_o avarice_n of_o the_o jesuit_n and_o priest_n a_o 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be_v some_o disagreement_n when_o he_o mention_n the_o tax_n that_o the_o pope_n have_v lay_v on_o the_o corn_n he_o do_v not_o add_v one_o thing_n which_o i_o mention_v and_o that_o be_v that_o the_o measure_n by_o which_o thâ—_n pope_n sell_v be_v by_o a_o five_o part_v less_o than_o that_o by_o which_o he_o buy_v the_o other_o be_v more_o considerable_a for_o in_o the_o account_n that_o he_o give_v of_o the_o present_a pope_n breakâ—…g_n in_o upon_o the_o settlement_n of_o the_o bank_n though_o it_o be_v upon_o the_o matter_n very_o near_o the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o i_o give_v yâ—t_v there_o be_v a_o difference_n of_o some_o importance_n as_o to_o the_o manner_n of_o do_v it_o but_o as_o to_o that_o all_o i_o can_v say_v be_v that_o the_o first_o account_n i_o have_v of_o that_o transaction_n be_v the_o same_o that_o be_v in_o this_o gentleman_n paper_n but_o afterward_o i_o have_v occasion_n to_o talk_v of_o this_o matter_n very_o copious_o with_o one_o thas_o have_v live_v 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the_o people_n of_o those_o two_o country_n the_o people_n in_o france_n and_o especial_o the_o peasant_n be_v very_o poor_a and_o most_o of_o they_o reduce_v to_o great_a misery_n and_o want._n the_o people_n in_o switzerland_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v very_o rich_a but_o yet_o there_o be_v very_o few_o even_o among_o the_o peasant_n themselves_o that_o be_v miserable_o poor_a the_o most_o part_n of_o they_o have_v enough_o to_o live_v upon_o from_o their_o labour_n and_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o earth_n every_o where_o in_o france_n even_o in_o the_o best_a city_n there_o be_v swarm_n of_o beggar_n and_o yet_o scarce_o any_o to_o be_v see_v throughout_o all_o switzerland_n the_o house_n of_o the_o peasant_n or_o countrypeople_n in_o france_n be_v extreme_o mean_a and_o in_o they_o no_o â—…ther_a furniture_n to_o be_v find_v beside_o poor_a nasty_a bed_n straw_n chair_n and_o plate_n and_o dish_n of_o wood_n and_o earth_n in_o switzerland_n the_o peasantsâ—…ave_n â—…ave_z than_o 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or_o four_o hundred_o horse_n which_o they_o employ_v to_o carry_v good_n and_o merchandise_n which_o turn_v to_o so_o good_a account_n that_o they_o live_v very_o well_o and_o want_v nothing_o either_o for_o the_o necessity_n of_o convenience_n of_o life_n the_o inn_n upon_o the_o mountain_n be_v very_o good_a and_o there_o be_v always_o to_o be_v have_v beside_o good_a bread_n and_o wine_n great_a quantity_n of_o game_n and_o venison_n according_a to_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n good_a trout_n very_o good_a chamber_n and_o bed_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o country_n when_o you_o leave_v the_o grison_n country_n and_o be_v come_v into_o the_o country_n of_o chavenne_n the_o people_n begin_v to_o speak_v break_v italian_a although_o this_o latter_a be_v a_o more_o fertile_a country_n yet_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o peasant_n do_v
not_o live_v so_o well_o as_o in_o the_o grison_n country_n for_o that_o the_o native_n be_v more_o slothful_a and_o lazy_a and_o here_o again_o there_o be_v abundance_n of_o poor_a people_n as_o you_o will_v find_v in_o all_o part_n of_o italy_n of_o the_o bailiage_n of_o lugane_n there_o be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o mountain_n four_o bailiage_n which_o where_o former_o part_v of_o the_o dutehy_n of_o milan_n lewis_n xii_o when_o he_o lose_v that_o duchy_n give_v these_o bailiage_n to_o some_o of_o the_o switz_n canton_n these_o bailiage_n be_v call_v lugane_n lucarno_n mendris_n and_o belinston_n i_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o bailiage_n of_o lugane_n which_o contain_v ninety_o nine_o village_n the_o territory_n of_o this_o bailiage_n and_o of_o the_o other_o be_v not_o near_o so_o good_a as_o that_o of_o milan_n to_o which_o it_o â—…oyns_v yet_o the_o village_n of_o this_o bailiage_n be_v very_o â—…opulous_a the_o land_n be_v very_o fruitful_a because_o it_o be_v â—…ll_o cultivate_v and_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n live_v content_v and_o well_o there_o be_v no_o beggar_n among_o they_o nor_o hardly_o any_o object_n of_o misery_n and_o want_n their_o house_n be_v all_o good_a well_o build_v and_o keep_v in_o good_a repair_n the_o territory_n of_o milan_n be_v certain_o one_o of_o the_o best_a in_o all_o italy_n it_o produce_v wine_n corn_n and_o oil_n in_o abundance_n very_o great_a quantity_n of_o silk_n and_o general_o speak_v all_o sort_n of_o fruit_n there_o be_v also_o excellent_a pasture_n for_o cattle_n and_o yet_o the_o peasant_n there_o do_v not_o live_v so_o well_o by_o much_o as_o in_o the_o bailiage_n of_o lugane_n for_o there_o be_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o land_n that_o lie_v unmanured_a and_o the_o country_n be_v not_o near_o so_o populous_a as_o in_o lugane_n there_o can_v be_v no_o other_o reason_n give_v for_o this_o difference_n but_o that_o milan_n be_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o spain_n that_o the_o people_n be_v load_v with_o impost_n subsidy_n and_o tax_n which_o make_v they_o very_o poor_a whereas_o the_o people_n of_o lugane_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o switzerland_n who_o put_v no_o tax_n or_o subsidy_n upon_o they_o remark_n upon_o the_o lake_n i_o do_v not_o know_v that_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n as_o it_o be_v thirty_o year_n since_o there_o be_v any_o lake_n except_o perhaps_o in_o the_o mountain_n of_o dauphine_n from_o the_o lake_n of_o jour_fw-fr to_o the_o lake_n of_o garde_n which_o be_v at_o desenesan_a between_o bresse_n and_o veronne_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o venice_n there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n of_o lake_n one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a be_v that_o of_o geneva_n then_o there_o be_v the_o lake_n of_o newchattel_n the_o lake_n d'yverdun_fw-la the_o lake_n of_o morat_n the_o lake_n of_o bienne_n the_o lake_n of_o qvinti_n the_o lake_n of_o lucerne_n the_o lake_n of_o constance_n the_o lake_n of_o valestat_fw-la and_o many_o other_o in_o the_o mountain_n of_o switzerland_n there_o be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o mountain_n a_o great_a and_o considerable_a lake_n call_v come_v also_o the_o lake_n of_o lugane_n the_o lake_n maj_n r_o which_o be_v above_o 60_o mile_n long_o and_o likewise_o the_o lake_n de_fw-fr garde_n all_o these_o lake_n be_v replenish_v with_o most_o excellent_a fish_n and_o particular_o trout_n but_o in_o the_o lake_n de_fw-fr garde_n there_o be_v find_v a_o admirable_a fish_n call_v carpion_n which_o be_v far_o more_o delicate_a than_o either_o trout_n or_o salmon_n but_o they_o be_v not_o so_o great_a for_o those_o of_o the_o large_a size_n do_v not_o weigh_v above_o fifteen_o pound_n i_o do_v not_o think_v that_o in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n there_o be_v so_o many_o fine_a lake_n to_o be_v find_v in_o so_o narrow_a a_o compass_n as_o these_o which_o i_o have_v here_o mention_v concern_v the_o duchy_n of_o ferrara_n the_o duke_n of_o ferrara_n have_v always_o be_v but_o a_o little_a prince_n because_o his_o dominion_n be_v not_o very_o great_a yet_o there_o have_v be_v several_a of_o the_o say_a duke_n for_o above_o 150._o year_n ago_o and_o since_o that_o have_v make_v a_o handsome_a figure_n and_o hold_v a_o considerable_a rank_n among_o the_o prince_n of_o italy_n the_o country_n be_v former_o very_o populous_a and_o the_o land_n be_v fertile_a and_o well_o cultivate_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o prince_n be_v considerable_a and_o he_o keep_v a_o good_a court._n but_o since_o that_o duchy_n be_v devolve_v upon_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o last_o duke_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n male_a the_o country_n be_v almost_o depopulate_v the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o land_n be_v desolate_a and_o for_o several_a year_n last_o past_o the_o duchy_n be_v infect_v with_o disease_n pure_o for_o want_v of_o inhabitant_n there_o be_v form_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o ferrara_n more_o than_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o people_n and_o at_o present_a there_o be_v not_o 15000._o the_o grass_n grow_v in_o the_o street_n and_o most_o of_o the_o house_n be_v void_a polesino_n be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a part_n of_o italy_n and_o that_o part_n of_o it_o which_o be_v possess_v by_o the_o venetian_n be_v very_o well_o cultivate_v and_o populous_a and_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a of_o their_o small_a prince_n as_o soon_o as_o you_o pass_v the_o great_a arm_n of_o the_o river_n po_n which_o be_v call_v the_o lagoscouro_n which_o separate_v that_o part_n of_o the_o polisino_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o venetian_n from_o that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o pope_n although_o the_o land_n and_o country_n be_v the_o very_a fame_n yet_o the_o most_o part_n of_o those_o land_n of_o the_o polesino_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a state_n be_v desolate_a and_o waste_a the_o grass_n lie_v wither_v and_o rot_a upon_o the_o ground_n because_o there_o be_v no_o body_n take_v care_n to_o mow_v it_o and_o in_o pass_v through_o great_a village_n you_o will_v find_v all_o the_o house_n abandon_v and_o not_o one_o inhabitant_n to_o be_v find_v it_o be_v not_o easy_o to_o be_v imagine_v how_o it_o be_v possible_a that_o a_o country_n so_o populous_a and_o flourish_a shall_v in_o less_o than_o 80._o year_n be_v so_o entire_o ruin_v and_o dispeople_v by_o this_o it_o be_v very_o apparent_a that_o no_o subject_n be_v so_o unhappy_a as_o those_o that_o live_v under_o the_o domination_n of_o the_o clergy_n concern_v the_o estate_n of_o bolognia_n if_o the_o pope_n have_v be_v able_a to_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o bolognia_n as_o they_o have_v do_v of_o ferrara_n they_o will_v thereby_o have_v reduce_v it_o to_o the_o same_o miserable_a condition_n but_o bolognia_n have_v always_o preserve_v their_o privilege_n and_o the_o civil_a government_n by_o mean_n of_o the_o gonfalonnier_n under_o who_o they_o be_v govern_v they_o have_v the_o right_n of_o send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o pope_n who_o 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murder_n they_o have_v commit_v in_o other_o respect_v the_o people_n of_o bolognia_n be_v very_o happy_a and_o live_v in_o great_a plenty_n for_o that_o the_o country_n be_v mighty_a fruitful_a and_o they_o pay_v no_o tax_n to_o the_o prince_n remark_n upon_o the_o country_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o tuscany_n there_o be_v in_o this_o great_a dukedom_n three_o considerable_a city_n florence_n pisa_n and_o sienna_n all_o those_o who_o have_v read_v the_o history_n of_o italy_n do_v know_v that_o pisa_n be_v former_o a_o very_a powerful_a commonwealth_n that_o it_o flourish_v in_o trade_n and_o commerce_n and_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o wealthy_a citizen_n belong_v to_o it_o there_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n of_o this_o than_o what_o we_o read_v that_o upon_o a_o certain_a occasion_n a_o hundred_o of_o the_o citizen_n
equip_v each_o of_o they_o a_o galley_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n which_o they_o maintain_v during_o all_o the_o war._n the_o great_a action_n be_v well_o know_v which_o they_o have_v do_v in_o the_o levant_n by_o their_o fleet_n and_o how_o they_o along_o time_n oppose_v the_o duke_n of_o florence_n who_o at_o length_n subdue_v they_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o spanish_a arms._n pisa_n be_v one_o of_o the_o large_a and_o most_o beautiful_a city_n of_o italy_n the_o building_n be_v stately_a and_o fine_a and_o so_o be_v one_o of_o their_o church_n which_o with_o its_o dependency_n be_v one_o of_o the_o fine_a in_o all_o italy_n the_o city_n be_v build_v upon_o the_o river_n of_o arne_n which_o divide_v it_o in_o the_o midst_n it_o be_v navigable_a for_o vessel_n of_o a_o great_a burden_n and_o at_o legorne_n which_o be_v twelve_o mile_n distance_n it_o fall_v into_o the_o sea._n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a situate_v town_n in_o all_o italy_n for_o trade_n with_o which_o it_o flourish_v extreme_o whilst_o it_o be_v a_o republic_n at_o present_v not_o only_o the_o city_n but_o the_o country_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v whole_o depopulate_v writer_n say_v that_o there_o be_v former_o above_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o inhabitant_n whereas_o now_o there_o be_v not_o twelve_o thousand_o the_o grass_n grow_v in_o most_o of_o the_o place_n and_o street_n of_o the_o city_n and_o most_o of_o the_o house_n be_v desert_v and_o lie_v void_a i_o be_v myself_o in_o a_o fair_a large_a palace_n which_o be_v let_v for_o six_o pistole_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o land_n lie_v waste_v and_o the_o air_n be_v very_o unhealthy_a in_o most_o part_n because_o of_o the_o small_a number_n of_o inhabitant_n the_o duke_n of_o florence_n think_v there_o be_v no_o way_n to_o secure_v himself_o of_o this_o great_a city_n but_o by_o depopulate_v of_o it_o and_o ruine_v the_o trade_n which_o render_v it_o so_o potent_a so_o that_o at_o present_a there_o be_v not_o any_o trade_n there_o at_o all_o the_o city_n of_o sienna_n be_v also_o former_o a_o very_a fine_a commonwealth_n and_o have_v in_o it_o many_o noble_a rich_a and_o powerful_a family_n but_o since_o that_o the_o duke_n of_o florence_n have_v reduce_v it_o to_o his_o obedience_n he_o have_v ruin_v most_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n many_o of_o they_o retire_v into_o france_n and_o into_o the_o territory_n of_o some_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o italy_n as_o to_o the_o city_n of_o florence_n itself_o it_o be_v extreme_o decay_v to_o what_o it_o be_v since_o it_o come_v under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o house_n of_o medicis_n it_o be_v plain_a from_o the_o history_n of_o machiavil_n and_o other_o italian_a author_n that_o live_v in_o those_o time_n that_o it_o be_v three_o time_n more_o populous_a when_o it_o be_v a_o republic_n than_o it_o be_v now_o the_o great_a duke_n keep_v his_o court_n and_o residence_n there_o one_o will_v think_v shall_v make_v the_o city_n flourish_v the_o more_o yet_o it_o want_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o that_o luster_n and_o splendour_n it_o have_v when_o it_o be_v a_o commonwealth_n remark_n upon_o the_o temporal_a government_n of_o the_o pope_n there_o be_v certain_o very_o few_o people_n so_o miserable_a as_o those_o who_o live_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o pope_n most_o of_o the_o state_n of_o italy_n and_o where_o there_o be_v the_o most_o subsidy_n and_o imposition_n have_v not_o put_v any_o tax_n upon_o corn_n and_o grain_n which_o make_v bread_n because_o there_o be_v no_o person_n though_o never_o so_o miserable_a that_o can_v subsist_v without_o it_o there_o be_v that_o humanity_n and_o regard_n have_v to_o the_o people_n in_o not_o lay_v tax_n upon_o bread_n because_o it_o be_v the_o common_a nourishment_n and_o absolute_o necessary_a even_o for_o the_o most_o indigent_a and_o poor_a though_o imposition_n be_v lay_v without_o scruple_n upon_o wine_n and_o other_o merchandise_n because_o they_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a as_o bread_n yet_o the_o pope_n make_v no_o scruple_n to_o lay_v very_o great_a imposition_n upon_o corn_n and_o bread_n throughout_o all_o his_o dominion_n except_o in_o those_o place_n that_o have_v yet_o preserve_v their_o liberty_n it_o be_v donna_n olimpia_n that_o during_o the_o pontificat_fw-la of_o innocent_a the_o x._o begin_v to_o put_v tax_n and_o impost_n upon_o corn_n and_o make_v such_o law_n which_o have_v ruin_v the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o great_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n that_o live_v under_o the_o ecclesiastical_a government_n who_o have_v their_o revenue_n consist_v in_o corn._n all_o the_o pope_n who_o have_v reign_v since_o innocent_n time_n have_v find_v such_o a_o great_a advantage_n to_o themselves_o by_o these_o law_n of_o donna_n olympia_n that_o they_o have_v continue_v they_o ever_o since_o and_o it_o be_v at_o present_a a_o very_a considerable_a part_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a revenue_n the_o substance_n of_o which_o say_v law_n or_o ordinance_n be_v this_o that_o no_o person_n whatsoever_o be_v suffer_v to_o sell_v corn_n to_o any_o stranger_n but_o all_o those_o that_o have_v any_o be_v oblige_v to_o sell_v it_o at_o a_o price_n certain_a to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a chamber_n which_o be_v not_o above_o one_o moiety_n of_o the_o real_a value_n and_o then_o the_o ecclesiastical_a chamber_n sell_v it_o again_o at_o double_a the_o price_n in_o italy_n there_o be_v no_o person_n either_o in_o city_n or_o country_n in_o the_o pope_n dominion_n who_o be_v permit_v to_o make_v their_o own_o bread_n but_o every_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o buy_v it_o of_o the_o baker_n who_o be_v appoint_v by_o the_o chamber_n in_o each_o village_n and_o burrough_n there_o be_v but_o one_o baker_n establish_v by_o the_o chamber_n to_o make_v and_o sell_v bread_n the_o baker_n be_v oblige_v to_o take_v the_o corn_n of_o the_o chamber_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n and_o to_o make_v the_o bread_n of_o such_o a_o quality_n and_o weight_n and_o to_o sell_v it_o at_o a_o price_n certain_a in_o the_o great_a city_n as_o at_o rome_n there_o be_v very_o many_o baker_n who_o be_v all_o oblige_a to_o buy_v a_o certain_a quantity_n of_o corn_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a chamber_n for_o a_o whole_a year_n to_o come_v which_o they_o pay_v for_o beforehand_o and_o give_v ten_o crown_n the_o salme_n or_o measure_n when_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o chamber_n buy_v it_o of_o the_o particular_a person_n for_o five_o crown_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o year_n all_o the_o baker_n be_v oblige_v to_o take_v the_o same_o quantity_n of_o corn_n for_o the_o year_n ensue_v although_o sometime_o they_o have_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o last_o year_n corn_n upon_o their_o hand_n which_o they_o must_v deliver_v to_o the_o chamber_n for_o five_o crown_n the_o salme_n or_o measure_n and_o then_o the_o very_a same_o corn_n be_v sell_v they_o again_o for_o ten_o crown_n i_o do_v not_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v any_o country_n in_o the_o world_n that_o draw_v more_o profit_n from_o their_o subject_n for_o corn_n than_o the_o pope_n do_v in_o his_o dominion_n which_o have_v â—…een_v partly_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a estate_n since_o the_o establishment_n of_o the_o say_a law_n which_o be_v about_o thirty_o year_n since_o the_o country_n be_v unpeople_v and_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n lie_v void_a and_o uncultivated_a because_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o manure_v they_o when_o the_o great_a advantage_n and_o profit_n arise_v thereby_o go_v to_o the_o pope_n in_o travel_v through_o the_o ecclesiastical_a territory_n in_o romania_n and_o between_o rome_n and_o naples_n there_o be_v vast_a quantity_n of_o land_n unmanured_a a_o traveller_n pass_v through_o the_o estate_n of_o a_o roman_a prince_n tell_v the_o prince_n upon_o his_o return_n to_o naples_n he_o will_v if_o he_o please_v send_v he_o husbandman_n that_o shall_v manure_v his_o land_n think_v that_o it_o have_v be_v for_o want_n of_o labourer_n that_o the_o land_n lie_v void_a and_o waste_v the_o prince_n tell_v he_o that_o he_o do_v not_o want_v people_n to_o cultivate_v his_o land_n but_o because_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o sell_v all_o their_o corn_n and_o grain_n to_o the_o chamber_n at_o a_o very_a low_a price_n it_o will_v not_o quit_v cost_v to_o manure_v and_o cultivate_v it_o touch_v the_o reduction_n of_o the_o interest_n of_o money_n due_a by_o the_o montes_n at_o rome_n from_o 4._o to_o 3._o per_fw-la cent._n every_o body_n almost_o know_v what_o it_o be_v which_o in_o italy_n and_o especial_o at_o rome_n they_o call_v the_o montes_n it_o be_v much_o like_o the_o rent_n upon_o the_o town-house_n at_o paris_n the_o pope_n have_v occasion_n of_o money_n borrow_v great_a sum_n of_o