war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n and_o give_v they_o also_o occasion_n to_o make_v frequent_a inroad_n into_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1614_o the_o cossack_n make_v such_o great_a and_o successful_a incursion_n as_o far_o as_o asia_n minor_a that_o they_o take_v the_o city_n of_o sinope_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n and_o strike_v a_o terror_n into_o constantinople_n for_o they_o be_v so_o brave_a a_o people_n that_o in_o the_o war_n betwixt_o sigismond_n iii_n and_o osman_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n anno_fw-la 1620_o four_o hundred_o of_o they_o who_o come_v to_o serve_v in_o the_o polish_v army_n careless_o straggle_v at_o a_o considerable_a distance_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o force_n be_v attack_v by_o osman_n whole_a army_n with_o which_o they_o fight_v three_o day_n and_o defend_v themselves_o with_o such_o incredible_a valour_n that_o the_o turk_n lose_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o man_n before_o they_o can_v force_v they_o to_o submit_v and_o after_o they_o 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into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o cossack_n not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v such_o a_o constraint_n revolt_v a_o second_o time_n in_o the_o year_n 1630_o at_o the_o solicitation_n of_o a_o monk_n of_o kiowia_fw-la and_o defeat_v some_o of_o king_n sigismund_n troop_n but_o general_n koniecspolski_n surprise_v they_o near_o pereaslaw_n a_o little_a city_n in_o lower_n volhiniv_n upon_o the_o river_n trubiecz_n about_o three_o league_n above_o the_o place_n where_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o after_o he_o have_v defeat_v part_n of_o their_o army_n the_o rest_n promise_v to_o send_v the_o author_n of_o the_o revolt_n to_o the_o approach_a diet_n vladislaus_n iv_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1633_o resolve_v to_o suppress_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n in_o the_o year_n 1637_o build_v fort_n kudack_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o five_o league_n below_o the_o place_n where_o the_o river_n 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enemy_n and_o that_o a_o conqueror_n may_v quick_o ruin_v himself_o by_o neglect_v the_o prudent_a maxim_n of_o a_o cautious_a policy_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o polish_v army_n arrive_v near_o the_o city_n of_o orsza_n the_o muscovite_n retire_v about_o 4000_o pace_n beyond_o the_o boristhenes_n conclude_v that_o their_o retreat_n will_v embolden_v the_o polander_n to_o pass_v the_o river_n and_o that_o afterward_o they_o may_v easy_o defeat_v they_o and_o intercept_v their_o flight_n the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n be_v then_o at_o smolensko_n about_o thirteen_o league_n from_o his_o army_n where_o he_o employ_v his_o time_n in_o divide_v lithuania_n and_o share_v it_o among_o his_o general_n allot_v to_o each_o of_o they_o a_o part_n of_o the_o country_n on_o the_o map_n and_o consider_v how_o he_o shall_v dispose_v of_o a_o army_n who_o he_o look_v upon_o already_o as_o his_o prisoner_n but_o the_o polander_n who_o have_v always_o the_o advantage_n over_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o 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and_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fight_n to_o sally_v out_o and_o attack_v the_o muscovite_n with_o terrible_a cry_n to_o put_v they_o into_o a_o consternation_n king_n sigismund_n army_n be_v so_o dispose_v that_o the_o polish_v cavalry_n have_v the_o right_a wing_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n the_o left_a the_o infantry_n be_v place_v in_o the_o middle_n the_o battle_n begin_v about_o three_o a_o clock_n the_o polander_n first_fw-mi attacking_z the_o muscovite_n with_o a_o undaunted_a resolution_n sometime_o they_o gain_v ground_n of_o they_o and_o sometime_o be_v repulse_v by_o the_o unequal_a number_n of_o their_o enemy_n but_o immediate_o they_o rally_v and_o break_v through_o they_o afresh_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n ostrogski_n who_o command_v the_o lithuanian_n attack_v the_o muscovite_n with_o a_o extraordinary_a fury_n and_o make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n among_o they_o there_o be_v in_o the_o polish_v camp_n a_o little_a rise_a ground_n which_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o the_o gain_n of_o the_o battle_n for_o their_o artillery_n be_v plant_v there_o make_v such_o a_o dreadful_a havoc_n in_o the_o enemy_n rear_n and_o break_v all_o their_o rank_n in_o so_o terrible_a a_o manner_n that_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v disorder_v and_o to_o take_v the_o flight_n and_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o middle_n perceive_v that_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o rear_n give_v way_n begin_v also_o to_o fly_v while_o they_o be_v still_o sight_v in_o the_o van_fw-mi during_o this_o disorder_n the_o 800_o horse_n who_o be_v post_v in_o the_o wood_n attack_v the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o flank_n with_o so_o much_o fury_n that_o be_v no_o long_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o shock_n of_o the_o polander_n the_o whole_a army_n give_v ground_n and_o flee_v in_o this_o battle_n 32000_o muscovite_n be_v kill_v and_o many_o drown_v in_o a_o morass_n which_o they_o endeavour_v to_o pass_v in_o their_o flight_n some_o affirm_v the_o muscovite_n lose_v 40000_o man_n and_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o slaughter_n be_v so_o great_a that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n grow_v red_a with_o the_o blood_n that_o be_v sn_v on_o its_o bank_n the_o polander_n take_v a_o great_a number_n of_o prisoner_n and_o among_o other_o ten_o general_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o muscovy_n seventeen_o palatine_n or_o governor_n of_o province_n and_o two_o thousand_o gentleman_n of_o the_o polander_n there_o be_v but_o 400_o man_n kill_v but_o the_o number_n of_o the_o wound_a be_v much_o great_a they_o obtain_v this_o memorable_a victory_n march_v 25._o 1614_o after_o the_o gain_n of_o such_o a_o important_a battle_n the_o loss_n of_o which_o will_v have_v be_v infallible_o attend_v with_o the_o total_a ruin_n not_o only_o of_o lithuania_n but_o also_o of_o poland_n the_o general_n ought_v to_o have_v besiege_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o they_o may_v have_v easy_o retake_v during_o the_o universal_a consternation_n that_o be_v spread_v over_o muscovy_n but_o instead_o of_o make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o that_o advantage_n they_o retire_v without_o make_v any_o further_a attempt_n and_o king_n sigismond_n himself_o who_o expect_v the_o event_n at_o boryssow_n return_v to_o vilna_n with_o the_o prisoner_n who_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v lead_v before_o he_o in_o a_o kind_n of_o triumph_n from_o thence_o he_o send_v ambassador_n to_o all_o christian_a prince_n to_o notify_v the_o great_a victory_n which_o he_o have_v obtain_v over_o the_o muscovite_n and_o that_o their_o eye_n as_o well_o as_o ear_n may_v convince_v they_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o that_o advice_n the_o envoy_n be_v accompany_v with_o fourteen_o muscovite_n who_o be_v remarkable_a for_o their_o white_a hair_n but_o the_o emperor_n be_v enrage_v at_o the_o loss_n which_o his_o ally_n have_v sustain_v and_o at_o the_o unhappy_a event_n of_o a_o war_n of_o which_o he_o himself_o be_v the_o author_n surprise_v the_o envoy_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n as_o they_o be_v pass_v through_o his_o territory_n and_o take_v their_o prisoner_n from_o they_o who_o he_o send_v back_o to_o the_o czar_n by_o the_o way_n of_o lubec_n it_o be_v so_o natural_a to_o the_o polander_n to_o neglect_v the_o advantage_n which_o they_o obtain_v over_o their_o enemy_n that_o after_o they_o have_v defeat_v gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n in_o which_o he_o himself_o be_v wound_v and_o can_v hardly_o secure_v his_o own_o person_n they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o pursue_v he_o that_o they_o suffer_v he_o to_o retire_v to_o stum_n between_o marienburg_n and_o marienwerder_n where_o have_v rally_v his_o scatter_a force_n he_o renew_v the_o war_n with_o great_a vigour_n than_o before_o nor_o be_v they_o guilty_a of_o a_o less_o inexcusable_a blunder_n after_o the_o victory_n they_o obtain_v in_o vkrania_n june_n 30._o 1651_o for_o though_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n be_v total_o rout_v and_o the_o cham_n with_o chemelnski_n put_v to_o flight_n the_o polander_v retire_v as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v beat_v and_o immediate_o conclude_v a_o peace_n by_o which_o they_o suffer_v the_o cossack_n to_o keep_v a_o army_n of_o 20000_o man_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiowia_fw-la this_o reflection_n be_v so_o just_a and_o important_a that_o i_o can_v forbear_v add_v another_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n which_o happen_v anno_fw-la 1489._o about_o that_o time_n russia_n and_o podolia_n be_v miserable_o harass_v by_o the_o tartar_n who_o infest_a these_o province_n with_o continual_a inroad_n and_o always_o return_v home_o with_o a_o multitude_n of_o slave_n at_o last_o king_n casimir_n resolve_v to_o prevent_v the_o utter_a ruin_n of_o the_o country_n upon_o advice_n that_o the_o tartar_n be_v prepare_v to_o make_v a_o new_a incursion_n into_o russia_n and_o podolia_n he_o send_v john_n albert_n his_o son_n with_o a_o body_n of_o light_a horse_n to_o oppose_v they_o and_o order_v all_o the_o gentry_n of_o russia_n and_o podolia_n to_o join_v he_o the_o tartar_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o body_n the_o first_o of_o which_o consist_v of_o 15000_o horse_n and_o the_o second_o of_o 10000_o be_v return_v home_o without_o fear_v any_o danger_n with_o a_o prodigious_a number_n of_o slave_n according_a to_o their_o usual_a custom_n but_o the_o young_a prince_n with_o his_o troop_n meet_v the_o first_o attack_v and_o total_o rout_v they_o and_o take_v from_o they_o all_o the_o booty_n and_o slave_n they_o have_v carry_v away_o after_o this_o success_n he_o march_v immediate_o to_o attack_v the_o other_o body_n the_o officer_n who_o command_v they_o make_v some_o resistance_n but_o be_v at_o last_o kill_v and_o the_o slaughter_n be_v so_o great_a that_o the_o polander_n be_v weary_a with_o cut_v off_o so_o many_o head_n for_o not_o one_o of_o the_o tartar_n return_v to_o the_o crim._n this_o total_a defeat_n of_o the_o
year_n 1386._o by_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr jagillon_n who_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n that_o he_o may_v marry_v hedwige_n daughter_n to_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n and_o who_o with_o his_o religion_n change_v also_o his_o name_n and_o be_v call_v viadislaus_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v christian_n long_o before_o have_v receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n ann_n 964_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o miecislans_n i._n who_o after_o he_o have_v divorce_v seven_o pagan_a wife_n be_v convert_v and_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n king_n of_o bohemiae_n who_o be_v a_o christian_n these_o two_o estate_n be_v contiguous_a to_o one-another_o and_o be_v now_o but_o one_o body_n be_v unite_v in_o the_o same_o interest_n under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o same_o king_n and_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o the_o same_o religion_n especial_o since_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n on_o the_o river_n bug_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o the_o year_n 1413._o where_o the_o union_n be_v renew_v and_o where_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o for_o the_o future_a they_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o law_n and_o privilege_n and_o that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o joint_a consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o two_o estate_n which_o be_v ratify_v and_o sign_v by_o all_o the_o senator_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n nevertheless_o they_o be_v govern_v by_o distinct_a officer_n each_o of_o they_o have_v a_o grand_a marshal_n and_o a_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n who_o they_o call_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n a_o chancellor_n vicechancellor_n and_o treasurer_n who_o be_v all_o senator_n those_o of_o the_o crown_n for_o poland_n and_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n for_o lithuania_n and_o be_v equal_a in_o dignity_n and_o power_n only_o those_o of_o the_o crown_n take_v place_n of_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o peace_n and_o prevent_v tumult_n or_o disturbance_n both_o in_o the_o diet_n and_o in_o the_o king_n household_n to_o punish_v offender_n even_o with_o death_n and_o without_o appeal_n from_o his_o judgement_n except_o in_o case_n of_o great_a importance_n which_o may_v be_v bring_v before_o the_o king_n he_o have_v also_o power_n to_o command_v silence_n to_o give_v leave_n to_o speak_v to_o introduce_v ambassador_n to_o appoint_v they_o their_o lodging_n and_o to_o fix_v the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n and_o merchandize_n this_o last_o branch_n of_o his_o authority_n be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o he_o for_o the_o merchant_n give_v he_o very_o considerable_a present_n that_o they_o may_v have_v leave_n to_o sell_v their_o good_n at_o exorbitant_a rate_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v choose_v by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n but_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n be_v always_o layman_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o seal_n and_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v use_v indifferent_o for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o equal_a authority_n only_o the_o latter_a give_v place_n to_o the_o former_a and_o never_o give_v judgement_n but_o in_o his_o absence_n the_o chancellor_n by_o his_o office_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o civil_a affair_n and_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o king_n revenue_n it_o be_v also_o his_o duty_n to_o take_v care_n that_o nothing_o be_v do_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n or_o injurious_a to_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n and_o that_o the_o intrigue_n of_o foreigner_n may_v not_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o republic_n the_o authority_n of_o the_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o several_a case_n they_o may_v affix_v their_o seal_n without_o the_o king_n order_n and_o refuse_v to_o seal_v such_o thing_n for_o he_o as_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o state_n it_o be_v the_o office_n of_o the_o chancellor_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n of_o the_o vicechancellor_n to_o answer_v all_o the_o harangue_n that_o be_v make_v to_o the_o king_n by_o ambassador_n and_o he_o of_o the_o two_o who_o be_v a_o clergyman_n have_v power_n over_o the_o secretary_n priest_n and_o preacher_n of_o the_o court_n and_o over_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n the_o treasurer_n be_v proper_o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o public_a treasure_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o he_o by_o four_o other_o officer_n who_o keep_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o it_o and_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v one_o copy_n to_o the_o king_n and_o another_o to_o the_o treasurer_n his_o office_n empower_n he_o to_o prevent_v the_o waste_n or_o embezel_v of_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o of_o those_o which_o be_v appoint_v for_o maintain_v the_o king_n table_n and_o therefore_o he_o ought_v to_o sign_v all_o the_o contract_v the_o king_n make_v which_o otherwise_o will_v be_v void_a he_o ought_v also_o to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o republic_n do_v not_o sustain_v any_o damage_n by_o the_o contract_n that_o be_v make_v for_o the_o coin_n of_o new_a money_n when_o the_o treasurer_n be_v call_v to_o a_o account_n the_o general_n diet_n order_v a_o committee_n of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n to_o examine_v his_o account_n and_o to_o give_v he_o a_o acquittance_n without_o which_o the_o republic_n may_v still_o call_v he_o to_o a_o account_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o his_o employment_n and_o therefore_o since_o this_o acquittance_n be_v of_o such_o vast_a importance_n to_o the_o grand_a treasurer_n great_a interest_n be_v always_o make_v about_o the_o nomination_n of_o the_o commissioner_n that_o be_v appoint_v to_o examine_v his_o account_n because_o he_o be_v oblige_v not_o only_o to_o entertain_v the_o commissioner_n but_o also_o to_o give_v they_o considerable_a present_n to_o obtain_v his_o discharge_n the_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n or_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n who_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o five_o officer_n that_o be_v member_n of_o the_o senate_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n in_o his_o absence_n and_o in_o case_n of_o the_o death_n or_o demise_n of_o that_o officer_n he_o succeed_v in_o course_n as_o the_o vice_n chancellor_n be_v in_o such_o case_n promote_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o chancellor_n so_o that_o before_o a_o man_n can_v be_v grand_a marshal_n or_o chancellor_n he_o must_v first_o be_v petty_a marshal_n or_o vice_n chancellor_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o division_n of_o poland_n into_o province_n the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n former_o contain_v fifteen_o great_a province_n which_o the_o king_n retain_v still_o in_o his_o title_n as_o king_n of_o poland_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n livonia_n volhinia_n kiovia_n podolia_n podlassia_n smolensko_n siâ—eria_n and_o czerniechovia_n but_o at_o present_a there_o be_v no_o more_o than_o nine_o province_n subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n viz._n great_a and_o little_a poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n upper_a volhinia_n and_o podlassia_n or_o podlachia_n great_a poland_n be_v so_o call_v because_o lechus_n first_o king_n of_o the_o polander_n settle_v his_o residence_n at_o gnesna_n in_o this_o province_n it_o be_v also_o call_v lower_n poland_n and_o posnania_n be_v the_o principal_a city_n this_o province_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n posnâ—â—â—_n kalisch_n lencici_n breast_n inowlocz_n siradiae_n kawa_n and_o ploosko_fw-mi it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o prussia_n on_o the_o south_n with_o little_a poland_n on_o the_o east_n with_o massovia_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o silesia_n and_o the_o new_a marquisate_n of_o brandâ—nburg_n the_o river_n warta_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o province_n little_a poland_n which_o be_v also_o call_v upper_a poland_n contain_v three_o 〈◊〉_d cracow_n saâ—domir_n and_o lublin_n it_o border_n with_o massovia_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o north_n mount_v crapat_v on_o the_o south_n black_a russia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o silesia_n on_o the_o west_n and_o the_o river_n vistula_n run_v through_o it_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o province_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o starosta_n of_o cracow_n be_v not_o only_a governor_n of_o the_o castle_n but_o also_o the_o defender_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o of_o the_o public_a tranquillity_n which_o entitle_v he_o to_o a_o large_a jurisdiction_n both_o over_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o the_o gentry_n as_o for_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n though_o jagillon_n begin_v to_o unite_v it_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n anno_fw-la 1386_o and_o though_o that_o union_n be_v afterward_o renew_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o 1413_o yet_o it_o still_o retain_v its_o own_o duke_n and_o
be_v only_o the_o royal_a prussia_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o even_o though_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o republic_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n and_o enjoy_v particular_a privilege_n they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a treasury_n and_o a_o treasurer_n and_o when_o the_o king_n summon_v the_o arrierban_n the_o nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o palatinate_n culm_n marienburg_n and_o pomerania_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v thorn_n upon_o the_o vistula_n elbing_n a_o league_n from_o frischlaff_n and_o dantzic_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a of_o they_o all_o and_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o country_n westward_o of_o the_o vistula_n to_o the_o confine_n of_o germany_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o prussia_n the_o wave_n of_o the_o sea_n cast_v amber_n upon_o the_o shore_n which_o the_o fisherman_n take_v up_o in_o net_n it_o be_v soft_a at_o first_o but_o soon_o after_o grow_v so_o hard_a that_o it_o may_v be_v turn_v or_o engrave_v and_o cut_v into_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n it_o be_v also_o find_v in_o certain_a great_a lake_n in_o the_o same_o province_n especial_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n there_o be_v also_o many_o lake_n that_o abound_v with_o fish_n almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o marienburg_n there_o be_v the_o lake_n of_o drausen_n which_o send_v forth_o the_o river_n elbing_n that_o discharge_v itself_o in_o the_o frischaff_n which_o be_v a_o bay_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n about_o twenty_o league_n in_o length_n and_o two_o in_o breadth_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n there_o be_v a_o lake_n betwixt_o konicz_n and_o schochaw_n which_o be_v seven_o league_n long_o and_o five_o broad_a and_o be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n bro_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o vâ—stula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o culm_n there_o be_v also_o three_o other_o almost_o as_o large_a as_o the_o former_a in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n near_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o both_o the_o palatinate_n of_o culm_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n be_v so_o full_a of_o lake_n that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o a_o endless_a labour_n to_o mention_v every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o massovia_n have_v prussia_n on_o the_o north_n little_a poland_n on_o the_o south_n podlassia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n the_o vistula_n and_o the_o bugg_n be_v the_o principal_a river_n that_o water_n it_o this_o province_n begin_v to_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o ziemowit_n who_o be_v prince_n thereof_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a but_o the_o union_n be_v not_o full_o perfect_v till_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n john_n and_o stanislaus_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o anno_fw-la 1526._o it_o contain_v only_o one_o palatinate_n which_o former_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o town_n of_o czersk_n but_o be_v now_o call_v after_o the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n samogitia_n or_o samojedia_n which_o be_v a_o dependency_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v border_v by_o courland_n on_o the_o north_n the_o river_n niemen_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n the_o christian_a religion_n be_v introduce_v into_o this_o country_n anno_fw-la 1413_o by_o the_o pious_a care_n of_o king_n jagellon_n who_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o instruct_v those_o people_n himself_o because_o they_o can_v not_o understand_v the_o polish_v priest_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o samogitia_n be_v rosienia_n on_o the_o river_n dubissa_n and_o miednich_n there_o be_v no_o palatinate_n here_o but_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a starosty_n or_o government_n of_o castle_n and_o the_o first_o starosta_n be_v a_o senator_n since_o courland_n depend_v upon_o poland_n and_o be_v the_o frontier_n of_o samogitia_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o it_o here_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n courland_n and_o semigallia_n the_o river_n dzwina_n separate_v it_o from_o livonia_n on_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v with_o samogitia_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n this_o country_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v a_o vassal_n and_o feudatory_a of_o poland_n since_o the_o year_n 1561_o that_o godfrey_n ketlâ—r_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o livonia_n have_v voluntary_o resign_v his_o office_n put_v all_o livonia_n with_o the_o town_n of_o riga_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o province_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o nicholas_n radziwill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n who_o give_v he_o courland_n and_o semigallis_n which_o be_v then_o reckon_v part_n of_o liuâ—ia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o city_n of_o mittauw_n in_o sâ—â—â—â—â—ita_n be_v at_o present_a the_o metropolis_n of_o that_o little_a state_n and_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n upper_a volhinia_n reach_v from_o polesia_n on_o the_o north_n to_o upper_a pâ—dâ—ia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o from_o low_a volbinia_n on_o the_o east_n to_o black_a russia_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v lucko_n or_o lusuck_n or_o luceowia_fw-la on_o the_o river_n stir_v and_o kremienice_n which_o be_v situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n izwa_fw-mi about_o eight_o league_n from_o luceowia_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1569_o be_v bound_v by_o lithuania_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o massovia_n towards_o the_o west_n it_o be_v ten_o league_n broad_a and_o thirty_o league_n long_o it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v augustow_v and_o biclsk_v which_o give_v name_n to_o a_o palatinate_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n with_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o war_n in_o which_o it_o have_v be_v engage_v with_o '_o they_o poland_n reach_v heretofore_o from_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o baltic_a and_o from_o 〈◊〉_d to_o hungary_n but_o as_o all_o the_o state_n in_o the_o world_n be_v subject_a to_o great_a and_o frequent_a revolution_n poland_n have_v have_v its_o share_n in_o the_o general_a calamity_n and_o be_v at_o present_a confine_v within_o much_o narrow_a bound_n for_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o every_o republic_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o its_o neighbour_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o right_a to_o invade_v and_o the_o same_o remark_n may_v in_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n be_v apply_v to_o poland_n both_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o manner_n and_o constitution_n of_o its_o government_n and_o the_o insatiable_a ambition_n of_o all_o its_o neighbour_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n tartar_n and_o moscovite_n be_v most_o formidable_a it_o be_v long_a since_o the_o turk_n dismember_a valachia_n and_o moldavia_n from_o this_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o the_o cossack_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o restrain_v from_o their_o wont_a piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n resolve_v to_o shake_v off_o a_o yoke_n which_o they_o can_v no_o long_o bear_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n give_v the_o turk_n a_o opportunity_n to_o invade_v vbrania_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n and_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n and_o the_o only_a place_n of_o strength_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v upon_o that_o frontier_n that_o fatal_a war_n continue_v after_o the_o death_n of_o k._n michael_n and_o disturb_v the_o reign_n of_o his_o successor_n john_n iii_n till_o the_o polander_n be_v at_o last_o constrain_v to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o zurawno_n in_o pokutia_n for_o the_o army_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v so_o numerous_a and_o formidable_a that_o year_n that_o it_o consist_v of_o above_o 180000_o effective_a man_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n that_o of_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o can_v not_o bring_v above_o 12000_o man_n into_o the_o field_n because_o they_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v draw_v together_o near_o leopold_n under_o prince_n michael_n of_o radziwill_n their_o general_n but_o can_v not_o join_v the_o grand_a army_n because_o the_o infidel_n have_v block_v up_o all_o the_o avenue_n to_o the_o camp_n so_o that_o the_o general_n be_v oblige_v to_o continue_v at_o leopold_n with_o the_o marquis_n de_fw-fr bethune_n and_o the_o l._n hide_v ambassador_n from_o the_o k._n
of_o his_o bishopric_n but_o that_o prelate_n resolve_v to_o maintain_v the_o honour_n and_o interest_n of_o his_o country_n and_o be_v equal_o proof_n against_o promise_n and_o threaten_n reply_v that_o he_o be_v sensible_a their_o master_n deserve_v a_o crown_n but_o that_o he_o can_v not_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o lithuania_n without_o violate_v the_o oath_n he_o have_v take_v touch_v the_o union_n of_o that_o state_n with_o poland_n and_o therefore_o he_o advise_v he_o to_o lay_v aside_o that_o pernicious_a design_n which_o will_v be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v either_o honourable_a or_o advantageous_a to_o he_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o eternal_a reproach_n to_o he_o and_o will_v hasten_v the_o ruin_n of_o his_o country_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o flatter_v himself_o with_o think_v that_o the_o german_n and_o teutonic_n knight_n will_v be_v his_o faithful_a ally_n since_o they_o be_v irreconcilable_a enemy_n both_o to_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o polander_n that_o their_o only_a design_n be_v to_o weaken_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o and_o of_o most_o firm_o unite_a friend_n as_o they_o be_v to_o make_v they_o become_v mortal_a enemy_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o execute_v their_o design_n upon_o those_o two_o nation_n and_o make_v they_o the_o instrument_n of_o their_o own_o ruin_n that_o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n can_v not_o forbear_v discover_v his_o treacherous_a intention_n declare_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o ostentation_n that_o he_o have_v cast_v a_o bone_n between_o two_o dog_n that_o they_o may_v worry_v one-another_o vitold_v be_v so_o mortify_v with_o this_o answer_n that_o his_o grief_n throw_v he_o into_o a_o fit_a of_o sickness_n and_o his_o death_n which_o follow_v soon_o after_o break_v the_o measure_n which_o sigismond_n have_v take_v to_o disunite_v lithuania_n from_o poland_n i_o have_v insist_v the_o long_a upon_o this_o story_n to_o show_v that_o after_o the_o german_n have_v take_v silesia_n from_o the_o polander_n they_o be_v still_o form_v new_a project_n to_o weaken_v '_o they_o and_o from_o hence_o we_o may_v also_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o terrible_a consequence_n of_o the_o mistake_a politics_n of_o some_o prince_n who_o intrust_v their_o subject_n with_o too_o large_a a_o share_n in_o the_o government_n for_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o by_o a_o excessive_a kindness_n to_o his_o uncle_n this_o excellent_a king_n be_v in_o danger_n of_o lose_v both_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n by_o the_o peace_n conclude_v in_o the_o abbey_n of_o oliva_n near_o dantzick_n the_o three_o of_o may_n 1660_o of_o which_o the_o french_a king_n be_v guarantee_n the_o polander_n yield_v up_o livonia_n to_o the_o swede_n and_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o as_o for_o silesia_n it_o be_v so_o long_a since_o they_o lose_v it_o that_o they_o think_v no_o more_o of_o recover_v it_o for_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o their_o peculiar_a quality_n to_o lose_v the_o remembrance_n of_o their_o loss_n thus_o poland_n be_v at_o present_a border_v on_o the_o north_n with_o livonia_n and_o muscovy_n on_o the_o south_n with_o upper_a hungary_n and_o transylvania_n on_o the_o east_n with_o vkrania_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o dutchy_n or_o palatinate_n of_o smolensko_n siberia_n czernichowia_fw-la and_o kiowia_fw-la which_o be_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o sitesia_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n since_o i_o observe_v that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o all_o vkrania_n and_o bring_v the_o tartar_n into_o poland_n i_o must_v in_o the_o next_o place_n take_v a_o short_a view_n of_o those_o two_o nation_n and_o first_o of_o the_o tartar_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o tartar_n it_o be_v observe_v of_o this_o warlike_a and_o barbarous_a nation_n that_o they_o never_o fight_v in_o rank_n and_o that_o in_o their_o flight_n they_o shoot_v arrow_n behind_o they_o that_o their_o poverty_n and_o their_o swiftness_n make_v they_o in_o a_o manner_n invincible_a and_o that_o they_o seem_v only_o to_o be_v bear_v to_o pillage_n and_o impoverish_v their_o neighbour_n they_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o great_a tartar_n of_o asia_n and_o leave_v mount_n imaus_n beyond_o the_o caspian_a sea_n in_o the_o year_n 1188._o extend_v themselves_o along_o the_o volga_n the_o tanais_n and_o the_o neighbour_a place_n and_o in_o that_o peninsala_n which_o the_o ancient_n call_v taurica_n chersonesus_n and_o which_o be_v now_o call_v the_o crim._n this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o be_v and_o have_v be_v know_v by_o divers_a name_n for_o those_o who_o inhabit_v the_o peninsula_n be_v call_v crim_n tartar_n those_o who_o extend_v themselves_o to_o the_o river_n don_n or_o tanais_n which_o come_v from_o muscovy_n and_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o palus_n maeotis_n be_v call_v nogais_n and_o both_o of_o they_o be_v call_v petty_a tartar_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o great_a tartar_n of_o asia_n the_o crim_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o northern_a and_o the_o southern_a the_o latter_a be_v cut_v through_o the_o middle_n by_o very_o high_a and_o almost_o inaccessible_a mountain_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o this_o peninsula_n be_v caffa_n which_o be_v a_o considerable_a port_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o eastward_o which_o mahomet_n the_o emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n take_v from_o the_o genoese_a in_o the_o year_n 1475._o the_o whole_a peninsula_n be_v but_o 78_o league_n in_o length_n and_o 40_o in_o breadth_n it_o be_v border_v with_o the_o palus_n sukamorzi_n towards_o the_o north_n the_o black_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n and_o west_n the_o palus_n maeotis_n and_o the_o cimmerian_a bosphorus_n which_o separate_v it_o from_o circassia_n towards_o the_o east_n it_o be_v join_v to_o the_o continent_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a isthmus_n towards_o the_o north_n near_o the_o town_n of_o precop_n after_o the_o year_n 1188_o when_o the_o tartar_n come_v into_o that_o peninsula_n it_o continue_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o one_o sovereign_n independent_a from_o the_o grand_a signior_n but_o as_o division_n among_o prince_n be_v frequent_o the_o occasion_n of_o their_o ruin_n so_o the_o crim_n become_v subject_a to_o the_o turk_n by_o the_o animosity_n that_o happen_v betwixt_o two_o brother_n for_o machmetkirey_n chan_n of_o the_o crim_n tartar_n the_o ally_n and_o friend_n of_o the_o turk_n have_v two_o brother_n who_o revolt_v against_o he_o but_o not_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o resist_v he_o they_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o machmetkirey_n after_o he_o have_v several_a time_n in_o vain_a demand_v they_o of_o that_o king_n pray_v amurath_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n to_o require_v they_o in_o his_o own_o name_n the_o grand_a signior_n comply_v with_o his_o request_n and_o prevail_v with_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o send_v they_o to_o constantinople_n with_o a_o ambassador_n to_o assist_v at_o the_o circumcision_n of_o his_o son_n but_o when_o amurath_n have_v those_o two_o prince_n in_o his_o power_n instead_o of_o restore_v they_o to_o machmetkirey_n their_o brother_n he_o resolve_v to_o retain_v they_o as_o hostage_n for_o his_o fidelity_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n to_o keep_v he_o in_o a_o perpetual_a dependence_n upon_o the_o port._n the_o grand_a signior_n be_v at_o that_o time_n engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o persian_n he_o desire_v the_o cham_n of_o tartary_n to_o assist_v the_o turk_n in_o asia_n and_o upon_o that_o condition_n promise_v to_o deliver_v up_o his_o brother_n upon_o this_o assurance_n machmetkirey_n march_v ed_z from_o tartary_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n in_o order_n to_o assist_v he_o but_o understanding_n as_o he_o be_v pass_v through_o mingrelia_n that_o the_o turk_n be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o persian_n he_o march_v back_o to_o his_o own_o country_n where_o he_o expect_v to_o find_v his_o brother_n but_o perceive_v that_o amurath_n have_v disappoint_v he_o he_o be_v so_o enrage_v that_o the_o grand_a signior_n be_v force_v to_o appease_v he_o with_o present_n and_o to_o send_v ambassador_n to_o make_v his_o excuse_n for_o not_o perform_v his_o promise_n pretend_v that_o he_o be_v afraid_a to_o send_v back_o the_o two_o prince_n in_o his_o absence_n lest_o they_o shall_v have_v raise_v some_o disturbance_n and_o assure_v he_o that_o he_o will_v put_v they_o very_o speedy_o into_o his_o hand_n not_o long_o after_o these_o two_o prince_n make_v their_o escape_n from_o constantinople_n and_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o other_o tartar_n and_o of_o the_o muscovite_n raise_v a_o new_a war_n against_o their_o brother_n which_o oblige_v machmetkirey_n to_o demand_v succour_n of_o amurath_n who_o promise_v to_o furnish_v he_o with_o some_o troop_n but_o send_v
person_n of_o all_o rank_n and_o sex_n into_o slavery_n so_o that_o thracia_n scythia_n and_o almost_o all_o asia_n be_v fill_v with_o polish_v slave_n the_o tartar_n be_v natural_o so_o hardy_a that_o they_o swim_v over_o the_o river_n in_o the_o winter_n when_o there_o be_v no_o ice_n which_o without_o doubt_n proceed_v from_o the_o mother_n wash_v their_o infant_n with_o cold_a water_n they_o cross_v the_o great_a river_n such_o as_o the_o boristhenes_n after_o this_o manner_n each_o of_o they_o prepare_v several_a faggot_n or_o bundle_n of_o rush_n or_o reed_n which_o he_o tie_v to_o two_o pole_n upon_o these_o he_o lay_v his_o clothes_n arm_n saddle_n and_o all_o that_o he_o intend_v to_o carry_v along_o with_o he_o then_o he_o tie_v this_o little_a bridge_n of_o faggot_n to_o his_o horse_n tail_n after_o which_o with_o one_o hand_n he_o take_v hold_v of_o the_o horse_n main_n and_o whip_v he_o with_o the_o other_o and_o in_o this_o equipage_n pass_v the_o river_n stark_o naked_a when_o the_o tartar_n take_v the_o field_n to_o make_v incursion_n they_o agree_v beforehand_o that_o when_o they_o be_v press_v too_o hard_o by_o the_o enemy_n they_o shall_v divide_v into_o several_a party_n each_o of_o which_o shall_v retire_v by_o a_o different_a way_n and_o that_o they_o shall_v afterward_o rendezvous_n at_o a_o certain_a place_n they_o take_v these_o precaution_n that_o those_o who_o pursue_v they_o see_v many_o tract_n of_o horse_n foot_n may_v not_o know_v which_o to_o follow_v they_o be_v so_o afraid_a of_o be_v kill_v or_o take_v prisoner_n that_o when_o they_o be_v press_v by_o their_o enemy_n they_o fly_v with_o such_o a_o amaze_a swiftness_n that_o have_v tire_v one_o of_o their_o horse_n they_o leap_v from_o he_o at_o a_o full_a gallop_n upon_o the_o back_n of_o another_o without_o dismount_v and_o if_o they_o find_v that_o they_o be_v still_o hot_o pursue_v they_o first_o throw_v away_o their_o sabre_n then_o their_o bow_n and_o their_o arrow_n and_o at_o last_o without_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n they_o cut_v the_o girth_n and_o drop_v the_o saddle_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n ease_v their_o horse_n if_o in_o their_o flight_n they_o meet_v with_o a_o defile_v or_o narrow_a passage_n they_o gallop_v through_o it_o with_o so_o much_o precipitation_n and_o disorder_n that_o they_o ride_v over_o one-another_o without_o mind_v those_o who_o command_v they_o no_o not_o the_o cham_n who_o be_v their_o prince_n which_o be_v a_o evident_a sign_n that_o they_o be_v all_o extreme_o apprehensive_a of_o be_v kill_v or_o take_v prisoner_n the_o cham_n who_o at_o present_a govern_v the_o crim_n tartar_n be_v of_o the_o family_n of_o gilerey_n and_o both_o he_o and_o all_o those_o of_o his_o race_n be_v clothe_v in_o silk_n the_o officer_n in_o cloth_n and_o the_o rest_n in_o sheepskin_n with_o the_o woolly_a side_n next_o their_o skin_n in_o the_o winter_n but_o they_o turn_v they_o outward_o in_o the_o summer_n or_o in_o rainy_a weather_n they_o wear_v no_o turban_n as_o the_o turk_n and_o persian_n do_v but_o cap_n like_o the_o polander_n their_o arm_n be_v a_o sabre_n with_o a_o bow_n and_o arrow_n every_o one_o of_o they_o carry_v a_o knife_n and_o a_o awl_n to_o make_v whip_n and_o strap_n which_o serve_v to_o tie_v the_o slave_n who_o they_o take_v in_o their_o incursion_n they_o be_v extreme_o afraid_a of_o fire-arm_n their_o great_a strength_n consist_v in_o the_o swiftness_n of_o their_o horse_n which_o be_v very_o ugly_a but_o never_o tire_v and_o each_o tartar_n have_v many_o of_o they_o which_o he_o lead_v along_o with_o he_o and_o they_o know_v their_o master_n so_o well_o that_o they_o follow_v they_o when_o they_o fly_v without_o lose_v they_o or_o run_v away_o from_o '_o they_o their_o usual_a food_n be_v horseflesh_n which_o they_o like_v so_o well_o that_o they_o prefer_v it_o before_o beef_n i_o have_v see_v some_o tartar_n who_o be_v prisoner_n in_o poland_n eat_v horse_n that_o die_v of_o any_o distemper_n and_o even_o devour_v the_o head_n foot_n and_o entrail_n none_o but_o the_o rich_a eat_v bread_n and_o the_o rest_n live_v upon_o milk_n millet_n and_o turkey_n wheat_n they_o be_v very_o lazy_a when_o they_o be_v in_o their_o own_o country_n but_o be_v extreme_o laborious_a and_o vigilant_a when_o they_o go_v abroad_o upon_o a_o expedition_n the_o poor_a kill_v no_o horse_n to_o eat_v unless_o they_o be_v sick_a and_o when_o they_o kill_v one_o they_o give_v part_n of_o it_o to_o their_o neighbour_n they_o make_v a_o sort_n of_o pudding_n with_o the_o blood_n of_o the_o horse_n they_o kill_v and_o the_o meal_n of_o turkey_n wheat_n or_o millet_n which_o they_o reckon_v to_o be_v a_o very_a delicious_a ragou_n they_o eat_v but_o little_a salt_n because_o they_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v bad_a for_o the_o eye_n and_o since_o they_o be_v mahometan_n it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o add_v that_o they_o eat_v no_o bacon_n these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o most_o remarkable_a observation_n i_o make_v during_o my_o abode_n in_o crim_n tartary_n the_o tartar_n be_v divide_v into_o horde_n or_o canton_n almost_o like_o the_o swisser_n these_o horde_n be_v unequal_a in_o bigness_n number_n and_o strength_n the_o great_a of_o they_o all_o be_v that_o betwixt_o kilia_n and_o bialogrod_n which_o be_v two_o town_n one_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o niester_n and_o the_o other_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o danube_n next_o to_o this_o the_o most_o considerable_a be_v that_o of_o oczacow_n a_o city_n and_o fort_n which_o the_o turk_n call_v dziarerimenda_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o small_a of_o all_o the_o horde_n be_v that_o of_o kipozako_fw-mi which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n that_o run_v by_o the_o town_n the_o cham_n of_o the_o tartar_n never_o go_v out_o of_o the_o crim_n to_o take_v the_o field_n unless_o all_o the_o horde_n march_v with_o he_o there_o be_v also_o some_o mahometan_a tartar_n subject_n to_o poland_n who_o live_v in_o lithuania_n near_o vilna_n where_o they_o possess_v land_n and_o work_v as_o the_o other_o lithuanian_n do_v they_o be_v establish_v there_o by_o vitold_a uncle_n to_o king_n vladislaus_n jagellon_n after_o he_o have_v expel_v they_o out_o of_o the_o low_a volhinia_n king_n jagellon_n have_v also_o tartar_n in_o his_o army_n when_o he_o rout_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o the_o year_n 1386._o after_o this_o short_a account_n of_o the_o tartar_n i_o proceed_v to_o take_v a_o view_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o first_o of_o vkrania_n chap._n v._o of_o ukrania_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o livonian_o lower_v volhinia_n and_o lower_n podolia_n be_v both_o comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o vkrania_n which_o in_o the_o sclavonish_a tongue_n signify_v a_o frontier_n because_o those_o province_n be_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n who_o be_v the_o most_o terrible_a enemy_n of_o poland_n this_o be_v a_o very_a large_a country_n contain_v above_o 300_o mile_n from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o above_o 180_o from_o north_n to_o south_n kiovia_n situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n be_v the_o capital_a city_n and_o be_v once_o one_o of_o the_o large_a town_n in_o europe_n but_o it_o have_v be_v so_o often_o pillage_v and_o harass_v by_o the_o tartar_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v see_v in_o it_o at_o present_a but_o ruin_v house_n and_o cottage_n with_o a_o fort_n in_o which_o the_o muscovite_n keep_v garrison_n the_o boristhenes_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a river_n in_o europe_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o country_n and_o receive_v all_o the_o other_o river_n that_o water_n it_o the_o first_o rendezvous_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v original_o russian_a peasant_n be_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n especial_o that_o of_o tamahoâ—ka_fw-mi from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o through_o all_o vkrania_n betwixt_o the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o czyrkassy_n at_o that_o time_n they_o live_v only_o by_o hunt_v and_o fish_v they_o be_v call_v the_o zaporovian_a cossack_n because_o they_o inhabit_v along_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o those_o who_o live_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o tanais_n or_o don_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o palus_n meotis_n stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o first_o who_o bring_v the_o cossack_n under_o military_a discipline_n and_o appoint_v they_o the_o city_n of_o trethymirow_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o twelve_o league_n below_o kiowia_fw-la for_o their_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n for_o heretofore_o they_o have_v no_o leader_n and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v discipline_n that_o they_o march_v rather_o like_v freebooter_n than_o soldier_n but_o from_o that_o time_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v
their_o drum_n and_o trumpet_n and_o by_o discharge_v several_a volley_n of_o canon_n round_o their_o camp_n the_o new-raised_a polander_n believe_v that_o they_o be_v rejoice_v for_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o tartar_n who_o they_o expect_v which_o put_v they_o into_o such_o a_o consternation_n that_o they_o resolve_v upon_o a_o sudden_a flight_n their_o officer_n not_o be_v able_a to_o stop_v they_o the_o disorder_n be_v so_o great_a and_o the_o flight_n so_o precipitate_a that_o the_o cossack_n be_v for_o a_o whole_a day_n of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v only_o a_o faint_a to_o draw_v they_o from_o their_o post_n but_o at_o last_o have_v detach_v some_o troop_n to_o observe_v the_o enemy_n they_o understand_v that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o soldier_n leave_v in_o the_o polish_v camp_n whereupon_o they_o march_v immediate_o and_o pillage_v all_o the_o baggage_n that_o the_o polander_n have_v leave_v and_o the_o tartar_n arrive_v afterward_o in_o their_o army_n they_o carry_v terror_n and_o desolation_n into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n such_o be_v the_o fatal_a effect_n of_o a_o panic_n fear_v that_o surprise_v those_o new-raised_a and_o undisciplined_a troop_n the_o polish_v army_n be_v thus_o total_o disperse_v at_o pilaveze_n a_o small_a city_n in_o upper_a volhinia_n about_o two_o league_n from_o chmielnich_n on_o the_o river_n bugg_n the_o tartar_n and_o cossack_n besiege_v leopold_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 300000_o man_n and_o at_o the_o first_o assault_n take_v the_o castle_n but_o they_o meet_v with_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a resistance_n from_o the_o town_n though_o it_o be_v neither_o strong_a by_o nature_n nor_o art_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o small_a garrison_n when_o these_o barbarian_n perceive_v that_o they_o can_v not_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o city_n they_o demand_v 200000_o crown_n of_o gold_n for_o its_o ransom_n and_o the_o burgher_n not_o be_v able_a to_o pay_v so_o exorbitant_a a_o sum_n and_o fear_v the_o event_n of_o a_o siege_n give_v they_o 1200_o mark_n of_o uncoined_a silver_n among_o which_o there_o be_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o church-plate_n but_o they_o not_o be_v satisfy_v with_o so_o small_a a_o sum_n continue_v to_o press_v the_o city_n which_o oblige_v the_o burgher_n to_o give_v they_o 16000_o livre_n more_o which_o they_o raise_v with_o extraordinary_a difficulty_n and_o beside_o they_o give_v they_o the_o holy_a ornament_n cloth_n silk_n and_o abundance_n of_o fur_n for_o though_o the_o city_n want_v the_o convenience_n of_o a_o river_n it_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a trade_n because_o it_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o all_o russia_n thus_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n raise_v the_o siege_n of_o leopold_n october_n 24_o 1648_o after_o which_o they_o ravage_v the_o country_n and_o after_o the_o tartar_n return_v home_o the_o cossack_n alone_o lay_v siege_n to_o zamoiscia_n a_o town_n seat_v upon_o a_o lake_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o belcz_n fortify_v with_o seven_o bastion_n and_o beautify_v with_o a_o academy_n which_o john_n zamoski_n chancellor_n and_o general_n of_o the_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n found_v there_o it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o vigorous_a resistance_n it_o make_v against_o chemelnski_n general_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o besiege_v it_o with_o a_o army_n of_o above_o 60000_o man_n towards_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n 1648._o the_o year_n follow_v king_n john_n casimir_n send_v deputy_n to_o chemelnski_n to_o endeavour_v to_o bring_v he_o to_o a_o sense_n of_o his_o duty_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o entreat_v he_o to_o restrain_v the_o violence_n of_o his_o troop_n and_o to_o hinder_v they_o from_o make_v incursion_n but_o chemelnski_n answer_v fierce_o that_o he_o will_v put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o port_n if_o the_o polander_n will_v not_o grant_v he_o all_o the_o condition_n he_o require_v the_o king_n who_o be_v resolve_v to_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o overcome_v the_o obstinacy_n of_o the_o cossack_n send_v other_o deputy_n to_o treat_v with_o they_o concern_v article_n of_o peace_n they_o find_v chemclnski_n at_o pereaslaw_n where_o they_o deliver_v to_o he_o in_o the_o king_n name_n the_o batoon_n of_o a_o general_n on_o the_o 20_o of_o february_n 1649_o and_o receive_v his_o proposal_n which_o look_v rather_o like_v absolute_a command_n than_o condition_n of_o peace_n for_o he_o exclaim_v with_o great_a vehemency_n against_o visnovieshi_n and_o czaplinski_n and_o declare_v with_o a_o infupportable_a insolence_n that_o he_o will_v never_o be_v at_o quiet_a till_o he_o have_v chastise_v they_o for_o all_o the_o injury_n they_o have_v do_v to_o the_o cossack_n that_o visnovieski_n must_v be_v punish_v and_o czaplinski_n put_v into_o their_o hand_n as_o the_o author_n of_o all_o these_o disaster_n that_o potoski_n be_v not_o free_a from_o the_o crime_n of_o have_v persecute_v the_o cossack_n even_o into_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n whither_o they_o have_v retire_v to_o save_v their_o life_n that_o nevertheless_o potoski_n who_o be_v then_o a_o slave_n in_o the_o crim_n be_v punish_v sufficient_o for_o all_o his_o pernicious_a design_n that_o to_o those_o three_o he_o may_v add_v the_o great_a standard_n bearer_n of_o the_o crown_n who_o have_v rob_v he_o of_o his_o inheritance_n and_o have_v quarter_v his_o troop_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o cossack_n where_o they_o commit_v all_o manner_n of_o barbarity_n but_o that_o he_o do_v not_o impute_v all_o those_o disorder_n so_o much_o to_o he_o as_o to_o visnovieski_n and_o czaplinski_n that_o therefore_o the_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o blame_v aught_o to_o fall_v upon_o those_o two_o and_o that_o if_o they_o be_v not_o punish_v he_o will_v perish_v with_o all_o the_o army_n of_o the_o cossack_n or_o poland_n itself_o shall_v perish_v with_o its_o senate_n generals_z lord_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n king_n casimir_n perceive_v the_o design_n of_o the_o cossack_n by_o this_o answer_n draw_v his_o force_n together_o and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n chemelnski_n call_v in_o the_o tartar_n who_o come_v to_o his_o assistance_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n and_o attack_v a_o body_n of_o the_o polish_v troop_n which_o be_v encamp_v at_o zbaras_n a_o small_a city_n of_o lower_n podolia_n upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o lower_n volhinia_n about_o ten_o league_n from_o braclaw_n towards_o the_o north_n famous_a for_o the_o brave_a defence_n that_o a_o small_a number_n of_o polander_n make_v against_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n who_o keep_v they_o invest_v for_o two_o month_n and_o thrice_o attack_v their_o retrenchment_n without_o be_v able_a to_o force_v they_o for_o the_o polander_v defend_v themselves_o with_o so_o incredible_a a_o valour_n that_o they_o give_v their_o king_n time_n to_o come_v to_o their_o relief_n the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n hear_v of_o their_o approach_n march_v secret_o to_o zborow_n on_o the_o river_n bog_n to_o meet_v he_o where_o be_v defeat_v by_o king_n casimir_n and_o understanding_n that_o another_o party_n of_o cossack_n be_v rout_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n they_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n which_o be_v afterward_o ratify_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o same_o year_n 1649._o after_o the_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o the_o cossack_n at_o zborow_n chemelnski_n their_o general_n grow_v daily_o more_o powerful_a and_o insolent_a assist_v the_o cham_n of_o tartary_n against_o the_o circassian_n without_o the_o king_n be_v leave_v and_o afterward_o have_v receive_v succour_n from_o the_o cham_n he_o attack_v the_o hospodar_n of_o moldavia_n from_o who_o he_o exact_v a_o great_a ransom_n with_o a_o promise_n to_o give_v his_o daughter_n in_o marriage_n to_o his_o son_n timothy_n but_o not_o be_v satisfy_v with_o so_o considerable_a a_o alliance_n he_o send_v deputy_n anno_fw-la 1650_o to_o the_o port_n to_o desire_v some_o auxiliary_a force_n and_o to_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o turk_n thus_o he_o shake_v off_o the_o yoke_n of_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o cossack_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o vkrania_n which_o be_v a_o extraordinary_a mortification_n to_o the_o polish_v nobility_n who_o have_v just_o re-entered_a upon_o the_o estate_n they_o have_v lose_v during_o the_o insurrection_n of_o those_o rebel_n king_n casimir_n have_v lose_v all_o hope_n of_o reduce_v they_o by_o promise_n or_o favour_n resolve_v once_o more_o to_o have_v recourse_n to_o force_v in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o resolution_n he_o summon_v the_o arrierban_n in_o the_o year_n 1651_o and_o lead_v they_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n into_o the_o field_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o city_n of_o lesinow_n beyond_o beretesko_n a_o city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o luceoria_n on_o the_o river_n stir_v about_o a_o league_n from_o the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n in_o
but_o the_o diet_n which_o be_v afterward_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n will_v not_o ratify_v that_o peace_n so_o that_o the_o war_n between_o poland_n and_o the_o port_n be_v renew_v with_o great_a vigour_n than_o before_o the_o two_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o of_o the_o duchy_n advance_v towards_o podolia_n the_o one_o command_v by_o general_n sobieski_n and_o the_o other_o by_o general_n patz_n and_o march_v together_o to_o attack_v that_o of_o the_o turk_n which_o be_v encamp_v at_o chotzin_n on_o the_o niester_n about_o five_o league_n from_o caminiec_n where_o they_o fight_v and_o entire_o rout_n '_o they_o this_o victory_n which_o be_v very_o considerable_a will_v have_v doubtless_o restore_v the_o affair_n of_o poland_n to_o a_o good_a condition_n and_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o the_o retaking_n of_o caminiec_n if_o the_o general_n have_v make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o so_o important_a a_o advantage_n but_o the_o battle_n be_v no_o soon_o over_o than_o they_o carry_v home_o their_o troop_n the_o one_o into_o poland_n and_o the_o other_o into_o lithuania_n in_o which_o they_o imitate_v their_o predecessor_n swirâ—zowski_n and_o ostrogski_n who_o after_o they_o have_v obtain_v a_o memorable_a victory_n over_o the_o muscovite_n return_v home_o instead_o of_o march_v to_o attack_v smolensko_fw-mi which_o they_o have_v lose_v a_o little_a before_o and_o may_v then_o have_v easy_o retake_v the_o error_n which_o those_o two_o general_n commit_v by_o neglect_v so_o invite_v a_o opportunity_n to_o reduce_v smolensko_fw-mi be_v so_o unaccountable_a and_o so_o direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o maxim_n of_o policy_n and_o even_o of_o common_a prudence_n that_o i_o can_v forbear_v insert_v the_o whole_a story_n in_o the_o year_n 1512_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o the_o count_n of_o scepusz_n which_o so_o incense_v the_o emperor_n maximilian_n that_o he_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o involve_v poland_n either_o in_o a_o civil_a or_o foreign_a war._n it_o be_v in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o design_n that_o in_o a_o diet_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n he_o complain_v of_o king_n sigismund_n proceed_n allege_v that_o he_o be_v contrive_v indirect_a method_n to_o expel_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n out_o of_o prussia_n which_o they_o have_v purchase_v with_o their_o blood_n and_o where_o they_o have_v extirpated_a paganism_n and_o establish_v the_o faith_n of_o jesus_n christ_n but_o see_v he_o can_v not_o prevail_v with_o the_o prince_n to_o declare_v war_n against_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n at_o a_o time_n when_o all_o the_o christian_n be_v ready_a to_o enter_v in_o a_o confederacy_n against_o the_o turk_n he_o make_v a_o league_n with_o basil_n duke_n of_o muscovy_n and_o persuade_v he_o to_o declare_v war_n against_o the_o polaender_n and_o to_o invade_v lithuania_n the_o muscovite_n rely_v upon_o this_o new_a alliance_n with_o the_o emperor_n scruple_v not_o to_o violate_v the_o peace_n he_o have_v make_v with_o king_n sigismond_n he_o raise_v a_o army_n enter_v lithuania_n and_o after_o he_o have_v destroy_v the_o country_n sit_v down_o before_o smolensko_n but_o can_v not_o take_v it_o though_o at_o the_o same_o time_n sigismond_n be_v in_o poland_n and_o have_v no_o troop_n on_o foot_n to_o oppose_v he_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v inform_v of_o the_o treachery_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n who_o have_v break_v the_o peace_n without_o any_o cause_n call_v a_o diet_n at_o radom_n in_o the_o year_n 1513_o to_o concert_v the_o measure_n that_o be_v to_o be_v take_v in_o so_o press_v a_o exigency_n the_o czar_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n send_v to_o demand_v succour_n from_o the_o emperor_n his_o ally_n who_o only_o send_v he_o some_o engineer_n who_o cast_v 300_o piece_n of_o cannon_n for_o he_o the_o year_n follow_v the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n have_v assemble_v a_o army_n of_o 80000_o man_n march_v with_o his_o 300_o piece_n of_o cannon_n to_o besiege_v smolenske_a which_o he_o batter_v in_o a_o very_a furious_a manner_n the_o city_n be_v so_o close_o block_v up_o and_o the_o avenue_n so_o well_o guard_v that_o 500_o horse_n who_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n send_v to_o its_o relief_n can_v not_o get_v into_o the_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o garrison_n make_v so_o vigorous_a a_o defence_n that_o the_o muscovite_n be_v discourage_v by_o the_o obstinate_a resistance_n of_o the_o polander_n raise_v the_o siege_n and_o ravage_v lithuania_n a_o second_o time_n after_o they_o have_v send_v their_o booty_n to_o muscovy_n they_o return_v to_o the_o siege_n of_o smolensko_n but_o the_o garrison_n defend_v the_o place_n with_o so_o much_o courage_n and_o resolution_n that_o the_o czar_n despair_v of_o success_n resolve_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n but_o glinski_n a_o lithuanian_a rebel_n persuade_v he_o to_o continue_v it_o insinuate_a that_o he_o can_v not_o without_o expose_v himself_o to_o eternal_a infamy_n suffer_v a_o impotent_a and_o dishearten_v enemy_n to_o insult_v over_o such_o a_o formidable_a army_n at_o last_o the_o cunning_a traitor_n who_o have_v engage_v basil_n in_o this_o enterprise_n perceive_v that_o he_o can_v not_o take_v the_o city_n by_o force_n resolve_v to_o try_v the_o success_n of_o a_o stratagem_n to_o this_o end_n he_o desire_v leave_v to_o speak_v with_o the_o governor_n to_o who_o he_o represent_v that_o his_o master_n be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o relieve_v he_o that_o the_o garrison_n can_v not_o hold_v out_o much_o long_o and_o that_o unless_o he_o be_v resolve_v to_o bury_v himself_o in_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o city_n he_o ought_v to_o consult_v his_o own_o true_a interest_n and_o accept_v the_o vast_a recompense_n which_o the_o czar_n be_v willing_a to_o give_v he_o thus_o the_o governor_n be_v persuade_v to_o surrender_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v possess_v for_o the_o space_n of_o a_o hundred_o year_n as_o soon_o as_o king_n sigismond_n have_v receive_v at_o radom_n the_o news_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o that_o important_a place_n he_o go_v immediate_o to_o lithuania_n in_o september_n and_o assemble_v all_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o that_o duchy_n at_o vilna_n to_o deliberate_v with_o they_o how_o they_o may_v effectual_o oppose_v the_o progress_n of_o their_o victorious_a enemy_n 10000_o horse_n 20000_o foot_n and_o some_o light_a horse_n be_v raise_v in_o lithuania_n with_o which_o and_o with_o the_o army_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o necessary_a artillery_n the_o king_n set_v out_o from_o vilna_n with_o a_o design_n to_o attack_v the_o muscevite_n the_o czar_n have_v receive_v advice_n of_o the_o march_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n reassembled_a his_o troop_n and_o encamp_v near_o smolensko_n lest_o the_o king_n shall_v sit_v down_o before_o it_o after_o he_o have_v reinforce_v the_o garrison_n he_o march_v with_o his_o army_n to_o lithuania_n and_o advance_v to_o the_o river_n berezina_fw-la in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o minsk_n where_o sigismond_n arrive_v immediate_o after_o strike_v such_o a_o terror_n into_o the_o muscovite_n that_o they_o retire_v to_o the_o city_n of_o orsza_n not_o far_o from_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v pass_v the_o river_n berezina_fw-la without_o any_o opposition_n detach_v a_o body_n of_o 30000_o choose_a man_n who_o he_o order_v to_o march_v towards_o the_o enemy_n while_o he_o remain_v at_o boryssow_n on_o the_o river_n berezina_fw-la with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n where_o he_o cast_v up_o trench_n and_o fortify_v the_o camp_n with_o great_a diligence_n that_o if_o the_o muscovite_n shall_v gain_v the_o battle_n the_o polander_n and_o lithuanian_n may_v have_v the_o advantage_n of_o retire_v to_o a_o place_n of_o security_n and_o that_o he_o may_v afterward_o be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n who_o even_o after_o a_o victory_n will_v have_v be_v weaken_a by_o the_o battle_n and_o harass_v by_o the_o fatigue_n of_o so_o long_a a_o pursuit_n the_o czar_n who_o be_v at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n of_o 80000_o man_n despise_v that_o of_o poland_n which_o be_v not_o half_a so_o numerous_a and_o insolent_o boast_v that_o his_o soldier_n shall_v not_o so_o much_o as_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o draw_v their_o sabres_fw-es against_o the_o polander_n but_o drive_v they_o all_o to_o muscovy_n with_o whip_n like_o herd_n of_o ox_n or_o flock_n of_o sheep_n nor_o be_v this_o a_o mere_a rhodomontade_fw-la for_o he_o actual_o give_v order_n to_o his_o soldier_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o draw_v their_o sabres_fw-es but_o let_v the_o polander_n pass_v the_o baristhenes_n without_o opposition_n and_o then_o whip_v they_o to_o muscovy_n but_o that_o insolent_a and_o haughty_a prince_n have_v the_o mortification_n to_o be_v convince_v by_o a_o very_a fatal_a and_o unwelcome_a experiment_n that_o a_o great_a army_n shall_v never_o despise_v a_o feeble_a
ix_o of_o the_o senate_n in_o particular_a and_o first_o of_o the_o bishop_n all_o the_o bishop_n be_v senator_n and_o precede_v the_o secular_a member_n there_o be_v but_o 16_o bishopric_n in_o the_o kingdom_n 3_o of_o which_o be_v usurp_v by_o its_o enemy_n viz._n those_o of_o smolensko_n and_o kiovia_n by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o that_o of_o caminiec_n by_o the_o turk_n nevertheless_o the_o dignity_n be_v still_o retain_v and_o when_o they_o become_v vacant_a there_o be_v always_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o competitor_n who_o solicit_v the_o king_n for_o those_o title_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v apostolical_a legate_n by_o his_o office_n the_o first_o of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o senator_n and_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n these_o privilege_n be_v annex_v to_o this_o see_v by_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n whither_o he_o who_o be_v then_o archbishop_n be_v send_v by_o king_n vladislaus_n jagellon_n to_o assert_v his_o right_n to_o prussia_n against_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n for_o that_o prelate_n be_v inform_v that_o during_o his_o absence_n the_o king_n have_v marry_v elizabeth_n daughter_n to_o the_o palatine_a of_o sandomir_n anno_fw-la 1416._o and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopold_n and_o fear_v lest_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n shall_v be_v deprive_v of_o the_o privilege_n of_o crown_v the_o king_n prevail_v with_o the_o council_n to_o declare_v and_o ordain_v that_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n shall_v from_o thenceforth_o be_v primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o it_o be_v for_o this_o reason_n that_o a_o appeal_n may_v be_v bring_v before_o he_o not_o only_o from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n but_o also_o from_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopold_n afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1513._o john_n laski_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v send_v to_o rome_n by_o king_n sigismond_n to_o assist_v at_o the_o council_n of_o lateran_n obtain_v of_o leo_n the_o xth_o for_o himself_o and_o all_o his_o successor_n the_o quality_n of_o legatus_fw-la natus_fw-la of_o the_o holy_a apostolic_a see_n the_o authority_n of_o this_o prelate_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o draw_v a_o sword_n or_o so_o much_o as_o to_o speak_v indecent_o in_o his_o presence_n beside_o when_o the_o king_n act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n the_o archbishop_n may_v assemble_v the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n to_o oppose_v he_o and_o during_o a_o interregnum_fw-la he_o have_v power_n to_o coin_n money_n the_o cross_n be_v carry_v before_o he_o when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o king_n or_o to_o the_o diet_n and_o when_o he_o sit_v on_o almoner_n hold_v it_o behind_o his_o chair_n and_o as_o a_o far_a mark_n of_o his_o grandeur_n he_o have_v a_o senator_n and_o castellan_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o his_o marshal_n who_o ride_v before_o his_o coach_n bear_v his_o staff_n upright_o which_o he_o never_o bow_v but_o before_o the_o king_n and_o when_o the_o other_o marshal_n be_v absent_a he_o have_v the_o privilege_n to_o carry_v the_o staff_n upright_o before_o his_o majesty_n and_o to_o march_v before_o he_o to_o church_n or_o to_o the_o diet._n when_o the_o archbishop_n come_v to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o stair_n of_o the_o king_n palace_n he_o stop_v there_o till_o the_o king_n send_v the_o chamberlain_n of_o the_o crown_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o principal_a officer_n of_o his_o court_n to_o salute_v he_o the_o sub-marshal_n attend_v he_o at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stair_n and_o when_o he_o enter_v the_o antichamber_n the_o king_n come_v out_o of_o his_o chamber_n to_o meet_v he_o he_o never_o make_v a_o visit_n but_o to_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n who_o he_o only_o visit_v once_o not_o even_o to_o the_o ambassador_n of_o crown_v head_n who_o have_v visit_v he_o it_o be_v he_o who_o during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la be_v the_o head_n and_o regent_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o 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and_o so_o considerable_a a_o privilege_n that_o the_o ambassador_n of_o the_o candidate_n look_v upon_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n as_o the_o person_n on_o who_o the_o success_n of_o their_o negotiation_n depend_v and_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o gain_v his_o favour_n because_o the_o king_n can_v be_v due_o elect_v unless_o he_o be_v afterward_o proclaim_v to_o confirm_v this_o i_o shall_v relate_v what_o happen_v at_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n john_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1674._o one_o czartoreski_n of_o the_o faction_n of_o austria_n an_z intimate_v friend_n of_o chancellor_n putz_n and_o consequent_o a_o great_a enemy_n to_o the_o french_a faction_n and_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n who_o be_v choose_v king_n be_v then_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o in_o that_o quality_n have_v the_o power_n of_o proclaim_v the_o king_n he_o will_v never_o have_v be_v prevail_v with_o to_o proclaim_v the_o great_a marshal_n but_o die_v three_o day_n before_o the_o election_n the_o right_a of_o proclamation_n be_v devolve_v upon_o trzebicki_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v a_o friend_n to_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n proclaim_v he_o with_o joy_n there_o be_v but_o 16_o bishopric_n in_o poland_n as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v but_o they_o be_v general_o of_o a_o vast_a extent_n and_o endow_v with_o great_a revenue_n which_o may_v be_v easy_o believe_v if_o we_o consider_v that_o that_o kidgdom_n after_o all_o its_o loss_n be_v still_o as_o large_a as_o france_n the_o first_o be_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n in_o low_a poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kalisch_n about_o 9_o league_n from_o that_o city_n towards_o the_o north._n this_o place_n which_o be_v once_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v now_o only_a a_o great_a unwal_v village_n without_o the_o conveniency_n of_o a_o river_n the_o second_o be_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o leopold_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o black_a russia_n and_o take_v its_o name_n from_o leo_n duke_n of_o that_o province_n who_o as_o he_o be_v ravage_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n of_o tartar_n and_o russian_n be_v entire_o defeat_v by_o the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n ann._n 1279_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o lesko_n the_o black_n this_o city_n be_v seat_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n very_o mean_o fortify_v without_o a_o river_n and_o defend_v only_o by_o a_o inconsiderable_a castle_n upon_o a_o eminence_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o many_o sieges_n it_o have_v sustain_v have_v be_v once_o besiege_a by_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n at_o another_o time_n by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 120000_o man_n for_o the_o space_n of_o two_o month_n and_o a_o half_a after_o which_o they_o be_v constrain_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o in_o the_o last_o place_n by_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n miâ—â—â—el_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o 3_o bishop_n viz._n a_o latin_n catholic_n archbishop_n a_o armenian_a catholic_n archbishop_n and_o a_o russian_a scismatical_a greek_a bishop_n the_o first_o latin_a archbishop_n be_v a_o polish_v gentleman_n call_v christinus_fw-la who_o be_v consecrate_a by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesâ—a_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o king_n casimir_n who_o erect_v this_o see_n anno_fw-la 1361._o i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o of_o the_o archbishop_n since_o they_o differ_v not_o from_o other_o catholic_n only_o the_o armenian_n have_v their_o particular_a ornament_n and_o ceremony_n and_o the_o man_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o woman_n in_o the_o church_n but_o i_o shall_v take_v this_o occasion_n to_o give_v a_o brief_a account_n of_o the_o peculiar_a rite_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o russian_n their_o bishop_n be_v always_o a_o unmarried_a person_n because_o he_o be_v choose_v among_o the_o monk_n of_o
st._n basil_n who_o be_v under_o the_o vow_n of_o chastity_n as_o for_o the_o curate_n of_o their_o parish_n those_o who_o be_v admit_v to_o order_n after_o their_o marriage_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o separate_v from_o their_o wife_n but_o they_o can_v marry_v after_o their_o ordination_n and_o when_o their_o wife_n die_v they_o must_v for_o ever_o afterward_o live_v in_o celibacy_n their_o liturgy_n be_v in_o the_o russian_a language_n which_o as_o well_o as_o the_o polish_v be_v proper_o a_o dialect_n of_o the_o slaâ—ovie_n they_o believe_v that_o the_o holy_a ghost_n proceed_v from_o the_o father_n by_o the_o son_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n be_v not_o the_o head_n of_o the_o whole_a church_n but_o only_o the_o first_o of_o the_o two_o patriarch_n and_o that_o he_o of_o constantinople_n who_o authority_n they_o acknowledge_v be_v the_o second_o and_o yet_o independent_a on_o the_o first_o in_o all_o other_o article_n of_o faith_n they_o agree_v with_o the_o catholic_n but_o their_o ceremony_n and_o ornament_n be_v different_a from_o those_o of_o the_o latin_n and_o armenian_n they_o pray_v stand_v and_o make_v a_o great_a number_n of_o genuflexion_n which_o they_o reckon_v with_o bead_n they_o administer_v the_o sacrament_n in_o both_o kind_n after_o this_o manner_n the_o priest_n consecrate_v several_a little_a loaf_n of_o leaven_a bread_n and_o after_o he_o have_v take_v the_o sacrament_n himself_o he_o break_v these_o loaf_n into_o little_a piece_n and_o put_v they_o into_o the_o chalice_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n then_o with_o a_o little_a silver_n spoon_n which_o serve_v only_o for_o that_o use_v he_o take_v one_o of_o those_o piece_n with_o a_o little_a wine_n out_o of_o the_o chalice_n and_o give_v the_o sacrament_n to_o those_o who_o approach_v he_o by_o pour_v that_o little_a piece_n of_o bread_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n into_o the_o mouth_n of_o each_o communicant_a they_o communicate_v stand_v hold_v their_o arm_n across_o their_o breast_n and_o also_o make_v their_o little_a child_n receive_v the_o communion_n after_o all_o the_o people_n have_v communicate_v the_o priest_n consume_v all_o that_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o chalice_n the_o three_o bishopric_n be_v that_o of_o cracow_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n situate_v upon_o the_o vistula_n in_o the_o upper_a or_o little_a poland_n this_o bishopric_n be_v heretofore_o a_o archbishopric_n found_v by_o mieceslaus_n in_o the_o year_n 964._o immediate_o after_o he_o have_v embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n but_o that_o dignity_n be_v lose_v by_o one_o lampert_n who_o be_v of_o a_o potent_a family_n neglect_v to_o send_v to_o rome_n for_o the_o pallium_fw-la it_o be_v observable_a that_o several_a prelate_n have_v hold_v both_o this_o bishopric_n and_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n style_v himself_o duke_n of_o siberia_n all_o the_o nobility_n of_o that_o duchy_n be_v under_o his_o authority_n and_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o royal_a coart_n this_o metropolis_n be_v compose_v of_o 3_o city_n joyâ—â—d_v together_o viz._n the_o ancient_a city_n which_o be_v build_v by_o king_n cracus_n casimirie_n which_o be_v build_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a with_o a_o design_n to_o establish_v a_o academy_n in_o it_o and_o that_o which_o be_v between_o they_o both_o the_o two_o latter_a be_v join_v by_o a_o bridge_n the_o jew_n who_o before_o the_o year_n 1494._o be_v disperse_v promiscuous_o throughout_o the_o whole_a city_n since_o that_o time_n be_v oblige_v to_o reside_v in_o casimirie_n for_o upon_o the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fire_n which_o burn_v down_o part_n of_o the_o city_n the_o soldier_n drive_v the_o jew_n out_o of_o all_o the_o house_n they_o possess_v and_o ever_o since_o they_o be_v only_o permit_v to_o live_v in_o casimirie_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v every_o market-day_n to_o the_o old_a city_n queen_n hedwige_n the_o wife_n of_o vladislaus_n jagellon_n who_o be_v a_o princess_n of_o great_a virtue_n and_o piety_n design_v to_o have_v finish_v the_o academy_n which_o king_n casimir_n the_o great_a begin_v to_o erect_v at_o cracow_n and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o that_o queen_n who_o leave_v considerable_a legacy_n to_o the_o poor_a the_o king_n her_o husband_n take_v care_n to_o continue_v her_o pious_a design_n in_o order_n to_o which_o he_o establish_v 2_o college_n in_o that_o city_n and_o bring_v master_n thither_o from_o prague_n to_o instruct_v the_o youth_n these_o college_n be_v almost_o like_o those_o of_o paris_n there_o be_v some_o endow_v scholarship_n and_o the_o student_n be_v oblige_v to_o very_o little_a exercise_n in_o one_o of_o these_o college_n which_o be_v call_v the_o academy_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o poor_a scholar_n who_o receive_v weekly_a charity_n to_o keep_v they_o from_o starve_v which_o with_o what_o they_o get_v by_o beg_a alm_n in_o the_o street_n at_o night_n enable_v they_o to_o 〈◊〉_d their_o study_n the_o 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o cujavia_n and_o pomeâ—â—â—â—_n 〈◊〉_d be_v compose_v of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n the_o bishop_n seat_n be_v at_o wiadislow_n a_o city_n on_o the_o vistula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o thorn_n the_o five_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o vilna_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n vilia_fw-la which_o fall_v into_o the_o nieman_n below_o kowno_n this_o city_n be_v large_a and_o very_a populous_a the_o six_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o posnania_n which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o the_o same_o name_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la there_o be_v a_o old_a castle_n upon_o a_o rise_a ground_n and_o the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v without_o the_o city_n which_o be_v indifferent_o large_a and_o populous_a the_o seven_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o plocsko_n a_o small_a city_n in_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o five_o league_n above_o wladislaw_n the_o bishop_n seat_n be_v at_o pultausk_n in_o massovia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n narev_n which_o meet_v with_o the_o bug_n about_o two_o league_n low_o the_o bishop_n of_o plocsko_n be_v sovereign_a of_o the_o territory_n of_o pultausk_n and_o there_o be_v no_o appeal_n from_o his_o sentence_n not_o even_o to_o the_o king_n the_o eight_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o episcopal_a seat_n be_v at_o frawenherg_n a_o small_a city_n near_o frischhaff_n the_o bishop_n of_o warmia_n be_v precedent_n of_o royal_a prussia_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n of_o his_o diocese_n depend_v upon_o he_o and_o be_v exempt_v from_o all_o the_o royal_a jurisdiction_n the_o nine_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o luceoria_n or_o lucko_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o volhinia_n the_o ten_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o premislia_n which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n upon_o the_o river_n sana_n about_o 6_o league_n above_o jeroslaw_n and_o 12_o from_o leopold_n towards_o the_o west_n there_o be_v two_o bishop_n in_o this_o city_n one_o a_o latin_n catholic_n and_o the_o other_o a_o greek_a schismatic_a one_o orichowski_n canon_n of_o this_o cathedral_n be_v the_o first_o who_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o reformation_n maintain_v that_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o priest_n to_o marry_o and_o afterward_o marry_v himself_o anno_fw-la 1549._o in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n the_o eleven_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o samogitia_n this_o prelate_n have_v no_o particular_a seat_n except_o at_o midnich_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a burrough_n of_o that_o province_n the_o twelve_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o culm_n a_o city_n of_o royal_a prussia_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o 6_o league_n above_o thorn_n this_o prelate_n former_o precede_v the_o bishop_n of_o warmia_n the_o thirteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o chelm_fw-ge in_fw-ge black_a russia_n there_o be_v two_o bishop_n in_o this_o city_n one_o a_o latin_n catholic_n and_o the_o other_o a_o greek_a schismatic_a but_o the_o latin_a bishop_n remove_v his_o seat_n to_o kranostaw_fw-mi another_o city_n in_o the_o same_o palatinat_a seat_v on_o a_o great_a lake_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n vieptz_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a eruption_n of_o the_o tartar_n and_o cossack_n who_o have_v ruin_v the_o city_n of_o chelm_fw-ge the_o fourteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o kiowia_fw-la the_o metropolis_n of_o volhinia_n and_o of_o all_o vkrania_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o greek_a schismatical_a archbishop_n who_o be_v former_o primate_n of_o all_o the_o russian_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o kiowia_fw-la be_v schismatic_n and_o now_o subject_a to_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n the_o fifteen_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o caminiec_n which_o be_v the_o
capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n it_o be_v now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o insidel_n the_o sixteenth_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o smolensko_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o metropolis_n of_o a_o duchy_n and_o of_o a_o palatmate_n heretofore_o depend_v upon_o lithuania_n but_o now_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o most_o of_o the_o bishop_n have_v in_o their_o diocese_n a_o suffragan_n or_o subordinate_a bishop_n in_o partibus_fw-la infidelium_fw-la because_o those_o who_o bear_v the_o title_n imagine_v that_o they_o be_v only_o make_v bishop_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n and_o enjoy_v a_o sufficient_a revenue_n to_o support_v that_o dignity_n they_o allow_v a_o small_a pension_n to_o their_o substilty_n for_o the_o pain_n they_o take_v in_o give_v order_n and_o perform_v all_o other_o episcopal_a function_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o palatine_n castellan_n and_o officer_n of_o state_n who_o be_v senator_n the_o first_o secular_a senatos_fw-la be_v 36_o in_o number_n viz._n 32_o palatine_n who_o be_v proper_o governor_n of_o province_n 3_o castellan_n and_o one_o starosta_n the_o first_o of_o all_o the_o secular_a senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v advance_v to_o that_o dignity_n by_o king_n boleslaus_n crivoustus_n about_o the_o year_n 1103._o this_o prince_n be_v provoke_v by_o the_o insolence_n of_o scarbimirus_n palatin_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v perpetual_o endeavour_v to_o stir_v up_o the_o people_n to_o rebellion_n expel_v he_o out_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o throw_v he_o into_o prison_n where_o he_o die_v and_o that_o he_o may_v leave_v a_o eternal_a mark_n of_o his_o resentment_n to_o posterity_n he_o make_v a_o edict_n or_o constitution_n by_o which_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o for_o the_o future_a the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n shall_v always_o precede_v the_o palatin_n the_o second_o and_o three_o place_n belong_v by_o turn_v to_o the_o palatin_n of_o cracow_n and_o posnania_n the_o palatinat_a of_o cracow_n be_v in_o upper_a poland_n and_o that_o of_o posnanania_n in_o the_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n in_o this_o palatinate_n there_o be_v a_o town_n call_v srim_a situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la about_o four_o league_n above_o posnania_n near_o which_o there_o be_v a_o mountain_n where_o they_o dig_v up_o pot_n pitcher_n and_o other_o earthen_a vessel_n all_o form_v by_o nature_n which_o be_v soft_a and_o afterward_o harden_v in_o the_o air._n the_o four_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o vilna_n in_o lithuania_n the_o five_o the_o palatine_a of_o pandomir_n a_o city_n of_o upper_a poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n the_o six_o the_o castellan_n of_o vilna_n the_o seven_o the_o palatin_n of_o kalisch_n a_o city_n of_o great_a poland_n the_o eight_o the_o palatin_n of_o troki_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v upon_o a_o lake_n the_o nine_o the_o palatin_n of_o siradia_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la about_o six_o league_n from_o kalisch_n and_o eleven_o from_o lencicia_n the_o ten_o the_o castellan_n of_o troki_n the_o eleven_o the_o palatin_n of_o lencici_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n about_o four_o league_n eastward_n from_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la the_o twelve_o the_o starosta_n of_o samogitia_n the_o thirteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o breast_n or_o bressici_fw-la a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n of_o polesia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n bug._n the_o fourteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o kiovia_n in_o low_a volhinia_n but_o this_o palatinat_n be_v only_o titular_a because_o the_o muscovite_n have_v keep_v the_o possession_n of_o the_o town_n ever_o since_o the_o cossack_n put_v it_o into_o their_o hand_n the_o fifteen_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o inowlocz_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n germ_n about_o two_o league_n below_o the_o lake_n guplo_n and_o five_o from_o the_o viscula_fw-la the_o sixteenth_o the_o palatin_n of_o russia_n so_o call_v from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n though_o there_o be_v several_a palatinat_n in_o it_o and_o though_o he_o be_v only_o palatin_a of_o leopold_n the_o seventeen_o the_o palatin_n of_o upper_a volh_n nia_fw-la or_o of_o lucâ—oria_n the_o eighteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o upper_a podolia_n which_o be_v farmer_o a_o province_n of_o poland_n there_o be_v many_o wild_a ox_n and_o ass_n in_o this_o country_n it_o extend_v from_o upper_a volhinia_n to_o the_o niester_n and_o from_o low_a podolta_n to_o russia_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o upper_a podolta_n be_v caminiec_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n smotrzy_n and_o bar_n seat_v on_o the_o row_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o bug_n about_o seven_o league_n below_o braclaw_n but_o this_o palatinat_n be_v at_o present_a a_o mere_a titular_a dignity_n because_o the_o turk_n have_v be_v master_n of_o it_o ever_o since_o the_o loss_n of_o caminiec_n the_o nineteenth_o the_o palatine_a of_o smolensko_n this_o palatinat_n be_v also_o titular_a because_o the_o muscovite_n have_v possess_v it_o since_o the_o year_n 1654._o the_o twenty_o the_o palatin_n of_o lublin_n a_o city_n in_o upper_a poland_n seat_v on_o a_o brook_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n vieprz_n about_o two_o league_n below_o the_o town_n the_o 21th_o the_o palatin_n of_o losk_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n dzwina_n the_o 22th_o the_o palatin_n of_o belcz_n a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n about_o three_o league_n eastward_o from_o the_o river_n bug._n in_o this_o palatinat_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n which_o grow_v dry_a once_o every_o three_o year_n the_o water_n retire_v with_o a_o great_a noise_n into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o neighbour_a hill_n but_o they_o return_v some_o time_n after_o and_o it_o be_v only_o during_o this_o interval_n that_o they_o can_v take_v the_o fish_n the_o 23th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o nowogrodeck_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o river_n niemen_n the_o 24_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o plocsko_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o duchy_n of_o massovia_n the_o 25_o the_o palatin_n of_o vitepsk_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n dzwina_n the_o 26_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o massovia_n which_o be_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n the_o metropolis_n whereof_o be_v warsaw_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n the_o 27_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o polaquia_fw-la or_o of_o bielsk_n a_o small_a city_n about_o four_o league_n from_o the_o river_n narew_n in_o this_o palatinat_n be_v the_o lake_n augustow_v which_o be_v five_o league_n long_o and_o half_a a_o league_n broad_a the_o 28_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o rava_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n poland_n the_o 29_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o brzesty_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n poland_n about_o four_o league_n from_o plocsko_n in_o this_o palatinat_n be_v the_o lake_n gulplo_n which_o be_v very_o full_a of_o fish_n and_o be_v four_o league_n long_o and_o one_o broad_a this_o lake_n be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n germ_n which_o run_v to_o inowlocz_n and_o in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o kalisch_n change_v its_o name_n to_o netec_n and_o afterward_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la the_o 30_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o chelm_fw-ge a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n about_o seven_o league_n from_o the_o river_n bug_n towards_o the_o east_n in_o this_o palatinat_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n call_v biale_n which_o signify_v white_a it_o be_v water_n be_v extreme_o black_a and_o the_o fish_n very_o good_a it_o be_v say_v the_o water_n of_o this_o lake_n polish_v every_o thing_n that_o be_v wash_v with_o it_o during_o the_o month_n of_o april_n and_o may._n the_o 31th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o mseislaw_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n sosz_n which_o empty_v its_o self_n into_o the_o borysthenes_n about_o forty_o league_n low_o the_o 32th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o marienburg_n a_o city_n in_o royal_a prussia_n situate_v on_o one_o of_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o vistula_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o frischaff_n this_o city_n be_v heretofore_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o in_o the_o church_n of_o the_o castle_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v a_o great_a many_o form_n or_o seat_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o those_o religious_a knight_n of_o st._n mary_n the_o 33th_o the_o palatin_n of_o braclaw_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n podolia_n scate_v on_o the_o river_n bug._n this_o palatinat_a which_o contain_v all_o the_o low_a podolia_n be_v at_o present_a only_o titular_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n in_o the_o desert_n betwixt_o this_o province_n and_o
lithuanian_n consent_v that_o the_o lesser_a poland_n shall_v appoint_v the_o marshal_n and_o the_o choice_n fall_v upon_o mounseur_fw-fr omienisky_a lieutenant_n colonel_n of_o the_o artillery_n the_o next_o day_n this_o dispute_n be_v over_o news_n come_v that_o the_o army_n have_v confederated_a themselves_o for_o their_o own_o interest_n for_o the_o king_n as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v have_v not_o take_v care_n to_o pay_v the_o force_n a_o vast_a sum_n be_v due_a to_o they_o for_o their_o arrear_n they_o choose_v a_o officer_n called_z baronowsky_n for_o their_o general_n and_o promise_v to_o remain_v unite_v till_o they_o have_v receive_v satisfaction_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n they_o resolve_v to_o raise_v contribution_n for_o their_o subsistance_n this_o news_n put_v the_o diet_n in_o great_a consternation_n and_o likely_o contribute_v to_o the_o resolution_n they_o take_v the_o same_o day_n which_o be_v to_o lay_v aside_o all_o objection_n against_o the_o validity_n of_o the_o election_n of_o the_o deputy_n with_o this_o proviso_n that_o none_o shall_v have_v a_o voice_n in_o the_o diet_n till_o they_o have_v free_o satisfy_v the_o assembly_n about_o the_o reason_n that_o shall_v be_v offer_v against_o they_o they_o repair_v afterward_o in_o great_a ceremony_n unto_o the_o senator_n hall_n and_o the_o marshal_n make_v a_o speech_n to_o the_o cardinal_n primate_n set_v forth_o the_o deplorable_a condition_n of_o the_o kingdom_n since_o the_o king_n death_n return_v thanks_o to_o his_o eminency_n for_o his_o great_a care_n of_o the_o public_a and_o declare_v that_o the_o deputy_n be_v ready_a to_o concur_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o their_o power_n to_o all_o the_o proposal_n that_o shall_v be_v make_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o nation_n the_o primate_n return_v a_o answer_n suitable_a to_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o time_n and_o propose_v several_a point_n to_o be_v take_v into_o consideration_n by_o the_o assembly_n 1._o a_o association_n of_o all_o the_o member_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o the_o security_n of_o it_o 2._o to_o draw_v up_o law_n and_o condition_n to_o which_o the_o future_a king_n shall_v be_v oblige_v and_o to_o publish_v they_o that_o all_o pretender_n to_o the_o crown_n may_v be_v inform_v thereof_o 3._o to_o find_v and_o apply_v a_o proper_a remedy_n to_o the_o faction_n quarrel_n and_o animosity_n which_o have_v be_v so_o prevalent_a under_o the_o precede_a government_n and_o prevent_v the_o like_a for_o the_o future_a 4._o to_o provide_v for_o the_o speedy_a payment_n of_o the_o army_n as_o the_o only_a way_n to_o prevent_v mutiny_n and_o sedition_n among_o the_o soldier_n and_o for_o carry_v a_o vigorous_a war_n against_o the_o turk_n 5._o to_o repair_v the_o defect_n of_o the_o artillery_n which_o be_v in_o a_o very_a bad_a condition_n 6._o to_o settle_v a_o sort_n of_o money_n that_o may_v be_v current_a all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n to_o prevent_v the_o inconvenience_n proceed_v from_o the_o diversity_n of_o coin_n 7._o and_o last_o that_o the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n may_v be_v defer_v for_o some_o time_n nothing_o material_a be_v transact_v since_o that_o day_n to_o the_o 10_o of_o september_n that_o there_o happen_v a_o violent_a dispute_n in_o the_o assembly_n whether_o the_o queen_n shall_v not_o be_v desire_v to_o remove_v out_o of_o warsaw_n for_o though_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o provincial_a diet_n have_v resolve_v not_o to_o suffer_v the_o royal_a family_n to_o reside_v in_o the_o place_n where_o the_o general_a diet_n be_v to_o assemble_v and_o that_o prince_n james_n in_o compliance_n with_o their_o resolution_n have_v already_o leave_v that_o city_n yet_o the_o queen_n will_v not_o conform_v herself_o to_o their_o desire_n notwithstanding_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o cardinal_n the_o bishop_n of_o posnania_n and_o the_o palatine_a of_o plosko_fw-mi which_o put_v the_o diet_n in_o a_o great_a heat_n some_o take_v that_o pretence_n to_o leave_v the_o assembly_n at_o last_o her_o majesty_n be_v persuade_v to_o yield_v unto_o their_o desire_n and_o leave_v actual_o warsaw_n on_o the_o 18_o of_o september_n and_o go_v for_o dantzick_n this_o calm_v somewhat_o the_o diet_n but_o a_o dispute_n between_o the_o cardinal_n primate_n and_o the_o marcsehal_n of_o the_o deputy_n be_v like_a to_o break_v up_o the_o diet_n however_o it_o be_v agree_v to_o enter_v into_o a_o association_n which_o be_v draw_v up_o by_o a_o domestic_a of_o the_o cardinal_n primate_n and_o read_v by_o he_o to_o the_o state_n no_o body_n make_v any_o objection_n to_o the_o first_o article_n but_o when_o he_o come_v to_o mention_v the_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o clergy_n the_o grand_a marshal_n of_o lithuania_n bid_v he_o stop_v and_o lay_v before_o the_o assembly_n in_o a_o very_a pathetic_a speech_n the_o injury_n and_o affront_v he_o have_v receive_v from_o the_o bishop_n of_o vilna_n desire_v the_o cardinal_n regent_n that_o he_o may_v have_v satisfaction_n give_v he_o the_o grand_a marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n make_v likewise_o great_a complaint_n against_o the_o bishop_n of_o culm_n for_o have_v publish_a libel_n against_o he_o to_o blemish_v his_o reputation_n the_o cardinal_n answer_v they_o that_o as_o the_o spiritual_a state_n can_v not_o judge_v the_o temporal_a neither_o can_v the_o secular_a give_v law_n to_o the_o ecclesiastic_a and_o that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o pope_n to_o punish_v the_o proceed_n of_o the_o bishop_n which_o be_v agree_v to_o on_o both_o side_n this_o point_n be_v thus_o over_o the_o act_n of_o association_n be_v read_v on_o but_o when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o point_n of_o reconciliation_n between_o those_o who_o be_v christian_n yet_o do_v not_o agree_v in_o some_o matter_n of_o religion_n one_o of_o the_o deputy_n make_v some_o exception_n and_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o all_o thing_n shall_v remain_v as_o to_o that_o point_n as_o they_o have_v do_v during_o the_o interregnum_n of_o casimir_n and_o michael_n the_o dispute_n about_o fix_v the_o time_n of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a king_n be_v more_o considerable_a many_o of_o the_o deputy_n insist_v that_o the_o deplorable_a condition_n of_o the_o republic_n require_v a_o speedy_a choice_n but_o the_o other_o party_n be_v sway_v by_o a_o private_a interest_n be_v strong_a and_o upon_o a_o fair_a pretence_n the_o election_n be_v defer_v to_o the_o 15_o of_o may_n 1697_o and_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v do_v in_o the_o open_a field_n by_o all_o the_o nobility_n summon_v together_o as_o at_o the_o election_n of_o michael_n wieznowisky_n and_o that_o whoever_o shall_v propose_v a_o native_a of_o the_o kingdom_n shall_v be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o enemy_n of_o his_o country_n this_o be_v conclude_v and_o the_o act_n of_o association_n draw_v up_o the_o deputy_n meet_v again_o upon_o the_o first_o of_o october_n and_o some_o of_o they_o demand_v that_o the_o say_a act_n may_v be_v read_v again_o but_o this_o be_v oppose_v by_o the_o cardinal_n primate_n say_v that_o a_o second_o read_n will_v only_o create_v new_a cavil_n and_o so_o sign_v it_o immediate_o with_o most_o of_o the_o deputy_n and_o the_o rest_n do_v the_o like_a afterward_o that_o association_n contain_v many_o article_n the_o principal_a whereof_o be_v the_o follow_v 1._o we_o will_v keep_v ourselves_o firm_o to_o the_o roman_a religion_n and_o will_v not_o elect_a any_o one_o for_o king_n who_o shall_v not_o make_v profession_n of_o the_o same_o religion_n 2._o we_o will_v prevent_v as_o much_o as_o in_o we_o lie_v all_o division_n and_o misunderstanding_n which_o may_v grow_v among_o the_o member_n of_o the_o republic_n nor_o will_v we_o enter_v into_o any_o secret_a practice_n against_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o election_n or_o which_o tend_v to_o the_o advance_v any_o one_o to_o the_o throne_n or_o acknowledge_v he_o for_o king_n unless_o he_o have_v be_v free_o elect_v by_o free_a voice_n and_o by_o unanimous_a consent_n and_o have_v the_o general_n approbation_n on_o the_o contrary_a we_o will_v look_v upon_o as_o enemy_n to_o this_o country_n all_o those_o who_o shall_v acknowledge_v for_o king_n any_o person_n who_o have_v not_o be_v choose_v after_o the_o say_a manner_n 3._o to_o this_o purpose_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n shall_v not_o proclaim_v any_o one_o for_o king_n unless_o he_o have_v first_o demand_v of_o the_o deputy_n three_o time_n one_o after_o another_o whether_o they_o be_v content_a with_o his_o election_n 4._o though_o there_o may_v be_v in_o the_o republic_n a_o person_n capable_a to_o wear_v the_o crown_n with_o honour_n nevertheless_o to_o avoid_v the_o trouble_n that_o may_v arise_v from_o the_o advancement_n of_o a_o native_a of_o poland_n to_o the_o throne_n the_o deputy_n of_o the_o lesser_a diet_n shall_v bring_v along_o with_o they_o instruction_n in_o reference_n
the_o russian_n that_o they_o can_v never_o afterward_o be_v reconcile_v and_o this_o be_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a cause_n of_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o of_o all_o the_o disaster_n with_o which_o poland_n be_v afterward_o harass_v such_o be_v the_o dismal_a effect_n of_o that_o change_n of_o religion_n and_o of_o those_o ceremony_n which_o the_o polish_v gentry_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o their_o territory_n in_o russia_n they_o ought_v to_o have_v consider_v that_o the_o best_a innovation_n be_v frequent_o attend_v with_o fatal_a consequence_n and_o their_o own_o country_n may_v have_v furnish_v they_o with_o a_o very_a instructive_a example_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o lutheran_n doctrine_n be_v introduce_v into_o riga_n by_o a_o sedition_n of_o the_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n in_o the_o year_n 1586_o not_o long_o after_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o calendar_n make_v by_o pope_n gregory_n xiii_o have_v be_v publish_v there_o some_o person_n resolve_v to_o celebrate_v the_o feast_n of_o our_o saviour_n nativity_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a calendar_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o city_n imprison_v the_o principal_a of_o the_o college_n because_o he_o be_v the_o first_o who_o act_v contrary_a to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n which_o raise_v so_o great_a a_o uproar_v in_o the_o city_n that_o the_o people_n in_o the_o nighttime_n break_v open_v the_o prison_n and_o pull_v down_o the_o house_n of_o the_o curate_n and_o of_o the_o governor_n and_o even_o the_o disorder_n be_v so_o great_a that_o almost_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o those_o who_o defend_v the_o roman-catholick_n religion_n and_o especial_o the_o jesuit_n who_o king_n stephen_n battori_n have_v settle_v there_o in_o the_o year_n 1582_o after_o he_o have_v give_v they_o certain_a revenue_n and_o a_o church_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o canon_n during_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o tumult_n the_o incense_a people_n imprison_v some_o of_o the_o senator_n and_o put_v some_o other_o to_o death_n so_o that_o be_v sensible_a of_o their_o gild_n and_o despair_v of_o pardon_n they_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o other_o lutheran_n and_o never_o afterward_o return_v to_o their_o ancient_a religion_n thus_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o restrain_v of_o the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n and_o the_o change_n of_o religion_n which_o the_o lord_n of_o poland_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o their_o territory_n in_o russia_n and_o vkrania_n be_v the_o two_o principal_a cause_n of_o that_o people_n revolt_n but_o there_o be_v also_o another_o reason_n that_o cause_v that_o fierce_a and_o untractable_a nation_n to_o rebel_v the_o gentry_n of_o upper_a volhinia_n be_v so_o addict_v to_o tyranny_n and_o oppression_n that_o they_o can_v not_o endure_v the_o cossack_n because_o their_o neighbourhood_n give_v a_o bad_a example_n to_o all_o their_o subject_n and_o dispose_v they_o to_o shake_v off_o the_o insupportable_a yoke_n of_o servitude_n for_o they_o think_v it_o better_a to_o live_v like_o the_o cossack_n at_o liberty_n and_o without_o constraint_n than_o to_o work_v and_o till_o the_o ground_n for_o the_o use_n of_o their_o oppressor_n so_o that_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o gentleman_n augment_v the_o number_n of_o the_o cossack_n by_o force_v the_o peasant_n to_o forsake_v their_o habitation_n and_o retire_v to_o they_o the_o four_o reason_n that_o the_o cossack_n have_v to_o complain_v of_o the_o gentry_n proceed_v from_o the_o sordid_a usury_n and_o insatiable_a avarice_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o poland_n except_o in_o the_o province_n of_o massovia_n where_o they_o be_v only_o permit_v to_o remain_v when_o there_o be_v a_o diet_n sit_v at_o warsaw_n they_o live_v miserable_o through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n because_o they_o be_v oppress_v and_o squeeze_v by_o the_o gentry_n they_o be_v usual_o the_o person_n who_o sell_v aquavitae_a and_o beer_n and_o farm_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o lord_n which_o they_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n at_o a_o excessive_a price_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o make_v bad_a brandy_n and_o beer_n they_o be_v first_o introduce_v into_o poland_n by_o a_o duke_n of_o kalisch_n who_o bring_v they_o from_o germany_n and_o establish_v they_o in_o his_o and_o some_o other_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o have_v the_o privilege_n not_o to_o acknowledge_v any_o judge_n but_o only_o the_o palatine_n who_o they_o easy_o soften_v not_o to_o say_v corrupt_a by_o the_o present_v they_o make_v they_o their_o usury_n and_o exaction_n upon_o the_o people_n have_v sometime_o rise_v to_o such_o a_o exorbitant_a height_n that_o they_o have_v obtain_v a_o prohibition_n for_o any_o private_a person_n to_o brew_v beer_n not_o even_o for_o themselves_o by_o which_o mean_n they_o oblige_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o buy_v it_o of_o they_o at_o what_o price_n they_o please_v to_o impose_v upon_o it_o the_o son_n of_o king_n vladislaus_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1647_o the_o cossack_n begin_v again_o to_o revolt_v under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o chemeinski_n who_o be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v the_o cossack_n join_v the_o tartar_n notwithstanding_o the_o mortal_a enmity_n that_o be_v former_o betwixt_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a difference_n of_o their_o language_n manner_n and_o religion_n after_o they_o be_v thus_o unite_v in_o the_o year_n 1648_o they_o make_v a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o poland_n but_o before_o i_o proceed_v to_o relate_v their_o barbarity_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a character_n of_o chemelnski_n he_o understand_v war_n very_o well_o and_o be_v once_o secretary_n to_o the_o army_n he_o be_v also_o a_o man_n of_o learning_n and_o have_v study_v with_o the_o jesuit_n at_o leopold_n he_o know_v the_o weak_a side_n of_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v several_a time_n there_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o a_o envoy_n he_o be_v so_o exasperate_v by_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o estate_n which_o a_o polish_v lord_n have_v take_v from_o he_o by_o a_o lawsuit_n that_o immediate_o he_o have_v recourse_n to_o force_v and_o have_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n a_o multitude_n of_o people_n like_o himself_o and_o corrupt_v the_o cossack_n in_o the_o polish_v army_n he_o soon_o after_o prevail_v with_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n to_o join_v he_o with_o who_o assistance_n he_o fall_v unexpected_o upon_o the_o polander_n who_o guard_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o cut_v in_o piece_n part_n of_o their_o army_n and_o send_v the_o rest_n with_o their_o commander_n into_o slavery_n to_o tartary_n from_o that_o time_n he_o so_o manage_v the_o republic_n that_o sometime_o he_o suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v appease_v by_o promise_n and_o then_o raise_v a_o new_a insurrection_n according_a to_o the_o posture_n of_o his_o affair_n it_o be_v true_a he_o be_v sometime_o beat_v by_o the_o polander_n but_o it_o be_v no_o less_o certain_a that_o he_o always_o keep_v the_o advantage_n over_o they_o either_o by_o his_o own_o dexterity_n or_o by_o the_o division_n or_o neglect_v of_o the_o polish_v general_n who_o can_v not_o make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o their_o victory_n he_o be_v often_o reconcile_v to_o the_o republic_n but_o never_o trust_v in_o they_o he_o be_v natural_o of_o a_o turbulent_a spirit_n keep_v his_o man_n always_o in_o arm_n against_o poland_n and_o fortify_v his_o interest_n by_o the_o affiance_n of_o some_o potent_a neighbour_n for_o it_o be_v his_o constant_a practice_n to_o change_v his_o affies_n according_a to_o the_o state_n of_o his_o affair_n thus_o after_o the_o tartar_n have_v conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o king_n john_n casimir_n he_o implore_v the_o protection_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n so_o that_o poland_n can_v hardly_o entertain_v any_o hope_n of_o be_v able_a to_o reduce_v the_o cossack_n during_o the_o life_n of_o so_o politic_a a_o general_n after_o the_o death_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o may_v 30_o 1648_o john_n casimir_n his_o brother_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n nou._n 17_o in_o the_o same_o year_n he_o immediate_o apply_v himself_o to_o remedy_v the_o ill_a state_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o to_o repair_v the_o loss_n it_o have_v sustain_v by_o the_o irruption_n which_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n have_v make_v even_o into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n after_o the_o defeat_n at_o pilaveze_n sept._n 29_o 1648._o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n be_v compose_v of_o new-raised_a soldier_n and_o of_o militia_n they_o be_v encamp_v near_o the_o cossack_n end_n have_v even_o obtain_v some_o advantage_n over_o they_o but_o those_o revolter_n have_v make_v a_o great_a noise_n in_o the_o evening_n with_o
this_o place_n he_o find_v the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n join_v together_o who_o he_o attack_v and_o fight_v for_o three_o day_n together_o during_o which_o time_n the_o battle_n be_v very_o obstinate_a on_o both_o side_n but_o at_o last_o the_o polish_v army_n obtain_v a_o entire_a victory_n over_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n and_o put_v chemelnski_n and_o the_o cham_n who_o command_v in_o person_n to_o flight_n this_o deseat_n oblige_v chemelnski_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n which_o be_v conclude_v sept._n 28._o 1651_o but_o last_v not_o long_o for_o soon_o after_o the_o cossack_n be_v enrage_v by_o the_o insolency_n of_o the_o polish_v nobility_n and_o fear_v to_o fall_v again_o into_o their_o ancient_a bondage_n attack_v the_o army_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o total_o rout_v it_o i_o observe_v before_o that_o chemelnski_n have_v always_o the_o policy_n to_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o such_o prince_n who_o be_v best_a able_a to_o support_v he_o in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o maxim_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o understand_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n not_o dare_v to_o rely_v upon_o his_o own_o single_a strength_n he_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o they_o which_o cost_v the_o polander_n the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o the_o muscovite_n take_v the_o same_o year_n chemelnski_n die_v anno_fw-la 1658_o the_o cossack_n choose_v one_o vihowski_n for_o their_o general_n and_o threaten_v that_o they_o will_v put_v themselves_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n or_o the_o d._n of_o muscovy_n if_o the_o republic_n will_v not_o grant_v all_o that_o they_o demand_v upon_o which_o king_n john_n casimir_n consider_v that_o it_o will_v be_v equal_o disadvantageous_a to_o his_o kingdom_n whether_o they_o submit_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n or_o the_o turk_n conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o by_o which_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o all_o their_o captain_n shall_v be_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n that_o vihowski_n their_o general_n shall_v be_v palatin_a of_o kiowia_fw-la that_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o greek_a religion_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o the_o chief_a office_n and_o that_o the_o metropolitan_a of_o kiowia_fw-la shall_v have_v the_o rank_n of_o a_o senator_n beside_o the_o starostie_a of_o lubomliana_n be_v give_v to_o vihowski_n and_o that_o of_o bobrois_fw-mi to_o nieczaio_n on_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v they_o as_o fief_n of_o the_o republic_n these_o condition_n be_v afterward_o ratify_v by_o the_o diet_n and_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o cossack_n captain_n from_o miserable_a peasant_n of_o russia_n as_o they_o be_v by_o their_o birth_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o polish_v nobleman_n i_o have_v already_o observe_v that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n for_o they_o be_v their_o lord_n and_o have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o they_o as_o they_o have_v still_o in_o poland_n over_o all_o their_o peasant_n those_o of_o vkrania_n not_o be_v able_a to_o support_v their_o insolency_n begin_v to_o revolt_v and_o by_o degree_n expel_v all_o the_o nobility_n there_o be_v several_a great_a lord_n who_o by_o this_o revolution_n lose_v above_o 100000_o crown_n a_o year_n among_o who_o be_v the_o above_o mention_v prince_n visnovieski_n who_o son_n i_o have_v see_v in_o poland_n so_o poor_a that_o he_o have_v only_o a_o yearly_a pension_n of_o six_o thousand_o livre_n which_o queen_n mary_n lovise_n allow_v he_o to_o subsist_v upon_o but_o fortune_n afterward_o raise_v he_o to_o the_o throne_n upon_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n casimir_n as_o i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o observe_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n that_o fatal_a revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n which_o begin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_n augment_v by_o degree_n under_o the_o follow_a king_n not_o only_o deprive_v many_o polish_v gentleman_n of_o their_o estate_n and_o give_v the_o tartar_n occasion_n to_o carry_v away_o above_o a_o million_o of_o person_n into_o slavery_n but_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n throughout_o vkrania_n for_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o suppose_v that_o the_o turk_n endeavour_v to_o settle_v mahometism_n in_o that_o country_n in_o imitation_n of_o all_o conqueror_n who_o the_o letter_n to_o secure_v the_o fidelity_n of_o the_o people_n who_o they_o subdue_v force_v they_o to_o receive_v their_o religion_n as_o the_o most_o effectual_a way_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o obedience_n to_o their_o new_a master_n and_o even_o though_o the_o turk_n shall_v not_o endeavour_v to_o settle_v mahometism_n in_o all_o their_o conquest_n it_o will_v at_o last_o become_v the_o modish_a religion_n since_o it_o be_v usual_a for_o people_n to_o take_v the_o language_n and_o religion_n of_o a_o prince_n who_o favour_n they_o be_v desirous_a to_o procure_v the_o cossack_n have_v under_o several_a general_n maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o polander_n who_o perpetual_o labour_v to_o reduce_v they_o they_o be_v at_o last_o oblige_v to_o call_v in_o the_o turk_n and_o to_o put_v themselves_o under_o their_o protection_n thus_o be_v those_o infidel_n admit_v into_o vkrania_n and_o easy_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n which_o they_o find_v destitute_a of_o all_o sort_n of_o provision_n nevertheless_o they_o take_v it_o by_o capitulation_n but_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v the_o article_n they_o have_v grant_v by_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v to_o continue_v still_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o their_o ancient_a religion_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v master_n of_o the_o place_n they_o carry_v away_o into_o slavery_n all_o the_o people_n of_o that_o unhappy_a city_n and_o leave_v no_o mark_n of_o its_o have_v be_v once_o inhabit_v by_o christian_n but_o only_o the_o cathedral_n church_n which_o they_o have_v also_o turn_v to_o a_o mosque_n these_o be_v the_o fatal_a consequence_n of_o the_o insupportable_a tyranny_n of_o the_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o their_o unjustifiable_a cruelty_n to_o their_o subject_n but_o long_o before_o the_o turk_n invade_v poland_n they_o look_v upon_o vkrania_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o resolve_v to_o conquer_v at_o any_o rate_n and_o which_o they_o may_v easy_o subdue_v if_o the_o cossack_n shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o desire_v their_o protection_n beside_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o take_v hold_n of_o so_o favourable_a a_o opportunity_n to_o deliver_v themselves_o from_o such_o cruel_a and_o formidable_a enemy_n who_o have_v so_o often_o harass_v they_o by_o their_o piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n they_o have_v make_v peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n and_o consequent_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o keep_v a_o army_n in_o hungary_n and_o after_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n john_n casimir_n who_o be_v a_o valiant_a prince_n the_o people_n have_v choose_v a_o peaceable_a king_n in_o his_o place_n they_o consider_v also_o that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n give_v they_o a_o free_a passage_n into_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fertile_a country_n such_o as_o vkrania_n certain_o be_v and_o invite_v they_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n which_o be_v the_o key_n of_o that_o province_n for_o that_o city_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o upper_a podolia_n be_v fortify_v by_o nature_n be_v situate_v on_o a_o rock_n environ_v by_o a_o very_a deep_a broad_a and_o sleep_v ditch_n which_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n by_o the_o river_n smotrzy_n which_o almost_o quite_o surround_v the_o city_n so_o that_o it_o leave_v only_o a_o narrow_a passage_n into_o it_o and_o it_o be_v that_o entry_n only_o which_o be_v fortify_v by_o art_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v sufficient_o defend_v by_o nature_n nevertheless_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o hill_n that_o be_v beyond_o the_o ditch_n be_v high_a than_o the_o city_n the_o garrison_n in_o a_o siege_n may_v be_v very_o much_o incommode_v with_o artillery_n but_o it_o be_v not_o such_o a_o inconveniency_n as_o this_o that_o can_v oblige_v a_o place_n of_o strength_n to_o surrender_v nor_o will_v it_o ever_o be_v reduce_v by_o so_o distant_a a_o attack_z and_o after_o all_o the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n will_v never_o be_v retake_v by_o the_o polander_n unless_o the_o port_n be_v one_o day_n reduce_v as_o low_a as_o poland_n be_v when_o the_o turk_n take_v it_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n the_o polander_n be_v so_o firm_o persuade_v of_o the_o impossibility_n of_o reduce_v that_o place_n and_o of_o the_o difficulty_n of_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o war_n with_o the_o grand_a signior_n that_o they_o make_v a_o shameful_a peace_n with_o he_o and_o oblige_v themselves_o to_o pay_v he_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n
controversy_n by_o the_o way_n of_o arm_n in_o public_a this_o be_v their_o way_n of_o live_v then_o which_o be_v not_o yet_o altogether_o abolish_v in_o some_o place_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n prince_n and_o then_o king_n be_v bring_v in_o among_o they_o yet_o with_o a_o more_o limit_a authority_n than_o in_o other_o country_n and_o after_o a_o elective_a manner_n as_o for_o law_n king_n casimir_n introduce_v the_o teutonick_n there_o in_o the_o year_n 1368._o and_o establish_v a_o sovereign_a court_n of_o justice_n at_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n as_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o his_o kingdom_n for_o poland_n be_v then_o of_o a_o far_o great_a extent_n than_o it_o be_v now_o so_o that_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o that_o great_a state_n whereas_o at_o this_o time_n it_o may_v be_v almost_o call_v a_o frontier_n town_n since_o it_o be_v but_o twelve_o league_n from_o thence_o to_o silesia_n which_o be_v then_o a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o now_o belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n on_o the_o account_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o king_n use_v always_o to_o have_v a_o right_a to_o make_v the_o people_n take_v up_o arm_n as_o often_o as_o it_o be_v necessary_a and_o every_o man_n be_v excite_v to_o give_v some_o proof_n of_o valour_n because_o there_o be_v no_o other_o mean_n to_o rise_v and_o obtain_v the_o right_n of_o nobility_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o other_o reward_n to_o be_v expect_v as_o for_o those_o who_o be_v not_o stir_v up_o by_o the_o desire_n of_o honour_n and_o advancement_n the_o fear_n of_o punishment_n use_v to_o prevail_v with_o they_o for_o those_o who_o do_v not_o obey_v the_o king_n order_n be_v either_o whip_v with_o cord_n or_o cudgel_v into_o fight_v which_o convince_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o necessity_n of_o take_v arm_n with_o all_o speed_n in_o those_o day_n it_o be_v not_o the_o custom_n to_o levy_v military_a man_n with_o money_n in_o poland_n for_o there_o be_v none_o at_o that_o time_n in_o that_o kingdom_n where_o they_o then_o till_v the_o ground_n bare_o to_o supply_v the_o necessity_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o have_v no_o thought_n of_o export_v corn_n out_o of_o the_o country_n nor_o of_o import_v those_o thing_n that_o serve_v only_o for_o superfluity_n and_o good_a cheer_v the_o soil_n which_o be_v fruitful_a of_o itself_o supply_v every_o one_o with_o a_o sufficient_a subsistence_n so_o that_o the_o peasant_n be_v not_o compel_v to_o work_v hard_o for_o if_o they_o wrought_v never_o so_o little_a they_o do_v enough_o for_o their_o master_n and_o for_o themselves_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n begin_v to_o exchange_v corn_n for_o foreign_a merchandise_n and_o riches_n and_o luxury_n be_v bring_v into_o that_o kingdom_n the_o military_a vigour_n begin_v to_o abate_v and_o the_o slavery_n of_o the_o peasant_n become_v intolerable_a poland_n be_v now_o proper_o a_o republic_n and_o it_o be_v by_o that_o name_n that_o the_o polander_n call_v it_o look_v upon_o their_o king_n as_o be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o head_n of_o their_o common_a wealth_n this_o make_v they_o lessen_v the_o king_n authority_n more_o and_o more_o when_o a_o new_a one_o be_v to_o be_v elect_v still_o enlarge_a their_o own_o privilege_n and_o take_v care_n that_o his_o prerogative_n may_v not_o grow_v too_o great_a they_o be_v indeed_o so_o jealous_a of_o their_o liberty_n and_o so_o afraid_a of_o lose_v it_o that_o they_o will_v not_o have_v any_o fortify_v town_n upon_o the_o frontier_n for_o fear_v the_o king_n shall_v put_v a_o garrison_n in_o it_o and_o so_o shall_v make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o all_o the_o nobility_n by_o degree_n that_o sentiment_n be_v so_o strong_o root_v within_o their_o heart_n that_o they_o prepossess_v their_o child_n with_o it_o betimes_o make_v they_o believe_v that_o their_o native_a freedom_n will_v soon_o be_v lose_v if_o ever_o they_o suffer_v any_o town_n to_o be_v fortify_v upon_o the_o frontier_n but_o they_o do_v not_o consider_v that_o while_o they_o design_v to_o shun_v a_o great_a evil_n they_o fall_v into_o another_o that_o be_v worse_a since_o their_o neighbour_n who_o be_v all_o of_o they_o their_o enemy_n find_v the_o country_n open_a easy_o invade_v it_o and_o from_o time_n to_o time_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o some_o part_n of_o their_o state_n before_o the_o polander_n can_v be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o oppose_v their_o eruption_n as_o the_o swede_n do_v which_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v the_o republic_n of_o poland_n be_v compose_v of_o three_o order_n the_o king_n the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n thus_o all_o the_o rite_n and_o privilege_n be_v joint_o hold_v by_o those_o three_o order_n insomuch_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o law_n make_v nor_o abrogate_a no_o war_n levy_v no_o alliance_n conclude_v with_o foreigner_n no_o imposition_n lay_v 〈◊〉_d nor_o no_o money_n coin_a but_o with_o the_o joint_a consent_n of_o the_o whole_a republic_n or_o of_o the_o senator_n that_o be_v depute_v for_o that_o end_n therefore_o some_o of_o these_o be_v always_o near_o the_o king_n person_n in_o order_n to_o preserve_v the_o law_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o king_n the_o king_n dispose_v of_o all_o the_o consistorial_n benefice_n and_o of_o many_o other_o as_o also_o of_o all_o the_o office_n and_o place_n of_o profit_n in_o the_o gift_n of_o the_o crown_n for_o he_o can_v keep_v they_o to_o himself_o and_o be_v oblige_v to_o bestow_v they_o upon_o the_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o not_o upon_o foreigner_n though_o they_o have_v never_o so_o much_o personal_a merit_n or_o have_v do_v never_o so_o much_o service_n to_o the_o republic_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o jealous_a of_o foreigner_n that_o they_o can_v endure_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v make_v they_o any_o connderable_a gratification_n as_o for_o instance_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n stephen_n batori_n the_o hungarian_n have_v be_v very_o serviceable_a to_o the_o republic_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n now_o that_o brave_a prince_n who_o have_v invite_v many_o of_o they_o into_o poland_n to_o repel_v that_o encroach_a enemy_n with_o their_o assistance_n think_v himself_o oblige_v to_o bestow_v some_o suitable_a reward_n upon_o they_o but_o he_o have_v no_o soon_o do_v this_o but_o that_o several_a of_o the_o great_a man_n of_o poland_n be_v strange_o exasperate_v particular_o the_o great_a general_n who_o resent_v it_o so_o high_o that_o he_o resign_v his_o place_n upon_o that_o account_n many_o other_o also_o murmur_v open_o against_o that_o prince_n which_o usage_n may_v seem_v the_o more_o ungenerous_a and_o ungrateful_a see_v they_o be_v so_o much_o oblige_v to_o that_o warlike_a king_n who_o have_v atcheive_v brave_a and_o great_a action_n for_o poland_n than_o any_o of_o his_o predecessor_n thus_o all_o that_o a_o foreigner_n can_v pretend_v to_o in_o that_o republic_n can_v amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o the_o obtain_n the_o command_n of_o a_o regiment_n of_o foot_n or_o the_o grant_n of_o some_o little_a royal_a gift_n beside_o that_o he_o may_v be_v due_o qualify_v for_o the_o possession_n of_o it_o he_o must_v first_o be_v make_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n for_o otherwise_o the_o king_n can_v bestow_v any_o such_o thing_n upon_o he_o however_o there_o be_v some_o little_a royal_a gift_n and_o benefice_n which_o a_o man_n may_v hold_v without_o be_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n but_o in_o the_o main_a it_o be_v so_o certain_a that_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n of_o be_v make_v a_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n to_o possess_v a_o estate_n or_o place_n of_o considerable_a profit_n in_o that_o kingdom_n that_o king_n stephen_n battori_n who_o we_o just_a now_o mention_v think_v fit_a to_o procure_v the_o indigenate_n that_o be_v the_o right_n of_o nobility_n to_o two_o of_o his_o kinsman_n at_o the_o session_n of_o the_o diet_n which_o he_o have_v summon_v to_o meet_v the_o 13_o of_o december_n 1386._o for_o as_o he_o have_v no_o child_n he_o be_v desirous_a of_o advance_v those_o of_o his_o brother_n and_o be_v persuade_v that_o this_o naturalisation_n will_v enable_v he_o to_o prefer_v they_o to_o something_o more_o considerable_a but_o that_o great_a prince_n be_v prevent_v by_o death_n in_o the_o fifty_o four_o year_n of_o his_o age_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v ten_o year_n one_o will_v be_v apt_a to_o think_v that_o this_o mighty_a power_n which_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v to_o dispose_v of_o so_o many_o place_n of_o trust_n and_o profit_n of_o so_o many_o land_n by_o royal_a tenure_n and_o of_o so_o many_o benefice_n must_v need_v gain_v he_o the_o love_n and_o affection_n of_o those_o on_o who_o they_o
the_o borysihenes_n the_o water_n of_o which_o congeal_v to_o salt_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v break_v in_o piece_n and_o carry_v away_o in_o cart_n like_o ice_n but_o it_o melt_v immediate_o with_o rain_n the_o 34th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o pomerania_n who_o palatinate_n be_v in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o 35th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o minsk_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n suislocz_n the_o 36th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o czernichowia_fw-la a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n derna_n this_o palatinat_a which_o be_v also_o a_o duchy_n be_v only_o a_o titular_a dignity_n have_v thus_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o 32_o palatine_n 3_o castellan_n and_o one_o starosta_n who_o be_v senator_n it_o may_v not_o improper_o be_v observe_v that_o though_o the_o quality_n of_o castellan_n and_o starosta_n be_v inferior_a to_o that_o of_o a_o palatin_n there_o be_v four_o of_o they_o who_o possess_v almost_o the_o first_o rank_n among_o the_o lay-senator_n i_o have_v already_o intimate_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o first_o temporal_a senator_n and_o as_o for_o the_o other_o three_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o this_o precedency_n be_v grant_v they_o in_o recompense_n of_o some_o brave_a action_n which_o the_o castellan_n of_o those_o city_n have_v perform_v the_o office_n of_o a_o palatin_n be_v to_o lead_v the_o troop_n of_o his_o palatinate_n to_o the_o army_n to_o preside_v in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o his_o province_n to_o set_v a_o price_n upon_o merchandice_n and_o commodity_n to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o weight_n and_o measure_n be_v not_o alter_v and_o to_o judge_n and_o defend_v the_o jew_n he_o have_v a_o vice_n palatin_n under_o he_o who_o must_v take_v a_o oath_n to_o he_o and_o who_o ought_v to_o have_v a_o estate_n in_o land_n which_o they_o call_v possessionatus_n the_o castellan_n be_v the_o next_o in_o dignity_n to_o the_o palatine_n and_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o they_o in_o the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v usual_o distinguish_v by_o the_o title_n of_o great_a castellan_n and_o petty_a or_o sub_fw-la castellan_n the_o number_n of_o the_o former_a both_o in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o duchy_n amount_v to_o 32_o and_o that_o of_o the_o latter_a to_o 49._o '_o will_v be_v equal_o tedious_a and_o unprofitable_a to_o give_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o they_o all_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v content_v myself_o with_o observe_v in_o the_o general_n that_o they_o be_v all_o senator_n lieutenant_n or_o deputy_n of_o the_o palatine_n and_o head_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o their_o respective_a jurisdiction_n in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o mention_v the_o officer_n of_o state_n who_o be_v senator_n the_o first_o be_v the_o great_a marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o second_o the_o great_a marshal_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o three_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o four_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o five_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o six_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o seven_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o eight_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o nine_o the_o sub-marshal_n or_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o ten_o the_o sub-marshal_n or_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o duchy_n these_o be_v all_o the_o member_n of_o the_o polish_v senate_n i_o have_v in_o another_o place_n give_v a_o sufficient_a account_n of_o the_o privilege_n and_o function_n of_o the_o officer_n mention_v here_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v conclude_v this_o chapter_n with_o observe_v that_o beside_o the_o four_o senator_n who_o ought_v always_o to_o attend_v the_o king_n and_o to_o assist_v he_o with_o their_o counsel_n in_o all_o deliberation_n and_o judgement_n all_o the_o other_o senator_n who_o be_v at_o court_n have_v also_o the_o privilege_n to_o assist_v in_o such_o case_n and_o all_o those_o who_o be_v present_a in_o council_n and_o consent_v to_o the_o decree_n or_o sentence_n be_v oblige_v to_o sign_n it_o not_o only_o in_o criminal_a but_o also_o in_o civil_a case_n that_o they_o may_v afterward_o be_v accountable_a for_o their_o proceed_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o republic_n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n the_o three_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n be_v that_o of_o the_o nobility_n who_o be_v only_o capable_a of_o possess_v all_o the_o office_n and_o land_n both_o in_o the_o duchy_n and_o kingdom_n for_o all_o the_o peasant_n be_v slave_n and_o the_o burgher_n of_o town_n and_o city_n be_v only_o look_v upon_o as_o tradesman_n who_o can_v possess_v at_o most_o but_o some_o house_n in_o the_o city_n and_o the_o land_n about_o a_o league_n round_o they_o as_o for_o stranger_n how_o noble_a soever_o they_o may_v be_v in_o their_o own_o country_n and_o whatever_o service_n they_o have_v do_v in_o the_o army_n to_o the_o republic_n they_o can_v neither_o possess_v a_o estate_n nor_o rise_v to_o any_o high_a preferment_n than_o the_o command_n of_o a_o regiment_n of_o foot_n or_o at_o most_o the_o place_n of_o a_o major-general_n which_o be_v a_o office_n not_o much_o different_a from_o that_o of_o a_o brigadeer_n in_o france_n for_o the_o polander_n will_v never_o suffer_v that_o a_o stranger_n though_o never_o so_o expert_a in_o war_n shall_v have_v the_o general_a command_n of_o their_o army_n the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n be_v the_o guardian_n of_o the_o law_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o their_o sovereign_n they_o bestow_v the_o crown_n and_o sceptre_n upon_o he_o and_o furnish_v he_o with_o minister_n and_o counsellor_n they_o make_v their_o own_o law_n and_o determine_v both_o their_o duty_n and_o privilege_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o defend_v the_o right_n of_o their_o country_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o any_o aspire_a prince_n who_o ambition_n may_v carry_v his_o design_n beyond_o the_o limit_n prescribe_v to_o he_o by_o the_o law_n since_o the_o number_n of_o the_o gentry_n be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o can_v all_o assist_v at_o the_o general_a diet_n they_o choose_v deputy_n in_o the_o petty_a diet_n who_o they_o send_v to_o the_o general_a diet_n to_o preserve_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o constitution_n and_o to_o contrive_v and_o enact_v new_a law_n for_o their_o security_n the_o polish_v gentry_n be_v general_o persuade_v that_o it_o be_v their_o interest_n to_o preserve_v a_o uninterrupted_a peace_n with_o their_o neighbour_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o preserve_v all_o their_o province_n but_o it_o be_v plain_a from_o the_o event_n that_o they_o be_v extreme_o mistake_v in_o their_o politics_n for_o poland_n lie_v open_a on_o all_o side_n and_o be_v surround_v by_o so_o many_o enemy_n we_o may_v easy_o suppose_v that_o every_o one_o of_o they_o may_v find_v a_o opportunity_n to_o surprise_v some_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n before_o the_o people_n can_v put_v themselves_o in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n all_o that_o the_o king_n can_v do_v in_o such_o a_o juncture_n be_v to_o summon_v the_o nobility_n together_o to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o arriere_n ban_n in_o france_n and_o be_v call_v the_o postpolite_n in_o poland_n upon_o such_o occasion_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o king_n must_v send_v his_o circular_a letter_n thrice_o into_o each_o palatinate_n to_o assemble_v they_o that_o none_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o service_n but_o the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o starosta_n of_o frontier_n place_n that_o the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v above_o three_o league_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o those_o of_o lithuania_n and_o prussia_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o all_o that_o the_o king_n can_v keep_v the_o gentry_n in_o arm_n above_o the_o space_n of_o six_o week_n and_o that_o all_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v shut_v up_o during_o the_o time_n that_o the_o arriere_n ban_n be_v assemble_v it_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o republic_n to_o maintain_v a_o constant_a peace_n with_o their_o neighbour_n that_o it_o be_v this_o very_a maxim_n which_o occasion_v the_o loss_n of_o the_o three_o part_n of_o their_o country_n for_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o vladislaus_n the_o ivth_o they_o build_v fort_n kudack_n on_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o hinder_v the_o cossack_n from_o cruize_v on_o the_o black_a sea_n for_o fear_v of_o irritate_v the_o turk_n but_o this_o false_a step_n in_o stead_n of_o secure_v the_o quiet_a of_o the_o kingdom_n engage_v they_o in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n and_o even_o
boldness_n to_o attack_v poland_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n where_o they_o enter_v vkrania_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n and_o easy_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminieck_n which_o the_o polander_n can_v never_o retake_v since_o but_o as_o poland_n can_v not_o choose_v a_o poor_a so_o they_o can_v not_o have_v choose_v a_o more_o liberal_a prince_n than_o king_n michael_n and_o as_o he_o be_v whole_o destitute_a of_o the_o mean_n to_o display_v that_o noble_a and_o princely_a quality_n so_o providence_n order_v that_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v proclaim_v king_n he_o find_v himself_o master_n of_o rich_a furniture_n and_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o plate_n than_o any_o of_o the_o king_n his_o predecessor_n have_v ever_o enjoy_v for_o all_o the_o senator_n and_o gentleman_n who_o be_v able_a to_o make_v any_o considerable_a present_n strive_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o emulation_n to_o express_v their_o affection_n to_o their_o new_a sovereign_n so_o that_o on_o the_o day_n of_o his_o election_n he_o be_v so_o amaze_v at_o such_o a_o sudden_a and_o unexpected_a alteration_n that_o he_o can_v hardly_o forbear_v look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o golden_a dream_n he_o be_v no_o soon_o proclaim_v but_o the_o chancellor_n begin_v to_o insinuate_v that_o he_o owe_v his_o crown_n to_o he_o nor_o be_v it_o a_o difficult_a task_n to_o impose_v upon_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v easy_o govern_v and_o have_v more_o good_a nature_n than_o judgement_n thus_o the_o chancellor_n have_v the_o pleasure_n to_o see_v that_o his_o power_n be_v as_o great_a as_o his_o ambition_n but_o that_o satisfaction_n be_v sufficient_o moderate_v by_o the_o trouble_n and_o division_n that_o happen_v under_o his_o ministry_n for_o have_v persuade_v the_o king_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n to_o marry_v the_o emperor_n sister_n by_o who_o he_o have_v no_o child_n there_o be_v such_o a_o considerable_a party_n form_v against_o that_o prince_n that_o he_o be_v in_o perpetual_a danger_n of_o be_v dethrone_v and_o reduce_v in_o a_o cloister_n to_o great_a misery_n than_o that_o which_o he_o suffer_v before_o his_o election_n and_o to_o heighten_v his_o assliction_n he_o perceive_v that_o queen_n eleanor_n his_o wife_n be_v engage_v in_o the_o party_n that_o will_v have_v oblige_v he_o to_o resign_v his_o crown_n that_o she_o may_v marry_v a_o handsome_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o picture_n she_o have_v see_v and_o who_o without_o doubt_n have_v be_v king_n of_o poland_n if_o death_n jealous_a of_o the_o happiness_n of_o that_o country_n have_v not_o snatch_v he_o away_o in_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o age_n to_o the_o regret_n of_o all_o the_o world_n and_o particular_o of_o q._n eleanor_n who_o can_v not_o forbear_v express_v her_o sorrow_n by_o her_o tear_n when_o she_o hear_v the_o news_n of_o his_o death_n among_o the_o several_a prince_n who_o pretend_v to_o dispossess_v king_n michael_n duke_n augustus_n ernest_n of_o brunswick_n bishop_n of_o osnabrug_n who_o will_v have_v willing_o exchange_v both_o his_o bishopric_n and_o religion_n for_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v one_o but_o he_o be_v marry_v he_o will_v have_v meet_v with_o great_a obstacle_n than_o the_o prince_n i_o just_a noun_n mention_v chap._n xv._o of_o the_o diet_n in_o general_n though_o as_o a_o mark_n of_o the_o obedience_n and_o respect_n which_o christian_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v to_o the_o clergy_n the_o polander_n have_v think_v fit_a to_o give_v the_o bishop_n the_o precedency_n in_o their_o diet_n as_o be_v the_o minister_n and_o dispenser_n of_o holy_a thing_n it_o have_v be_v sometime_o observe_v that_o the_o laity_n have_v take_v the_o liberty_n to_o dispute_v that_o honour_n with_o they_o thus_o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o lublin_n 1501._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o alexander_n the_o ii_o there_o happen_v a_o great_a contest_v betwixt_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o temporal_a senator_n for_o though_o the_o latter_a be_v willing_a that_o the_o bishop_n shall_v be_v seat_v all_o in_o a_o row_n on_o the_o king_n be_v right_a hand_n they_o desire_v that_o they_o may_v also_o sit_v in_o a_o row_n on_o his_o left_a hand_n that_o so_o they_o may_v not_o be_v altogether_o beneath_o they_o this_o controversy_n be_v long_o and_o hot_o agitate_a but_o at_o last_o the_o king_n decide_v it_o in_o favour_n of_o the_o bishop_n declare_v that_o they_o shall_v still_o enjoy_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n to_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n both_o on_o his_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n a_o general_n diet_n in_o poland_n be_v a_o meeting_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o one_o place_n to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o republic_n the_o king_n may_v appoint_v the_o meeting_n where_o he_o think_v fit_a except_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o coronation_n which_o can_v only_o be_v hold_v at_o cracow_n but_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n it_o have_v be_v always_o in_o the_o king_n power_n to_o appoint_v the_o place_n of_o their_o meeting_n it_o be_v true_a that_o for_o some_o time_n they_o have_v be_v always_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n but_o the_o lithuanian_n have_v make_v a_o complaint_n some_o year_n ago_o that_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o all_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o a_o long_a and_o tedious_a journey_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o one_o of_o three_o diet_n shall_v for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n be_v hold_v at_o grodno_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o troki_n on_o the_o river_n niemen_n about_o twenty_o league_n from_o vilna_n it_o be_v seat_v partly_o upon_o a_o plain_a and_o partly_o upon_o a_o eminence_n and_o be_v defend_v by_o a_o castle_n which_o be_v take_v and_o sack_v by_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o when_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v harass_v by_o the_o swede_n the_o other_o two_o diet_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v at_o warsaw_n which_o from_o the_o election_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o to_o that_o of_o john_n iii_o be_v always_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n in_o the_o province_n of_o massovia_n and_o the_o diocese_n of_o posnania_n there_o be_v a_o fine_a palace_n in_o this_o city_n which_o sigssmund_n build_v after_o his_o election_n but_o there_o be_v no_o avenue_n to_o it_o and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v situate_v be_v so_o straighten_v that_o one_o must_v in_o a_o manner_n divine_a how_o to_o go_v into_o it_o it_o have_v a_o very_a fine_a prospect_n but_o be_v whole_o destitute_a of_o water_n garden_n or_o tree_n nor_o can_v those_o defect_n be_v supply_v because_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o be_v bound_v by_o the_o house_n of_o the_o city_n and_o on_o the_o other_o by_o the_o vistula_n warsaw_n be_v compose_v of_o two_o city_n join_v together_o the_o old_a town_n which_o be_v wall_v with_o brick_n be_v small_a and_o ill_o pave_v as_o be_v all_o the_o city_n of_o poland_n but_o to_o make_v amends_o it_o be_v populous_a and_o enjoy_v a_o good_a trade_n the_o new_a town_n which_o be_v join_v to_o it_o be_v not_o considerable_a beside_o those_o two_o city_n there_o be_v also_o the_o great_a suburb_n of_o cracow_n the_o house_n of_o which_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n build_v and_o cover_v with_o wood_n except_o some_o palace_n which_o certain_a person_n of_o quality_n have_v begin_v to_o build_v before_o the_o swedish_n invasion_n both_o because_o the_o king_n vladislaus_n and_o casimir_n have_v a_o palace_n there_o where_o they_o usual_o reside_v and_o because_o those_o prince_n design_v to_o enclose_v that_o suburb_n and_o the_o two_o city_n with_o 16_o bastion_n which_o they_o have_v already_o mark_v out_o and_o whereof_o some_o footstep_n be_v yet_o to_o be_v see_v the_o abovementioned_a palace_n where_o the_o king_n vladislaus_n and_o casimir_n reside_v have_v a_o garden_n but_o be_v destitute_a both_o of_o water_n and_o tree_n there_o be_v still_o a_o chapel_n in_o that_o suburb_n call_v the_o muscovite_n chapel_n which_o sigismond_n iii_o build_v for_o the_o bury_v place_n of_o a_o duke_n of_o muscovie_n and_o his_o brother_n who_o die_v in_o prison_n at_o gostynin_n in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o rava_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o city_n of_o plocsko_n upon_o the_o vistula_n to_o leave_v to_o posterity_n a_o monument_n of_o his_o victory_n over_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v some_o time_n ago_o give_v to_o the_o dominican_n friar_n who_o have_v settle_v a_o convent_n in_o it_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o poland_n to_o hold_v petty_a diet_n in_o all_o the_o palatinat_n before_o they_o hold_v a_o great_a or_o general_a diet._n these_o petty_a diet_n must_v be_v summon_v three_o week_n before_o they_o can_v be_v hold_v and_o hold_v six_o week_n before_o the_o general_a diet_n in_o order_n to_o their_o meeting_n the_o king_n send_v
be_v a_o twist_v of_o the_o hair_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o unravel_v it_o these_o twist_v lock_n can_v be_v compare_v to_o any_o thing_n more_o fit_o than_o to_o those_o long_a and_o nasty_a rope_n of_o hair_n upon_o some_o spaniel_n the_o polander_n give_v this_o account_n of_o the_o original_a of_o this_o distemper_n they_o say_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v a_o furious_a irruption_n into_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1279_o and_o have_v kill_v a_o great_a number_n of_o people_n they_o poison_v their_o heart_n and_o throw_v they_o into_o the_o water_n which_o infect_v those_o who_o drink_v they_o with_o this_o loathsome_a disease_n the_o true_a cause_n whereof_o be_v still_o a_o secret_a to_o physician_n stranger_n general_o believe_v that_o the_o plica_fw-la be_v the_o effect_n of_o slovenliness_n and_o not_o of_o any_o distemper_n and_o they_o be_v confirm_v in_o this_o opinion_n because_o they_o be_v never_o trouble_v with_o it_o even_o though_o they_o live_v a_o long_a time_n in_o the_o country_n for_o if_o their_o hair_n begin_v to_o twist_n when_o they_o fall_v sick_a they_o cause_v it_o immediate_o to_o be_v cut_v off_o which_o the_o polander_n dare_v not_o do_v for_o fear_n of_o lose_v their_o sight_n which_o they_o imagine_v be_v a_o unavoidable_a consequence_n of_o cut_v off_o the_o hair_n in_o this_o distemper_n yet_o i_o have_v know_v some_o who_o hair_n be_v actual_o cut_v off_o without_o any_o dangerous_a accident_n but_o the_o people_n be_v so_o persuade_v that_o the_o plica_fw-la be_v a_o distemper_n that_o there_o be_v some_o old_a woman_n who_o pretend_v to_o bring_v it_o out_o upon_o child_n that_o be_v trouble_v with_o languish_v disease_n by_o mix_v and_o twist_v their_o hair_n and_o make_v their_o mother_n believe_v that_o the_o child_n be_v only_o sick_a because_o the_o plica_fw-la can_v break_v forth_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o polander_n the_o polander_n receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o mieceslaus_n in_o the_o year_n 964._o and_o have_v ever_o since_o remain_v in_o subjection_n to_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n except_o some_o who_o in_o the_o last_o age_n embrace_v the_o doctrine_n of_o luther_n and_o calvin_n at_o present_v the_o polander_n be_v general_o roman_a catholic_n except_o in_o russia_n where_o there_o be_v still_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o person_n who_o observe_v the_o rite_n of_o the_o greek_a church_n and_o in_o prussia_n where_o there_o be_v many_o lutheran_n as_o at_o dantzick_n elbing_n thorn_n and_o mariemburg_n there_o be_v also_o some_o socinian_n former_o but_o king_n john_n casimir_n expel_v they_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o 1658_o and_o oblige_v they_o to_o sell_v their_o estate_n in_o three_o year_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n nicholas_n radziwill_n be_v the_o first_o who_o turn_v calvinist_n and_o protect_v those_o of_o that_o persuasion_n in_o his_o house_n at_o vilna_n where_o they_o sing_v the_o psalm_n translate_v into_o the_o vulgar_a tongue_n but_o that_o branch_n of_o the_o house_n of_o radziwill_n be_v now_o whole_o extinct_a the_o last_o have_v leave_v only_o one_o daughter_n who_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n second_o son_n the_o ecclesiastic_n in_o general_n be_v very_o much_o respect_v in_o poland_n but_o the_o monk_n or_o regular_a clergy_n be_v more_o esteem_v than_o the_o rest_n and_o well_o entertain_v every_o where_n they_o read_v homily_n in_o the_o church_n and_o carry_v the_o sacrament_n private_o to_o sick_a person_n and_o even_o sometime_o bury_v the_o dead_a without_o ask_v the_o consent_n either_o of_o the_o bishop_n or_o curate_n the_o mendicant_a friar_n who_o go_v about_o beg_v alm_n enter_v bold_o to_o the_o very_a closet_n without_o knock_v at_o the_o door_n the_o monk_n in_o poland_n be_v general_o rich_a but_o they_o be_v neither_o regular_a nor_o modest_a for_o they_o usual_o drink_v in_o cellar_n which_o be_v the_o tavern_n of_o that_o country_n and_o sometime_o to_o that_o excess_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o walk_v in_o the_o street_n without_o fear_v either_o to_o be_v censure_v by_o their_o superior_n or_o to_o give_v any_o occasion_n of_o scandal_n to_o the_o people_n the_o fast_n that_o be_v observe_v by_o the_o monk_n and_o by_o all_o the_o polander_n in_o general_n consist_v only_o in_o abstain_v from_o milk_n egg_n and_o boil_a fish_n at_o night_n for_o they_o may_v eat_v dry_v fish_n for_o their_o collation_n and_o provide_v they_o fast_o at_o that_o time_n they_o imagine_v that_o they_o may_v eat_v and_o drink_v all_o the_o day_n long_o they_o abstain_v from_o butter_n egg_n and_o milk_n on_o friday_n and_o saturday_n for_o they_o believe_v there_o be_v no_o difference_n betwixt_o milk_n and_o flesh_n as_o for_o the_o secular_a clergy_n there_o be_v some_o of_o they_o who_o have_v not_o only_o two_o canonship_n but_o two_o parsonage_n but_o there_o be_v none_o of_o they_o who_o take_v care_n to_o perform_v the_o duty_n of_o their_o function_n the_o curate_n make_v the_o monk_n instruct_v their_o parishioner_n and_o leave_v the_o other_o duty_n of_o their_o office_n to_o be_v perform_v by_o vicar_n the_o canon_n be_v never_o present_a at_o the_o office_n and_o give_v a_o poor_a scholar_n two_o penny_n a_o day_n to_o say_v their_o hour_n for_o they_o in_o the_o quire_n and_o the_o bishop_n themselves_o be_v so_o careless_a of_o their_o episcopal_a function_n that_o they_o dare_v not_o correct_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n the_o polander_n seem_v very_o devout_a and_o bestow_v considerable_a gift_n upon_o their_o church_n but_o they_o be_v neither_o liberal_a to_o the_o poor_a nor_o careful_a of_o their_o sick_a servant_n they_o pray_v aloud_o in_o the_o church_n and_o at_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o sacrament_n at_o mass_n they_o beat_v themselves_o and_o knock_v their_o head_n against_o the_o pavement_n or_o against_o the_o bench_n on_o which_o they_o sit_v with_o so_o much_o violence_n that_o on_o such_o occasion_n there_o be_v always_o a_o great_a noise_n in_o the_o church_n the_o woman_n common_o use_v their_o prayer-book_n with_o a_o chaplet_n of_o bead_n draw_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o '_o they_o in_o winter_n all_o the_o lady_n of_o quality_n and_o even_o some_o man_n cause_n a_o fur_v bag_n to_o be_v bring_v to_o church_n in_o which_o they_o put_v their_o foot_n for_o the_o wether_n be_v extreme_o cold_a especial_o for_o the_o woman_n who_o have_v fine_a thin_a shoe_n they_o wear_v also_o a_o little_a fur_v mantle_n upon_o their_o shoulder_n the_o church_n of_o poland_n be_v very_o fine_a and_o well-adorned_a the_o jesuit_n of_o leopold_n have_v a_o chasuble_a cover_v so_o thick_a with_o pearl_n and_o so_o heavy_a that_o they_o can_v use_v it_o when_o they_o say_v mass_n it_o be_v value_v at_o above_o 100000_o livre_n they_o sing_v somewhat_o in_o the_o polish_v tongue_n every_o where_o especial_o in_o the_o parish_n at_o high-mass_n the_o rosary_n be_v also_o daily_o repeat_v in_o the_o same_o language_n in_o all_o the_o church_n of_o the_o dominican_n where_o the_o woman_n be_v seat_v on_o one_o side_n and_o the_o man_n on_o the_o other_o the_o man_n alone_o sing_v the_o ave_fw-la maria_n and_o the_o woman_n alone_o the_o sancta_fw-la maria._n there_o be_v monk_n of_o all_o order_n in_o poland_n except_o carthusian_n and_o minim_n chap._n xxv_o of_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o jurisdiction_n in_o poland_n ecclesiastical_a and_o civil_a the_o former_a be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o bishop_n who_o execute_v it_o by_o their_o official_o from_o who_o judgement_n there_o lie_v a_o appeal_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n the_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o beside_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n be_v so_o great_a that_o he_o may_v judge_v all_o ecclesiastic_a cause_n by_o appeal_n the_o civil_a jurisdiction_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o several_a sort_n of_o judge_n the_o starosta_n hold_n court_v within_o the_o extent_n of_o their_o territory_n and_o each_o city_n have_v a_o right_a to_o give_v judgement_n in_o certain_a case_n every_o palatin_n marshal_n and_o chancellor_n have_v his_o respective_a jurisdiction_n the_o king_n the_o senate_n and_o the_o general_a diet_n determine_v civil_a and_o criminal_a cause_n and_o beside_o the_o nobility_n have_v three_o court_n where_o they_o give_v final_a judgement_n in_o cause_n without_o further_a appeal_n there_o be_v two_o of_o those_o court_n for_o the_o kingdom_n and_o one_o for_o the_o duchy_n those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n sit_v at_o peotrkow_n in_o lower_n and_o lublin_n in_o upper_a poland_n and_o that_o of_o the_o duchy_n be_v hold_v one_o year_n at_o viina_n and_o another_o at_o minsk_n or_o at_o nowogrodeck_n by_o turn_n they_o be_v compose_v
templo_fw-la plusquam_fw-la sacerdos_n in_o republica_a plusquam_fw-la rex_fw-la in_o sententia_fw-la dicenda_fw-la plusquam_fw-la senator_n in_o judicio_fw-la plusquam_fw-la jurisconsultus_fw-la in_o exercitu_fw-la plusquam_fw-la imperator_fw-la in_o acie_n plusquam_fw-la miles_n in_o adversis_fw-la perferendis_fw-la injuriisque_fw-la condonandis_fw-la plusquam_fw-la vir._n in_o publica_fw-la libertate_fw-la tuenda_fw-la plusquam_fw-la civis_fw-la in_o pater_fw-la colenda_fw-la plusquam_fw-la amicus_fw-la in_o convictu_fw-la plusquam_fw-la familiaris_fw-la in_o venatione_n ferisque_fw-la domandis_fw-la plusquam_fw-la leo._n in_o tota_fw-la reliqua_fw-la vita_fw-la plusquam_fw-la philosophus_fw-la sigismond_n iii_o 1587._o an._n d._n 1587._o the_o son_n of_o john_n king_n of_o sweden_n by_o catherine_n daughter_n to_o sigismond_n i._o have_v renounce_v the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n he_o order_v maximilian_n archduke_n of_o austria_n who_o the_o crown-general_n zamoski_n have_v defeat_v to_o be_v bind_v with_o golden-fetter_n and_o carry_v to_o zamosch_n where_o he_o keep_v he_o prisoner_n two_o year_n vladislaus_n vi_o or_o iu_o the_o son_n and_o successor_n of_o sigismond_n he_o have_v the_o courage_n to_o encounter_v a_o army_n of_o 200000_o muscovite_n with_o 50000_o man_n and_o rout_v they_o entire_o after_o this_o memorable_a and_o important_a victory_n he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o moscow_n and_o return_v in_o triumph_n to_o warsaw_n with_o two_o czar_n the_o patriarch_n the_o crown_n and_o 500_o wagon_n load_v with_o rich_a spoil_n he_o defeat_v the_o grand_a signior_n osman_n and_o pursue_v he_o almost_o as_o far_o as_o constantinople_n afterward_o he_o be_v so_o animate_v with_o a_o imprudent_a zeal_n for_o the_o propagate_a of_o religion_n that_o he_o resolve_v to_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n to_o the_o holy-land_n and_o die_v for_o grief_n because_o the_o polander_n refuse_v to_o raise_v subsidy_n to_o enable_v he_o to_o prosecute_v that_o design_n after_o his_o death_n the_o kingdom_n be_v harass_v by_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v principal_o incense_v against_o the_o jew_n and_o jesuit_n john_n casimit_n who_o be_v former_o a_o jesuit_n and_o a_o cardinal_n be_v elect_v king_n after_o his_o brother_n vladislaus_n and_o obtain_v a_o dispensation_n from_o the_o pope_n to_o marry_v his_o widow_n he_o defeat_v the_o cossack_n in_o a_o doubtful_a and_o uncertain_a battle_n near_o beresteczko_n in_o russia_n have_v by_o this_o victory_n curb_v that_o factious_a people_n and_o secure_v the_o quiet_a of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o begin_v to_o indulge_v himself_o in_o his_o pleasure_n he_o banish_v the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o crown_n after_o he_o have_v debauch_v his_o wife_n and_o that_o injure_v officer_n return_v to_o sweden_n persuade_v that_o prince_n to_o invade_v poland_n which_o he_o do_v with_o so_o great_a success_n that_o casimir_n be_v entire_o dispossess_v but_o he_o be_v afterward_o recall_v even_o by_o those_o who_o join_v with_o his_o enemy_n and_o after_o several_a battle_n oblige_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o last_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o his_o queen_n that_o he_o may_v make_v way_n for_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n to_o succeed_v he_o he_o abdicate_v the_o government_n and_o retire_v to_o france_n where_o he_o be_v make_v abbot_n of_o st._n germane_a michael_n after_o casimir_n abdication_n several_a intrigue_n be_v make_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n newburg_n and_o york_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o conde_n who_o stand_v candidate_n for_o the_o crown_n at_o that_o time_n the_o duke_n of_o york_n profess_v the_o protestant_a religion_n but_o when_o that_o be_v object_v against_o he_o by_o the_o nobility_n a_o certain_a jesuit_n who_o be_v employ_v to_o manage_v his_o interest_n declare_v open_o before_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n that_o he_o be_v a_o roman-catholick_n at_o last_o contrary_a to_o all_o expectation_n the_o election_n be_v determine_v in_o favour_n of_o michael_n coributh_n wisnowieczki_n who_o be_v descend_v of_o the_o most_o ancient_a family_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lithuania_n this_o prince_n die_v at_o warsaw_n about_o a_o year_n after_o his_o coronation_n and_o it_o be_v common_o believe_v that_o he_o be_v poison_v by_o a_o certain_a priest_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o when_o the_o general_n sobieski_n afterward_o choose_a king_n come_v to_o see_v he_o in_o his_o coffin_n the_o nose_n of_o the_o decease_a prince_n begin_v to_o bleed_v assoon_o as_o he_o enter_v the_o room_n john_n sobieski_n this_o prince_n be_v descend_v of_o a_o very_a noble_a and_o ancient_a family_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n he_o be_v the_o young_a son_n of_o sobieski_n castellan_n of_o cracow_n by_o a_o daughter_n of_o stanislas_n zolkiewski_n great_a general_n of_o the_o crown_n he_o be_v make_v great_a marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n august_n 24._o 1665_o great_a general_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o 1667_o and_o great_a master_n of_o the_o king_n household_n palatin_a of_o cracow_n etc._n etc._n he_o retake_v 60_o city_n from_o the_o rebel_n cossack_n in_o vkrania_n in_o 1667._o he_o defend_v podhais_n against_o the_o tartar_n and_o two_o year_n after_o take_v from_o they_o and_o the_o cossack_n the_o whole_a palatinate_n of_o braclaw_n in_o lower_n podolia_fw-la in_o 1673._o he_o obtain_v a_o memorable_a victory_n over_o the_o turk_n at_o choczim_n on_o the_o niester_n where_o 8000_o janissary_n and_o 20000_o spahis_n be_v kill_v he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n may_v 10_o 1674_o and_o make_v two_o campaign_n against_o the_o turk_n before_o he_o be_v crown_v but_o that_o which_o will_v for_o ever_o perpetuate_v the_o honour_n of_o his_o memory_n be_v that_o glorious_a and_o important_a action_n which_o he_o perform_v in_o 1683_o when_o he_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o vienna_n the_o follow_a panegyrical_a character_n of_o that_o prince_n be_v make_v upon_o that_o occasion_n joanni_fw-it iii_o dominatione_fw-la polonico_n lithuanico_n liberatione_n austriaco_n pannonico_n profligatione_fw-la ottomanico_fw-la thracio_n religione_fw-la christianissimo_fw-la pielate_fw-la catholico_fw-la zelo_fw-la apostolico_fw-la inter_fw-la deuce_n pugnacissimo_fw-la inter_fw-la reges_fw-la sapientissimo_fw-la inter_fw-la imperatores_fw-la augustissimo_fw-la cui_fw-la gloria_fw-la militaris_fw-la regna_fw-la peperit_fw-la clementia_n stabilivit_fw-la virtus_fw-la perennavit_fw-la qui_fw-la raro_fw-la pietatis_fw-la &_o constantiae_fw-la exemplo_fw-la propria_fw-la deserens_fw-la aliena_fw-la defendens_fw-la docuit_fw-la quo_fw-la pacto_fw-la sacra_fw-la foederis_fw-la jura_fw-la jungantur_fw-la custodiantur_fw-la &_o compleantur_fw-la ottomani_fw-la be_fw-mi lunam_fw-la fulgentissimo_fw-la crucis_fw-la vexillo_fw-la eternam_fw-la eclypsim_fw-la minitantem_fw-la adeo_fw-la prosper_v feliciterque_fw-la finibus_fw-la extirpavit_fw-la ut_fw-la unum_fw-la idemque_fw-la fuerit_fw-la venisse_fw-la vidisse_fw-la &_o vicisse_fw-la igitur_fw-la inter_fw-la innumeros_fw-la christiani_n orbis_n plausus_fw-la inter_fw-la vindicatam_fw-la religionis_fw-la &_o imperii_fw-la laetitiam_fw-la inter_fw-la cruentae_fw-la lunae_fw-la extrema_fw-la deliquia_fw-la agnoscant_fw-la praesentes_fw-la credant_fw-la posteri_fw-la non_fw-la tantum_fw-la enascenti_fw-la evangelio_n quo_fw-la propagaretur_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o adulto_fw-la ne_fw-la profligaretur_fw-la vtrobique_fw-la a_o deo_fw-la missum_fw-la fuisse_fw-la hominem_fw-la cui_fw-la nomen_fw-la erat_fw-la joannes_n he_o marry_v the_o lady_n mary_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr grange_n the_o daughter_n of_o the_o marquis_n now_o cardinal_n do_v arquien_v and_o widow_n of_o prince_n zamoiski_n he_o die_v june_n 17._o 1696_o be_v seize_v with_o a_o fit_a of_o a_o apoplexy_n after_o a_o long_a indisposition_n some_o remark_n upon_o the_o 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fire_v of_o the_o artillery_n of_o the_o place_n and_o with_o three_o salvo_n of_o all_o the_o saxon_a force_n encamp_v under_o the_o wall_n of_o cracow_n the_o next_o day_n his_o majesty_n be_v clothe_v in_o his_o royal_a robe_n go_v in_o great_a pomp_n to_o the_o town-house_n and_o be_v set_a upon_o a_o throne_n erect_v before_o the_o house_n the_o magistrate_n come_v to_o assure_v he_o of_o their_o fidelity_n and_o present_v he_o with_o the_o key_n of_o their_o town_n in_o a_o silver_n dish_n the_o chancellor_n in_o the_o king_n name_n assure_v they_o of_o his_o maiesty_n clemency_n and_o affection_n and_o read_v with_o a_o audible_a voice_n the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n which_o they_o take_v kneel_v after_o which_o they_o present_v according_a to_o custom_n a_o purse_n full_a of_o ducat_n to_o his_o majesty_n who_o be_v please_v to_o confer_v the_o order_n of_o knighthood_n upon_o some_o of_o they_o all_o the_o people_n be_v about_o the_o throne_n a_o gentleman_n who_o have_v the_o 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the_o matter_n be_v compose_v and_o the_o starost_n minsky_n of_o lithuania_n be_v choose_v on_o the_o 24_o of_o september_n and_o so_o the_o diet_n go_v on_o upon_o public_a business_n some_o day_n after_o the_o coronation_n the_o king_n hold_v a_o great_a council_n of_o war_n wherein_o it_o be_v resolve_v to_o send_v a_o detachment_n of_o his_o force_n towards_o dantzick_n to_o prevent_v the_o prince_n of_o conty_n land_v and_o another_o to_o warsaw_n to_o secure_v the_o place_n and_o disperse_v the_o rebel_n which_o be_v according_o do_v the_o king_n in_o end_v to_o repair_v in_o few_o way_n to_o warsaw_n at_o the_o head_n of_o his_o army_n but_o the_o primate_n have_v receive_v advice_n of_o his_o majesty_n coronation_n and_o of_o his_o design_n to_o march_v to_o warsaw_n cause_v the_o corpse_n of_o the_o late_a king_n with_o all_o the_o artillery_n and_o ammunition_n of_o the_o place_n to_o be_v embark_v on_o the_o vistula_n for_o jarreslow_v design_v to_o retire_v himself_o 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think_v to_o have_v have_v their_o rendezvous_n in_o that_o place_n they_o have_v also_o buy_v several_a piece_n of_o cannon_n and_o ammunition_n but_o the_o magistrate_n will_v not_o suffer_v they_o to_o be_v carry_v away_o and_o forbid_v the_o inhabitant_n upon_o pain_n of_o death_n to_o sell_v any_o arm_n or_o ammunition_n to_o stranger_n the_o primate_n come_v incognito_o to_o confer_v with_o his_o highness_n with_o five_o or_o six_o other_o gentleman_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n think_v fit_a to_o send_v circular_a letter_n to_o all_o the_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o well_o to_o notify_v his_o coronation_n as_o to_o answer_v some_o calumny_n raise_v by_o his_o enemy_n the_o substance_n of_o those_o letter_n be_v that_o his_o majesty_n be_v by_o the_o free_a choice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n elect_v and_o crown_v king_n of_o poland_n he_o be_v concern_v to_o find_v there_o shall_v be_v any_o person_n so_o much_o enemy_n of_o their_o country_n as_o to_o go_v about_o to_o violate_v the_o right_n of_o the_o gentry_n and_o disturb_v the_o public_a peace_n that_o he_o understand_v they_o complain_v of_o his_o have_v possess_v himself_o of_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n and_o bring_v force_n into_o the_o kingdom_n but_o that_o he_o have_v do_v nothing_o therein_o but_o with_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o senator_n and_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o that_o the_o troop_n he_o have_v with_o he_o be_v no_o more_o than_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o security_n of_o his_o person_n that_o notwithstanding_o the_o unreasonable_a opposition_n of_o the_o adverse_a party_n he_o have_v use_v all_o endeavour_n to_o gain_v they_o by_o fair_a mean_n but_o the_o same_o not_o have_v have_v the_o effect_n he_o hope_v for_o his_o majesty_n place_n his_o confidence_n in_o the_o protection_n of_o almighty_n god_n and_o do_v not_o doubt_n but_o they_o who_o choose_v he_o king_n will_v be_v careful_a to_o maintain_v their_o own_o honour_n and_o liberty_n immediate_o after_o the_o coronation_n the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n be_v send_v to_o the_o army_n who_o have_v receive_v the_o arrear_n due_a to_o they_o declare_v they_o be_v ready_a to_o obey_v his_o majesty_n order_n the_o primate_n have_v send_v some_o deputy_n to_o engage_v they_o to_o come_v over_o to_o his_o party_n but_o he_o have_v be_v inform_v at_o lemberg_fw-mi of_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o troop_n they_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o venture_v to_o go_v to_o the_o camp_n for_o fear_v the_o general_n shall_v proceed_v against_o they_o as_o public_a enemy_n thus_o stand_v the_o affair_n of_o poland_n towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o september_n 1697._o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o obstinacy_n of_o the_o primate_n and_o his_o party_n one_o may_v reasonable_o believe_v that_o the_o prince_n of_o conti_n will_v find_v himself_o disappoint_v his_o competitor_n have_v many_o great_a advantage_n over_o he_o for_o although_o one_o will_v suppose_v which_o be_v certain_o false_a that_o their_o party_n in_o the_o republic_n be_v equal_a yet_o the_o elector_n territory_n border_v upon_o poland_n and_o all_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n as_o sweden_n moscovy_n the_o emperor_n brandenburg_n etc._n etc._n have_v declare_v for_o he_o his_o party_n must_v needs_o prevail_v upon_o the_o prince_n of_o conti_n who_o have_v nothing_o to_o rely_v upon_o but_o the_o supply_n from_o france_n which_o will_v be_v very_o uncertain_a consider_v the_o distance_n from_o france_n to_o poland_n and_o the_o danger_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o this_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o reader_n do_v perhaps_o expect_v that_o we_o shall_v inquire_v which_o of_o the_o two_o election_n be_v conformable_a to_o the_o polish_v law_n or_o whether_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o which_o be_v neither_o improbable_a nor_o impossible_a but_o this_o inquity_n will_v
he_o none_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o cham_n drive_v his_o brother_n out_o of_o the_o peninsula_n without_o the_o grand_a signior_n assistance_n who_o he_o suspect_v to_o be_v the_o contriver_n and_o promoter_n of_o the_o rebellion_n conclude_v that_o if_o he_o have_v not_o have_v such_o a_o design_n he_o will_v have_v deliver_v they_o up_o long_o before_o or_o at_o least_o will_v have_v keep_v they_o so_o secure_a that_o they_o can_v not_o have_v make_v their_o escape_n at_o the_o some_o time_n amurath_n who_o be_v still_o engage_v in_o the_o war_n with_o the_o persian_n send_v to_o require_v muchmetkirey_n assistance_n no_o long_o as_o a_o friend_n but_o as_o a_o master_n and_o in_o a_o haughty_a and_o imperious_a manner_n which_o so_o enrage_v the_o cham_n that_o he_o begin_v to_o commit_v hostility_n against_o the_o grand_a signior_n without_o declare_v war._n he_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o caffa_n and_o press_v it_o so_o hard_a in_o a_o few_o day_n that_o the_o turk_n who_o 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