Selected quad for the lemma: city_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	great_a	king_n	year_n	10,409	5	4.7494	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68397	The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English	Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1573 (1573)	STC 16636; ESTC S108126	73,902	228

water either into the Sea as Aberconwy Abertiui Abertawy that is to say the mouth of Conway Tibius and Tobius or into some great Riuer as Aber hodni Abergeuenni to say the fall of Hodnus and Geuenus into Osca Moreouer wee call mouthes and entrances of Riuers Aber without addynge any thynge more thereto as in Carnaruanshyre between Conouium and Banchorium in the same maner so that I thinke Aber to signifie as much as Aestus doth whiche is the rage fall or force of Water as is most agreeable with Ptolomaeus Aboue these were the Damnij whose cheife Citie Antoninus maketh Vandagora to be not far from the valley Ofdam wherby I coniecture that they be those whiche wee call now VVestmerlandshyremen The Selgouij and Otadeni in times past inhabited Cumberland At the verie brimme of the Uallie standeth a most auncient citie Ptolomeus calleth it Lucopibia Antoninus Luguballia the Britaynes and Englishmen terme it Caerloyl and it standeth in the Frontirs of the Nouantes Not farre from this Citie as Malmsburiensis reporteth there was a Stone founde with this inscription In token of Marius victorie whiche token of triumph I suppose to haue bin erected by Meurigus whom some of the Romans haue termed more aptly Aruiragus othersome Marius in token that the Readshankes were there vanquished Rodericus beyng theyr kynge whiche at that season as the Saxons did exercised Pyracie in our Seas vntill at length one parte of them setled in Albania and other in Fraūce And it is wel knowne that these countries together with Gallouidia so farre as the Riuer Cluda vnto the yere of our Lorde 870 were in the Britaynes possession at what time beyng by the Scottes Danes and Englishmen disquieted with many batayles and in the ende their kynge Constantinus slayne at Lochmaba in Anādra they were enforced to returne into VVales to their countrymen and dryuing away the English Saxons forcibly chalenged to them selues the greater parte of the country which lieth twixt Conway and the water of Dee whiche they possessed and there appoynted a kyngdome whiche of the riuer Cluda on whose shoare they dwelt is of our countrymen called Struteluyd of Marianus Scotus corruptly Streadiylead of the VVallanes They had many conflictes agaynst the kynges of England as the same author reporteth vntill at length their last kynge dying at Rome they submitted themselues to the princes of Gwynedh This Marianus the chiefest Hystoriographer of his time one of late hath caused to set foorth in Printe being imperfect and lackynge the better parte of set purpose as him selfe confesseth because of the ambiguitie of the British Hystorie In like maner Sleydan while he turneth his abbridgement of Frossard into Latine beyng too too muche partiall to the Frenchemen either ouerpasseth with silence the most noble valiant deedes of the Englishmen or variynge from his author reporteth them otherwyse then Frossard hath written Wherefore me seemeth that the sayinge of Martial the Poet verye well agreeth with them That which now thou doest turne O Fidentine the booke is mine But when thou turnest him ill then he begins for to be thine But this much by the way The laste of the Northumberlandshyremen and almost of all Lhoëgr follow the inhabitantes of Lancashyre to be intreated of whom the Ryuer called of the Englishmen Merssee deuideth from the Kyngedome of March of whom the kyngdome of March in Englande was so called It is soone prooued out of Ptolomaeus that these were called Ordouici in olde time For the Ordouici saieth he lie more Southwest then the Brigantes doo Since therefore that Yorkeshyre is the kyngedome of Brigantes in vayne with Boethius wee seeke them in Scotland and muche more in Northfolke with Polydorus Wherefore renouncing these fables for my part I am perswaded that the ORDOVICI are not only the Lancas hyremen but also the Deuani or Ches hyremen and Shrops hyremen beyng recompted of Tacitus for a greate Citie In this place I call a Citie as Caesar doeth an whole conuent or kyngedome For looke how many Cities there are so many kyngedomes in olde time were in Britayne whiche seuerally wagyng batayle agaynst the Romans were all the sooner ouercummen Amongst the Cities of these kingdomes Ptolomaeus reciteth Mediolanū called now Lancastre Mancunium as appeareth out of Antoninus is called Māchestre Their kynge in times past was Cataracus whose fame was knowne aboue the Skies who the space of nine continuall yeres very muche molested the Romans with Warre at length was taken by treason of a Woman and led to Rome in triumphe And Claudius the Emperour deserued no lesse prayse for vanquishynge Cataracus then did Scipio for Syphax or Lucius Paulus for Perses as Tacitus writeth two moste puissant kynges brought home in shew to the people of Rome And here can I not maruel enough what came in minde to that Boëthius not the Troiane but the Scotte for Ahlas what one was he how farre from that same Hector sore He chaunged was that in Achilles spoyles came home before Impudently to affirme that he was a Scot seeyng that there was no suche nation at that time in the worlde But if there were it was so enfolded in darkenesse that it was vnknowne to the Romans and Britaynes or as Haymo Armenius writeth of a certayn nation it had so bleared the eyes of all peoples and countries that the Scots were inuisibly conuersant between the Romans and Britaynes Polydorus also writeth that he was kynge of the Ordulacae when neither Tacitus nor Ptolomaeus mentioneth the same but of the Ordouici And Tacitus reporteth that he was not onely gouernour of the Ordouici but also of the Siluri Which Siluri dwelled not in Scotland but in Southwales as in another place it shal be prooued more playnly And I remember very well that a few yeres agoe when I was in the frontirs of Shrops hyre with others about certain businesse of my Lordes the right honoble Erle of Arundell where some parte of his inheritance lieth I chaunced to fall into the view of a place exceedingly well fortefied both by nature art The situation whereof was vpon the toppe of an high hill enuironed with a triple ditche of greate depth There were iij. gates not directly but a shoshe the one agaynst the other and on three sides steepe headlonge places and compassed with twoo Riuers on the lifte hande with Colun or Clun on the right with Themis which our countrymen call Teuidia and accessible but on the one side therof These thinges when I beheld I vnderstoode by the inhabitants that this place was called Caër Caradoc that is to say the citie Caradoc and that there haue bin many fierce battayles fought there agaynst a certaine kyng called Caradoc who at last was vanquished and taken of his enemies For our coūtrymen ca● not only walled Cities townes but also al maner places which are entrenched and walled by the name Caër as I wil proue afterward by

deuidyng it into many kingdomes namely Kent the South Saxons the VVestsaxons the Eastsaxons East Englishmen the kingdome of March whom Lazius a man very well learned and well deseruing of posteritie in vayne seeketh for in Germany supposing the hystorie of Bede to be written of the inhabitantes of Germany and not of England and Northumberland which was also deuided into twayne Bernicia and Deira Whose kynges beynge Paganes destroyed with fier and sworde all Churches Monasteries and Libraries And after that they had receaued Christianitie by Augustine the Monke they fought many battels both among them selues and against the Britaynes Untill that aboute the yeare of our Lorde 620. Egbert kynge of the westsaxons beynge made Monarch of all began to rule alone and first of al commaunded that the countrie should be called England and the people Englishmen Englishmen were a very famous people of Germany wherof the Captaynes and cheif of Saxony as Crantzius reporteth were longe time called Captaynes of Anglaria And there remayneth yet as I haue read a Castle where they sometime abode termed now Engern in the frontires of Westphalia between Osnabrugh and Heruordia Wherby it cometh that our countrymen retayning the first name doo call all Englishmen Saison and theyr tongue Saissonaëg and know not what this words England or an Englishman meaneth Shortly after the Danes ouer came the Englishmen possessed this Lande vntill the yere of the incarnate word 1066 VVilliam bastarde of Normandy with his Normans vanquishynge bothe Englishmen and Danes vsurped the coūtry From which stocke almost the whole nobility of this Realme vnto this day doo fetche their descent But let vs returne to Lhoëgr whiche in times past was enuironed with the British Oceane the riuers of Seuerne Dee and Humber but now since the Realme of England stretchefoorth beyonde Humber to Twede wée wil also stretche foorth the name of Lhoëgr so farre And although the Englishmen doo possesse beyonde Seuern Hereford shyre the Forest of Deane and many other places yet wee holde that they dwell in VVales not in Lhëogr and are taken almost euery where of all other Englishmen for Welshmen But the riuer Dee is accompted at this day one of the auncient bonds sauing that in certein places both the people the welsh tongue haue incroched more into England These thinges beynge thus presupposed let vs now discend to the particulared escription of Lhoëgr or England In which the countrie called Cantium of the Romanes of our countrimē Caint of Englishmen Kent commeth first vnto our view From whēce there is but a narow cut ouer into Fraunce to the hauen Gessoriacus which is now termed Bollen as S. Rhenanus gathereth out of the auncient Chart of warly descriptions And not only Marcellinus amongst the old writers speaketh of the sea towne of Bollen in the life of Iulian the Emperour but also in his Panegiricus called Constantinus the sonne of Constantius these are founde Constātinus the father being made Emperour at his first cumming with an innumerable fleet of enemies pend out the fierce Oceane enuironed tharmy which lay vpon the shoare of the towne Bollen c. Coenalis affirmeth the hauen Gessoriacus is Caslete of Flāders which towne standyng vpon the top of an high hill xiiij miles from the Sea sufficiently declareth the authors vnskilfulnesse And I take Iccius to be the same hauē whiche now they terme Caletum for Calitium Calice But I cannot agree with those whiche make Selusas of Flaunders to be Iccius beyng vnlike that the Romanes woulde haue vsed so longe a course by Sea when they might haue passed ouer sooner more commediously from that place There were in Kent in olde time three famous Portes well knowne to the Romanes Doris Rhutupis and Lemanis Doris vndoubtedly is the same whiche both Englishmen and Britaynes reseruinge the auncient name at this daye doo call Douer For wee call Water Dour or Duúr And I am not ignorant that the Douarians stoutly defende that theyr towne heretofore was called Rutupium and that Aruiragus kyng of Britaynes builded there a noble Castle Yet I had rather giue credite to Antoninus who speaketh of bothe And I suppose that to be Rutupium which of the Englishmen is called Repcestre nigh Sandwiche not farre from the yle of Thanat For that I lande wee call Ynys Rhuochym as much to say Rutupina wherof the shoare deserued to be termed Rutupinum and the Porte Rutupis Lemanis or as some call it Linienus is that Riuer which is now called amongst the Englishmen Rotler and floweth into the Oceane sea nigh Apuldore Moreouer besides these famous Portes are Rye and VVynchelsea two townes farther within the mayne lande Durobreuis and Durouernum the same Englishmen do call Cantorbury that is to say the court of the Kentyshmen and with vs Caërgant and is cheife Metropolitant Sea of al Englande and VVales The tother is termed Rofcester But Antoninus placeth Vagniacū between London and Dorouernum between that and Durouernum Durolernum but what names they haue at this day I am not altogether ignorant Howbeit it is manifest that these townes tooke their names of Water whiche is Duur in British and Duriuerne amongst vs playnly signifieth water which floweth out of a place where Alders growe Wherby I am perswaded that the same towne in times past therof obtained his name But before I depart forth of Kent I must breifly touche that great Wod wherof both British and English writers haue spoken The Britaynes call it Coëd Andred but the Englishmen Andedreswald And Huntington affyrmeth that it conteineth in length one hundreth and twentie miles and in bredth thirtie miles and that the worthy citie called Caër Andred and Andredecester stoode therin which Dalla kyng of the Southsaxons vtterly ouerthrew so that there remayneth no token nor rubbish therof The Kentishmen and Southsaxons to this day doo call a place where Wodde hath byn VValden not knowyng for all that whence the woorde is deriued When others but falsely call it VVelden others VVylden For the English Saxons cal a Wodde VValden as the Germans doo now terme a playne without trees VVolden as in these woordes Cottiswolden and Porke wolden it appeareth Next vnto the Kentishmen on the Southside of the Thames are those whiche in times past were the seconde kyngdome of Southsaxsons and were termed Southsaxon but is now deuided into twoo shyres Southsex and Southtrey And I am of beleife that Neomaguin was their Citie where Gylford now standeth Chichester the cheefest Citie of Southsaxons was called Caërceri in British After these come the Atrabates whiche now are called the people of Barkshyre whose principall Citie in olde time was called Caleua but now VValyngford Wherein I cannot consent to those which cal Oxford Caleua standing on the North shoare of the Thames There is also a village named Cilcester not far from Basinge which before time was called Caërsegent and Segontium of

the Romans Antoninus also mentioneth Pontiū which appeareth now to be called Reading Thantique name of Spinae which signifieth Thornes continueth to this day in the one side of Neubery which is as much to say as New courte From whence a good way of vpon the riuer Cunetio standeth a famous Citie called Cunetio by the Romanes but now Marlborow Betweene these and the Sea lye the Simeni whose Metropolitane or cheif Citie is Venta which in fore times was a Citie of greate renowne and of the Britaynes called Caërwynt of the Englishmen VVynchester And at the Sea there is the great port called now Portesmouth at whose mouth there standeth a Citie called of olde Caërperis but now Portchester Also Tris Antonis an hauē now South hampton retaynyng the olde name Ouer against these lieth the I le of VVyght celebrated by the auncient Romane wryters and first subdued by Vespasian The same is in length xx miles and. x. in bredth in forme like to an egge in some places seuen miles distant from the mayne shoare and in others but twayne It hath very rough and craggie Cliffes it is very plentifull of Corne. The cheifest and only market towne of all the Iland is Newport There is also a Castle called Caërbro that is to say the tract for Nettes expressynge the Britysh antiquitie The VVestsaxons when they had driuen away the Britaynes added the same to their dominion vntill Cadwalla a Britayn hauing slaine Aruald recouered it to him self Englishmen call it the VVyght Britaynes terme it Gwydh whiche in our tongue signifieth perspicuous or easy to be seene as Gwydhgruc that is to say a perspicuous heape Gwydhfa a perspicuous place by which terme the most highest Mountayne of all Britayne in Carnaruanshyre is called The inhabitants of this Iland are wont to glory that their country is destitute of three greate discommodities that are founde in other countries to wit Foxes beggynge Fryers and Lawiers They are vnder the precincte and dioces of Southampton By the same Sea shoare alonge follow the Seueriani called now the inhabitantes of VVylshyre whose cheef citie is Caërseuerus called also Caër C●radoc and now by Englishmen Sarysbury Twixt these is S. Ambrose hyll celebrated by reason of the slaughter of the Nobilitie of Britayne there committed Also Shaftes bury knowne of olde to the Britaynes by the name of Caërbaladin and Caërsepton At the Westside of th●se lie the Durotriges called of vs Durugueir of the Englishmen Dorsetshyre men From whence more westerly are the Damnonij wée cal them at this day Dyfynnaint whiche signifieth deepe narow valleys not of the Danes as some affyrme These are called in English Deuonshyremē and they lye betweene two Seas the Seuern and the British Oceane Their principall Citie is Isca called also AVGVSTA before time Caërwisk of the water passynge bie but now of the Englishmen Excestre Howbeit I know well enough that some affyrme that before it was called by the olde Britaynes Penuchelgoëd Last of all cometh Cornauia of the inhabitantes and our countrymen called Cernico of Englishmen Cornwal Here it is to be noted that the Saxons did thr●st the Reliques of the auncient Britaynes into those streightes Who because they vsed the Britysh tongue whiche the Saxons vnderstoode not they termed them Cornwalas that is to say Welshmē of Cornauia or Cornwall as they called also our countrymen Welsh Britaynes after the German guyse This is the true Etimologie or cause of the name and farewel to them whiche pleasinge them selues in the inuention of the name doo call it Cornu Galliae to saye an horne of Fraunce wherein Polydorus as in other thynges also vttereth his ignorance As for mine opinion very auncient bookes doo confirme it written in the saxon tongue and the name also wherby those whiche inhabite the countrie do vsually cal it They speake the British language al their wordes almost are founde like vnto ours but that they differ sumdeale in construction of speache The promontorie of Cornauia now Cornwall is famous amongst our countrymen cōmonly called Penrhyngwaed that is to say the promontory of bloud whiche I suppose to be called of Ptolomaeus Antiuestaeum Beyonde the Damnonij or Deuonshire men nigh the course of Seuern lieth sometime the region of Murotriges wee call it Guladyr haf Englishmen Somersetshyre where are many notable auncient places séene as the Mounts of Caërmalet otherwise called Camalet There standeth also Iscalis now Ilcester and the Isle of Auolonia whose Citie is Venta now Brystow but in antique time the Britaynes called it Caër oder yn Nant Badon that is to say the Citie Odera in the vally of Badon Another towne of the Belgae with Ptolomaeus Aquae Calidae that is of hot water with Antoninus Aquae Solis of water of the Sunne the Britaines cal it Caërbadon the Englishmen Bathe and is very renowmed for holsom Bathes of hot waters Of whiche thynge I am a most certayne witnesse For when as by the stroke of an horse whiche I had caught at Myllayne in Italy I was greuously pained with the Sciatica continually the space of one whole yeare and hauing assayde the helpe of many excellently learned Phisitions was nothynge the better I vsed these Bathes but only sixe dayes and was restored to my former health Between these and the Thames head were the Dobuni now Claudiani whose cheefe towne in old time was called Coriniū of the Britaynes Caër Cory the English men now terme it Cycestre And Claudia commonly called Glocester a famous Citie standyng vpon Seuern the head of all the shyre I suppose not to haue bin knowne to the Romanes but was afterward as Gyldas reporteth builded by Glouy a Britayne who after that the Romanes were driuen thence reygned there and not so named by Claudius Caesar as hereafter shal be shewen In the same shyre also standeth Malmesbury called before time Caërbladhon These shyres doo make the thyrde Kyngedome of Saxons in Britayne whiche they call VVestsaxons whose kynge was Egbert who hauinge subdued all the other first of the Germans obtayned the Monarchie of Lhoëgr Thus hauynge described the countries that lie on the Southside of the Thames let vs now come to the other in ordre And first ouer agaynst Kent on the other side of the Thames lie the Trinouantes whose prince was Mandubratius or as other write Androgorius our countrymen cal him Aud●wy the same sent for Caesar int● Britayne and when he was come asisted him with his power and followed him into Italy and Thessalie Theyr chief Citie was builded by Brutus and was called Troynewith that is to say New Troy howbeit there be some whiche call it Trenouantum bycause Tre signifieth in British a Towne But afterwarde it was called of Belus whiche dwelt there Dinas Beli that is to say Belinus Palace or Courte Last of all of Lud brother to Caswallane whiche wonderfully adorned it with beutifull

buildynges it began to be called Caërludd and Lhundain that is to say Luds Citie and also London And I am not ignorant how Polydorus seeketh Trinouantū aboute Northampton but the authoritie of sacred antiquitie is of more force with me then any bare coniecture of a straunge and vnknowen person Wee yelde these names to London although Ptolomaeus lay thē nerer to the Thames the negligence of the Transcribers hath called Londō a Citie of Kent And Marius Niger afterward the other parte of the great bosome for the other side the Trinouātes doo holde into the middle wherof the Riuer Thames doth flow Polydorus Virgilius the Vrbinate goeth aboute to proue out of Tacitus by arguments of litle force that the Trinobantes are Inlande people when as his reasons seeme to próoue the contrary For where as he sayeth if the Trinobantes had bin nigh London Suetonius should haue had no salfe passage thither Nay rather Polydorus if it had bin in the midst of the Ilande it had byn harder for him to haue come to London through the thickest of his enemies for his way lay through them from the Isle of Anglesey from whence he cam Wherefore it is more likely that the Trinobantes were inhabitants of Essex as all sauynge a few obscure and vnknowen writers doo affirme Who suppose that with the Iceni their neigh bours whiche now be the people of Norfolke and Nordouolke they had conspired the death of the Romans and had spoyled with ●●er sword al that euer was in their way vnto Verolanū s●ayinge threescore and ten thousande Romans and were returned backe againe salfe and sounde before Suetonius cōmynge as Tacitus a●oucheth And that theyr rage extended not vnto London the cause was as the same author reporteth for that London was a Colony of the Romanes and a greate mart citie of theirs famous for plentie of trauaylers which resorted thither for tra●aque of Marchaundize aboundynge with vitayle and stoutly defensed with munition and garysons against all aduentures as all men doo know Hereby it appeareth how weak Polydorus argumentes be especially who so well knoweth that part of England and that London was the Citie Trinouantum whiche was afterward called Augusta as Marcellinus reporteth With these reasons beyng sufficiently instructed I say that the Trinobantes inhabited that parte of Britayne which after the cummynge of Saxons made vp theyr fourth kingdome which they called Eastsaxons and another called Midlesaxons whose principall citie is London at this day which somtime was vnder the kynges of the Mercij or march Ptolomaeus mentioneth a nother besides this citie Trinouantū called Camudolanum whiche I take to be all one with Camalodunum as I iudge by readyng Roman histories although Ptolomaeus speaketh of Camalodunū for it stoode not farre from the Thames and was by Claudius appoynted the first Colony of the Romanes and not neare the Brigantes as Polydorus much lesse in Scotlande as Boethius dreameth And for the more playnesse hereof I thinke it good to brynge forth the words of Dion who had bin somtime Consul Claudius after that he had receiued the message forthwith cōmitted the matters appertaynyng to the citie and the Souldieurs to Vitellius his college whose consulship as also his owne he had proroged for sixe monthes longer him self departed from Rome to Ostia where he tooke shippe and arryued at Massilia and takyng the residew of his iorney partly by lande and partly by water came too the Oceane and passed ouer into Britayne and came to his armie which lay by the Thames looking for him Whom when he had receaued in charge he wente ouer the Water with certeine Barbarians whiche drew to him at his commynge ●e spred his Banners fought and obtayned the victorie and wanne Camalodunū the regall seate of Cynobellinus and tooke many prisoners partly by force partly by yelding Hereby it appeareth euiuidently that Camalodunum standeth not far from the Thames in which place Ptolomaeus placeth Camudolanū And I suppose that this was the Colony of Claudius Cesar famous for the churche which they cal now Colchestre the olde name beyng made as I thinke by ioynyng the water and the Churche together a cōmon custome amonge the Britaynes as Henlhan that is an olde Churche Lhanelwy a Churche standyng vpon the riuer Elguen or the Church Elguen which the Englishmen and Bishops now a dayes call but not well the See of S. Asaphe Besides an infinite numbre moe wherby I am perswaded that those places which in Latin beginne or ende in these terminations Lan or Lam were of olde so termed of Churches in the British tōgue Moreouer out of this place of Dion it is gathered how much a man without shame that Polydorus virgillius is who doubteth not to affirme that Claudius Caesar vanquished the Britayns without any battaile most imputently calleth them dastards whom Caesar himself Tacitus Dion Herodian terme by these names most warlike cruell bloudthirstie impatient bothe of Bondage iniuries But an infamous beggage groome ful fraught with enuie hatred what dareth he not do or say I omit his Scholemayster Boethius who besides these lies speaketh of a mightie warre whiche Claudius made vpon the people of the Orchades affirmyng the same to be true too too impudently For thou mayst easely iudge good reader how muche Lande and Sea the Roman Emperour with a greate armie coulde marche ouer in xvi dayes only duryng whiche time he abode in Britayne when Tacitus also a most faithfull writer affirmeth that in the first yeres of Agricola the Iland of Britayne was knowne and the Isles called Orchades were then vnknowne but first founde out and subdued by him This Dion testefieth to be true in the life of Titus the Emperour neither speaketh Suetonius against it where he sayeth that Claudius taried in Britayne but a very few dayes Howbeit Eutropius and after him Orosius seeme to thynke otherwyse not knowinge exactly how farre distant the Orchades be from Kent But since reason and truth certaynly perswade vs to the contrarie let vs sticke vnto them as vnto twoo moste faithfull guides neglectynge the iudgement of Polydorus with his Hector Next to the Trinouantes were the Iceni whom I suppose to haue inhabited that region whiche maketh the fift kyngedome of Germans whiche is the East Englismen and their citie Venta whiche now of the Englishmen is called Northwe● And I am priuy also that there are thought to be other Iceni in the West but I thinke it more probable that these Iceni are put for Tigeni of whom I will speake hereafter And the kyngdome of East Englishmē comprehended not only the Iceni but also Cambridgshyre whose cheife citie in olde time the Britaynes called Caërgrawnt the Englishmen Grantcester of the water that passeth bie but now corruptlye is commonly called Cambridge and is a noble Uniuersity wherin florisheth all good learnyng Not farre of is the Isle of VVyllowes not of Eeles as some haue wroten For Helig

in the British tongue signifieth Wyllow trees wherwith those Fennes doo abounde All these in fore times were called Girui Ioynynge to these are the Parisi whose chief Citie Pettuaria is now begunne to be called Peterborow Beyonde the Mydland Saxons west ward were the Catychlauni now Hertfordshyremen and Buckynghāshyremen on the Hill whose Cities are Salinae and Verolanum wherof this last tooke name of a riuer VVer for before time it was called in British Guernhan that is to say a Churche standing vpon the Riuer Ver afterward Caër Municip bycause it was a municipin or incorporate Towne belongynge to the Romans Englishmen terme it Verlamcester and VVatlyngchester This Citie was destroyed through the rage of the Saxons how be it there remayne the tokens and foundations of the Walles to this day nere to S. Albans Churche on the other side of the water But where as some doo thinke that the Thames sometime ran that way it is to be laughed at Howbeit it is certayne that there was a greate standing water hard by the Citie walles where now are pleasant flourishyng Medows in whiche as I am informed there was an Anker of a ship founde of late wherby and also by the corrupt copie of Gyldas that coniecture is risen After these come the Oxfordeshyremen on the North side of the Thames whose Citie is called by Englishmen Oxenford our countrymen terme it Rhyd ychen that is to say the Ford of Oxen but what name it had in olde time it is altogether vnknowen Yet some affirme that it is Caër Vortigeru that is Vortigers Citie and by him builded wherto I cannot agree For Gyldas writeth that the same Citie was builded in the West parte of the Ilande and I thinke it be in the kyngdome of VVales beynge called now after his name Gurthronion Our freende M. Leland the antiquarie ernestly defendeth that it should be called Ouseford that is to say the Ford of Isis against whom as one hauyng very well deserued of the Britaynes and much exercised in auncient Histories I dare not contend For it is certaine that it standeth vpon Isis and that tracte of time corrupteth the names of many places it is also euident But whatsoeuer name it had at the beginnyng it hath a very bewtiful and helthsome situation and a country which ministreth althynges necessarie abundantly and a most famous schole of al good learnyng as all doo confesse whiche haue seene the other Uniuersities of Europe Not farre from this Citie stoode Caërdor so called of the Romanes a Citie not vnknowne to the Englishmen a Bishops see now called Dorchester whereas the Thames dischargeth him selfe into Isis from whence the name of Tamesis the Thames proceedeth Towardes the North be the Buckynghamshyremen and beneath them the Bedfordshyremen and more northerly the Huntyngtonshiremen whose auncient names are not knowen After these are the Lincolnshyremen of olde Coritani so far as the riuer Trent the Britaynes in old time called it Caërludcoy the Romanes Lindum the Englishmen Lindecolyn and at this day Lincolne Notwithstandyng afterwarde the Normans called it corruptly Nychol as I haue manie times noted in auncient charters and recordes of the Erles therof written in the Frenche tongue and all that Prouince was called Lyndesey Next vnto these at Trent be the Leycestershyremen so called of Leicestre which in olde time were called Caërbier At the South appeare the Northampton shyremen so called of the Riuer Auon whiche cometh alonge by the Towne for AVON in British signifieth a Riuer and the Saxons hearyng the Britaynes so terme Riuers supposed that it had bin the proper names thereof wherby it came to passe that many notable Riuers in England were called by that name After these at the West follow the VVarwickshiremen whose principall Citie Caër Wythelin was founded by Guythelnius a Kynge of Britayne afterwarde of the Roman legions which went no farther Caërlheō lastly of a noble Britayne whiche beutified it with many fayre buildynges Caërgwayr and of the Englishmen is called VVarwike Next after these are the Staffordshiremen amongst whom is Lychfeild a Bishops See that is to say the Feild of dead folke For the Northern Englishmen cal death Lych and the vnluckie night Rauens Lych●oules Some affirme that here not in Legancestre Etheldrede kynge of Northumberlande most cruelly slew twoo thousande Monkes of the famous Monasterie of Banchor men excellently learned and suche as contrary to the custome of others gat their liuynge with trauayle of their owne handes Whiche blouddie war he would neuer haue begunne had it not bin at the motion of that bloud thyrstie Monke whom they call Augustine The cause was for that in some poynctes they seamed to disagree from the Churche of Rome and refused to be vnder the iurisdiction of the Archebishop of Cantorbury hauyng alreadie of their owne the Archbishop of Legion This was the chearitie and religion of that man to make away such good godly men as coulde not abide his intollerable pride But touchyng these matters godwillynge wee will speake in another place On the otherside of VVarwykeshyre are the VVorcestershyremen next to the Dobani their Citie Vigornia was of olde time called of the Romans BRANGONIA of the Britaynes to this daye Caër Vrangon and of the Englishmen is cōmonly called VVorcestre and is builded at the East side of Seuern Where is to be noted that all the greater Cities that lie vpon the East shoare of the Riuers Seuern and d ee were builded to resist the irruptions of the Britaynes into Lhoëgr that is Englande like as the Romans erected many notable Cities on the West shoare of the Rhyne to restraine the forcible inuasions of the Germans into Fraunce Adioyning vnto these are the Shropshyremen whose auncient Citie is Vricouium called afterwarde of the Englishmen VVrekecestre and shorte VVroxcestre all raysed downe to the grounde in the Saxon war from whose reliques foure miles of lieth Salopia the head Citie of all the shyre notable for two Bridges and almost compased with the Seuern The same in olde time was called Pengwern that is to say the head of a place where Alders growe and was the seate of the Kinges of Powyse from whence the English name Schreusbury is deriued although I remembre that in auncient records I read it termed Salopsbury and Slopesbury Our countrymen call it Ymwythig at this day Next after these are the Deuani or Ches hyremen vpon the Riuer Dee where as be certen Wells out of whose liquor very good pure White Salte is sodden Besides the Citie it selfe famous for the Roman monumentes therin which by reason that the Roman Legiōs wintered there is called by the Britaynes at this day Caër Lheō ar ddourdwy that is to say the Citie of Legions vpon the Riuer Dee for difference sake betwixt that and another of that name vpon the Ryuer Osca It appeareth out of Antoninus that the same in times paste was

of Aegypt sent foorth his oratours vnto Reutha kynge of Scots that by the view taken and report of his neare countrymen namely such as had come lyneally from the Egiptians he might vnderstand the situation and forme of the countrie together with the conditions and maners of the people to the intent that he might set downe the same in his woorke of Cosmographie whiche he had then in hand Whiche oratours beyng right courteously intertayned were afterward led through all the regions and townes of Scots and Readshankes at last beyng largely rewarded returned into Aegypt O noble and worthie deede of a Gentleman but moste vnthankfull Ptolomaeus and vnmindeful of so great rewards Who after that he had sent his Embassadours into countries so farre distant hath left no shire yea almost no towne in all Britayne in that woorthy woorke of his vnspoken of whiche was set foorth not by the kynge but longe time after by another Ptolomaeus Pheludensis a Philosopher very well learned onely his welbeloued cosins the Scots and Readshāks he hath lefte raked vp in their owne darkenesse neither once vouchsaued in his booke wherin he made a most perfect description of all Albania to expresse so muche as their names Nay rather Boethius it is a sinne to beleeue that suche a kyng when he had sent thither his Legates and recited all the Cities and people of Albania to haue bin ignorant of the nations name and in describynge the situation of the Region so to haue varied from the trueth For he whiche sette foorthe that noble woorke aboute the yere of our redemption one hundred and fortie appeareth in no place to speake of the Scottes and Readshankes which at that time were vnknowen to the worlde This beyng omitted let vs come to the second Fable wherein gentle reader whether I shal mooue thee to laugh ter or lothsomnesse I am vncertayn He writeth that one Gyllus vsurped by force the kyngedome of Scotland before the commynge of Caesar into Britayne who after that he had committed many cruell deedes at length by Euenus the lawfull heyre one Cadallus beyng captayne was in Ireland vanquished in blouddie fight and afterwarde slayne Of this slaughter by reason that the Irishmen were afflicted with the force armes of the Albion Scots the Poete Claudianus other writers haue entreated Wherby he maketh the noble poete Claudianꝰ which liued vnder Honorius 410. yeres after the incarnate woord author of the Scottish war against Gyllus which vnto him seemeth no inconuenience who in other places most impudently fathereth his follies fables vpon Caesar the Dictator Tacitus In very deede Claudianus hath writen of the Gyldonicum warre made in Africk by Masticelis brother to Gyldo cheiftaine therin and of the expedition which Honorius tooke in hande against the brother that rebelled But I besech you my freend Hector tell me whether you affirme this geare in iest or in good earnest that thereby wee may iudge of the residue or whether that you thought you could deceaue all men with your lies This Gyldo was a Goth no Scot the warre was in Africk not in Ireland This visible tyranne liued in the yere of our Lorde 398. but theyr feyned inuisible Gyllus is deuised to haue flowrished 400. yeres before Besides these insulse and vnsauored lies he affirmeth that all the knowledge and learnynge of the Druydes came first vnto the Scots when as it playnely appeareth vnto suche as are excercised in the readyng of Hystories that Phylosophy and the liberal sciēces were knowen to the Celtae and Britaynes longe before they were to the Greekes and Latines But as touchyng the holsome lawes institutes whiche he falsely attributeth vnto the Scots vnto those whiche reade Solinus and Mela depayntyng foorth the maners and nature of the Irishmen the truth will appeare Likewise out of S. Hierome whom wee may better credite then Boethius it is euident that at his time that is as muche to say as in the yere of our Lorde 400. the Scots were accustomed to eate mans fleash For saieth he what shall I say of other nations when as I my selfe beyng but a yonge man saw in Fraunce Scottes whiche fead on mans fleash And when as they chance to finde in the wooddes any heards of Hogges also any droues of catayle or beastes they vse to cut of the buttockes of the Heards men and keepers and the Pappes of women accomptyng those partes for a most delicate dish These Scots as though they followed Platoes cōmon wealth haue no peculiar wiues of their owne but as their lechery moueth them saith he runne lasciuiously about after the maner of beastes This much S. Hierome Since therfore it is certainly prooued out of this true author that they were so barbarous at his time it is not like that so many hundred yeres before as Boethius doth fayne they were ruled with so many good lawes and holsome institutes Neither doo I for my part write this to the intent I woulde detract any thinge from the Scottish glory in so much as I know very well that this nation after that it had departed from barbarousnesse and embraced Christian religion and obeyed lawes and rightes precisely like other people was so firmlye ioyned in league of friendship with our Britaynes that wee reade how in many warres th`one nation ayded the other I acknowledge also that many thinges haue bin by them doone both wisely valiently in Britayne Fraunce and Italy and that the Englishmen howbeit a stronge nation seldome assayed the Scots in war but that they were alwaies readie with al their force to ioyne with them in battayle which is no signe of a cowardly or hart lesse people But I write this only to this entent that the truth of the history may be knowne and that the Scots themselues may contemne this fabler hold them selues contented with this that together with the Saxons Frenchmen Englishemen most noble natiōs they were first knowne to the Roman world And now let vs see what substantiall approued writers whom bothe wée they must credit haue transported to memorie touchyng the Scots and Readshankes The first therfore of the Romans so far as I know Mamertinus in his Panegyricus called Maximinianꝰ maketh mention of the Readshankes by these woordes And truly not like as there is but one name of Britayne so should the losse be but smale to the cōmonwealth of a lande so plentifull of corne so flowrishyng with numbers of pastures so flowynge with riuers of metalles so gaynefull for reuenewes so welbeset with hauens so wide in circuit Which when Cesar first of the Romans the beginner of this your name entred into wroate that he had founde another world supposing it to be so bigge that it seemed not to be compassed with the Oceane but rather to compasse the Oceane about But at that time Britayne was nothynge furnished with shippes for Warre by Sea and the Romans after the Punick and Asiatick warres had

lately bin busied agaynst Pyrats afterward by the Mithridatick fight was very well practised by Sea and Lande Besides this nation was then but rude and the Britaynes beyng accustomed but only to the Readshankes and Irishmen their enemies as yet but halfe naked soone yelded vnto the Roman armes and ensignes that Caesar almost in all that expedition coulde vaunt him self but of this owne thing that he had sayled vpon the Oceane He affirmeth that the Britaynes only dwel in an Iland and termeth them Hibernenses who afterwarde were called Scots Also another Panegyricus vnto Constantinus the Emperour speaketh of the Readshankes called Pictones as followeth For neither he speakyng of his father Constantius after such and so many notable actes whiche he hath done vouchsaueth to get not only the wooddes and Marises of the Calidones and other Pictones but neither Ireland which lieth nigh neither the farthest Tyle neither yet the fortunate Ilands if there be any suche Thus farre the Panegiricus This he wroate aboute the yere after Christe was borne three hundred twentie at what time it seemeth that the Pictones or Readshankes beganne first to inhabite the farther most partes of Scotland After him Ammianus Marcellinus first of the Latines made mention of the Scots in the yere of our saluation 364. In the tenth Consulship of Constantius and the third of Iulianus when as in Britayne by excursion and breakyng foorth of the Scots Readshankes beyng wilde nations peace beyng broken the places about nigh to the frontirs were spoyled And afterwarde in the life of Valentinian and Valens he sayeth At this time as though alarme were sounded throughout all the Roman dominions the most fierce and sauage nations arose forcibly inuaded their neare neighbours The Alemanni or Almaynes spoiled the countrie of France and Rhetia together Sarmatae the Ponnoniae and the Quadi now Bohemans The Readshankes Saxons Scots and Attacotti much molested the Britaynes And afterwarde At that time the Readshankes beynge deuided into two nations Deucalidonae and Vecturiones also the Attacotti a very warlike nation and the Scots wandrynge vncerteinely about here and there wasted and spoyled very much And as for the coastes of Gallia they were spoyled by Frenchmen and Saxons c. Hereby it appeareth in what darkenesse the Scottish state is drowned For Boethius in no place maketh mention of the Attacotti who appeare by this authour to haue dwelled in Albania and to haue bin of the Scottishe race Wherefore it is most likely that a litle before that time the Scottes and Attacotti who afterward vanished into the name of the Scots foorth of Ireland and from the Hebrides the Readshankes out of the Orchades whereas they lurked before by one consent entred into Albania and there prouoked by warre the Romans and Britaynes that they departed out of the field some time conquerers and sometimes conquered For shortly after Ammianus reporteth that after that these nations were by Theodosius a valiant captain vnder Valentinian vanquished and driuen out of the Roman prouince they were at quiet And this can be no disparedgment but rather a greate glorie to the Scottish nation that rather at that time then before that forcibly agaynst the Romans will they planted them seates in Britayne Whiche is prooued not out of vayne and fabulous writers such as is Boethius and other suche like but out of substantiall authours and such as doo very wel know the state of Britayne After all these Claudianus a Poete singularly learned in diuers places maketh mention of these nation as for example of the Getick warre A power also there came against the farthest Britaynes bent Which bridled hath the Scots so fierce and notes with iron brent Then fayling reads whilst Readshanks bloud and breath is spent And in his Panegyricus to Honorius The nimble Moores hath he and Pictes so termed by name full true ●ubdude and he the Scots with blade at randon did pursue And of the fourth Consulship of Honorius Were wet with Saxons slayne The Orchades and Island eke was hot with Readshanks bayne And frosen Irland eke dead heapes of Scotshmen wept amayne Who did euer set foorth more plainly the natural countrie of both natiōs For he sheweth how Readshanks cam from Thule that is to say Ilandes of the North and the Scots but lately out of Ireland And in another place in his Panegyricus Britayne speaketh vnto Stilico And me she saith with countries neare about who was destroyd Almost defenced well hath Stilico When Irlands soyle on euery syde The Scots doo mooue and seas with noysom sayles doo fome about By whose helpe now it is that Scottish force I doo not doubt Ne doo I dread the Picts c. Hereby it appeareth manifestly that at this time that is to wit the yere of our saluation 410. the Scots possessed no certayne place in Britayne but many times vsed to make irruptions out of Ireland and by litle and litle subdued the North partes of the Ilande and at length hauyng driuen thence the inhabitants established their kingedome there vnder Valentinian the yonger the yere of God incarnate 444. whē as now the Romans had lefte of the charge and care of Britayne This much I had breifly to say touchynge the originall of the Scots and Readshankes Now I will addresse my selfe to the description of Albania or Scotland It is seperate from England by the Riuer Twede the hyll Cheuiot and certayne litle Riuers runnynge downe into the chanell Soluathianus The first people whiche come to hand are Gallouidiani of olde time called by the Romans NOVANTES and not Brigantes as wee haue shewed before Ptolomaeus called their citie Leucopibia whiche wee terme now Caërleil standeth in the entrance of both kyngedomes Next vnto these were the Gadini nigh the riuer Glota which some doo better call Cluyda howbeit that name by reason of the proprietie of the tongue is sometime pronounced Gluyda wherby grew that errour of calling it Glot Upon this Riuers side sometime there stoode a noble Citie of the Britaynes called Caër Alchuyd or Archuyd that is to say a Citie standyng vpon Cluyda whiche is now of the Scots called Dounbritton bycause it was restored agayne by the Britaynes aboute the yere of our saluation 800. Aboue these towards the East Sea lieth a region which now is called Lādonia and Mercia March but in times past Breunicia and of the Pictes called also Readshankes Pictlandia The Maeatae are placed here by Dion For sayth he the Maeatae dwel beyonde the wall vnto the Caledonij Ptolomaeus laieth the Vacomagi beyonde Tueda This limityng wall as Spartianus reporteth was first builded by Adrianus the Emperour fourescore myles in length And Capitolinus is author that Antoninus erected another made of Tur●es between the Britaynes And last of all that Seuerus by a trenche which was cast from Sea to Sea deuided the Roman prouince from the other Britains all men do generally agree Whereby our countrymen

Arfon by the ryuer Conway of whom Antoninus Ptolomaeus do speake vnder the name of Nouius In this besides the forenamed Riuer standeth a most antique citie of the Britaynes called Dyganwy in Rosse of the Englishmen Gannock famous in Tacitus by the name of Cangorum wherof the people of that countrie were called of the Romans CANGI And Ptolomaeus mentioneth the Promontorie of the Iangani which they call now Gogarth A place so fortified by nature that it can scarse be taken by mās strength This citie as I say was the seate and Palace of the later kynges of Britayne when as now their power began to quayle as namely of Maylgun Caduanus Cadwalla whom Bede termeth a most cruell Tyranne bicause he persecuted his enemies very fiercely and of Cadwalladar who was the last kynge of Britayne of the Brittish bloud This Citie the yere of our redemption eight hundred and sixteen Cananus Dyndaythuy reygnynge in VVales was stroken with lightnynge from Heauen and burned in suche sort that it could neuer be afterwarde restored howbeit the name remayneth to the place to this daye out o● whose rubbish Conouia was builded Moreouer in this Territory in Rhyfaniacum Henry Lacey Erle of Lincolne to whom the conquer our therof Edward the first gaue that land erected a very stoute Castle not only by naturall situation but also by a Wall of wonderfull thicknesse made of a very harde kinde of stone in my opinion the strongest and best defensed thynge in England Addyng also therto a towne walled about whiche by the auncient name he called Dynbech although those which cam afterwarde termed it Denbigh This fine Towne and my sweet country beynge compassed welnigh aboute with very fayre Parkes standyng in the entrance of an exceedynge pleasant Ualley aboundeth plentifully with all thinges that are necessarie to the vse of man The Hilles yéelde Fleash and white meates The most fertile Ualley very good Corne and grasse The sweet Riuers with the Sea at hande minister all sortes of Fishe and Foule Strange Wynes come thither foorth of Spayne Fraūce Greece abundantly And being the cheif towne of the shyre standyng in the very middle of the countrie it is a greate market Towne famous and much frequented with wares and people from al partes of Northwales The indwellers haue the vse of both tongues And beyng endued by kinges of England with many Priueledges and Liberties are ruled by their owne lawes The valley nigh wherto this Towne standeth is termed amongst vs Dyphryn Clwyd that is to say the Ualley of Clwyd It is almost eighteene miles in length and in breadth in some place foure miles in other some sixe On the East west and South sides it is enuironed with high Hilles on the North with the Oceane Sea. In the midst it is cut in twayne by the Riuer Clwyd wherof it taketh name into whom diuers other litle streames fallyng out of the Hilles doo discharge them selues by reason wherof irriguous and pleasant Medowes plentifull pastures doo lie aboute the bankes therof In the entrance of whiche Ualley Ruthyn an auncient towne and Castle of the Grayes from whence the most noble famely amōgst the Englishmen tooke beginninge is to be seene And not farre from the Sea standeth Rudhlan in Tegengyl sometime a greate Towne but now a litle Uyllage In the same Prouince is a Cathedrall Churche of our country men called LHANEL WEY of the Englishmen S. Assaph builded between twoo Ryuers CLWYD and ELWEY I remember that I haue read that there was one ELBODIVS Arch bis●hoppe of Northwales preferred vnto that honour by the Byshoppe of Rome Who fyrst of all the yere of our Saluation seuen hundred thrée score and two reconciled the VVelshmen to the Romishe Churche from whiche before they had disagreed For the Britaynes imitatynge the Asiaticke Churche celebrated theyr EASTER from the foureteene day of the Moone vnto the twentie When the Romans followynge the Nicene counsell keepe theyr Easter from the fifteene to the one and twentie Whereby it commeth to passe that these Nations haue celebrated that Feast on diuers Sundayes But let the Byshoppes take regarde how farre they doo erre from the Decrees of the NICENE Counsell whyle they followe that vncertayne rule of the motion of the Sonne and Moone whiche they call the Golden Number beynge therein very fowly deceaued Whiche thinge in times paste was obiected for a cryme agaynst the Britaynes by the ouer superstitious Mounke Augustine and lykewyse by Bede whiche to muche attributed vnto suche ti●les in somuch that for the same cause he durst terme them Heretiques But now howbeit vnder curse of the Nicene counsell it be otherwyse commaunded it is reiected by the Prelates them selues and the whole Churche of Europe But let vs returne to our purpose In that place where the See of S. Assaph is was sometime a Colledge of learned Agonists that I may vse Capgraues woordes celebrated for multitude vnder Centigeme a Scot whiche was called Elguense or Eluense of a Riuer This Prouince Tegenia is called of the Latines Igenia and after beynge vanquished by the Englishmen began to be termed Tegengel that is to say the Englishmens Tegenia Afterward being inhabited by Britaynes cūminge foorth of Scotland driuyng the Englishmen thence with the Ualley of Clwyd Ruthyn and Rosse make one kyngdome whiche Marianus calleth Streudglead our countrymen terme it Stradclwyd that is to say the soyle of Clwyd For this woord Strat with the name of some Riuer ioyned therto doth vsually signifie amongst the welsh men a veyne or soyle of lande nigh to a Riuer as Strad Alyn Strad Towyn with many such like Theyr last prince called Dunwallon forsakyng his kingdome when the Danes afflicted all Britayne departed to Rome the yere after the incarnation 971. where shortly after he died In Tegenia is a well of a meruaylous nature whiche beyng sixe myles from the Sea in the parish of Kilken ebbeth and floweth twise in one day Yet haue I marked this of late when the Moone ascendeth from the East Horizon to the South at what time all Seas do flowe that then the water of this Wel diminisheth and ebbeth And not far from this place is the famous Fountayne takynge name of the superstitious worshyppinge of the Uirgin VVenefride which boyling vp sodenly out of a place which they call Sychnant that is to say a drie vallye rayseth forth of it self a greate streame which runneth immediatly into Deuanus This water besides that it bredeth Mosse of a very pleasant sauour is also most holsome vnto mans body bothe for washyng and drinkynge and of verie good tast in so much that many beinge washed therin were cured of diuers infirmities wherwith they were borne Moreouer in Tegenia there is a certayne auncient monument of an olde building in a place called Pot Vary somtime renowmed by Roman letters and Armes The towne whiche they call Flynt standynge vpon the water Deua is