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sicily_n be_v represent_v in_o armour_n with_o a_o shield_n on_o his_o arm_n trample_v underfoot_n a_o slave_n with_o this_o word_n sicilia_n and_o this_o by_o the_o careful_a ingenuity_n of_o some_o mintmaster_n of_o his_o family_n empire_n after_o this_o manner_n medal_n become_v not_o only_o considerable_a for_o their_o value_n as_o they_o be_v money_n but_o curious_a by_o the_o monument_n of_o which_o they_o be_v the_o depository_n until_o julius_n caesar_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o republic_n whereby_o though_o under_o the_o disguise_a name_n only_o of_o perpetual_a dictator_n he_o obtain_v all_o the_o mark_n of_o grandeur_n and_o power_n and_o among_o other_o the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v money_n with_o his_o own_o effigy_n and_o name_n and_o of_o give_v it_o what_o reverse_n he_o think_v fit_a by_o this_o mean_n medal_n become_v load_v in_o time_n with_o all_o that_o ambition_n on_o one_o side_n and_o flattery_n on_o the_o other_o be_v capable_a of_o invent_v to_o 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find_v of_o this_o sort_n which_o instead_o of_o a_o reverse_n have_v only_o these_o letter_n s._n c._n senatus_n consulto_fw-la or_o δ._n ε._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d enclose_v with_o a_o crown_n other_o bear_v a_o sort_n of_o epocha_n epocha_n as_o primi_fw-la decennales_fw-la cos_n iii_o in_o m._n aurelius_n time_n in_o augustus_n his_o imp._n caes_n aug._n ludi_fw-la saecularis_fw-la votis_n v._n x.xx_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o low_a empire_n other_o set_v forth_o great_a occurence_n occurrence_n as_o victoria_n germanica_n imp._n vi_o cos_n iii_o in_o m._n aurelius_n in_o augustus_n signis_fw-la parthicis_fw-la receptis_fw-la s._n p._n q._n r._n victoria_n parthica_n maxima_fw-la in_o sept._n severus_n other_o bear_v title_n of_o honour_n grant_v to_o the_o prince_n honour_n as_o s._n p._n q._n r._n optimo_fw-la principi_fw-la in_o trajan_n and_o in_o antoninus_n pius_fw-la assertori_fw-la publicae_fw-la libertatis_fw-la in_o vespasian_n other_o bear_v mark_n of_o 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jesus_n and_o constantine_n which_o may_v be_v presume_v by_o the_o †_o †_o that_o accompany_v those_o letter_n and_o be_v mark_n of_o the_o piety_n of_o constantine_n the_o great_a his_o successor_n
who_o have_v consecrate_v his_o new_a rome_n to_o the_o mother_n of_o god_n and_o be_v himself_o honour_v as_o a_o saint_n all_o over_o the_o empire_n we_o have_v also_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o monogramme_n of_o city_n as_o that_o of_o ravenna_n and_o some_o other_o as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o m._n du_n cange_n and_o on_o the_o modern_a also_o be_v monogramme_n of_o name_n as_o strada_n show_v we_o since_o the_o time_n of_o charlemagne_n figure_n the_o number_n action_n and_o subject_a of_o the_o figure_n or_o personage_n on_o the_o reverse_n render_v they_o more_o or_o less_o valuable_a and_o rare_a for_o as_o for_o the_o ordinary_a head_n which_o have_v only_o some_o single_a figure_n on_o the_o reverse_n set_v forth_o either_o some_o particular_a virtue_n for_o which_o the_o person_n be_v commendable_a or_o else_o some_o particular_a deity_n to_o who_o he_o pay_v his_o chief_a devotion_n these_o aught_o to_o be_v put_v among_o the_o number_n of_o common_a medal_n because_o 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two_o son_n geta_n and_o caracalla_n philip_n on_o the_o reverse_n of_o his_o son_n and_o wife_n and_o hadrian_n on_o that_o of_o trajan_n and_o plotina_n therefore_o it_o be_v true_a general_o speak_v that_o the_o more_o reverse_n be_v charge_v with_o figure_n the_o more_o they_o be_v to_o be_v value_v especial_o if_o they_o illustrate_v any_o memorable_a action_n to_o give_v you_o some_o instance_n hereof_o the_o medal_n of_o trajan_n regna_fw-la adsignata_fw-la where_o three_o king_n appear_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o theatre_n on_o which_o be_v see_v the_o emperor_n crown_v they_o arjâ—â—ot_n the_o largest_n of_o nerva_n have_v five_o figure_n congiar_n p._n r._n s._n c._n a_o allocation_n of_o trajan_n where_o be_v seven_o figure_n another_o of_o hadrian_n to_o the_o people_n which_o have_v eight_o figure_n without_o a_o legend_n another_o to_o the_o soldier_n where_o there_o be_v ten._n a_o medal_n of_o faustina_n pvellae_fw-la faustinianae_n where_o there_o be_v 12_o or_o 13_o etc._n etc._n a_o allocution_n of_o probus_n which_o have_v a_o dozen_o figure_n *_o pamiez_fw-fr vota_fw-la publica_n of_o commodus_n on_o which_o be_v ten._n monument_n as_o for_o public_a monument_n without_o doubt_n they_o give_v a_o particular_a grace_n and_o beauty_n to_o the_o reverse_n of_o medal_n especial_o when_o they_o declare_v to_o we_o some_o historical_a event_n thus_o the_o temple_n of_o janus_n in_o nero_n and_o the_o port_n of_o ostia_n be_v much_o rare_a than_o the_o macellum_fw-la though_o the_o structure_n of_o they_o be_v not_o so_o noble_a for_o one_o signify_v the_o universal_a peace_n he_o give_v to_o the_o empire_n pace_n pop._n rom._n terrâ_fw-la marÃque_fw-la partâ_fw-la janum_fw-la clausit_fw-la whereas_o the_o other_o teach_v we_o nothing_o unless_o it_o be_v that_o he_o cause_v shambles_n to_o be_v build_v for_o the_o convenience_n and_o service_n of_o the_o public_a among_o these_o curious_a and_o noble_a monument_n we_o ought_v to_o place_v the_o amphitheatre_n of_o titus_n his_o naval_a column_n the_o temple_n which_o be_v build_v romae_fw-la &_o augusto_fw-la the_o trophy_n of_o m._n aurelius_n and_o commodus_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v the_o first_o thing_n know_v to_o the_o curious_a animal_n the_o different_a animal_n that_o we_o find_v upon_o reverse_n have_v also_o their_o valuation_n when_o they_o be_v extraordinary_a such_o be_v those_o that_o be_v bring_v to_o rome_n from_o strange_a country_n to_o divert_v the_o people_n principal_o in_o their_o secular_a game_n or_o when_o they_o represent_v the_o ensign_n of_o the_o legion_n that_o bear_v they_o adjuâ—rix_fw-la thus_o we_o see_v the_o legion_n of_o gallienus_n some_o of_o they_o that_o carry_v a_o porcupine_n other_o a_o ibis_n and_o other_o again_o a_o pegasus_n and_o the_o medal_n of_o philip_n and_o otacilla_n saeculares_fw-la augg._n have_v on_o their_o reverse_n the_o beast_n they_o exhibit_v in_o their_o ludi_fw-la saeculares_fw-la and_o cause_v to_o be_v slay_v to_o display_v their_o magnificence_n rome_n and_o to_o regain_v the_o people_n affection_n which_o be_v extreme_o sour_v and_o alienate_v by_o the_o death_n of_o gordian_n never_o be_v so_o many_o sort_n of_o they_o see_v before_o there_o be_v one_o rhinoceros_n 32_o elephant_n 10_o tiger_n 10_o elk_n 60_o tame_a lion_n 30_o leopard_n 20_o hyaena_n 1_o hippopotamos_n 40_o wild_a horse_n 20_o wild_a ass_n archoleâ—as_n 20_o wild_a lion_n and_o 10_o camelopard_n the_o figure_n of_o some_o of_o they_o be_v to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o medal_n of_o the_o father_n mother_n and_o son_n and_o among_o other_o of_o the_o hippopotamos_n and_o the_o strepsikero_n send_v from_o africa_n as_o for_o the_o eagle_n that_o be_v find_v on_o the_o reverse_v of_o the_o egyptian_a king_n and_o at_o the_o consecration_n of_o emperor_n they_o have_v nothing_o but_o what_o be_v very_o common_a no_o more_o than_o the_o wolf_n of_o remus_n and_o romulus_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o both_o in_o the_o high_a and_o low_a empire_n elephant_n in_o trappings_o be_v find_v upon_o a_o antoninus_n pius_n a_o severus_n and_o some_o other_o emperor_n that_o procure_v they_o to_o embellish_v and_o decorate_v their_o show_n and_o beside_o these_o there_o be_v other_o uncommon_a animal_n which_o shall_v scarce_o ever_o be_v meet_v with_o unless_o upon_o medal_n witness_v the_o phoenix_n upon_o the_o medal_n of_o constantine_n and_o his_o son_n after_o the_o example_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o princess_n of_o the_o high_a empire_n to_o denote_v by_o that_o immortal_a bird_n either_o the_o eternity_n of_o the_o empire_n or_o else_o the_o consecration_n of_o the_o prince_n that_o be_v admit_v into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o go_n mademoiselle_n patin_n have_v late_o publish_v a_o very_a curious_a latin_a dissertation_n thereon_o which_o be_v a_o great_a honour_n to_o both_o the_o father_n and_o daughter_n other_o animal_n be_v also_o find_v upon_o medal_n as_o bird_n fish_n and_o fabulous_a monster_n and_o likewise_o extraordinary_a plant_n which_o be_v the_o produce_v only_o of_o some_o particular_a country_n as_o may_v be_v learn_v more_o at_o large_a in_o the_o famous_a spanheimius_n his_o three_o dissertation_n de_fw-fr praestantià _fw-la &_o vsu_fw-la numismatum_fw-la spanheâ—mius_n a_o work_n worthy_a of_o its_o author_n in_o which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o vast_a extent_n of_o his_o knowledge_n penetration_n and_o judgement_n and_o a_o certain_a air_n and_o character_n of_o the_o honneste_a homme_fw-fr that_o be_v so_o often_o want_v in_o other_o learned_a man_n and_o which_o particular_o appear_v by_o the_o respect_n wherewith_o he_o treat_v those_o who_o sentiment_n he_o can_v approve_v which_o gain_v he_o esteem_v and_o veneration_n from_o all_o author_n for_o study_n and_o retirement_n be_v apt_a common_o to_o make_v learned_a man_n morose_n their_o continual_a converse_v with_o the_o dead_a dispose_v they_o to_o be_v forgetful_a of_o the_o affability_n and_o just_a decorum_n that_o be_v due_a to_o the_o live_n reverse_n it_o must_v also_o be_v observe_v that_o oftentimes_o the_o prince_n or_o princess_n who_o head_n be_v set_v large_a upon_o the_o medal_n on_o one_o side_n be_v see_v place_v on_o the_o reverse_n at_o their_o full_a height_n or_o sit_v under_o the_o representation_n of_o some_o god_n or_o genius_n and_o engrave_v with_o such_o art_n and_o delicacy_n that_o though_o the_o size_n be_v very_o small_a and_o fine_a yet_o one_o may_v perfect_o discern_v it_o to_o be_v the_o same_o visage_n that_o be_v in_o relief_n on_o the_o other_o side_n so_o nero_n appear_v on_o his_o medal_n decursio_fw-la hadrian_n m._n aurelius_n severus_n decius_n etc._n etc._n under_o the_o form_n of_o deity_n confer_v upon_o they_o as_o a_o reward_n to_o their_o civil_a and_o military_a virtue_n reverse_n there_o remain_v yet_o for_o we_o to_o show_v the_o manner_n how_o medal_n may_v be_v place_v according_a to_o their_o different_a reverse_n to_o
these_o medal_n of_o colony_n 1._o permission_n give_v by_o ordinary_a magistrate_n witness_n permissu_fw-la dolabellae_fw-la proconsulis_fw-la tiberius_n and_o on_o another_o permissu_fw-la aproni_fw-la process_n iii_o drusus_n which_o signify_v either_o the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v money_n or_o else_o that_o of_o take_v the_o name_n of_o colony_n or_o of_o erect_v some_o edifice_n as_o the_o altar_n that_o be_v build_v in_o spain_n to_o the_o providence_n of_o augustus_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v upon_o one_o of_o the_o same_o emperor_n reverse_n municipium_fw-la italica_n providentiae_fw-la permissu_fw-la augusti_fw-la city_n nothing_o be_v more_o common_a than_o to_o find_v the_o name_n of_o city_n where_o medal_n have_v be_v coin_v both_o in_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a empire_n with_o this_o difference_n that_o in_o the_o upper_a empire_n they_o be_v often_o in_o the_o legend_n or_o inscription_n and_o in_o the_o low_a after_o constantine_n it_o be_v always_o in_o the_o exergue_n so_o be_v the_o t_o p._n t._n percussa_fw-la triviris_n s._n m._n a._n signata_fw-la moneta_fw-la antiochiae_fw-la con._n ob._n constantinopoli_fw-it obsignata_fw-la etc._n etc._n whereas_o in_o the_o upper_a empire_n the_o name_n be_v find_v all_o at_o length_n lugduni_n on_o that_o of_o m._n antony_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d upon_o greek_a medal_n and_o those_o of_o all_o colony_n mark_n in_o a_o word_n reverse_n be_v often_o charge_v with_o the_o particular_a mark_n of_o the_o mint-master_n which_o they_o put_v on_o on_o their_o own_o head_n to_o distinguish_v their_o money_n and_o the_o place_n where_o they_o work_v by_o this_o mean_n be_v explain_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o character_n or_o little_a figure_n which_o be_v find_v not_o only_o in_o the_o low_a empire_n after_o gallus_n and_o volusian_n but_o even_o in_o the_o consular_a time_n mons_fw-la morell_n have_v tell_v i_o he_o have_v find_v above_o two_o hundred_o of_o these_o different_a mark_n of_o 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son_n of_o mariniana_n be_v never_o admit_v into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o go_n on_o the_o contrary_a when_o there_o be_v a_o lic_a it_o be_v always_o the_o son_n of_o valerian_n 12._o the_o aemilians_n of_o large_a copper_n be_v much_o value_v a_o way_n have_v be_v find_v to_o disguise_v the_o philip_n who_o face_n be_v very_o like_a and_o to_o make_v aemilian_n of_o they_o and_o so_o enhance_v their_o price_n to_o 40_o or_o 50_o frank_n 13._o but_o we_o be_v not_o to_o reject_v some_o medal_n who_o reverse_n manifest_o disagree_v with_o the_o head_n as_o it_o often_o happen_v in_o the_o low_a empire_n i_o mean_v about_o the_o time_n of_o gallus_n and_o volusian_n and_o during_o that_o of_o the_o thirty_o tyrant_n who_o part_v the_o empire_n under_o gallien_n every_o thing_n be_v then_o in_o so_o great_a a_o confusion_n that_o without_o ever_o give_v themselves_o the_o trouble_n of_o make_v new_a coin_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o hear_v they_o have_v change_v their_o master_n they_o 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time_n f._n briest_n geography_n who_o have_v make_v the_o most_o methodical_a comparison_n between_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a for_o these_o be_v the_o necessary_a preliminary_n to_o history_n this_o aught_o as_o we_o have_v say_v to_o be_v his_o principal_a study_n in_o relation_n to_o medal_n herodotus_n dion_n dionysius_n hallicarnasseus_n polybius_n livius_n tacitus_n velleius_n paterculus_n etc._n etc._n shall_v be_v diligent_o read_v over_o and_o over_o again_o in_o proportion_n to_o his_o progress_n in_o the_o collection_n of_o medal_n he_o ought_v to_o read_v the_o latin_a and_o greek_a antiquary_n suidas_n pausanias_n rosinus_n philostratus_n rhodiginus_fw-la gyraldus_n and_o the_o like_a which_o will_v give_v he_o very_o extraordinary_a assistance_n for_o the_o explanation_n of_o the_o type_n and_o symbol_n but_o if_o of_o himself_o he_o have_v not_o any_o great_a inclination_n to_o study_v or_o that_o his_o business_n will_v not_o give_v he_o leisure_n enough_o yet_o to_o encourage_v and_o set_v he_o forward_o a_o little_a i_o shall_v advise_v he_o to_o read_v the_o curious_a treatise_n of_o m._n spanheimius_n de_fw-fr praestantiâ_fw-la &_o vsu_fw-la numismatum_fw-la it_o be_v there_o he_o will_v learn_v to_o value_v this_o kind_n of_o curiosity_n and_o gain_v to_o himself_o a_o esteem_n when_o occasion_n shall_v offer_v to_o discourse_v thereof_o in_o company_n but_o if_o he_o will_v neither_o give_v himself_o this_o trouble_n nor_o be_v at_o the_o pain_n to_o understand_v the_o language_n he_o may_v content_v himself_o at_o first_o with_o read_v the_o instruction_n we_o have_v give_v he_o here_o in_o this_o little_a treatise_n which_o may_v make_v he_o seem_v learn_v at_o a_o very_a small_a cost_n and_o afterward_o he_o may_v examine_v those_o book_n wherein_o medal_n be_v engrave_v and_o explain_v which_o will_v facilitate_v their_o knowledge_n to_o he_o without_o spend_v too_o much_o of_o his_o time_n i_o will_v tell_v he_o some_o of_o the_o most_o necessary_a city_n to_o understand_v the_o greek_a medal_n of_o city_n he_o shall_v read_v goltzius_n in_o his_o sicily_n in_o his_o great_a greece_n and_o the_o isle_n the_o knowledge_n necessary_a for_o those_o sort_n of_o medal_n will_v be_v find_v there_o consular_a for_o the_o roman_a family_n he_o shall_v get_v fulvius_n vrsinus_n enlarge_v by_o m._n patin_n for_o sure_a nothing_o be_v better_a perform_v upon_o this_o subject_a imperial_a for_o the_o imperial_a he_o must_v needs_o have_v a_o occo_n of_o the_o last_o edition_n because_o mezzabarba_n be_v imperfect_a have_v reserve_v the_o greek_a medal_n for_o a_o second_o tome_n which_o very_o likely_a may_v never_o be_v publish_v from_o his_o description_n may_v be_v learn_v the_o first_o notion_n of_o medal_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n a_o idea_n how_o to_o rank_v the_o series_n in_o a_o chronological_a order_n patin_n though_o m._n patin_n in_o his_o great_a work_n of_o the_o imperial_a coin_n have_v only_o engrave_v those_o of_o the_o middle_a copper_n yet_o much_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o it_o for_o all_o metal_n and_o size_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a resemblance_n of_o his_o figure_n gevartius_n but_o for_o want_v of_o this_o he_o must_v endeavour_v to_o procure_v the_o cabinet_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o arschot_n publish_v by_o gevartius_n with_o explanation_n almost_o all_o common_a medal_n may_v be_v find_v there_o oiselius_fw-la if_o oiselius_fw-la be_v add_v to_o it_o his_o explanation_n be_v better_a still_o hemelatius_n it_o be_v true_a these_o author_n proper_o speak_v have_v only_o treat_v of_o copper_n medal_n yet_o there_o be_v some_o for_o gold_n one_o as_o hemelatius_n canon_n of_o antwerp_n who_o have_v write_v a_o particular_a volume_n concern_v they_o m._n patin_n in_o his_o treasure_n have_v give_v we_o a_o very_a fine_a collection_n of_o silver_n one_o to_o which_o he_o have_v also_o add_v some_o medaillons_n and_o