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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A56252	The history of popedom, containing the rise, progress, and decay thereof, &c. written in High Dutch by Samuel Puffendorff ; translated into English by J.C.	Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr von, 1632-1694.; Chamberlayne, John, 1666-1723.	1691 (1691)	Wing P4176; ESTC R5058	76,002	238

Learned Men. They have likewise in the Romish Church made a great Reformation amongst the ordinary Priests and Friars and that brutality and ignorance which heretofore was so common amongst them is now no more to be seen The brave and learned Sermons of Luther was that which at first procur'd him and his Disciples so great a concourse of people they edified a great many by the excellent Books which they put out in their Mother tongue to excite them to Meditation Piety Prayer and Spiritual Exercises both which the Papists have since imitated and there are found amongst them a great many good Preachers and wholesome Books of Prayer and Meditation so that at present the Protestant Clergy have no longer reason to reproach the Romish with their want of that modesty and excellent conduct which they observe in the external Service of God They are also well versed in all Controversies and are ready with whole dozens of distinctions for every objection made against them for example whereas there is nothing can be more ridiculously invented than the Pope's distributing out Indulgences for twenty or thirty Thousand Years they give it a colour with the distinction of intensivè and extensivè potentialiter and actualiter wherein the young Students take a great deal of pleasure and the ignorant imagine some great Mysteries to be invelopt therein whereas also in Luther's time the ignorance of the Clergy and their hatred to Learned Men was so prejudicial to the Popedom those of that Communion and especially the Jesuits have since found remedies for that inconvenience for the Jesuits have not only taken upon them the Information and Instruction of the youth but in the Countries where they are establish'd they have as 't were made a Monopoly thereof so that learning is now so far from being any longer prejudicial to 'em that it procures them great advantages Lastly They desisted from the propagation of their Religion with Fire and Sword and endeavour'd to allure the chiefest of the Protestants with good Words great Promises and effectual Preferments Those that will go over to 'em if they have any parts and capacities are sure to make their Fortunes to which upon the account of their Church's Riches they have the best opportunity in the World Whereas on the contrary if any one of them would turn Protestant and does not bring means along with him or is not of a more than ordinary understanding he has nothing but contemptible poverty to expect Lastly The House of Austria has much contributed to the raising up and restoring of the Popedom by driving out the Protestants not only out of its hereditary Lands but likewise from Bohemia and the depending Provinces and lately out of all Hungary or else by obliging them to embrace the Romish Religion Sect. 29. From what has been said before may easily be understood how and by what means this Spiritual Monarchy has insinuated it self in the Western part of Christendom but that you may the better conceive the structure and all the resorts of this Machine 't would not be amiss if we consider'd the Pope two ways first as he is one of the Princes of Italy and secondly as the Ghostly Soveraign of the Occidental Churches As to the first we say That the Pope may very well pass for one of the greatest Lords in Italy but under this consideration must he yield to most of the Potentates of Europe his Territories are the City of Rome with its Dependances on both the sides the Tyber the Dutchy of Benevento in the Kingdom of Naples of Spoletto Urbin and Ferrara the Marquisate of Ancona several places in Hetruria as also the Romaniola or Flaminia containing the Cities of Bolonia and Ravenna in France he has the County of Avignon Parma is a Fee of the Church which Paul the third invested his Son Peter Lewis Farnesse with tho' since that time it has been resolv'd that for the future it shall not be in the Pope's power to alienate the vacant Fees nor invest any one with the Church-Lands for fear of weakning the Papal State and to the end that the Pope might have wherewithal to maintain his Court if it should happen that any part of his Foreign Revenues should fail or come short The Kingdom of Naples is likewise a Fee or Copy-Hold of the Church in acknowledgment of which the King of Spain does yearly present the Pope with a white Hackney and five Thousand Ducats As for the Pope's Pretensions upon other Lands they are now no longer passable All these Countries are peopled and fertile enough and do comprehend a great many considerable Towns and Cities from whence the Pope does yearly draw about two millions of Gold and his Officers are very careful that the People may not grow too rich Though there are good Souldiers enough to be found in the Pope's Dominions yet his Militia is not very considerable whilst the means he uses to maintain his Countries are quite contrary to those of other Princes He keeps ready equipp'd about Twenty Gallies which usually lie at Civita Vecchia The politick Maxims of the Pope which he as temporal Prince puts in practice do mostly consist in the maintaining of the Peace in Italy and retaining it in the same posture and condition as it is at present and especially in suppressing any upstart Power that may give Laws to all the rest Besides 't is his peculiar Interest to hinder the Turk from getting footing in Italy and in case of any Invasion to unite not only all the Italian Princes but likewise all Christendom against him who likewise ought not to suffer that this noble Country fall into the hands of those Barbarians The Pope has now no reason to be alarm'd by Germany as long as it does continue in its present form of Government But if it should happen to fall under an Absolute Monarchy it might easily revive its old pretensions Spain and France are those which can only give the Pope his hand full of business and therefore in respect of those it is the Pope's Interest to foment a continual Division betwixt them or to balance them so equally that neither may be able to trample upon the other I don't doubt but the Pope wishes with all his Heart that the Spaniard were not so near a Neighbour to him in Italy and would not be sorry to see him driven out of Naples but there 's no probability that he could effect that himself and to call in the French to drive out the Spanish were to leap out of the Frying-pan into the Fire Therefore the Pope must be contented to hinder the Spanish from making any greater Progress in Italy and if at any time Spain should attempt it France and the rest of the Italian Princes would soon be upon their backs Nor is it less the Pope's Interest to hinder France from getting so sure footing there as to be able to sway the Affairs of that Country according to its own will

be free especially whilst it seem'd very strange to them that the Pope who was a Clergy-man should likewise be a Temporal Prince 't was upon this Account that Rome took up Arms and drove out of their City Pope Leo the third who betaking himself to Charlemain was by him Re-establish'd in his Popedom But on the other side the Pope conjointly with the People of Rome declar'd Charlemain Emperor whereby he became Sovereign over the Exarchate of Ravenna and other places of Italy which had rais'd themselves into free States out of the Ruins of the Western Empire so that afterwards the Pope himself held those Lands dependently of the Emperor who was likewise named Advocatus et Defensor Ecclesiae which lasted till the time of the Emperor Henry the fourth Sect. 21. But at last this Advocacy or Protection of the Emperor began to seem tedious to the Popes because they could not be elected without the Emperors consent and confirmation who us'd likewise to curb them when they grew insolent and proceeded even sometimes to the deposal of them Now to shake off this heavy Yoke of the Emperor the Popes left no stone unturn'd and took a wonderful deal of pains before they could attain to their desire 'T was therefore they labour'd so earnestly to give the Emperors their hands full of work sometimes in Germany sometimes in Italy thereby to weaken their power and authority To which the German Bishops did not a little concurr who were not well pleas'd to be under the Subjection of the Emperor and receive their Bishopricks at his hands Therefore they conspir'd with the Pope to establish an absolute Sovereignty in the Church And to put this their design in Execution they found no time more convenient or proper than the Reign of Henry the fourth who by reason of his dissolute life and Government was in perpetual dissention with his States of Germany Therefore when Gregory the seventh who was before nam'd Hildebrand ascended the Papal Chair being a proud ambitious and resolute man he began to exclaim against the Emperor giving out that the distribution of Ecclesiastical Benefices did not belong to him because he made a scandalous Traffick of them selling them to people of an ill repute and installing them therein before they had taken Holy orders and because the Emperor undertook to defend his just Rights the Pope thunder'd out an Excommunication and animated the Bishops and the other Sates of Germany against him and gave him so much trouble and vexation that at last he was fain to abandon his Right of bestowing the Bishopricks and leave them wholly in the Pope's disposal But the Pope's main aim was not so much to free the Bishops from the Emperor's jurisdiction as to make himself Supreme in Italy and to bring all the Princes in Subjection to the Papal Chair And some are of opinion that he might at last have effected what he had begun whilst Europe at that time was divided into so many little Lordships and most of 'em had weak and inconsiderable Princes and a great many of them either out of devotion or else for fear of being swallow'd up by the Great Ones chose freely to submit themselves to the Papal Chair and to pay him Tribute So that if there had but succeeded three or four Popes as Couragious and cunning as Gregory covering their design with the veil of Religion and taking the specious pretext of Defending the peoples interest against the oppression of their Princes they had made themselves temporal as well as Spiritual Monarchs And the Pope did not only pretend to slip his neck out of the collar and free himself from the Emperor's power but he did likewise endeavour to make him take his turn and to submit him to his own Authority for he made himself Judge of the Emperor's Actions summon'd him to appear before his Tribunal and answer to the Complaints which his Subjects made against him and by reason of his Non-appearance he declar'd him Excommunicated and fallen from the Empire and altho' his Son Henry the fifth endeavour'd to recover what the Popes had squeez'd out of his Father and seizing upon Pope Paschal obliged him to restore to him his right of investing the Bishops yet the Clergy of Europe were so discontented therewith and teas'd him continually till they had forced him in the Year 1122. to resign for ever that Right to the Pope Not long before the same dispute arose in England which at last in the Year 1107. was thus adjusted The King should no longer insist upon his Right of investing the Bishops and they in acknowledgment of that Favour should do him Homage which Article was not very pleasing to the Pope who had been better contented if they had refus'd to pay any sort of submission to their King as he did effectually forbid the Bishops of France to do but Lewis the sixth and his Successors stood up so stoutly in defence of this their Right that the Pope was forced with shame to quit his pretensions Besides fearing to draw upon his Head two Powerful Monarchs of Germany and France he thought it better to keep in with one whom he in time of need might oppose against the other especially whilest it was not so much his interest to weaken the French King with whom he had not so many Feathers to pluck as to humble the Emperor who was then very Powerful in Italy and endeavoured to bring into subjection the City of Rome besides he knew that Germany was not so streightly United as France and whilest the other Princes were jealous and apprehensive of the Emperor's Greatness they easily agreed with the Pope to humble him a little which design they palliated with the pretence of Protecting the Papal Chair and the Church's Authority 'T is true Frederick the first and the second used all their efforts to re-establish the Imperial Power o'er the Pope but ineffectually whilest Italy was divided into the two Factions of the Guelphs and Gihelines the former of which held with the Pope the latter with the Emperor and caus'd so obstinate and implacable quarrels that it was impossible for the Emperor to reduce Italy to a perfect Obedience And after the death of Frederick the second whilst all things were in a strange confusion by reason of the long Interregnum that then Succeeded the following Emperors thank'd God that they could maintain themselves Peaceably in Germany without troubling their Heads any more with the affairs of Italy so that the Popes have quietly exercis'd their Sovereignty as well personally as in respect of the Goods of the Romish Church Sect. 22. But this Greatness could not terminate the Pope's Ambition but was the occasion of his starting another Doctrine which serv'd to extend his power far beyond that of all other Princes for it maintain'd a sort of an indirect Authority right of examining and animadverting on the actions of all the temporal Soveraigns and tho' it was not said in

the Holy Chair Sect. 39. As for those that have revolted from the Pope tho' he would not be sorry to find them reduc'd again under his Jurisdiction yet he does not desire that by their ruins any Prince should become so great as to render himself formidable to all Europe for 't is better to give my Enemy his Life than to seek to deprive him of it at the cost of my own thus we see how great fears and jealousies the Victorious Progress of Charles the fifth's Arms against the Protestants occasion'd at Rome since it oblig'd Pope Paul the third to recall those Troups which he had destin'd to the Emperor's Service and had Philip the second subdu'd England Sixtus the fifth would too late have repented his rash promoting that Catholick Design So Gregory the fifteenth in the War of the Valteline sided with the Grisons against the Spaniards tho' the first were of the Reform'd Religion nor was Urban the eighth displeas'd to see the House of Austria mortifi'd by Gustavus Adolphus King of Suedeland because the Emperor in the business of Mantua had shown as little mercy to the Catholicks as before to the Protestants and 't is said that when Ferdinand the second desir'd a sum of Money which the same Pope had promised him instead thereof he sent him and his Army a plenary Indulgence at the hour of Death that they might with greater confidence expose themselves to all dangers Nor was the Court of Rome less apprehensive some years ago when the French King made so great Progresses in the United Provinces that the ruin of the Republick seem'd inevitable But tho' the Pope does not desire the weakning of the Protestant party by which rough means yet it cannot be denied that he uses all sort of slights and devices to allure them from their Religion amongst which the principal are to maintain a discord amongst the Protestants to flatter the Princes of that perswasion and by giving them Popish Wives to place a Serpent in their bosom to entice the cadets or younger Brothers of great Families by Spiritual Dignities and fat Benefices by making all those extreamly welcome that go over to 'em and instead of amusing themselves unsuccessfully to write Books against the Protestant Divines to cherish those disputes and quarrels that are amongst them and it is visibly certain that the Romish Clergy have made very great progresses in this last Age and are in a condition of making greater comforting themselves with a malicious joy to see that their Adversaries by internal Schisms weaken and destroy each other Sect. 40. From what has been here said may easily be judged Whether ever any Accommodation can be expected between the Protestants and Papists whilst each Party abandoning some of their Tenents shall make such Advances as at last to agree in one common Confession of their Faith and leave the rest as obscure and useless to be disputed of in the Schools or else that both might keep their Opinions and that notwithstanding the difference of Religions they might live with one another as Brethren in Christ and Members of one and the same Communion Yet if we rightly examine the state of affairs and the Principles of the Popish Religion we must own that all such Accommodations are morally impossible for we do not only discover an extream jarring and contradiction of Doctrines but the Interests of each are quite opposite and contrary one to another For first the Pope would willingly re-enter into the possession of the Church-Goods but he will find it hard to get so sweet a Morsel out of the Protestants Clutches Then again the Pope would fain be acknowledged the Head of Christendom but the Protestants will never part with the jus circa sacra the choicest Jewel of their Soveraignty and it is a contradictio in adjecto to live in good intelligence and friendship with the Pope and not own him at the same time the supreme Monarch of the Church Just as if any Stranger should desire to be naturaliz'd and made a free Denison of England and yet refuse to acknowledge the King his Soveraign Lord. The Infallibility of the Pope is likewise the Corner-stone of the Popedom which if once taken away the whole Structure will fall to the Ground and therefore the Pope par raison d'etat cannot yield the least of those points which occasion the Division betwixt the Protestants and Papists for if the Pope should own that any the least part of that Doctrine which he has hitherto maintain'd is false he must grant at the same time that he is not infallible Can he therefore err in one point He may easily err in another But if the Protestants grant that one Article of the Pope's Infallibility they must also give him all the other controverted points Now 't is non-sence to imagine that the Protestants will ever retract all that they have written against the Pope and should the Laity be brought to do it what will the Clergy do Where will they dispose of their Wives and Children c. Therefore how good and how pious soever their Intention may have been who have propos'd any means of an Accommodation between the Protestants and Papists which they call by the name of Syncretism yet they are in reality nothing but pure Whimsies and serve only to furnish matter of Raillery and Diversion to the Papists who are also very well contented that the Protestant Divines should amuse themselves with such Chimaera's since they are sure to get by it but never lose any thing forasmuch as the Protestants do not only fall foul upon one another on the account of this pretended Syncretism but the common and united zeal which they heretofore bare against the Papists is thereby extreamly weakened for any one that does not understand the matter to the botom when he hears them talk of an Accommodation will easily be perswaded that the Difference betwixt us is not so great or capital as has been represented Now he that admits such thoughts will at the same time be apt to revolve in his mind the benefits and advantages he may find in the Roman Communion and then he 'll make no great scruple to bid adieu to the Protestant Religion for 't is with their Religion as with a Maiden-head or Town besieg'd which run a great risque of being lost when once they begin to parley Sect. 41. 'T is a quaere whether the Pope with the united help of all of his Perswasion can bring the Protestants by force under his Jurisdiction We answer That the Papists do considerably excel the Protestants in number for on the Pope's side is all Italy Spain Portugal France and the greatest part of Poland as well as the weakest Cantons of Switzerland In Germany are all the Austrian Provinces the Kingdom of Bohemia almost all Upper Hungary the Bishops and Prelates the House of Bavaria and Newburg the Marquesate of Baden and some other Princes of less consideration a great number of

Counts Lords Free Knighthoods and Imperial Cities besides a great many in Protestant Countries which all together according to my Estimate will amount to two thirds of Germany In Holland we find a great many Papists and there were a great many of the same leaven in England though God be thanked since the Happy Coming of Their Present Majesties to the Crown the Land is pretty well scowr'd of them On the other side we reckon among the Protestants the Kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland with all their dependences Suedeland Denmark Holland the most of the Temporal Electors and Princes together with the Imperial Cities of Germany The Protestants of France are at present disarm'd those of Poland are not in a condition to undertake any thing the Cities of Prussia and Curland have enough to do to maintain the free exercise of their Religion Transylvania can do but little And the Papists have besides this advantage above the Protestants That they all of 'em own the Pope for Supreme Head of their Church and do at least with their Mouth and externally profess one and the same Faith But on the contrary the Protestants have no visible Spiritual Head but are miserably divided amongst themselves for not to mention those little Sects of Arminians Socinians Anabaptists and the rest their Body is divided into almost two equal parts of Lutherans and Calvinists amongst which a great many are as much imbitter'd against one another as they are against the Common Enemy the Papists Besides there is no general Policy or Government in the Religion amongst them but in every state the particular Soveraign regulates the Affairs thereof according to his own will and pleasure Nor can it be denied that commonly speaking the Papists do with more Zeal Labour and Industry promote the advancement and propagation of their Religion than do the Protestants who have mostly in view how they may conveniently subsist by their Benefices as the chiefest prospect of Handicrafts-men is how to get their Living by the Trade to which they apply themselves So that the search of the Kingdom of God is as the reserve and the last thing they take care for Whereas the Monks and Jesuites on the contrary have brought themselves into great repute by their Missions both into the East and West Indies and though in the relations they give us thereof they intermit a thousand fabulous reports yet the thing in it self is extreamly laudable In fine there is such an irreconcileable Jealousie among the chiefest of the Protestant States that it is morally impossible ever to perswade them to submit to one Head As for example Betwixt England and Holland Suedeland and Denmark not to mention the rest Though again it must be owned too that there are no less Jealousies between France and Spain which will scarcely permit them to act unanimously against the Protestants So that notwithstanding the great inequality in strength that there is between the Protestants and Papists the former need never apprehend the Oppression of the latter In the mean while there is a great difference between the Protestants that form an Independent State and those that are under the Yoke of Popish Lords for these are not half so well assur'd of the maintenance of their Religion as are the others Thus the Security of the French Protestants depends on the bare word of the King and the Edict of Nantes so that they would be in a sad condition if the French King should at any time be possest with a Spanish or Austrian Zeal Yet I don't believe he will ever undertake to force them in the matter of Religion as long as they live peaceably and contented with that Liberty he allows them especially if he considers the good Service they rendered to his Grandfather Henry the Fourth and that he himself without their assistance had never arrived to the Crown of France Nor can Poland easily suppress the exercise of the Protestant Religion in Curland and Prussia as long as Dantzick enjoys its Liberty In Germany the Protestants are strong enough So that if they were united under one Head they would make a formidable Kingdom but the great number of their Chiefs the diversity of their Interests and their distance from one another diminishes their Strength very considerably so that the Emperor in the space of an hundred years had twice reduc'd them to such a condition that their Religion and Liberty which are so inseparably annex'd that the loss of one would have been a necessary consequence of the other's loss had both been ruin'd without the assistance of France and Suedeland 'T is true of late years some have pretended to hold forth this new Maxim That the Protestants in Germany are able to subsist and maintain their Liberties without the help of those two Crowns and that Brandenburg is very fit to have the management and direction in Chief of all their Affairs And 't is indeed the real Interest of the House of Austria that such an Opinion should prevail among the Protestants 'T is with this Pretext that the Brandenburger and the House of Lunenburg cover the desire they have of putting themselves in possession of those Lands which the King of Suedeland has in Germany whilst they give out They are as well able to maintain them in the enjoyment of their Liberty and Religion as the other Protestant States Yet it is most certain that if these two Houses should attain their ends their additional Grandeur would render them less formidable to the Emperor than they are at present whilst back'd and supported by the King of Suedeland And they are no less deceived if they think to find as sure a Support from Denmark or Holland as they have received from France and Suedeland And thirdly Should the Emperor once attain to his desire and dispossessing those two Crowns of what they have at present in Germany introduce again the Spanish Faction and mortifie the States by the maintenance of a standing Army and other Inconveniences of War who at such a time could oblige the Emperor to disband his Victorious Troops And if for example the Emperor could find no Pretext to keep his Army together and to oblige the Protestants to maintain it at their cost will Brandenburg and Lunenburg make head against him And fourthly If in case the Protestant States should not find themselves equal to so vast a Work Whether those two Crowns would at their Call come and help them And whether their own Affairs would permit them to undertake so important a design Or lastly Whether there would fall down from Heaven another Gustavus Adolphus to redeem them from the very brink of Destruction and make as great a progress as that mighty Conqueror once did And as for such as believe that the Security of the Protestant Religion can consist alone in Parchment and Seals or that the Emperor will not attempt the Soveraignty of Germany if ever a fair occasion presents it self whilst he