the Persian War by Neoptolemus his Verses Philip's Pride His Murther The Cause of it and how it was done and by whom WHen Pythodorus was chief Governor of Athens and Quintus Publius and Tiberius Olymp. 111. 1. Ant. Ch. 334. An. M. 3609. Aemilius Mamercus were Roman Consuls the Hundred and Eleventh Olympiad was celebrated wherein Cleomentis Cletorius wan the Prize In this Year Philip began the War against the Persians and forthwith sent A taâ—us and Parmenio before into Asia to free the Greek Cities there from Slavery He himself intending to have the Concurrence of the Gods consulted the Oracle at Delphos whether or no he should be victorious over Philip consults the Oracle the King of Persia The Answer was thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Ox is crown'd when 's end is near at hand To offer him a Man doth ready stand This doubtful Answer Philip constru'd to his own advantage as if the Oracle had expresly foretold that he should lead away the Persian King as a Victim to the Sacrifice But in truth it fell out quite otherwise and by the effect it appear'd that it had a contrary Signification to wit that Philip in a Throng at the time of a Sacred Festival was to be knock'd on the Head like a Bullock crown'd with a Garland for Sacrifice In the mean time he was very jocund as if he had conquer'd Asia already and concluded the Gods were engag'd with him in the Expedition Without delay therefore he offer'd most costly and magnificent Sacrifices and at the same time solemnized the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra by Olympias He Marry'd her to Alexander King of Epirus Brother of Olympias Having therefore a desire of a considerable Appearance of Philip's pompous Festivals at the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra the Graecians at this Nuptial Festivity conjoin'd with his Religious Sacrifices he made most pompous Preparation for the Entertainment of his Friends and Guests both with Musick Dancing and Feasting To this End he Invited those that were his special Friends and Familiars all over Greece and commanded his Servants and Attendants that they should invite as many Strangers from all Places as were of their own Acquaintance And his main design in all this was that he might assure all the Graecians of his Kindness towards them and testify his Gratitude by these Friendly Entertainments for the Honours conferr'd upon him A vast Concourse of People therefore were got together from all Places to the Solemnity of these Nuptials which were magnificently Solemniz'd at * Or Aegeas Aeges in Macedonia with all sorts of Sports and Plays so that not only Noblemen and Persons of Quality but even many great Cities presented Philip with Crowns of Gold Among the Cities Athens made one and when the Common Cryer with a loud Voice presented the Crown sent from them to Philip he clos'd with this That if any Plotter of Treason against Philip should hereafter slee to Athens for shelter he should be forthwith deliver'd up By this accidental Publication of this Cryer it seem'd to be intimated as it were by some Divine Providence that some piece of Treachery was near at hand to be executed There were several other the like Words as by a Divine Instigation uttered which portended the King's Death There was then at the Festival Neoptolemus the Tragedian Neoptolemus the Poet. remarkable above all others for the Loudness of his Voice and Famous and Eminent in other respects He had commanded him to repeat some Verses which he was ordered to compose especially relating to the Persian Expedition Whereupon he began to recite a Witty Poem proper as he thought to Philip's intended Passage into Asia wherein he set forth the Glory and Greatness of the Persian King and though he was so Famous all the World over yet that Fortune would some time or other bring him down The Poem was thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Y 're Minds are Higher than the Sky o'er-grown The greatest part of Earth you wish y 're own Houses to Houses join Fools without end You would y 're Lives as well as Lands extend But doleful Death alas Although ye do Creep towards it will gallop unto you Of long Hopes very shortly cut the Clue He added likewise other to the same Sense with these But Philip resting wholly upon these recited his Thoughts were altogether full of his Conquering the King of Persia And he much revolv'd in his Mind the Answer given him by the Oracle which agreed in all Points with the Words of the Tragedian After the Feast for that time was ended and the Sports were to be renew'd the next Day a great number of People in the Night-time flock'd into the Theatre And whereas twelve Images of the Gods amongst other sumptuous Preparations most curiously wrought and richly adorn'd were brought forth in pompous Procession the Image of Philip cloth'd like the Gods in every respect made the Thirteenth hereby arrogating to Philip's Pride himself a Place as if he would be inthron'd among the * There were 12 chief Gods among the Greeks they were call'd Olympii their Names Jupiter Mars Mercury Neptune Vulcan Apollo Juno Vesta Minerva Ceres Diana Venus Vid. Herodotus in Terpsicore Gods The Theatre being now full he himself came forth cloathed in a white Robe his Life-Guard following him at a great Distance designing thereby to evidence it to all that he judg'd himself secure in the Hearts and Affections of the Grecians and therefore stood not in need of the Guard of his Halberteers While he was thus with loud and joyful Acclamations cry'd up as it were to the Stars and the whole Multitude resounded his Praise upon a sudden and beyond all Mens expectation he was treacherously †Phi. murder'd murther'd But for the Clearer and more distinct Understanding of the History in this matter we This was about our 24th of September The manner and occasion of Philip's Murther shall first relate the Causes and Grounds of this Assassination There was one Pausanias a Macedonian of the City call'd Oristis one of the King's Esquires of the Body and for his Beauty dearly belov'd of him This Man taking notice how much another young Youth of the same Name was doted on by Philip fell upon him with very foul and opprobrious Language telling him he was an * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hermaphradite for that he prostituted himself to the Lust of every one that would He resented this Disgrace very ill but conceal'd it for a while Afterwards consulting with Attalus what was to be done for the future he determin'd presently after in an unusual manner to put an end to his own Life For within a while after in a Battel wherein Philip was engag'd against Plurias King of the Illyrians Pausanias in the heat of the Fight interpos'd himself between the
Samians who approached their City easily reduced it and there established a Democracy And having impos'd a Mulct of Eighty Talents upon them and receiv'd as many Youths for Hostages he committed them to the care and custody of the Lemnians and so having in a short time finish'd with good success all for which he was sent he return'd to Athens After this a grievous Sedition happen'd in Samos some being for the Democracy Seditions in Samos others endeavouring to set up an Aristocracy whereby the City was in a mighty popular Tumult They who were against the Democracy went over to Sardis in Asia to Pissuthines the Persian Governor to desire aid who lends them Seven Hundred Soldiers hoping by this means to bring Samos under his power P. 302. The Samians with this aid loosing from Asia in the Night stole secretly upon the City and by the help of their Accomplices enter'd and surpriz'd it and being thus easily possess'd forthwith eject all of the contrary Faction Then having stollen and carry'd away the Hostages out of Lemnos and strengthen'd Samos with Garrisons they declare themselves open Enemies against the Athenians who again send against them Pericles with Sixty Sail who overcame them in a Sea Fight though they had Seventy Sail. Upon this with the help of Twenty Five Ships which join'd him from Chios and Mitylene he besieg'd Samos and some few Days after leaving part of his Forces to maintain the Siege with the rest he made against the Phenician Fleet which the Persians sent to the aid of the Samians The Samians taking advantage of the opportunity of his departure suddenly set upon the rest of his Fleet and routed them with which success they grew very proud and haughty But Pericles hearing of the ruin of his Fleet left behind return'd without delay and got together a strong and numerous Navy fully resolving utterly to ruin the Enemy's Fleet And being speedily supplied by the Athenians with Threescore Ships and with Thirty from Chios and Mitylene he renew'd the Siege both by Sea and Land wearying the City with continual Assaults He was the first that made use of those warlike Engines call'd Battering Rams and Scorpions by the assistance and ingenuity Battering-Rams and Scorpions Ant. Chr. 439. of Artemon the Lacedemonian And by his fierce and violent Assaults battering down the Walls with his Engines the City fell into his Hands And after he had put to Death the Authors of the defection he caus'd the Samians to pay Two Hundred Talents in Compensation for the charge of the War He carry'd away likewise all their Ships and demolish'd the Walls and when he had restored the Democracy return'd into his own Country To this time the Thirty Years Truce between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians continued unviolated And with these things was this Year remarkable When Myrichides govern'd the state of Athens Lucius Julius and Marcus Geganius Olym. 85. 1. An. Mu. 3531. Ant. Chr. 438. were Roman Consuls The Eleans then celebrated the Eighty Fifth Olympiad in which Crisus of Himera was the Second Victor In these times in Sicily Ducetius formerly Prince of the Siculi planted the Country of the Callatines and having setled there many Colonies began at length to take upon him the Sovereign power over the Siculi But falling sick both his Life and his Designs Ducetius dies vanish'd together The Syracusians now being Lords of all the Cities of Sicily except Trinacria War between the Syracusians and Trinacrians resolv'd to gain that likewise by force of Arms for they were exceedingly jealous of the Trinacrians because they were very rich lest they should at any time after gain the Sovereignty of the * Sicilians Siculi to whom they were related as Kindred This City both then and ever had many valiant Men amongst them and upon that account was ever esteem'd the principal City of the Siculi for it was full of good Commanders Men of brave and daring Spirits The Syracusians therefore gathered together all their Forces both from Syracuse and from among their Confederates and march'd against the Trinacrians who being destitute of all assistance by reason the rest of the Cities were subject to Syracuse were in a bloody Battel hard put to it and after a resolute and valiant opposition all gallantly dy'd upon the spot For those that were wounded rather than to undergo the disgrace of being Captives dispatched themselves They of Syracuse having obtain'd this Victory over a People never before subdu'd P. 303. made all the Inhabitants Captives and raz'd the City to the Ground The richest of the Spoils they sent to Delphos as a grateful Offering to the Gods CHAP. VI. The Corinthian War against Corcyra Potidea revolts from the Athenians Quarrels in Thurium Meton's Year Heraclea in Italy built Potidea besieg'd by Phormio GLaucides the Chief Magistrate of Athens Titus Quintus and Agrippa Furius Olym. 85. 2. An. M. 3533. Ant. Ch. 437. Consuls of Rome The Syracusians being Victorious as is before related fell a building of Ships of Three Oars upon a Bank and doubling the number of their Horse busi'd themselves in raising a Land-Army And that they might raise and get together a great Treasure and Fond of Money they exacted larger Contributions from their Subjects and this they did with a Design to subject all Sicily by degrees to their Dominion Whilst these things were in doing the Corinthian War as it 's call'd broke The Corinthian War forth upon the following occasion The Epidamnians the Inhabitants of the Coasts of the Adriatick Sea being Colonies brought from Corcyra and Corinth were greatly distress'd with Tumults and Seditions amongst themselves where the stronger Party cast many of the contrary Faction out of the City whereupon the Exiles join'd together and calling the Illyrians to their Assistance and Confederacy they made against Epidamnum with a great Fleet And being the Barbarians were very strong they easily possess'd themselves of the Country and besieged the City They of Epidamnum not able to resist so great a Force Ant. Chr. 437. sent to Corcyra for aid who were of the same Stock and Kindred but being disregarded by them they made their Application to the Corinthians owning that City to be their only Metropolis and desired a Supply of more Citizens in the room of those that were ejected The Corinthians partly out of pity to them of Epidamnum and partly out of an old grudge they bore them of Corcyra for that they only of all the Colonies brought from them thither neglected to send to them as their Metropolis the usual Offerings decreed Aid to be sent to them of Epidamnum And accordingly they sent both a new Supply of Citizens and a Guard of Souldiers sufficient for the defence of the City The Corcyreans much inrag'd at this fitted out a Fleet of Fifty Sail against them The Admiral of which Fleet after his arrival commanded them of Epidamnum to receive the Exiles And then
Mindarus yet they were not discourag'd but created Lysander Admiral of their Navy a most Expert Souldier Bold and Daring Lysander the Lacedemonian General and ready to undertake any thing through all Hazards whatsoever As soon as he enter'd upon his Command he rais'd no small number of Souldiers throughout all Pelopenesus and furnish'd the Eleet with Seamen as well as in the present Circumstances he was able and presently arriving at Rhodes he got together as many Ships from thence and the rest of the Towns as he could and then sail'd away with what Ships h ehad to Ephesus and Miletus where being further supply'd from these Cities and with others from Chios he set forth from Ephesus with a Fleet of Seventy Sail. But when he understood that Cyrus the Son of Darius was sent from his Father with Orders to assist the Lacedemonians in the War he made a Darius sends his Son Cyrus to assist the Lacedemonians Journy to him to Sardis and after several Arguments made to encourage the Young Man to prosecute the War against the Athenians he forthwith receiv'd from him Ten thousand * Fifteen Sh. apiece Gold Daricans for Pay of his Souldiers with Command from Cyrus to proceed without doubting his Assistance for that he was commanded by his Father to spare no Costs for the Supply of the Lacedemonians in whatsoever they should undertake From thence he return'd to Ephesus and sent for the Principal Men of every Neighbouring Town and having enter'd into a League and Confederacy with them promis'd if the War succeeded he would make every one of them a Prince in his own City Upon this each strove to exceed another and supply'd him with more than was requir'd in so much as they abundantly furnish'd Lysander with all things †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Alcibiades sails to Ephesus Necessary for the War sooner than could in reason be imagin'd When Alcibiades understood that Lysander was preparing a Fleet at Ephesus he made away with his whole Navy thither where he enter'd the Port without Opposition and Anchor'd with many of his Vessels near Notium and gave the Command to Antiochus the Captain of his own Vessel with strict Charge not to Fight till he return'd In the mean time He Himself sail'd with several Men of War to Clazomenes which City yet standing firm to the Athenians was greatly oppress'd by the Devastations made by some Exiles But Antiochus naturally Rash and Hasty earnestly desirous to perform something Remarkable by his own Contrivance without any Regard to the Command of Alcibiades Mans Ten of the Best Gallies and Commands the Captains and Officers of the Fleet to be ready and prepar'd with the rest of the Ships to fall in where there should be Occasion Upon this he makes up to the Enemy and dares 'em to Battle Lysander being inform'd by some Deserters that Alcibiades Ant. Ch. 405. P. 369. with the Best of the Men of War were gone off now conceiv'd he had a sit Opportunity put into his Hands to do something worthy of the Spartan Name In Order thereunto he makes forth the whole Fleet against Antiochus and one of the Ten which sail'd before the rest and in which Antiochus was he presently sinks and puts all the rest to Flight and pursues them till the Athenian Officers The Athenian Fleet routed at Ephesus in the other Vessels in great Confusion came up to their Assistance And now the Fleets on both sides were wholly engag'd not far off from the Land In short the Athenians by reason of the Disorder they were in were beaten with the Loss of two and twenty of their Ships Some few of the Men were taken but the rest swam to Shore As soon as Alcibiades heard of the Defeat he sail'd back with all Speed to Notium and having sufficiently Man'd and Refitted his Gallies he sail'd into the Enemies Port but Lysander not daring to Engage it was determin'd to sail away for Samos While these things were done Thrasybulus the Athenian General with fifteen Gallies came up to ‖ Thasus an Island in the Aegean Sea Thasus where he routed the Citizens and kill'd about two hundred of them and then so straitly besieg'd them that at length they were inforc'd to receive again those that favour'd the Athenians into the City and to take in a Garrison and renew their Confederacy with the Athenians Thence Ant. Chr. 405. he sail'd to Abdera the most Potent City of Thrace and brought them over to the Athenians These were the things done by the Athenian Generals from the time they left Athens About this time Agis the Lacedemonian King lay incamp'd with his Army Agis the Lacedemonian King near surprizing of Athens at Deoelea where having Intelligence that the Flower and Strength of the Athenians were gone away with Alcibiades he march'd up to Athens silently in a dark Night having with him eight and twenty thousand Foot half of which were Old Souldiers very well arm'd the other half were but Raw and * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lightly Arm'd Besides these there follow'd him twelve hundred Horse nine of which were Beotians and the rest from Peloponesus He was not discern'd by the Watch till he was close at hand and so fell upon them unawares and slew some and forc'd the rest within the Walls Hereupon the Athenians both Young and Old were commanded generally to betake themselves to Arms to oppose the Enemy upon which the Walls round the City were presently fill'd with them that ran thither from all Quarters As soon as it was Light and the Athenian Commanders saw the Army of the Enemy drawn up †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into a Body four in Depth and eight Furlongs or Stages in Front they were at first not little terrify'd especially two parts of the Walls being now possess'd by the Enemy But after some time they sent out a Body of Horse equal in number to the Lacedemonians Upon which the Horse on both sides engag'd in the face of them upon the Walls and the Contest was sharp for a considerable time For the Ant. Chr. 405. A Fight by Horse under the Walls of Athens Foot drawn up as is said before were as yet five Stages from the Walls and the Horse fought close under them On the one side the Beotians who had formerly routed the Athenians at Delium look'd upon it as a Dishonourable thing to be worsted by them whom they had before Conquer'd On the other the Athenians in regard they were known by all them upon the Walls who were then Eye-witnesses either of their Valour or Cowardize resolv'd through all difficulties whatsoever to be Conquerours Accordingly at length they routed the Lacedemonians and made a great Slaughter and pursu'd those that fled even close up to the Body of their Foot who making up to them the Horse return'd into the City Hereupon Agis not conceiving it now a fit time to besiege the City
resolv'd to discover the Matter to those Captains and Officers as should be able to defeat him in his Contivance and to that purpose strictly observ'd his Motions For he look'd upon it as a base and unworthy Thing that he who had undergone a good part of the Toils and Hazards of the War for the sake of his Father and Brother should be now left alone as a Prey to the Enemy without all Hopes of Deliverance He inform'd therefore some of the Captains and most considerable Officers of the intended Departure of Agathocles and his Companions the next night Whereupon all the Body forthwith made up to him P. 769. and not onâ—y put a stop to his Voyage but acquainted the common Soldiers how the Plot was laid who being both griev'd and enrag'd together laid hold on him and bound him and so committed him to custody An Anarchy following hereupon there was nothing Agathocles in Bonds by his own Men. but Tumult and Confusion throughout all the Camp And when Night came on a Rumour was spread over the Camp that the Enemy was just falling in amongst them Upon which all were so possess'd with a Panick Fear that having none to Command them every one was preparing to get away at which very time they that had the Custody of the Prince in as great a Consternation as the rest thought that some or Ant. Ch. 305. other call'd them forth who thereupon came out with Agathocles in his Chains along with them at which fight the whole Army were so affected with Pity and Compassion that they cry'd out Unloose him let him go Being freed from his Chains he presently after with a small Attendance stole away He steals out of Africa and took Shipping about * At the setting of the Pleiades or Seven Stars the beginning of October in the Night in Winter-time and away he got And thus to preserve himself forsook his Children whom the Soldiers presently upon the News of their Father's Flight knock'd on the Head and then chose Captains from among themselves and made Peace with the Carthaginians upon these His 2 Sons kill'd by the Soldiers Conditions viz. That the Greeks should receive Three hundred Talents and should restore all the Towns they then held and that all that would might take up Arms Peace made with the Carthaginians with the Carthaginians and receive the usual Pay That the rest should be transported to Sicily and should have Selinunt for their Habitation The greatest part of the Soldiers who were faithful to what they had agreed had all as faithfully perform'd to them But those Cities and Towns that held out in Hopes and Expectations of Relief from Agathocles were all taken by force of Arms whose several Governors the Carthaginians crucifi'd and the rest they bound in Chains and employ'd them to Till and Repair by their own Labours those Parts of the Country that they had before wasted and destroy'd And thus the Carthaginians after they had been harrass'd and vext with a Four Years War recover'd their former Peace and Liberty Ant. Ch. 305. In this Expedition of Agathocles into Africa any one may observe most remarkable Accidents and the Divine Providence in the Punishment inflicted upon his Sons For being routed in Sicily he lost the greatest part of his Army A little time after he overcame the Conquerors with a very inconsiderable Body of Men in Africa In Sicily being thrown out of all the Cities he was coop'd up by a close Siege within the Walls of Syracuse In Africa he gain'd all the Towns except Carthage and closely besieg'd the Carthaginians in that City by which Fortune seem'd to make it her Business to let every one see what Power she had to retrieve those Things that seem'd to be in a desperate Condition But after that Agathocles in the height of his Prosperity had murder'd Opellas against all the Laws of Friendship and Hospitality God made it manifestly apparent that for that piece of Wickedness acted upon that Man whatever happen'd to him afterwards was order'd and dispens'd by his own hand For the very Month and Day of the Month that he kill'd Ophellas and brought over to him all his Army the very Moral 〈◊〉 ‑ 〈◊〉 same Day and Month he again lost both his Sons and his Army And that which is more especially to be observ'd was That God as a just Law-giver inflicted on him a double Ant Ch 305. Punishment for he who had most wickedly destroy'd his Friend was depriv'd of two Sons together even by the Hands of those that came along with Ophellas This Remark ought not to offend those who slight and despise such Providences As for Agathocles as soon as he landed in Sicily by a hasty flight out of Africa he Agathocles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aegista sent for part of his Forces and march'd to the Consederate City of the Aegestines And being in want of Money exacted the greatest part of the Estates of those that were rich in which Place were Ten thousand Inhabitants This many of them took very heinously and met together in private Cabals But he finding out that the 〈◊〉 were plotting against him he brought most dreadful Calamity upon the City For drawing out all the Poor out of the Town he cut all their Throats upon the Bank of the River Scamander And all those who seem'd to be richer than the rest he put to several P. 770. Tortures to force them to confess how much Money they had For some he broke upon the Wheel others he bound to his Engines of Battery and shot them away like Stones And of others he cut out the Ankle-bones of their Feet and by his cruel and unmerciful Dealing put them to most horrible Torments He invented likewise another sort of Ant. Ch. 305. Punishment not much unlike the Phalerian Bull for he made a Bed of Brâ—â—s exactly after the shape of a Man wherein were several Openings and hollow Places on every side Those that he intended to torment he put into this Bed and then put fire under it and burnt them to Death In this only this Engine differ'd from the Bull. That those that perish'd and were consum'd in those strait and narrow Holes were expos'd to the view of every one He would likewise break in pieces the Ankle-Bones of some of the rich Women with Iron Pincers and cut off the Breasts of others and would sometimes lay a weight of Tiles upon the Loins of Women with Child till he forc'd the Child to leap as it were forcibly out of the Womb. While the Tyrant was in this manner endeavouring to find out all the Wealth every Body had and the whole City was in Terror and Astonishment some burnt themselves and their Houses together and others hang'd themselves And thus Aegesta in one black and doleful Day had the Prime and Flower of her Youth cut off But the young Women and Children the Tyrant transported into
nature of Nile and of the property of the Soyl. Nile runs from the South towards the North from Spring-heads hitherto unknown The nature of Nile for they are in the utmost Borders of Ethiopia where by reason of the vast Deserts and Extremity of Heat there 's no coming It 's the greatest of all other Rivers and runs through many Countries and therefore has many large Turnings and Windings sometimes making its Way to the East and Arabia and then again to the West and Lybia For it runs down from the Mountains of Ethiopia till it empties it self into the Sea at least †1920 Miles Twelve Thousand Furlongs accounting the several Windings it makes in the way In its Course it makes many Islands amongst many others in Ethiopia one remarkable for its Greatness call'd Meroes * About 3 Miles Two and Twenty Furlongs broad But in the lower Places its swelling Waves grow narrower and the Current divides it self into Two Channels towards the Continents that lye on either side the Island One of the Currents bends towards Africa and is at length swallow'd up in a Bed of Sand of an incredible Depth The other makes its Course towards Arabia on the other side and falls into deep Guts and vast Bogs inhabited round by divers Nations entring at last into Egypt it keeps no direct Course but turns and winds here and there in some Places Ten Furlongs in breadth in others less sometimes running towards the East then to the West and sometimes back again to the South For Mountains stand on both sides the River and take up a large Tract of Ground and the River forcing it self with great violence against strait and narrow Precipices the Water is driven back and flows over the Neighbouring Fields and after it has run a considerable way towards the South it returns at length to its natural Course And though this River is thus remarkable above all others yet this is especially observable in it that its Stream runs calm and smooth without any violent Surges or tempestuous Waves except at the Cataracts a Place of Cataracts Ten Furlongs being so call'd running down in a Precipice in a straight and narrow Passage amongst steep Rocks the whole is a rugged shelvy Gulf where there lye many great Stones like huge Rocks The Water dashing violently against these Rocks is beaten back and rebounds the contrary way by which are made wonderful Whirlpools and by the repeated Influx the whole Place is cover'd with Froth and Foam to the no small amazement of the Beholders For the River there runs down with as quick and violent a Current as an Arrow out of a Bow Sometimes it happens that these Rocks and the whole Gulf being cover'd with the vast quantity of Waters of the Nile some Ships driven with contrary Winds are hurried down the Cataract but there 's no possibility of Sailing up against it the force of the Stream baffling all the Art of Man There are many Cataracts of this kind but the greatest is that in the Confines of Ethiopia and Egypt How the River Nile makes several Islands near Ethiopia amongst which Meroe Meroe is the chief is before declar'd In this Island is a Famous City of the same Name which Cambyses built and call'd it after the Name of his Mother Meroe This Island is said to be of the shape of a Shield and for Greatness exceeding all the rest of the Islands in those Parts being †3000 Furlongs is about 360 Miles Three Thousand Furlongs in Length and a * Note Above he says it was but 22 Furlongs broad now 1000 which is about 120 Miles Thousand in Breadth having in it many Cities of which Meroe is the Noblest The Island is surrounded towards the Coasts of Lybia with vast Heaps of Sand all along close to the River and towards Arabia run along steep rocky Mountains It 's said there are in it Mines of Gold Silver Iron and Brass a great number of Ebony Trees and all sorts of precious Stones To conclude there are so many Islands made by this River that it 's scarce credible For besides those Islands in that part of Egypt call'd Delta there are they say Seven Hundred some of which the Ethiopians inhabit and sow with Millet others are so pester'd with Serpents †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cynocephales Monkies that have Heads like Dogs are fierce and cruel Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 8. c. 54. Baboons and all Kinds of hurtful Beasts that it 's dangerous to come into them The River Nile parting it self into several Channels in Egypt makes that part call'd Delta so call'd from the shape resembling that * δ. Greek Letter The Two Sides of this Delta are fashion'd by the Two extream Branches of the River the Foot of this Letter is the Sea where the Seven Mouths of Nile disgorge themselves The Mouths of Nile For there are Seven Places call'd Mouths through which it empties itself into the Ocean The first lying to the most Eastward Channel is at Pelusium call'd †Now Damiata 1. Pelusian 2. Tanitian 3. Mendesian 4. Pathmetian or Fatnian by Strabo 5. Sebinnitian 6. Bolbinitian 7. Canopian Pelusaicum the Second Taniticum the Third Mendesium the Fourth Phatniticum the Fifth Sebenyticum the Sixth Bolbitinum and the last Canopicum or Herculeum as some call it There are some other Mouths made by Art of which it 's not material to write At every of the Mouths is a City built on either side of the River defended with strong Guards and Bridges on each Bank From Pelusaicum as far as to the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea is a Canal cut out Necos the Son of Psameticus was the First that began this Work Attempt to cut through the Isthmus to the Red Sea and after him Darius the Persian carry'd it on but left it unfinish'd being told by some that if he cut it through the Isthmus all Egypt would be drown'd for that the Red Sea lay higher than Egypt The last Attempt was made by Ptolemy the Second who cut a Sluce cross over the Isthmus in a more convenient Place which Ptolemy's River he open'd when he had a mind to Sail down that way and then presently after shut up again which Contrivance prov'd very useful and serviceable The River which runs through this Cut is call'd Ptolemy after the Name of the Maker Where it falls into the †The Red Sea Sea there 's a City built call'd * Asinoe now Azirus Arsinoe Delta is of the shape of Sicily Both sides are Seven Hundred and Fifty Furlongs in length and the Foot which lies along the Sea-Coast is Thirteen Hundred Furlongs This Island has in it many Dikes and Sluces cut by Art and is the most sweet and pleasantest part of Egypt for being inricht and water'd by the River it produces all sorts of Grain and other Fruits and by the Yearly overflowing of the River the Face
yield them this advantage that the Sheep Yean twice in a Year and are shorn as often This Increase of the Nile is wonderful to Beholders and altogether incredible to them that only hear the Report for when other Rivers about the Solstice fall and grow lower all Summer long this begins to increase and continues to rise every day till it comes to that height that it overflows almost all Egypt and on the contrary in the same manner in the Winter Solstice it falls by degrees till it wholly return into its proper Channel And in regard the Land of Egypt lies low and Champain the Towns Cities and Country Villages that are built upon rising-ground cast up by Art look like the Islands of the Cyclades Many of the Cattel sometimes are by the River intercepted and so are drown'd but those that fly to the higher Grounds are preserv'd During the time of the Inundation the Cattel are kept in the Country Towns and small Cottages where they have Food and Fodder before laid up and prepar'd for them But the common People now at liberty from all Imployments in the Field indulge themselves in Idleness feasting every day and giving themselves up to all sorts of Sports and Pleasures Yet out of fear of the Inundation a Watch Tower is built in * Now Grand Cairo Memphis by the Kings of Egypt where those that are imploy'd to take care of this concern observing to what height the River rises send Letters from one City to another acquainting them how many Cubits and Fingers the River rises and when it begins to decrease and so the People coming to understand the Fall of the Waters are freed from their fears and all presently have a foresight what plenty of Corn they are like to have and this Observation has been Registred from time to time by the Egyptians for many Generations There are great Controversies concerning the Reasons of the overflowing of Controversies about the overflowing of Nile Nile and many both Philosophers and Historians have endeavour'd to declare the Causes of it which we shall distinctly relate neither making too long a Digression nor omitting that which is so much banded and controverted Of the Increase and Spring-heads of Nile and of its emptying of it self at length into the Sea and other properties peculiar to this River above all others though it be the greatest in the World yet some Authors have not dar'd to say the least thing Some who have attempted to give their Reasons have been very wide from the Mark. For as for Hellanicus Cadmus Hecataeus and such like ancient Authors they have told little but frothy Stories and meer Fables Herodotus above all other Writers very industrious and well acquainted with General History made it his Business to find out the Causes of these things but what he says is notwithstanding very doubtful and some things seem to be repugnant and contradictory one to another Thucydides and Xenophon who have the reputation of faithful Historians never so much as touch upon the Description of any Place in Egypt But Ephorus and Theopompus though they are very earnest in this matter yet they have not in the least discover'd the Truth But it was through Ignorance of the Places and not through Negligence that they were all led into Error For anciently none of the Grecians till the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus ever went into Ethiopia or so much as to the utmost Bounds of Egypt For those Places were never frequented by Travellers they were so hazardous till that King marcht with a Grecian Army into those Parts and so made a more perfect Discovery of the Country No Writer hitherto has pretended that he himself ever saw or heard of any one else that affirm'd he had seen the Spring-heads of Nile All therefore amounting to no more but Opinion and Conjecture the Priests of Egypt affirm that it comes from the Ocean which flows round the whole Earth But nothing that they say is upon any solid grounds and they resolve Doubts by things that are more doubtful and to prove what they say they bring Arguments that have need to be proved themselves But the Troglodites otherways call'd Molgii whom the scorching Heat forc'd †Bolgii to remove from the higher Parts into those lower Places say that there are some Signs whence a Man may rationally conclude that the River Nile rises from Streams which run from many Fountains or Spring-heads and meet at last in one Channel and therefore to be the most fruitful and richest River of any that is known in the World The Inhabitants of the Isle of Meroe who are most to be credited upon this account are far from inventing so much as any probable Arguments and though they live near to the Place in controversy are so far from giving any certain account of this matter that they call Nile Astapus which in the Greek Language signifies Water that issues out of a Place of Darkness so that they give a Name to the River to denote their Ignorance of the Place whence it springs But that seems the truest Reason to me that looks to be furthest from Fiction and study'd Contrivance Yet I am not ignorant that Herodotus who bounds Lybia both on the East and West with this River does ascribe the exact Knowledge of it to the Africans call'd Nasamones and says that Nile rises from a certain Lake and runs through a large Tract of Ground down all along through Ethiopia But neither are the Sayings of the Africans in this behalf as not altogether agreeable to Truth nor the affirmation of the Writer who proves not what he says to be of absolute credit But enough concerning the Spring-heads and Course of Nile let us now venture to treat of the Causes of the Risings of this River Thales who is reckon'd one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece is of Opinion that the Etesean Winds that beat fiercely upon the Mouth of the River give a Yearly Winds check and stop to the Current and so hinder it from falling into the Sea upon which the River swelling and its Channel fill'd with Water at length overflows the Country of Egypt which lies flat and low Though this seem a plausible Reason yet it may be easily disprov'd For if it were true what he says then all the Rivers which run into the Sea against the Etesean Winds would overflow in like manner which being never known in any other part of the World some other Reason and more agreeable to Truth must of necessity be sought for Anaxagoras the Philosopher ascribes the Cause to the melting of the Snow in Ethiopia whom the Poet Euripides who was his Scholar follows saying thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The pleasant Streams of th'River Nile forsakes Which flowing from the Negro's parched Land Swells big when th' melting Snow to th'River takes Comes furling down and overflows the Strand Neither is it any
to such as should kill Belesis or take him alive But none being wrought upon by these Promises he fought them again and destroy'd many of the Rebels and forc'd the rest to fly to their Camp upon the Hills Arbaces being disheartn'd with these Misfortunes call'd a Council of War to consider what was sit further to be done The greater part were for returning into their own Countries and possess themselves of the strongest Places in order to fit and furnish themselves with all things further necessary for the War But when Belesis the Babylonian assur'd them that the Gods promis'd that after many Toyls and Labours they should have good Success and all should end well and had us'd several other Arguments such as he thought best he prevail'd with them to resolve to run through all the hazards of the War Another Battle therefore was fought wherein the King gain'd a third Victory and pursu'd the Revolters as far as to the Mountains of Babylon In this Fight Arbaces himself was wounded though he fought stoutly and slew many of the Assyrians with his own Hand After so many Defeats and Misfortunes one upon the neck of another the Conspirators altogether despair'd of Victory and therefore the Commanders resolv'd every one to return to their own Country But Belesis who lay all that Night Star-gazing in the open Field prognosticated to them the next day that if they would but continue together Five Days unexpected Help would come and they would see a mighty change and that Affairs would have a contrary aspect to what they then had for he affirm'd that through his Knowledge in Astrology he understood that the Gods portended so much by the Stars therefore he intreated them to stay so many days and make trial of his Art and wait so long to have an Experiment of the Goodness of the Gods All being thus brought back and waiting till the time appointed News on a sudden was brought that mighty Forces were at hand sent to the King out of Bactria Hereupon Arbacâ—s resolv'd with the stoutest and swiftest Soldiers of the Army forthwith to make out against the Captains that were advancing and either by fair words to perswade them to a defection or by Blows to force them to join with them in their Design But Liberty being sweet to every one of them first the Captains and Commanders were easily wrought upon and presently after the whole Army join'd and made up one intire Camp together It happen'd at that time that the King of Assyria not knowing any thing of the Revolt of the Bactrians and puft up by his former Successes was indulging his Sloath and Idleness and preparing Beasts for Sacrifice plenty of Wine and other things necessary in order to feast and entertain his Soldiers While his whole Army was now feasting and revelling Arbaces receiving intelligence by some Deserters of the Security and Intemperance of the Enemy fell in upon them on the sudden in the Night and being in due order and discipline and setting upon such as were in confusion he being before prepar'd and the other altogether unprovided they easily broke into their Camp and made a great Slaughter of some forcing the rest into the City Hereupon Sardanapalus committed the charge of the whole Army to Salemenus his Wife's Brother and took upon himself the defence of the City But the Rebels twice defeated the King's Forces once in the open Field and the Second time before the Walls of the City in which last ingagement Salemenus was kill'd and almost all his Army lost some being cut off in the pursuit and the rest save a very few being intercepted and prevented from entring into the City were driven headlong into the River Euphrates and the number of the Slain was so great that the River was dy'd over with Blood and retain'd that Colour for a great distance and a long course together The King being afterwards besieg'd many of the Nations through desire of Liberty revolted to the Confederates so that Sardanapalus now perceiving that the Kingdom was like to be lost sent away his Three Sons and Two Daughters with a great deal of Treasure into Paphlagonia to Cotta the Governor there his most intire Friend and sent Posts into all the Provinces of the Kingdom in order to raise Souldiers and make all other Preparations necessary to indure a Siege And he was the more incouraged to this for that he was acquainted with an ancient Prophesy That Nineve could never be taken by force till the River became the City's Enemy which the more incourag'd him to hold out because he conceiv'd that was never like to be therefore he resolv'd to indure the Siege till the Aids which he expected out of the Provinces came up to him The Enemy on the other hand grown more couragious by their Successes eagerly urg'd on the Siege but made little impression on the Besieg'd by reason of the strength of the Walls for Ballistes to cast Stones Testudos to cast up Mounts and Battering Rams were not known in those Ages And besides to say truth the King had been very careful as to what concern'd the defence of the place plentifully to furnish the Inhabitants with every thing necessary The Siege continu'd Two Years during which time nothing was done to any purpose save that the Walls were sometimes assaulted and the Besieg'd pen'd up in the City The Third Year it happened that Euphrates overflowing with continual Rains came up into a part of the City and tore down the Wall Twenty Furlongs in length The King hereupon conceiving that the Oracle was accomplish'd in that the River was an apparent Enemy to the City utterly despair'd and therefore that he might not fall into the Hands of his Enemies he caus'd a huge Pile of Wood to be made in his Palace Court and heapt together upon it all his Gold Silver and Royal Apparel and enclosing his Eunuchs and Concubines in an Apartment within the Pile caus'd it to be set on Fire and burnt himself and them together which when the Revolters came to understand they enter'd through the Breach of the Walls and took the City and cloath'd Arbaces with a Royal Robe and committed to him the sole Authority proclaiming him King When he had rewarded his Followers every one according to their demerit and appointed Governors over the several Provinces Belesis the Babylonian who had foretold his advancement to the Throne put him in mind of his Services and demanded the Government of Babylon which he had before promis'd him He told him likewise of a Vow that he himself had made to Belus in the heat of the War that when Sardanapalus was conquer'd and the Palace consum'd he would carry the Ashes to Babylon and there raise a Mount near to his Temple which should be an eternal Monument to all that sail'd through Euphrates in memory of him that overturn'd the Assyrian Empire But that which in truth induc'd him to make this Request was that he
in great concord and amity without any Seditions or Tumults There are Beasts among them very small but of an admirable property as to their Flesh and the excellent virtue that is in their Blood Their A little Beast strange Bodies are round and something like to a Tortoise divided by Two Streaks which run down the Back at each end of every Streak they have an Eye and a Mouth so that they have Four Eyes to see with and Four Mouths to feed with but the Meat they eat is convey'd through one Throat and hence into the Belly the common Receptacle of all And so in like manner they have but one Gut nor but one of every other of the inner Parts They have many Feet plac'd round their Bodies and make use of them to go on what side they will There 's a marvelous virtue in the Blood of this little Creature for it presently at an instant closes all Cuts and gaping Wounds in every Body that has still life in it and if a Hand or any other Member of that kind that is not Vital be cut off by the application of this Blood while the Wound continues green it heals up again Each Society of these Inhabitants do keep many great Birds of a singular Nature Great Birds carry Children by which they try the Courage of their Children for they place them upon the Birds Backs and as many of them as sit fast when the Birds take their Flight they bring up but those that faint and are terrify'd they throw away as such that can never indure hardship any long time nor have any generous Spirit in them In every Tribe or Society the eldest governs the rest as King and all yield him perfect Obedience If the first put himself to Death according to the Law after he has liv'd a Hundred and Fifty Years the next to him in age succeeds in the chief Command and Authority The Sea that surrounds this Island is very rough and causes very great and high Tides but the Water is fresh and sweet The * The Pole Artick Bear Star and many other visible with us are never seen here These Islands are Seven in number equal in bigness one to another and of the Here seems something to be wanting Their Frugality same distance one from another and the same Laws and Customs are us'd in all of them And though these Islands afford plenty of Provision out of the natural growth of the Country to all the Inhabitants yet they use them not luxuriously but are frugal and gather only so much as will serve their turns They do indeed cook for themselves Flesh-meat and all other sorts of Victuals both rosted and boil'd but as for Sauces and other delicate Inventions of that kind by Cooks and the various Tasts and Savours contriv'd for curious Pallats they are altogether ignorant of them For Gods they worship especially the whole frame of Heaven because it comprehends Worship all things and next to that the Sun and then all the Celestial Bodies By various ways of Fishing and Fowling they catch Fish and Fowl of all sorts P. 99. There are among them abundance of Fruit-Trees and Vines and Olive-Trees whence they draw great quantity of Oil and Wine Here are exceeding great Serpents which yet do no harm to any nay their Great Serpents Flesh is good Meat and very sweet They make their Garments of a soft and fine Cotton contain'd in certain Reeds and Canes This Cotton they dye with the Shell-Fishes call'd Ostreses made up in Balls and mixt and wrought amongst the Wool and so with great pains make themselves Garments of a Purple Colour It produces living Creatures of different Natures from all others and even incredible because they are unusual Their way of Feeding is according to a prescrib'd Rule for they do not eat all Dyet sorts of Meats together at one and the same time nor the same always but upon some certain Days Fish other Fowl sometimes the Flesh of Land-Cattel at other times Olives and on other Days very low and mean Diet. They help one another in their Callings and Imployments by turns Some imploy themselves in Fishing others in Manufactures and others in other things useful and profitable to the Commonwealth Some at certain times do exercise publick Offices except those that are grown old Upon their Festival Days and times of Invocation upon their Gods they celebrate their Praises both in Acclametions and Songs especially the Sun to whom they devote themselves and their Islands Their Dead they carry to the Sea-shoar at the Fall of the Tide covering them Burials with a little Sand that at the time of Full Sea heaps of Sand may be rais'd higher upon them Those Canes whence they gather Fruit to eat are the Compass of a Crown in thickness they say that towards the Full of the Moon they increase and towards the New Moon they proportionably decrease The Water of their hot Springs is sweet and wholsom and ever continues warm never growing cold unless it be mixt with Wine or cold Water After Iambulus with his Companion had continu'd in this Island Seven Years they were as wicked and vile Fellows ejected Having therefore their Ship fitted out and furnish'd with Provision they set Sail and after they had continu'd their Voyage for above Four Months together they fell at length upon the Sandy shallows of India where Iambulus his Companion was drown'd and he himself was afterwards cast upon a certain Village and forthwith carried away by the Inhabitants of the Place to the King then at a City call'd Polybothia many Days Journey distant from the Sea where he was kindly receiv'd by the King who had a great love for the Grecians and was very studious in the liberal Sciences At length having obtain'd Provision from the King he first sail'd into Persia and thence safely arriv'd in Greece This Iambulus committed all these Adventures to Writing and gave an account of many things relating to the Affairs of India before unknown to Strangers But having now perform'd what we promis'd in the beginning of this Book we shall here make an end THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK III. The PREFACE P. 100. THE First of the Two Books preceding contains the Acts of the ancient Kings of Egypt and the Fabulous History of the Egyptian Gods Of those things reported of the River Nile of their Fruits divers kinds of Beasts the Situation of the Country and of their Laws and Courts of Justice In the Second are comprehended the Affairs of Asia the Acts of the Assyrians in antient Times and amongst them the Birth and Advancement of Semiramis how she built Babylon and many other Cities and invaded the Indians with a mighty Army We have treated there likewise of the Caldeans and their Art in Astronomy Of Arabia and the wonderful things there Of the Amazons And lastly of the Hyperboreans and the Island
amorous Pang of Love as with other Women but meerly for Procreation sake And therefore willing that his Embraces at this time should be lawful he forbore all Violence and knowing that the Woman's Chastity was such that no Arguments would prevail with her he deceiv'd her by taking upon him the Shape of Amphitryo And now the Time of her Delivery drew nigh when Jupiter full of thoughts concerning the Birth of Hercules in the presence of all the Gods declar'd that he would make him King of the Persians who was to be born that P. 152. that day Whereupon Juno inrag'd with Jealousie with the assistance of * Ilithyia a Goddess assistant to them in Travel Ilithyia her Daughter gave a Check to the delivery of Alcmenes and brought forth Eurystheus before his full time But though Jupiter was thus outwitted by Juno yet that he might perform his Promise he took care to preserve the Honour and Reputation of Hercules And therefore it s reported that he prevail'd with Juno to consent that Eurystheus being made King according to his Promise Hercules who should be subject to him performing Twelve Labours such as Euristheus should impose upon him should be taken into the Society of the Immortal Gods Alcmenes being deliver'd out of fear of Juno's Jealousie expos'd the Child in a place which is now from him call'd Hercules's his Field About which time Minerva together with Juno walking Abroad found the Infant and much admiring his Beauty Minerva persuaded Juno to give it suck The Child drawing the Breast with more violence than at his Age was usual Juno not able to indure the pain cast away the Infant whom Minerva took up and brought Home to his Mother to be nurs'd by her The Accident here seems very strange and remarkable For the Mother who ow'd a natural Affection to her own Child expos'd him to Destruction but she who hated him as a Stepmother unknowingly preserv'd her natural Enemy Afterwards Juno sent two * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two Dragons Serpents to devour the Child But he took them with both his Hands by their Throats and strangl'd them Upon which account the Argives coming to understand what was done call'd him Hercules * Hercules signifies the Glory of Juno who is call'd in Greek Hera because Juno was the Occasion of his Glory and Fame for he was before call'd Alcaeus Others are nam'd by their Parents but he gain'd his Name by his Valour In After-times it happen'd that Amphitrio being banish'd from Tyrinthe settl'd himself in Thebes here Hercules was educated here he was instructed and greatly improv'd in all laudable Exercises in so much as he excell'd all others in Strength of Body and also in the excellent Endowments of his Mind Being now grown up to Man's Estate he first freed Thebes from tyrannical Slavery and thereby made a grateful Return to the Country where he was bred The Thebans at that time were under the Tyranny of Erginus King of the * A People of Thessaly Menyans who every year exacted Tribute from them not without Scorn and Contempt Hercules therefore not at all discourag'd with the Greatness of the Bondage they labour'd under attempted a glorious Piece of Service For when those who were sent from the Menyae to collect the Tribute carry'd it * insolently 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 towards the People he cut off their Ears and cast them out of the City whereupon Erginus demanded the Delivery up of the Malefactor and Creon the Prince of Thebes dreading the Potency of Erginus resolv'd to deliver him up But Hercules stirr'd up the young Men of the City to arm themselves in order to recover the Liberty of their Country and to that end took away all the Arms that were in the Temples formerly dedicated to the Gods by their Ancestors of the Spoyls of their Enemies For none of the Citizens had any Arms of their own by Reason the Menyans had disarm'd the City so that the Thebans had not the least Thought of a Revolt Intelligence being brought that Erginus with an Army approach'd the City Hercules set upon him in a strait Passage where a Multitude was of little Use and kill'd Erginus and cut off almost his whole Army He fell likewise suddainly upon the City of the Orchomenians entring unexpectedly and burnt the Palace of the Menyae and raz'd the City to the Ground The Fame of this notable Exploit was presently nois'd over all Greece while such a suddain and unexpected Atchievement was the Subject of every Man's Admiration and Creon the King wonderfully taken with the Valour of the young Man gave him his Daughter Megaera to Wife and committed to him the Care and Charge of the City as if he had been his own Son But Euristheus King of Argos jealous of Hercules his growing Greatness sent P. 15◠for him to perform the Labours he was to impose upon him which he refusing Jupiter commanded him to obey King Euristheus whereupon Hercules went to Delphos and inquir'd of the Oracle concerning this Matter who answer'd him That it was the Pleasure of the Gods that he should perform twelve Labours at the Command of Euristheus and that when he had finish'd them he should receive the Reward of Immortality Hereupon Hercules became exceeding sad and melancholy for he judg'd it very much below him to be at the Beck of his inferior and to disobey his Father Jupiter a second time he concluded was both unprofitable and impossible While he was in this Perplexity Juno struck him with Madness being therefore through the Discomposure of his Mind become distracted and by the Growth of his Distemper altogether a mad Man he design'd to murder Iolaus who saving himself by Flight he fell upon his own Children by Megara who were next in his Way and struck them through with his Darts as if they had been his Enemies As soon as he came again to himself and understood his Error he almost sunk under the Weight of his Misery being pity'd by every Body and shut up himself in his own House a long time from the Converse and Society of Men. At length Time moderating his Grief resolving to undergo all the Difficulties that were enjoyn'd him he went to Euristheus who in the first place commanded Hercules his 12 Labours 1. The Nemean Lyon him to kill the Lyon in the Forest of * This Forest was in Achaia Nemea which was of a monstrous Bigness not to be pierc'd or wounded by Sword Spear or Stones and therefore not to be dealt with but by meer Force and Strength of Hand His Walks were commonly between Mycenas and Nemea near the Mountain from what happen'd to it call'd †Tretos bor'd through Tretos For at the Foot of this Hill there was a Den in which this Monster us'd to lurk Hercules here meeting with him lay'd hold on him whereupon the Beast beginning to fly to his Den he resolutely pursu'd him having before stop'd
young Lamb out of the Kettle to the admiration and astonishment of the young Women who now thinking they might with great assurance depend upon what she promis'd resolv'd to observe her in all her Commands and all of them but Alcetis who out of a pious and natural Affection to her Father would not lay Hands upon him cudgell'd him to Death Whereupon Medea pretended that Vows and Prayers were first to be made to the Moon before his Body was dissected and cast into the Cauldron To which end she carried the Young Ladies with Torches and Fire-brands to the top of the highest part of the Palace where Medea to spin out time mumbled out a long Prayer P. 178. in the language of Colchis that the Argonauts might make the Assault in the mean time who now seeing the Fire from the Turret concluded the King was dispatch'd and therefore in a Body they made hastily to the City where presently mounting over the Walls they enter'd the Palace with their drawn Swords and kill'd the Watch that oppos'd them As soon as Pelias his Daughters were come down to boil their Father unexpectedly seeing Jason with the rest of the Noble Youths his Companions enter'd into the midst of the Palace they grievously cry'd out with exceeding sorrow and lamentation Having now neither power to revenge themselves upon Medea nor time to purge themselves from the horrid fact that by her Delusions they had committed they had forthwith murder'd themselves if Jason pitying their miserable Condition had not prevented them and comforted them with this Consideration that their present Misery was not occasion'd by their own malitious Contrivance but that they were without any Fault of theirs led aside by the deceit of another He promis'd them likewise that their whole family should be civilly and honourably us'd Having therefore call'd together a General Assembly he excus'd what was done and declar'd that he had dealt far more gently with the Authors of those Injuries than they deserv'd and what he had done was far short of what he and his had suffer'd Then he plac'd Acastus the Eldest Son of Pelias upon his Father's Throne and carry'd himself with all due respect to the King's Daughters and in performance of what he had promis'd it 's said he at length marry'd them to the greatest Persons of Quality Alcestis the Eldest he marry'd to Admetus the Thessalian the Son of Pheretes Amphinome to Andraemon the Brother of Leonteus and Eradne to Canas the Prince of Phocis the Son of Cephalus And these were the things afterwards done by Jason Then arriving with the rest of the Heroes in the Isthmos of Peloponesus he there sacrific'd to Neptune and dedicated the Ship Argo to that God Having gain'd the special favour of Creon King of Corinth he was made Free of the City and ever after dwelt among the Corinthians When the Argonauts were preparing every one to return into his own Country they say Hercules made this Proposal Olympick Games instituted by Hercules This was the first Institution But the Olympicks were not an Aera till 460 Years after An. Mund. 3174 in the 37th Year of Vzziah King of Judah before Christ 774. that to obviate the unexpected Blasts and Frowns of Fortune they should enter into an Oath mutually to assist each other whenever any of them stood in need of help and that they should pick out the most remarkable place in Greece for the celebrating of Sports and a General and Solemn Meeting of all the Grecians and that the Games should be celebrated in honour of Jupiter Olympus the greatest of the Gods Upon which the Heroes enter'd into the Association propos'd and left it to Hercules to institute the Games who made choice of the Ground in the Territories of Elis near to the River Alpheus for the General and Solemn Meeting and dedicated the Place to the chiefest of the Gods from whom it was call'd Olympick Having therefore appointed Horse-coursing Wrestling and other Oymnick Sports and ordered their several Prizes and Rewards he sent Messengers to all the Cities to acquaint them with the institution of these Games He was in no small Honour and Repute before upon the account of his Expedition with the Argonauts But this Institution of the Olympick Games much more advanc'd his praise for he was so cry'd up amongst all the Grecians and was so eminently famous in the esteem of most of the Cities that many desir'd to enter into a League of Friendship with him and to stand and fall with him in all Dangers whatsoever His Valour and Military Art was so admir'd by every Body that he presently got together a vast Army with which he went through the whole World desiring to benefit all Mankind Upon which account all unanimously agree that he has attain'd to a state of Immortality But the Poets according to their prodigous P. 179. way of relating matters say that Hercules himself alone and without any Arms perform'd all those famous Actions reported of him But we have before given an Account of all those things that are fabulously related concerning this God And now it remains that we should proceed with the History of Jason It 's said that he and Medea as Man and Wife liv'd together Ten Years in Corinth and of her begat first Two Twins Thessalus and Alcimena and a Third call'd Tisandrus much younger than the other Two During all this time they say Medea was greatly belov'd of her Husband being eminent not only for the excellency of her Beauty but for her Prudence and other Virtuous Qualifications But it 's said that when she grew old and her Beauty began to decay Jason fell in love with Glauces the Daughter of Creon and courted the young Lady to marry her The Father agreed to the Match and appointed a Day but Jason they say first apply'd himself to Medea in order to persuade her to a voluntary Divorce telling her that he did not marry this other Lady out of any aversion or disgust to her but that he might have Children to be Heirs to the Royal Family Hereat the Woman storm'd and appeal'd to the Gods for Revenge the Witnesses of his Oath and Vows However it 's said Jason without any further regard to her marry'd the King's Daughter Medea therefore being commanded to leave the City having only one Day allow'd her by Creon to prepare for her Departure by the Art of Witchcraft she chang'd the Form of her Countenance and enter'd the Palace in the Night and by a Root found out by Cerces her Sister which being kindled was of such a nature as it could not be extinguish'd she set the Palace on Fire And now all being in a Flame Jason sprang out from the Burning and escap'd but Glance and her Father Creon hem'd in on every side by the Fire were both consum'd Some Historians say that Medea's Sons presented the new Bride with poyson'd Plasters which she applying to her self miserably perish'd and her Father
he had by the Amazon to Troezena to be bred and brought up by his Sister Aethra Of Phoedra he begat Acamantes and Demophon Hippolytus a while after coming to Athens to the Celebration of a great Festival Phoedra was so taken with his Beauty that she fell passionately in love with him But he going back again for that time she built near to the Citadel the Temple of Venus whence she might have a prospect of Traezene Afterwards going with Theseus to Traezene to visit Pittheus she solicited Hippolytus to lye with her who refusing the Motion her Love was turn'd into Hatred and Rage and therefore she accus'd him to her Husband that he attempted to Ravish her Theseus suspecting the truth of what she said summon'd Hippolytus to appear and answer the Accusation but Phoedra fearing she should be discover'd upon the Trial of the Cause hang'd herself When Hippolytus first heard of the Accusation he was driving a Chariot upon the News whereof he was in such a Consternation and Disturbance that he let the Reins fall which so startled the Horses that they hurried him away and broke the Chariot in Pieces and he himself being fastn'd in the Harness was drag'd along upon the Ground and so perish'd Hippolytus thus losing his Life upon the account of his commendable Chastity was ador'd by the Troezenians as a God Theseus afterwards by a Sedition being driven out of the City died in Banishment But the Athenians being sorry for what they had done brought back his Bones and honour'd him as a God and the Place where they bury'd him in the midst of Athens they made a Sanctuary which from him was call'd Theseion Since we have proceeded so far in the Story of Theseus we shall give a distinct account also of the Rape of Helen and of the intention of Perithous to court Proserpina for these things have a Relation to the History of Theseus Perithous the Son of Ixion after the Death of his Wife Hippodamia by whom he had a Son call'd Polypodes went to Athens to Theseus whom finding a Widower having then lately bury'd his Wife Phoedra he advis'd to steal away Helen the Daughter of Jupiter and Laeda who was then about Ten Years of Age and of surpassing Beauty To this end they went with some other of their Associates P. 185. to Lacedemon and catching a fit opportunity for the purpose seiz'd upon Helen as their common Prize and carry'd her away to Athens where it was agreed between them to cast Lots for her and that he who should have the good Fortune to gain her should faithfully assist the other through all Hazards whatsoever in procuring him another Wife This Compact being confirm'd by a Solemn Oath she fell by Lot to Theseus The Athenians were much incens'd at what was done in this Business Theseus therefore fearing the bad effect of it privately kept Helen at Aphidna one of the Cities of Attica and committed her to the care of his Mother Aethra and some other Persons of Quality that were his Faithful Friends Afterwards Perithous had a desire to court Proserpina and for this purpose requir'd Theseus to go along with him At first Theseus endeavour'd to dissuade him and to take him off from such a wicked and impious Design But Perithous urging him the more vehemently and by vertue of his Oath being bound thereunto he at length agreed to joyn with him in the Attempt To this end both of them descended into the * Hell See this explain'd in Plut. Thes This Pluto was the King of the Molossians and his Wives and Daughters Name was Proserpina who clapt both Theseus and the other up in Prison Shades below and for their Impudence and Impiety were clapt up and bound fast in Chains but Theseus was afterwards releas'd for the sake of Hercules But Perithous suffers Eternal Pains with the Infernal Spirits for his Wickedness though some Writers report that neither of 'em ever return'd About the same time they say Castor and Pollux the Brother of Helen assaulted Aphidna and taking it by Storm raz'd it to the Ground and carry'd away Helen still a Virgin to Lacedemon and with her among the Captives Aâ—thra the Mother of Theseus Having spoke sufficiently of these things we shall now proceed to give an Account of the Seven Captains that made War against Thebes and shew the first Causes of that War Laius The Seven Captains against Thebes This is the first War related by any Heathen Historian either in Prose or Verse An. Mund. 2727 the 10th Year of Jair Judg. 10. 3. Before Christ 1221 about 30 Years before the Trojan War the King of Thebes having marry'd Jocasta the Daughter of Creon and for a long time being without Children at length consulted the Oracle whether he ever should have any Issue Pithia the Priestess gave answer from the Oracle that it would be unfortunate to him to have any Issue for the Son that he should afterwards beget should kill him and involve his whole Family in most dreadful Calamities But somewhat forgetful of what the Oracle had declar'd he afterwards begat a Son but bor'd his Feet through with an Iron and order'd him to be expos'd in the open Fields and for that reason he was afterwards call'd Oedipus The Servants that took him Oedipus into their Custody for that purpose were unwilling to leave him so to the wide World but gave him to †King of Scicion or Corinth Polybus his Wife who was barren Being attain'd at length to Man's Estate Laius resolv'd to inquire of the Oracle to know what was become of the expos'd Infant and Oedipus at the same time being by some one inform'd of the Design against him when he was so very Young took a Journey to Delphos to inquire of the Oracle who were his true Parents It so fell out that both of them meeting one another upon the Road in Phocis Laius in a proud and haughty manner commanded Oedipus to get out of the way who thereupon was so inrag'd that he fell upon Laius and kill'd him not knowing him to be his Father About that time they report that Sphinx a double shap'd Monster came to Sphinx Thebes and put forth a Riddle to be resolv'd by any that could Which none being able to do by reason of the difficulty of the thing she destroy'd many At length she became more moderate and offer'd a Reward to such as should unfold it that he should marry Jocasta and with her injoy the Kingdom of Thebes When none else could expound the Riddle Oedipus was the only Man that did it The Riddle propounded by Sphinx was this What Creature is that that is Two-Footed Three-Footed and Four-Footed When all others were puzled Oedipus interpreted it to be a Man who when he is an Infant creeps upon all * His Hands and Feet Four when he grows elder goes upright upon his Two Feet but when he is old he 's Three-Footed using a
great Tumult But their Ships being all burnt by the Sicilians Cocalus his Subjects they were out of all hope ever to return into their own Country and therefore resolv'd to settle themselves in Sicily To that end some of them built a City which from the Name of their King they call'd Minoa Another part of them went up into the heart of the Country and possessing themselves of a Place naturally very strong there built Engium a City so call'd from a Fountain there After the Destruction of Troy they receiv'd Merion with other Cretians that were cast upon Sicily and because they were of the same Nation they made them The Curetes or Corybantes Members of their City Afterwards making frequent Inroads into the Neighbouring Country from so strong a Fort they subdu'd many of the Borderers and got some small Territory afterwards being grown wealthy they built a Temple to the * Call'd the Mother Goddesses in Crete Curetes or Corybantes and most religiously ador'd those Goddesses and adorn'd their Temple with many rich Gifts They say these Goddesses came into Cicily out of Crete where they were most especially ador'd and honour'd It 's reported that they privatly bred up and conceal'd Jupiter from his Father Saturn In reward of which Kindness they were taken up into the Heavens and plac'd among the Stars where they make the Constellation call'd * The Bear Arctos Of whom Aratus agreeable hereunto in his Poem of the Stars speaks thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vpon their Shoulders him they bore away If that we may believe what Stories say From Crete great Jove advanc'd to th' Heavens clear And plac'd the Curetes in the Northern Bear For that from 's Father Saturn him they hid When young and th' Youth out of all danger rid It 's not fit therefore that we should pass by in silence the piety of these Goddesses P. 195. and their Fame and Reputation amongst all Men. For they are not only ador'd by the Inhabitants of this City but several of the Neighbouring Countries worship them with pompous Sacrifices and other Religious Services And the Oracle at Delphos injoyn'd many Cities to give divine Honour to these Goddesses promising that by this means they should be bless'd both in their private and publick Concerns And at length these Goddesses grew so Famous that rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver were dedicated to them by the Inhabitants and such Offerings are continu'd to the very time of writing this History For they built to them a most sumptuous Temple both for greatness of Structure and Costlyness of Ornament For in regard there was not Stone in that part of the Country fit for the raising such a Structure they took care to have it brought from the Agyrinaeans which was a * About Fifteen Miles Hundred Furlongs distance and the way very rough and craggy and hard to pass And therefore to convey the Stones they provided †Gr. Carts with Four Wheels Wagons and a Hundred Yoke of Oxen being the better inabled to bear the Charge for that the Sacred Treasures were very large For a little before our time there were Three Thousand Oxen dedicated to those Goddesses and so much Land as rais'd a vast Revenue But having said enough of this we shall proceed to the History of Aristaeus Aristaeus was the Son of Apollo and Cyrene the Daughter of Gypsaeus who was Aristaeus his Original the Son of Peneus Of his Birth some tell this Story They say that Cyrene was very beautiful and brought up at Mount Pelion and that Apollo fell in love with her and transported her into Lybia where in later time was built a City call'd after her Name Cyrene There Apollo committed his Son Aristaeus begotten of Cyrene then a young Infant to the care of the Nymphs to be brought up by them who gave him Three several Names Norricus Aristaeus and Agreus These Nymphs taught him how to * To make Cheese curdle Milk to order and make Bee-Hives and plant Olive-Yards and by this means he became the first that directed all other Men in this Art For which he was so honour'd that all ador'd him as a God as much as they did Bacchus Afterwards they say he went to Thebes where he marry'd Autonoe one of Cadmus's Daughters by whom he had Actaeon torn in Pieces as the Mythologists Actaeon say by his own Dogs Some give this Reason of his Misfortune Because that he design'd Nuptial Imbraces with Diana in her †Within the Consecrated Ground belonging to the Temple Temple dedicating to her what he got in hunting for that Solemnity Others say because he boasted that in hunting he excell'd * Others say because he look'd at her when she was Bathing See Paus Boetic c. 2. Diana her self And it is not improbable but that the Goddess might be incens'd at either of these For whether for the gratifying of his Lust by his Prey he abus'd the Goddess who was ever averse from Marriage or that he dar'd to prefer himself in the Art of Hunting before her who by all the Gods themselves was granted to excel all others in that respect the Goddess was certainly most justly angry It 's therefore very probable that being transform'd into the likeness of those Beasts he us'd to take the Dogs when they were in pursuit of other Game might tear him himself in Pieces After the Death of Actaeon Aristaeus went to †Apollo the Oracle being call'd the Oracle of Apollo his Father the Oracle at Delphos and there it 's said he was commanded by the Oracle to remove into the Island Coos who told him that he should be there highly honour'd and in great esteem with the Coons Thither therefore he sail'd a Plague afterwards raging over all Greece he sacrific'd to the Gods for the deliverance of the Grecians When he had perfected his Sacrifice about the rising of the * In August Dog Star at which time the Etesian Winds began to rise the Plague staid This remarkable change if it be seriously P. 196. considered may justly be wonder'd at for he who had his Son torn in Pieces with Dogs allay'd the evil Influences of the Dog-Star which commonly are pernicious and at that time restor'd Health to many Thousands Afterwards leaving his Children behind him he went to Lybia and from thence being furnish'd with Shipping by the Nymph his Mother he sail'd into Sardinia where being taken with the pleasantness of the Island he feated himself and improved the Ground with Planting and Tillage and civiliz'd the Inhabitants who were before Rude and Barbarous Here he begat Two Sons Carmus and Calaecarpus Afterwards he sail'd to other Islands and staid for some time in Sicily upon the account of its Fruitfulness both in Corn and Cattel where he imparted several things to the Inhabitants that were of great Benefit and
to be set up in the Temples of the Himereans What remain'd together with the Captives he distributed amongst his Souldiers proportionably to every one's Merit And those Captives that fell to the share of the Cities were in all those Places with their Legs shackl'd imploy'd in publick Works for the Common Good They of Agrigentum having gotten many Captives for their share enriched both their City and Country round about with their Labours for they had so many Prisoners that many of the private Citizens had Five Hundred a-piece And the Multitude of their Captives and Slaves was advanced not only because The Works at Agrigentum by the Captives they sent great Assistance to the War but likewise by reason many of the Barbarians when their Army was routed fled up into the Mid-land and Borders of Agrigentum who being all taken alive fill'd the City with Prisoners The greatest part were set apart for the Publick Service and appointed to cut and hew Stone of which they not only built the greatest of their Temples but made Water-courses or Sinks under-ground to convey Water from the City so great and wide that though the Work it self was contemptible yet when done and seen was worthy of Admiration The Overseer and Master of the Work was one Pheax an excellent Artificer from whom these Conduits were called Pheaces The Agrigentines likewise sunk a Fish-Pond with great Costs and Expences Seven Furlongs in Compass and Twenty Cubits in Depth Into this Water was brought both from Fountains and Rivers and by that means sufficiently supplied with Fish of all sorts both for Food and Pleasure P. 256. And upon this Pond fell and rested great Multitudes of Swans which gave a most pleasant and delightful prospect to the Eye but by neglect of succeeding Ages it grew up with Mud and at last through length of Time turned wholly into dry Ground But the Soil there being very fat and rich they have planted it with Vines and replenished it with all sorts of Trees which yields to them of Agrigentum a very great Revenue When Gelo had dismiss'd his Confederates he marched back with his Army to Syracuse And for his notable Victory he was not only had in great Honour and Esteem by his own Citizens but even by all the Sicilians For he got so many Prisoners and Slaves that the Island seem'd to have all Africa under her Dominion Ambassadors came continually from all the Cities and Princes of the Adverse Party begging Pardon for their Error and promising Observance to all his Commands for the future But as for Gelo he carry'd himself with great Complacency The praise of Gelo. towards all and enter'd into a League with them and in the time of his Prosperity behav'd himself with great Modesty and †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Humanity not only towards the Sicilians but even towards his most implacable Enemies the Carthaginians For when Embassadours came from Carthage with many Tears begging his Favour he receiv'd them very * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Courteously and made Peace with them upon Condition that they should pay Two Thousand Talents of Silver for the Expences of the War And that they should build †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sir Walter Rawleigh says Two Arm'd Ships as Pledges of the Peace which I rather incline unto Two Temples where the Articles of the League might be kept as Sacred The Carthaginians being thus safe beyond their hopes freely consented to the Demands and promised a Crown of Gold to Damareta the Wife of Gelo For by making their Addresses unto her she was chiefly instrumental for the procuring of the Peace And after she receiv'd the Crown from the Carthaginians which was of the value of an Hundred Talents of Gold Gelo coin'd it into Money and call'd it from her Damaretâ—â—um every Piece worth Ten * Three Pounds Fifteen Shillings Attick Drachmas called likewise of the Sicilians Pentecontralitrons from their being Fifty Pounds in weight Gelo carry'd himself thus graciously to all chiefly prompted thereunto by his own generous Disposition yet not without some Design to engage all by Kindness For he had a purpose to pass with his Army over into Greece and to joyn with them against the Persians But when he was ready to transport his Fleet Messengers from Corinth brought him the News of the Victory by the Grecians at Salamis and that Xerxes with a great part of his Army had left Europe Upon which News he altered his Resolution and commending the forwardness of his Souldiers called a General Assembly with a Command that all should meet Arm'd He himself when the Assembly was met came in amongst them not only without any Arms but without a †Tunick a Souldier's Coat Tunick covered only with a Cloak or Mantle and in a Speech set forth the whole Course of his Life and Actions to the Syracusians the People giving evident Testimony of their Approbation to every Word that he said and admiring that he should so expose himself amongst Armed Men to the Will of every Person that might have a Design against his Life every one was so far from offering him any Violence as a Tyrant that had oppressed them that all with one Voice proclaim'd him their Benefactor their King and the Deliverer of their Country After these things he built Two Magnificent Temples one to Ceres and another to Proserpina out of the Spoils And caused a * A Three-footed Stool or Chair Tripode to be made of Sixteen Talents of Gold which he dedicated as a Token of his Gratitude to Apollo at Delphos He afterwards determin'd to build a Temple to Ceres in Mount Etna which so far proceeded as that the Image of the Deity was placed in her Shrine but by Death he was interrupted in his Design and the Work left imperfect The Death of Gelo. Pindar the Poet. About this time Pindar the Lyrick Poet flourished And these are all the things that were done this Year worthy of any Remark CHAP. III. The Victory of the Greeks over Mardonius at Platea XAnthippus being Archon of Athens and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus and Serrius Cornelius Cossus Roman Consuls the Persian Fleet all but the Phaenicians after P. 257. the Battel at Salamis lay about Cuma And there continuing all Winter at the Spring passed over to Samos to guard the Coasts of Ionia The Fleet consisted of Four Hundred Sail and because they were jealous of the Ionians they kept a strict Eye upon the Cities there In Greece upon the great Success of Salamis which was chiefly owing to the Valour and Conduct of the Athenians all were of Opinion that the Athenians bering lifted up would now contend with the Lacedemonians for the Dominion of the Seas And this the Lacedemonians foresaw and therefore used all their Arts and Endeavours to keep them under And for that reason when they were to take notice of the Noble Actions in that Fight and to distribute Rewards accordingly
the Lacedemonians prevailed by their Interest that the Honour of the Day should be given to them of Aegina and among the Athenians to Amynias the Brother of Aesculus the Poet because that he being General of the Gallies first charg'd the Admiral of the Persians and sunk both him and his Ship together But when the Athenians shewed their Resentment that they were so undeservedly Jealousies between the Athenians and the other Grecians slighted the Lacedemonians were afraid lest Themistocles being provoked with the Indignity should contrive some considerable Mischief against them and the rest of the Grecians Therefore to stop his Mouth they rewarded him doubly above all the rest But when the People of Athens understood that he had accepted what was given him they were much incens'd and remov'd him from his Place as General and put Xanthippus of the Family of Ariphron into his stead And now the Distaste given by the Grecians to the Athenians being spread Abroad Embassadors came to Athens both from the Persians and the Grecians The Persian Embassadors spoke to this effect That if the Athenians would side with the Persians they should have what part of Greece they would chuse that Mardonius the Persian General would rebuild their Walls and their Temples and that the City should have and enjoy its former Laws and Liberties On the other Hand the Lacedemonian Embassadors earnestly intreated them that they would not make any League with the Barbarians but preserve their ancient Amity with the Grecians being so near one with them both in Nation and Language To the Barbarians the Athenians gave this Return That the Persian had no Country so rich nor Gold so heavy which could tempt them to forsake their Confederates the Grecians in their necessity And to the Lacedemonians they commanded Answer to be given That as heretofore their care had been to preserve Greece so for the future to their utmost Endeavour they would defend it And in the mean time desired that they would forthwith with all their Forces pass into Attica in regard it was very apparent that Mardonius when he came to understand the Athenians to be so Resolved against him would invade Athens with all his Force And so it came to pass for Mardonius Encamping in Beotia first endeavour'd to draw the Cities of Peleponesus to a Defection by sending Monies here and there to the Governors and Chief Men. And after when he received the Answer return'd him by the Athenians he rag'd like a Mad Man and forthwith marched with all his Army into Attica For besides those which Xerxes left with him he rais'd many out of Thrace and Macedonia and other Confederate Cities to the number of Two Hundred Thousand Men and upwards And now Attica being invaded by so great a Multitude the Athenians sent Mardonius invades Attica Messengers to the Spartans and desired their Aid who were so slow that the Enemy violently broke in upon the Country so that the Athenians were reduced to great Streights and now a Second time with their Wives and Children and all other things that they could in that Distraction and Hurry carry away left their Country and fled to Salamis Mardonius greatly inrag'd destroy'd and wasted all the Country levelling the City to the Ground and utterly demolished all the Temples that were left untouch'd in the former Desolation Upon his returning thus to Athens with his Forces it was determined in the P. 258. general * At the Isthmus Assembly of the Grecians that they would all join with the Athenians and march to Platea and there join Battel with the Persians for the Liberty of their Country And made Solemn Vows to the Gods that if they became Victors they would celebrate and set apart a Festival Day and institute Sports to the Goddess Libertas at Platea At the General Rendezvous in Peleponesus they took an Oath to oblige one another to the Prosecution of the War to the end their League might be inviolably observ'd and that all Difficulties might be undergone with undaunted Courage The Form of the Oath was thus I will not prefer Life before Liberty The Oath of the Consederacy I will not desert my Officers whether they live or dye but that I will bury my Fellow-Souldiers that shall fall in the War how many soever they may be If I be victorious in this War I will not destroy or spoil any City of my Confederates I will not rebuild any of the Temples that are burnt or ruin'd but leave them as Monuments of the Impiety of the Barbarians to Posterity When they had thus sworn they march'd over the Mountain Citharon into Beotia and incamp'd at the Foot of the Hill near the City Erythra Aristides was the Commander of the Athenians and Pausanias the Tutor of Leonidas who was under Age was General of the whole Army When Mardonius understood that the Enemy was enter'd Beotia he march'd from Thebes and pitcht his Tents at the Ante Chr. 478. River †Near Platea and Thebes The Fight with the Persians at Erybra Aesopus and fortify'd himself with a deep Trench inclosing his Camp round with a Wall of Timber The Grecians were an Hundred Thousand but the Persians were Five Hundred Thousand The Barbarians began the Fight who all the Night long roving up and down with all their Cavalry set upon the Grecians in their Camp The first that felt the Brunt were the Athenians who forthwith in good order valiantly oppos'd them so that the Fight was very hot At length the rest of the Grecians put all to Flight that made the Onset on them only the Magareans who had to deal with the General and best of the Persian Horse were over-press'd yet gave no ground but sent with all speed to the Athenians and the Lacedemonians for Succors When Aristides understood their Distress he forthwith sent the chief of such Athenians as were then about him to their aid who joyning with the other made such a Charge upon the Barbarians that they soon freed the Magareans from their Dangers killing the General of the Persian Horse with many others and put the rest to flight This happy success at the beginning of the War fill'd the Grecians with hope of absolute Victory in the Conclusion Afterwards The great Battel with the Persians at the River Asopus near Platea they remov'd their Camp out of the Plain next under the Foot of the Mountain into another Place more convenient for obtaining a perfect Victory For on their Right Hand was an high Hill and on their Left the River Asopus for their Defence Between these Two they encamp'd thus guarded by a natural Fortification The straitness of the Place thus chosen by the Grecians was of great advantage and did much conduce to the Victory For the Persians could not enlarge their Front as otherways they might by reason whereof so many Thousands of the Barbarians became useless and unprofitable The Generals Pausanias and Aristides
having now so fair an Opportunity drew out their Forces and advanced in Battalia as the Ground would give them leave Mardonius on the other Hand being forc'd to march up in a close Body drew up his Men to the best advantage he could devise and with a great Shout meets the Grecians and with the choicest of his Men who were his Life-Guard makes the first Charge upon the Lacedemonians who were plac'd in Front to receive him He fought with an high Resolution and made great Slaughter amongst the Greeks but the Lacedemonians stoutly stood their Ground contemning all Danger and destroy'd likewise Multitudes of the Barbarians who as long as P. 259. Mardonius was in the Head of the Army bore the Brunt with great Courage but as soon as he fell valiantly behaving himself and that they discern'd the choice of the Army with him were all either kill'd or wounded their Hearts The Persians routed fail'd and they betook themselves to Flight and were as hotly pursu'd by the Grecians however the most of them got within the Timber Wall The rest being Grecians that sided with Mardonius fled to and shelter'd themselves within the Walls of Thebes The Remainder of the Army to the number of Forty Thousand and upwards fled another way with Artabazus a Man of great account amongst the Persians who came with them back by a shorter Cut into Phocis This Dispersion of the Persians caus'd the Forces of the Grecians likewise to be scatter'd and divided into several Parties for the Athenians Plateans and Thespians fiercely pursued those that fled to Thebes The Corinthians Sicyonians and Philasians and some few others follow'd close upon the back of those that fled with Artabazus The Lacedemonians with the rest of the Army besieged and assaulted those that were forc'd within the Wall The Thebans receiving those that fled issu'd forth and join'd with them against the Athenians their Pursuers upon which there was a fierce and bloody Fight before the City Walls the Thebans bravely standing to it so that many were kill'd on both sides But at length the Athenian Courage drave the Thebans back into the City Then the Athenians march'd back to the Lacedemonian Camp and join'd with The Persians Camp forc'd them in assaulting the Persians within the Wall where the Fight was maintain'd with great Obstinacy on both sides the Barbarians on the one Hand within a place of Strength defending themselves with great Courage and the Grecians on the other with all their Might endeavouring to force the Wall the Fight was pursu'd without regard or fear of Death so that many were wounded and great numbers with Showers of Darts were there Slain But neither the Wall though strongly Fortify'd nor the number of the Barbarians could withstand the fierce Assault of the Grecians but whatever was in their way they bore down all before them The Grecian Generals the Lacedemonians and Athenians out of Emulation and desire of Glory strove to exceed each other encouraged both by their former Victories and prickt forward by their own natural Valour At length the Persians Camp was entred and taken by Storm and though the Barbarians cried for Quarter yet they found no Mercy For Pausanias consider'd the great number of the Enemy insomuch as he was afraid lest through their Number which far exceeded the Grecians some unexpected and suddain Mischief should happen and therefore commanded that they should take no Prisoners Whereupon an incredible Slaughter was made in a short time and was Above 100000 Persians put to the Sword in the Camp scarce ended when more than an Hundred Thousand were already put to the Sword When the Battel was ended the Grecians apply'd themselves to the Burying of their Dead which were above Ten Thousand Then they divided the Spoil amongst the Souldiers and appointed Judgment to be given concerning every thing that was done with more than ordinary Valour and Courage in that War By the Decree of Charitides amongst the Cities the greatest Honour was attributed to Sparta and amongst the Men to Pausanias In the mean time Artabazus with swift Marches pass'd through Phocis into Macedonia with those Forty Thousand Persians that fled with him and brought them all over safe into Asia The Grecians dedicated a Tenth of the Spoils and made thereof a Tripode of Gold and placed it in the Temple of Delphos and engraved upon it this Elogy The stout Defenders of Great Greece this gave From Bondage when its Cities they did save And another was Engraven by the common Consent of all to the Honour of those Lacedemonians who died at Thermopyle in these Words Of Pelops Country one Four Thousand brave Men to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two Hundred Thousand Myriads Mistaken it seems P. 260. Two Millions base repulse once gave And another by a Private Hand thus Good Stranger tell the Spartans here we lye Stoutly their Laws while we maintaining dye After the same manner did the People of Athens adorn the Sepulchers of those that fell in the Persian War and then were first instituted the Funeral Games and a Law was then made that the Valorous Exploits of those that were buried at the Publick Charge of the City should be thenceforth set out by the best of their Orators Afterwards Pausanias the General causing all his Army to return to their several Colours marched against the Thebans and required the first Authors of the Defection to the Persians to be delivered up to Justice The Thebans being discouraged both with the Multitude and Valour of their Enemies the chief Authors of the Confederacy with the Persians yielded themselves up to Mercy and were all put to the Sword by Pausanias CHAP. IV. Of the Fight with the Persians by the Grecians in Ionia at Mycale THE same day that the Battel was fought at Platea there was another great Fight with the Persians in Ionia which I shall relate from the beginning Leotychidas the Lacedemonian and Xanthippus the Athenian Admirals of the Navy after the Battel at Salamis came with their Fleet to Aegina where staying some few Days they fail'd thence to Delos with Two Hundred and Fifty Gallies While they staid there Ambassadors came to them from Samos entreating that they would be assistant to the Inhabitants of Asia to regain their Liberty Leotychidas hereupon calling a Council of War it was there determined to assist them and to that end with all speed they loos'd from Delos The Officers of the Persian Fleet being then in Samos hearing of the Expedition the Grecians intended against them departed from Samos with their whole Fleet and came to Mycale in Ionia and judging themselves not strong enough to encounter the Grecians they hal'd all their Ships ashore and compass'd 'em in both with a Wall and a deep Trench And in the mean time they sent with all speed for Land-Forces from Sardis and other Neighbouring Places so that an Hundred Thousand Men were presently Mustered together and they procur'd
sides at length it broke out into open War The Japiges of their Citizens and Confederates bring into the Field above Twenty Thousand Men. The Tarentines understanding the great Preparation made against them both with their own Citizens and Confederates of Rhegium likewise take the Field A bloody Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides at length the Japiges became absolute Victors and in the Pursuit the Tarentines were scattered and broken into Two Parties whereof one fled back towards Tarentum the other were furiously driven towards Rhegium The Japiges likewise divided themselves into Two Parties of which the one pursu'd close upon the back of the Tarentines and in regard the distance of Place was but very small there was a very great Slaughter made The other Party so hotly pursu'd them of Rhegium that they fell in pell-mell with them into the City and so took and possessed it CHAP. XI The Death of Thero Prince of Agrigentum and the Tyranny of his Son Thrasydeus who Abdicated the Government and kill'd himself Three Hundred of the Family of the Fabii slain at one time THE next Year Chares was Archon at Athens and at Rome Titus Memius and P. 296. Caius Horatius were Consuls Then were celebrated the Olympian Games at Elis being the Seventy Seventh Olympiad An. Mund. 3500. Olymp. 77. 1. in which Dancles of Argos was Victor About this Ant. Chr. 470. time Thero King of Agrigentum died in the Sixteenth Year Thero King of Agrigentum dy'd of his Reign and Thrasydeus his Son succeeded Thero governed with great Moderation and Justice and The Commendation of Thero therefore was greatly loved and honoured by his Subjects And at his Death was reverenced as a Divine Heroe but his Son even in his Father's Life-time appeared to be of a violent and bloody Disposition And after his Father's Death throwing aside all restraint of the Laws he rul'd arbitrarily and tyrannically For which Thrasideus King of Agrigentum his Cruelty reason his Subjects combin'd against him as one not fit to be intrusted with the Government and perfectly hated by all Ant. Chr. 470. And therefore within a little time after he came to an end suitable to his Deserts For after the Death of his Father he rais'd a great Army of Mercenaries and of his own Subjects of Agrigentum and Himera to the number of above Twenty Thousand Horse and Foot and with these went against the Syracusians But Hiero furnish'd with a considerable Army The Fight of the Agregentines and Syracusians wasted the Borders of Agrigentum and after join'd Battel with the Enemy in which most of the Grecians on both sides being drawn up one against another were slain But the Syracusians got the Day with the loss of Two Thousand Men of the other side were kill'd above Four Thousand Thrasideus by this ill Success perplexed in his Mind Abdicated his Government and fled to the Megarians call'd Miseans and being there condemn'd to Dye slew himself The Agrigentines after Thrasideus abdicates the Government and kills himself they had restor'd and setled their Democratical Government sent an Embassador to Hiero to strike up a Peace At the same time in Italy the Romans had War with the Veians and in a great Battel at Cremera were routed and amongst others Three Hundred of the Fabii all of one Family were slain every Man And these were the Affairs and Events of this Year CHAP. XII The Malice of the Lacedemonians against Themistocles and his Banishment His Praise THE next Year Praxiergus being Archon of Athens Aulus Virgilius Tricostus An. Mu. 3500. Olymp. 77. 2. Ante Chr. â—â—9 and C. Servilius Roman Consuls the Eleans who before lived dispers'd in several little Villages now imbody'd themselves into one City call'd Elis. The Lacedemonians observing how Sparta was contemn'd and evil spoken of by reason of the Treachery of Pausanias and how the Name of Athens grew famous for their Loyalty and Faithfulness one to another endeavour'd all they could to stain the Athenians with the same Blot of Ignominy And therefore for as much as Themistocles was a Man of great Repute and Esteem amongst the Athenians they accuse him of Treason as if he consulted with Pausanias how Themistocles accus'd to betray Greece to Xerxes And the more to provoke the Enemies of Themistocles and to stir them up to accuse him they made use both of Bribes and false Insinuations affirming that Pausanias discover'd his Treasonable Design of betraying Greece unto Themistocles and solicited him to join with him both in Counsel and aid other ways But though Themistocles would not then agree to do that yet he did not look upon himself obliged to discover his Friend However notwithstanding the Potency of his Adversaries Themistocles was clearly acquitted Themistocles acquitted and his Name grew more famous amongst the Athenians for he was greatly beloved by the Citizens for the former eminent Services he had done the Commonwealth But afterwards when by reason of his Popularity he became suspected by some and envy'd by others unmindful of his former Deserts they determin'd both to weaken his Authority and to bring down the height of his Spirit In the first place therefore they Banish'd him the City by the Judgment of Ostracism This Themistocles Banished P. 270. Law was instituted at Athens after the Tyrants were expell'd out of the City by Pisistratus And the Law was thus Every Citizen writ the Name of him in a Shell whom they The Law of Ostracism most suspected to be in a capacity by reason of his Power and Interest to overturn the Popular Government and he whose Name was writ in most of the Shells was forthwith Banished for the space of Five Years And this Law was used at Athens not so much as a punishment for any particular Ant. Chr. 469. Offence as to humble the Spirits of proud and aspiring Men and by their Banishment to reduce them to more Moderation and Submission Themistocles thus banish'd from his Country went to Argos which when known by the Lacedemonians supposing now they had a fair opportunity to ruin him they sent again Embassadors to Athens to accuse him as being in Conspiracy with Pausanias in his Treason alledging that those Injuries which did concern all Greece in general should not be determin'd by the Athenians only but by a Common Council of Greece which was wont upon such occasions to be assembled at Sparta Themistocles considering that the Lacedemonians were resolv'd to expose the Athenians to Shame and Contempt and that they of Athens were as ready to oppose them in defending their Country against the Crime objected he concluded that the matter concerning him would be agreed to be heard in a Common and General Assembly of the Grecians at Sparta And he had had experience that the Lacedemonians were guided more by Interest and Favour than by the Rules of Justice as by a late Experiment was apparent
all the rest of the Grecians For he took Three hundred and forty Ships Twenty thousand Prisoners and a vast Sum of Money The Persians greatly perplexed with this dreadful Blow fell a Building a greater Number of Ships than they had before for the great Successes of the Athenians after this struck them with Fear and Terror and from this time the City increas'd both in Wealth and Power and became famous abroad for the Glory of their Arms. The Athenians dedicated the Tenths of the Spoil to their Gods with this Epigram Since Seas from Europe Asia did divide And Mars first rag'd with bloody Hand Among Mankind the Sun hath not espy'd So sad a Fight from Sea or Land From the Phenician Fleet when strongly man'd An Hundred Ships were took these slew Thousands of Medes made Asia sighing stand Sad and oppress'd with th' Armed Crew These were the things done this Year CHAP. XIV A great Earthquake in Sparta the War upon them by the Helots and Missenians PHedon was now Archon of Athens and Lucius Furius Medullinus and Marcus Manlius Vulso Consuls of Rome when a most sad and unexpected Calamity Olym. 77. 4. Ant. Ch. 467. happened to the Spartans for by an Earthquake there not only the Houses were wholly overturn'd but above Twenty thousand Souls buried in the Rubbish A great Earthquake in Sparta The City shak'd for a long time together and many by the violent Fall of the Walls of the Houses miserably perished and the Houshold-goods and Riches of all sorts were by this dreadful Shake swallow'd up Thus were they punished as by some angry Deity taking Vengeance upon their Crimes And were afterwards brought under many other Calamities by the Hands of Men upon the Accounts following The Helots and Missenians inraged not long before against the Lacedemonians The Helots conspire against Sparta bridled their Anger for a time whilst they fear'd the Power and Grandeur of the City of Sparta But when they observ'd that the greatest part of the City and Inhabitants were destroyed by the late Earthquake setting light by them that were left they enter'd into a League and with joint Force made War upon the Spartans But Archidamus King of Sparta by his Prudence had preserv'd many of the Citizens from the late Ruin and with these resolutely goes forth against the Enemy For while the City was in the height of this terrible Convulsion Archidamus suddenly headed his Army and hasten'd into the open Field and commanded the rest to follow him by which means this remnant Ant. Ch. 467. was preserv'd Having then marshal'd his Men he prepared for Battle The Helots with the Missenians in their first Heat with great Confidence march'd against Sparta supposing there was none to make any Defence But when they understood that Archidamus was ready with the Citizens that were left to defend the City and Country they desisted from their Design Afterwards P. 275. from a Fort they had in Missenia they made daily inrodes into Laconia The Spartans send to the Athenians for Aid who furnish'd them with Supplies The War between the Messenians Lacedemonians And at length by their Diligence in procuring Assistance from the rest of their Confederates they got together an Army equal to their Enemies Nay at the beginning of the War they were far superior but afterwards they dismis'd the Athenians in truth suspecting that they favour'd the Messenians but pretending that the Forces of the other Confederates were sufficient for the present Service The Athenians looking upon it as a Slight and an Affront departed grumbling full of Indignation with their Hearts boyling with Revenge against the Lacedemonians which Hatred increased every day more and more and this was the first Cause of the Enmity between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians which afterwards broke out into open Hostility and fill'd the Cities with Cruelty and Bloodshed and all Greece with Misery and Calamity But we shall write of these things distinctly in their due place After this the Lacedemonians with the Forces of their Confederates besieged Ithome In the mean time all the Helots revolted from the Lacedemonians and join'd with the Messenians And now though the War had continued ten Years compleat wasting one another with various Successes yet they could not decide the Controversy CHAP. XV. The War between the Argives and the Mycenians WHen Theaginidas was Archon of Athens and Lucius Emilius Mamercus and An. Mu. 3504. Olymp. 78. 1. Ant. Ch. 466. Lucius Vopiscus Julius Consuls of Rome began the Seventy Eighth Olympiad wherein Parmenidas Possidoniates was Victor At that time the War broke out between the Argives and the Mycenians upon the following Occasion The Mycenians by reason of the ancient Renown and Glory of their Country would never submit to the Government of the Argives as all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Argos did but were still governed by their own Laws distinct from them of Argos They contended likewise with the Argives concerning the Holy Rights of the Temple of Juno and to have the sole Management of the Nemean Games Besides when the Argives made a Law that none should aid the Lacedemonians at Thermophyle unless the Spartans would relinquish and give up part of their Country to them of Argos they of Mycena only of all the other Cities in the Territories of Argos join'd with the Lacedemonians And lastly they of Argos were jealous lest by the Growth of their Power their ancient Courage should so revive as to contend with them for the Sovereignty For these Reasons they had an evil Eye to the Mycenians and some time not long before had a longing Desire to ruin their City And now they thought a fit Occasion and Opportunity was offer'd them to accomplish what they before design'd in regard the Spartans seemed not to be in a Condition by reason of their late Calamity to aid and assist them To this end they marched against 'em Ante Chr. 466. with a great Army both from Argos and their Confederates and having routed 'em drove 'em within the Walls and besieg'd their City The Mycenians made a stout Defence for a time but wearied out and wasted by Famine the Laccdemonians partly thro' Wars of their own and partly thro' the late Ruins by the Earthquake unable to assist 'em and the help of the other Confederates failing they became a Prey to the Conquerors The Argives made all the Citizens Captives and consecrated a Tenth of the Spoil to God and laid the City even with P. 276. the Ground Such was the End of Mycena a City in former times flourishing Mycena in Greece ruin'd in all Prosperity that had bred and brought up Men famous in their Generations that had been glorious in the World by brave and noble Actions and now lies wast and forsaken unto this day These were the Affairs of this Year CHAP. XVI The Death of Hiero. LYsiatus being Governour or Archon of
Tolmides the Admiral of the Athenian Fleet out of Emulation to the glory of Myronides Tolmides's Design to invade Laconia made it his Business to do something more than ordinary remarkable And therefore for as much as none before had ever attempted to invade Laconia he advis'd the People of Athens to make an Inroad into the Country of the Spartans undertaking that if he might have but a Thousand Armed Men Aboard his Ships he would waste Laconia and bring an Eclipse upon the Spartans Glory Having got the Consent of the People and designing privately to get more His Stratagem to raise Souldiers Men than he at first required he conceiv'd this Project All were of opinion that a choice should be made of the strongest young and most spriteful Men in the Army But Tolmides designing far more than the Thousand yielded to him for his intended Enterprize He goes to every one of the ablest Men and tells 'em each singly that he intended to chuse him for the War and that it was far more for their Credit and Reputation to offer themselves of their own accord than being chosen to be compell'd to the Service When by this means he had persuaded above Three Thousand to give in their Names of their own accord and discern'd the rest to be backward he then proceeded to the choice of the Thousand granted to him by the Consent of the People And when all things P. 286. The acts of Tolmides were ready for the Expedition he set Sail with Fifty Ships and Four Thousand Souldiers and arriving at Methon in Laconia took it but by reason of the speedy Succour sent by the Spartans he was forc'd to quit the Place and made for Gythium a Port Town of the Lacedemonians which he likewise took and there burnt and destroy'd all the Shipping and Naval Provisions wasting the Ant. Chr. 454. Country round about Thence he bent his Course for Zacynthus in Cephalania and possess'd himself of that City and after he had brought all the Towns in Cephalania to a submission he sail'd with the whole Fleet to Naupactus on the opposite Shore which he gain'd at the first Assault and there plac'd a Colony of the Noblest Families of the Messenians who had been before upon Agreement dismis'd by the Lacedemonians For about this time in a War against the Messenians and the Helots the Lacedemonians had reduced most of them to their former Subjection And them of Ithomea they discharg'd upon Articles of Submission as is before said And as for the Helots those of them that were the Authors and Ringleaders of the Defection they had put to Death and made the rest Slaves Sosistratus now Pretor of Athens the Romans chose for Consuls Publius Valelerius Olymp. 81. 2. An. M. 3517. Ant. Chr. 453. Publicola and Caius Clodius Rhegillanus During their Government Tolmides continued in Beotia But the Athenians made Pericles the Son of Xanthes General of a select number of Men and committed to him Fifty Ships and a Thousand Souldiers with a Command to invade Peloponesus Hereupon he wasted Pericles made General a great part of it and passed into Acarnania near the Island Oeniades and there brought all the Cities to a Submission So that during this Year the Athenians gain'd many Cities and became famous for their Military Discipline and many glorious Successes in their Wars CHAP. XXVI The War in Sicily between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans The Custom of writing upon an Olive-Leaf the Names of such as were to be banish'd in Sicily call'd Petalism IN this Year Ariston was Chief Magistrate at Athens and Quintus Fabius Vibulanus Olymp. 81. 3. An. M. 3518. Ant. Ch. 452. and Lucius Cornelius Curetinus Consuls of Rome In the time of their Government a Peace was made between the Athenians and the Peloponesians for Five Years by the mediation of Cimon the Athenian In Sicily a War broke out between the Aegestines and the Lilybeans concerning A War between the Aegestines and Lilybeans in Sicily some Lands near to the River Mazarus After a sharp Battel fought and many kill'd on both sides they began to cool for some time but after an account of the Citizens was taken in every City and a new division of the Lands was made by Lot and that every one was to take his share as it fell the shares fell so confus'd that the Cities broke out again into Civil Discords and Dissentions by which Mischiefs the Syracusians greatly smarted For one call'd Tyndarides a rash conceited Fellow who protecting and feeding many poor People Tyndarides's Treason in Syracuse by that means sought to make a Party to further his Design in obtaining of the Principality But when it was evident that he aim'd at the Sovereign power he was brought to his Trial and condemn'd to dye And when they were bringing him back to the Goal he was by the Party he had before prepared as aforesaid by Force rescu'd out of the Hands of the Officers This rais'd a Tumult through the whole City and caus'd the chief and soberest part of the Citizens to join together against them who presently apprehended the Innovators and put them together with Tyndarides to death When several Attempts were made of this kind and many were infected with this itch of Dominion the Syracusians were at length forc'd after the Example of the Athenians to make The Law of Petalism made in Syracuse a Law not much differing from that of Ostracism at Athens For there every Citizen was to write in * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Shell the Name of him whom they conceiv'd to be most powerful to possess himself of Sovereignty So the Syracusians were to write the Name of him who was thought to be most potent upon an †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Olive-Leaf and when the Leaves were counted he whose Name was upon most of the Leaves was Banish'd for Five Years By this means they conceiv'd they should bring down the aspiring Minds of P. 287. Ant. Ch. 452. the great ones to some moderation for they did not hereby intend the punishment of any Crime that was committed but the prevention of Mischief by impairing the Estates and weakning the interest of them that might be ambitious That therefore which the Athenians call'd Ostracism from the nature of the thing the Syracusians call'd Petalism This continu'd long amongst the Athenians but was abolished within a short Petalism abolish'd time after by the Syracusians for these Reasons For when several of the chief and best deserving Men were by this Law banish'd the City the rest who were beloved by the Citizens and were Men of great use in the Service of their Country withdrew themselves from all publick business and out of fear of the Law betook themselves to private Lives But minding thus their own private Concerns at length they fell into all manner of Profuseness and Luxury In the mean time the basest of
Crotonians one Thessalus about Eight and Fifty Years after getting together the remnant of the Sibarites rebuilt Sibaris situated between two Rivers Sybaris and Crathis But the Sibarites growing rich suddenly by reason of the fruitfulness of the Soil possess'd the City only Six Years and were again ejected which we intend to relate more fully in the following Book CHAP. XXVIII The Contests between Deucetius and the Agrigentines His strange Submission to the Syracusians who sent him to Corinth with promise to supply him with Necessaries WHen Antidotus was Governor of Athens the Romans chose Lucius Publius Posthumus Olymp. 82. 2. An. M. 3521. Ant. Chr. 450. P. 289. Agrigentines routed by Deucetius and Marcus Horatius Consuls In their time Deucetius the General of the Siculi took Aetna whose Prince was kill'd by Treachery Afterwards he led his Army into the Country of the Agrigentines and besieg'd Motyum a Garrison of the Agrigentines They of Agrigentum sent aid to them of Motyum but his Army fought and routed them and took the Place The Winter approaching all return'd to their several Cities The Syracusians put to Death Bilco the General of the Army the Author as was supposed of that ruin that was brought upon them in this Battel and who was judg'd to have had secret Correspondence with Deucetius At the Return of the Year they made another General committing to him an Army well appointed Fight between the Siculi and Deucetius against the Syracusians in all respects with strict Orders to ruin and destroy Deucetius To which end he led forth the Army and found Deucetius encamp'd near 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nomae where a Battel was fought and after many kill'd on both sides the Siculi after a valiant Resistance at last fled but a great slaughter was made of 'em in the Pursuit Many of those that escap'd fled to the Forts and Strong Holds for few had Hearts and Courage enough to run the same Fortune with Deucetius Whilst these things were thus acting the Agrigentines retook the Castle of Motyum taken by the Agrigentines Motyum by force wherein at that time was a Garrison of Deucetius then they march'd to the Victorious Syracusians and both encamp'd together But Deucetius having lost all his Treasure in the last Battel was brought near to the utmost extremity partly through the Treachery of some and partly through the Cowardize of others of his Souldiers who deserted him At length seeing matters brought to so desperate a Condition that his Friends A remarkable Passage of Deucetius who were yet about him were ready to lay violent Hands upon him to prevent the execution of their Treacheries he fled with all speed in the Night to Syracuse and whilst it was yet dark came into the Market-place and fell down before the Altars and as an humble Suppliant gave up both himself and his Country into the Hands of the Syracusians The strangeness of the thing brought a great Concourse of People together into the Market-place Upon which a General Assembly of the Magistrates was call'd and there it was debated what was to be done in this matter Some who were used and lov'd to speak much to the People persuaded them to take him as an Enemy and for his many Acts of Hostility against them to punish him accordingly But the Wiser sort of the Senators who were then present declar'd that the Suppliant was to be preserved and that a reverend regard was to be had to the Providence of God The generosity of the Syracusians in sparing Deucetius Ant. Chr. 450. and that they should not have respect so much to what Deucetius deserved as seriously to consider what was fit and just for them to do in such a case To kill one whom Providence had laid as a Suppliant at their Feet was unjust but to preserve and keep to the Rules of Piety towards God and Humanity towards Men that submit to Mercy greatly became the Generosity of the Syracusians Hereupon the People unanimously cried out Let the Suppliant be safe Deucetius thus deliver'd the Syracusians sent him back to Corinth and commanded him there to continue the rest of his Days with a Promise to supply him with all things necessary for his comfortable support And now having perform'd our Promise in setting forth those things that happened the Year next before the Athenian Expedition into Cyprus under Cymon their General we conclude this Book THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XII The PREFACE HE who seriously considers the incertainty and instability of Humane Affairs must needs be struck with great admiration for he 'll find that nothing which amongst Men is accounted Good is purely such nor any thing that is esteemed Bad is perfectly or absolutely evil without some ingredient of Profit and Advantage Which Lesson we may learn from what is before Related if we ponder and digest things well For the Expedition of Xerxes the King of Persia into Greece by reason of his vast Army terrify'd the Grecians to the highest degree who were by that War in great danger to be brought into absolute Slavery and might justly fear that Greece was likely to fall into the same condition with the Greek Cities in Asia who were not long before brought under the power of the Persians But beyond all expectation the event of this War was wonderful for the Grecians were not only deliver'd from this threatning Storm but by that occasion gain'd an everlasting Renown and every City in Greece thereby abounded with so much Wealth that their suddain Turn of Fortune into such a height of Prosperity was admir'd by all For Fifty Years together from that time Greece flourished in all Felicity in which time by the Wealth that abounded amongst them all good Arts were highly improv'd and excellent Artists are recorded to have flourished in this Age amongst whom was Phidias that famous Statuary and several other Arts and Sciences Phidias the Statuary then advanced to an extraordinary degree But the great honour of Greece was Philosophy and Oratory and chiefly among the Athenians Those that were eminent for Philosophy were Socrates Plato and Aristotle For Oratory Pericles Isocrates and his Scholars There were others no less famous for Military Discipline and excellent Commanders as Miltiades Themistocles Aristides Cimon Mironides and many others of whom it would be too tedious to give a particular account For the Athenian Name was highly honoured almost through all parts of the World for they so enlarged their Dominion that by their own strength without the help of the Lacedemonians P. 292. and them of Peloponesus they routed the mighty Armies of the Persians both by Sea and Land and did so weaken that great Empire that they compell'd it upon Treaties to set free all the Grecian Cities in Asia The particulars whereof are distinctly and at large related in the former Book and in this we have at present in hand And now we are come to
the Army formerly commanded by Pericles Hagno thereupon Sail'd thither with the whole Fleet and made all the preparation for the Siege imaginable viz. Engines of all Sorts for an Assault Potidea Besieg'd Arms and Darts and sufficient Provision for the whole Army However though he continually batter'd the Walls of the City in many places yet he spent much time to no purpose For the fear of being taken by Storm added courage to the Defendants and the hight of the Walls commanding the Port made them very resolute Besides a Disease hapn'd among the Besiegers which destroy'd many of them so that they were greatly discourag'd Notwithstanding Hagno knowing that the Athenians had been at the charge of a Thousand Talents to carry on the Siege and that they were highly incens'd against them of Potidea because they Ant. Chr. 429. were the first that made a Defection durst not leave the Siege But with all his might persisted and stir'd up the Souldiers even above their Strength to force the City But at length considering that many of the Citizens were lost both in the Assaults and by the infection of the Disease leaving a part of the Army to maintain the Siege he return'd with the rest to Athens having lost above a Thousand Men. After he was gone they of Potidea being brought to the utmost extremity for want of Provision sent to the Besiegers to treat with them upon Terms of Peace which was readily accepted and imbrac'd with both Arms as they say by the Athenians and Peace was made upon the Terms following to wit That Potidea surrendred all the Inhabitants should draw out of the City and take nothing away with them but every Man one Suit of Apparel and every Woman two Matters being thus compos'd the Potideans with their Wives and Children according to the Articles left the City and setled themselves among the Calcideans in Thrace after which the Athenians sent a Colony of a Thousand Persons P. 311. and divided both the City and Country adjacent amongst them by Lot Phormio being now made Admiral at Athens with Twenty Ships sail'd round Peloponesus and arriv'd at Naupactum where possessing himself of the Greek Criseus he stopt the Passages against the Lacedemonians so as that their Ships could not come forth But their King Archidamus with a great Army began a new expedition Ant. Chr. 429. and march'd into Beotia and when he came to Platea ready and prepar'd to wast and destroy the Country he first solicited that City to revolt Platea besieg'd by the Lacedemonians But not being able to prevail he fell a robbing and spoiling the Country all along as he went Afterwards he Besieg'd the City in hopes to weary them out for want of Provision He incessantly likewise Batter'd the Walls with his Engines and made frequent Assaults But with all his Attempts not being able to gain the Place he left a part of the Army to carry on the Siege and with the rest march'd back into Peloponesus About this time the Athenians made Xenophon and Phanomachus Generals and commanded them with a Thousand Men to go into Thrace When they came as far as Pactolus in Beotia they burnt spoil'd and rob'd the Country all before them and destroy'd the very standing Corn. But they of Olynthus join'd with the Beotians fell upon the Athenians and slew most of them together with their Generals The Athenian Generalskill'd in Beotia In the mean time the Lacedemonians by the advice of the Ambraciots with a Thousand Men and a few Ships under Cnemus their Captain made for Acarnania and being inforc'd by a considerable Number of their Confederates Cnemus arriv'd there and incamp'd near the City Stratos But the Acarnanians in a Body came suddainly upon him surpriz'd him with the loss of many of his Men and drove him into the Country of Oeniades About the same time Phormio the Athenian Commander with his twenty Ships met with the Lacedemonian Fleet of Forty Seven Ante Chr. 429. The Lacedemonians routed at Sea at Rhium Sail and Fought them sunk the Admiral and disabl'd many others took Twelve with the Men in them and pursu'd the rest to the Continent The Lacedemonians thus unexpectedly beaten with the remaining part of their Fleet got into Patrae in Achaia This Battel was at a Place call'd Rhium Hereupon the Athenians erected a Trophy and Dedicated a Ship in the Isthmos to Neptune and so return'd to their Confederat City Naupactus But the Lacedemonians sent other Ships to join the remainder of their Fleet that were at Patra And all of them rendezvouz'd at * A Promontory neer the Isthmos of Corinth Rhium whither likewise the Lacedemonians Land-Army March'd and there encamp'd near to their Fleet. Phormio encourag'd by the late Victory set upon the Enemy though they far exceeded him Number and destroy'd many of their Ships but not without some loss of his own so that he went off but half Conqueror but being enforc'd with Twenty more Ships from Athens tlie Lacedemonians made off for Corinth and durst never attempt any more to Fight at Sea And these are the things reported to be done this Year Diotinus executing the place of chief Magistrate at Athens the Romans created Olymp. 88. 1. Ante Chr. 428. Caius †Julius Junius and Proculus Virginius Tricostus Consuls And they of Elis celebrated the eighty eighth Olympiad in which Simmachus of Messina in Sicily carry'd away the Prize About this time Cnemus the Lacedemonian Admiral while he lay at Corinth contriv'd how to surprize the Pyreum For he understood by his P. 312. Spies that no Shipping lay there nor any Guard was appointed to defend the Place and that the Athenians were secure and therefore Negligent conceiving none durst be so bold as to come up thither to attempt any thing of that Nature To this end having brought Forty Ships a little before to Megaris with these well Man'd he set Sail from thence in the Night and past over to Salamis where he surpriz'd and took the Castle Budorium and seiz'd their Ships and harras'd the rest of the Country They of Salamis firing their Beacons the Salamis invaded by the Lacedemonians Athenians suspected that the Pyreum was taken and ran all with great fear and confusion to their Arms for the defence of the Place But being better inform'd made away for Salamis The Lacedemonians thus frustrated in their Design left Salamis and return'd home After their departure the Athenians had a more watchful Eye upon Salamis and plac'd there a strong Garrison and fortifi'd the Pyreum with Walls and sufficient Guards for it's Defence About this time Sitalces King of Thrace though he had but a Small Kingdom yet by his Valour and Prudence greatly enlarg'd his Dominions being a Man The Commendation of Sitalces King of Thrace both Just and Kind to his Subjects and Valiant and Diligent in time of War He made his
427. an Hundred Sail of Ships under the command of Lachetes and Chabrias With these they arriv'd at Rhegium and from The Athenians assist the Leontines in Sicily by Chabrias their Colonies there and at Calcidea they had an Hundred Ships more which join'd with the former from thence they loos'd and came first to the Lipare Islands where they ravag'd the Country because they were Confederates of the Syracusians Then they made to * In Italy upon the Sea-Coasts Locris and took Five Ships belonging to the Locrians and besieg'd one of their Castles The Siculi bordering upon the †Mylae a City in Sicily Myleans coming to their aid the Armies engag'd and the Athenians were Conquerors and kill'd above a Thousand of their Enemies and took no fewer than Six Hundred Prisoners And presently after they took the Castle by Storm In the mean time Forty Ships more were sent to the Fleet by the Athenians to carry on the War with more Vigour under the command of Eurymedon and Sophocles And when they were all join'd they made up a Fleet of Two Hundred and Fifty Sail. But while the War was carrying on the Leontines by their Embassadors struck up a Peace with them of Syracuse Upon which the Athenian Fleet return'd Home But the Syracusians receiv'd all the Leontines into the City and made them all free of Syracuse and from that time appointed the City Leontium to be a Fort or Garrison of the Syracusians And this was the Condition of Sicily at this time In Greece they of the Island Lesbos revolted from the Athenians And the Lesbos revolts from Athens Reason was because all the Inhabitants of the Cities throughout Lesbos were by order and decree of the Athenians remov'd and brought into * The greatest City of Lesbos Mitylene For this Reason also they entred into a League with the Lacedemonians and advis'd them how they might become Masters at Sea To accomplish which Design they promis'd them a great number of Ships The Spartans gave a very quick ear to this and whilst they were preparing a Navy the Athenians were before them and commanded Clinippides with Forty Sail forthwith to waft over an Army into Lesbos who being joyn'd with other Confederates made for Mitylene Ant. Chr. 427. Mitylene besieg'd by the Athenians and in a Sea-Fight routed the Mityleans and then besieged them Hereupon the Lacedemonians resolved to assist them of Mitylene and to that end prepared a brave Navy but the Athenians enforc'd their Army with a Thousand Men more sent into Lesbos before the Lacedemonians arriv'd Paches the Son of Epiderus was General of this Expedition who when he arriv'd at Mitylene joining with the former Army laid a more strait Siege to the Place and contiually assaulted the City both by Sea and Land The Lacedemonians in the mean time sent Five and Forty Ships under the Command of Alcidas to assist the Mitylenes and again invaded Attica with the assistance of their Confederates who fell upon those Places that were before untouch'd and after they had most shamefully pillaged and wasted the Country they return'd Home But the Mitylenes oppress'd with Famine the Sword and seditious Tumults upon Conditions surrender the City After which a Council was held at Athens what Mitylene surrendred they should do with them of Mitylene There was one Cleon an Orator a cruel and violent spirited Man stir'd up the People to kill all the Mitylenes that were Men grown up and to sell all the Women and Children for Slaves The Athenians P. 315. voted it to be so as Cleon had perswaded them and sent Messengers to Mitylene to acquaint the Governor with the Decree When Paches had read it another to the contrary presently came to his Hand upon which Paches understanding the Athenians had chang'd their Minds with great joy call'd the Mitylenes together and both remitted their faults and likewise freed them from their fears But the Athenians demolished the Walls of Mitylene and divided the whole Island of Lesbos by Lot except the Lands belonging to Methymna And this was the issue of the Lesbean defection from Athens About the same time the Lacedemonians still carrying on the Siege at Platea drew a Wall round the City and fortify'd it with several Forts and strong Guards for its Defence The Siege continuing long and no Relief coming from Ant. Chr. 427. Athens the Besieg'd were greatly press'd both with want of Provision and the loss of many of the Citizens who were cut off in the frequent Assaults All therefore being doubtful what the issue might be a Council was call'd to advise what was fit to be done in order to their Preservation Many thought it most advisable to capitulate but there were others to the number of Two Hundred that were for breaking through the Guards in the Night and so fly to Athens In pursuance whereof observing the darkness of the Night those that were for Capitulating were prevail'd with to assault a remote part of the Enemy's Wall by which means they who intended to break through the Guards whilst their Enemies were busied in assisting their Fellows that were assaulted scaled another part of the Wall having got Ladders for that purpose and kill'd the Guards and so escap'd to Athens The next Day the Lacedemonians were in great vexation at the escape of them out of the City and brought their Forces close to the Walls and bent all their Minds and Strength with all expedition to force the Place Upon which the Plateans being terrify'd gave up both themselves and their City to the mercy of their Enemies Platea surrendred But the Lacedemonian Commanders put this Question to every one that they sent for from among the Plateans What good Offices or Services they had ever done to the Lacedemonians And when one by one confessed they knew of none they asked them again Whether they had ever done the Spartans any harm And when none deny'd that they order'd them all to be slain so that all that remain'd in the City were put to the Sword and the Town it self was raz'd to the Ground and the Lands belonging to it let to farm And thus the Inhabitants Platea raz'd of Platea for their faithfulness to the Athenians became involv'd in great Misery and undeservedly perished Whilst these things were in doing a great Sedition and ‖ A Sedition at Corcyra civil Discord arose in Corcyra upon the following occasion In the Battel at Epidamnum many of the Corcyreans were taken Prisoners and while they were in custody they promis'd the Corinthians that if they might be releas'd they would undertake to deliver up Corcyra into their Hands This was a very welcome and grateful Offer to the Corinthians A considerable Number of Talents therefore being colourably procur'd from their Friends for their Redemption they were all discharg'd As soon as they return'd into their Country minding the performance of their Contract they First seised
upon the chief of the Citizens and especially those who could most influence the People and afterwards cut their Throats and so quite dissolved the Democracy But the Corcyreans were presently assisted by the Athenians and recoverd their Liberty and were resolved to execute Justice upon Ant. Ch. 427. the Ringleaders of the Defection But they through fear of punishment fled for refuge to the Altars of the Gods and as Suppliants begg'd Pardon both of the Gods and the People Euthydemus was Governor of Athens when Three Military Tribunes invested P. 316. Olymp. 88. 3. Ant. Chr. 426. Plague breaks forth again at Athens with Consular Power were again chosen at Rome Marcus Fabius Phalinius and Lucius Sereulius In their time the Plague broke out afresh when they were freed from this Contagion but very lately before It rag'd so exceedingly that they lost Four Thousand Foot Soldiers and Four Hundred Horse and of others Freemen and Servants above Ten Thousand And now because the Course of the History may require a Declaration of the Causes of this violent Distemper it is necessary for us in this place to set them forth Abundance of Rain had fallen in the Winter by reason whereof the Earth being over-wet in many Places especially in low and hollow Grounds the Water lay like standing Pools and those being corrupted and putrify'd by the heat of the Summer thence proceeded a Mist of gross and stinking Vapours which corrupted the Air as it often happens about filthy Marishes And besides the want of good Food much advanc'd the progress of the Disease for the Year before the Fruits by too much Rain were crude and unwholsom There was likewise a Third cause of this Distemper which was this the * That is Winds which come at stated and certain times every Year Plin. lib. 2. c. 47. Etesian Winds this Summer blew not by whose gentle Breezes the violent heat of the Air was constantly allay'd before at other times so that the Heat being now excessive and the Air as it were inflam'd Mens Bodies now wanting the usual Refreshment contracted an evil Habit from whence arose through the vehement and immoderate heat all sorts of burning Distempers And hence it was that many seiz'd with this Disease to free themselves from the burning heat that was in their Bodies cast themselves into Pits and Wells But the Athenians judg'd that Ant. Chr. 426. so grievous a Distemper was from God and therefore according to the charge given them by the Oracle they purg'd the Island Delos which was formerly dedicated to Apollo now polluted as they conceiv'd by burying many dead Bodies there Therefore all the Graves of the Dead were dug up and the Urns were transported into the next Island to Delos call'd Rhene and a Law was made that it should not be lawful for any for the time to come either to bury or to bear any Child in Delos They then likewise reviv'd the Panegyrick Festival in Delos now for a long time disus'd While the Athenians were thus religiously imploy'd the Lacedemonians with their Confederates in Peloponesus incamp'd in the Isthmos and there consulted together concerning the invading of Attica again But there then happening such terrible †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 An Earthquake Earthquakes in several parts of Greece that it so terrify'd and possess'd them with fear and awe of the Gods that they all return'd to their respective Countries For the horrible Concussions of the Earth were so great that many Cities near the Sea were sunk and drown'd And whereas that Tract of Land near Locris was before a Peninsula by the violence of the Earthquake a Channel was made through the Isthmos and the Place turn'd into an Island now call'd †Near Eubea now call'd Negropont Atalante While these things were doing the Lacedemonians sent new Colonies into Trachin and changed its Name into * There are many of this Name but this is near the Mountain Oeta and the Straits of Thermopyle Ant. Chr. 426. Heraclea The Reason was for that the Trachinians having had Wars with the Oeteans many Years had lost most of their Citizens And therefore being almost depopulated they addressed themselves to the Lacedemonians whose Colonies they were to repeople their City The Lacedemonians in regard they were their Countrymen and Hercules their Ancestor in times long past had resided at Trachin resolved to make it a large and beautiful City And to this end they sent a Colony thither out of their own City and out of others in Peloponesus to the number of Four Thousand and out of the rest of Greece as many as pleased were receiv'd as Members of the Cololony The whole number was little less than Six Thousand To conclude Trachin was at length so far inlarged that it contain'd Ten Thousand Men and when they had divided the Land adjoining by Lot they call'd the City Heraclea Stratocles being Archon of Athens the Consular dignity was conferr'd upon the Three Military Tribunes at Rome Lucius Furius * Medullus Metellus †Mamercus P. 317. The Acts of Demosthenes the Athenian General Lucius Pinarius and S. Posthumius Albus In the time Olymp. 88. 4. An. Mu. 3547. of their Government Demosthenes made Admiral of the Fleet by the Athenians with Thirty Ships well man'd join'd with Fifteen more from Corcyra and other Aids from the Cephaleans Acarnanians and Messenians inhabiting ‖ A City of Achaia now call'd Lepantum by the Venetians Ant. Chr. 426. Naupactus and so set sail for Leucas and when he had harrased and wasted the Country of Leucadia he bent his Course for Aetolia and there burnt and destroy'd many of their Villages but the Aetolians making head against them routed the Athenians who fled to Naupactus The Aetolians incouraged with this Victory with the aid of Three Thousand Lacedemonians march'd against Naupactus which the Messeneans then inhabited but were repulsed From thence they made an Expedition against * A City of Aetolia Molycria and took the City The Athenian General Demosthenes fearing lest they should attack Naupactus sent a Thousand Men out of Arcarnania to strengthen the Garrison He himself continu'd in Acarnania and fell upon a Thousand Ambraciots in their March and cut them almost all off Upon this the whole Strength of the †Ambracia City came out against him and he destroy'd most of them likewise so that the City was almost made desolate Hereupon he entred into a Consultation of assaulting Ambracia hoping it might be easily won by reason there were few left to defend it But the Acarnanians fearing that if the Athenians were Masters of the Town they should have more troublesome Neighbours than the Ambraciots were refused to follow Demosthenes Upon this Mutiny the Acarnanians became Friends with the Ambraciots and entred into a League of Peace and Amity for an Hundred Years Demosthenes thus deserted by the Acarnanians returns with Twenty Sail to Athens Presently after the
Authors of the Truce insomuch as they of Argos cast Stones at the Officers of the Army and had order'd them all to be put to death which had been executed if by great intercession their Lives had not been spared but their Goods were confiscated and their Houses pull'd down The Lucedemonians also intended to have put Agis to Death but upon his Agis threatned to be put to Death promise to wipe off the stain of the late miscarriage by his future Services with much adoe he was spar'd However for the future they join'd with him Ten Persons approv'd for their Wisdom and Prudence without whose Advice he was strictly charg'd not to do any thing for the time to come After this when the Athenians had sent forth a Thousand well-arm'd Men and Two Hundred Horse by Sea to them of Argos under the command of Nichetes Ante Chr. 420. and Nichostratus to whom Alcibiades join'd himself though then in no command for the great love and kindness he bore towards the Mantineans and Eleans the Argives in a common Assembly decreed that notwithstanding the former Agreement they should make it their business to carry on the War with all their Power To that end all the Officers incouraged every one their own Souldiers who readily and heartily follow'd their Leaders and encamp'd out of the Walls of the City There it was concluded to be most advisable to begin first with an Expedition against Orchomenia in Arcadia To that purpose having advanced into Arcadia they besieg'd the City and wearled it out with Orcomenia taken by the Argives daily Assaults and having taken the Town they march'd to Tegea determining to force that likewise The Tegeans desiring speedy aid from the Lacedemonians they with the strength of their whole City and of their Confederates made for Mantinea conceiving that by Besieging of that a stop would be easily put to the Siege of Tegea But the Mantineans being inforc'd by the Assistance of their Confederates march'd out with the Youth of their City and had an Army in the Field ready to oppose the Lacedemonians Presently hereupon Battel was joyn'd and a select Band of the Argives consisting of a Thousand well disciplin'd and expert Souldiers were the first that put the Enemy to flight and made a great Slaughter in the Pursuit But the Lacedemonians returning from Ant. Chr. 420. A Battel between the Lacedemonians and the Mantineans the Pursuit and Slaughter of those they had routed in another part of the Army fell upon the Conquering Argives and surrounding them made no question but to cut them off every Man And whereas these brave Men although far inferior in number prevail'd in a great measure against their Enemies the Lacedemonian King being earnest to perform his Promise to the Citizens and to wipe off the stain of his former disgrace by some great and remarkable Action in the Head of his Army ran through all sorts of Difficulties in the Fight and had kill'd them all upon the spot if he had not been prevented for Pharax one of the Ten join'd with the King as his Council a Man of great authority in Lacedemon commanded the Souldiers to open a way for the Arcadians lest fighting with Men in a desperate condition they came to experience what Valour can do when it 's driven to a necessity The King restrain'd by his Command a Passage was made for the Enemy to break through as Pharax had ordered And in this manner these Thousand Men got off and the Lacedemonians having gain'd an eminent Victory set up a Trophy and return'd Home The former Year ended Antopha was chief Governour at Athens and Four Military Tribunes Caius Furius * Titus Quinctius Quintilius Olymp. 90. 3. An. Mund. 3554. Ante Chr. 419. Marcus Posthumus and Aulus Cornelius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome At that time the Argives and Lacedemonians had several Meetings and Messages to and fro about entring into a League one with another which was effected P. 327. accordingly Upon this the Mantineans now deserted by A League between the Lacedemonians and the Argives the Garrison put in there by the Argives were forc'd to come under the power of the Lacedemonians About the same time the Thousand choice Men before spoken of in the City of Argos conspir'd to overthrow the Democracy and set up an Aristocracy from among A Sedition in Argos themselves And having many Associates and Abettors in this Affair of the wealthiest and most couragious Men of the City they forthwith seiz'd upon the Tribunes of the People and the Heads and chief of those that were for Popular Government and cut their Throats The rest being terrified repealed all the ancient Laws and began to order all Affairs in the Commonwealth according to the Will and Pleasure of these Men. And after they had thus govern'd for the space of Eight Months they were by an insurrection of the People depos'd and the Democracy restor'd Another Disturbance likewise arose in Greece for upon a Difference happening between the Phoceans and the Locrians the matter came to a decision by the Sword The Phoceans were Conquerors Quarrels and a Fight beween the Phoceans and Locrians and kill'd above a Thousand of the Locrians In the mean time the Athenians under the Command of Niceas took Two Ant. Ch. 419. Cities * Cithera in Peloponesus Cithera and †Nicea a Port Town in Megara Nicea and in * Melus in Thessaly Melus which was taken by Storm they put all but Women and Children to the Sword and them they made Captives In Italy the Fidenates put the Roman Ambassadors to Death upon a light occasion At which base act of Injustice the People of Rome were highly incens'd and decreed to revenge it by a War To this end they made Manius Aemilius Dictator and according to the Custom join'd with him Aulus Cornelius the Master of the Horse When all things were in readiness he marcht against the Fidenates with all expedition who drew out and met him upon which there was a sharp Ingagement and so continu'd for a long time and after many were cut off on both sides they parted at length upon equal Terms At this time Euphemus was chief Magistrate at Athens and the Military Tribunes Olymp. 90. 4. An. Mu. 3555. Ant. Chr. 418. Lucius Furius Lucius Quinctius and Aulus Sempronius again executed the Consular Dignity at Rome At this time the Lacedemonians inforc'd by the Aid of their Confederates made an incursion into Argaia and took the small Town of of Argias kill'd the Inhabitants and raz'd the Castle Then hearing that they of Argos had enlarged their Walls out as far as to the Sea they marched thither and pull'd them down and return'd Home The Athenians made Alcibiades General who with Twenty Ships under his Command was order'd to do the utmost he could to restore the Argives to their former Government for there was such
unjust War to destroy such Men. It is certainly a most comenable thing to lay the first Foundation of Friendship and extinguish Dissentions P. 343. by shewing of Mercy A good understanding amongst Friends is to be everlasting but Enmity with Adversaries ought to be but temporary By this means the number of Friends would increase and Enemies would be the fewer But to continue Hatred and Discord for ever and intail them to Posterity is neither just nor safe For sometimes it falls out that they who now seem to be more potent than the other in a moment are brought lower than those they formerly overcame which is clearly evinced to us by the event of the present War They who even now besieg'd our City and to that purpose hemm'd us in with a Wall by a turn of Fortune are now become our Prisoners as you all see It 's therefore our great Prudence in the Miseries of others to shew Compassion if we Ant. Ch. 410. expect to find the same our selves in their Condition This present Life is full of Paradoxes and Mutations as Seditions Robberies Wars among which Humane Nature can scarce avoid loss and prejudice Therefore if we shut up all Bowels of Mercy towards the Distressed and Vanquished we establish a bloody Law for ever against our selves For it 's impossible that they who are cruel towards others should find Mercy afterwards themselves and that they that act barbarously should be gently used or that those who destroy so many Men against the common custom of the Greeks when a change of Fortune comes should obtain the common Rights and Privileges of all other Men. For which of the Grecians ever put to Death those that submitted and delivered up themselves upon hopes and belief of Mercy from the Conquerors Or who ever prefer'd Cruelty before Mercy or Precipitation and Rashness before Prudence All Mankind indeed agree in this to destroy an Enemy in Fight by all ways imaginable but yet to spare those who submit and yield up themselves For in the one case Obstinacy is corrected and in the other Mercy is exercised For our Rage is naturally cool'd when we see him that was an Enemy upon change of his Fortune now lye at our Foot submitting himself to the will and pleasure of the Conqueror Especially Men of mild and good Tempers are toucht with a Sense of Compassion through Affection to the same Common Nature with themselves Even the Athenians in the Peloponesian War when they took many of the Lacedemonians in the Illand Sphacteria yet restor'd them to the Spartans upon Ransom The Lacedemonians likewise when many of the Athenians and their Confederates fell into their Hands used the like Clemency and it was Honourably done of them both For Grecians should lay aside their Enmity after Conquest and forbear Punishment after the Enemy is subdu'd He that revenges himself upon the Conquered after he hath submitted to Mercy punishes not an Enemy but rather wickedly insults over the weakness of Mankind Concerning this severity one made use of these Savings of the ancient Philosophers O man be not overwise Know thy self Consider Fortune commands all things What I beseech you was the Reason that all the Grecians in former Ages after their Victories did not make their Trophies of Stone but of ordinary Wood Was it not that as they continu'd but a short time so the Memory of former Feuds and Differences should in a little time vanish If you are resolv'd to perpetuate your Hatred and Animosities then learn first to slight the inconstancy of Humane Affairs Many times a small occasion and a little turn of Fortune has given a check to the Insolencies of the Proudest of Men. And if you purpose at any time to put an end to the War which is probable how can you have a better opportunity than this in which by your Mercy and Clemency towards the Conquered you lay the Foundations of Peace and Ant. Chr. 410. Amity Do you think the Athenians by this loss in Sicily have no more Forces left who are Lords almost of all the Islands of Greece and of the Sea-Coasts of Europe and Asia For not long ago though they lost Three Hundred Gallies in Egypt yet they compell'd the King who seem'd to be the Conqueror to make Peace with them upon Terms on his Part dishonourable And heretofore P. 344. though Xerxes had destroy'd their City yet not long after they overcame him and became Masters of all Greece This noble City thrives in the midst of the greatest Calamities and nothing small and mean is the subject of any of its Consultations And therefore it is both honourable and profitable that we should rather by sparing the Captives enter into a League of Friendship with them than to widen the breach by destroying of them For if we put them to Death we only gratify our Rage with a little unprofitable Pleasure for the present but if we preserve them they whom we use so well will be for Ant. Chr. 410. ever grateful and from all Mankind we shall reap eternal Praise and Honour * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Yea but may some say some of the Grecians have kill'd their Prisoners What then if they have been prais'd and honour'd for this Cruelty let us then imitate them who have been so careful to preserve their Honour but if the best and chiefest among us justly condemn them let not us do the same things with them who did apparently so wickedly As long as these Men who have yielded up themselves to our Mercy suffer nothing sad and doleful from us all the Nations will blame the Athenians But when they hear that you have destroy'd the Prisoners against the Law of Nations all the Shame and Disgrace will fall upon your selves And if there be any regard to desert we may consider that the glory of the City of Athens is such that all acknowledge themselves bound to be grateful for the Benesits and Advantages reapt from thence These are they who first enobled Greece with †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 civil Education for when by the special bounty of the Gods it was only among them they freely imparted it to all others These fram'd Laws by means whereof Men that before lived like Beasts were brought into orderly Society to live together according to the Rules of Justice These were they who first of all protected those in Distress that fled to them and caused the Laws for the receiving and defending of Suppliants in such case to be inviolably observ'd amongst all other Nations and it were a most unworthy thing now to deny the benefit of those Laws to them who were the Authors of them And thus Ant. Chr. 410. much in general to all And now I shall hint something particularly to some of you concerning the Duties incumbent upon such as should have regard to the welfare and happiness of Mankind You that are the Orators and Men of Learning
the special property of Covetousness not to be content with its present Condition but violently to lust after things remote and what is not our own which is most notoriously done by these Men For though they were the most happy and prosperous of all the Grecians yet not being able to bear the weight of Ant. Chr. 410. their own greatness they thirsted after Sicily though separated from them by so large a Sea to divide it by Lot amongst themselves A most horrid and wicked thing it is to make War upon them who never gave any occasion or provocation And this these Men have done These are they who not long agoe entred into a League with us of Peace and Friendship and then on a sudden begirt our City with their Forces Certainly it 's a great piece of Pride and Presumption to forejudge the Events of a War and to order and determine the Punishment of an Enemy before the Conquest And this they did not omit for before they came into Sicily it was enacted in their common Assemblies That the Syracusians and Selinuntians should be made Slaves and all the rest brought under Tribute And now when so many complicated Vices center in these Men as insatiable Covetousness Fraud and Treachery insufferable Pride and Insolency what Man in his Wits can shew them Mercy especially when it is so well known how they dealt with them of Mitylene For after they had subdu'd them although they had committed no Offence but only desir'd to preserve their Liberty yet they commanded them all to be put to the Sword a most cruel and barbarous Act and this against Grecians against Confederates and against those that had merited better things at their Hands And therefore let them not think it grievous to suffer that themselves which they have executed upon others For it 's but Ante Chr. 410. just that he who makes a Law to bind others should be subject to the same himself But why do I speak of this when they took * A Town in Thessaly Melus they most miserably destroy'd all the Youth of the City And the Scioneans of the Colony of the Meleans underwent the same Fate So that these Two sorts of People when they fell into the cruel Hands of the Athenians were so totally destroy'd that there was none left to bury the Dead They who acted these things are not Scythians but a People who boast of Humanity and Mercy above all other These are they that by Publick Edict utterly destroy'd these Cities Now can ye imagin how they would have dealth with the City of Syracuse if they had taken it Certainly they who are so cruel towards their own Confederates would have invented something more vile and horrid to have executed upon Strangers By all the Rules of Law and Justice therefore there 's no Mercy remains for these Men who have debarr'd themselves of all Pity and Compassion in their present Calamities For whether can they fly To the Gods whose Worship according to the Laws of the Country they endeavoured to root up To Men whom with all their might they were studying and contriving to make Slaves Will they make their Addresses to Ceres and Proserpina when they came hither to spoil and lay waste the Island dedicated to them So it is But say some the People of Athens are in no Ant. Chr. 410. fault but Alcibiades who advis'd and persuaded to this War What then We know that they who advise for the most part frame their Speeches that way which they conceive is most agreeable to the Humour of their Auditors And he that is to give his Vote often trusts to the Orator what he would have to be urged For the Orator commands not the People but the People order the Orator to propose what is advisable and then determine what they think fit Besides if we pardon the Malefactors upon their casting the fault upon their Advisers we furnish every wicked Fellow with a ready Excuse for the clearing of himself To speak plainly it would be the unjustest thing in the World to give thanks to the People for all the good and advantage we at any time reap and execute Revenge upon the Orators for all the Injuries we suffer It 's to be admir'd to see some so far besotted as to judge it fit that Alcibiades now out of our reach should be punish'd and yet the Prisoners now justly brought to judgment should be discharged that thereby it might be evident to all that the Syracusians are so sottish as not to have any sense of that which is ill but admit the truth be so that the Advisers were the Cause of the War then let the People accuse them because they have led them into such a Disaster In the mean time do you as in Justice P. 347. you ought revenge your selves upon the Multitude by whom you have most injuriously suffered The Sum of all is this If knowingly and advisedly they have thus wronged you they deserve to suffer upon that account if they came upon you rashly and inconsiderately they are not to be spar'd for that Reason lest they make it a Practice to injure others others under pretence of unadvisedness and inconsideration For it 's not just the Syracusians Ant. Chr. 410. should be ruin'd by the rashness and ignorance of the Athenians nor where the Damage is irrepairable to admit of an excuse for the Offenders Yea by Jupiter But Niceas say some pleaded the Cause of the Syracusians and was the only Person dissuaded the People from the War What he said there indeed we heard and what he has acted here we have now seen For he who there argu'd against the Expedition was there General of an Army against us and he who was then the Syracusian Advocate but even now besieg'd and wall'd in their City He who was then so well affected towards you lately commanded the continuance both of the War and the Siege when Demosthenes and all the rest would have drawn off and return'd I judge therefore you will not have more regard to Words than things to Promises than Experiences to things dark and uncertain than to those that are seen and apparent Yet by Jupiter I confess it 's a very wicked thing to perpetuate Enmities and differences But is not the due punishment of those that violate the peace the most natural way to put an end to Hostilities It 's certainly most unjust when it 's apparent if they had been Conquerors they would have made the conquered all Slaves to spare them now they are conquered as if they had done nothing amiss For thus getting their Necks out of the Halter they 'll speak you fair for a time and perhaps remember the kindness so long as it is for their advantage but no longer One thing more I have to say If you follow this Advice besides many other Mischiefs you disoblige the Lacedemonians who readily undertook this War for your sakes and
the Assaults of the Enemy began to be discourag'd but then again presently when they discern'd that the Charge made by the Enemy upon them was eluded by the Art of the Pilot their Spirits and Courage Ant. Chr. 407. reviv'd Neither were they less active who fought upon the Decks for they who were at a distance ply'd the Enemy continually with Darts so that the Place where they fell seem'd to be covered over They who fought at Hand threw their Launces one at another sometimes piercing through the Bodies of their Opposers and sometimes the Bodies of the Pilots themselves If the Ships fell fowl upon one another then they disputed it with their Spears And many times when they came close they would board one another and fight it out with their Swords What with the doleful Complaints of them that were hastening in to the Succour of those that were worsted and the triumphing Shouts of them that were Conquerors every Place was full of Noise and Confusion The Fight continu'd a long time with great obstinacy on both sides till on a sudden Alcibiades who was meerly by chance sailing from Samos to the Hellespont with Twenty Ships came in view Before he came near both sides hop'd to have Succour from them And both being confident they fought with more Resolution on both sides When he drew near the Lacedemonians being still in the dark he presently set up a Purple Flag from his own Ship as a Sign to the Athenians as it was before order'd and agreed Upon which the Lacedemonians in a great Fright forthwith fled But the Athenians incouraged with this happy success pursu'd them with all their might and presently Ant. Chr. 407. took Ten of their Ships but afterwards a great Storm arose which much obstructed them in the Pursuit For the Sea was so raging that the Pilots were not able to manage the Helm nor could they make any impression with the Beaks of their Ships upon the Enemy because the Ships aim'd at were born back by the violence of the Waves At length the Lacedemonians came safe to Shoar and March'd to the Land-Army of Pharnabazus The Athenians in the mean time endeavour'd to gain the Empty Ships and press'd on with great Valour and Confidence through many hazards P. 355. and difficulties but being kept off by the Persian Army they were forc'd to return to Sestus Pharnabazus was the more earnest in opposing the Athenians to the end he might convince the Lacedemonians that he had no ill Design against them when he sent back the Three Hundred Gallies to Phenicia For he told them he did it because at that time the King of Egypt and Arabia had some Designs upon Phenicia After this issue of the Fight at Sea the Athenian Fleet arriv'd at Sestus in the Night And as soon as it was Day and all their Fleet was got up together they set up another Trophy near to the former Mindarus arriv'd at Abydus about the First watch of the Night and falls a repairing his shatter'd and disabled Ships and sends to the Lacedemonians for Supplies both of Land and Sea-Forces For whilst his Fleet was repairing he determin'd with his Land Souldiers to join with Pharnabazus and to besiege the Confederate Ant. Chr. 407. Cities of the Athenians in Asia The * Of Calcis in Eubea now Negropont Calcideans and almost all the Eubeans had deserted the Athenians and therefore were now in great fear in regard they inhabited an Island lest the Athenians being Masters at Sea would invade them they solicited therefore the Beotians to assist them to stop up Euripus Euripus a strait of the Sea between Beotia and Eubea by which Eubea might be annexed to the Continent of Beotia To which the Beotians agreed beause by this means Eubea would be but as the Continent to them and an Island to others Hereupon all the Cities set upon the Work and every one strove with all diligence to perfect it And Orders were sent forth not only to the Citizens but all Foreigners and Strangers to attend upon the Business and all Hands were to be at Work that it might be with all speed effected The Mould began at Calcis in Eubea on the one side and at Aulis in Beotia on the other For here it was the narrowest In these straits the Sea was very boisterous and rugged but after this Work much more unquiet and raging the Passage being made so very strait and narrow For there was left only room for one Ship to pass There were Forts built on both sides upon the extremities of the Mould and Wooden Bridges made over the Current Ant. Chr. 407. for Communication Theramenes indeed at the first being sent thither with Thirty Sail endeavour'd to hinder the Project but being over-power'd with the Number of those that defended them that were imploy'd he gave over his Design and made away towards the Islands And purposing to relieve the Confederate Cities who were under the burden of Contributions he wasted and spoiled the Enemies Country and return'd loaden with much Spoil and Plunder He went likewise to some of the Confederate Cities and impos'd upon them great Mulcts and Fines because he understood that they were secretly contriving some Changes and Innovations Thence he sail'd to †An Island in the Aegean Sea Paros and freeing the People from the Oligarchy there he restor'd the Democracy and exacted a great Sum of Money from them who set up the Oligarchy About the same time a cruel and bloody Sedition arose in Corcyra which is A Sedition in Corcyra said to be occasion'd through private Grudges and Animosities as much as any other Cause In no City of that time were ever such horrid Murthers of the Citizens committed nor ever was more Rage to the destruction of Mankind heard of For once before this in their quarrelling one with another there Ant. Ch. 407. were Fifteen Hundred Slaughter'd and all of them the chiefest of the Citizens But these Murders following were much more miserable the Sparks of old Discords being blown up into a devouring Flame For they in authority at Corcyra aspiring to an Oligarchy sided with the Lacedemonians but the People favour'd P. 356. the Athenians These Two People contending for the Sovereignty took different measures The Lacedemonians set up an Oligarchy in the Cities of their Confederates but the Athenians establish'd every where in theirs a Democracy The Corcyrians therefore discerning that the great Men of their City intended to betray them into the Hands of the Lacedemonians sent to Athens for a Garrison for the defence of their City upon which Conon the Athenian Admiral sails to Corcyra and leaves there Six Hundred Messenians drawn out from Naupactus and passing from thence with the Fleet anchor'd at Juno's Temple In the mean time Six Hundred of them that were for the Democracy rush'd into the Forum and forthwith set upon them that sided with the Lacedemonians
by Theramenes and afterward Byzantium which was betray'd to Alcibiades IN Greece Thrasybulus sent from Athens with a Fleet of Thirty Sail well man'd Ant. Chr. 406. and with a great Army of Foot and an Hundred Horse sail'd to Ephesus where landing his Men in two places he assaulted the City but the Townsmen making a brisk Sally there began a sharp Engagement in which four hundred of the Athenians were kill'd for the whole Strength of the City fell upon them Ephesus Assaulted by Thrasybulus the rest getting to their Ships Thrasybulus loos'd from thence to Lesbos But the Athenian Generals who lay at Cyzicum pass'd over to * A City in Bythinia in Asia over against Constantinople Chalcedon and built a Fort call'd Chrysopolis putting into it a sufficient Garrison and commanded the Governors to exact the Tenth part of all Shipping that pass'd that way from Pontus Afterwards the Forces were divided and Theramenes was left with fifty Sail to besiege Chalcedon and Byzantium But Thrasybulus was sent into Thrace and brought the Cities of that Country under the Power of the Athenians Alcibiades having sent away Thrasybulus with thirty Sail with the rest of the Fleet arriv'd at the Province of Pharnabasus There they wasted and spoil'd all that large Tract and fill'd the Souldiers with Plunder and the Generals themselves got together a great sum of Mony by the Sale of the Spoils with a Design to case the People of the burden of their Contributions The Lacedemonians understanding that the Athenian Forces were still about the Hellespont sent Forces against Pylus where the Messenians were in Garrison At Sea indeed they had Eleven Ships of which Five were of Sicily man'd with Spartans but their Land Army was but small With these they besieg'd the Pylus besieg'd by the Lacedemonians Fort both by Land and Sea But when Intelligence was brought of this the Athenians sent out Thirty Sail under the Command of Anytus the Son of Anthemion to the Relief of the Besieg'd In his Passing thither a great Storm arose so that not being able to recover * A Promontory Malea he return'd to Athens Upon which the People of Athens were so incens'd that they condemn'd him to die as a Traitor Anytus brought into this imminent Danger redeem'd his Life with a Ant. Chr. 406. Sum of Money who is reported to be the First Athenian that ever revers'd a Anytus redeem'd his Life for Mony Sentence for Money In the mean time the Besieg'd Messenians in Pylus stood it out against all Assaults for a time in hopes of Relief from Athens But being press'd by fresh and renew'd Succors from the Assailants by the Loss of Men on the one hand and through want of Provision on the other they were forc'd Pylus surrender'd to the Lacedemonians to surrender upon Terms Thus Pylus was reduc'd and brought into the Hands of the Lacedemonians the Athenians having had Possession of it Fifteen Years from the time it was fortify'd by Demosthenes During these Affairs the Megareans took Nisea then belonging to the Athenians Upon which the Athenians sent against them Leotrophides and Timarchus with a Thousand Foot and four Hundred Horse Against whom all the Megareans with the Assistance of some from Sicily marched out and drew up in Battle between the Megareans and the Athenians Battalia upon the Hills call'd the Horns There the Athenians fought with that Valour that they put the Enemy to Flight tho' far more in number than themselves In this Battle great Slaughter was made amongst the Megareans but there were only Twenty kill'd of the Lacedemonians For the Athenians taking the Loss of Nicea very grievously wav'd the Lacedemonians and bent all the Ant. Chr. 406. Heat of their Pursuit after the Megareans and in a great Rage cut down multitudes The Megareans roated of them About this time the Lacedemonians made Cratesipidas Admiral and man'd five and twenty Sail with Supplies sent from their Confederates and Commanded him to succour their Allies who spent a long time about Ionia P. 366. doing nothing Considerable Afterwards being furnish'd with Mony by the Exiles of Chius he both restor'd them and took the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Citadel of the Chians When the Exiles were â—eturn'd they expell'd those that Banish'd them to the Number of six Hundred who possess'd Themselves of a place call'd †Atameus Atarneus opposite upon the Continent naturally fortify'd from whence afterwards growing Strong they they weary'd the Chians with frequent Invasions During these things Alcibiades and Thrasybulus having fortify'd Labsacus left there a sufficient Garrison and then sail'd with the whole Army to Theramenes who was then besieging Chalcedon having a Fleet of Seventy Sail and five Thousand Men under his Command The Generals drawing up the whole Army together in a Body Block't up the City by a Wall of Timber drawn from Sea to Sea Upon which Hippocrates made Governor there by the Lacedemonians whom the Laconians A Fight at the Siege of Chalcedon call Harmostis made a Sally both with the Lacedemonians and all the Chalcedonians And joyning Battle with Alcibiades whose Souldiers fought with great Resolution Hippocrates was slain and many more kill'd and wounded and the rest fled back into the City Afterwards Alcibiades pass'd over into the Hellespont and Chersonesus with a Design to raise Monies But Theramenes came to Terms with the Chalcedonians and agreed that they should pay the same Tribute Ant. Ch. 406. that they did before and so drew off his Forces and came before Byzantium designing to block up that place In the mean time Alcibiades having got together a vast Sum of Mony procured Byzantium besieg'd now Constantinople many of the Thracians to joyn with him and then making a League and Association with all them of Chersonesus he loosed from thence with his whole Amy and gain'd * Selymbria a City in the Propontis now call'd Seleuree Selymbria by Surrender from whence he exacted a great Sum of Mony and placing there a Garrison hasten'd away to Theramenes at Byzantium where they joyntly assault the Town with their whole Strength For they were to subdue a City that was very large and full of Resolute Men for besides the Byzantines who were very numerous Clearchus Harmostes the Lacedemonian had with him in the City a Strong Garrison both of Peloponesians and of Mercenaries insomuch that tho' they violently assaulted it for a long time they were not able to make any considerable Impression upon the Besieg'd But the Governor of the City being gone to Pharnabazus for Mony some of the Byzantines who had taken a Distaste at his Government For Clearchus was sharp and rigid betray'd the City into the Hands of Alcibiades in this Manner The Besiegers made as if they would raise the Siege and Ship off their Army into Ionia and to that purpose in the Evening they Sail'd away with their
feel and undergo the pressure and weight of the War and therefore determin'd that all the Corn and other Fruits of the Field and every thing else that was valuable should be brought out of the Country into the City For at that time both the City and Country of the Agrigentines were very rich Ant. Chr. 403. of which it will not be inconvenient to say something here more largely Their Vineyards were large and very pleasant and most part of the Country abounded with Olives so much as that they were transported and sold at Carthage P. 375. A Description of the Riches of Agrigentum in Sicily For inasmuch as Africa at that time was not planted with this sort of Fruit the Agrigentines grew very rich by their Trading with the Lybians Many Marks of their great Wealth remain to this very Day to speak a little of which I conceive will not be a digression from the present Subject And First The stately Buildings and Ornaments of their Temples especially the Temple of Jupiter do sufficiently witness the Grandeur and Riches of the Men of that Age. The rest of the Sacred Buildings are either burnt or destroy'd by the frequent Stormings of that City When the Temple of Jupiter Olympus was near to the laying on the Roof a stop was put to the Building by the War and the City being afterwards sackt the Agrigentines were never able from that time to this Day to finish it This Temple at Agrigentum was Three Hundred and Forty Foot in length Threescore in breadth The Description of the Olympian Temple in Agrigentum Ant. Ch. 403. and in height besides the Foundation an Hundred and Twenty It 's the greatest in the Island and for the largeness of its Foundation may compare with any other elsewhere For though the Design was never finished yet the ancient Platform is still visible for whereas some build up their Temples only with Walls or compass them round with Pillars this is built both with the one and the other for together with the Walls there rise lofty Pillars round on the outside of the Wall and Foursquare within The Compass of every one of these Pillars on the outside are Twenty Foot and so far distant one from another as that a Man may well stand between each within they are of the compass of Twelve Foot The largeness and height of the Portico's are wonderful on the East Side of which is carv'd the Giants War of exquisite and incomparable Workmanship On the West Side is carv'd the Destruction of Troy where may be seen all the brave Heroes and Commanders in their proper Habits most admirably represented In those former times likewise there was a Pond out of the Walls of the City cut by Art * Near a Mile Seven Furlongs in Compass and †About Ten Yards Twenty Cubits in depth Into this with wonderful Art were drawn Currents of Water by which they were abundantly supply'd with all sorts of Fish ready for their use at all publick Entertainments Upon this Pond likewise fell Multitudes of Swans and other Fowl which entertain'd the Spectators with great Delight The Grandeur of the City was likewise apparent by the stateliness of the Ant. Chr. 403. Sepulchers some of which were adorn'd with the charging Horses of the Heroes there interr'd others with those little Birds that the Children both Girls and Boys fed and bred up in their Parents Houses All which Timeus affirms he saw in his time In the Ninety Second Olympiad there were no less than Three Hundred Chariots of Agrigentum all with white Horses that attended upon Exenetus the Victor at the Olypmick Games and brought him mounted in a stately Chariot with great Pomp into the City Their nice and delicate way of Living till it came to their very Children both as to their Food and Raiment was to that degree that they wore Garments of Cloth of Gold and had their Water-Pots and Boxes of Ointment of Gold and Silver There was one Gellias the Richest Man of all the Agrigentines at that time who built several Gellias's Riches Rooms for publick Entertainment in his own House and plac'd Porters at his Gates charging them to invite all Strangers that pass'd by to come in to be his Guests Many others of the Agrigentines imitated his Example who made it their business after the ancient manner to converse freely and courteously with them they thus invited And therefore Empedocles says thus of them Hospitibus sancti portus sine labe malorum It happen'd once that Five Hundred Gelonian Horsemen came to his House in Ant. Chr. 403. Winter-time whom he liberally entertain'd and furnish'd every one of 'em out of his Wardrobe with Cloaks and Coats Polyclitus in his History declares P. 376. that when he was a Souldier in Agrigentum he saw a Wine-Cellar in his House in which were contain'd Three Hundred great * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vessels cut out of one and the same Rock each of which receiv'd an Hundred †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hogsheads And that near to these was plac'd a Cistern of pure white temper'd Mortar containing a Thousand Hogsheads out of which the Liquor ran into the Vessels It 's said that this Gellias was of a very mean Presence Gellias a Rich Man of Aggenmtum of mean Aspect but admirable Parts but of admirable Parts and Ingenuity Being once sent an Embassador to the ‖ Centuripines a People in Sicily Their City call'd Centuripinum Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 3. c. 8. Centuripines when he enter'd into the Assembly all the People fell a Laughing seeing the mean Aspect of the Man so disagreeable to his great Fame and Reputation in the World Upon which he made this sharp Retort That what they saw in him was not to be wonder'd at because the Agrigentines always send the comliest and handsomest Men to the noblest Cities but to those that were mean and of little note such as himself And not only Gellias but likewise many other Agrigentines were very rich Antisthenes another rich Man Antisthenes surnam'd Rhodes at the Marriage of his Daughter feasted all the Citizens through every Street and procur'd above Eight Hundred Chariots to attend upon the Bride And not only Horsemen out of the City but many who were invited out of the Country went before the new Marry'd Lady in Ant. Chr. 403. great Pomp and Splendour To add to the Solemnity of the Day there were great Preparations for Illuminations in the City for he order'd that as soon as they saw a Flame of Fire upon the top of the Castle the Altars in all the Temples and the Piles of Wood in all the Streets and the Fewel he had prepar'd and provided in the Taverns should be kindled together all at the same moment Whose Command being observ'd at the very same instant when the Bride was led forth by a Multitude that bore Torches before her the whole City
leave the City on the Right and march to the Shoar He himself with the Mercenaries design'd to pass through the City to the Place where the Carthaginian Engines were plac'd and commanded the Horse that as soon as a Sign was given by the Foot they should pass the River and disperse themselves over the Fields and if they discern'd that their own Party prevail'd they should join 'em and if worsted should succour them He commanded likewise the Officers of the Fleet that as soon as the Italian Bands came up they should sail near to the Enemies Camp While every one was executing the Orders given him in charge the Carthaginians oppos'd the Enemies landing and made it their business to defend that part of their Camp towards the Shoar where it was not fortify'd At the very same instant the Italians coming in near the Shoar set upon the Carthaginians Camp and there intercepted many that had issu'd out to prevent the Landing And when they had put them to Ant. Chr. 403. flight that were left to guard that part they assaulted the whole Camp Upon which the Carthaginians with the greatest part of their Army now return'd hotly ingag'd them and with much ado drave them back beyond the Trenches which they had gain'd and pass'd The Italians being overpowr'd with the multitude of the Barbarians were forc'd to retreat and fell into a straight and narrow Pass within the Lines none of their Fellows advancing to support them for the Siculi who were far off came not up in convenient time and Dionysius's Mercenaries because they could not march swift enough through the Streets of the City could not succour them Indeed the Gelâ—â—ns for a little way made a Sally to relieve the Italians but fearing the Walls would be left naked they halted and return'd so that the Iberians and Campanians with the Carthaginian Auxiliaries fell very sharply upon the Greeks of Italy and kill'd above a Thousand of them but the Pursuers being driven back by Darts and other Shot from the Ships the rest came safe into the Town In the mean time the Siculi being ingag'd with the Carthaginians in another part kill'd many of them and pursu'd the rest up to their very Camp But both the Iberians Campanians and Carthaginians coming to the aid of the Africans the Siculi having lost Six Hundred Men return'd into the City The Horse likewise when they saw all was lost made to the City especially for that the Enemy was pressing upon them on every side Dionysius having passed through the City with his Mercenaries with great difficulty when he understood that his Army was broken marcht back and shelter'd himself within the Walls of the Town Then calling a Senate of those that were Ant. Chr. 403. Friends they consulted concerning the present state of the War where it was concluded by all that because the Enemy was so strong that was now no Place to put all to hazard Dionysius therefore sent forth a †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Herald Trumpet in the Evening to gain a Cessation of Arms for the burying of the Dead till the next Day Then about the first Watch of the Night he sent a Multitude of People out of the Town and he himself about Midnight march'd forth with the Army leaving behind him 2000 light Arm'd Men commanding them to make Fires all the Night long and set up continual Shouts that the Enemy might believe that the whole Army was still in the Town but as soon as it began to be light those left behind with a swift March follow'd Dionysius's Army When the Carthaginians understood the Cheat they led P. 392. the Army into the City and made a Prey of whatever was left in the Houses When Dionysius came to Camarina he caus'd all the Citizens with their Wives The Sedition of the Camarineans and Geleans and Children to remove to Syracuse and because Fear would not admit of any delay some carry'd what Gold and Silver they were able others with their Parents and little Children hasten'd away without the least regard to their Estates Some who were old and sick were left behind by their Friends and Relations every one thinking that the Carthaginians were at his Heels For the late ruin and destruction of Sclinunte Himera and Agrigentum struck all with such a terrour and fill'd every one with such an apprehension of the Beastly cruelty of the Barbarians as if it had been then present before their Eyes for they put all the Captives to the Sword shew'd no Compassion to any some they crucify'd and others they tormented with intolerable Scoffs and Reproaches The Souldiers of Dionysius seeing Men Women and Children driven in Droves from Two several Cities in one and the same Country were much incens'd pitying the sad Condition of the miserable People For when they saw young Gentlemen and Ladies in marriagable Estate unbecoming their State and Age tumultuously and regardlesly to be driven led and drag'd in Droves through the High-ways the time not allowing any regard or respect either to old and grave Men or young and tender Women they were not a little affected And especially it greatly griev'd them to see decrepit old People forc'd beyond the strength of nature to go as fast as those that were young These were the things that enflam'd the Souldiers with Rage against Dionysius for they suspected that he did this on purpose that he might gain the Sovereignty over the rest of the Cities through their fear of the Carthaginians For they mutter'd among themselves how small a time he gave his Assistance that none of his Mercenary Souldiers were kill'd that he fled so hastily when he had suffer'd so little Loss and especially when no Enemy pursu'd Therefore all those who had long wisht for an opportunity to revolt now did their utmost to shake off the Yoke of his Tyranny prompted thereunto * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were by the instinct of a Divine Providence So that all the Italians forthwith left his Camp and marcht homewards through the Heart of the Country The Syracusian Horsemen likewise watch'd for an opportunity how they might readily kill the Tyrant on the Road But observing the Mercenaries constantly to attend Ant. Chr. 403. close to his Person unanimously with one consent they set Spurs to their Horses and rode away to Syracuse where they enter'd into the Arsenal without any opposition A Revolt by the Horsemen from Dionysius the Guard being altogether ignorant of what was done at Gela. Upon their coming there they forthwith rifled Dionysius's Palace and carry'd away all his Gold Silver and rich Furniture out of his House and most cruelly and filthily abus'd his Wife to vex and molest the Tyrant the more and that this sort of Revenge might Their vile abuse of his Wife be a clear Evidence to him of the Conspiracy against him Dionysius suspecting upon his March what was done hastens to the City
Polyxenus and said Dionysius it doth not become thee by the swiftness of thy Horse to fly away from thy Principality but rather * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with thy whole strength to hold it fast within thy very Thighs Dionysius clos'd with this Advice and resolv'd to suffer any thing rather than voluntarily lay down the Power he had gain'd Whereup-upon he sent Commissioners to them in Rebellion to desire liberty for himself and those with him to depart out of the City and in the mean time a Messenger was secretly sent to the Campanians to promise them as much Money as they should demand if they would come and raise the Siege Matters being agreed upon the Syracusians consented that Ant. Ch. 402. the Tyrant should have liberty to be gone with Five Ships only After this things began to cool and a part of them that lay at the Siege were discharg'd and drawn off as useless and many of the Foot rov'd about in the Fields as if the Tyranny had now been altogether at an end In the mean time the Campanians encourag'd by such generous Promises first march'd to Aegyrus and there leaving their Baggage with Aegyris The Campanians come to assist Dionysius the Prince of the Place with Twelve hundred Light Horse speeded to Syracuse where suddainly arriving they surpriz'd the Syracusians and killing many of them they broke through into the Fort to Dionysius About the same time Three hundred Mercenaries arriv'd and came in to the assistance of the Tyrant so that now he began to pluck up his Spirits But the Syracusians when they perceiv'd that the Tyrant began to gather strength again were divided into Parties some were for continuing the Siege others were for disbanding the Army and leaving the City As soon as Dionysius came to understand this he Sallies out with what he had and coming upon them when they were in a distraction Dionysius makes a Sallyâ— and routs the Syracusians Ant. Ch. 402. easily put them to flight and pursu'd them to the place call'd the New City Yet he kill'd not many there for riding amongst his Men he commanded them not to kill those that fled The Syracusians were now suddenly scatter'd all over the Fields and a while after above Seven thousand in a body came up to the Horsemen and surrendred themselves After the Burial of the Syracusians that were kill'd Dionysius sent Messengers to Aetna to invite the Exiles there to lay aside their animosities and to return to their Country faithfully promising them that he would pardon and forget all that was past Upon this some who had left Wives and Children behind them through the irresistible force of natural Affection comply'd with the invitation The rest when the Messengers cry'd up his Humanity in burying of the Dead answer'd That Dionysius himself deserv'd no other Courtesie and pray'd to the Gods that he might presently meet with P 400. it So that these at Aetna could not by any means be wrought upon to trust the Tyrant's Word but continu'd at Aetna waiting for a fit opportunity to pull him down Dionysius carry'd himself with all the Respect and Tenderness imaginable towards those that return'd to encourage the rest to come back to their Country Then he discharg'd the Campanians with great Rewards for he durst not trust their fickle and unconstant Humour When they came to Entella they prevail'd with the Citizens to receive them into the Town and to infranchise them as natural Inhabitants but in the Night they treacherously The Cruelty of the Campanians at Entella fell upon the Townsmen and cut all their Throats and Marrying their Wives possest themselves of the City CHAP. III. The Lacedemonians establish an Oligarchy in every City Dionysius disarms the Syracusians Alcibiades kill'd the manner of his death Clearchus his Tyranny in Bizantium The Battle of Porus by him against his Country-men the Lacedemonians Lysander projects to out the Heraclides of the Sovereign Power IN Greece after the end of the Peloponnesian War the Lacedemonians by the general consent of all had the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land Whereupon they Created Lysander again High Admiral with Power to establish the * Those for an Oligarchy Hermoste as they call'd them in every City where-ever he came For because the Democratiste were Enemies to the Lacedemonians they order'd an Oligarchy to be setled in every City and impos'd a Tribute upon all they subdu'd And althô they made no use of Money at any Ant. Ch. 402. time before yet now they Treasur'd up from the Tributes paid in by the Cities a Thousand Talents every Year When they had setled the Affairs of Greece as they thought best for the support of their Aristus sâ—nt by the Lacedemonians to Syracuse Authority they sent Aristus a Noble Person to Syracuse under colour to abrogate the Tyranny but in truth and underhand to confirm it For they concluded that if they were instrumental to fix him in his new got Empire they should ever oblige him to be a Friend to them Aristus after he came to Syracuse had private Conference with Dionysius concerning these Matters and yet in the mean time encourag'd the People with fair promises to restore them to their former Liberties But instead of that he betraid Nicoteles Aristus betrays some of the Citizens to the Tyrant the General of the Syracusians and others who trusted in his Fidelity and caus'd them all to be put to death by which he strengthn'd the Tyrant and by so base an Act stain'd his own Reputation and dishonour'd his Country After this when the People of Syracuse had left the City in the time of Harvest to gather the Fruits Dionysius enters into every one of their Houses and takes away all the Dionysius disarms the Citizens Arms he could find and presently after draws another Wall about the Castle builds Shipping and takes into Pay a great number of Strangers and prepares whatever was necessary for the supporting of his Dominion having experienc'd that the Syracusians would endure any thing rather than Slavery While these things were acting here and there Pharnabazus Darius's Lord-Lieutenant to gratifie the Lacedemonians surpriz'd Alcibiades and kill'd him But in regard Ephorus Alcibiades kill'd gives an account of other things to be the causes of his death I conceive it may not be altogether unprofitable if we relate what this Author hath recorded concerning the manner how Alcibiades lost his Life In his Seventeenth Book he says that Cyrus secretly compacted with the Lacedemonians to make War against Artaxerxes which coming to the Ears of Alcibiades he forthwith hasts away The manner of Alcibiades his death to Pharnabazus and informs him of the Intrigue and desires from him a Passport to go to Artaxerxes judging it fittest for him to give the first information of the Conspiracy to the King But that when Pharnabazus heard this he was resolv'd to be the first discoverer
Paphlagonia of the greatest account and Authority of any in those parts Here Mithridates so famous in our Age by his Wars against the Romans kept his Court Cheirisophus who was sent away for Shipping but all in vain return'd to the Army But the other Sinopians having entertain'd them with all the demonstrations of Kindness and Humanity took care to convey them to Heraclea a City of the Megarensians From thence the whole Fleet arriv'd at a Peninsula call'd Acherusia where Hercules as the Fable is drew Cerberus out of Hell Thence they march'd by Land through Bithynia where they fell into great hazards and hardships by the Attacks of the Inhabitants who assaulted them in every place as they pass'd However at last with great difficulty they came to Chrysopolis a City of Chalcedonia * This is mistaken as appears afterwards by the number of those that went with Xenophon into Thrace Vide postea Olymp. 95. 1. Three thousand eight hundred being only left of Ten thousand From hence some of 'em with ease and safety return'd every Man into his own Country the rest join'd in a Body at Chersonesus and besieg'd a City bordering upon Thrace And this was the issue of Cyrus his Expedition against his Brother Artaxerxes CHAP. VI. Thrasybulus opposes the Thirty Tyrants The Cruelty of Psammiticus King of Aegypt towards his old Friend Tamos that fled to him for succour from the Persians Dercyllidas sent General against the Persians into Asia Conon made Admiral of the Persian Fleet. IN the mean time the Usurping Tyrants at Athens every day were banishing or putting The Cruelty of the Thirty Tyrants at Athens continued The Acts of Thrasybulus to Death some or other At which Cruelty while the Thebans were much Incens'd and courteously entertain'd the Exiles Thrasybulus Sirnam'd Tyrius but a Citizen of Athens and forc'd to fly to avoid the Rage of the Thirty Usurpers by the aid of the Thebans underhand posses'd himself of a Place in Attica call'd Phila. It was a very strong Castle an * Twelve Mile and a half P. 414. Hundred Stages distant from Athens By which means an easie Passage might be had at all times to invade Attica As soon as the Tyrants had Intelligence of what was done they led forth their Forces in order to Besiege the Place but as soon as they were set down before it there fell a great Snow Whereupon while some were very busie in removing their Tents the Common Soldiers concluded that some of their Army was put to flight by an Enemy at hand that had broke in suddenly upon them upon which being struck with a * Panick Fear 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they drew off and Encamp'd in another Place The Thirty when they saw the Citizens of Athens those that had no share in the Administration of the Commonwealth with the * Xenophons Hellen. Lib. 2. Ant. Ch. 399. Three thousand to be hot and earnest to Dissolve the Government Encamp'd in the Pireum and over-aw'd the City with Foreign Soldiers and in the mean time put to Death some of Elusina and Salamis for joining in a Conspiracy with the Exiles Whilst these things were acting great numbers of the Fugitives flock'd to the Camp of Thrasybulus * Not in the Greek but in the Latin yet necessary for the Sense and at the same time there came to him Ambassadors from the Thirty under colour to treat concerning some Prisoners but in truth privately to advise him to dismiss the Fugitives and to share with them in the Covernment of the City in the room of Theramenes and that he should have liberty to restore any Ten of the Exiles to their Country such as he thought fit to chuse To which Thrasybulus answer'd That he look'd upon his Banishment to be far more honourable than the whole Power and Dominion of the Thirty and that he would never put up his Sword till all the Citizens from every Place were receiv'd and the People restor'd to their former Liberties descended to them from their Ancestors When the Tyrants perceiv'd the Defection increas'd through hatred of their Tyranny and that the Number of the Exiles increased they sent their Ambassadors to Sparta to desire aid and they themselves in the mean time got together what Forces they could and Encamp'd at a Place call'd Acarnas Thrasybulus leaving but a small Guard in the Castle marches out against them with Twelve hundred of the Exiles and setting upon them in the Night at unawares kills many of them and the rest being terrify'd with the Tumult and Confusion occasion'd by the Surprize he forces in great precipitation to fly into the City And presently after the success of this attack he marches against the Pireum and possesses himself of Munychia a barren Hill but strong and well fortify'd Upon this the Tyrants brought all their Forces into the Pireum and assaulted Munychia by Critias Ant. Ch. 399. their General whereupon was a sharp Encounter a long time For the Tyrants had the advantage of Number and the Exiles of the strength of the Place At length the Forces of the Thirty being discouraged and Critias slain retir'd but the Exiles judg'd it not advisable to pursue them Frequent Assaults were afterwards made upon the Exiles at length the Army of Thrasybulus broke in on a sudden with great violence upon the Enemy and not only routed them but gain'd possession of the Pireum A great Multitude who hated the Tyranny continually flock'd out of the City into the Pireum and all the Exiles from every place hearing of the Success of Thrasybulus hasted thither to him so that at length the number of the Exiles exceeded the other upon which Encouragement they began to besiege the City But they within to the end a Peace might be concluded upon fair terms cast off the Thirty and sent them out of the City and Established a Decemvirate with Sovereign Power But as soon as these Ten were setled in the Magistracy instead of minding any thing relating to the Peace they turn'd absolute Tyrants and sent to Lacedaemon for Forty Ships and a Thousand Soldiers under the Command of Lysander Pausanias then King of Lacedaemon both out of Envy to The Thirty Deposed Liberty restored to Athens P. 415. Lysander and for that he understood the rest of the Greeks had an evil Eye against Sparta march'd with a great Army to Athens and reconcil'd the Exiles and the Citizens Thus at length the Athenians were restor'd to their Country and now began to govern according to their own ancient Laws Those that were afraid lest they should suffer due Punishment for their former Wickedness had Liberty to remove themselves to Elusina Ant. Ch. 399. About this time they of Elis fearing the Power of the Lacedaemonians made Peace with them upon these Terms That they should deliver their Ships to the Lacedaemonians The Eleans make Peace with the Lacedaemonians and suffer the neighbouring Cities to
there was rais'd a great Mutiny Ant. Ch. 397. among the Soldiers by a Speech made to them by Laomedon a Messinian For he advis'd 'em not to be the Agressors upon Dionysius who had not hitherto offer'd them any injury Upon which the Soldiers of Messina because the People had not by their Suffrage order'd this War presently follow'd his Advice and forsaking their Captains return'd The Rhegians return home Whereupon the Rhegians considering themselves not able to carry on the War alone now the forces of Messina were fallen off return'd likewise to their own City As for Dionysius he had upon the first notice of the Design upon him drawn out his Forces to the utmost Confines of Syracuse expecting the Enemy but hearing by his Spies that they were march'd back he likewise return'd with his to Syracuse After this when they of Rhegium and Messina sent Ambassadors to him to treat upon Terms of Peace he conceiving it much to the advantage of his Affairs to prevent all other Hostilities and Disturbances from these Cities made Peace with them He likewise observ'd that many of the Grecians ran into the Carthaginian Garisons not only bringing along with them their Goods and Estates but the Laws and Customs of their several Cities and therefore concluded that as long as the Peace continu'd with the Carthaginians those that were yet his Subjects would from time to time be sheltring themselves Ant. Ch. 397. under their Protection to remedy which he conceiv'd that if he renew'd the War against Carthage all those that were fled to them being oppress'd by the Carthaginians would return to him And he was the more encourag'd for that he heard that in Africa a Plague then rag'd and swept away many of the Carthaginians Having now therefore a fit opportunity to declare War against them as he conceiv'd he determin'd to make it his chief Care to prepare Necessaries for so great an Expedition being to engage with the most Potent Nation that then had any footing in Europe and judging as he very well might that it was likely to be a great War and of long continuance To this end he forthwith gets together all sorts of Artificers some out of the Towns and Cities of his own Dominions and others hir'd with more than ordinary Wages out of Italy and Greece For he resolv'd to make a vast number of all sorts of Arms and Weapons likewise Gallies both of three Oars on a Bank and of Five which last were never us'd before For this purpose a great multitude of all sorts of Workmen were brought together to every one of whom he order'd their proper Work according to their several Trades and appointed some of the best and most substantial of the Citizens to be Overseers promising great Rewards for the encouragement of the diligent He himself directed the Form and Fashion of every sort of Weapon because Mercenary Soldiers came flocking in to him out of many different Countries for he purpos'd that every one should P. 419. use such Arms both Offensive and Defensive as they were accustom'd unto in their own Nations for he concluded that as it would strike a greater Terror into his Enemies Ant. Ch. 397. so his Soldiers would Fight much the better with those Arms that they had most commonly us'd The Syracusians did all they could to forward him in his design so that every one strove who could most advance the Work For not only the Porches and back parts of the Temples but the publick Schools and Walks and Galleries about the Forum and every place up and down were full of Workmen and besides these publick places Arms were made in great number in every large House belonging to any Citizen The Art of making * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Engines to hurl great Stones was now first known at Syracuse for that at this time the most excellent Artificers were met together from all parts For the great Wages and large Promises of Rewards to the perfecting of the Work made the Tradesmen and Artificers very intent and industrious And besides all this Dionysius himself came every day to oversee the Workmen speaking kindly and courteously to them and when he saw any more than ordinarily diligent and quick of dispatch that Man would be sure to receive some Reward or Honour as a mark of his Favour and sometimes for further encouragement he would invite such to Dine or Sup with him The Artificers thus encourag'd wrought with all diligence striving to out-vie one another so that there were made a vast number of strange Weapons and Warlike Engines for Battery He Ant. Ch. 397. built likewise Gallies with their Boats both of Three and Five Oars on a Bank of which last he was the first Inventer For when he understood the first Galley of Three Oars was made at Corinth he was desirous a Colony from thence as the Syracusians were should be the first that should enlarge the number Having therefore provided plenty of Materials to be brought over from Italy he sent away one half of the Workmen to Mount Aetna where in those days were abundance of Firr and Pitch Trees the rest he commanded to sail to Italy and order'd them Carts to convey the Timber to the Sea side and Ships and Seamen there to receive them and thence without delay to transport them to Syracuse When Dionysius had got together Materials sufficient for his purpose he forthwith set about building above Two hundred Gallies and to resit an Hundred and Ten. Besides he built several Holds round the Harbor for the receiving of the Ships to the number of an Hundred and sixty of which many would receive two Ships apiece He likewise repair'd and cover'd over with new Planks and Hundred and fifty old and useless Vessels This great preparation struck the Beholders with admiration to see so vast a number of Ships and all belonging to them built together in one place For indeed the preparation was such that if a Man did cast his Eies upon the Ships and consider the great Costs and Expences in fitting them out he would presently conclude that all the Power and Riches of Sicily were there imploy'd And then to turn and look upon the Army and Engines he would judge that there was no Art or Trade but what there had shew'd the height of their skill to the utmost of what could possibly be done in that kind And tho' he had perform'd all these with so much Cost and Care that nothing seem'd to be wanting or could be added to make them Magnificent and Glorious yet for further State Ant. Ch. 397. and Grace to the preparation he made an hundred and forty thousand Bucklers or Targets as many Swords and Helmets and caus'd to be forg'd Fourteen thousand Corssets of all sorts of excellent Workmanship These he appointed and order'd to the Horse and to the Colonels and Captains of the Foot and to the Mercenaries who were of his
Life-Guard He prepar'd likewise Engines of Battery of all fashions and a vast number of Darts The City of Syracuse provided one half of the long Ships with Masters Pilots and Rowers of their own Citizens For the rest Dionysius hir'd Foreigners After all the Ships and Arms were ready and compleat he then began to call his Army together for he thought it not advisable to do it before to the end to avoid Charge and Expence About this time Astydamus the Writer of Tragedies began to open his School he liv'd Sixty years And this year the Romans as they were besieging the Veians by a P. 420. Sally out of the City were totally routed and shamefully put to flight After the former Year expir'd Ithycles was made Lord Chancelor of Athens and at Rome Six Military Tribunes bore the Consular Dignity Lucius Julius Marcus Furius An. M. 3574. Olymp. 95. 3. Ant Ch. 369. * Marcus Emilius Mamercus Emilius Marcus * Cneius Cornelius Caius Cornelius Cesus Fabius and * Lucius Valerius Paulus Sextus This Year Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse when he had finish'd his preparation of Ships and Arms as is before Declar'd began to muster his Forces To this end he chose out of the City Companies such as he thought fittest for his purpose and sent for such as he thought most serviceable from those Towns that favour'd his Interest He hir'd likewise Soldiers out of Greece and especially from the Lacedemonians For from them to whom he ow'd the growth and increase of his Power he receiv'd as many Soldiers as he would for the compleating of his Army For designing to raise a numerousArmy of Strangers and to this end offering large Pay he had multitudes came in to him and because he had determin'd upon a War which would be very great he carry'd himself with all the camplacency imaginable to all the Cities through the Island with a purpose thereby to gain their good Will and Approbation Knowing likewise that they of Rhegium and Messina who border'd upon the Sea were able to bring great Forces into the Field he began to fear lest they should join with the Carthaginians when they return'd into the Island for he concluded that no small advantage would accrue to that side to which those two Cities inclin'd Being in this perplexity he gave to the Messinians a large part of the Country next adjoining to them thereby the more to oblige them to his Interest He dispatcht likewise Ambassadors to Rhegium to desire that they would contract affinity with him and to that end bestow upon him a Virgin of their own City to be his Wife in grateful remembrance of which he would give them a large portion of Land next adjoining to their Territories and that he would endeavour to advance and increase the Wealth and Prosperity of the City to the utmost of his Power For after he had lost his former Wife the Daughter of Hermocrates who was kill'd in the late defection of the Horsemen he desir'd Issue by another supposing he should firmly settle himself in his Sovereignty by the kindness and obliging demeanor of his Children towards the People But a Council being call'd at Rhegium to consider of the Proposal after great banding Ant. Ch. 396. The Rhegians refuse Affinity with Dionysius on both sides it was resolv'd not to enter into any such Affinity Dionysius being disappointed in this Project sends Ambassadors to Locris upon the same Embassy They embrac'd the Motion Upon which he Marrys Dorides the Daughter of Xenetus at that time the most eminent Citizen of that place A few days before the Marriage he sends to Locris a Gally of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Five Oars on a Bank a piece of new and rare Workmanship adorn'd with Gold and Silver Flags and Streamers to convey her over and receives the Lady upon her Landing at Syracuse into the Castle He Marry'd likewise a Noble Lady of Syracuse call'd Aristomacha whom he brought to his Palace in a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chariot drawn with four white Horses Upon his celebrating this double Marriage at one and the same time he often Feasted both the Soldiers and most of the Citizens For now he laid aside his Cruelty as a Tyrant and minding the distribution of Justice carry'd himself more courteously and favourably towards his Subjects forbearing his former bloody Slaughters and Proscriptions Some few days after his Marriage he call'd a Senate and there stirr'd up the People of Syracuse to a War against the Carthaginians urging that they were the most implacable Enemies P. 421. Dionysius stirs up the Citizens of Syracuse to a War against Carthage of the Grecians in the World and especially were continually plotting and contriving how to ruin the Sicilians The reason saith he that they are now at present quiet is because the Plague rages so violently amongst them and hath swept away great numbers of the Africans but you 'll presently see that as soon as they are free and have recover'd their strength they 'l invade Siâ—ily with all their Power which Island they have for a long time most greedily gap'd after Therefore said he it is much safer and better Ant. Ch. 396. to fall upon them now they are weak than to stay till they have recover'd themselves He added moreover that it would be a most unjust and dishonourable thing to suffer Barbarians to enslave the Cities who the more they coveted their Freedom and the fonder they were of their Liberties would be certainly more ready to engage in the common Cause with their Country-men Having debated this Matter in a long Discourse he easily gain'd upon the Syracusians for their consent for they were as desirous of the War as Dionysius himself and especially they hated the Carthaginians because by their means they had been brought under the power of the Tyrant and then they hop'd that out of fear of the Enemy abroad and Plots by them that had been oppress'd at home Dionysius would be more moderate than he had been in former times And that which weigh'd more than all was that they hop'd if they were Conquerors in this War and Fortune favour'd them they should recover their ancient Liberties When the Assembly was dissolv'd he granted License to the People of Syracuse to seize upon all the Goods and Estates of the Carthaginians for there were many of them in Syracuse that were very rich and many Merchants had Ships then lay loaden with rich Goods and Merchandize in the Harbor The Syracusians therefore on a suddain flew upon the Prey Other Cities likewise in Sicily drave out the Carthaginians that inhabited amongst them and took and carry'd away all their Estates For tho' they all hated the Tyranny of Dionysius yet it was a delight to them to join in the War against the Carthaginians by reason of the barbarous and beastly cruelty of the Men. And therefore those Ant. Ch. 396. Grecians that
and danger to suffer and undergo We to say the Truth courageously endure the extreamest hardships in fighting against the Carthaginians but we are so poor-spirited that we dare not speak a word for the Laws and Liberties of our Country against a most cruel Tyrant We that dare bravely Charge so many thousands of our Enemies are dastardly afraid of one * * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tyrant that has not the Courage of a generous Slave No Man ever presum'd to compare or equal Dionysius with Gelo for he through the innate goodness of his Disposition with the assistance of the Syracusians and other Sicilians restor'd all Sicily to their Liberty But this vile Man when he found the Cities free either exposed them to the Will of the Enemy or he himself made them perfect Slaves The other after he had fought many Ant. Ch. 394. Battels in the Cause of Sicily was so successful that an Enemy was not to be seen But this Tyrant running away from Motya through the whole Island at length penn'd himself up not daring to look his Enemy in the Face yet fierce and cruel enough towards the Citizens The other for his Valour and remarkable Services done for his Country had the Sovereignty freely and willingly bestow'd on him not only by the Syracusians but by all the Sicilians But this Man who has usurp'd the Sovereign Power to the ruine of the Confederates and slavery of the Citizens Why should he not be hated P. 43◠by all who is not only unworthy of the Supream Power but deserves a thousand Deaths besides Through him Gela and Camerina are spoil'd Messina raz'd and laid in rubbish and Twenty thousand of our Confederates destroy'd And things are now brought to that pass that all the Greek Cities throughout Sicily are ruin'd and we are all coop'd up into one Among other Mischiefs and Miseries Naxus and Catana are by him sold for nought many of the best situated and Confederate Cities raz'd to the ground He fought twice with the Carthaginians and was beaten in both As soon as ever the Sovereign Power was given into his hand he forthwith depriv'd the Citizens of their Liberties putting to death all those that stood up for the Laws of their Country and banishing those that were Rich to gain their Estates giving their Wives in Marriage to their Servants and to the lowest of the People and putting Arms into the hands of Strangers and Barbarians All these wickednesses Oh Jupiter and all Ant. Ch. 394. the Gods has this hangman and base mean fellow committed Where is now the love of the Laws and Liberties among the Syracusians Where are the noble Actions of our Ancestors by whom were destroy'd at Himera Three hundred thousand Carthaginians not to say any thing of the Tyrants depos'd by Gelo. But that which is to be most admir'd is that tho' your Fathers even but yesterday did rout so great an Army of the Athenians that came against Syracuse and that in such a manner as that they left not one to be a Messenger of their destruction though I say you have so fresh an Example of your Fathers Valour yet that you should bow your Necks to the Yoke of Dionysius and at this instant time when you have Arms in your hands is most strange Certainly some good providence of the Gods has brought you now hither together in Arms that you may have an opportunity to regain your Liberty Now is the day come wherein you may shew your selves Men of Courage and unanimously rescue your selves from so base and shameful a Slavery It was an easie matter when we had no assistance and the City was full of Mercenary Soldiers to keep us under but now that we are Arm'd now that we have Confederates to assist us and stand by us as Spectators of our Valour let us not yield an Inch but make it manifest to all that it was not Cowardize but want of opportunity that made us seem to be willing and content to be Slaves May we not be asham'd to have an Enemy to be our General one who has Sacrilegiously robb'd all the Temples in the City to entrust one in matters of the greatest publick concern that none in his wits would trust with his own private Estate And when we see that all Men generally are more than ordinarily Religious in times of War and imminent Dangers Can we hope that such a notorious Atheist as this should be instrumental to put an happy issue to this War And if any Man will Ant. Ch. 394 but seriously consider he may easily conclude that Dionysius is more afraid of Peace than War For he knows that the Syracusians through fear of the bad consequences of commotions at this present dare not attempt any thing against him But he foresees that if the Carthaginians be conquer'd the Syracusians being then in Arms and encourag'd with the success will seek to redeem themselves and regain their Liberty And this was the cause as I conceive that in the former War he most treacherously depopulated Gela and Camerina and stript 'em of all their Inhabitants and likewise agreed as part of the Articles of the League That many of the Greek Cities should never after be inhabited by the Grecians This was likewise the Cause that afterwards in a time of Peace And against the Conditions agreed on he enslav'd Naxus and Catana raz'd the one down to the ground and gave away the other to the Campanians a Colony out of Italy and when he perceiv'd that after the Cities were thus ruin'd the rest were continually plotting how to rescue themselves from this Tyranny he then for a diversion began this Second War against the Carthaginians For the Sacred Bonds of an Oath did not so much awe him to the keeping of his League as the fear of these Sicilians that remain'd did torment him whose destruction he continually watch'd all opportunities to effect When the Enemy lately weak and weather-beaten landed at Panormus tho' he might P 433. Ant. Ch. 394. easily then have fallen upon them with his whole Army yet was very far from doing any such service for his Country Afterwards he suffer'd Messina that large City and commodious Port for want of Relief to be laid wast not only because there were many Sicilians by that means cut off but likewise that all Aids by Shipping from Italy and Peloponnesus might be intercepted by the Carthaginians Then at last he fought upon the Coasts near to Catana even close to the City that the Enemy if they were beaten might have ready shelter in the Port of their own Allies After this and the Fight was over a Storm arose by reason whereof the Carthaginians were forc'd to draw up their Ships into the Harbour at which time we had a fair opportunity of ruining them their Land-Army not being then come up and their Ships many of them thrown upon the Shoar by the violence of the Storm If we then had
Mylas and took it and and discharg'd all the Naxians that were there * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 upon terms of mutual Friendship who went to the Sicilian and Grecian Cities some to one place and some to another Dionysius now having made a League with the Cities that lay upon the Sea-Coasts determin'd to pass over with an Army against Rhegium But for the present his Design was retarded by the Sicilians at Tauromenum whom therefore he resolv'd in the first place to reduce Dionysius besieges Tauromenium to which end he marched thither with all his Forces and Encamp'd on that side towards Naxos and continu'd his Siege all Winter in hopes that the Sicilians would leave the Hill because they had not been long there But they having heard their Fathers declare that the ancient Sicilians the former Inhabitants of that Place were expuls'd thence by the Grecians when they arriv'd there and built Naxus they therefore concluded they had just cause both to defend their own Country and to revenge the Injury done to their Ancestors by the Greeks and so they defended the Place with great Resolution In the mean time while the Dispute was hot on both sides * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ant. Ch. 392. the Winter Solstice drew near at hand and Winter coming on apace all the Places near the Castle were full of Snow and Dionysius conceiving that the Sicilians by reason of the strength of the Place and height of the Walls kept but a slender Guard in the Castle he ascends those high and steep Places in a dark and tempestuous Night and with much difficulty by reason of the steepness of the Rock and depth of the Snow at length with a scarr'd Face and half blind with Cold and Snow possess'd himself of one part of the Castle Then presently forcing into another he laid open a Passage for his Army into the City Upon which the whole Power and Strength of the Sicilians ran together and drove the Dionystans out of the City and Castle and he himself by a blow upon his Brigandine in the pursuit was knock'd down and was very near falling alive into the hands of his Enemies And in regard the Sicilians had the advantage of high Ground from whence they gall'd the other above Six hundred of Dionysius's his Men were kill'd and many lost their Arms Dionysius himself Dionysius near killing sav'd only his Corslet After this Misfortune they of Agrigentum and Messina those that sided with Dionysius being at a great distance were altogether intent upon regaining their Liberty and therefore sent back Dionysius's Ambassador who was order'd to them to renew and continue the Confederacy and League that then was between them and the Tyâ—ant About this time Pausanias King of Sparta fled out of his Country by reason of some hainous Crimes laid to his charge by the Citizens when he had reign'd Fourteen Years Agistpolis his Soft succeeded him and continu'd as many years more Then likewise dy'd Pausaniaâ— King of Macedon whom Amyntas treacherously murther'd after he had reign'd only one Year Amyntas who thus thus got the Kingdom held it Four and twenty Years At the End of the Year Demostratus was chosen Archon of Athens and six Military Olymp. 96. 4. Ant. Ch. 391. Tribunes Lucius Titinius Publius Licinius Publius Melius Quintus * Maenius The Acts of Mago in Sicily P. 444. Mallius Gneius Genutius and Lucius Attilius govern'd as Consuls at Rome In their time Mago the Carthaginian General was busie in Sicily endeavouring to settle the Affairs of Carthage there which were then but in an ill Condition since the last slaughter and ruin of their Army To this end he carry'd himself with all Mildness and Humanity towards all the Cities within his Government and receiv'd all others into his Protection that were Enemies to Dionysius and enter'd into Leagues with many of the Sicilians At length he rais'd an Army and march'd against Messina and when he had wasted the Country he return'd with rich Booty and Encamp'd near Abacena a City of his Confederates But Dionysius with his Army march'd up to him and upon his approach both Armies were drawn out in order of Battel upon which there was a sharp and hot Engagement in which the Carthaginians were routed and fled to the City with the loss of above Eight hundred Men And Dionysius return'd to Syracuse But within a few days after he made an Expedition against Dionysius sets upon Rhegium in Italy Rhegium with an hundred Sail well Mann'd and coming upon them on a sudden in the Night he set the Gates on Fire and rear'd Scaling-Ladders to the Walls A few only of the Rhegians at first ran to repulse the Enemy and busied themselves in extinguishing the Fire but by the advice of Heloris the Governor they left the Fire and fell with all their force upon the Enemy and by that means sav'd their City For if they had continu'd Ant. Ch. 391. still in quenching the Flames so small a number could not have kept out the Dionysians till the rest of the Citizens had come in to their assistance For by throwing of Timber and other combustible matter from the Tops of the Houses next adjoining they rather increas'd the Fire Dionysius being thus disappointed in his design wastes and destroys all the Country round about with Fire and Sword but afterwards made a Truce with them for one Year and so return'd to Syracuse In the mean time the Grecians in Italy perceiving that Dionysius his Covetousness and The Grecians confederate in Italy against Dionysius Ambition extended as far as to their Countries enter'd into a general League and appointed a publick Place for their Common Assemblies By this means they hop'd that they should both be able to oppose Dionysius and likewise have an Army always ready to fight the Lucanians who were ever and anon making inroads upon them While these things were doing the Exiles that were in the Lecheum at Corinth being let into the City in the Night endeavour'd to possess themselves of the Walls but were The Lacedaemonians beaten by Iphicrates near Corinth driven out again by Iphicratis and forc'd to fly to the Arsenal with the loss of Three hundred Men. Within a few days after part of the Spartan Army march'd through the Territories of Corinth and were suddenly fallen upon by Iphicrates and some other Confederates who out off the greatest part of them And marching from thence with his Light-arm'd Men against Phlias he engag'd with them that came out of the Town and kill'd above Three hundred of them Hence he made against Sicyon who drew out under Ant. Ch. 391 the Walls and fought him but were beaten and forc'd into the City with the loss of Five hundred Citizens After these things the Argives with all their Forces came against Corinth and took both Corinth taken by the Argives the Castle and City and join'd that Territory to their
their Enemies Dionysius his second Expedition into Italy Besieges Caulonia and routs Heloris Makes Peace with the Rhegians Razes Caulonia to the Ground and transplants the Inhabitants to Syracuse Watches an Occasion to be reveng'd on them of Rhegium Besieges it He sends rich Chariots to the Olympick Games His Poetry ridicul'd IN Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse though he had a Design and did what he could to bring all Sicily and the Neighbouring Greeks in Italy under his Power yet deferr'd the Expedition against them to some other time as we said before Having therefore Dionysius prepares to Besiege Rhegium in the mean time consider'd how greatly it would advance his Affairs if he could gain Rhegium the Key of Italy he now drew out his Army into the Field He had then under his Command Twenty thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse and a Hundred and Twenty Gallies With these he pass'd over to the Borders of Locris and thence marching through the Heart of the Country he wasted and spoiled all the Territories of Rhegium with Fire and Sword His Fleet attending over against him he at length Encamp'd with all his Forces near the Sea But the Italians hearing of the Arrival of Dionysius and his Design upon Rhegium with all speed put forth sixty Sail from Crotona for the aid of the Rhegians Whereupon Dionysius made forth against them with fifty Gallies and though they made to the Shore to avoid him yet he pursu'd them so close that he threw Grappling-Irons into them to draw them off from Land and all the Sixty Sail had cettainly Ant. Ch. 388. fallen into his hand if the whole Body of the Rhegians had not with showers of Darts forc'd him from the Shore and by the Advantage of a Storm that then arose hal'd up Dionysius overtaken by a Storm the Ships to Land And thô Dionysius fought very Valiantly yet he lost seven Gallies and no less than Fifteen hundred Men on the Rhegian Shore and both Ships and Men being thrown upon the Shore by the Storm many of the Seamen were taken Prisoners by the Citizens The Tyrant himself flying in a Vessel of Five Oars escaped drowning very narrowly and landed at length with much difficulty about Midnight at the Port of Messina And because Winter now drew on having made a League with the Lucanians he return'd with his Army to Syracuse Returns out of Italy to Syracuse After this the Lucanians made an Incursion into the Territories of the Thurians upon which they sent forthwith to their Confederates for assistance For the Greek Cities throughout all Italy had agreed together That if the Lucanians fell upon any one of them all the rest should come into the help of them that were so oppress'd And if any City should not have their Forces ready to defend them the Chief Commanders should be put to Death As soon therefore as the Cities had notice by the Posts of the march of the Enemy the Thurians all unanimously prepar'd for the Encounter and hastily and unadvisedly in an imprudent Heat not waiting for their Confederates with above Fourteen thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse march'd against the Enemy The Lucanians hearing of their approach suffer'd them to enter into their Country Ant. Ch. 388. Upon which they pierc'd into Lucania with great Violence and at the first were so successful as that they took a Castle and carry'd away thence much Plunder which was in truth but as a Bait laid in their way for their Destruction For while they were puff'd up and grown high-crested with this Success they contemned the Enemy so far as that they daringly ventured through straight and craggy Passages through the heat of Ambition and Covetousness eager to possess themselves of a City and Country so bless'd with The Thurians miserably Entrap'd by the Lucanians in Italy P. 449. the Fulness of all things as that was But as soon as they came into the Plain surrounded with high and steep Hills on every side the Lucanians coming in with their Forces from all Parts intercepted all the Passages leaving them no hopes of return any ways And shewing themselves on every side from the tops of the Hills the Grecians were struck with great Fear and Terror both with the Greatness of their Army and the Difficulty of the Places For the Lucanians were no fewer than Thirty thousand Foot and Four thousand Horse While the Graecians were in this perplexity unexpectedly surrounded with insuperable danger the Barbarians march'd down into the Plain and Battle being join'd ' the Italians were over-power'd by multitude and above Ten thousand of them kill'd upon the spot for the Lucanians gave no Quarter as they were before order'd the rest fled to a Hill near the Sea side from whence espying some long Ships sailing towards them hoping that they came from Rhegium out of eagerness to save themselves they leap'd into Ant. Ch. 388 The generosity Leptines to the distressed the Sea and some of 'em by swimming got to the Ships But this Fleet proy'd to be Ships sent by Dionysius to the assistance of the Lucanians under the Command of Leptines his Brother who very generously receiv'd them that swam into his Ships and set them all on Shoar being about a Thousand and prevail'd with the Lucanians to accept a * Thurians Mina for every Man for their Ransom and he himself engag'd for the payment and so order'd Matters among them that the Lucanians and Italians made peace one with another Mina about 3 l. 2s 6 d. From this time Leptines was in great favour and much esteem with the Italians having made an end of the War more to his own than to the advantage of Dionysius who was in hopes that by means of the differences between the Lucanians and the Greeks of Italy he should be able with much ease to accomplish his Designs there but if he should make Peace he judg'd his Conquest would be difficult Therefore he discarded Leptines and created Thearides his other Brother Admiral of the Fleet. During these Transactions the Romans divided the Country of the Veians distributing to every one Four * Plethra an hundred Foot or an Acre Plethra of Land but as others say Eight and Twenty At the same time they made War upon the Aequi and took Liflus by Storm They sent Forces likewise against the * The Volsci whose Chief City was Velitta .. Olymp 97. 4. Ant. Ch. 387. Dionysius passes again into Italy Veliternines who had revolted Satricum likewise made a Defection and a Colony was sent forth into * Certium At the close of the year Antipater was chosen Chief Governor of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls Now Dionysius King of Syracuse Declar'd openly his Design of a Descent upon Italy and to that end loos'd from Syracuse with a numerous Army For he had with him above Twenty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse a Navy of
the Rock and another being destroy'd after the same manner the rest in all haste retir'd and because the Rock was very steep being in a great terror and amazement they all miserably perish'd The Romans hereupon sending Ambassadors to 'em to treat upon Terms of Peace obtain'd it upon these Conditions That upon receiving a Thousand pound weight of Gold they would leave the City and depart out of the Roman Territories After this because the Houses were destroy'd and many of the Citizens kill'd the Romans gave leave to every one that would to build and roof'd and cover'd all the Houses at the Publick Charge which were therefore ever after to this day call'd the Publick Houses And because every Man built according to his own Humour where he pleas'd the Streets were made very narrow and crooked which notwithstanding the Riches of the City in succeeding Times could never be reform'd Some have reported that the Roman Matrons gave all their golden Ornaments for the redeeming of their Country for which they have this Honour allow'd them That they may at any time be carry'd in Chariots through the City The Romans being thus impoverish'd and brought low by the late Calamity the Volsci took the advantage and rais'd Arms against them Upon which the Consular Tribunes got their Forces together and march'd out into the Campus Martius as 't is call'd and encamp'd about * 25 mile Ant. Ch. 385. Two hundred Stages from the City The Volsci far exceeded the Romans in number and set upon their Camp Upon which the Senate much concern'd for them in the Field made Marcus Furius Dictator who ordered the young Men in the City to take up Arms with whom he march'd out in the night and came upon the backs of the Volsci when they were very busie and intent in assaulting the Romans and easily put them to flight Upon which they within the Camp sallying out the Volsci by this means were hemm'd in on every side and almost all cut off And thus this Nation who were before a strong and potent People by this Overthrow were brought extream low and weaker than any of the Nations round about them The Dictator afterwards hearing that Bola was besieg'd by the Aequi march'd thither and kill'd most of the Besiegers Thence he mov'd to * Sutrium Sutrinum a Colony of the Romans but then possess'd by the Aequi and falling upon them on the sudden he made a great Slaughter among them and restor'd the City to them of Sutrinum About this time the Gauls in their march from Rome besieg'd Veascus a Confederate City of the Romans upon which the Dictator march'd against them fought and routed them and seiz'd their Bag and Baggage amongst which was the Gold weigh'd at Rome and recover'd almost all the Prey and Plunder they had gain'd in taking of the City And though he had perform'd all this good Service yet the Tribunes of the People Ant. Ch. 385. through Envy deny'd him a Triumph Yet some relate that he did Triumph in a Chariot drawn with four white Horses for the Victory against the Thuscans and within two Days after was fin'd by the People in a great Sum of Money which we shall mention hereafter in its proper place Those Gauls that went to Japygium design'd to return through the Roman Territories but the Cerii laid an Ambush for them in the Night and cut them all off in the Plains of Trausium Callisthenes the Historian began his Grecian Memoirs from this Year wherein the Peace P. 457. was made between the Graecians and Artaxerxes and ended them with the Year the Temple of Delphos was taken and rifled by Philomelus the Phocian comprehending an Account of Affairs for the space of Thirty Years in Ten Books And now being come to the Peace between Artaxerxes and the Greeks and the Danger threatned to Rome by the Gauls according to our purpose at the beginning we shall put an end to this Book BOOK XV. HAving throughout the whole Work us'd the Common and accustom'd Liberty P. 458. PREFACE of an Historian we have both prais'd the Good and condemn'd the Bad as they have fallen in our way to the end that those whose Genius and Inclination prompts them to Virtue may be the more encourag'd to Noble Actions in hopes of having the Glory of their Names continu'd to all succeeding Generations and on the other hand that they that are bent to Wickedness may be curb'd and restrain'd from the Heat at least of their Impiety by those marks of Dishonour and Disgrace fix'd upon them Since therefore we have brought down our History to the times wherein the Lacedaemonians fell by the sudden and unexpected Slaughter at Leuctra and the like again not long after at Mantinea whereby they lost the Sovereignty of Greece We judge it part of our Province to keep close to the former Course and Method of Writing and therefore by the way in the first place to blame and reprehend the Lacedaemonians who justly deserve it For who cannot but judge them worthy of Censure and that justly who having a well-settled Empire and Government descended to them from their Ancestors and by their Valour supported and defended for the space of above Five hundred Years should now in a Moment ruine it by their own Folly and Imprudence For they that were before them preserv'd the Grandeur and Glory of their Conquests by their Lenity and Tenderness towards their Subjects but these their Posterity by their Cruelty to their Confederates and Pride and Ambition in making War upon the Grecians most deservedly lost all by their Rashness and Inconsideratness For those that hated them for the Injuries they had before suffer'd greedily took the advantage now they were low to revenge themselves on them as their Enemies And they whose Forefathers were never before Conquer'd were so much the more despis'd by how much they deserv'd the greater Contempt who by their Vices had stain'd the Virtue and Glory of their Ancestors The Thebans therefore who for many Ages before were forc'd to stoop to them as their Superiors having now beyond all Mens expectations conquer'd the Lacedaemonians were made Chief Commanders of Greece But the Lacedaemonians after they had once lost their hold could never after recover their ancient Glory and Dignity But enough of this we shall now return to the Course of our History The preceding Book the Fourteenth in Order ends with the Ruine of Rhegium by Dionysius and the Taking of Rome by the Gauls which happen'd the Year next before the Expedition of the Persians into Cyprus against Evagoras We shall her begin this Book with that War and end it with the Year next preceding the Reign of Philip the Son of Amyntas CHAP. I. Artaxerxes's Expedition against Evagoras in Cyprus The Actions there at Sea and Land The Lacedaemonians begin new Quarrels in Greece As first with Mantinea Dionysius gives himself to Poetry Peace concluded with Evagoras by Orontes the Persian General
that Summer For they were reputed the most valiant Men of all the Arcadians and therefore the Spartans in former times were us'd to account these their fastest and truest Friends in all Fights and Engagements But when Winter drew on and the River running under the Town swell'd high by the Rains the Lacedemonians dam'd up the River with Earth and Rubbish and turn'd the Current into the City so that all the place round about was like to a standing Pool by reason whereof the Houses fell down which amaz'd them of Mantinea that they were forc'd to deliver up the City Which being thus taken the Citizens suffer'd no other hardships from Mantinea taken the Lacedemonians save only that they were order'd to return to those Ancient Villages from whence at first they came they were forc'd therefore to leave their Country and Ant. Ch. 383. Dionysius designs upon Aepyius settle themselves and their Families in the Villages About this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had a design to gain the Cities lying upon the Adriatick Sea and that which chiefly mov'd him to it was because he covered to be Master of the Jonian Sea as they call it to the end he might have a free and open passage to Epirus and to have Towns and places for his Ships ready to touch at For he was every day making preparation to Transport great number of Forces into Epirus and to rifle and plunder the rich Temple at Delphos To this end he made a * Molussus a part of Epirus League with the Illyrians by the help of Alcetas the Molossian who was then an Exile at Syracuse And the Illyrians being then engag'd in a War he sent them Two thousand Soldiers and Five hundred Grecian Arms the Arms they distributed amongst the strongest and stoutest of their Men and the Auxiliaries they mixt here and there in several of their own Companies and Regiments The Illyrians having now rais'd a great Army made an irruption into Epirus in order to restore Alcetas to his Kingdom and wasted and spoil'd the Country without opposition or controul Afterwards a sharp Battle was fought between them and the Molossians in which the Illyrians were Victors and kill'd A great slaughter of the Molossians above Fifteen thousand of the Molossians which Slaughter of the Epirots being made known to the Lacedemonians they sent them aid to curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the Barbarians During the transaction of these Affairs the * Paros an Island of the Egean Sea near Delos Lyssus built by Dionysius in Pharos Parii by the encouragement of an old Prophecy sent forth a Colony to the Adriatick Coast where they built Pharos by the help of Dionysius in an Island so call'd For not many years before he had sent a Colony thither and built the City Lyssus by the advantage of which place when he had little else to do he rais'd an Arsenal for Two hundred Gallies and Wall'd the Town in so large a Circuit that it exceeded in compass all the Cities of Greece He likewise built stately Schools and Colledges on the on the side of the River * Or rather Anapis in Sicily Olymp. 96. 1. A. M. 3588. Ant. Ch. 382. P. 465. Ant. Ch. 381. P. 465. Anapus with Temples and other beautiful Fabricks to advance the Glory and Greatness of the City And now ended the Year when Diotrephes for the next was Archon of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls At Aelis was solemniz'd the Ninety ninth Olympiad in which Dicon the Syracusian wan the Prize At this time the Pharii who were now seated in the Island Pharos Wall'd in the City they had built near the Sea side not in the least injuring the Barbarians the Ancient Inhabitants of the Island but allotted them a place very strong and excellently well fortify'd But this nestling of the Greeks was a great Eye-sore to the natural Inhabitants therefore they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the Continent over against them who pass'd over to Pharos in many small Vessels to the number of Ten thousand Men and upwards and fell upon the Greeks and kill'd many of them But he who was made Governor of Lyssus by Dionysius with a great Fleet set upon the Shipping of the Illyrians and took and sunk all of them kill'd Five thousand of their Men and took Two thousand prisoners Dionysius being now in great want of Money began an Expedition with Threescore Gallies into * Tyrthenia by the Greek but mistaken Hetruria under colour to scour the Seas of Pyrats but in truth to rob a famous Temple in those parts which was very full * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of rich Gifts and Donations It stood in the Suburbs of Agylla a City of Hetruria where was the Arsenal which they call the Towers He landed in the Night and forcing in at break of day accomplish'd his Design For there being but a small Guard in the Castle he easily over-power'd them rifled the Temple and took out above a Thousand Talents And tho' they of Agylla sally'd out to repel the Enemy yet he routed 'em took many Dionysius rifles a Temple at Agylla in Hetruria to get Money prisoners and after he had wasted and spoil'd the Country sailed back to Syracuse where he rais'd no less than Five hundred Talents by the sale of the Spoils Having thus fill'd his Coffers he rais'd Soldiers from all parts and got together a great Army so that it was evident to the apprehension of all that he design'd War against the Carthaginians And these were the things done this year Afterwards the Dignity of Archon was conferr'd upon Phanostratus at Athens And Olymp. 99. 2. Ant. Ch. 381. the Romans made Four Military Tribunes Consuls Lucius Lucretius Servius Sulpitius * Caius Lucius Emilius and Lucius Furius At this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being prepar'd for the War against Carthage watch'd for a fair occasion to colour and countenance his Design Discerning therefore that the Cities subject to the Carthaginians were inclin'd to a Revolt he receiv'd into his Protection as many as would come to him and enter'd into a League with them carrying himself with great complacency and winning behaviour Upon this the Carthaginians first sent Ambassadors to him and demanded the restitution of the Cities which being deny'd was the occasion of a new War The Carthaginians therefore entred into Confederacies with their Neighbours and all Another War with the Carthaginians by Dionysius Ant. Ch. 381. join'd together in the War against the Tyrant And because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the War they Listed Soldiers out of the choicest of the Citizens and laid up great Sums of Money wherewith they hir'd a vast number of Foreigners And having made Mago their General who at that time bore the Title of King they Transported many Thousands of Soldiers both into Italy and Sicily for they had decreed
to make War upon them both at once Dionysius likewise himself divided his Forces some against the Italiots and others against the Carthaginians Whereupon many light skirmishes pass'd between Parties here and there every day but nothing was as yet done of any moment But there afterwards hapned Two great Battles that were especially famous and remarkable in one of which at a place call'd Cabala Dionysius made himself noted Dionysius routs the Carthaginians at Cabala in Sicily for his Valour and routed the Enemy killing above Ten thousand of them and taking Five thousand prisoners forc'd the rest to fly to a Hill that was fortify'd but altogether without Water In this Fight Mago their General was kill'd behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution The Carthaginians terrify'd with the greatness of this Slaughter sent forthwith Ambassadors to make Peace with Dionysius but he P. 466. return'd them Answer that there was only one way left for them to make peace with him and that was forthwith to quit all the Cities of Sicily and to reimburse all the charge of the War This Answer was lookt upon as harsh and proud Therefore they betook themselves to their old Arts of Fraud and Deceit For they seem'd as if they allow'd of his terms but pretended that it was not in their power to deliver up the Cities to him therefore they desired a Truce for some few days that they might consult with the Magistrates concerning this Affair which he agreed unto He was much transported at the Ant. Ch. 381. Truce having now a prospect presently as he conceiv'd to be Lord of all Sicily In the mean time the Carthaginians bury'd Mago their King with great Pomp and State putting his Son into the same place who tho' he was very young yet there were marks and appearances in him of more than ordinary Wisdom and Valour This new General spent all the time of the Truce in Training and Disciplining of his Soldiers so that what with his daily Diligence exact Directions and frequent exercise of their Arms he had an Army both readily subject to Command and hardy and strong for Service And now the time of the Cessation expir'd and the Armies on both sides came hastily into the Field and at Cronion was a sharp Engagement where God gave the Carthaginians Another Battle at Cronion where Dionysius was beaten the Victory to make amends for their former slaughter For they who were grown proud and boasting by their Victory a little before were now as low and poor spirited On the other hand they who were altogether dejected and in despair by reason of their overthrow had their Spirits on a sudden rais'd by their great and unexpected success For Leptines who commanded one of the Wings a valiant Man signaliz'd himself and there sell in the Bed of Honour after he made a great slaughter amongst his Enemies After whose Fall the Carthaginians pluckt up their Spirits and at length put their Enemies to flight Dionysius with those choice Men he had with him at the first worsted those that charg'd him but when the death of Leptines was known and the other Wing was discern'd to be broken and dispers'd that part of the Army with Dionysius fled likewise Upon which the whole Body betaking themselves to their heels the Carthaginians made a hot pursuit and gave Orders that no Quarter should be given so that all being kill'd that came to hand every place for a long way together was strow'd and cover'd with dead Bodies The Carthaginians in revenge of their former loss had made so Ant Ch. 301. great a slaughter that when the slain came to be bury'd they were found to amount to above Fourteen thousand Sicilians and it was by the advantage of Night only that the rest escap'd The Carthaginians having now gain'd so great and remarkable a Victory return'd to Panormas However as it became Men they us'd their Prosperity with great Moderation and sent Ambassadors to Dionysius to offer him Terms of Peace which he readily embrac'd And all was concluded upon these conditions That both sides should keep what they had before the War save only that the Carthaginians should have the City and Territory of Selinuntia and part of the Country of Agrigemum Peace concluded by the Carthaginians with Dionysius as far as to the River Alycum and that Dionysius should pay a Thousand Talents to the Carthaginians And thus stood Affairs in Sicily at that time In Asia Gaius Admiral of the Persian Fleet who had rebell'd against the King after he had engag'd the Lacedemonians and Aegyptians to his Interest was Murther'd secretly Gaius Murther'd P. 467. Tachos Rebels against the King of Persia Ant. Ch. 381. by some body unknown and so fall'd of his Designs After whose Death Tachos pursuing the same Design got an Army together and built a City upon an high Rock joining to the Sea call'd Leuca where he built a Chappel to Apollo but he dy'd likewise a little after upon whose death the Clazomenians and they of Cuma fell at strife and variance for the Town which at first they went about to decide by force of Arms But afterwards by the advice of some Person consulting the Oracle of Delphos to know to which of the Cities Leuca should belong The Prophetess Answer'd That it should be theirs who should first sacrifice at Leuca but that both should set forth from their Cities at the rising of the Sun upon one and the same day as they themselves should agree upon Accordingly Contention between them of Cuma and them of Clazomenia about Leuca the day was set the Cumeans in the mean time lookt upon themselves to have the advantage because their City was nearer than the other But the Clazomenians tho' they were more remote yet contriv'd this project to gain their end They sent some of their Citizens chosen by Lot to a Colony of theirs not far from Leuca and from thence at Sun rising they began their Journey and so finish'd their Sacrifices before them of Cuma Having gain'd Leuca by this trick in memory thereof they appointed a yearly Festival which they call'd Prophthasia from this their coming first to Leuca These things thus done all Rebellions in Asia were at an end and the Lacedemonians now after the death of Gaius and Tachos would have no more to do with Asia but set their Heads at work how to advance their power in Greece And having persuaded some of the Cities and forc'd others to receive their Exiles they possess'd themselves of the Sovereighty of the whole manifestly against the League amongst all the Grecians made by Antalcydas by the help of the King of Persia In Macedonia King Amyntas after he was overcome by the Illyrians in despair of being able to help himself bestow'd a large Tract of Land upon the Olynthians which lay near to them as never thinking to be restor'd again to his Kingdom The Olynthians enjoy'd this Peace for
Lords of all Greece both by Sea and Land Sparta in its strength For the Thebans were overaw'd by a Garrison the Corinthians and Argives were tyr'd out with Wars one with another the Athenians for their Covetousness and Cruelty exercis'd among those they had Subdu'd were despis'd by all the Grecians On the other hand all were afraid of the Lacedemonians because they were very Populous expert Soldiers and unweari'd in their Attempts Insomuch that the greatest of the Princes in those times I mean the King of Persia and Dyonysius the Tyrant of Sicily Courted the Spartans and were ambitious of their Alliance Afterward when Nico govern'd at Athens and Six Military Tribunes were Created Olymp. 100. 2. Ant. Ch. 377. Consuls at Rome Lucius Papyrius Caius Cornelius Lucius Manlius Caius Servilius Valerius Aulius and Quintius Fabius the Carthaginians enter'd with an Army into Italy and Restor'd the Hipponiats to their City whence they had been Expuls'd and kindly receiv'd * Menenius all the Exiles that came in to them from all Parts Not long after a great Plague happen'd in Carthage which Raging more and more A Plague in Carthage Ant. Ch. 377. swept away abundance of the Inhabitants insomuch that they were in great danger to have lost their Sovereignty For the Africans slighted and deserted them the Inhabitant of Sardinia supposing they had now a fit opportunity Revolted and rose up in Arms against them Moreover a Remarkable Judgment of God fell upon Carthage The Carthaginians kill one another in the Streets at this time for the City was all on a sudden in an uproar fill'd with Tumult Fear and Horrour and many running Arm'd out of their Houses as if an Enemy had entr'd the Place Fought Wounded and Killd one another in the Streets At length the Gods being Appeas'd by Sacrifices and they deliver'd out of their sad Afflictions they presently Subdu'd the Africans and Recover'd Sardinia After these things when Nausinicus chief Governor of Athens and four Military Olymp. 100. 3. An. M. 3594. Ant. Ch. 376. The Boetian War Tribunes Marcus Cornelius Servilius Quinctius Marcus Furius and Lucius Quinctius were Cloth'd with the Consular dignity at Rome the Beotian War so call'd broke out between the Beotians and the Lacedemonians upon the Accounts following The Lacedemonians against all Law and Justice forcibly detain'd the Citadel of Cadmea and had forc'd many Persons of Quality to fly out of their own Countrey The Exiles therefore upon a private Consult among themselves by the help of the Athenians return'd in the Night into their City and in the first place kill'd all those they judg'd sided with the Lacedemonians surprizing them in their Houses when they were asleep then they stirr'd up all P. 470. The Thebans get in a Body to retake the Citadel the Common People to appear for their Liberties upon which the whole City of Thebes readily came in to their assistance and getting into a Body clapt about Cadmea at break of Day In the mean time the Lacedemonian Garrison that was in the Citadel which consisted of no fewer than Fifteen hundred Men sent a Messenger to Sparta to inform them of the Insurrection in Thebes and to desire Aid with all speed However Ant. 376. they from the Bastions in the Citadel beat off the Besiegers killing and wounding many Upon this the Thebans concluding that great Forces would be brought out of Greece to the assistance of the Lacedemonians sent Ambassadors to Athens to put them in mind how they had been assisted by the Thebans at that time when they rescu'd their Commonwealth from the Slavery they suffer'd under the Thirty Tyrants and therefore that they should press them that they would hasten with all the force they had to help them to Reduce Cadmea before any Aid came from Sparta The People of Athens as soon as they heard what was desir'd by the Thebans decreed that without delay a Strong and Considerable Army should be sent to help them The Athenians assist the Thebans to regain their Liberty both to demonstrate their Gratitude for their former Services and likewise hoping thereby so to oblige the Thebans as that they should ever find them fast and constant Friends to assist them at all times against the growing and boundless power of the Lacedemonians For the Thebans were lookt upon not to be Inferior to any in Greece for number or valour of Men. In conclusion the Athenians made Demophoon General over Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse who drew out before Day next Morning and hasted away with a swift March that he might be before the Lacedemonians however the People of Athens were ready and prepar'd to March out with all their Forces into Beotia if the Thebans had occasion for them Demophoon with great expedition beyond expectation appear'd in view of them of Thebes and Souldiers came together with the like Zeal and Earnestness from other Cities of Beotia so that the Thebans had now a numerous Army consisting of no less than Twelve thousand Ant. Ch. 376. Foot and about Two thousand Horse and all Chearfully and Readily bestirr'd themselves to Besiege the Citadel The Army divided themselves into parties and assaulted the Place by turns persisting without any Cessation Night and Day In the mean time they in the Castle incourag'd by their Officers bore the Brunt with great Courage hoping to receive speedy Succours from the Lacedemonians And indeed they Valiantly stood it out while they had any Victuals left killing and wounding many of the Assailants having the advantage of the strength of the Fort. But when their Provision grew low and the Lacedemonians lingr'd in sending Relief the Garrison began to Mutiny For the Lacedemonians were for the standing of it out to the last Man but the Auxiliaries from the Confederate Cities who were the greater number were for delivering it up so the Spartans who were but few were forc'd to Surrender the Citadel and being dismiss'd according to Articles return'd to Peleponnesus At length the Lacedemonians The Citadel is surrender'd came with their Army to Thebes but having lost their opportunity through the slowness of their March all was to no purpose But they Try'd three of the Officers of the Garrison by a Council of War and Condemn'd two of them to Die and impos'd so great a Mulct and Fine upon the Third as that he was never able to pay it Afterwards the Athenians return'd into their own Country and the Thebans spent much time in vain in the Siege of Thespis During these affairs the Romans sent a Colony of Five P. 471. hundred Citizens into Sardinia upon Terms of being free from Tribute Afterwards when Callias was Lord Chancellor of Athens and four Military Tribunes Olymp. 100 4. Ant. Ch. 375. Lucius Papyrius Marcus * Publiu Publius †Cornelius Titus * Tiâ—o Cornelius and †Luc. Quinctius Quintus Lucius were honour'd with the
many of the Citizens were concern'd in the Plot put several to Death and Banish'd others In the City Megara likewise some were contriving how to overturn the Government Plots at Megara and Sicyon who being convict of the Treason many were put to Death and not a few Banish'd So at Sioyon many were Executed upon a full Conviction for endeavouring to bring in Innovations At length many of the Philasian Exiles having seiz'd upon a Castle in that The Exiles of Phalasia kill many of the Townsmen Territory got together a great Army of Mercenaries and fought with the Townsmen and got the Day having kill'd above Three hundred of the Philasians But not long after the Exiles were betray'd by their Guard and routed by them of Philasia with the loss of Six hundred Men and the rest being forced out of the Country fled to Argos And such was the miserable Condition of Peloponnesus at that time CHAP. V. The Persians send an Army into Aegypt to reduce the Revolters Iphicrates a skilful Commander Sedition at Zacynthus Platea raz'd by the Thebans The Lacedaemonians seize upon the Island Corcyra reliev'd by the Athenians under Ctesides Evagoras murther'd in Cyprus by an Eunuch Dreadful Earthquakes and Innundations in Peloponnesus A great Comet seen in Greece SOcratides the ensuing Year was Archon at Athens and Quintus * Servilius Crassus Servilius Cornelius Olymp. 101 3. Ant. Ch. 371. Sporius Papyrius and * Lucius Aemilius Pharnabazus and Iphicrates march int◠Aegypt Fabius Albus four Military Tribunes executed the Office of Consuls at Rome At that time the King of Persia march'd against the Aegyptians who had revolted some time before the Army was commanded by Pharnabazus and Iphicrates the Athenian the Barbarians by Pharnabazus and Twenty thousand Mercenaries by Iphicrates who was in so much favour with the King for his excellent Conduct that he intrusted him with that Command Pharnabazus had spent many years in preparation for this War Iphicrates therefore knowing the readiness of his Tongue and the slowness of his Actions one Day accosted him in this manner That he wonder'd that one who was so voluble in his Speech should be so slow in Execution To which Pharnabazus answer'd That he was Master of his Words but the King of his Actions When the King's Forces came to * Acco or Ptolemais in Phaenicis Aces in Syria and were there muster'd there were found Two hundred thousand Barbarians to be under the Conduct of Pharnabazus and Twenty thousand Grecians under the Command of Iphicrates The Number of the Navy was Three hundred * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gallies of three Tire of Oars on a Bank and Two hundred of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thirty Oars a-piece And a vast number of Transport Ships to carry Provision and other things necessary for the Army About the beginning of the Spring the Officers with all the Forces both at Sea and Land made for Aegypt When they came near to the River Nile they found the Aegyptians ready and prepar'd for Battel for Pharnabazus had been very tedious in this Expedition and given the Enemy time enough to prepare for their Defence For it 's the constant practice of the Persian Generals in regard they have no absolute power upon every special occasion to send to the King to know his Pleasure and to stay till they receive his particular direction In the mean time Nectanabis the King of Aegypt had perfect knowledge of the Strength of the Persian Forces but he plac'd his greatest Confidence in the Strength of Ant. Ch. 371. his Country the Entrance into Aegypt being very difficult on every side and the Passage block'd both by Sea and Land by the seven Mouths of Nilus For at every Mouth A Description of the Forts built upon Nile to secure the Passes into Aegypt where Nile falls into the Sea was a City built with large Forts or Castles on either side the River join'd together by a Bridge of Timber which commanded all Ships that sail'd that way and of all these he had most strongly fortify'd Pelusium for being the next Frontier Town towards Syria they conceiv'd the Enemy would first attempt to enter in to the Country that way Therefore they drew a Trench round the City and where there was any place whereat any Vessels might in any probability enter there they rais'd Walls to obstruct the Passage And where there were any Fords by which the way lay open into Aegypt by Land he brought the Water over them and where any Ship might pass he fill'd up those Places with Stones and Rubbish By which means it was very difficult P. 479. and scarce possible either for Ships to sail or Horse or Foot to march Pharnabazus his Officers therefore seeing Pelusium so strongly and wonderfully Fortify'd and well Mann'd thought it most adviseable to forbear to attempt to enter by Force and rather to sail to some other Mouth of the River and endeavour a Passage for the Fleet there Ant. Ch. 371. Whereupon they put off to Sea again and being out of Kenning that they might not be discern'd by the Enemy they steer'd their Course for * Mendesicum Mendesium another Mouth of Nile where the Shore runs a great way out from the Main Land Here they Landed Three thousand Men and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates assaulted a Fort built upon the very Mouth of the River but the Aegyptians came down with Three thousand Horse and Foot to the Relief of the Place Upon which there was a sharp Engagement in which the Aegyptians being over-power'd with Multitude for more came in running to them The Aegyptians worsted at Mendusium from their Ships were hemm'd in and a great Slaughter made amongst them but very few being taken Prisoners the rest were forc'd to fly into a little Town hard by But the Soldiers of Iphicrates enter'd pell mell with them of the Garison into the Place and having thus taken it by Force they demolish'd it and carry'd away the Inhabitants as Captives After this there arose a Difference between the Generals which brought all to nought Quarrels between Pharnabazus and Iphicrates Iphicrates learnt from the Captives that there was a Garison call'd Memphis which Place was of the greatest Consequence of any throughout all Aegypt therefore he advis'd that they should sail with the Fleet thither before the rest of the Aegyptians's Army got together but Pharnabazus and all his Forces were for staying till all the Persian and Land Forces came up and so there would be less danger in the Expedition But Iphicrates then offer'd to undertake the Reduction of the City with those Mercenaries that were then with him if he might have but Liberty Upon which Pharnabazus grew Envious at the Iphicrates undertakes to take Memphis Ant. Ch. 371. Is discouraged by Pharnabazus Ant. Ch. 371. Memphis strongly Garison'd Valour and Confidence of the Man and began to be Jealous lest
Athenians forthwith led out a great Army against the Plateans and having entred the Confines of Platea by this sudden and unexpected Irruption they found many of the Citizens stragling in the Fields who were presently snapt up by the Horsemen the rest fled into the City and having no Confederates to assist them were forc'd to deliver up themselves upon such Terms and Conditions as the Enemy was pleas'd to allow 'em For they were to leave the City and take away with them only their Houshold Goods and never more set foot in Baeotia After this the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thebans raz'd Platea and took Thespia that sided against them by assault The Plateans fled to Athens with their Wives and Children and were there kindly receiv'd into the Franchises and Liberties of the City And in this condition stood the Affairs of Baeotia all that time The Lacedemonians had now sent Mnasippus Mnasippus sent to Corcyra by the Lacedemonians The City Cor-Tyra in the Island Corcycyra with a Fleet of Sixty five Sail and Fifteen hundred Men under his Command to Corcyra which after he arriv'd at the Island and had taken the Exiles on board he sail'd into the Haven and presently possess'd himself of Four of their Gallies and forc'd the rest upon Land which they of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Corcyra burnt to prevent their falling into the Enemies hands he routed them likewise in a Land Fight tho' they had advantageously possessed themselves of a Hill insomuch as all the Corcyrians every where were in fear and amazement The Athenians had some time before sent Timotheus the Son of Conon to the aid Ant. Ch. 371. Timotheus sent by the Athenians to Corcyra came too late of the Corcyreans with a Navy of Sixty Sail but before he came in to succour them he sail'd into Thrace and brought over many of the Cities there to the Athenian Interest and enlarg'd his Fleet with Thirty Sail But because he came too late to the assistance of them of Corcyra the people of Athens were very angry at him and took away his Commission yet when he return'd to Athens with a great number of Ambassadors that came along with him to confirm the Leagues with the Athenians and besides brought in â—â—motheus disearded the Fleet in good Order being more than they were by Thirty Sail the People rescinded the former Decree and restor'd him to his Command Before this they had Restor'd likewise prepar'd Forty Gallies more so that their whole Fleet was Fourscore and had made also plentiful Provision of Corn Arms and all other things necessary for the War But for the present they sent Five hundred Men to the aid of them of Corcyra under the Command of Ctesides who enter'd privately in the Night into * Corcyra where he found the Townsmen in bad circumstances by their Sedition and ill management of Cresides câ—mes to the City Corcyra from Athens Affairs relating to the War But forthwith quieting all Parties he made it his business to put all things in a posture of Defence and by this means put Heart and Courage into the Besieg'd In the first place he made a Sally and cut off Two hundred of the Enemy Presently after in a sharp Engagement he kill'd Mnasippus and many of his Army And Mnasippus kill'd Ant. Ch. 371. P. 482. now when the War was almost at an end in Corcyra arriv'd Timotheus and Iphicrates with the Athenian Fleet who coming too late did nothing worth remembring save that they took Nine Gallies Men and all sent by Dionysius out of Stcily to the assistance of the Lacedemonians under the Command of * Cissides Cassidas and Crinippus and by the Sale of the Captives rais'd Threescore Talents with which they paid off the Soldiers While these things were acting Nicocles an Eunuch in Cyprus treacherously murther'd Evagoras Murther'd in Cyprus King Evagoras and made himself King of Salamis In Italy the Romans fought with the Prenestines and routed and kill'd many of them Afterwards when Asteius was chief Magistrate at Athens and Six Military Tribunes viz Olymp. 101. 4. Ant. Ch. 370. Earthquakes in Peâ—oponnesus Marcus Furius Lucius Furius Aulus Posthumus Lucius Lucretius Marcus Fabius and Lucius Posthumus executed the Office of Consuls at Rome there hapned such dreadful Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus throughout all the Cities and over all the Country that are incredible to relate For never in any former Ages did the like Calamity fall upon the Grecian Cities which were now swallow'd up together with their Inhabitants and certainly some Divine Power contriv'd and executed this remarkable ruine and destruction of Mankind Nay the time when it was done aggravated the greatness of the calamity For the Earthquake hapned not in the day when the distressed might have found out some way or other to have help'd themselves but in the night when the Houses by the violence of the shake fell down in confused heaps so that by the darkness of the Night and the suddenness of the ruine Men were in that perplexity that they knew not which way to turn themselves for security insomuch as the greatest part of the Inhabitants buried in the rubbish of the Houses miserably perish'd But as soon as Ant. Ch. 370. it was Day some came running out of the Houses and thinking they had escap'd the danger fell into a far greater and unexpected mischief for the Sea rag'd to that degree and broke in with that violence that it swallow'd up them and their Houses together Two Cities of Achaia one call'd Helica and the other Bura chiefly suffer'd by this sad accident of which two Helica was of the greatest account of any of the Cities of Helica and Bura swallow'd up Achaia There was a very hot dispute concerning the cause of this Evil. Indeed the Natural Philosophers do generally ascribe all such Events to Natural Causes and necessary Circumstances and not to any Divine Hand But they who have more reverend Thoughts and Sentiments of a Deity give a very probable account of this Matter that this Destruction was the effect of the Anger of the Gods for the impious violation of the Rights of Religion of which we shall give a more particular account The Three Cities of Jonia were accustom'd to have a general Assembly of all the Jonians at Mycale and thereabouts where in a certain solitary place according to Ancient Rites they offer'd many costly Sacrifices to Neptune which * Pan Ionian A general Festival of the Ionians Panionion Festivals the Ionians not being able to solemnize at that place by reason of the frequent Wars and Disturbances they remov'd those Assemblies to a more secure place not far from Ephesus But sending to Delphos to consult there with the Oracle they were commanded to take Images from the most Ancient Altars of their Forefathers meaning from Helica a City of the Country formerly call'd Ionia but now
Achaia Upon this they declar'd in the publick Assembly of the Achaians the occasion of their Embassy and desir'd them to grant their Request But Ant. Ch. 370. they of Helica had an Ancient Prophecie That then they would he in the greatest danger when the Ionians sacrific'd upon the Altar of Neptune remembring therefore this they would not suffer the Ionians to take the Images alledging that that Temple was not common to all the Achaians but peculiar to themselves only The same Addresses were made to them of Bura who were of the same Mind with them of Helica However the Ionians by publick Edict of the Achaians that the Prophecy might be fulfill'd offer'd Sacrifices upon the Altar of Neptune Upon this they of Helica seiz'd upon all the Goods of the Ionians and committed the Ambassadors to Prison and so carried it very impiously towards the Deity Therefore they say that Neptune being angry to revenge himself upon their Impiety by this Earthquake and Inundation of the Sea brought this grievous calamity upon those Cities And that it was done by him they use this for an Argument That it is generally believ'd that this God hath the power of Inundations and Earthquakes in his own hand and that Peloponnesus had been ever reputed the Habitation of Neptune and the Country Dedicated to him and that all the Peloponnesian Cities worship'd this God above all others Besides this they give a further reason of this sad Ant. Ch. 370. Accident There are as they say in Peloponnesus great Cavities under-ground which by the Sea flowing here and there through the Earth are turn'd into great Ponds and Lakes of Water And indeed it is very certain that there are Two Rivers in that Peninsula which apparently fall into the Caverns of the Earth For the Rivers which run by * A City in Aâ—cadia Pheneum in former Ages sunk in one place into the Earth and became invisible being swallow'd up in these Caverns under ground * Erasinus River Another was lost at a great opening of the Earth at * Stymphalus in Arcadia Stymphius and ran unseen under ground for the space of Two hundred Stages and rose up again near the City Argos To what is related is further added That none suffer'd but only they who were guilty of the Impiety before-mention'd And this shall suffice to be said of the Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus Afterward When Alcisthenes was Chief Magistrate of Athens and Eight Military Tribunes viz. Olymp. 102. 1. Ant. Ch. 369. * 25 Mile Lucius * Lucius Publius Valerius Valerius Publius Ancius Caius Terentius Lacius Menenius Caius Sulpitius Titus Papyrius Lucius Aemilius and * Marcus Fabius A Coinet in Peloponnesus Fabius Marcus bore the Consular Authority at Rome the Hundred and second Olympiad was celebrated at Aelis wherein Damon the Thurian was Victor At that time God by some Signs and Prodigies foretold the Fall of the Lacedemonian Sovereignty over Greece after they had enjoy'd it near Five hundred Years For a great Comet which from its shape was call'd the Fiery Beam was seen in the Heavens several Nights And not long after the Lacedemonians being overcome in a great Battle suddenly beyond all Mens imagination lost their Dominion Some Ant. Ch. 369. among the Natural Philosophers ascribe the Original of this Comet to proceed from Natural Causes and say that these sort of Meteors at some stated times do happen of necessity And that the Eminent Chaldeans in Babylon and other Astrologers have certainly and exactly foretold the appearance of these Comets And that it 's not to be admir'd tho' such things do happen accordingly but that it would be a greater wonder if they should not being that all things have their proper Courses and turns and at length by incessant Motions are brought into Act in fixed and stated Times and Seasons It 's related that this Comet was so very light that it cast a shadow upon the Earth like the Moon CHAP. VI. Artaxerxes sends again to make Peace among the Grecians All compli'd but the Thebans The Spartans raise an Army against the Thebans Epaminondas made the Theban General The famous Battle of Leuctra The terrible Seditions and Cruelties in Argos Jason of Pherae stirs up the Thessalonians to gain the Sovereignty of Greece Pollydore Prince of Pherea in Greece poison'd by his Brother Alexander Plot to depose Alexander King of Macedonia Treated with to that purpose ABout this time Artaxerxes King of Persia hearing that Greece was fallen into new Broils sent Ambassadors again to exhort them to live in peace one with another according to the late Establishment The Grecians readily compli'd with the Advice and Peace made again by the Mediation of Artaxerxes and all made Peace again among themselves except the Thebans For they were not admitted into the League because they challeng'd all Beotia to be under their own Government And it was Decreed that all the Cities should be bound by Oath to observe the League Being therefore excluded as they were before they kept Beotia under the sole Jurisdiction of their own City Upon which the Lacedemonians being inrag'd resolv'd to make War upon them as the common Enemies of Greece For their growing Pow'r began to be suspected lest being Masters of all Baeotia they should some Ant. Ch. 369. The Lacedemonians decree War against the Thebans P. 484. time or other catch an opportunity to deprive Sparta of the Sovereign Command Especially for that they were a Warlike Nation Inferior to none in Greece and by their daily Exercise in the publick Schools their Bodies became far stronger and besides had many valiant Commanders and especially three Epaminondas Gorgias and Pelopidas And to this may be added That the Thebans by reason of the Nobility of their Ancestors who were famous in the Heroick times were of Proud and Lordly Spirits and ever aspiring to great matters Upon this account the Lacedemonians this Year rais'd an Army compos'd of their own Cities and of their Confederates and prepar'd themselves for War So that When Phrasichides was Lord Chancellor of Athens and the Romans appointed Eight Military Tribunes to execute the Office of Consuls viz. Publius Manlius Caius Erenucius Olymp. 102. 2. Caius Sextius Tiberius Julius * Lucius Julius Lucius * Marcus Albinius Labinius Publius Fibonius Caius Manlius and Lucius Antistius The Thebans excluded from the common League were forc'd by their own strength alone to bear the brunt of the War against the Lacedemonians for by the Articles of the Peace Ratifi'd and confirm'd by all none of the Cities were to send them any Aid or Relief Therefore the Lacedemonians now that the Thebans were wholly desert'd decreed a War against them and were resolv'd to subject Thebes to the Lacedemonian State And forasmuch as all observ'd that the Lacedemonians made extraordinary preparations and that the Thebans on the other hand had none to stand by them
clear and open before them arriv'd at length at Sellacia For it was order'd that all the Forces should meet together at that place where being all now join'd they march'd towards Sparta and wasted the Country all before them with Fire and Sword And now the Lacedaemonians seeing their ancient Country Liconia that had never known what Waste and Spoil meant for the space of Five hundred years before to be thus cruelly harass'd and destroy'd could no longer forbear but were ready to run upon their Enemy as it were with open mouth But being by some Magistrates that came from the City commanded not to hasten away P. 491. too far out of the Bounds of their Country lest some other should make an inroad into it in the mean time and being likewise advis'd to recollect themselves and think seriously of defending the City with much ado they submitted to the Advice In the mean time Epaminondas having pass'd his Army over the Mountain Taygetus and arriv'd at the River Euâ—ota which was then very high being Winter-time he endeavour'd all he could to get over The Lacedaemonians perceiving how his Troops were disorder'd and dispers'd through the difficulty of the Passage laid hold upon this fit occasion to fall upon them Leaving therefore their Wives Children and Old Men as a Guard for the City they made out against the Enemy in good Order with all the Young and The Thebans attacks by the Spartans Ant. Ch. 367. Strong Men of the Town and by a sudden and hot Charge cut off a great number in their passing the River But the Boeotians and Arcadians valiantly standing their Ground surrounded their Enemies However the Spartans after they had kill'd a great number of the Boeotians at length broke through and return'd to the City leaving behind them remarkable Instances of their Valour Presently after when Epaminondas came up with his whole Army to the Terror of Epaminondas besieges Sparta the Inhabitants to the City the Spartans by the advantage of the Strength of the Places kill'd great numbers of them And now all hands were at work and very earnest to gain the City insomuch as that they seem'd to be in a fair way to take Sparta by storm But the Assailants through their Over-heat and Violence being many of them kill'd and others wounded Epaminondas caus'd a Trumpet to sound a Retreat and so call'd them off Presently after the Thebans made their approach to the City and challeng'd the Spartans to come forth and fight with them or else to acknowledge themselves Inferior and not able to contend with them To whom they answer'd that when they saw their opportunity they would be sure not to decline Fighting though they laid all at Stake The Army therefore now drew off from the Siege and having wasted and spoil'd all Laconia and loaden themselves with rich Prey and Plunder return'd into Arcadia Afterwards the Athenians who came too late and did nothing worth taking notice of March'd back into Attica In the mean while Four thousand Men came in to the Assistance of the Lacedemonians from their Consederates To these they added a Thousand Helots newly Manumitted and set Free and Two hundred Beotian Fugitives and many more from the neighbouring Towns and Villages so that now they were strong enough to Cope with the Enemy And these Forces being kept together and daily Exercis'd grew more and more daring and fit for publick Service in the Field Ant. Ch. 367. But Epaminondas being Naturally inclin'd to things that were Great and ambitious to Messina Rebuilt by Epaminondas Eternize his own praise and Honour perswaded the Arcadians and the other Allies to re-edifie and replenish Messina with new Inhabitants which had been destroy'd by the Lacedaemonians * Above 280 Years Sir Walter Rawleighs History of the World lib. 2. 1. part c. 27. fol. 359. and lay Wast and Desolate many Years for that it was most commodiously Situated for the Invading of Sparta at any time having procur'd their Consent he enquir'd after all the ancient Inhabitants that were living in any Place And enfranchizing many others that were willing to settle themselves there he Repair'd Messina and made it very Populous and divided the Land belonging to the City by Lot amongst the new Inhabitants and fill'd the Country about with stately Seats and beautiful Buildings and so rais'd up a noble Grecian City out of its Ruins to its former State and Grandeur for which he was highly Honour'd I conceive it will not be amiss in this place in regard Messina has been so often taken and Ruin'd If I say something in short of this City from its beginning Anciently the An account of the several States of Messina Family of Neleus and Nestor to the time of the Trojan War possess'd it Afterwards Orestes the Son of Agamemnon and his Posterity enjoy'd it till the Return of the Heraclidae Then Cresphontes chose Messina for his share and his Posterity Reign'd there for some time but they being Ejected it came into the power of the Lacedemonians who became * Cresphontes Lords thereof For after that Teleclytus King of the Lacedemonians was slain in a P. 492. The first Messinian War Olymp. 9. This War began Olymp. 9. 2. in the Reign of Manasses Ended 14 Olymp. 1. Sir Walter Rawleigh's Hist World 356. lib. 2. c. 27. Battle the Messinians at length were subdu'd by the Spartans This War is said to have continu'd Twenty Years and that the Lacedemonians had taken a solemn Oath that they would never return to Sparta till they had taken Messina At that time were Born those call'd the Partheniae who afterwards enjoy'd the City Tarentum The Messinians in after-times being oppress'd by the Lacedemonians * The second Messinian War 39 Years Ant. Ch. 367. Aristomenes stirr'd them up to Revolt and destroy'd many of the Spartans At which time Tyrreus the Poet was sent by the Athenians to the Spartans to be their General But there are others that say that Aristomenes flourish'd in the time of the Twenty years War The last War made upon them was after that terrible Earthquake which almost Ruin'd Sparta and destroy'd all its Inhabitants At that time those that remain'd of the Messinians together with the Helots who Revolted with them Inhabited Ithon because Messina had lain Wast many Years together before that time But being unfortunate in every Encounter they were at length utterly Ruin'd and driven out of their Country and settl'd themselves in Naupachus which was given them to Inhabit by the Athenians And from thence some remov'd to Cephalenia and others into Sicily where they built the City Messina so call'd from them And now the Thebans in the last place by the Advice of Epaminondas who Invited the Messinians from all Places where they were Rebuilt Messina and restor'd to the new Inhabitants all the ancient Territories formerly belonging to the City And thus Great and Various were the Changes and
part of the Country of Elis Triphilia call'd Lassion The Archadians and Eleans had been quarrelling a long time about Triphilia And upon several Turns of Fortune first one and then the other got the Possession which being at this time in the hands of the Arcadians the Eleans under the Shelter and Colour of the Arcadian Fugitives dispossessed the Arcadians They Enrag'd at this Affront and Injury by their Ambassadors first demanded the Redelivery of the Place but their demand was slighted thereupon they procur'd the Athenians to joyn with them in the War and Besieg'd Lassion A Battle near Lassion between the Eleans and Arcadians But the Eleans came presently into the Assistance of the Exiles Upon which a Battle was Fought near Lassion In which the Eleans were Routed being overpowr'd by number and lost above two hundred Men. The Seeds of War being now Sown the Controversie between the Eleans and the Arcadians grew hotter every Day For the Arcadians pufft up with the late Victory presently March'd their Army into the Country of Elis and took the Cities Marganus Cronion Cyparissia and Coryphasion In the mean time Ptolomaeus Alorites in Macedonia was treacherously Murther'd by his Brother Perdiccas after he had Reign'd three Years Perdiccas succeeded him and enjoy'd the Kingdom five Years At this time Timocrates was Archon at Athens and three Military Tribunes invested Olymp. 104. 1. Ant. Ch. 362. with Consular Authority rul'd at Rome viz. Titus Quintius Servilius Cornelius and Servius Sulpitius The Hundred and fourth Olympiad was now Celebrated by the Pisate and the Arcadians where Phocides the Athenian was Victor About this time it happn'd that the * Of Pisa in the Reign of Elis. Quarrels between the Pisate and the Eleans about the Olympick Games Pisaeans upon the account of some old Fables and Stories they had amongst them to regain the ancient Honour and Dignity of their Country challeng'd it as their Right to Convene and Manage the Olympick Games Judging it therefore now a fit time to dispute this matter they took in the Arcadians the Enemies of the Eleans as their Confederates in the War With whose Aid and Assistance they March'd against the * Of the City Elis. P. 498. Eleans who had then appointed the Games Whereupon the Eleans with all their Forces made out against them upon which there was a very sharp Encounter The Grecians who were then come together to this Solemnity stood as Spectators with Crowns upon their Heads out of reach of all danger and at every brave Action of either Party gave up great shouts The Pisaeans at length being Conquerors manag'd the Sports but the Eleans never accounted this Olympiad in their Annals because they lookt upon it to be acted by Force and against Law During these Transactions of Affairs Epaminondas the Theban who was in great Esteem among the People made a Speech to the Citizens in which he stirr'd them up Epaminondas stirs up the Thebans to gain the Dominion at Sea to gain the Dominion of the Sea In this Oration which he had premeditated long before he shew'd them that the thing was easily done as it was advantageous and profitable for the Commonwealth and amongst other things he likewise told them that being Sovereigns at Land they might be easily Masters at Sea For altho' the Athenions in the War against Xerxes had a Navy of Two hundred Sail well Equipp'd and Furnish'd yet they were under the Command of the Lacedemonians who had but Ten. When he had spoken what he had to say sutable to the occasion he brought the Thebans to a Compliance It was therefore forthwith Decreed by the People that a Hundred Gallies and as many Docks should be built and that application should be made to the Rhodians Chians and Bizantians for their Assistance to forward the Work Epaminondas himself being sent away with some Forces to the aforemention'd Cities so terrifi'd Lachetes the Athenian General who was sent with a Strong and well Furnish'd Fleet to obstruct the Designs of Ant. Ch 362. the Thebans that he forc'd him to Sail back and reduc'd those Cities to the Obedience of Thebes And no doubt but if this Man had liv'd some time longer he had gain'd for the Thebans the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land But not long after being kill'd at the Battle at Mantenea where he obtain'd a famous Victory for his Country by his own fall all the prosperity of the Thebans presently dy'd as it were with him But we shall Treat of these things more particularly and distinctly shortly hereafter About the same time likewise the Thebans resolv'd to Invade Orchomenon for the Reasons The Thebans design to B siege Orchomenon following Some of the Theban Fugitives had a purpose to change the Government of Thebes into an Aristocracy and to that purpose join'd in Confederacy with Three hundred Horsemen of Orchomenon These Horses were us'd to Rendezvouz at a certain Day appointed and ordered by the Thebans and therefore they contriv'd that at that very Day when ever it should be they would fall upon the City And being there were many others that were engag'd to be assisting in effecting this Design they took a fit opportunity at length to meet together Then some of the chief Conspirators who began to repent of the Treason discovered all to the Beotians and by betraying their fellows sav'd their own Lives Upon this all the Horsemen by Command of the Magistrates were seiz'd and being afterwards brought before the Senate they were all Judg'd to be put to Death and that the Inhabitants of Orchomenon should be sold for Slaves and their City raz'd to the Ground The Thebans had born an old grudge towards Ant. Ch. 36â— them of Orchomenon for many Generations because that in the times of the * Or demy-gods Heroes they forc'd them to pay Tribute till Hercules set them free Having therefore now got an opportunity and a good colour as they conceiv'd to revenge themselves they Marcht with their Forces against Orchomenon And presently making themselves Masters of the City they put all the Men to the Sword and sold the Women and Children Orchomenon taken and raz'd for Slaves At this same time the Thessalians made War upon Alexander the Prince of Pherea but being often beaten and having lost many Men they solicited the Thebans to send Aid Pelopidas sent by the Thebans against Alexander of Pherea P. 499. to them under the Command of Pelopidas For they knew he was a brave spirited Man and an excellent Commander and an inveterate Enemy of Alexander upon the account of his late Imprisonment The Beotians hereupon call'd a general Council and gave Audience to the Ambassadors and having heard their Message they readily comply'd in all things to their request and forthwith order'd Pelopidas to their assistance with Seven thousand Men who presently Obey'd and just as he was Marching out with the Army the Sun was Ecclips'd which
prodigie perplex'd many for there were some of the Soothsayers who declar'd that by this Marching out of the Army the Sun of the City should be Ecclips'd meaning nothing else but the death of Pelopidas However Pelopidas nothing mov'd with what was said but led on by his inevitable destiny March'd forward When he came into Thessaly he found that Alexander with above Twenty thousand Men had possess'd himself of the higer Grounds Upon this he Encamp'd in the Face of the Enemy and being afterwards join'd with the Thessalians he Fought the Phereans But Alexander prevailing by the advantage of the Ground Pelopidas desiring to Ant. Ch. 362. put an end to the dispute by his own personal Valour Charges up to Alexander himself who with those select Bands that were about him valiantly stood his Ground upon which the Battle grew very hot in which Pelopidas acting the part both of a good Soldier and skilful Commander cover'd the Place with the Bodies of his Enemies At length he put the Enemy to flight and gain'd the Victory but he himself through many Wounds he had receiv'd fell down Dead and so Heroically ended his Days And now Alexander being Conquer'd in another Battle and thereby having all his Forces broken in pieces he was forc'd upon Terms of Peace to restore to the Thessalians all the Towns he had before taken And to deliver Magnetes and Phithiodis Cities of Achaia Alexander beaten makes Peace and restores the Cities to the Beotians and be their Confederates and for the future to be content only with Pherea However tho' the Thebans gain'd a glorious Victory yet they declar'd every where that they were Conquer'd because of the death of Pelopidas For they lookt upon the Victory not to Compensate the loss of so brave a Man For he had often done many great and worthy Services for the advantage of his Country and much enlarg'd the Bounds and Territories of the Theban Commonwealth As in freeing the City by the Exiles when they recover'd the Citadel of Cadmea all generally ascrib'd that noble The brave Acts of Pelopidas Action to Pelopidas which was the chief cause of all the advantages and happy success that hapned to the Thebans afterwards Then at the Fight of Tegea Pelopidas was the only Man of the Boeotarchs that overcame the Lacedemonians the most potent People of all the Grecians Which was the first time the Thebans erected a Trophy for the greatness of the Victory over the Lacedemonians Afterwards at the Battle at Leuctra he was Colonel of the sacred Band and was the first that broke in upon the Lacedemonians Ant. Ch. 364. and so became the immediate Author and Instrument of the Victory Besides in the Expeditions against the Lacedemonians being General of Seventy thousand Men he erected a Trophy for his Victory over them in the very Face of Sparta who never knew before what it meant to be Besieg'd Being sent Ambassador to the King of Persia to Negotiate the affair of the common Pacification he gain'd in that Treaty Messena for his own Country Which the Thebans rebuilt after it had lain desolate Three hundred Years And now at last in the Battle against Alexander notwithstanding he far exceeded him in the number of his Forces he not only obtain'd a glorious Victory but became famous for his extraordinary Valour tho' with the loss of his Life And during these Wars he was in that reputation among the People that from the return of the Exiles to the time of his Death he was always one of the Boeotarchs Never none before being ever thought worthy of so great an honour In as much therefore as Pelopidas P. 500. was thus highly Esteem'd and gain'd the reputation of all for his Courage and Conduct its fit he should have his due Commendation from us likewise in this our History About the same time Clearchus of the City of Heraclea aspir'd to the Sovereignty of Pontus and prevailing in his Enterprize made it his whole business to imitate Dionysius the Tyrant and govern'd the Heracleans in great Splendor for the space of Twelve Years During these Affairs Timotheus the Athenian General having with him both Sea and Land Forces Besieg'd Torone and Potidea and took them by Storm and Rais'd the Siege of Cyzicum CHAP. X. The War between the Tegeans and Mantineans The Beotians side with the Tegeans Epaminondas made General The Battle of Mantinea where Epaminondas was kill'd but the Lacedemonians routed The commendation of Epaminondas AT the end of the Yea Chariclides was created Lord Chancelor of Athens and Olymp. 104. 2. Ant. Ch. 361. Lucius Aemilius Mamercus and Lucius Sextius Lateranus Roman Consuls At which time the Arcadians and Piseans by compact joining together celebrated the Olympian Games at Olympia and possess'd themselves both of the Temple and all the Riches that were there And because the Mantineans carry'd away and converted to prophane uses many of the Dedicated things these Sacrilegious Persons made it their business to promote and carry on the War against the Eleans lest if Peace were made they should be call'd to account for their ill gotten Goods And therefore when the rest of the Arcadians War between the Tegeans and Mantineans would have compromiz'd Matters they stirr'd up Sedition against their own Countrymen Being therefore divided into Two Factions one headed by the Tegeans the other by the Mantineans the Feud grew to that height that at last they came to decide the Controversie by force of Arms and they of Tegea sent an Ambassador to the Beotians to desire their assistance Whereupon the Beotians without delay made Epaminondas General and sent him with a strong Army to the aid of the Tegeans But the Mantineans being terrify'd with the Beotian Army and the Great Name of Epaminondas The Thebans join with the Tegeans under Epaminondas sent their Ambassadors to the Capital Enemies of the Beotians the Athenians and Lacedemonians to sollicite them to join with the Mantineans in the War Great Forces therefore being rais'd on both sides many great Battles were fought in Peloponnesus And the Lacedemonians as soon as they could broke into Arcadia lying next to them About Lacedemonians join with the Mantineans the same time Epaminondas was marching forward with his Army and being come near to Mantinea he heard that the Lacedemonians with all their Forces were wasting and spoiling the Territories of Tegea Conceiving therefore that Sparta was left naked he undertook a weighty Affair but Fortune favour'd not his Enterprize For he march'd with his Army in the night against Sparta But Agis King of Lacedemon suspecting the Craft and Subtilty of Epaminondas prudently conjectur'd what possibly might be design'd therefore to prevent Epaminondas he dispatch'd away some Cretian Couriers to Sparta to acquaint them that the Boectians were just then upon their march in order to surprize the The design of Epaminondas to surprize Sparta prevented City and that he himself would
Aegypt had prepar'd all things necessary for the War But he P. 506. Tacho's Forces in Aegypt Agesilaus sent to Aid the King of Aegypt Chabrias Tacho's Admiral had a Fleet of Two hundred Sail Ten thousand Grecian Mercenaries and Fourscore thousand Aegyptian Foot He gave the Command of the Ten thousand Mercenaries to Agesilaus who was sent from the Lacedemonians with a Thousand Men to the Aid of the Aegyptians because he was counted the best Soldier of any among them and had the repute of a most expert Commander Chabrias was made Admiral of the Fleet who was not sent there by publick Authority but upon the persuasion of Tachos serv'd him as a private Man The King reserv'd to himself the Generalship of all the Army But Agesilaus would have persuaded him to continue in Aegypt and to manage the War by his Lieutenants but he would not hearken to it tho he advis'd him to the best For when the Army was far distant from Aegypt and now encamp'd in Phenicia the Governour of Aegypt whom he had deputed in his absence revolted and sent to Nectanabus the * Or rather his Brother or Sisters Son Ant. Ch. 360. Tacho submits to the King of Persia The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon Ant. Ch. 360. King's Son to take upon him the Kingdom of Aegypt which kindled Nectanabus the King of Aegypts Son Rebels the Sparks which afterward broke forth into a most cruel and bloody War For Nectanabus being made General of the Aegyptian Forces and before sent out of Phenicia to take in some Cities in Syria being privy and consenting to the Treason against his Father drew the Commanders of the Army by large Gifts and the Soldiers by as large promises to join with him in the War Aegypt therefore being now possessed by the Rebels Tachos was so terrifi'd at the thing that he fled through Arabia to the King of Persia and beg'd his pardon for what he had done whom Artaxerxes not only forgave but made him General of the Army he had rais'd against the Egyptians Not long after the King of Persia dy'd having Reign'd Three and fourty Years Ochus succeeded him and govern'd Three and twenty Years and took upon him the sirname of Artaxerxes For Artaxerxes ruling the Kingdom with great Justice and Integrity and being an earnest promoter and lover of Peace and prosperous in all his Affairs the Persians decreed that all the succeeding Kings should be call'd by his Name And now Tacho the King of Egypt return'd to Agesilaus and presently Nectanabus led above Tacho returns to Agesilaus an Hundred thousand Men against his Father and dar'd him to try his Title to the Kingdom by the Sword When Agesilaus discern'd that the King was fearful not daring to Engage he heartned him up all he could and bid him be of good Courage for it was not Number but Valour that carry'd away the Victory But not being able to prevail he was forc'd to go back with him into a certain large City there to shelter himself where they were presently Besieg'd by the Egyptians who after the loss Ant. Ch. 360. Tacho and Agesilaus besieg'd of a great number of their Men in assaulting the Town drew a Trench and a Wall round the City which was suddenly finish'd by having many hands at Work At length when Provision fail'd Tacho gave up all for gone But Agesilaus encouraging the Soldiers telling 'em all would be well in the Night broke through the Enemies Guards and to admiration got off safe with all his Men But the Egyptians pursuing close at their Heels and being in an open Champion Country purpos'd by their great Numbers to inclose them round and so to Cut them off every Man But Agesilaus in the mean time having possess'd himself of a place secur'd on both sides by Water from the River convey'd through Sluces and Trenches made by Art waited there for the Enemy And having drawn up his Men in such Order as best suted with the Ground and being defended by the Arms of the River so as he could not be hem'd in he there fought with the Egyptians Whose numbers were of so little advantage Agesilaus routs the Aegyptians P. 570. Tacho restor'd Agesilaus's death to them in that Place and the Grecians Valour so far before them that Agesilaus made a great slaughter amongst 'em and put the rest to flight After which Tacho was easily and with little ado restor'd to his Kingdom And he rewarded Agesilaus the only Instrument of his Restauration by many honourable Gifts and so dismiss'd him who in his return Homewards fell Sick in Cyrene and there Dy'd His Body was made up with Honey and brought back to Sparta where he was royally Interr'd Hitherto things proceeded this Year in Asia But in Peloponnesus tho' after the Battle at Ant. Ch. 360. New troubles in Peloponnesus Mantinea a general Peace was made among the Arcadians yet they scarce observ'd the League for one Year but fell into new Broyls and Wars one with another It was one of the Articles of the League that every one should return from the Battle into their several Countries Therefore those neighbouring Cities that had been Translated and forc'd to Seat themselves in Megalopolis which then they bore very grievously now of their own accord return'd to their old Habitations But the other Megalopolitans endeavour'd to force them to leave their ancient Seats again Hence arose a great Contest they of the old Towns crav'd the Assistance of the Mantineans and the rest of the Arcadians and likewise of the Eleans and other Confederates of Mantinea On the other Hand they of Megalopolis address'd themselves to the Athenians for their Aid and Assistance who without delay order'd Three thousand heavy Arm'd Men and Three hundred Horse under the Command of Pammenes Whereupon he March'd to Megalopolis and afterwards by Storming some of the Towns and Terrifying others he forc'd them all at length to return to Megalopolis And thus were these Towns reduc'd into one City and the Tumult which came to this height appeas'd and compos'd Among the Historians of this time Athenas of Syracuse began his History of Dion with this Year compriz'd in Twenty three Books He continu'd likewise the History of Philistus seven Years further in one Book and handling matters summarily made it one intire and perfect History Afterwards when Nicophemus was chief Magistrate of Athens and Caius Sulpitius and Olymp. 1â—4 4. Ant. Ch. 359. Caius Licinius Executed the Consular Authority at Rome Alexander Tyrant of Pherea Mann'd forth several Privateers to the Cyclade Islands and having taken some of them by force carry'd away a great number of Captives Then he landed his Soldiers in * A Port of Achaia Alexander of Pherea routs the Athenian Fleet at Panormus Leosthenes Condemn'd to Death by the Athenians Peparethos and Besieg'd the * One of the Cyclade Islands now Lemene call'd Peparethos City But the Peparethians
force of Arms. But the Aleuadae as they are call'd Persons famous for the Nobleness of their Birth conspir'd to oppose the Tyrants But not being able to perfect so great a Business of themselves they procur'd the Assistance of Philip King of Macedon who return'd into Ant. Ch. 355 Thessaly and subdu'd the Tyrants and restor'd the Cities to their Liberty and carried himself with the greatest demonstrations of Kindness imaginable towards the Thessalians so that ever after in all his Wars not only he but his Son Alexander had them to be their constant Friends and Confederates Among the Writers Demophilus the Son of Ephorus the Historian who continu'd the Demophilus Calisthenes Dyillus History of the Sacred War left imperfect by his Father began at the time when the Temple of Delphos was seiz'd and robb'd by Philomele the Phocian That War continu'd Eleven Years till such time as the Sacrilegious Robbers of that Temple were miserably destroy'd Calisthenes likewise comprehended in ten Books the Affairs of the Graecians bringing down his History in a continual Thred to the Spoiling of the Temple by the Wickedness of Philomele And Dyillus the Athenian begins his History from this Sacrilege and gives an Account of the Affairs of Greece and Sicily in those Times in Seventeen Books CHAP. IV. The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy Dionysius his Admiral invades the Leontines A Fight at Sea between Heraclides and Philistus Admirals one of Dionysius the other of Dion A Faction in Syracuse Dion leaves the Syracusians Their sad Condition Reliev'd by Dion WHen Elpinus bore the Chief Magistracy of Athens and Marcus Popilius Laenos Olymp. 106. 1. Ant. Ch. 354. An. M. 3594. Isackson's Com. and Cneius Manlius Imperiosus were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome the Hundred and Sixth Olympiad was celebrated in which Porus of Malia was crown'd with Victory In Italy a promiscuous Multitude got together about Lucania * from several parts of the Country most of them Servants that had run away from their Masters At first they The first Rise of the Brutii in Italy employed themselves in Robbing and Stealing presently by a common Practice of skulking in the Fields and making Incursions they learnt the Use and Exercise of Martial Discipline and Feats of War And prevailing in several Encounters against the Inhabitants they increas'd to a vast Body and Number of Men. In the first Place they took and plunder'd the City Trojana then seizing upon Arponius and Thurium and many other Cities they formed themselves into a Common-wealth and because they had many of them been Servants they assum'd the Name of * Brutii And thus the Nation of the* Brutii grew up in Italy At this time in Sicily Philistus Dionysius his General Sailed to Rhegium and transported 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rather Brettians for they were call'd Brutii by the Romans as a Brutish People above Five hundred Horse to Syracuse And joining to these a greater Body of Horse and Two Thousand Foot he invaded the Leontines who had fallen from Dionysius 〈…〉 Surprizing therefore the Walls secretly in the Night he possess'd himself of part of the City upon which follow'd an Hot Engagement and by the help of the Syracusians who came into the Aid of the Leontines Philistus over-power'd with number was forc'd out again In the mean time Heraclides Dion's Admiral being left in Peloponnesus and hinder'd by Storms and contrary Winds so that he could not arrive at Sicily time enough to be assistant to Dion in his return into his Countrey and to be helpful in rescuing the Syracusians from Slavery arriv'd at length with Twenty Sail of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Long Ships Ant. Ch. 354. Galleys and Fifteen hundred Soldiers Who being a Man of Noble Birth and of great Esteem and judg'd worthy of so great a Trust he was declar'd Admiral by the Syracusians and he and Dion joining Head and Hand together manag'd the War against Dionysius About the same time Philistus being made Lord High-Admiral by Dionysius and having a Fleet of Sixty Sail well provided entred the Lists in a Sea-fight with the Syracusians who A Fight at Sea between Dion's Admiral and Dionysius his Admiral had a Navy not fewer in number than the Dionysians Whereupon there was a sharp Fight in which the Valour of Philistus at the first prevail'd But at length being surrounded by the Enemy the Syracustans from all parts making it their great business to take him alive he to avoid the Disgrace and Miseries usually attending upon a State of Captivity kill'd himself after he had serv'd the Tyrant to the utmost of his Power and had signaliz'd his Faithfulness above all the rest and chiefest of his Friends The Syracusians being Victors drew the mangled Body of Philistus through the whole City and at length cast it out to the open Air without Burial Dionysius having now lost the most Valiant of all his Friends and knowing not where to find another fit for the Place sent Ambassadors to Dion with an Offer at first of half the Kingdom and presently after consented to give up the Whole But when Dion answer'd That it was but just he should surrender the Castle to the Syracusians upon having only some Money and some marks of Honour conferred upon him The Tyrant hereupon said He was ready to deliver up the Castle to the People upon Condition that he and Ant. Ch. 354. the Mercenaries with all the Treasure they had got might pass over to Italy Dion's Advice was That the Terms should be accepted But the People being wrought over to a contrary Opinion by the importunate Orators opposed Dion for that they doubted not but to take the Castle by Storm Dionysius hereupon committed the Custody of the Castle to the Stoutest of the Mercenaries but he himself having brought aboard all his Treasures and Houshold-Goods without being discover'd set sail and Landed in Italy In the mean time the Syracusians were divided into Factions while some were for Heraclides A Faction in Syracuse to have the Chief Command in the Army and likewise the Sovereign Power because he was judg'd a Person that was not ambitious of the Tyranny But others were for intrusting the Chief Power and Authority in the Hands of Dion Moreover there were great Arrears due to the Soldiers that came out of Peloponnesus to the Assistance of the Syracusians The City therefore being very low in Money and the Soldiers defrauded of their Pay they gather'd themselves into a Body being Three thousand valiant Men all old and expert Soldiers far excelling the Syracusians in Courage These mov'd Dion to go along with them and leave the Syracusians that they might be revenged of them in due time as a Common Enemy Which he at first deny'd but the present Exigency of Dion leaves the Syracusians Affairs requiring it he at length took upon him the Command of the Foreigners and joining himself to them marched to
the Leontines But the Syracusians getting into a Body pursu'd the Mercenaries and engag'd them in their march but were forc'd to retire with the loss of a great Number of their Fellow Citizens But Dion thô he had obtain'd a great Victory yet he was willing to forget the Injuries offer'd him by the Syracusians For when they sent a Trumpet to him to have Liberty Ant. Ch. 354 to carry off the Bodies of the Dead he not only agreed to that but freely discharg'd many Prisoners without Ransom For many when they were ready to be knock'd on the Head in the Pursuit declar'd they were Favourers of Dion's Party and by that means escaped present Death Afterwards Dionysius sent Nypsius a Citizen of Naples a Valiant and expert Soldier as his General and with him Transport-Ships loaden with Corn and other Provision who loosing from Locris made straight for Syracuse In the mean time the Garison-Soldiers of the Tyrant in the Castle tho' they were driven then to the utmost Extremity for want of Bread yet endur'd Famine for some time with great Resolution But at length Nature stooping to Necessity and having no prospect of Relief any other way they call'd a Council of War in the Night and resolv'd to surrender the Castle and themselves to the Syracusians the next Day Night therefore being now ended the Mercenaries sent Trumpets to the Townsmen to treat of Peace which was no sooner done but presently Nypsius at spring of day arrives with the Fleet and anchor'd in the Port of * A Fountain call'd Arethusa near Syracuse Arethusa Whereupon on a Sudden their present Necessities were turn'd into large and plentiful Supplies of all sorts of Provision Then the General having landed his Men call'd a Council of War and in an Oration fitted for the present Occasion so spoke to 'em that he wrought 'em to a Resolution chearfully to undergo all future Hardships to the utmost Extremity And thus the Acropolis ready to be deliver'd into the Hands of the Syracusians was unexpectedly preserv'd Hereupon Ant. Ch. 354. the Syracusians with all speed Mann'd out as many Gallies as they had at hand and on a sudden fell upon the Enemy while they were discharging their Vessels of their Corn and Provision And although this Incursion was Sudden and Unexpected and that the Garison in the Castle oppos'd the Enemies Galleys in a tumultuous and disorderly Manner yet it came to a formal Sea-fight in which the Syracusians got the Victory and sunk some of the Enemy's Ships took others and forc'd the rest to the Shore Being encourag'd with this Success they offer'd to the Gods abundance of Sacrifices for the Victory But giving themselves in the mean time to Quaffing and Drinking and likewise Slighting 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Lifted up like Metors in the Air. and Despising them in the Castle as a beaten Enemy they were careless in their Guards So that Nypsius desirous to repair his late Loss by a new Engagement orders a select Body of his Men in the Night and on the sudden assaults the Wall lately built and finding the Guard through overmuch Confidence and their Surfeiting and Drunkenness fallen fast asleep set Scaling-Ladders made for the purpose to the Walls By which means some of the stoutest Fellows of the Garison mounted the Wall kill'd the Centinels and open'd the Gates This sudden Assault being made upon the City the Syracusian Commanders * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not yet recover'd of their drunken Fit endeavour'd to help their Fellows as well as they could But through their Wine not knowing how to use their Hands some were knock'd on the Head others took to their Heels And now the City being taken and almost all the Soldiers issu'd out of the Castle and entred within the Walls and the Citizens by reason Syracuse taken by Dionysius his Soldiers in the Castle of this sudden and unexpected Surprize and the Confusion that was amongst them being even at their Wits end all places were fill'd with Slaughter and Destruction For the Tyrant's Soldiers being above Ten thousand Men and in good Order and Discipline Ant. Ch. 354. none were able to withstand them but through Fear and Confusion and the Disorder of an ungovernable Multitude through want of Officers all went to wrack When they came into the Forum being now Conquerors they presently rush'd into the Houses and Ransack'd and Plunder'd all to a vast Value of Wealth and made Captive a great Multitude of Women Children and Servants In the straight and narrow Passages and some other Places the Syracusians made Resistance and never ceas'd fighting Multitudes being kill'd and as many wounded And even all the Night long they kill'd one another as they fortun'd to meet in the Dark and there was no place in the City but what was cover'd The sad Condition of the Syracuse and strew'd with Dead Carcasses As soon as it was Day the Light discover'd the Greatness of the Calamity and Misery The Citizens having now no means left to be deliver'd but by the Aid and Assistance of Dion sent forth some Horsemen with all speed to the City of the Leontines earnestly to intreat him that he would not suffer the Country to be a Prey to the Enemy but that he would pardon their former Miscarriages and commiserate them in their present Distress and relieve and raise up their Country from that low and despicable Condition wherein they then were Dion who was a Man of a brave Spirit and had a Soul well principled with the Rudiments of Philosophy and so was mild and easie to be Persuaded remember'd not the former Injuries of the Citizens but hir'd his Soldiers to march away to the Expedition and with these he made a swift March to Syracuse and came to the Hexapylae There he The Six Gates so call'd drew up his Army and march'd forward with all speed and there met him above Ten thousand Women and Children and old People who fled out of the City who all prostrated themselves at his Feet and beseech'd him with Tears that he would rescue them Ant. Ch. 354. from their wretched and miserable Condition The Soldiers of the Castle having now accomplish'd what they aim'd at after they had plunder'd all the Houses about the Forum set them on fire and then breaking into the fest made a Prey of all they found in them at which very nick of time in the very height of their Rapines Dion forcing into the City in many places at once sets upon the Enemy now eager in plundering and kill'd Syracuse reliev'd by Dion all he met as they were carrying away all sorts of Houshold-Goods bundled upon their Shoulders For coming upon them on the sudden as they were Scatter'd and Dispers'd here and there bringing away their Prey they were all easily knock'd on the Head After Four thousand and upwards were slain some in the Houses and others in the Streets and High-ways the
both the Cities and Countries were thus distracted in their Councils the Baeotians Locrians Thessalians Perrhabeans The Parties in the Phocian War the Doreans Delopians Athamanes Achaians Phthiots Magnesians Aenianeans and some others resolv'd to assist the God The Athenians and Lacedemonians and some other of the Peloponnesians join'd as Confederates with the Phocians The Lacedemonians with some others readily join'd for these Reasons viz. When the Thebans had overcome them in the Battel at Leuctra they prosecuted the Spartans in the high Court of the Amphictyons because Phaebidas the Spartan had seiz'd upon Cadmea and demanded Five hundred Ant. Ch. 352. Talents in compensation of the Injury but the Lacedemonians being fin'd so much and not paying the Mulct impos'd at the time limited by the Law the Thebans exhibited a new Complaint against them for the double Injury The Lacedemonians therefore being condemn'd by the Amphictyons in a Thousand Talents and being much indebted and behind-hand made use of the same Pretence the Phocians did before that is That the Amphictyons had pronounc'd an unjust Sentence against them And therefore though it was for the Publick Good yet they forbore to undertake the War of themselves upon the Quarrel of the Condemnation but judg'd that it might carry a better Face if they could avoid the Decree of the Amphictyons under the Covert of the Phocians For these Reasons they were very forward to Patronize their Cause and in the mean time contriv'd to gain the Tutelary Right of the Temple to themselves And now upon certain Information that the Thebans had prepar'd a very great Army against the Phocians Philomelus resolv'd to strengthen his Forces with more Mercenaries But in regard more Money was requisite for carrying on of the War he was necessitated to make use of the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gifts Consecrated Sacred Treasures and therefore rifl'd the Temple And because he promis'd half as much more as their ordinary Pay to the Mercenaries a vast Number of Men flock'd in to him and for the sake of the Largeness of the Pay multitudes listed themselves But no moderate and sober Man gave up his Name to be inroll'd in the Lists of the Army out of a Pious and Religious respect to the Oracle In the mean time every base Fellow that for the sake of Gain valu'd not the Gods a pin but flock'd eagerly to Philomelus And so in a short time he got together a strong Body of Men greedy to share in the Sacred Treasures of the Temple And thus abundance of Wealth was the Means whereby Philomelus presently form'd a compleat Army and without delay march'd into the Country of Locris with above Ten thousand Horse and Foot The Locrians being A Battel between the Locrians and Phocians with Horse only join'd with the Baeotians met him whereupon there hapned a Fight with the Horse on both sides in which the Phocians were Conquerors Not long after the Thessalians with the Assistance of them that border'd upon them to the Number of Six thousand march'd into Locris and engag'd with the Phocians at an Hill call'd Argola and were worsted Afterwards the Baeotians coming in to their assistance with Thirteen thousand Men and the Actaeans out of Peloponnesus in assistance of the Phocians with Fifteen hundred both Armies near unto one and the same place Encamp'd one over against the other It then happen'd that a great number of the Mercenaries as they were foraging fell into the Hands of the Baeotians and all of them being brought before the Walls of the City they commanded a Proclamation to be made that those Men who had join'd in Arms with the Sacrilegers were adjudg'd by the Amphictyons to be put to Death and it was no sooner said but the thing was executed and all were run through with Spears and Darts This so exasperated the Mercenaries of the Phocians The Phocians darted to Death by the B 〈…〉 tians that they earnestly press'd Philomelus that the Enemy might be dealt with in the same kind and would not suffer him by their restless Importunities to be quiet and presently they took many of the Enemy as they were dispers'd in the Fields and brought them alive to the General who deliver'd them up all to the Soldiers to be Darted to Death The like done by the Phocians to the Baeotians By this Retaliation it came to pass that the Enemy left off this Insulting and Cruel kind of Execution Afterwards both the Armies moving into another part of the Country and in their march passing through Woods and rough Places on a sudden and unexpectedly the Forelorn-Hopes of both met one another upon which they at first Skirmish'd and at length it came to a fierce and bloody Battel in which the Baeotians over-pow 〈…〉 ing the Phocians in number totally routed them and multitudes both of the Phocians and Mercenaries were slain in the pursuit by reason of the rough and difficult Passes out of the Woods Philomelus in these Streights and Exigencies behav'd himself with great Courage and Resolution and after many Wounds receiv'd was forc'd to an high Precipice and seeing no possible way and means how to escape and fearing the Punishment and Torments Prisoners used to undergo cast himself down headlong from the Rock and The Death of Philomelus thus meeting with the due Reward of his Sacrilege he ended his days But his Collegue Onomarcus taking upon him the Command of the Army marched back with those that had escap'd the Slaughter and receiv'd those that fled as they came stragling in to him In the mean time while these things were doing Philip of Macedon took Methone pillag'd it and laid it equal with the Ground and forc'd all the Villages and Countries to Philip raises Methone submit to the Macedonian Yoke In Pontus Leucon King of Bosphorus dy'd after he had Reign'd forty years And Spartacus his Son succeeded him and Reign'd five years And in the mean time the War began between the Romans and the Falisci in which there was nothing done worth taking notice of but only harrassing the Country of the Falisci by Incursions In Sicily Dion the General of the Army was Murder'd by the Mercenaries of Zacynthus and Callippus who instigated them to the Fact was made Chief Commander in his Dion slain Ant. Ch. 352. place and enjoy'd it for the space of Thirteen Months When Eudemus executed the Office of Archon at Athens and the Romans intrusted the Consular Dignity with Marcus Fabius and Marcus Popilius the Baeotians after the Victory Olymp. 106. 4. Ant. Ch. 351. An. M. 3597. gained over the Phocians return'd with their Forces into their own Country supposing that Philomelus the Author and Ring-leader of the Sacrilege being justly punish'd both by the Gods and Men by his remarkable End would deter others from the like piece of Wickedness But the Phocians having at present some respite from War went again to Delphos and calling together a General
He commanded the Greeks that were the King's Subjects and a great Body of Barbarians besides a considerable Navy The King kept the rest of the Army with himself and was very careful in Managing and Overseeing the whole Concern of the War The Army of the Persians thus divided Nectabanus the King of Aegypt though he Nectabanus King of Persia was far short in Number neither valu'd the Multitude nor the Division of the Persian Troops For he had in his Army Twenty thousand Graecian Mercenaries as many Africans and Threescore thousand Aegyptians by them call'd Warriors and besides these was furnish'd with an incredible Number of River-Boats fitted to fight in the River Nile Moreover he had defended that side of the River towards Arabia with many Castles and Garisons exactly fortify'd with Trenches and Strong Walls and was prepar'd with Plenty of all other things necessary for the War But through Imprudence and want of good Advice he lost all The chief Cause of the Miscarriage was his Ignorance how to manage Warlike Affairs and his security upon the account he had before beaten the Ant. Ch. 348. Persians for at that time of his Success having had most expert Commanders Diaphantus the Athenian and Lanius the Spartan who were both Valiant and Experienc'd Soldiers all things succeeded according to his Heart's desire But being now conceited of his own Sufficiency and Ability to Command and Order the Army he would admit of no other Assistant and therefore through want of Skill and Experience nothing was manag'd to advantage as became an Expert-Commander Having therefore strongly Garison'd the Towns he himself with Thirty thousand Aegyptians Five thousand Graecians and half of the Lybians kept the Passages which lay most open and easie to Invasions Things thus ordered on both sides Nicostratus who Commanded the Argives having got some Aegyptian Guides whose Wives and Children the Persians kept as Hostages through a certain Cut or Ditch pass'd over with his Fleet to a Place as far out of fight as he could and having landed his Men there Encamp'd Those who kept the Neighbouring Aegyptian Garisons as soon as they came to know where the Enemy were thus Encamp'd speedily made out against them with no less than Seven thousand Men under A Fight between the Aegyptians and the Graecians on the Persians side Cleinus kill'd the Command of Cleinius of the Isle of Coos who drew up his Men in Battalia in order to fight them On the other side those lately Landed likewise put themselves into a Posture of Defence Whereupon was a sharp Engagement in which the Grecians on the Persians side so gallantly behav'd themselves that they kill'd Cleinius the General and above Five thousand of the rest of his Army Upon hearing of this Defeat Nectabanus was in a terrible Fright for that he believ'd the rest of the Persian Troops would easily pass over the River Being therefore afraid lest the Enemy would bend all his force against Memphis the Seat-Royal he made his chief Care and Concern to secure this Place and thereupon march'd away with the Army he had to Memphis to prevent the Besieging of it Ant. Ch. 348. In the mean time Lacrates the Theban the Commander of the First Brigade pushes on the Siege of Pelusium and having drain'd the Water out of the Trench and turn'd it another way he rais'd a Mount and there plac'd his Engines of Battery against the City And after a great Part of the Walls were batter'd down the Pelusians rais'd up others in their stead and speedily made high Wooden Towers These Conflicts upon the Walls continu'd for some days during which time the Graecians that defended the Place stoutly oppos'd the Assailants But as soon as they heard of the King's departure to Memphis they were so afrighted that they sent Messengers to Treat upon Terms of Surrender Whereupon Lacrates agreeing with them upon the Sacred Tye of an Oath That upon delivery up of Pelusium they should return to Greece Pelusium surrender'd with whatever they brought with them out of the Town they surrender'd the Place Then Artaxerxes sent Bagoas with a Garison of Persians to take Possession of Pelusium whose Soldiers as soon as they enter'd the Town took away from the Grecians as they were going out many of those things that they brought along with them Being thus abus'd they took it hainously and with great Complaints call'd upon the Gods as Witnesses and Revengers of Perjury and Breach of Faith Lacrates being stirr'd up to just Indignation by this base Dealing fell upon the Barbarians and kill'd some of them and put the rest to flight and so protected the Greeks thus injur'd contrary to the Agreement confirm'd by Oath And though Bagoas who fled amongst the rest and return'd to the King accus'd Lacrates for what he had done yet the King adjudg'd that Bagoas his Soldiers were dealt with according to their desert and punish'd those Persians that were Authors of the Rapine And in this manner came Pelusium into the Hands of the Persians But Mentor Commander of the Third Brigade recover'd Bubastus and many other Cities to the Obedience of the Persian King by his own Stratagem For whereas all these Cities were Garison'd by two sorts of People Grecians and Aegyptians Mentor caus'd a Ant. Ch. 348. Report to be spread abroad That Artaxerxes would receive all those most graciously and pardon them that of their own accord should give up their Cities into the King's Mentor gains Bubastus and other Towns by Policy Hands and on the other Hand That all those that he should take by force should fare no better than Sidon He commanded also That all the * Gates of the Camp Gates should be open'd and that all that would should be permitted to go away So that all the Aegyptian Captives in the Camp being gone without any Opposition the Report was in a short time spread abroad through all the Cities of Aegypt Whereupon all the Towns were presently fill'd with Seditions through Quarrels and Dissentions between the Aegyptians and the Foreign Auxiliaries For all Parties strove who should be most Active and Forward in betraying their several Garisons every one aiming at his own Advantage by an Interest in the favour of the Conqueror And the first that began was Bubastus For as soon as Mentor and Bagoas Encamp'd before the City the Aegyptians unknown to the Graecians promis'd to Bagoas by one of their own Country sent to him to Surrender the City if they might be all Pardon'd This being smelt out by the Greeks they pursu'd and seiz'd upon him that was sent and by Threatning and Affrighting him got out the whole from him as the Thing in truth was Upon which being highly enrag'd they fell violently upon the Aegyptians kill'd some wounded others and drove the rest into a narrow Corner of the City They that were thus assaulted gave intelligence to Bagoas of what was done and intreated him thaâ—
without delay he would take Possession of the City which should be by them deliver'd up to him upon his approach In the mean time the Graecians sent an Herald to Mentor who secretly advis'd them to set upon the Barbarians as soon as Bagoas had entred the Town Bagoas therefore being entred with his Persians but without the Consent of the Greeks as soon as part of the Soldiers were let in the Graecians presently shut up the Gates and fell on a sudden on Bagoas taken Prisoner at Bubastus and all his Men cut of who enâ—red the City the Barbarians and kill'd 'em every Man and took Bagcas himself Prisoner who coming to understand that there was no means left for his Deliverance but by Mentor he earnestly intreated him to interpose for his Preservation promising that for the Future he would never undertake any thing without his Advice Mentor prevail'd with the Graecians to Discharge him and to Surrender the City so that the whole Success and Glory of the Action was attributed to him Bagoas being thus freed by his means entred into a Solemn Covenant of Friendship upon Oath with Mentor and faithfully kept it to the Time of his Death so that these Bagoas releaâ—'d by Mentor's meaâ—s two always concurring and agreeing were able to do more with the King than all his other Friends or any of his Kindred For Mentor being made Artaxerxes's Lord-Lieutenant of all the Asiatick Shore was greatly Serviceable to the King by procuring Soldeers out of Greece and by his Faithful and Diligent Administration of the Government Bagoas commanding all as Viceroy in the higher Parts of Asia grew to that degree of Power through his Consultation with Mentor upon all Occasions that he had the Kingdom at Command neither did Artaxerxes any thing without his Consent And after the King's Death his Power was such That the Successors were ever Nominated and Appointed by him and all Affairs of the Kingdom were so wholly manag'd by him that he wanted nothing but the Name of a King But we shall speak of these things in their proper Place After the Surrender of Bubastus the rest of the Cities out of fear submitted and deliver'd Ant. Ch. 348. up themselves upon Articles into the Hands of the Persians In the mean while Nectabanus who was now at Memphis seeing the swift Motions of the Enemy durst not venture a Battel in defence of his Sovereignty but abdicating his Kingdom pack'd up a great deal of Treasure and fled into Aethiopia And so Artaxerxes possess'd himself of all Aegypt and demolished the Walls of all the Cities especially those that were the Greatest and of most account and heap'd together an infinite Mass of Gold and Silver by spoiling of the Temples He carry'd away likewise all the Records and Writings out of the most ancient Temples Which Bagoas a while after suffer'd the Priests to redeem for a great Sum of Money Then he sent home the Greek Auxiliaries with ample Rewards to every one according to their Deserts for their Services and intrusting Pherendatus with the Government of Aegypt he return'd with his Army loaden with Spoil triumphing in the Glory of his Victory to Babylon At the time when Callimachus was Lord-Chancellor at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Olymp. 107. 4. Ant. Ch. 347. Mentor advanc'd Publius Valerius were Roman Consuls Artaxerxes advanc'd Mentor for the good Services he had done him especially in the Aegyptian War above all his Ariends and that he might put a Mark upon his Valour by a Reward more than ordinary he bestow'd upon him an Hundred Talents of Silver and rich Furniture for his House He made him likewise Prefact of all the Asiatick Shore and General of his Army with absolute Power to suppress all Rebellions in those Parts Mentor being in near Alliance and Kindred with Actabazus and Memnon who had not long before made War upon the Persians and were now fled â—at of Asia to Philip in Macedonia by his Interest with the King procur'd their Pardon and thereupon sent for them both to come to him with their Families For Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnon's Sister Eleven Sons and Ten Daughters with which numerous Progeny Mentor was Ant. Ch. 347. greatly delighted and advanc'd the young Men as they grew up to high Places of Command in the Army The first Expedition which Mentor made was against Hennias Prince or Tyrant of * Atarne in Mysia over against Lesbos Atarne who had rebell'd against Artaxerxes and was possess'd of many strong Cities and Mentors stratagem to subdue Hennias Castles upon promise made him to procure the King's Pardon he brought him to a Parley and upon that occasion having surpris'd him he clapt him up and possessing himself of his Seal-Ring he writ Letters in his Name to the several Cities signifying that through Mentor he was restor'd to the King's Favour and sent away likewise with those that carry'd the Letters such as should take Possession for the King of all the Forts and Castles The Governors of the Cities giving credit to the Letters and being likewise very desirous of Peace deliver'd up all the Towns and Forts to the King in every place through the Country All the Revolted Cities being gain'd by this Trick of Mentor without any Hazard or Fatigue the King was highly pleas'd with him as having acted the Part of a Brave and Prudent General And with no less success partly by Policy and partly by force of Arms he reduc'd in a short time the other Captains that were in Rebellion And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time In Europe Philip King of Macedon made an Expedition against the * Calcidean Cities and took Zeira and raz'd it to the Ground and brought other Towns out of Fear In Thrace Zeira raz'd by Philip. likewise to submit He set again likewise upon Phaeca and threw out its Prince Pitholaus About that time Sparticus King of Pontus dy'd having reign'd Five Years Parysades his Brother suceeded him and govern'd Eight and Thirty years CHAP. X. Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont The Athenians jealous of Philip and instigated by Demosthenes Philip's Policies The Value of the Riches taken out of the Temple at Delphos Dionysius sent Presents to Delphos which were taken by the Athenians His Letter to the Athenians The Temple burnt The End of the Phocian War The Punishments decreed by the Amphictyons against the Phocians The Miseries of the Sacrilegers Timoleon sent to Syracuse AFter the End of this Year Theophilus rul'd as Archon at Athens and Caius Sulpitius and Caius Quintius executed the Consular-Dignity at Rome at which time was celebrated Olymp. 108. 1. Ant. Ch. 346. An. M. 3600. the Hundred and Eighth Olmypiad in which Polycles of Cyrene bore away the Crown of Victory At the same time Philip made an Expedition against the Cities of the Hellespont of which Micaberna and Torone were betray'd into his hands Then he made
Walls and making his Approaches to the City the Engines were set on fire and consumed by a Thunderbolt from Heaven and a great number of the Soldiers who endeavoured to save Phalecus burnt to death by a Thunder-bolt them were consumed by Fire from Heaven amongst whom was Phalecus himself Though there be some who report That he was run through the Body by one of his own Soldiers whom he had provoked Those Soldiers that were left were hired by the Elean Exiles and transported into Peloponnesus who assisted them against their own Countrymen But the Arcadians who assisted the Eleans routed them and killed a great Number of the Mercenaries and took Four thousand Prisoners which the Arcadians and Eleans divided amongst themselves and the Arcadians sold those under the Spear that fell to their Share But the Eleans put all theirs to the Sword for their Impiety in robbing of the Oracle And in this manner all the Sacrilegers and those that took part with them met with their due Punishment for their Wickedness Likewise the most famous Cities that shared with them in their Impiety being afterwards conquered by Antipater lost both their Authority and Liberty at once Moreover the Wives of the most principal Men of Phocis who had deck'd themselves with Necklaces of Gold robb'd from Delphos met with the deserved Punishment of their Impiety For one that wore the Chain of Helen turning Whore stain'd all the Glory of her Beauty by prostituting her self to every filthy Wretch Another who adorn'd her self with the Ornaments of Eriphyles in a Fury of Madness and Rage had her House set on fire by her eldest Son and she and her Habitation consumed together In this manner as we said before those that dared thus to despise and contemn the Deity were overtaken by Divine Vengeance On the contrary Philip who appeared in defence of the Oracle ever prospering from that time for his Piety was at last declared Supream Governor of all Greece and gained the largest Kingdom in Europe And now having given an Account of the Sacred War so far forth as we judged necessary we shall return to Things of another Nature In Sicily the Syracusians labouring under Intestine Seditions and inslaved under the Tyranny of many that Lorded over them sent Ambassadors to Corinth to desire a General to be dispatched to them who might take Charge of the City and give a Check to the Ambition of such as sought to Tyrannize Upon which it seemed very just and reasonable to the Corinthians to help those who were originally descended from them and therefore they Decreed to send them Timoleon the Son of Timenetus who was accounted Timoleon sent to Syracuse the most valiant and expert Commander among them in short he was a Person every way Virtuous But there was one Thing remarkable happen'd to him which much forwarded his being chosen General Timophanes his Brother the richest and most daring Man among the Corinthians had some time before given evident Signs of his Ambition to aspire to the Sovereignty For about that time having armed and got together a Company of lewd Fellows and such as were in Debt and Needy went up and down the Market-place seeming not to have the least Thoughts of the Principality but in truth acting in the mean time as an absolute Tyrant But Timoleon who abhorr'd Monarchy at the first advised his Brother to forbear and lay aside such Projects and Designs But he being not only regardless of what was said to him but rather growing every day more Audacious and Peremptory Timoleon because he could not work upon him by Words killed him in the Market-place Upon which a great Tumult was raised and the Citizens upon the Commission of so Ant. Ch. 344 horrid a Fact running in and flocking together the Matter came to a Faction and Sedition in the City For some declared That Timoleon who had imbrewed his Hands in the Blood of a Citizen should undergo the Punishment due for his Offence by the Law But others were of a contrary Opinion and that he deserved rather to be commended as one that had dispatched a Tyrant out of the way A Senate therefore was called and the Matter brought before the Court where his Enemies most bitterly inveigh'd against him but those who were more moderate and favourable consulted together to preserve him And while the Business remained in Debate not yet decided the Ambassadors from Syracuse arrived and imparting their Embassy to the Court they very seasonably desired a General to be sent them Upon which the Senate determined to send Timoleon and that he might the better behave himself a most strange Proposal was offered him to chuse as he pleased For they let him know That if he carried himself well towards the Syracusians in his Command then they would judge him to be one that had killed a Tyrant but if he were Covetous and Oppressive he should be condemned as a Murderer of his Brother Timoleon therefore not so much out of Fear of what was threaten'd by the Senate as excited by the Principles of his own innate Virtue managed Affairs in Sicily with great Honour and Reputation to himself and Advantage to the Sicilians For he subdued the Carthaginians rebuilt the Grecian Cities which were destroyed by the Barbarians and restored all Sicily to its Liberty Lastly having gained Syracuse and the Greek desolated Cities he filled them all with Inhabitants and made them very Populous But we shall treat of these Matters in their proper Place and come to that part which is coherent to the History CHAP. XI Timoleon ' s Expedition into Sicily The Carthaginians Army in Sicily Dionysius returns into Syracuse is beaten by Hicetas Hicetas gains Syracuse Timoleon ' s Escape from Rhegium Timoleon routs Hicetas and gains Syracuse Philip invades the Illyrians Dionysius expell'd Timoleon makes good Laws Philip invades Thrace NOW Eubulus was chief Magistrate at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Serulius Sulpitius were Consuls at Rome at this time Timoleon the Corinthian advanced by the Olymp. 108. 4. Ant. Ch. 343. An. M. 3603. Syracusians to the Sovereign Command of all their Forces prepared for his Voyage into Sicily and loosed from Corinth with Four Gallies mann'd with Seven hundred Mercenaries and attended with Three Skiffs In his Passage he was joined by Three Vessels more from the Leucadians and Corcyrians and so with Ten Sail passed over the Ionian Sea Timoleon looses from Corinth towards Syracuse In this Voyage an unusual and remarkable Thing happened to Timoleon the Providence of the Gods seeming to favour his Undertaking and thereby to point out the future Fame and Glory of his Actions For all the Night a Light like a burning Torch in the Heavens went before him till the Fleet came to the Coasts of Italy For he was before told at Corinth by the Priests of Ceres and Proserpina that in the Night the Goddesses appeared to them and told them that they would sail along
with Timoleon to the Island that was peculiarly Consecrated to them Timoleon therefore and all those with him were very chearful upon the Apprehension that the Gods favoured their Enterprize and thereupon Ant. Ch. 343. Timoleon dedicated one of the best of his Ships to the Goddesses and ordered that it should be call'd the * Or called Ceres and Proserpina Sacred Ship of Ceres and Proserpina And now when the Fleet came safe as far as Metapontum in Italy there arrived a Galley which had the Carthaginian Ambassadors on board who upon a Conference with Timoleon charged him upon his Peril not to begin any War or so much as set his Foot upon Sicily But he being incouraged by them of Rhegium who promised to join with him loosed with all hast from Metapontum designing by his speed to prevent the Report of his Coming For he was in a great Fear left the Carthaginians who were much stronger at Sea should block up his Passage into Sicily Therefore he made away with all speed to Rhegium The Carthaginians having a little before received Intelligence that a great War was likely to break out through all Sicily carried themselves with all Civility towards the The Carthaginians prepare for War in Sicily Confederate Cities and putting an end to all Quarrels entred into Leagues of Amity and Friendship with the Princes of the Island especially with Hicetas General of the Syracusians who was the most Potent At length the Carthaginians having raised great number of Forces both by Sea and Land transported them into Sicily under the Command of Hanno their General They had with them a Hundred and fifty Sail of Long Ships a Land Army of Fifty thousand Men Three hundred Chariots and Two thousand * The Army of Carthaginians in Sicily Carts or Carriages drawn by two Horses apiece and besides these a great number of Arms of all sorts and Engines of Battery and an infinite Store of Corn Provision and all other Things necessary for War The first City they set upon was Entella and having wasted and spoiled the Lands round about they shut up the Inhabitants Entella besieged by a close Siege The Campanians possessed the City at that time and being terrified with the Multitude of their Enemies sent for Aid to the other Cities who hated the Carthaginians but none of them came in to them except them of Galeria who sent them a Thousand Armed Men who were intercepted by the Carthaginians and cut off every Man The Campanians who inhabited Aetna at first prepared to help them of Ant. Ch. 343. Entella upon the account of their Consanguinity but hearing of the Slaughter of the Galerians they judged it more Adviseable to sit still Dionysius at that time had regained his former Sovereignty over the Syracusians Hicetas therefore led a great Army thither and encamped at Olympus fortifying himself with a Breast-work and a Trench and drew Dionysius and Hicetas up against Dionysius then playing the Tyrant in the City But he protracted the Siege for some time through want of Provision and marched away to Leontum from whence he first moved But Dionysius pursued him and fell upon his Rear which occasioned the whole Army to ingage For Hircetas wheeled about fought and routed him killing Three thousand of his Mercenaries upon the Spot and put the rest to Flight and pursuing them so hotly that he fell pell-mell with him into the City and so possessed himself Hicetas takes Syracuse of the whole City of Syracuse except the Island And thus went Matters between Hicetas and Dionysius at that time But Timoleon arriving at Rhegium the third Day after the taking of Syracuse lay with his Fleet in the Port next to the City At that time came into Port Twenty Carthaginian Gallies The Rhegians favouring Timoleon called an Assembly and proposed Terms of Compounding Matters so that the Carthaginians supposing Timoleon would be persuaded Ant. Ch. 343. to return home were not careful to place sufficient Guards Timoleon therefore himself not giving the least Ground to suspect his Flight kept close to the Court but ordered that Nine of his Ships should set Sail and make away with all the hast they could In the mean time while the Thoughts of the Carthaginians were intent upon the Speeches of the Rhegians which were lengthen'd out of Purpose and Design Timoleon privately Timoleon escapes from Rhegium by a Wile withdraws himself and makes to the Ship that was left and hoises up Sail and away he goes The Carthaginians thus deluded endeavoured to pursue him but because he was got too far off and Night approached Timoleon with his whole Fleet arrived safe at Tauromenum Andromachus the Prince of that City who always was a Friend to the Syracusians courteously received the Refugees and was greatly serviceable to them in their avoiding of the Pursuers Hicetas afterwards with an Army of Five thousand Men came against Adriana and encamped near the City But Timoleon drawing some Regiments out of Tauromenum marched from thence having with him at the most but a Thousand Men. And going out of the Town in the Twilight he reached Adriana the next Day there he set up the Hicetians at the very time they happened to be at Meat and broke in upon their Camp and killed Three hundred and took Six hundred Prisoners and possessed himself of the Camp To this Stratagem he added another for he made straight away with all speed to Syracuse and dispatching his March with all speed he broke into the City on a sudden and by the swiftness of his March came there before those that fled And these were the Transactions of this Year Lycisco executed the Office of Archon at Athens and Marcus Valerius and Marcus Popilius Olymp. 109. 1. Ant. Ch. 342. An. M. 3604. were created Roman Consuls when the Hundred and Ninth Olympiad was celebrated wherein Aristolocus the Athenian won the Course This was likewise the first time that the Romans entred into a League with the Carthaginians In Caria Idreius Prince of the Carians died after he had reigned Seven Years whom Ada both his Wife and Sister succeeded and governed Four Years In Sicily Timoleon being strengthened with the Confederacy of them of Adranita and Tynderita greatly increased his Army In the mean time there were great Confusions in Syracuse by reason that Dionysius had got Possession of the Island Hicetas Achradina and the new City and Timoleon the rest of the City and lastly the Carthaginians had entred the great Harbour with a Fleet of an Hundred and fifty Sail and lay near encamped with an Army of Fifty thousand Men. And now Timoleon was in great Perplexity being invironed by so many Enemies when on a sudden the Tables were turned First Marcus Prince of Catana with a great Army came in to the Assistance of Timoleon Afterwards many of the Forts and Castles out of love of Liberty sided with him and presently the Corinthians
that the Name of the King was only chang'd but that the Government should not be manag'd a jot worse than it was when his Father was alive He courteously likewise gave Audience to the Ambassadors and desir'd the Grecians that they would have the same Kindness for him that they had for his Father which he so esteem'd as that he look'd upon it as part of his Inheritance Then he employ'd himself in the frequent Trainings of the Soldiers and in Martial Exercises and brought the Army readily to submit to his Commands Attalus the Uncle of Cleopatra Philip's other Wife conspir'd to gain the Kingdom and therefore he resolv'd to take him out of the way For Cleopatra was brought to bed of a Son a few Alexander â—n rives how to kill Attalus Days before the Death of Philip and Attalus was sent a little before as General with Parmenio his Colleague with an Army into Asia where by his Bribes and fair Tongue he so gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers that the Army was wholly at his Devotion Therefore the King conceiv'd he had just cause to be jealous of him lest if he should side with the Grecians who he knew were his Enemies he should by that means gain the Kingdom to himself Therefore he made choice of Heccateus one of his Friends and sent him with a considerable Army into Asia with Command to bring over Attalus alive if Ant. Ch. 333. he could and if he could not effect that to take the first Opportunity to kill him When he came into Asia he join'd his Forces with Attalus and Parmenio and watch'd a fit Opportunity to execute what he was commanded In the mean time Alexander being inform'd that many of the Greciani were hatching some Mischief in order to new Commotions his Thoughts were greatly perplex'd and Conspiracies among the Grecians against Alexander disturb'd For the Athenians Demosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians rejoyc'd at the News of Philip's Death and resolv'd that the Macedonians should no longer domineer over Greece To this end they sent over Ambassadors to Attalus and privately consulted with him concerning the Management of the whole Affair and stirr'd up many of the Cities to assert their Liberties The Etolians made a Decree to recall the Exiles of Acarnania whom Philip had driven out of their Country The Ambrociots by the Persuasion of Aristarchus drave outthe Garison that was there and restor'd the Democracy The Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the Garison that was in the Citadel of Cadmea and that Alexander should never with their Consent have Command in Greece The Arcadians Ant. Ch. 333. also as they were the only People that refus'd to give their Consent that Philip should be General of Greece so they now rejected Alexander The rest of the Peloponnesians as the Argives Eleans Lacedaemonians and some others were with all their might for their own Government To conclude many of the Nations beyond Macedonia waited for an Opportunity to rebell and great Commotions there were among the Barbarians in those Parts Notwithstanding all which and the Fears that were every where in the Kingdom and though he was but a Youth yet in a short time beyond all expectation he overcame all those Difficulties and made all plain and clear before him reducing some to their Duty by fair and smooth Words and others through fear and dread of Punishments and the rest he compell'd by force to stoop to his Sovereignty In the first place he so far gain'd upon the Thessalians both by Promises of large Rewards and by his smooth and courteous Language telling them how near of kin he was to them by his Descent from Hercules that they by a Publick Decree declar'd him General of Greece as that which descended to him from his Father Having gain'd this Point he brought over the bordering Nations to the same Good Opinion of him Then he went to Pyle and in the Senate of the Amphictyons he so manag'd his Matters that by the General Consent of all he was created Generalissimo of all Greece He assur'd the Ambrociots Alexander made General of Greece in a kind and smooth Oration made to them That he had that Kindness for them that he would presently restore them to that Liberty which they so lately sought to recover But to strike the greater Terror into those that regarded not his Words he came with a swift March with an Army of Macedonians in an hostile manner into Baeotia and encamping near Cadmea struck a Terror into the City of the Thebans About the same time the Athenians hearing of the King 's coming into Boeotia slighted Ant. Ch. 333. him no longer For the Quickness of the Youth and his diligent dispatch of Business greatly terrify'd the Revolters Hereupon the Athenians order'd every thing they had in the Country to be brought into the City and the Walls to be repair'd and guarded as well as they could and sent Ambassadors to Alexander to beg pardon that they had no The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander sooner own'd his Sovereignty and order'd Demosthenes to accompany the Ambassadors But he came not with the other to Alexander but return'd from Citherone to Athens either because he was afraid upon the account of the Speeches he had publickly made against the Macedonians or that he was not willing to displease the Persian King For it is reported that he had receiv'd great Sums of Money from the Persians to beat down the Interest of the Macedonians by his Orations Which was hinted they say by Eschines in one of his Speeches wherein he upbraids Demosthenes for taking of Bribes in these Words Now the King's Gold plentifully bears all his Charges But this will not serve his turn long for * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a debaucht Course Covetousness is never satisfy'd with Abundance But to proceed Alexander return'd a very courteous Answer to the Ambassadors which freed the Athenians from their Fears and he order'd all the Ambassadors and * Of the Amphictyons Members of the Council to meet him at Corinth where when those who were usually Members of the General Council were come the King by a gracious Speech so prevail'd with the Grecians that they created him General of all Greece and decreed him Aid and Assistance against the Persians in order to revenge the many Injuries the Greeks had receiv'd Ant. Ch. 333. from them Having gain'd the Honour he thus sought for he march'd back with his Army into Macedonia Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece we shall relate next what things were done in Asia For Attalus presently upon the death of Philip began to set up for himself and to that end made a League with the Athenians in order by their joint Concurrence to oppose Alexander But afterwards he chang'd his Mind and fent a Letter written to him by Demosthenes to Alexander and in many smooth and flattering Expressions endeavour'd to
the Strangers that were Inhabitants were order'd to defend the Walls And the Thebans themselves though they were far inferiour in Number were resolv'd to fight those Macedonians commanded by the King that were ready to make the Assault And now all the Women and Children ran to the Temples to make Supplication to the Gods to deliver them from the Ruin that threaten'd them When the Macedonians drew near the Trumpets sounded a Charge upon which both Armies set up a great Shout and Ant. Ch. 333. every one charg'd that Battalion to which he was appointed By Day-break the Darts The Battel between the Thebans and Alexander flew one at another and those being quickly spent they fell to it with their Swords Hand to Hand so that the Fight presently was very sharp and bloody For the Macedonians through their Number far exceeding the other and the fierceness of their Charge put the Enemy hard to it On the other side the Thebans heing stronger body'd Men and us'd to Martial Discipline by their continual Exercises in the Schools and more resolv'd than the other resolutely went through all Difficulties whatsoever so that many were wounded and multitudes kill'd on both Sides In the Heat of the Battel a Man might have heard Shouts for Victory and Groans of Dying Men at one and the same time and the Macedonians often calling out one to another not to stain the Glory of their former Victories by any base Act of Cowardise in the present Engagement and the Thebans pressing theirs not to suffer their Parents Wives and Children to be miserable Captives and all their Families expos'd to the rageful Lust of the Macedonians but that they would remember the Battels at Leuctra and Mantinea and the noble Actions for which they were famous all the World over So that the obstinate Resolution of both Parties occasion'd the Issue of the Battel to be very doubtful a long time Alexander perceiving how the Love of Liberty inflam'd the Courage of the Thebans and that the Macedonians began to faint commanded the Reserves to relieve them that were ingag'd Upon which the Macedonians coming with a fierce and sudden Charge upon the Thebans now even tir'd out bore them down and kill'd multitudes of them However the Thebans would not yield the Enemy the Day but stood to it with that Obstinacy that they slighted all Misfortunes and their Valour so strengthen'd their Resolution that they cry'd out That the Macedonians must own themselves worsted by the Thebans Ant. Ch. 333. And this is to be observ'd of them That when all others being still press'd upon by their Enemies with fresh Supplies one after another are wont to flag they only are the more Couragious even when their weary'd Enemy is reliev'd by fresh Reserves While the Armies were thus resolutely engag'd the King spy'd a Portal without any Alexander's Army enters Thebes Guard and sends away Perdiccas with some Regiments in order to possess himself of the Place and so to break into the City Perdiccas having presently executed the King's Command the Macedonians through this little Gate forthwith rush'd into the City And though the Thebans had a good while before worsted the Enemy's first Battalion and were now ingag'd with the second and full of Hopes of a perfect Victory yet when they understood that the Enemy had possess'd themselves of part of the City they forthwith retir'd within the Walls And then both the Horse and Foot hasted back with all speed into the City and trod many of their Fellow-Citizens under Foot who there perish'd and while they made into the City in this Trepidation and Confusion many were kill'd by running upon their own Weapons in the strait and narrow Passages and by falling into the Trenches And in the midst of this Distraction the Garison out of the Castle of Cadmea issu'd forth like a rapid Torrent upon the Backs of the Thebans and fell upon them as they were in this Disorder and Confusion and cut them down in Heaps The City being thus taken multitudes of all sorts of Cruelties were acted within the Walls For the Macedonians by reason of that Insolency of the Common Crier were inrag'd against the Thebans beyond what the Law of Arms would allow and with many Threats in their Mouths flew upon the miserable People and without all Pity or Compassion put all to the Sword that were in their way However among all these Calamities the Ant. Ch. 333. Courage of the Thebans and their Love to their Liberty was such that they were so far from minding the Preservation of their Lives as that when they met any of their Enemies they would provoke them of their own accord to kill them For after the City was taken not a Theban ask'd any Quarter from a Macedonian not a Man that sordidly The Cruelties in Thebes bow'd down at the Feet of the Conqueror Neither had the Enemy any Pitv notwithstanding the Valour of the miserable People nay the whole Day though it was long was judg'd too short to satiate their most cruel Revenge The whole City was plunder'd poor Children Boys and Girls were dragg'd up and down calling upon their Mothers by their Names with most lamentable Outcries And to comprehend all in a few Words whole Families with all their Kindred were hurried away and the whole Body of the People brought under miserable Slavery The Bodies of some of the Thebans as they lay wounded upon the Ground though they were upon the point of Expiring yet clasping their Enemy in their Arms breath'd out their Last with a sort of Joy and Content that their Enemy dy'd with them Others though they had but a meer Trunk of a Spear to lean upon yet sought with whomsoever they met and so by that last Attempt made it evident how far they preferr'd their Liberty before their Lives And though there was so great a Slaughter made that every part of the City was fill'd with dead Carkasses yet none that saw the miserable Condition of these poor Wretches pitied them For even the Grecians as the Thespians Plateans Orchomenians and some others who hated the Thebans and who then bore Arms under the King broke in with others into the City and amongst these dreadful Slaughters executed their Ant. Ch. 333. Malice upon them So that many sad Spectacles of most inhumane Cruelty might be seen throughout the whole City Graecians butchering Graecians without all Compassion and those of the same Language Blood and Nation without any Regard to any of these Obligations knock'd on the Head one by another At length when Night came the Houses were pillag'd Women young and old were dragg'd out of the Temples whither they had sled and most vilely and filthily abus'd There were kill'd of the Thebans above Six Thousand and Three thousand made Captives and a vast Treasure carry'd away Above Five hundred Macedonians were slain whom the King took care to bury Presently after the King caus'd the
of Engines to the Walls and fill'd up the Trenches before the City by the help of three Machines call'd Snails and then with his Rams batter'd down the Towers and Walls that ran along between them Part being thus beaten down he engag'd in the Breach with the Enemy and endeavour'd to force his way into the City over the Rubbish But Memnon easily repuls'd the Macedonians who first assaulted the Wall there being many Men within the City and in the Night when the Engines were brought up he made a Sally with a great Body of Men and fir'd them Upon which there were many sharp Conflicts before the Walls in which the Macedonians far excell'd the other for Valour but the Persians them for number of Men and all Warlike Provisions But those upon the Walls were of great advantage to the Persians that were engag'd in the Sally by galling their Enemies with their Darts and Arrows attended with Death and Wounds shouting of Men and sounding of Trumpets every where eccho'd in the Air while the Soldiers on both sides with loud Acclamations applauded the noble Actions of their several Parties And now some endeavour'd to extinguish the mounting Flames of the Engines and others engaging with the Enemy made grievous slaughters among their Adversaries Those within rais'd up other Walls much stronger instead of them that were batter'd down The Commanders with Memnon being in the Front encourag'd their Men to stand to it offering great Rewards to such as valiantly behav'd themselves So that it was incredible with what Heat and Spirit every one was push'd on forward to win the Day Then might be seen some carry'd out of the Army so wounded that they were breathing out their last others gather'd in a round about the Bodies of the Dead and sharply engag'd Ant. Ch. 332. in striving to carry off the Bodies in order to their Burial Others but even now tyr'd out with Wounds and Blows presently through the Encouragement of the Officers recovering their Spirits fell to it briskly again Some of the Macedonians among whom was Neoptolimus an honourable Person were slain even under the City Gates And now Towers and two Flanks were batter'd down upon which some Drunken Soldiers of Perdiccas rashly in the Night mounted the Walls of the Cittadel But Memnon understanding in what plight they were in made a Sally and being much Superior in number repuls'd the Macedonians and kill'd many of them which being nois'd abroad the Macedonians came flocking in to the aid of their Fellows upon which there was a brisk Encounter At length when those with Alexander appear'd and join'd with the rest the Persians flag'd and were beaten back into the City Then the King sent * An Herald a Trumpeter to make a Truce in order to carry off those Macedonians that were slain before the Walls But Ephialtes and Thrasybulus both Athenians and then in Arms for the Persians gave advice not to suffer the Dead to be bury'd However Memnon granted what the King desir'd Afterwards Ephialtes in a Council of War declar'd his Opinion That it was not advisable for them to stay till the City was taken and so all to be made Prisoners but for all the Officers with the Mercenaries to venture their Lives for the Safety and Security of the rest and to sally upon the Enemy out of the City Hereupon Memnon perceiving Ephialtes to be prompted to Action by an extraordinary Impulse of Valour and placing Ant. Ch. 332. great Confidence in him by reason of his Courage and the strength of his Body agreed to what he had advis'd In order to which he appointed Two thousand Mercenaries of the best Soldiers he could pick out to sally with him one half of whom were commanded to carry along with them light Firebrands and the other to fall in upon the Enemy About break of Day the Gates were suddenly flung open and the Regiments issue out and cast their Fire brands among the Engines upon which a great Flame presently appear'd He himself at the Head of others form'd into a deep Phalanx charg'd upon the Macedonians who were hasting to preserve and defend the Engines The King quick in discerning what was to be done places the chief of the Macedonians in the Front and some of the chiefest Soldiers next in order to support them and to these he adds a third Battalion for Valour excelling all the rest The whole Body he led up himself and fell upon the Enemy who seem'd through their firm and close Order to be impenetrable not to be broken by any Force whatsoever In the mean time he commands others to go to defend the Engines and quench the Fire Noise and Clamour fill'd the Camps and the Trumpet giving the Alarm to Battel they fell to it fighting with more than ordinary Valour ambitious to purchase Honour and Renown The Macedonians easily quench'd the Fire but in the Conflict those with Ephialtes got the better For with whomsoever he engag'd being of a far stronger Ephialtes a strong and stout Man Body than any of them he certainly kill'd and those that were upon the new Wall slew many with their Darts For upon this Wall there was a Wooden Tower erected an Hundred Cubits high full of Engines for shooting of Darts and Arrows Many therefore of the Macedonians being kill'd and the rest retreating by reason of the multitude of Darts and Memnon coming in to the Assistance of the Persians with a far greater Number the King himself knew not well what to do While they that issu'd Ant. Ch. 332. out of the Town thus prevail'd on a sudden the Tables were turn'd For the old Macedonians who by reason of their Age were to this time dispens'd with and not call'd to Fight though formerly Victorious in many Battels under King Philip now at this very instant were stirr'd up to their anient Courage and Resolution And being both Valiant and Expert Soldiers far beyond all the rest they upbraided the Cowardice of the Fresh-water Soldiers who turn'd their Back with most bitter Taunts and Reproaches These presently getting into a Body and clapping their Bucklers one into another fell in upon the Enemy now confident of an assured Victory and having killed Ephialtes and many others forc'd the rest into the City and the Macedonians being mix'd with the other in the Night-time enter'd pell-mell with them within the Walls but the King order'd a Retreat to be sounded and so they return'd into the Camp After this Memnon and the rest of the Commanders consulted together and determin'd to leave the City In execution of which Resolve they left the best of the Soldiers to keep the Cittadel with sufficient Provision and all other Things necessary and transported themselves with the rest of the Citizens and all their Wealth into Coos Alexander about spring of Day understanding what was done cast a Trench and built a Rampart upon it round about the Castle and raz'd the City it self to the
together for their remaining Liberties But the Athenians in regard they had receiv'd many Kindnesses and Marks of Honour from Alexander beyond all the rest of the Cities continu'd quiet and firm in their Duty But many of the Peloponnesians and some others entred into the League and inroll'd their Names as Soldiers for the Army so as according as every City was able they sent forth the choicest of their Youth and rais'd an Army of Twenty thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse The Management of the whole War was left to the Lacedaemonians who were resolv'd to lay all at Stake and made Agis General Antipater hearing of the Defection of the Greeks compos'd all Matters relating to the War in Thrace as well as he could and march'd with all his Forces into Greece having no less than Forty thousand Greek Auxiliaries as Confederates Hereupon a great Battel was fought wherein Agis though he behav'd himself with great Valour and Resolution was kill'd and at length the Lacedaemonians having stood to it stoutly for a long time upon their Confederates giving Ground likewise retreated towards Sparta There fell of the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates in this Battel above Five thousand and Three hundred Of those with Antipater Three thousand and Five hundred There was one Thing very Remarkable concerning the Death of Agis Having fought with great Gallantry and Resolution and receiv'd many Wounds he was carry'd off by the Soldiers in order to be brought back to his own Country but being surrounded by the Enemy and finding no likelihood to escape he charg'd his Soldiers forthwith to be gone and preserve themselves for the further Service of their Country He himself remain'd and with his Sword in his Hand fought it out upon his Knees and kill'd several of the Assailants till at length being shot through the Body with a Dart he there dy'd after he had reign'd Nine Years Thus far for Europe we shall now return again to the Affairs of Asia CHAP. VII Alexander comes to Babylon The Wealth found there Views his Troops at Sitacana The Riches there Thence goes into the Country of the Uxians Marches towards Persepolis A Company of maim'd Greeks met Alexander His Bounty to them He takes Persepolis gives it up to the Plunder of the Soldiers The Riches of the Cittadel of Persepolis Alexander's Feast at Persepolis Persepolis burnt at the Instigation of Thais Darius murder'd DArius being routed at Arabela fled towards the higher Provinces to the end that he might both by the distance of the Place recruit himself and likewise have more time to raise a new Army He came first to Ecbatane where he stay'd for some time and there receiv'd his broken Troops that came in to him and arm'd again such as had lost their Arms. He sent likewise for the Militia out of the Neighbouring Provinces and dispatch'd Messengers to the Lord-Lieutenants and Commanders in Bactria and the upper Praefectures wishing them to abide firm to him in their Faith and Loyalty Ant. Ch. 328. In the mean time Alexander after he had buri'd those that were kill'd in the Battel enter'd Arbela where he found abundance of rich Furniture of the Kings and vast Treasures of the Barbarians amounting to Three thousand Talents of Silver But because he judg'd that the Air thereabouts must needs be infected through the Stench of the Bodies that lay there slain he presently remov'd his Camp and came with all his Alexander comes to Babylon Forces to Babylon where he was chearfully receiv'd by the Inhabitants and splendid Entertainment afforded to the Macedonians And there his Army was refresh'd after the many Toils and Difficulties they had undergone And thus in the Confluence of all Things desirable and free and noble Entertainment of the Citizens he continu'd in the City above Thirty Days Then he made Agatho of Pydna Governor of the Castle with a Garison of Seven Hundred Macedonians To Apollodorus of Amphipolis and Menetes of Pelea he gave the Government of Babylon and of all the Prefectures as far as to Cilicia and order'd them to raise what Forces they could and gave them a Thousand Talents for that purpose He made Mithrinas who betray'd the Castle of Sardis Lord Lieutenant of Armenia Of the Monies that he found in Babylon he gave to every Horseman * About 19 l. Six Minas to every Auxiliary Five to each of the Macedonian Phalanx Two and to every Foreign Mercenary Two Months Pay The King removing from Babylon as he was in his March there came to him Recruits from Antipater Five hundred Macedonian Horse and Six thousand Foot Six hundred Recruits come to him Thracian Horse and Three thousand Five hundred Trallians From Peloponnesus Four thousand Ant. Ch. 328. Foot and almost a Thousand Horse Among these were sent Fifty of the Sons of the King 's special Friends from Macedonia design'd by their Fathers to be of the King's Life-Guard Having receiv'd these he march'd forward and came after Six Decampments into the Province of Sitacina And here he stay'd several Days in regard the Country abounded in all Things necessary for the Life of Man and for that he had a mind his Soldiers should refresh themselves after their tedious March And had a Purpose likewise to take a more exact View and Account of his Troops and to inlarge the Commands and Governments of his Captains and Commanders and so to strengthen his Army both by the Number of Soldiers and Valour of their Officers All which he forthwith put in Execution and making choice of the most Deserving with the utmost Care possible he advanc'd many from very considerable Places of Trust and Authority to much higher Preferments by which means he both promoted his Officers and gain'd their Hearts and Affections at the same time He took care also for the better Government of the Common Soldiers and by many new Inventions put every thing into a better Order and Posture than they were before To conclude when he had so manag'd every thing as that he had gain'd the Love of the whole Army and made them in all Points observant to his Commands and was assur'd for Valour they would give Ground to none he march'd forward in order to finish by fighting what further remain'd When he came to the Province of Susiana he presently without any difficulty gain'd the Possession Ant. Ch. 328. of Susa the Royal City the most beautiful Palace of the Universe which was voluntarily surrender'd to him by Abuletes the Lord Lieutenant of the Province But some Writers Enters Susa have said That this was done by order from Darius himself to them that otherwise would have been both Loyal and Faithful to his Interest and that this was done by the Persian King for this end that Alexander being taken up with Matters of such great Moment as taking Possession of famous and noble Cities and loading himself with vast Treasures Darius might gain more time for the raising of fresh
Army towards Hircania and the third day came near the City * From its 100 Gates Hecatompylon and there encamp'd Here he continu'd some Days to refresh his Army because the Country was exceeding Rich and abounded with every thing for Man's Use Thence he mov'd forward an Hundred and fifty Furlongs and encamp'd near a very high Rock at the foot of which is a Cave not unbecoming the Gods from whence as the Spring-head issues the great River Stiboetes Thence it runs with a fierce and violent Stream for the space of Three Furlongs 'till it dash it self upon a great Rock in shape like a Woman's Pap under which is a vast Gulph or opening of the Earth into which being now divided into two Channels it falls down with a mighty Noise turn'd all into Froth and Spume and there runs under-ground * About 43 Miles Three hundred Furlongs and then appears again as if that we e its Spring-head Having entred Hircania with his Army he gain'd all the Town and Cities as far as the Caspian Sea which some call likewise the Hircanian Sea It 's reported that in that Sea are many Serpents of Ant. Ch. 327. an extraordinary Bigness and Fish of all sorts much differing in Colour from those in our Parts When he entred further into Hircania he came to Towns call'd the Fortunate Towns The Fertility of Hircania which are so in Deed as well as in Name For this Country excels all the rest in fertility of Soil for every Vine they say affords a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 about 49 Quarts Metrete of Wine And that some Fig-trees are so very fruitful that they 'll bear Ten †Every Medimna is about 18 Gallons Medimnas of dried Figs and that what are left upon the Tree after Harvest fall upon the Ground and spring up again of themselves and bring forth abundance of Fruit to perfection There 's a Tree in that Country much like to an Oak which distills Honey from its Leaves and this the Inhabitants gather in great plenty for their own use There 's likewise a little Insect in this Tract call'd an Anthredon less than a Bee but very remarkable it gets its living in the Mountains sucking the Flowers that grow here and there in those places It works its Combs within hollow Rocks or Trees shatter'd or made hollow by the Thunder-bolts and there makes a Liquor not inferiour to any for sweetness In the mean time Alexander while he was on his March through Hircania and the bordering Countries gain'd great Reputation and was highly honour'd for his Clemency in carrying himself with so much Humanity towards all those Commanders who fled away with Darius and afterwards submitted themselves to him So that Fifteen hundred brave and valiant Grecians who sided with Darius forthwith came unto him and laid themselves at his Feet whom he readily pardon'd and plac'd them in several of his Ant. Ch. 327. Regiments and allow'd them the same Pay with the rest Having run through the Sea-Coasts of Hircania he entred the Country of the Mardi who being a Warlike Nation slighted the growing Power of the King and shew'd him not the least Respect either by sending Ambassadors or otherwise but having possess'd themselves of the strait Passes of the Mountains with Eight thousand Men stood there waiting for the coming of the Macedonians Hereupon the King sets upon them kills many and drives the rest within the Straits But while he was burning up the Country all before him it fell out that some of the King's Boys who led his Horses being at some distance from the rest of the Army his best Horse by a sudden Incursion of the Alexander's Horse Barbarians was carry'd away This Horse was given him by Damarotus the Corinthian and the King had made use of him in all his Battels in Asia When he was bare-back'd he would admit only his Tender to mount him but when he had the King's War-Saddle and the rest of his brave Trappings upon him he would not suffer his former Rider to get upon his Back nor any other Person but Alexander and to him he would down upon his Knees for the King to get into the Saddle Because of these excellent Properties of the Horse the King was the more griev'd and troubled and therefore he order'd all the Trees in all parts of the Country as he went to be hewn down and caus'd a Proclamation to be made in their own natural Tongue That unless his Horse were restor'd he would waste and destroy all before him with Fire and Sword which he began presently to put in execution Upon which the Barbarians were so terrify'd that they Ant. Ch. 327. not only restor'd the Horse but brought along with them many rich Presents for the King and by Fifty Ambassadors begg'd his Pardon Upon which the King accepted some of the most Honourable among them for Hostages When he came back into Hircania Thalestris Queen of the Amazons met him whose Dominions lay between Phasis and Taermodon of an admirable Beauty and strong Body Thalestâ—is greatly honour'd in her own Country for here Brave and Manly Spirit She presented herself to the King with Three hundred Amazons in their Warlike Habit having left the rest of her Forces on the Borders of Hircania The King being struck with admiration at the sudden and unexpected approach of the Queen and the graceful appearance of the Women ask'd Thalestris what was the Reason of her Journey thither Who answer'd him That she came there to have Issue by him for she look'd upon him to transcend all other Men for Great and Noble Actions and she her self to exceed all other Women both in Body and Mind as to the Strength of the one and Courage of the other And therefore there was good ground to hope that the Issue of such Parents would excell all other Men in Valour The King was greatly pleas'd with what she said and gratisy'd her Request and after he had convers'd with her for the space of Thirteen Days he presented her with honourable Gifts and suffer'd her to return to her own Kingdom Alexander conceiving that he had now effected all that he design'd and that there was no Competitor with him for the Empire began to indulge the soft and effeminate Manners Alexander i 〈◊〉 the Persians of the Persians and to imitate the Luxury of the Asian Kings And therefore in the first place he order'd all the * The Lictors who carry'd Rods before the Magistrates Officers of the Court to be Asiaticks and the Nobility of Asia to be * ' Squires of the Body amongst whom Oxathres the Brother of Darius was one He put likewise the Persian Diadem upon his Head and wore the White Cassock and Belt after the manner of the Persian Kings and all the rest except the Persian Hose †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such carry'd Lances Ant. Ch. 327. and Vestment call'd the Candys He bestow'd
and there away out of their Slings Here the History is broken off and lost viz. 1. Alexander's March through a dry Country 2. The Defection of the Sogdians Bactrians 3. The Hunting in Bahastis Peace being made upon these Conditions and ratify'd by mutual Oaths the * Queen of Massaca in India Queen mightily admir'd the Brave and Noble Spirit of Alexander and sent to him most rich Presents promising to do whatever he was pleas'd to Command Here the History is likewise lost 4. The Impiety against Bacchus 5. The Death of Clitus and Calisthenes 6. Wars with the Nauticae 7. His Marriage with Roxana 8. of Nysia These are wanting may be supply'd out of Archian Lib. 4. and Q. Curtius Lib. 7 8. Then the Mercenaries as they had agreed forthwith left the City and having march'd Eight hundred Furlongs Encamp'd without any Disturbance not in the least suspecting any thing of that which afterwards happen'd For Alexander hating them implacably pursu'd them with a considerable Body of Men and fell upon the Barbarians on the sudden Barbarians kill'd after surrender of their City and cut off Multitudes of them Upon which the Mercenaries first cry'd out that he had violated his Oath in falling upon them in that Hostile manner and call'd upon the Gods to revenge that Impious Cruelty executed upon them But the King with a loud Voice answer'd That he indeed did agree that they should quit the City but not Ant. Ch. 326. that they should ever be accounted as Friends to the Macedonians Hereupon the Barbarians not at all terrify'd with the desperate Condition they were in * These Mercenaries were the Massasenians Their stout Defence drew up in a Body in a round Ring placing their Wives Children and Women in the middle that they might receive the Enemy on every side with less Hazard and Prejudice Being therefore Desperate and of daring Spirits encourag'd by their Successes in former Conflicts they bravely receiv'd the Enemy The Macedonians on the other hand resolving to be in nothing inferior to them the Engagement was very sharp and terrible For fighting close hand to Hand Man to Man various kinds of Death and Wounds appear'd every where For the Macedonians by their * Sarissa a Macedonian Spear or Lanâ—â— Sarissas pierc'd through the short Shields of the Barbarians with that violence that the Points ran into their very Bodies The Mercenaries likewise on their part threw their Lances amongst the Thickest of their Enemies upon whom being so near they were sure not to fail in doing Execution When a great Number of them were wounded and as many kill'd the Women took up the Arms of those that were slain and join'd with the Men in the Engagement For the Desperateness of their Condition and the Greatness of the Work in hand forc'd them to the most resolute Resistance for the Defence of themselves Some of them therefore getting Arms defended their Husbands with Shields others that had no Arms rush'd in upon the Enemy and caught hold of their Bucklers so as they could scarce do any thing At length all the Men together Ant. Ch. 326. with their Wives who valiantly fought to the last being overpower'd by Multitude died upon the place preferring an honourable Death before a Life with Slavery and Disgrace The useless and unarm'd Rabble together with the Women that were left he gave to his Horsemen He took likewise several other Cities putting them to the Sword that oppos'd him * Here it falls in with the Index plac'd before the 17th Book in the Greek Edition of Rhodomanus Alexander at the Rock Aoâ—non Hence he mov'd forward to the Rock call'd Aornon for here those Inhabitants that surviv'd shelter'd themselves being a very strong Place It is reported that the ancient Hercules attempted the taking this Place but was forc'd to quit the Siege by reason of terrible Earthquakes and other Prodigies of the Gods that happen'd there at that time which coming to the Ears of Alexander it made him far more eager to assault the Place as if he glory'd to be the Gods Corival both in Might and Power The Rock was an hundred Furlongs round and sixteen high and seem'd to be even and steep and every where round At the foot of the Rock towards the South runs Indus the greatest River of India other Parts are inviron'd with unaccessible Rocks and dreadful Precipices Alexander upon view of the Place concluding that it was not possible for him to take it by force at that instant there came to him an Old Man with his two Sons who had a long time liv'd in those Places in a very poor and low Condition He had there a little Cell cut into the Rock wherein were three Beds He and his Sons lodging together in this place he was very well acquainted with all the Avenues and Passages round about When he came therefore to the King he told him his Condition and promis'd to lead the King through the Straits and craggy By-ways to such a Post where he might assault the Barbarians upon the Rock Hereupon Alexander promis'd him a large Reward made use of his Conduct and in the first place possess'd himself of the only Passage Ant. Ch. 326. that led up to the top of the Rock And because there was no other way to pass he so block'd up the Besieg'd that there was no Relief to be expected Then by the help of many hands he rais'd up a Mount from the bottom and foot of the Rock and advanc'd so close up to the Enemy that by that means he made a very sharp and vigorous Assault which continu'd without any interruption Night and Day for the space of seven Days and Nights At the beginning the Barbarians by advantage of the heighth of the Fort prevail'd and cut off many that too rashly forc'd in upon them But when the Battery was rais'd up to its due heighth and the Engines for shooting of Darts and other Warlike Instruments were brought up and that the Resolution of the King not to leave the Assault was discern'd the Besieg'd were in a great Consternation But Alexander wisely foreseeing what would be the Issue commanded the Guard that he had left at the Passage to withdraw that so the Enemy might have free liberty to be gone if they had a mind to it Upon which the Barbarians affrighted by the Valour of the Macedonians and the King 's brave Resolution in the Night left the Fort. The Indians being thus frighted with a Scarecrow the King gain'd the Rock without any considerable loss And then having rewarded his Guide march'd away with his Forces to other places About that time there was one Aphrices an Indian that lay in those parts with an Army Aphrices an Indian his Head brought to Alexander of Twenty thousand Men and Fifteen Elephants Him the Indians kill'd and brought his Head to Alexander and by that means gain'd his Favour He possess'd himself likewise
them who besieg'd the Rock Aornon with Hercules and after that they were defeated in that Design were planted in this Country by that Hero Here he encamp'd near an eminent City of greatest Command in those parts The Citizens went out to the King and were admitted to converse with him and there they renew'd the Memory of their ancient Kindred and promis'd to perform all Offices of Respect and Kindness as became so near Relations and seal'd and confirm'd what they said with extraordinary rich Presents The King receiv'd them very graciously and in return freed all their Cities to govern according to their own Laws Thence he mov'd towards the bordering Nations amongst whom he found the Agalassians had rais'd an Army of Forty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse Alexander 〈◊〉 Agalassians fought 'em and routed 'em many were kill'd upon the spot and the rest fled into Holes and Dens and the neighbouring Towns and Villages which being afterwards taken they were all sold for Slaves There were 20000 of the rest of the Inhabitants that got together for shelter into a great City which he took by Storm though the Indians blocking up all the strait Passages fought resolutely from the Tops of their Houses and kill'd multitudes of the Macedonians which put him into such a Rage as that he set the Town on fire and burnt most of them in it so that only Three thousand remain'd who Ant. Ch. 325. fled into the Castle and su'd for Pardon and had it Then he with his Friends went on board again and sail'd down the River to the place where the two * Hydaspes and Acisines Rivers as was said before and likewise Indus now met together But these great Rivers rushing in one upon another in one and the same place there were most terrible Whirlpools where the Ships that fell into them were so whirl'd about that there they perish'd And the Stream was so fierce and violent that no Pilot could govern their Ships so that two long Ships were sunk and many of the rest driven upon the Shoar The King's Ship was likewise catch'd in a Whirlpool and he himself now Alexander in danger by Whirlpools in the utmost Extremity and Danger of losing his Life which he perceiving stript himself naked and prepar'd for the last Remedy Whereupon his Friends came round the Ship endeavouring with all their Might to take in the King in case his Ship pérish'd A great Hurry and Confusion there was while the Men strove with the Violence of the Waves but the River overmatch'd both their Strength and Skill Yet the King with great difficulty by the help of the Ships was at length brought to land Being thus unexpectedly preserv'd he sacrific'd to the Gods for his Deliverance and that he had like another Achilles conquer'd the River it self Thence he march'd against the * Oxydracons and Mallians Syracusians in the Greek mistaken for Oxydracans Ant. Ch. 325. Oxydracans and Mallians populous and warlike Nations of India whom he found ready prepar'd with an Army of above Fourscore thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse and Seven hundred Chariots These People were at War amongst themselves before the King came amongst them but being terrify'd at his approach they were forc'd to agree and confederate against him And in Confirmation of their League they mutually dispos'd of Ten thousand Virgins in Marriage and thereby entred into Affinity one with another However they came not against him with their Armies into the Field but afterwards fell at variance one with another concerning the Chief Command and slipt away here and there into the Neighbouring Cities Alexander approaching to the Capital * Of the Oxydracans Vid. Appian lib. 2. Bell. Civil latter end And Curtius 〈◊〉 9 sect 5 City design'd without any further delay to assault it But one Demophoon a Soothsayer disswaded the King from his Purpose alledging That by certain Signs and Prodigies by him observ'd were portended that the King would be in extream danger by a Wound receiv'd in this Siege and therefore intreated him that he would wave this Town and apply himself to some other Affair Upon this the King was very angry because he discourag'd the Soldiers therefore preparing all things necessary for an Assault he himself led up his Men to the Walls with an undaunted Spirit eager to gain the Place by force His Men being slow in fixing the Engines as he thought he was the first that broke through the Gate into the City upon which many were hewn down and the rest fled whom he pursu'd to the very Castle And because the Macedonians came not on so roundly to make the Assault as he expected he took a Scaling-Ladder himself and set it to the Castle-Wall and holding his Buckler over his Head mounted the Ladder and was so quick that before they within could force him back he had gain'd the Top of the Ant. Ch. 325. Wall None of the Indians durst engage him hand to hand but they so ply'd him with Darts and Arrows at a distance that he was overprest In the mean time the Macedonians had apply'd two Scaling-Ladders but two many thronging up at once the Ladders broke and down they all fell to the Ground The King being then left without all hope of Relief was so desperate as that he did that which is worth special remark and almost incredible For looking upon it as a diminution of his Glory to make back down amongst his own Soldiers he leapt off the Wall with his Arms in his hand into the * Castle-Yard rather The King leaps into a 〈◊〉 himself Town Then the Indians came rushing upon him in droves and he receiv'd their Assault with great Resolution For having a Tree which grew near to the Wall on his right hand and the Wall on his left he more easily defended himself standing his ground with that Courage and Resolution as became a King that had perform'd such Noble Acts coveting to end his Days by a glorious and honourable Death Having now receiv'd many Cuts upon his Helmet and as many on his Shâ—eld At length he receiv'd so grievous a Wound under one of his Paps that it brought him down upon his Knees Upon which the Indian that wounded him ran heedlesly upon him to give him another Blow but the King thrust his Sword through his Body and there he fell down dead Then raising himself up by the help of a Bough of the Tree he challeng'd any of the Indians that had a mind to fight with him And now came in to his relief Peucestes one of his Guard being one of the first that by other Ladders had scal'd the Wall and after him came several others so Ant. Ch. 325. that the Barbarians being now in a fright Alexander was at length preserv'd and rescu'd The City being thus taken the Macedonians being enrag'd upon the account of the King put all the Men they sound to the Sword and fill'd every
then Antipater returns into Macedonia Craterus return'd into Asia Antipater carry'd himself with the same Moderation and winning Behaviour towards all the Cities of Greece well ordering and reforming their Ant. Ch. 321. Governments whereby he wan Praise and Renown in every Place As for Perdiccas he restor'd the City and Territory of Samos to the Samians and Perdiccas restores the Samians caus'd all those that had been Exiles above Three and forty Years to return into their Country Having now gone through the Occurrents in the Lamian War we shall pass to the War in Cyrene lest we should straggle too far into Times far distant from the continu'd The end of the Lamian War Course and Connexion of the History But to make Things more clear and evident we must have recourse to Matters done a little before After Harpalus had left Asia and at length arriv'd with his Mercenaries in Creet as in The War in Cyrene the Book next before this is related Thimbro one of his special Friends as he thought him to be having assassinated Harpalus possess'd himself both of the Monies and Soldiers to the Number of Seven thousand Men. He got likewise the Navy into his Hands Thimbro and putting the Soldiers aboard sail'd to the Country of the Cyrenians where joining with the Cyrenian Exiles he made use of their Conduct for the prosecuting of his Designs because they were well acquainted with the Ways and Passes in the Country Upon the approach of the Cyrenians Thimbro fought them and routed them killing many upon the spot and taking many Prisoners Then he possess'd himself of the Port and forc'd the conquer'd Cyreneans now in a great Fright into a Composition and to Ant. Ch. 321. buy their Peace at the Price of Five thousand Talents of Silver and that they should deliver to him one half of all their Chariots ready and fitted for any warlike Expedition He sent likewise Ambassadors to other Cities soliciting them to join with him as if he purpos'd to conquer all the Lower Africa He seiz'd likewise upon all the Merchants Goods in the Haven and gave them for Plunder to his Soldiers the more to encourage them to stick to him in the War But in the height of his Prosperity a sudden Blast of Fortune brought him very low upon the following occasion Mnasiclus one of his Captains a Cretian born an expert Commander began to quarrel with him about the Division of the Spoil and being of a bold and turbulent Spirit he thereupon Deserted and went over to the Cyrenians where making great Complaints of Thimbro's Cruelty and Breach of Faith he persuaded them to dissolve the League and assert their Liberty Thereupon they stopt their hands and would pay no more of the Talents of Silver agreed upon having only paid Sixty Thimbro hereupon accus'd them of Treachery and breach of Faith and seiz'd upon Eight hundred of the Cyrenians that were in the Port and laid close Siege to Cyrene but not being able to prevail he drew off and return'd to the Port. The Barceans and Hesperitans sided with Thimbro Whereupon the Cyrenians drew out part of their Forces out of the City and with them wasted and spoil'd the neighbouring Territories to whose assistance Thimbro whose aid was desir'd march'd out with what Soldiers he had then ready at hand The Cretian taking advantage of that opportunity when he conceiv'd Ant. Ch. 321. few were left in the Port advis'd them that were left in Cyrene to set upon the Port who readily comply'd with him and he himself was the Principal Actor in the Attempt which was easily accomplish'd by reason of Thimbro's absence so that whatever Merchandize was left in the Port he restor'd to the Merchants and fortify'd the Haven with all the Care and Diligence imaginable This first Disaster greatly discourag'd Thimbro having both lost so convenient a Post and likewise his Carriages But afterwards plucking up his Spirits and taking of Taricha by Assault his Hope 's reviv'd However not long after he again sustain'd a mighty Loss For the Soldiers belonging to the Fleet by being excluded the Harbour were in great want of Provision and therefore every day rov'd up and down the Fields to get what they could for the supply of their Necessities Thereupon the Africans lying in Ambush fell upon them as they were roving all over the Country and kill'd multitudes of them and took many Prisoners The rest escap'd to their Ships and sail'd away towards the Confederate Cities but were overtaken with so violent a Storm that many of their Ships were swallow'd up by the Sea and of the rest some were driven to Cyprus and others to the Coasts of Aegypt Notwithstanding which distresses Thimbro went on still with the War For he sent some of his Friends into Peloponnesus to list Soldiers of those Strangers Ant. Ch. 321. that were then still at Tenarus For there were then many Disbanded wandring up and down seeking to be Listed by any that would employ them to the number of Two thousand and Five hundred and upwards Those that were sent took these into Pay and set sail with them straight towards Cyrene Before whose arrival the Cyrenians hearten'd by their Successes had fought with Thimbro and had cut off great numbers of his Men By reason of which losses Thimbro gave up all for gone as to the War against Cyrene but the unexpected arrival of the Soldiers from Tenarus so strengthen'd his Army that he took fresh Courage and resum'd his former Hopes of Victory The Cyrenians perceiving that the War was renew'd crav'd supplies from the neighbouring Africans and Carthaginians and having rais'd an Army compos'd of their own Citizens and others to the number of Thirty thousand men they resolv'd to lay all at stake and try it out in a Battel A very sharp Battel therefore was fought in which Thimbro was Victor with the slaughter of a Multitude of his Enemies which chear'd up his Spirits to that degree as if he should be presently be Master of all the neighbouring Cities The Cyrenians after this Fight having lost all their Commanders join'd Mnasiclus the Cretian with some others in the chief Command of the Army But Thimbro lifted Ant. Ch. 321. up with his Victory besieg'd the Haven of Cyrene and assaulted the City every day The Siege continuing long the Cyrenians for lack of Bread sell out one with another and the Rabble being the greatest in number thrust sorth the Rich out of the City some of whom fled to Thimbro others into Aegypt Those in Aegypt address'd themselves to Ptolemy for assistance to help them in their return and prevail'd so far as that they went back with great Forces both for Sea and Land under the Command of Ophellas their Governor When their Return was nois'd abroad those Exiles who were with Thimbro contriv'd to steal away in the Night and join'd with those that were arriv'd but being detected they were all
their proper time and place And so having now in short related the Affairs of Asia we shall pass to Things done in Europe Cassander though he was excluded from the Chief Command of Macedonia yet was Cassander projects not at all discourag'd but resolv'd to gain it for he look'd upon it as a base and dishonourable thing that the Sovereign Authority enjoy'd by his Father shou'd now be manag'd by others But discerning that the Macedonians favour'd Polysphercon he privately discours'd with some of his Friends and then sent them that nothing might be suspected to the Hellespont He himself in the mean time continuing for some days together in the Country and spending his time in Hunting made every one believe that he had no Thoughts or Designs of aspiring to the Sovereign Command But when he got all things ready for his Journey he secretly slipt out of Macedonia and made to the Chersonesus and thence forward to the Hellespont where passing over he went to Antigonus in Asia craving his Assistance and told him that Ptolemy would join with him Antigonus readily embrac'd the Offer and made him large Promises of Assistance and engag'd forthwith to supply him with Forces both for Land and Sea-Service But all this was nothing but Dissimulation pretending as if he join'd with him upon the account of the Love and Kindness he always bore towards Antipater whereas in truth he design'd to divert Polysperchon with fierce and bloody Wars to the end he might with more ease subdue Asia in the mean time and so without any hazard gain the Sovereign Command of all at last While these things were in acting Polysperchon the Kings Protector having a prospect A Council call'd by Polysperchon of a great War he was like to have with Cassander and conceiving that it was not fit to undertake any thing without consulting first with his Friends assembled all his Captains and all those that were of Chief Authority among the Macedonians And forasmuch as it was apparent that Cassander was strengthen'd with the Forces of Antigonus to gain all the Cities of Greece and that some of them were Garison'd with his Father's Forces and others were govern'd by an Oligarchy influenc'd chiefly by the Friends and Favourites P. 657. of Antipater And besides all this that Ptolemy who had the Power in Aegypt and Antigonus who had openly and apparently deserted the Kings were Confederates with Cassander and that both were richly stor'd with Men and Money and had the Command of many Potent Cities and Provinces For these Reasons he appointed a Consultation to consider how the War should be manag'd against them After the matter was banded to and fro with variety of Opinions it was at length resolv'd that the Cities of Greece should be restor'd to their Liberties and the Oligarchy every where abolish'd For by this means they conceiv'd they should weaken the Interest of Cassander and much advance their own Reputation and gain strong and powerful Confederates Hereupon they that were present forthwith sent to the Ambassadors of the Cities and wishing them to be Courageous promis'd to restore them to their several Democracies and deliver'd to the Ambassadors the Decree in Writing that every one of them when they return'd into their Countries might the better inform the People of the Kindness of the Kings and Captains to the Grecians The Decree was in this form SInce it has ever been the Practice of our Ancestors to express their Acts of Grace in the many The Decree made in the Council in Macedonia on the 〈◊〉 of the Grecian C 〈…〉 Instances of their Bounty towards the Grecians Our selves are likewise desirous to preserve and keep on foot what they determin'd and are willing to evidence to the World the Kindness and Good-will we shall ever be careful to preserve towards the Greeks And whereas it 's well known that even in the Life-time of Alexander and before the Kingdom devolv'd upon Us we were of Opinion That all ought to be restor'd to that Peace and Form of Government which was order'd and appointed by our Father Philip and writ to all the Cities at that time concerning that Affair Yet afterwards it so fell out that some unadvisedly when we were far remote from Greece made War upon the Macedonians which unruly Persons being supprest and subdu'd by the Help and Conduct of our Captains many Cities were thereby involved in great Troubles and brought under the Smart and Sense of many Inconveniencies Impute therefore the Cause of all those Sufferings as justly you may to those Commanders But now in Reverence and due Regard to that ancient Constitution we grant to you our Peace and the same Kinds of Government which you enjoy'd under Philip and Alexander and full Power and Authority to manage all other things according to the several Rules and Orders by them prescrib'd We likewise recall all them who have either voluntarily withdrawn themselves or have been forc'd away by the Command of our Captains from the time that Alexander first landed in Asia It is likewise our Pleasure That all those thus re-call'd by us enjoy their Estates without quarrelling or remembrance of former Injuries and that they be restor'd to the Franchises and Liberties of their several Cities and whatever Decree is made against them let it be abrogated except such as are banish'd by due course of Law for Murther or Sacrilege But we do not hereby intend to re-call the Exiles of Megalopolis nor Polyenerus who are condemn'd for Treason nor the Amphisseans nor the Tricceans nor the Pharcadonians nor the Heracleots But as for all others let them return before the 30th Day of the Month * April Xanthicus But if there be any Laws or Orders made by Philip or Alexander against them let them be brought to us that such course may be taken therein as may be most for the Service and Advnatage of us and of the Cities Let the Athenians enjoy all other things as they did in the time of Philip and Alexander and the Oropians hold Oropus as now they do Yet we restore Samos to the Athenians because our Father Philip before gave it to them Let all the Grecians make a Law That none take up Arms or act any thing against us otherwise That such be banish'd and forfeit all their Goods And we have order'd that Polysperchon shall manage these and all other Matters And let all be observant to him in what we have before written to you for those that do contrary to what we have prescribed we shall not in the least pardon P. 658. This Decree being transmitted to all the Cities Polysperchon writ to Argos and the rest of their Cities commanding them That all that were in any Command in the Commonwealth under Antipater should be forthwith banish'd and that some should be put to death and their Estates confiscated that being reduc'd to extremity they might be in no capacity to assist Cassander He sent
great respect for Agathocles upon the account of the many instances of his kindness towards them throughout the whole War On the other hand they hated the Six hundred who had been a part of the Oligarchy in Syracuse and no less abhorr'd the People who forced them into Obedience There were Three thousand of them that were thus very ready with Heart and Hand to overturn the Democracy To these he join'd some of the Citizens who by reason of their Poverty envy'd the Power and Pomp of the great Ones When every thing was ready he order'd the Soldiers to meet him at spring of Day in a Body at * Near Syracuse Timoleontium and he himself in the mean time sent for Pisarchus and Decles Ant. Ch. 315. who seem'd to be the most leading Men among the Six hundred pretending to discourse with them concerning some Matters relating to the Publick Good When they came to him accompany'd with forty of their Friends he pretended he was to be betray'd by them and thereupon seiz'd them all and accus'd them to the Soldiers declaring that for his love to the People he was likely to be hurried away to destruction by the Six Agathocles Cruelties in Syracuse hundred and sadly bewail'd his Miserable State and Condition at which all the Soldiers were so enrag'd that they cry'd out that Revenge should be presently taken without any further delay upon the Authors of such Injustice Upon which he commanded the Trumpets to sound a Charge and order'd his Soldiers to kill those that were the Ring-leaders of the Mischief and spoil and plunder the Six hundred and all those that sided with them of all their Goods and Estates Hereupon all being now eagerly set upon Ravage P. 674. and Spoil the whole City was fill'd with Horror and Confusion for the most Innocent of the Citizens not dreaming of any Massacre design'd against them ran out of their Houses into the Streets to see what the Ground was of the Uproar whereupon the Soldiers partly through their Covetousness to enrich themselves and partly through Madness and Rage fell upon the Naked People that through Ignorance had no Arms Ant. Ch. 315. to defend themselves and put them all to the Sword For the Soldiers having secur'd all the Narrow Lanes and Passes in the City the Citizens were inhumanly Murder'd some in their Houses and others in the Streets and many altogether Innocent not accus'd of the least Fault were knock'd on the Head while they were asking the reason why they were to be kill'd For the common Soldiers having now all in their Hands made no difference betwixt Friend and Foe but he was sure to be reputed an Enemy where most was to be gotten by his Fall so that then you might see the whole City fill'd with Violence Murders Slaughters and all kinds of Wickedness For some out of former grudges spar'd not to load those they before hated with all sorts of Disgrace having now full sway to do whatever they pleas'd others judging it an act of Prudence to enrich themselves by the Butcheries of them that were rich spar'd no means nor omitted any contrivance to destroy them For some broke down the Gates of the Out-Courts others by Ladders ascended the House Tops and some fought with them that defended themselves from the Roofs of the Houses Nay there was no safety even to them who fled to the Temples under the shelter of the Gods but Piety towards the Gods was crusht and born down by the Cruelty of Men And these things Greeks against Greeks in their own Country and Kindred against Kindred in a time of Peace without any regard Ant. Ch. 315. either to the Laws of Nature or Leagues or Reverence to the Gods dar'd thus audaciously to commit Upon which account not only Friends but even Enemies themselves and every sober Man could not but pity the miserable Condition of these distressed People All the Gates were shut up and above Four thousand were kill'd in one day for no other fault but that they were in greater esteem than others Of those that endeavour'd to fly some in running to get out of the Gates were laid hold on others who cast themselves over the Walls escap'd to the next Towns Some through Fear and Inconsiderateness leap'd off the Walls and broke their Necks After all there were thrust out of the City as Exiles above Six thousand of whom the greatest part fled to Agrigentum where they were receiv'd and entertain'd with that Humanity as was agreeable to their present Condition But those of Agathocles his Faction who spent the whole day in Butchering of the Citizens were not sparing in committing their Rage and Villanies upon the Women but thought they should be reveng'd upon them that escap'd Death if they could but abuse their Kindred and Relations in the most Vile and Beastly manner imaginable For that it was very reasonable to think that it would be more bitter than Death it self to Husbands and Parents to think of the Abuses of their Wives and the Ravishings of their Daughters But from hence we must forbear composing a Tragedy as is very usual Ant. Ch. 315. with other Writers especially to stir up compassion towards them that are involv'd in such horrible Sufferings because none will expect an express account of every Particular when the whole is so ready and clear to be understood For they that durst impudently at Mid-day murder Innocents in the open Streets and Market place have no need of a Writer to set forth what they did in the Houses in the Night and how they behav'd themselves towards Wives and young Maids then in the power of their Enemies without any guard or defence to protect them But Agathocles after he had glutted himself with the slaughter of the Citizens two whole Days brought together all the Prisoners and releas'd Dimocrates upon the account of an old Friendship between them But as to the rest such as were his greatest Enemies he put to Death and banish'd the other Then calling a common Assembly he accus'd the P. 675. Six hundred and those who had favour'd the Oligarchy declaring that he would purge the City of all those that affected a Monarchy and restore the People to perfect Liberty and that he would henceforth stand upon equal ground with them all and live a private Life free from further Cares and Toils Upon saying of which he threw away his Generals Ant. Ch. 315. Coat and put on a Jacket and so went his way making a shew of himself as but one of the Common People He did this dissemblingly to act the Part of a Commoner being in the mean time very well assur'd that there were many in the Assembly that were Brethren in Iniquity with himself who would never suffer the Generalship to be devolv'd upon any other Hereupon those that had robb'd the oppress'd People of their Goods immediately cry'd out and with a loud Voice wish'd him
to him and foretold That if Seleucus got absolutely away he should be Lord of all Asia and that in a Battel between them Antigonus himself Caldean South 〈◊〉 should be kill'd Whereupon being sorry that he had let him go he sent some away to pursue him but having follow'd him some little way they return'd as they went Antigonus was wont to slight these kind of Divinations in other Men but at this time he was so amaz'd and affrighted with the high Esteem and Reputation of these Men that he was very much disturb'd in his Thoughts For they were judg'd to be Men very expert and skilful through their exact and diligent Observation of the Stars And they affirm that they and their Predecessors have study'd this Art of Astrology for above Twenty thousand Years And what they had foretold concerning Alexander's Death if he enter'd into Babylon was found true by late Experience And in truth as those Predictions concerning Alexander came afterwards to pass so what they now said relating to Seleucus were likewise in due time accomplish'd Of which we shall treat particularly when we come to the Times proper for that purpose Seleucus when he was got safe into Egypt was entertain'd by Ptolemy with all the Expressions of Kindness and Affection that might be where he bitterly complain'd against Ant. Ch. 313. Seleucus kindly receiv'd by Ptolemy Antigonus affirming that his Design was to expel all Persons of eminent Quality out of their Provinces and especially such as were in Service under Alexander which he back'd with Arguments from Pitho's being put to Death and Peucestes being depriv'd of the Government of Persia and from the Usage he himself had lately met with and all these though they had never done any thing to deserve it but rather upon all Occasions perform'd all the Acts of Kindness and Service to him that was in their Power and this was the Reward of all they reap'd from their Service He reckon'd up likewise the Strength of his Forces his great Treasure and his late Successes which so puff'd him up that he was in hopes to gain the Sovereign Command over all the Macedonians Ptolemy Seleucus Cassander and Lysimachus join against Antigonus P. 702. Ant. Ch. 313. Having by these Arguments stirr'd up Ptolemy to make War against him he sent some of his Friends over into Europe to prevail with Cassander and Lysimachus with the like Arguments to appear in Arms against Antigonus Which Orders being forthwith executed Foundations were laid for a mighty War which afterwards follow'd Antigonus upon many probable Conjectures conceiving what was Seleucus his design sent Ambassadors to Ptolemy Cassander and Lysimachus to desire them that the ancient Friendship might be preserv'd and maintain'd amongst them And then having made Pithon who came out of India Lord-Lieutenant of the Province of Babylon he broke up Antigonus Winters in Cilicia his Camp and march'd towards Cilicia As soon as he came to * In Cilicia Mallos he distributed his Army into Winter-Quarters about the Month of †After the sâ—tting of Orion November And he receiv'd out of the Treasury in the City of Quindi Ten thousand Talents and Eleven thousand Talents out of the yearly Revenues of that Province So that he was very formidable both in respect of his great Forces and the vastness of his Treasure And now being remov'd into the Upper Syria Ambassadors came to him from Ptolemy Cassander and Lysimachus Ambassadors sent to him from Ptolemy Cassander and Lysimachus who being introduc'd as he sate in Council demanded all Cappadocia and Lycia to be be deliver'd up to Cassander Phrygia bordering upon the Hellespont to Lystmachus all Syria to Ptolemy and the Province of Babylon to Seleucus and all the common Stock of Moneys which he had incroach'd upon since the Battel with Eumenes to be shar'd equally amongst them which if he refus'd then they were to let him know that their Ant. Ch. 3â—3 Masters intended with their joint Forces to make War upon him Whereunto he answer'd roughly That he was now making a War upon Ptolemy and thereupon the Ambassadors return'd without any effect of their Embassy And upon this Answer Ptolemy Cassander and Lysimachus entred into a League amongst themselves and gathered their Forces together and made it their business to provide Arms and all other things necessary for the War And now Antigonus perceiving how many great and potent Adversaries had confederated against him and what a Storm was ready to fall upon him sought the Alliance and Confederacy of other Cities Nations and Princes and to this purpose dispatch'd away Agisilaus to the King of Cyprus Idomineus and Moschion to Rhodes and one Ptolemy his own Brother's Son with an Army to raise the Siege of Amisus in Cappadocia and to drive out those that were sent thither by Cassander He commanded him likewise to go to the Hellespont and fall upon Cassander if he attempted to pass over out of Europe into Asia He sent away likewise Aristodemus the Milesian with a thousand Talents with Orders to enter into a League of Amity with Alexander and Polysperchon and to hire Soldiers and make War upon Cassander And he himself dispos'd Becons and Courriers throughout all Asia which was wholly at his Command hereby to give and get Knowledge of all things that pass'd and to manage his Affairs with the greater Expedition Having taken this Order he marches into Phaenicia to provide a Fleet For at that He goes into Phenicia and there builds Ships Ant. Ch. 313. time the Enemy had the Command of the Sea being furnish'd with abundance of Shipping when he himself had not one Encamping near to Tyre with design to Besiege it he sent for the petty Kings of Phaenicia and Governors of Syria and dealt with them to join with him in the Building of Ships because all the Ships that belong'd to Phaenicia were then with Ptolemy in Aegypt He gave them likewise Order to bring him with all speed Four Millions and Five hundred thousand Bushels of Wheat for to so much came the yearly Expence of his Army Then he got together Hewers of Timber Sawers and Ship Carpenters from all Parts and caus'd Timber to be brought down from Mount Lebanon to the Sea-side employing therein Eight thousand Men to Work and a Thou-Beasts for Carriage This Mount runs through Tripolis Byblia and Sidonia and abounds in most beautiful tall Cedars and Cypress Trees He appointed three Arsenals in Phaenicia P. 703. one at Tripolis another at Byblia and the Third at Sidon a Fourth he had in Cilicia whither Timber was brought from Mount Taurus and a Fifth in Rhodes where the Inhabitants suffer'd him to build Ships of Timber convey'd thither at his own Charge While Antigonus was thus employ'd and lay Encamp'd by the Sea side Seleucus came with a Fleet of an Hundred Sail out of Aegypt quick Sailers and Royally furnish'd and in a scornful manner skirr'd under the
Noses of them which not a little troubled the Minds of his new Associates and those that join'd with him in the carrying on of the Work For it was very apparent that the Enemy now being Master at Sea would be sure to waste and spoil those who out of kindness to Antigonus had join'd with their Adversaries But Antigonus bid them be of good chear for before the end of Summer he said he would be at Sea with a Fleet of Five hundred Sail. Agesilaus in the mean while return'd with his Embassy out of Cyprus and brought word that Nicocreon and the most potent Kings of that Island had already confederated Ant. Ch. 313. with Ptolemy Nevertheless that Citticus Lapitbius Marius and Cyrenites would join with him Whereupon he left Three thousand Men under the Command of Andronicus to maintain the Siege against Tyre and he himself march'd with the rest of the Army against Antigonus be sieges Tyre Gaza and Joppe which stood out against him and took them by force and such of Ptolemy's Men as he found there he took and distributed them among his own Regiments and plac'd Garisons in both those Cities to keep them in Obedience Which done he return'd to his standing Camp about Tyre and prepar'd all necessaries for a Siege against it At the same time Aristo who was intrusted by Eumenes to carry Craterus his Bones delivered them to Phila to be buried who was marry'd first to Craterus and at that time to Demetrius the Son of Antigonus who was a Woman of excellent Parts and Prudence for by her prudent Behaviour and Carriage towards every Soldier in the Army she was able The Praise of Phila the Wife of Demetrius to qualify and moderate those that were most Turbulent and she put forth the Daughters and Sisters of those that were Poor at her own Charge and prevented the Ruine of many that were falsly accus'd It s reported that Antipater her Father who was the most prudent Prince that Govern'd in this Age was us'd to consult with Phila his Daughter in the most weighty Affairs while she was but yet a Girl But the Prudence of this Woman will more fully appear in the following Narration and when things tended Ant. Ch. 313. to a Revolution and the fatal Period of Demetrius his Kingdom And thus stood the Affairs of Antigonus and Phila at this time Amongst the Captains sent away by Antigonus Aristodemus pass'd over to Laconia and having got leave of the Spartans to raise Soldiers got together Eight thousand out of Peloponnesus Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus and upon Conference with Polysperchon and Alexander join'd them both in a firm League of Amity with Antigonus and made Polysperchon General over the Forces in Peloponnesus but prevail'd with Alexander to pass over into Asia to Antigonus Ptolomeus another of his Captains going into Cappadocia with an Army and there Ptolomey a Captain of Antigonus raises the Siege of Amisus in Cappadocia finding the City of Amisus besieg'd by Asclepidorus a Captain of Cassander's rais'd the Siege and secur'd the Place and so having sent away Asclepidorus packing upon certain Conditions recover'd that whole Province to Antigonus and marching thence through Bithynia came upon the back of Zibytes King of the Bithynians whilst he was busie in besieging of two Cities at once that of the Assarenians and the other of the Calcedonians and forc'd him to raise his Siege from both and then falling to Capitulations both with him and the Cities that were besieg'd after Hostages receiv'd remov'd thence Ant. Ch. 313. towards Ionia and Lydia for that Antigonus had written to him to secure that Coast with Two other Cities raised by him in Bithynia P. 704. all possible speed having intelligence that Seleucus was going into those Parts with his Fleet whither indeed he came and besieg'd Erythras But hearing of the Enemies approach left it and went away as he came Mean while Alexander the Son of Polysperchon came to Antigonus who made a League with him and then calling a general Antigonus his Policy Council of the Army and the Strangers there resident declar'd unto them how Cassander had murder'd Olympias and how villainously he had dealt with Roxana and the young King and that he had forc'd Thessalonices to marry him and that it was very clear and evident that he aspir'd to the Kingdom of Macedonia Moreover that he had planted the Olynthians the most bitter Enemies of the Macedonians in the City call'd after his own Name That he had rebuilt Thebes that was raz'd by the Macedonians Having thus incens'd the Army he made and wrote an Edict That Cassander should be taken as an open Enemy unless he raz'd the two Cities releas'd the King and Roxana his Mother and return'd them safe to the Macedonians And lastly Unless he submitted to Antigonus as General and sole Protector of the Kingdom and free all the Greek Cities and withdraw all the Garisons out of them When the Army had approv'd of this Edict by their Suffrages he sent Courriers away to publish it in all places For he hop'd that by this Means all the Grecians in expectation of having their Liberties restor'd would be his Consederates and readily assist him in the War and that all the Governors of the Higher Provinces who before suspected him as if he design'd to deprive the Posterity of Alexander of the Kingdom now that Ant. Ch. 313. it clearly appear'd that he took up Arms in their behalf would observe all his Commands of their own accord Having dispatch'd all these Matters he sent back Alexander with Five hundred Talents into Peloponnesus with his hopes rais'd in expectation of mighty Matters And he himself with Shipping had from Rhodes and others he had lately built set sail for Tyre where being now Master at Sea he so block'd it up for thirteen Months together that no supply of Victuals could be brought thither and thereby reduc'd the Inhabitants into so Tyre deliver'd to Antigonus great distress that at length upon suffering the Soldiers to march away with some small things that were their own the City was surrender'd to him upon Terms and he plac'd a Garison in it for its Defence In the mean time Ptolemy hearing what a Declaration Antigonus with the Macedonians had made concerning the Liberty of the Grecians made the like himself as desirous that Prolemy proclaims Liberty to the Grecians all the World should take notice that he was no less zealous for the Liberty of Greece than Antigonus was For both of them well considering of how great moment it was to their Affairs to gain the good Will of the Grecians strove one with another which should oblige them most by Acts of Grace Then he join'd to his Party the Governor of Caria who was a Man of great Power and had many great Cities under his Command And thô he had before sent Three thousand Soldiers to
sail'd back first to Cyprus and then to * In Aegypt Pelusium where Ptolemy richly rewarded him for so great a Service and withal promoted him to a far higher Dignity and Place of Honour than he was in before as the Author He 's highly rewarded by Ptolemy of so great a Victory But releas'd Perilaus and some other Prisoners which Antigonus desir'd by a Messenger sent to him for that purpose And then himself going to a Place call'd Ecregma came to a Parly with Antigonus but Antigonus refusing to grant him what he demanded he left him and return'd Having now given an account of the Affairs of the European Greeks both in Greece and Macedonia we shall run over to the Parts lying towards the West Agathocles Prince of Syracuse having possess'd himself of a Castle belonging to the Messenians promis'd to restore it upon receiving of Thirty Talents of Silver Which The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily when the Messenians had paid he not only broke his Faith but endeavour'd to have seiz'd upon Messina it self For being inform'd that part of the Walls were fallen down he sent a Party of Horse by Land from Syracuse and he himself in some Ships call'd * Barks or Frignts Hemiolias went by Sea and arriv'd in the Night close under the Walls of the City But they coming to understand his Design before-hand wholly defeated him in what he had contriv'd However He came to Mylas and upon laying Siege to the Castle had it Ant. Ch. 313. deliver'd up to him and then return'd to Syracuse In Harvest-time he made a second attempt upon Messina and Encamping near the City made continual Assaults but was not able to effect any thing considerable For many Exiles were flock'd into this Place from Syracuse who both for the sake of their own Preservation and out of Hatred to the Tyrant fought most Courageously About this time came Ambassadors from Carthage arguing the Case with Agathocles and complaining of the Breach of Articles and making Peace with the Messenians they forc'd the Tyrant to restore the * Mylas P. 707. Castle and then sail'd back into Africa After which Agathocles went to Abecenus one of his Confederate Cities and there he put to Death Forty whom he look'd upon to be his Enemies In these times the Romans were at War with the Samnites and took Ferentum by Storm and the Inhabitants of Nuceria call'd Alphatema were by the Persuasions of some Persons prevail'd with to desert the Romans and join in League with the Samnites CHAP. V. The Acts of Aristodemus Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus The Dimeans in Achaia seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garison They take the Cittadel Alexander Son of Polysperchon Assassinated The praise of Cratesipolis his Wife The Acts of Cassander in Etolia and other Parts of Greece The Cruelty of the Etolians Cassander sends an Army into Caria and Aristotle with a Fleet to Lemnos The Acts of Cassander's Army in Caria Antigonus Leaves his Son Demetrius in Syria to watch Ptolemy His troublesome March into Asia The Affairs of Sicily Acrotatus his Misgovernment and Cruelties in Sicily The Acts of Agathocles The Affairs of Italy WHEN the former year was ended Nichodorus was created Archon at Athens and Olymp. 116. 3. Ant. Ch. 312. An. M. 3658. Lucius Papirius chosen the Fourth and Quintus Publius the second time Consul at Rome At that time Aristodemus made General by Antigonus hearing of the Defection of Alexander the Son of Polysperchon after he had open'd the Justice of the Cause before the Senate of the Etolians sollicited them to be assistant to the Affairs of Antigonus Then passing into Peloponnesus with the Mercenaries found Alexander with the Eleans besieging Aristodemus raises the Siege of Cyllene The Acts of Aristodemus in Peloponnesus Cyllene and coming in nick of time rais'd the Siege and then leaving a Garison to defend the Place he mov'd towards Actria and frees Patras from the Garison of Cassander but Egeum he took by Force and being possess'd of the Place was ready to restore the Egeans to their Liberty according to the former Decree but that he was prevented by this Accident The Soldiers began to Plunder and upon that occasion many of the Citizens were kill'd and the greatest part of the Town was burnt down to the Ground After which he sail'd back into Etolia the Dymeans who were aw'd by a Garison Ant. Ch. 312. Of Dyme in Achaia The Dimeans seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garison of Cassander's in the Castle separated their City from the Cittadel by a Wall drawn round it and encouraging one another to stand up for their Liberties besieg'd the Castle and infested it with continual Assaults Of which Alexander receiving Intelligence he came upon them with his Army on a sudden and drave them within their Walls and enter'd pell-mell with them into the City and took it Some of the Dymeans he put to the Sword others he Imprison'd and many of them he Banish'd After Alexander went away the rest of them were quiet for a little while being both terrify'd with the greatness of the late Calamity and likewise wanting the Assistance of their Confederates But some time after they made application to Aristodemus his Mercenaries who march'd to them from Egeum Whereupon they again assaulted the Cittadel and took it and freed the City and put many of the Garison to the Sword and put to Death such of their own Citizens as favour'd Alexander's Party Amongst these Turns and Changes of Fortune while Alexander with his Army was Alexander Son of Polyspachon kill'd marching from Sycion he was kill'd by Alexion a Sycionian and some others who pretended themselves to be his Friends His Wife Cratesipolis after his Death took upon her the Management of Affairs and kept the Army in due Obedience Her obliging Carriage and Bounty was such as that she was greatly belov'd of the Soldiers for she The praise of Cratesipolis Wife of Alexander Son of Polysperchon was continually affording all the help she could to them that were in Distress and relieving and supporting many that were in Want Besides she was a Woman of admirable Prudence in managing Affairs and of Courage beyond the natural Temper of her Sex For when the Sycionians in contempt of her after the Death of her Husband rose up in Arms for the Recovery of their Liberty she executed her Revenge by cutting off Multitudes Ant. Ch. 312. of them in a Field-battel and crucify'd Thirty of those she had taken Prisoners and so having settled the Affairs of the City she reign'd over the Sycionians having under her Command multitudes of Soldiers ready upon all occasions for any Undertaking though never so hazardous And this was then the State and Condition of Peloponnesus Cassander perceiving that the Etolians assisted Antigonus and were then likewise engag'd in a War with their Neighbours the Acarnanians judg'd that the most probable way to
the publick affairs When they arriv'd therefore in Laconia they found Acrotatus the Son of King Claomenes much hated by many of the young Noblemen at Ant. Ch. 312. Acrotatus invited to be General by Agrigentines home and therefore very desirous to be imploy'd abroad For when the Lacedemonians after the Fight with Antipater had acquitted those that escap'd in that Battel from all Censures of Disgrace he only oppos'd the Decree so that many were offended at him especially those that were liable to the penalty of the Laws And upon that account they had lain in wait for him and beaten him and were constantly seeking to intrap him Being therefore for this reason desirous of a foreign Command he very freely comply'd with the Agragentines and thereupon without the Order of the Ephori resolving upon the Voyage he set Sail with a few Ships for Agrigentum But being driven back by a Storm into Adria he arriv'd in the Territory of the Apolloniates where finding the City besieg'd by Glocias King of the Illyrians he perswaded the King to raise the siege and enter into a League of Friendship with the Apolloniates Then he sail'd to Tarentum and there Solicited the People to join P. 710. with him in procuring the Restoration of the Syracusians to their Ancient Liberties and so far prevail'd that they Decreed to assist them with Twenty Sail of Ships For on the account of his Kindred and the nobleness of his Family his words were of great Ant. Ch. 312. Weight and Credit While the Tarentines were making preparations he himself sail'd to Agrigentum and there took upon him the Command of the Army whereupon the People were in high expectations in so much as that all concluded that an end would be presently put to the Tyranny But in a short time it plainly appear'd that he did nothing worthy either the Nobility of his Birth or the reputation of his Country But on The misgoverment and cruelty of Acrotatus the Corinthian in Sicily the contrary became more cruel and bloody than the very Tyrants themselves and so fell into the Hatred of the People He degenerated likewise from the custom of his Country in his manner of living and so indulg'd himself in voluptuousness that he seem'd more like a Persian than a Spartan After he had lavish'd away the greatest part of the publick Revenues partly by his misgovernment and partly by robbing of the Treasury in the Conclusion he invited Sosistratus the most eminent person among the Exiles and one who had been a General of Armies to Supper and treacherously kill'd him having not anything in the least to lay to his charge but only that he might take out of the way a stout and valiant man and one that was able to discern and discover his Miscarriages Which wicked fact being presently nois'd abroad the Exiles in a Body came upon him and every body else forsoook him and in the first place they depos'd him and presently after attempted to stone him to death to avoid therefore the rage of the People he stole Ant. Ch. 312. away in the night and landed privatly in Laconia After his departure the Tarentines recall their Fleet they had before sent into Sicily Hereupon the Agrigentines Geloans and Messenians by the mediation of Amilcar the Carthaginian General make peace with Agathocles the Conditions of which were as follow that Heraclea Selinum and Himera part of the Greek Cities should belong unto the Carthaginians as they did before all the rest under the power of the Syracusians should be free to be govern'd after their own Laws But afterwards Agathocles when he saw the The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily coast clear and Sicily free and clear'd from all appearance of an Enemy he fell upon the Cities and without any difficulty brought them under his subjection and gaining many in a very short time strongly fixt himself in the Principality For in the multitude of his Confederates the greatness of his Yearly Revenues and the power of a mighty Army he grew very strong For besides his Confederates and those rais'd from among the Syracusians he had of mercenaries Ten thousand Foot and Three thousand and fifty Horse he furnish'd himself likewise with all sorts of Arms foreseeing that the Carthaginians who had smartly rebuk't Amilcar for making the Peace would in a short time make War upon him And such was the estate of Sicily at this time In Italy the Samnites having now been in Wars with the Romans for many Years last The affairs of Italy Ant. Ch. 312. past took Plistia wherein was a strong Roman Garrison and prevail'd with the Soranions to massacre all the Romans that were there and to confederate with the Samnites Afterwards while the Romans were besieging of Satricula they came upon them with a strong Army resolving to raise the siege upon which follow'd a sharp Engagment and after many kill'd on both sides the Romans carry'd the day and then presently after they took the Town and gain'd several other neighbouring Towns and Castles And now the War was brought over amongst the Cities of Apulia whereupon the Samnites Listed all that were of Age to bear Arms and march'd out and Incampt close to the Enemy being now resolv'd to win or lose all The People of Rome therefore to prevent the worst sent thither a great number of Souldiers And because they P. 711. were accustom'd in perilous times to choose one of the most Noble and Eminent Persons to be their General with full and absolute power and Authority they therefore pitch'd upon Quintus Fabius and Quintus Aulius Master of the Horse for that honourable imployment These Generals afterwards fought the Samnites at Lautulas where they sustain'd great loss of their men and the whole Army fled outright only Aulius being asham'd of the dishonour oppos'd the whole Body of the Enemy not out of any hopes or expectation of gaining the Victory but to have it manifest and apparent to all from his own valour that his Country was unconquerable Not sharing therefore with the rest of the Citizens in the Dishonour of the flight he dy'd there a glorious and honourable death The Romans now fearing lest they should lose all Apulia sent Colonies into * Luceria now Nocera Luceria the most famous City of all those parts and this prov'd of great advantage to them by the frequent Eruptions made upon the Samnites For by the help and advantage of this City they became Conquerors not only in this war but several times afterwards and even to our own present Age they have constantly made use of this City as a strong Fort and Citadel of War against all the neighbouring Nations CHAP. VI. Several Cities revolt Lysimachus comes against them Philip Cassander's General Routs the Epirots and Etolians Cassander agrees with Antigonus Antigonus gaines the Cities in Caria Cassander's Acts in Greece The Samnites Routed by the Romans Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece
Alzote Azotus having from the Place of Battel rid above †Two hundred and seventy Furlongs P. 718. Ant. Ch. 310. Thirty Mile Thence he sent a Trumpet to beg the Bodies of the Dead being very earnest to perform the last Office of right due to them that were slain Many of his Nobility were there slain amongst whom the most eminent was Pitho join'd in equal Commission with himself and Beotus who had long liv'd with Antigonus the Father and was ever privy to all his Designs and partaker of all his Councils There were slain in this Battel on Demetrius his side above * This Five hundred should be Five thousand as Plutarch Five hundred of whom the greatest part was Horse and the Chief of his Nobility and Eight thousand and upward were taken Prisoners Ptolemy and Seleucus not only granted him the dead Bodies but sent him back his own Pavillion with all the Furniture belonging to it and all such Prisoners as were of his Houshold free and without Ransom withal letting him know that they fought not with Antigonus for these things but because he had not restor'd those Provinces to the Governors that were conquer'd by their joint Arms in the War first against Perdictas and then against Eumenes and for that after he had renew'd his League of Friendship with Seleucus he had most Unjustly and against all Right depriv'd him of the Province of Babylon Other Prisoners Ptolemy sent into Egypt with Orders to distribute them amongst the several Regiments in his Fleet. After Ptolemy had with great Pomp and Solemnity bury'd those that were slain in the Battel he march'd with his Army against the Cities of Phenicia besieging some and persuading others to yield Demetrius in the mean time being no longer able to hold out dispatch'd away a Messenger with Letters to his Father to pray him to come away speedily to his help and he himself coming to Tripoli in Phenicia sent for the Soldiers that were in Cilicia and elsewhere in Garisons remote and far distant from the Enemy's Quarters to come to him But Ptolemy keeping with his Army still in the open Field march'd Ant. Ch. 310. into the Coasts of Sidon and Encamping near Tyre sent to Andronicus Governor of the Garison there to render up the City to him making him large Promises both of Wealth and Honour But he not only answer'd That he would never betray the Trust which Antigonus and Demetrius had put in him but also us'd many reviling Speeches against Ptolemy but a little while after he was surpriz'd by a Mutiny of his own Soldiers and fell into his Hands and thereupon expected nothing but Death for his refusal to deliver up Ptolemy takes Tyre the City and for his reviling Language But Ptolemy not only forgot the Injury but highly rewarded him and took him into the number of his Friends and honourably preferr'd him For this Prince was of a most affable and gentle Disposition and very Kind and Generous which much contributed to the Increase of his Power and the Advancement of his Honour and Reputation and induc'd many upon that account to join with him as his Allies and Confederates For he honourably receiv'd Seleucus when he was cast out of Babylon and made him and the rest of his Friends partners with him in that Plenty and state of Prosperity that he himself enjoy'd And therefore when Seleucus desir'd some Forces from him to go along with him to Babylon he very readily granted them and withal promis'd he would assist him in every thing to his Power till he had recover'd his former Government In this Condition stood the Affairs of Asia at that time In Europe Telesphorus Antigonus his Admiral who then lay with the Fleet at Corinth seeing how Ptolemy was preferr'd before him and that all the Concerns of Greece were intrusted in his hands accus'd Antigonus upon this Account and deliver'd up to him those Ships he had with him Then picking out so many of his Soldiers as were willing to join Ant. Ch. 310. with him in his designs he began to play his own Pranks For pretending to be at one with Antigonus he enter'd Elis and fortify'd the Citadel and enslav'd the City He robb'd likewise the Temple at Olympus and took thence above Fifty Talents of Silver wherewith he rais'd and hir'd Foreign Soldiers And thus Telesphorus out of Envy to the P. 719. Advancement of Ptolemy became a Traytor to Antigonus But Ptolemy Antigonus his General in Greece as soon as he heard of the Defection of Telesphorus and that he had seiz'd upon the City of the Elians and robb'd the Temple at Olympus march'd with an Army into Peloponnesus And coming to Elis raz'd the Citadel to the Ground restor'd the Elians to their Liberty and the Money to the Temple Afterwards he so far wrought upon Telesphorus that he regain'd Cyllene wherein Telesphorus had put a Garison and restor'd it to the Elians In the mean time while these things were in acting the Epirots Eacides their King The Epirots make Alcetas King being dead deliver'd up the Kingdom to Alcetas who had been before him banish'd by his Father Arybilus This Alcetas was an inveterate Enemy to Cassander and therefore Lyciscus Cassander's General in Acarnania march'd with an Army into Epirus hoping he should easily depose him the Affairs of the Kingdom being then scarce well settled Lyciscus to this end Encamping at Cassopia Alcetas sent his Sons Alexander and Teucrus Ant. Ch. 310. to all the Cities to raise as many Soldiers as possibly they could and he himself march'd forward with what Forces he had and when he came near the Enemy made an Halt waiting for the coming up of his Sons But Lyciscus who far exceeded him in number pressing upon him the Epirots in a great Terror and Amazement ran over to the Enemy Whereupon Alcetas being thus forsaken fled to Eurymenas a City in Epirus while he was closely besieg'd in this Place in comes Alexander with an Aid to the Relief of his Father upon which follow'd a sharp Engagement in which many of Lyciscus his Men were cut off amongst whom besides other Persons of great account were Micythus a great Captain and Lysander the Athethenian Cassander's Lord-Lieutenant of Leucadia Afterwards Dinias coming in to the Assistance of those thus worsted there hapned a second Engagement in which Alexander and Teucer being routed they together with their Father fled to a strong Castle thereabout for shelter Lyciscus presently took Eurymenas plunder'd it and raz'd it to the Ground Ant. Ch. 310. Cassander at this time hearing of the Defeat of his Forces but having no intelligence of the Success which follow'd hasted away into Epirus to succour Lyciscus But when he came to understand how well things had succeeded on his side he made Peace and enter'd into a League of Friendship with Alcetas Then with part of his Army he march'd into * A City and Country upon
Water is very bitter and stinking so that neither Fish nor any other thing us'd to the Water can live in it And though many remarkable Rivers of very sweet Water empty themselves into it yet it remains as corrupt and unsavory both as to Tast and Smell as ever it did before Every Year rises out of the middle of it great massy pieces of Bitumen and Pitch sometimes bigger then Three * Every Plethra is 100 Foot Plethras and sometimes a little less then one And upon that account the Barbarous Inhabitants call the larger pieces Bulls and the less Calves These pieces of Pitch and Brimstone floating upon the Water seem at a distance to be as so many Islands There are evident Signs that sorgoe and give notice of the casting up of this Bituminous Matter at least Twenty Days before For a horrid smell of Brimstone and Pitch infects the Air round about the Lake at many Furlongs distance and all Metals whether of Gold Silver or Copper near the place change their natural Colour which presently returns again as soon as the Brimstone is exhal'd The places bordering upon it are so burning hot by reason of the Sulphur and Brimstone under ground and cast forth such an horrible stench that the Inhabitants are very unhealthy and short liv'd yet the Country thereabouts being water'd with many pleasant Rivers and refreshing Springs bears abundance of Palm-Trees and in a certain Vale near to this place grows that they call * The Balm of Gilead P. 725. Balm from which they raise a great Revenue inasmuch as this Plant grows in no other part of the World beside and is of excellent use amongst Physitians for the healing and curing of Wounds and other Distempers The Inhabitants on both sides this Lake are so earnest to carry away this Brimstone that they fight one with nother and they bring it off in a strange manner without Shipping For they cast in huge Bundles of Butrushes fastned close together upon which Three or more of them place themselves two of which ply the Oars that are fastn'd to the Bulrushes and the third carrys a Bow and Arrows to defend themselves against such as attempt to make up upon them from the other side or that offer them any violence Assoon as they come to the Brimstone they get upon it and hew it in pieces with Axes as pieces of stone out of a soft Rock and so loading the Bulrish Boat they row back If any fall into the Water through the deficiency of the Boat yet he never sinks as in other waters tho' he knows not how to swim but lies upon the water as if he were the best swimmer in the World For this Lake naturally bears any thing that has either a vegetative or an animal Life except such things as are solid and seem to be without Pores as Silver Gold Lead or the like and these likewise are much longer and slower in sinking than when they are cast into other waters And this profit and advantage the Barbarians reap from it they Transport this Pitch into Egypt and there sell it for the use of embalming of the Dead for if they do not mix this with other Aromatick Spices the Bodies cannot be preserv'd long from putrefaction Antigonus at the Reign of Demetrius having heard the Relation of his Voiage blam'd him for his making Peace with the Nabatheans saying that those barbarous people having so escapt would thereupon grow more insolent than before concluding that they were not favour'd out of love or compassion of the Conqueror but in dispair of the Conquest but he commended him for discovering the Lake Asphaltes seeing that from thence he Ant. Ch. 310. might raise some yearly Revenue to himself and made Hieronimus Cardianus the Historian his Treasurer for that Revenue and commanded him to build Ships and gather together all the Bitumen or liquid Brimstone that could be gotten out of that Lake But Antigonus in the event was frustrated of his hope for the Arabians coming together to the number of Six thousand Men set upon them as they were in their Ships gathering this Brimstone and shot them almost all to death with their Arrows whereby Antigonus lost all hopes of making any standing Revenue that way and forbore all further prosecution of that design both upon the account of the miscarriage already and likewise for that he had matters of greater weight and concern then in his head For about that time a Courrier came and brought Letters to him from Nicanor Governor of Media and others how Seleucus was return'd and prosper'd in those parts Whereupon Antigonus being much concern'd for the upper Provinces sent his Son Demetrius with Five thousand Macedonian Foot and Ten thousand Mercenaries and Four thousand Horse with charge that he should march to the very Walls of Babylon and having recover'd that Province should from thence march down to the Sea Demetrius hereupon departed from Damascus in Syria and went vigorously on to fulfil his Fathers Command But Patrocles whom Celeucus had made President of Babylon so soon as he heard that Demetrius was falling into Mesopotamia not daring to stay his coming because he had but a smal power about him commanded the rest to leave the City and that passing the Euphrates they should flee some into the Deseart others over the Tigris into the Province of Susa and to the * The Red Sea in the Greek but mistook Ant. Ch. 310. Persian Sea and he himself with a company which he had about him trusting in the Barrs of the Rivers and Dikes of the Country thereabouts instead of so many Fortresses and Bulwarks for his defence kept himself still within the Bounds of his own Government and cast about how to intrap his Enemy sending ever and anon Tidings to Seleucus in Media how how things went with him and desiring aid to be speedily sent to him Demetrius when he came to Babylon and found the City it self void of Inhabitants fell P. 726. presently to besiege the Forts and Castles that were therein and having taken one of them gave the spoil thereof to his Soldiers But having besieg'd the other for some days together in hast he departed leaving Archelaus one of his trusty friends to maintain the Siege with Five thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse and himself seeing the time run out which his Father had appointed him to finish his work in return'd with the rest of the Army into the lesser Asia While those things were acting the Wars between the Romans and the Samnites continu'd still in Italy wherein there were daily excursions into one anothers Territories Besieging of Cities and Incamping of Armies on both sides For the Contest between the most warlike Nations of Italy was which should gain the Empire and Sovereign Wars in Italy Command of the whole upon which account many great Battles were fought At length the Consuls of Rome with a part of their Forces Incampt in the
face of the Enemy watching for a fit opportunity to fall upon them by which means they preserv'd their Consederate Cities from annoyance and disturbance from the Enemy With Ant. Ch â—10 the rest of the Army Quintus Fabius the Dictator took Fretomanum and carri'd away the persons of greatest quality that were Enemies to the Romans to the number of Two hundred and upwards and brought them to Rome and expos'd them as a publick Spectacle in the Forum and when he had scourg'd them according to the Roman Custom cut off their Heads He made likewise an inroad into the Enemies Territories and took Celia and the Cittadel of * A City in Campania in Italy Nota with abundance of Spoil and divided a great part of the Country by Lot among the Soldiers the Romans hereupon incourag'd with these successes which fell out according to their hearts desire sent a Colony into the Island call'd * Pontiae Insulae in the Tuscan Sea Plin. lib. 3. c. 6. Porcia an Island in the same Sea call'd commonly Porce The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily Ant. Ch. 310. Pontia As for Sicily after that Agathocles had made Peace with all the Sicilians except the Messenians the Refugees of Syracuse all flockt to Messina because they saw that to be the only City that stood out against him Agathocles therefore with all speed made it his business to break their Confederacy and to that end sent away Pasiphilus his General with an Army to Messina with private instructions to do what he thought fit and most agreeable to the circumstances of Affairs as he should find them hereupon he enter'd the Country on a suddain and after he had taken many Prisoners and got much spoil he Solicited the Messenians to Peace and Amity and that they would not suffer themselves so to be led aside as to join with the implacable Enemies of Agathocles Upon which the Messenians hoping to extricate themselves out of the War without Blows cast out all the Syracusians Fugitives and receiv'd Agathocles with his Army into the City who at the first carri'd himself very courteously and obligingly towards all and courted them to admit those Exiles that were in his Army and had been by them according to Law formerly banish'd into the Freedom and Liberties of the City But afterwards he sent for such out of Tauromenium and Messina as formerly had oppos'd his Government and put them all to death to the number of Six hundred for intending to make War upon the Carthaginians he resolv'd to rid himself of every thing that lookt like an Enemy in Sicily The Messenians therefore seeing their chief Citizens cut off that oppos'd the Tyrant and that they themselves had driven those strangers out of the City that wish'd them so well and that would have been their main strength against him and had been forc't to receive those that had been formerly condemn'd for their notorious Crimes much repented themselves of what they had done but out of fear of the power of the Conqueror they were forc'd to stoop Thence he mov'd in the first place towards Agrigentum with design to make a prey P. 〈◊〉 also of this City But because the Carthaginians were there lately arriv'd with a Fleet of Sixty Sail he desisted and left off that project but wasted and harrass'd the Territories of the Carthaginians and took some of their Forts and Castles by Storm and gain'd others by surrender Among these Turmoiles Dinocrates Captain of the Syracusian Exiles sent to desire Aid of the Carthaginians before Agathocles had brought all Sicily under his own Power and Soveraign Command he himself receiv'd all those Exiles which the Messenians had Ant. Ch. 310 banish'd the City and having now a very great Army sent Nymphodorus one of his Trusty Friends with part of the Army to the City of the Centorippians For this place being a Garrison of Agathocles some of the Citizens had undertaken to betray it upon condition they should be suffer'd to govern according to their own Laws Upon this incouragement therefore breaking into the City in the night the chief Commanders of the Garrison presently took the Alarum and kill'd both Nymphodorus and all the rest that had enter'd within the Walls Agathocles made use of this as an occasion and ground to accuse the Centorippians of Contrivances against his Government and cut the Throats of all those that he look'd upon to be the Ringleaders of the Defection While he was thus imploy'd the Carthaginians enter'd the Port at Syracuse with a Fleet of Fifty Sail but all that they did there was the sinking of two Transport Ships one of which belonged to the Athenians and cut off the Hands of all those that were on board Which was lookt upon as a piece of extream Cruelty towards those that never offer'd them the least Injury and this God made presently to appear For soon after some Ships that were forc'd from the rest of the Fleet about Brutta fell into the hands of Agathocles where those Carthaginians that were taken were serv'd the same sawce with those that were by them taken Prisoners before But Dinocrates Commander of the Exiles having with him above Three thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse seiz'd upon * Or Galatina Galaria as it is call'd invited thither by the Inhabitants and cast out those that sided with Agathocles and then Encamp'd before the Walls of the City Agathecles presently sent against him Pasiphilus and Demophilus with Five thousand Men who fought with the Refugees whose Captains were Dinocrates and Philonides who commanded separately in the two Wings The Battel was doubtful for a long time together while both Armies obstinately stood to it Tooth and Nail But Philonides one of the Captains being slain that Wing fled and Dinocrates was thereupon forc'd likewise to give Ground and Pasiphilus kill'd many of them in the Pursuit and recover'd Galaria and put to Death the Authors of the Defection Agathocles receiving Intelligence of what was done resolv'd to fall upon the Carthaginians Ant. Ch. 310. with his whole Army who had then possess'd themselves of the Hill in Geloa call'd * That is Wicked See p. 729. Eâ—â—â—mes To that end without any further Delay he made up to them and as soon as he came near offer'd them Battel being puff'd up with the Success of his late Victory But the Barbarians durst not engage and thereupon supposing he was absolute Master of the Field without sighting he return'd to Syracuse and adorn'd the chiefest Temples there with the Spoils And these were the Actions of this Year as far forth as is needful for us to give an Account CHAP. VII Cassander Ptolemy and Lysimachus make Peace with Antigonus Cassander murders Rhoxana and her Son The Governors take the Stile of Kings upon them The Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles Four thousand Geloans murder'd by Agathocles The Battel between Agathocles and Amilcar the Carthaginian at Himera Agathocles routed Several
would deliver up the City into his hands Upon which there was a Council of War call'd of those Captains that were in the greatest Authority where after many bandings and debates pro and con Antander who was naturally a poor spirited Man and of a weak head and much below the courage and resolution of his Brother was for delivering up of the Town But Eurymnon the Etolian whom Agathocles had left to assist his Brother in Advice and Counsel was of another Opinion and prevail'd with them all to hold out till they had certain Intelligence of the Truth Whereupon Amilcar coming to understand the resolution of the Townsmen prepar'd all his Engines with a full Resolution to batter down the Walls Agathocles after the late Battel built two Ships of Thirty Oares a piece and in one of them put on board the best of his Rowers with Nearchus one of the most faithful Friends he then had with him and sent them away to Syracuse to give an account of his P. 741. Victory Having therefore the Wind fair the Fifth day in the Night they arriv'd in the Harbour of Syracuse and at break of Day Crown'd with Garlands and singing the * Pean a Song of Praise to Apollo for the Victory Pean all along as they sail'd they made for the City which being perceived by the Carthaginian Guard-Ships they pursu'd them with all their might and the other being not far before them there was great striving among the Rowers on both sides While the Sea-men were thus contending both Besiegers and Besieg'd understanding the Matter ran down to the Port and each fearful of the event call'd out and encourag'd every one their own Men. And now the Ship was upon the point of falling into the hands of the Pursuers upon which the Barbarians gave a shout but the Citizens not being able otherwise to assist pray'd to their Gods for the Preservation of their Men on board The Pursuers being now ready to board her not far from Land she got within a Darts cast of the Shore and by the help of the Syracusians who came in to her relief narrowly escap'd the Danger Amilcar perceiving that the Citizens upon the account of the late Contest and the sudden arrival of the Intelligence expected were all flock'd down to the Port and thereupon conceiving part of the Walls were left Naked order'd the stoutest of his Soldiers to rear up Scaling-Ladders who finding there no Guards mounted the Walls without being discern'd and had almost possess'd themselves of an entire Part lying between two Towers when they that us'd to go the Round came just then to the Place and so discover'd them Upon which they fell to it and the Citizens came flocking in before any Relief could be brought to the Assailants so that some were kill'd outright and others were thrown down Headlong over the Walls At which Amilcar was so mortify'd that he drew off his Forces from the City and sent away Five thousand Men to the Relief of Carthage While these things were in action in Sicily Agathocles being now Master of the Field Ant. Ch. 308. Acts of Agathocles in Africa took some Forts and Castles near to Carthage by Storm and other Cities some out Fear and some through hatred of the Carthaginians voluntarily surrender'd themselves Having fortify'd his Camp near Tunis he left there a sufficient Guard and mov'd towards the Towns lying upon the Sea-Coasts And first he took by Storm the New City but dealt very favourably with the Inhabitants Thence he march'd to Adrymetes and besieg'd it and Confederated with Elymas King of Lybia News whereof being brought to the Carthaginians they bent all their Arms against Tunis and possessed themselves of Agathocles his Camp and with their Battering Rams press'd upon the City with continual Assaults Agathocles receiving Intelligence of the slaughter of his Men leaving the greatest part of his Army to carry on the Siege and taking with him his Life-guard and a small Body of Men secretly march'd up to the Top of a Mountain whence he might view both the Country of the Adrymetines and likewise the Carthaginians that besieg'd Tunis In the Night he commanded his Soldiers to kindle Fires and with them to take up a large Tract of Ground to the end the Carthaginians might think he was making towards them with a strong Army and that the Besieg'd might conclude that fresh Forces in vast numbers were come up to him for his Assistance both being deceiv'd by this Stratagem were suddenly caught in the Snare for they who besieg'd Tunis fled and left their Engines behind them and the Adrymetines surpriz'd with Fear surrender'd the City which was gain'd upon certain Ant. Ch. 308 Terms agreed upon but Thapsus he afterwards took by Storm And several other Cities he took in this Tract some by Force and others upon Conditions Having at length gain'd in the whole above Two hundred Towns and Cities he resolv'd upon an Expedition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into the Higher Libya To that end he rais'd his Camp and march'd on many days Journey Then the Carthaginians march'd out with those Forces besides others which were sent out of Sicily and besieg'd Tunis a second time and recover'd a great part of the Country that was then in the Hands of the Enemy When Couriers came from Tunis and gave an account what the Carthaginians had done Agathocles forthwith return'd Being come within Two hundred Furlongs of the Enemy he Encamp'd and commanded his Soldiers not to kindle any Fires Then making a sudden March in the Night about spring of Day he fell upon those as were Wasting and Harrassing the Country and disorderly roving up and down and kill'd above Two thousand of them and took many Prisoners which was a great Step to his many Successes afterwards For the Carthaginians being reinforc'd by their Aids from Sicily and strengthned by their Confederates in Africa thought they had been too strong for Agathocles But after this Misfortune the Hearts of the Barbarians were quite down for he had overcome Elymas the King of Libya who had deserted him and kill'd likewise the General with a great number of the Barbarians And thus stood Affairs in Ant. Ch. 308. Sicily and Africa at this time In Macedonia Cassander came in to the Assistance of Autoleontes King of the †Peonia is a part of Macedonia Peonians Acts of Cassander in Macedonia who was then in War with the Autariats and rescu'd him out of the Streights and Dangers he was in at that time and transplanted the Autariats together with their Wives and Children that were then with them to the Number of Twenty thousand and plac'd them near the Mountain ** Orbelus a Mountain in Macedonâ—s Orbitaus While he was thus employ'd Ptolemy Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus who was * Autariats a People of Dalmatia intrusted by him with an Army in these Parts took a Pique against Antigonus thinking he was not rewarded
happen in these Cases For in Land-Fights Valour apparently carries the Day when no unusual Misfortune intervenes But in Sea-Fights there are many and various Accidents often fall out which sometimes on a sudden ruine them whose Valour otherwise would certainly and most justly have brought them off Victorious Of all the rest Demetrius placing himself upon the Stern of his Gally of Seven Tire of Oars behav'd himself with most Gallantry For when he was surrounded with Throngs of Enemies on every side he so bestirr'd himself that he strew'd the Decks with them some by Darts at a Distance and others by his Lance Hand to Hand Showers of Darts and other Weapons it's true were cast at him but some he nimbly declin'd and others he receiv'd on his Target and other defensive Arms that he then wore In this Conflict there were Three that stuck close to him as his Assistants whereof one was run through and Slain with a Lance and the other two were both wounded But at length Demetrius repuls'd his Enemies and put the Right Wing to a total Rout and forthwith those that were next to them On the other hand Ptolemy who had with him the greatest Ships and the best Soldiers easily broke that Party that oppos'd him and put them to flight sinking some of Ant. Ch. 305. their Ships and taking others with the Men in them and then returning from the Pursuit thought to have done the like with the rest But when he came he found his Left Wing totally routed by Demetrius and him in hot pursuit of them upon which he made back to Citium But Demetrius now being Conqueror committed his Men of War to Neon and Burichus with Orders to pursue the Enemy and to take up such as they found Swimming for their Lives He himself with his own Ships richly adorn'd and those that were taken of the Enemies tow'd along after small Skiffs return'd to his own Camp and Port whence he set out Mean while about the very time of the Fight at Sea Menelaus Governor of Salamis sent out to the Aid of Ptolemy the Sixty Ships compleatly Man'd and Arm'd under the Command of Menetius who Engaging with those Ships in the Mouth of the Harbour P. 671. that were set to keep him in Charg'd through them whereupon they fled for Safety to the Army that was at Land But when the Menetians were in open Sea and perceiv'd that they came too late they return'd back to Salamis This being the Issue of this Fight there were taken above a Hundred Transport Ships wherein there were almost Eight Thousand Soldiers Of Ships of War he took Forty with the Men in them and of those that were bilg'd in the Fight about Fourscore which being almost full of Water in the Hold they hawl'd to Land under the Camp near the City Demetrius had Twenty of his own Ships much damnify'd in this Fight which yet being Refitted and Rigg'd up again prov'd Serviceable as before Afterwards Ptolemy seeing no good to be done in Cyprus return'd in Aegypt But Demetrius having taken in all the Towns and Cities of the Island distributed the Garison Soldiers among his own Companies to the Number of Sixteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse And put Messengers on board the Greatest Ship in the Fleet and Ant. Ch. 305. sent them to his Father with an Account of the Victory he had gain'd As soon as Antigonus receiv'd the News he was so transported with the greatness of the Victory as that he put a Diadem upon his Head and from that time assum'd the Stile and Title of a King and allow'd Demetrius to do the same And Ptolemy also not Antigonus takes the Title of a King at all willing to hang the Head at his late ill Success took the Crown and Title of a King to himself likewise and in all his Letters from that time forward wrote himself King And by their Example other Governors of Provinces as Seleucus who had lately subdu'd the Upper Provinces and Lysimachus and Cassander who held the Provinces first allotted them all proclaim'd themselves Kings Having now spoken sufficient concerning these Affairs we shall proceed to give a distinct Account of things further done in Africa and Sicily Agathocles when he heard that the Governors of the Provinces before-mentioned had taken upon them the Dignity of Crown'd Heads judging himself no way inferior to them either as to the Strength and Power of their Arms Largeness of his Dominions or Memorable Actions took upon him likewise the Name and Title of a King But yet did not think fit to wear a Diadem For from the very time of his first aspiring to the Principality he wore a Crown after the manner of a Priest which he never laid aside all the time he was in Contest for the Tyranny Some say that he always wore this because he wanted Hair And now he made it his business to do something worthy of the honourable Title he had assum'd and therefore he led his Army against the Rebellious Uticans and surprising them on the sudden Ant. Ch. 305. Utica took Three hundred of them as they were abroad in the Fields At the first he pardon'd them and requir'd the Surrender of the City But those within refusing so to do he built an Engine and hang'd up all the Prisoners upon it living as they were and so brought it up to the Walls The Uticans though they pity'd the miserable Creatures yet they valu'd more their Common Liberty and therefore lin'd the Walls and resolv'd to abide a Siege Whereupon Agathocles furnish'd his Engine with shot Slingers and Darters and plying them with shot from his Machine began the Siege and so terrify'd them that he even cauteriz'd the Spirits of the Besieg'd Those that were upon the Walls at first scrupled to use their Darts and Arrows having their own Citizens plac'd before them as their Marks amongst whom were some of the Chief Nobility But the Enemy still pressing on with more violence they were forc'd to endeavour to beat off them that were plac'd in the Engine And here it happen'd that the Uticans fell into a suddain and unexpected misfortune through an inevitable necessity For the Greeks exposing the Prisoners they took abroad in the Fields to be Marks to their own fellow Citizens they were constrain'd either to fall into the Enemies hands by sparing their Townsmen or unmercifully to kill a great number of miserable Creatures in defending of the City as in truth it happen'd For while they repuls'd the Enemy with all sorts P. 762. Ant. Ch. 305. of Darts and Arrows and other Weapons the same time as they wounded and gall'd them that manag'd the Engine at the same time they wounded the Citizens that hung at it shooting some through and fastning others with their Darts and Arrows as with Nails to that part of the Machine towards which the Body happen'd to move so that their Ignominy and Misfortune resembled that
of the Cross And thus some suffer'd as Fortune order'd it by the hands of their near Relations and Friends Extremity and Necessity not allowing any Consideration of natural Relation Agathocles perceiving the Townsmen to defie all danger and throw off all Regard and Affection to their Countrymen begirt the City round and made a violent Assault upon a part of the Wall where it was weakest and there broke through into the City upon which some fled into their Houses and others into the Temples Agathocles being enrag'd fill'd all places with Blood and Slaughter Some were kill'd in heat of Fight others that were taken pris'ners were hang'd up afterwards and those that fled to the Temples and Altars were altogether frustrated of their hopes After he had rifl'd and plunder'd the Town he left a Garrison in it and march'd to the Cittadel call'd the Horse-Castle naturally defended by a Lough adjoyning to it But he took it by Storm after a close Siege and a sharp Fight with the Inhabitants upon the Water with his Gallies Thus having subu'd the Cities he brought most of the Sea Coasts and those that inhabited Ant. Ch. 305. in the heart of the Country under his own Power except the Numidians part of whom made Peace with him and the rest were in continual expectation to fight it out to the last Africa was at that time divided into four sorts of Inhabitants That is to say The Poeni Sorts of People in Africa who inhabited Carthage The Libyan Poeni who had many Cities upon the Tracts lying to the Sea Shoar who being conjoyn'd in Affinity by Marriages with the Carthaginians were call'd by this Name that imported the Denomination of both People The most Ancient Inhabitants and most numerous of all the rest were call'd Africans who hated the Carthaginians to the death by reason of the severity of their Government The last are the Numidians who hold a vast Tract of Lybia as far as to the very Desarts But Agathocles tho' he was now by the help of his Confederates and the Valour of his own Army Conqueror over the Carthaginians yet being much concern'd for the Affairs of Sicily he built some open Vessels and Skiffs row'd with Fifty Oars apiece and put on board Two thousand Soldiers and loos'd from Africa with his whole Fleet towards Sicily leaving his Son Archagathus Chief Commander and Governor of Lybia While these things were acting Xenodocus General of the Agrigentines having freed Xenodocus routed in Sicily Ant. Ch. 305. many of the Cities and rais'd the hopes of the Sicilians that they should all be restor'd to their Ancient Liberties throughout the whole Island led out his Forces against Agathocles his Captains having with him above Ten thousand Foot and almost a Thousand Horse Leptines and Demophilus on the other hand having got together as great an Army as possibly they could out of Syracuse and the neighbouring Garrisons encamp'd against him with Eight thousand and Two hundred Foot and Twelve hundred Horse At length there was a sharp Engagement between the two Armies in which Xenodocus was routed and lost Fifteen hundred of his Men and was forc'd to fly to Agrigentum The Agrigentines weaken'd by this loss left off their Honourable Design and frustrated the hopes wherewith they had fill'd the Hearts of the Confederates Presently after the Battle Agathocles landed at Selinunt in Sicily and shortly forc'd the Heracleots who had regain'd their Liberty to stoop again to his Government Thence marching into another part of the Island he brought under the Thermites whose City was held by a Carthaginian Garrison and receiv'd Hostages of them Then he took Cephaloedium and made Leptines P. 763. Governor Then marching up into the heart of the Country he attempted to have enter'd Centorippa in the night by the help of a Faction he had in the City But the Treachery being discover'd the Garrison Soldiers fell in upon him and drave him out of the Town with the loss of above Five hundred of his Men. After this some of the Apolloniats sent to him and promis'd to deliver up their City whereupon he forthwith made thither But the Traitors being apprehended and punished he made nothing of it the Ant. Ch. 305. first Day but the next after many hardships and the loss of many of his Men he at length with much ado gain'd the place and putting multitudes of the Apelloniats to the Sword he gave the Town up to the plunder of his Soldiers While Agathocles was thus imploy'd Dinocrates the Captain of the Exiles reviv'd the prosecution of the former design of the Agrigentines and declar'd himself Protector of the Common Liberty and got together great numbers who came flocking in to him from all parts Some out of a natural love of Liberty and others out of fear of Agathocles were at his Devotion Having Agathocles 〈◊〉 in Sicily therefore now an Army of Twenty thousand Foot and Fifteen hundred Horse who were all accustom'd to the hadships and toils of Exiles he took the Field and dar'd Agathocles to a Battel But Agathocles being much inferior in number made a running Fight of it but Dinocrates still pressing close at his heels often gain'd several advantages * without D 〈…〉 Archagathus in Africa without any difficulty From this time forward things began to go backwards with Agathocles not only in Sicily but also in Africa For Archagathus left General there after his Father was gone sent a part of the Army into the Upper Countries under the Command of Eumachus and at first was successful for Eumachus took the great City Tocas and subdu'd many of the neighbouring Numidians Then he took another Town Ant. Ch. 305. call'd Phellina and subdu'd the bordering Inhabitants call'd Asphodelodians who are as black as the Aethiopians He gain'd likewise Maschala an exceeding large City anciently inhabited by the Greeks that planted there in their return from Troy as we have before related in the Third Book Afterwards he brought under the Citadel call'd the Troy Horse-Castle formerly taken by Agathocles The last Town he gain'd was Acris a Free City the Plunder of which he gave to his Soldiers and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves and so loaden with spoil return'd to Archagathus to the Camp His Name being now up for a brave and valiant Man he undertook another Expedition into the Higher Africa and passing by the places he had before lately taken he inconsiderately broke into the City call'd Mittines But the Barbarians coming upon him in a full Body in the Streets they so far prevail'd that unexpectedly they drave him out of the Town again with the loss of a great number of his Men. Thence he march'd away over an high Mountain Two hundred Furlongs in length full of Wild Cats there no kind of Birds bred either in Trees Holes or elsewhere because of the greedy nature of these Beasts Having pass'd over these Mountains he enter'd into a Country abounding
Italy and sold them to the Brutii And that the very Name of the Place should be extinguish'd and forgotten he call'd it Dic 〈…〉 lis and granted it for an Habitation to such Runagates as came over to him When he heard of the Murder of his Sons he was so enrag'd at them he had left behind His Cruelty a 〈…〉 Syracuse him in Africa that he sent some of his Friends to his Brother Antandrus at Syracuse with Oders that he should cut the Throats of all the Kindred and Relations of those that went over in the Carthaginian Expedition Who thereupon executing what he was Ant. Ch. 〈◊〉 commanded committed such Slaughters and Murders as were never at any time before For he not only hurried away to Destruction young Men in the prime of their Age as Brothers Fathers and Children but even Grandfathers and Great-Grandfathers if they happen'd then to be living tho' they had one Foot even in the Grave and could neither see nor hear through extremity of old Age Nay even Infants carri'd in Arms that were not sensible of any Harm design'd them before they felt it They dragg'd away likewise to Execution Women whether they were Servants or Kindred to them in Africa and whoever else that by their Death might be occasion of Grief and Sorrow to them So that while a vast number of Persons of all Ages and Sexes were hal'd away to Execution at the Sea-shore where the Butchers stood ready for them Tears earnest Intreaties upon their Knees and wo 〈…〉 Lamentations appear'd every where both from them that were butcher'd and from others who so far compassionated the sad Condition of their Neighbours that their Hearts were as full of Grief as theirs who were just ready to die And that which was the most grievous of all was That after so great a Slaughrer and that the 〈…〉 lses lay cast forth upon the Shoar neither Kinsman nor Friend durst bury them lest any of them should be thought Related to them that were dead The Multitude of them that were murder'd upon the Shoar was such that the Sea was did with 〈…〉 od a long way off which presented to the Eye at a great distance the Horridness of that barbarous Cruelty CHAP. IV. Antigonus his March into Egypt A Tempest near Raphia where he lost some of his Ships He returns into Syria Dinocrates prevails in Sicily Agathocles is willing to resign his Government but Dinocrates stands off What was done in Italy Antigonus his War with the Rhodians Rhodes besieg'd by Demetrius Agathocles routs Dinocrates his great Army with a few Men. His Cruelty to those that submitted upon Terms where he butchers Seven thousand Dinocrates in Favour with Agathocles and betrays all the Confederates What was done in Italy THE Year following Corybus was chief Magistrate at Athens and Quintus Martius Olymp. 118. 3. Ant. Ch. 304. and Publius Cornelius were created Consuls at Rome About that time King Antigonus buri'd his youngest Son with Royal Pomp and Splendour and calling home Demetrius out of Cyprus commanded his whole Army to meet at his new City Antigonia for he purpos'd to march from thence into Aegypt Wherefore leading the Foot himself he pass'd through Coelo-Syria having an Army of Fourscore thousand Foot and above Eight Antigonus his March into Aegypt Ant. Ch. 304. P. 771. thousand Horse and Fourscore and three Elephants He made Demetrius Admiral of his Fleet giving him order to keep close to the Shoar in sight of the Land-Army having in all a Hundred and fifty fighting Ships and a Hundred more of Burden wherein was an infinite store of Arms of all sorts And when the Pilots told him That they were to stay till the setting of the Seven Stars which would be the * About the begin 〈◊〉 of April Eighth Day from thence he condemn'd them for being too Timorous Coming to Gaza and purposing to fall upon Ptolemy before he was provided for him he commanded his Soldiers to take with them Ten Days Victual and getting together Camels out of Arabia he loaded on them a Hundred and thirty thousand Bushels of Wheat and infinite store of Hay upon other Beasts 13 Myriads of Medimnas every Medimna 18 Galions of Carriage and carrying his Munition on Carts went through the Desart not without some Trouble to the Army for that they met with sundry Fens and dirty Places by the way especially about the Place call'd Barathra Demetrius loosing from Gaza in the dead of Night was for many Days together becalm'd so that the lighter Ships were fain to tow the Ships of Burden after them with Ropes But after this and as soon as the Seven Stars were set a Northerly Wind arose and fell upon them with which many of the Ships with four Tire of Oars apiece were driven on shoar near to the City Rhaphia where was no commodious Landing for them But of those which carry'd the Artillery some of Tempest them were sunk and the rest recover'd Gaza again Yet some of the best of them bare up and came under the Promontory of Cassius That Foreland is not far distant from the River Nile but is no place fit for Shipping especially if any Tempest be there is no coming near it Wherefore every Ship dropping two Anchors apiece two Furlongs off from Land were fain to ride it out in a huge Sea in the midst of a Thousand Dangers for the Fury of the Waves was such that the great Danger was lest both Men and Ships should sink down together and because there was no fit Landing place and likewise for Ant. Ch. 304. that the Shoar was guarded by the Enemy the Vessels could neither make to Land nor any swim out without extream Hazard But that which was most grievous was That they had spent all their fresh Water and were Reduc'd to that extremity of Want that had the Tempest lasted but one day longer they must all necessarily have perish'd for very Thirst But in this great Extremity of theirs and when they expected nothing but Death the Storm ceas'd Antigonus with his Army coming to the place there encamp'd and the weather-beaten Men came ashoar and refresh'd themselves in the Camp and waited for the Ships that were separated from them by the Storm Nevertheless there were lost in this Tempest Three Ships of Five Tires of Oars apiece out of which some Men escap'd alive to Land For hence Antigonus remov'd and sate down with his Army Two Furlongs off from the River Nile But Ptolemy having Mann'd all the Bank of the River with strong Garisons sent some in River-Boats with Commands that going as near the further Bank as safely they could they should there proclaim That if any of Antigonus his Army would come to him he would give him if a common Soldier * Two Pounds i. e. 6l 5s of ours Two Minas if a Captain a Talent No sooner was this Proclamation made but a Multitude of Antigonus his Men which
serv'd him for Pay grew very desirous to be gone yea and some of his Captains too for that and some other Reasons had a mind to go also But when Antigonus perceiv'd that a multitude of his Men were flying away from him he dispos'd Archers and Slingers and other Engines of War upon the Shore to keep them from flying over the Water in Boats and some he lighted on that ran away and Ant. Ch. 304. those he put to horrible Torments to deter others from the like Antigonus gathering together his Ships that came in after the Tempest though late to him went to a Place call'd Pseudostomon thinking there to have Landed some of his Men But he found a strong Garison and was beaten off with Bows and Slings and other Engines P. 772. of War The Night therefore drawing on he went his way giving Order to the Masters of every Ship to follow the Admiral 's Lanthorn and to make to the Mouth of the River Nile which is called Phagneticum But the next Morning finding that many of his Ships had lost their way he was forc'd to come to Anchor there and to send away the swiftest Ships he had to seek them out The time thus spent and protracted Ptolemy being advertis'd of the approach of the Enemy came in speedily to the Relief of his Men and rang'd his Army all along the Shore Whereupon Demetrius finding no possibility of Landing here neither and being inform'd that the Country adjoining was naturally fenc'd with Fens and Moorish Grounds set sail and return'd But as he was going the Wind struck up to the North and with a mighty Tempest drove three of his Ships of Four Tire of Oars and some others of his Transport Ships upon the Shore all which came into Ptolemy's hand the rest with much ado recover'd Antigonus his Camp Now Ptolemy had plac'd strong Garisons at every one of the Mouths of the River Nile and had an infinite Number of River-Boats every Ant. Ch. 304. where ready stor'd with Darts and Slings and Men which knew well how to use them which greatly vex'd and troubled Antigonus For the Mouth of the River at Pelusium being strongly guarded by Ptolemy he could make no use of his Ships at all and for the Land Forces they were not able to do any thing because of the height of the River and that which was worse with his long Lying both Food for Men and Fodder for Cattle began to grow low Wherefore Antigonus seeing his Army to hang the Head Antigonus returns into Syria call'd them all together and propounded it to the Captains Whether of the two were best to stay and Fight it out now or to return into Syria for the present and to return again better provided and when the Waters should be lower And when every Man's Voice was to be gone he had his Soldiers truss up their Trinkets and so with his Navy keeping still along the Shore by them he return'd into Syria Ptolemy growing glad at heart that the Enemy was thus gone offer'd Sacrifice to his Gods for this great Deliverance and made withal a most magnificent Feast for his Nobles and wrote away Letters to Seleucus Lysimachus and Cassander of his prosperous Success informing them likewise how a Multitude of Antigonus his Men had fled over to him This was 19 Years from the Death of Alexder And now having rescu'd as it were Aegypt a second time and gotten it by his Sword judging therefore he might lawfully reckon it as his own he return'd to Alexandria While these things thus pass'd in Aegypt * See Aelian Var. Hister L 9. C. 13. the Fatness of this Man Ant. Ch. 304. Dionysius the Tyrant of Heraclca in Pontus dy'd having reign'd Thirty two Years And his Sons Zathras and Clearchus succeeding him reign'd Seventeen years In the mean time Agathocles visited all the Cities in Sicily that were under his Command filling them with Garisons and poling them for Money For the Man was in a terrible Fright lest when he should fall under a Cloud they should recover their Liberty by Force of Arms. About that time Pasiphilus the General hearing of the Death of Agathocles his Sons Dinocrates prevails in Sicily and the rout of his Forces in Lybia had the Tyrant in Contempt And falling off to Dinocrates join'd in Confederacy with him and being possess'd of the Cities which were before committed to his Care and Trust he entic'd and drew off the Army then under his Command from the Tyrant by fair Promises and hopes of mighty things Agathocles therefore being now every where disappointed and frustrated of his Hopes was so far dejected that he sent an Agent to Dinocrates and offer'd to make Peace with P. 773. him upon these Conditions viz. That he would lay down his Sovereignty and restore Syracuse to the Citizens and that Dinocrates should be no longer in Exile so that he would deliver up two Castles Tharma and Cepaloedium together with their adjoining Territories to Agathocles Here some may justly admire how it came to pass that Agathocles who was at all other times and in all other things Resolute and Obstinate and never in the least discourag'd when his Condition was most Desperate should be now so dastardly as to be willing to give up all into the Enemy's hands without striking a stroke for the obtaining and compassing of which he had fought so many and great Battels And that which is Ant. Ch. 304. the strangest of all was that he who was yet Lord of Syracuse and of many other Cities and had a considerable Navy at Sea and an Army at Land should become so Weak-headed as not to remember any thing of that which hapned to Dionysius for when he was reduc'd to most miserable Streights and to that degree of fear of those Mischiefs that hung over his Head as that he was altogether hopeless of retaining his Principality and was upon the very Point of mounting his Horse and â—lying away from Syracuse Heloris one of the ancientest of his Noblemen to put a stop to his Carreer said to him The Sepulchre of a King is honourable And the like to this is what his Father-in-Law Megacles said to him that He who is depriv'd of a Kingdom should part with it so as if forc'd from between his very Thighs and not as one making a voluntary Abdication By which serious admonitions Dionysius was so encourag'd that he went through all courageously though they seem'd never so terrible and afterwards mightily enlarg'd his Dominion and continu'd in this height of Prosperity till he was old leaving the greatest Principality in Europe to his Children But Agathocles not in the least incourag'd by any of these Considerations nor considering the vanity of Humane Confidence and Expectations by what he had learnt by his own Experience set to Sale so great a Principality for a trifle But yet the Proposals took no effect for though Agathocles would willingly
bound together by Plates of Iron In the middle part he plac'd strong Planks of Timber a Cubit distance one from another for those that forc'd the Engine forward to stand upon The whole was mov'd upon Eight strong and large Wheels whos 's Felloes were Two Cubit thick cover'd with strong Iron Plates Thwart over the Spokes were contriv'd * Instruments to turn the Engine P. 780. Antistâ—â—pta's to turn about the Engine in a trice when ever they pleas'd At every corner of the Machine were Pillars rais'd little less than a hundred Cubits high every one of an equal length so compacted together as that the whole Machine was Nine Stories high In the first were Three and forty Beds and in the highest Nine The three sides of the Engine were lin'd on the outside with Iron Plates fastn'd with Nails to prevent all damage from Fire that might be shot or cast from the City In every Story at the Front were made Loop-holes proportionable and in shape to the nature of the Artillery that was thence to be discharged To these were Shutters fastn'd to the Engine to draw up for the better defence of them within that threw the Darts for they were lin'd with Skins stuff'd with Wooll to deaden the force of the Stone-shot Every Story was furnish'd with two Ant. Ch. 30â— large Ladders that whatever was necessary might be brought in to them at one and the same time by one while others were going down upon other occasions by the other that so every thing might be dispatcht without tumult and confusion There were chosen out of the whole Army the strongest Men to the number of Three thousand and four hundred to move the Engine forward of whom some from within and others plac'd behind so forc'd it forward that Art and Strength together much facilitated the motion He mad also * Artificial Covers over Mens Heads made of strong Timber covered over with raw S 〈…〉 Testudo's by some to fill up Trenches and Ditches and with others to bring up Battering Rams He made likewise Galleries through which they that were imploy'd might pass and repass with safety at their pleasure By the help and assistance likewise of the Seamen he plain'd and laid even all the way along which the Engines were to be brought up to the space of Four Furlongs so that the breadth of the Work fac'd as much of the City-Wall as consisted of Six Divisions between the Turrets and of Seven of the Turrets themselves The multitude of Artificers and Workmen that were got together were no less than Thirty thousand Men. Every thing therefore through multitude of hands being perfected and compleated sooner than could be imagin'd Demetrius became a Terror to the Rhodians for not only the greatness of the Engines and the multitude of Men but the Valour and Diligence of the King in carrying on of Sieges amaz'd them Ant. Ch. 302. for he was extraordinary ingenious in invention and contriv'd many things beyond all the Art and Industry of the Artificers whence he got the Name of * Poliorches 〈◊〉 Poliorches for he was so fierce and violent in his Assaults that no Wall seem'd to be so strong as to be a sufficient Defence to the Besieg'd against him And besides he was so Tall and Beautiful that he look'd like a Demy God insomuch as those who came to him but as Guests and Strangers and saw his Gracely Meen cloath'd with Royal Majesty they were struck with Admiration and would often attend upon him in his Expeditions meerly to have the satisfaction in looking at him Moreover he was of an high and noble Spirit that scorn'd not only to stoop to the common sort but even to Princes themselves And that which was most strange and peculiar only to himself was in times of Peace he was given to Drukenness and Banqueting to Dancing and Rioting and would imitate even the Manners of Bacchus himself such as is fabulously reported he us'd to practise when he was upon Earth But in times of War he was very active and serious insomuch as he went beyond all the rest both as to his Head and Hand when any thing was to be done For in his time and by his contrivance were made the greatest Darts and such sort of Engines as far exceeded all other Nations in the World And after this Siege and his Father's Death he launch'd forth the greatest Ships that ever were before seen In the mean time the Rhodians perceiving how the Enemy's Works went on built another Wall within answerable to that which was now presently to be Assaulted and to this purpose they us'd the Stones that Wall'd in the Theater and pull'd down some neighbouring Houses and some Temples for the same purpose vowing to the Gods to build larger and fairer Ant. Ch. 302. P. 781. The Acts of the Rhodian Sea-Captains if the City were preserv'd They sent out likewise Nine Ships and commanded the Captains that infesting every part and surprizing what Ships they could they should sink some of those they took and bring in others into the City Harbour These Captains divided their Squadron into three parts Damophilus with the Ships which the Rhodians call'd * Guard Ships Phalacidae sail'd to * Carpathus an Island between Rhodes and Creete now Scarpanto Carpathus were surprizing many of Demetrius's Fleet he sunk some and burnt others that were drawn up upon the Shoar making choice of such Prisoners as might be most useful and serviceable and many Ships that were carrying Corn and other Fruits out of the Island he brought away with him into his own Country Menedemus who commanded three small * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gallies betwixt two and three Tire of Oars made for Patara and Lycia and there found a Ship at Anchor and burnt her all her Men being before gone off to Land He took likewise many of the Enemies Transport Ships which carry'd Provisions to their Camp and sent them to Rhodes He took also a Ship of Four Tire of Oars coming out of Cilicia which carry'd a Royal Robe and other rich Furniture which Phila Demetrius his Wife had curiously wrought and had sent as a Present to her Husband He order'd the Garments to be convey'd into Egypt for they were Purple Robes fit for none to wear but Kings but the Ship he took away with him and sold all the Seamen he had taken both out of the Galley of four Tire of Oars and other Vessels Amyntas who commanded the other Ships sailed to the Islands and Ant. Ch. 302. falling in with some of the Enemy that were conveying away something of use for the Engines he sunk some of the Ships and brought in others to the City in which were taken Eleven famous Artificers most expert Artists in making of Darts and Engines After this was call'd a General Assembly wherein it was propos'd that the Statues of Antigonus and Demetrius should be pull'd down affirming that
as Demetrius should make Choice of except such as were Magistrates And thus the Rhodians after a whole Year's Siege put an end to the War honouring those with just Rewards who had approv'd themselves honest and faithful to their Country and such Slaves as had behav'd themselves stoutly and valiantly they set free and enroll'd them as Members of the City They set up likewise the Statues of the Kings Ptolemy Cassander and Lysimachus and of some others inferiour to them yet who had contributed much to the Preservation of the Place But that they might express their Gratitude Ant. Ch. 302. and Thankfulness to Ptolemy above all the rest they sent some of their Priests to consult the Oracles of Ammon whether they should worship Ptolemy as a God or no And being answer'd That they should they consecrated to him a Four-square Grove in their P. 785. City building on every side thereof a Gallery of a Furlong in length and call'd it Ptolemeum or Ptolemy's Gallery They repair'd also the Theatre and the Parts of the Walls that were thrown down and made them and all the other Places that had been ruin'd far more Beautiful and Glorious than they were before Demetrius having ratifi'd the Peace with the Rhodians according to his Father's Commands loos'd from thence with his whole Army and passing by the Islands he arriv'd at Aulis in Boeotia minding with all speed to set the Grecians at Liberty for Cassander and Polysperchon grown bold through the absence of the Enemy had not long before wasted and harrass'd many Parts of Greece And first of all he freed the City of the Calcideans from a Garison of the Boeotians and forc'd the Boeotians out of fear of him to fall off from their League with Cassander Afterwards confederating with the Aetolians he prepar'd to make War upon Polysperchon and Cassander During these Transactions Eumelus the King of Bospherus Cimmerius having now reign'd Vid. antea Olymp. 17. 3. how he di'd Ant. Ch. 302. Six Years ended his Days after whom succeeded Sparticus his Son who reign'd Twenty Years Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece and Asia we shall pass over to other Parts of the World In Sicily Agathocles on a sudden and without any Provocation invaded the Inhabitants Agathocles robs the Liparians of the Lipari Islands being then in full and perfect Peace and Security and exacted from them Fifty Talents of Silver At which time many thought that 't was then spoken from a Divine Spirit when 't was said That God would remarkably pursue him for his Wickedness The Liparians then desir'd him that he would give some time to make up the Money that was short declaring that to that time they never made use of the Dedicated Treasure But Agathocles forc'd him to give him the Money that was in the * In the Prytaneum Sacred Treasury Upon some of which was stamp'd the Image of Aeolus and upon others Vulcan and when he had got it he set sail and away he went But there arose a Storm that broke in pieces Eleven of the Ships that carry'd the Money Which gave occasion to many to conclude that Aeolus who is said to have Command of the Winds in those Parts executed Vengeance upon him at his first setting forth And that Vulcan at his latter end punish'd the Tyrant in his own Country according to the just Desert of his Wickedness burning him alive with hot Coals For it was one and the same Justice and Divine Will that forbore and pass'd over those that sav'd and preserv'd their Parents at the Foot of Mount Aetna and that exerted his Power in punishing those that had impiously prophan'd the Deity But what is now said concerning the Return and Misfortunes of Agathocles shall be further Ant. Ch. 302. confirm'd when we come to the Time proper for that Relation but now we must apply our selves to what was done in those Parts of Italy that lay bordering one upon another The Romans and Samnites after a War of Two and twenty Years and Six Months continuance by their mutual Ambassadors at length made Peace one with another But Sempronius one of the Consuls broke into the Country of the Aequi and took Forty Towns in Forty Days time at the most and bringing the whole Country into absolute Subjection to the Roman Yoke return'd home and most worthily and gloriously triumph'd But the Romans enter into a League with the Marsi Peligni and Marrycini When the former Year was ended Leostratus was chosen Chief Magistrate of Athens for this succeeding and Servius Cornelius and Lucius Genucius were created consuls at Rome Olymp. 119. 2. Ant. Ch. 301. In the time of whose Governments Demetrius resolv'd to make War upon Cassander and to restore Liberty to the Grecians and above all other Concerns to put the Affairs of Demetrius 〈◊〉 the Cities in Greece at Liberty Greece into a good and happy Condition because he hop'd by the Liberty granted thereby both to advance his own Reputation as also to break those Captains of Cassander's as were join'd with Prepalaus and that by falling upon Cassander he should gain the Sovereign Power to himself The City of Sicyon was then held by a Garison of Ptolemy the King of which Philip a brave and gallant Man was Governor upon this Place Demetrius P. 786. made a sudden Attack in the Night and broke in within the Walls whereupon the Garison Soldiers presently hurri'd into the Castle Demetrius being now possess'd of the Town posted himself between the Houses and the Cittadel and being just upon the point of bringing up his Engines they within were so terrify'd that they surrender'd upon Terms and then sail'd away into Aegypt Afterwards having prevail'd with the Sicyons to remove and settle themselves within the Castle he laid that part of the City that adjoin'd to the Haven even to the Ground which was a Place before every way strongly fortify'd Then joining with the Inhabitants and helping them to build * In the Cittadel Houses and restoring them to their former Liberty he was honour'd by these he had thus oblig'd as a Demi-God for they call'd the City Demetriades and appointed Sacrifices Festivals and Sports with other Honours to be Yearly celebrated and offer'd in Memory of him as the Builder of their City But Time and Turns of Fortune put an end to these Solemnities The Sicyons therefore being fix'd in a far better Place than they were before have continu'd there from that very time to this day For the Site of the Citadel is large and Plain compass'd in on every side with inaccessible Rocks so as no Engine can possibly approach or come near it It 's furnish'd likewise with plenty of Water by which the Inhabitants greatly inrich their Gardens and Orchards And therefore all approv'd the Wisdom and ingenious Contrivance of the King that had provided for them every Ant. Ch. 301. thing conducing to their Pleasure
their great Men of War and 60 other long Gallies The Romans beaten again at Sea and disabled 13. After the Fight the Carthaginians sail'd to the River Alycus and there took care of their wounded Men. In the mean time Junius the Consul not knowing what was done loos'd from Messina with 36 long Gallies and many Ships of Burden and having pass'd Pachynus and gain'd the Port of Phintiades upon Intelligence of what had happen'd he was amaz'd and the Carthaginians making up upon him with their whole Navy he burnt 12 of the most useless of his own Ships and sail'd with the rest towards Syracuse hoping to be secur'd by Hiero. But near Camarina a Storm arose which drave him upon the Shallows and Rocks the Winds being very fierce and boistrous But the Carthaginians having recover'd Pachynus anchor'd in a safe and secure Harbour The Romans being thus distress'd lost all their Transport Sips of Corn and Provision and A Storm upon the Romans who lost 105 Gallies and all their Transport-Ships 105 long Gallies so that there were only two that escap'd and most of their Men perish'd Junius with those two and those Men that were preserv'd came to the Camp at * Now call'd Marsala Lilybeum He surpriz'd Erix in the night and wall'd Aegothalus which is now call'd Acellus and put in there a Garrison of 800 Men. But when Carthalo had intelligence that the Places about Eryx were possess'd by the Enemy he wasted thither a considerable Body of Men in the night and assaulted the Garrison of Agothalus and took the Castle and so succeeding in his Design some he put to the Sword and the rest fled to Eryx where was a Garrison of 3000 Men. In the first Sea-fight the Romans lost 35000 Men and as many were taken Prisoners 11. In the Territory of Catana there was a Castle call'd Italium which was assaulted by Barcas the Carthaginian For the Counsels and Stratagems of the Commanders being communicated to their Friends were discover'd by some Deserters to the Enemy which terrifi'd the Soldiers and possess'd them with an expectation of some imminent Danger But Barcas arriving there in the night landed his Men and was the first that led them to Eryx which was 30 Stages distant and took the City and put most of them to the Sword and those that surviv'd he remov'd to * Now call'd Trapano Drapanum Always and in every Concern it 's known by Experience that the Observance of good Rule and Order has produc'd many good and great Effects 12. But Calatinus the Consul sail'd into Sicily with 300 long Gallies and other Shipping to the number of 1000 in the whole and cast Anchor at the Mart-Town of the Eryceans Hanno likewise arriv'd * Hieronesus Polyb. l. 1. one of the Lypari Islands near Sicily dedicated to Aeolus and Vulcan in the Sacred Island from Carthage with 250 long Gallies and other Ships of Burden thence he came to Eryx The Romans fell on and a sharp and obstinate Engagement there was on both sides in which the Carthaginians lost 117 Ships and among those 20 with all their Men. But the Romans 80 30 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for their own Charge and Expence and 50 to divide for Spoil and 6000 Prisoners as Philinus reports but as others 4040 the rest of the Fleet got safe with a fair Wind to Carthage For Valour signifi'd nothing when the Fleet was so dispers'd that it had no body to fly unto but was by the Sea as it were deliver'd up into the hands of the Enemy So * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that after the War had continu'd between the Romans and the Carthaginians for the space of 24 years and Lilybeum had been besieg'd 10 years a Peace was concluded The end of the first Punick War Olymp. 134. Ant. Ch. 240. Out of the 25th BOOK 1. EPicurus the Philosopher in his Book call'd Maximus saith That a Righteous Life is void of all Trouble and Disturbance but an Unrighteous nothing but Trouble and Sorrow * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It contains much Matter in brief and certain Sentences tending greatly to the Reformation of the Manners and Lives of Men For Injustice is the greatest of all Evils involving not only private Men but that we may sum up all at once Nations Kings and Kingdoms in most miserable Calamities For the Spaniards gall them of the Baleary Islands Africans Carthaginians and Ligureans join'd with them of Carthage And This was the great Rebellion in Africk against Carthage and Matho and Spendius which War continu'd three year Vid. Polyb l. 1. the Slaves whose Parents were Grecians on one side who also rebell'd Then it was perfectly learnt by Experience how far the Diligence of an expert Commander excell'd the blind and heady Vulgar and the rash and ignorant Conduct of a rude Common Soldier So excellent a thing is Modesty in Commanding that it enjoins nothing beyond the Power of Men. But after their departure out of Sicily the Carthaginian Mercenaries rose up in Arms against them for these Reasons They were unreasonable and excessive in their Demands for the Horses and Men which they had lost in Sicily And they were in War one with another 4 Years and as many Months But at length they were put to Death by Barcas the General who had likewise perform'd notable Service in Sicily against the Romans 2. But Amilcar the Carthaginian General in a short time enlarg'd the Bounds of his Country for he advanc'd with his Fleet as far as to the Pillars of Hercules and the * Now Cadiz or Cales in the Streights Gades This City is a Colony of the Phenicians lying in the farthest Corner of the Earth on the Sea side and hath an Haven Having subdu'd the Iberians and the Tartesians with Istolotius Tarseites of Tarseium A City near Hercules Pillars in the Streights now not in being the General of the Celtae and his Brother he put most of them to the Sword amongst Amilcar overcomes Indortes the Prince of â—he Celtae These Celtae a People of Spain Indortes Crucify'd whom were the Two Brothers and several other Honourable Persons And he receiv'd into his own Army 3000 of them that were prisoners But Endortâ—s got again together 50000 Men but fled before he engag'd and betook himself to an high Hill where being beset and blockt up by Amilcar he fled away again in the night and most of his Army were cut off Indortes himself at length fell into the Enemies hands and Amilcar put out his Eies and then with many Scoffs and Scorns Crucify'd him But he discharg'd above 10000 other prisoners and took in many Cities some by fâ—ir Promises and persuasions and others by force Then Asdrubal the Son of Amilcar being sent by his Father-in-law to Carthage against the Numidians who had rebell'd against the Carthaginians kill'd 8000 and took 2000 prisoners The rest were subdu'd and brought under Tribute
vehement Inflammation and a great Swelling at the bottom of her Belly which increas'd to that degree that it brought her into a violent Feaver The Physitians conceiv'd that it was an Ulcer about the neck of the Matrix Refrigerating Medicines and Plaisters therefore were apply'd to bring down and cool those hot burning Tumors upon the Seventh day the Humour burst and out started from the Privy Parts of Heraides a Man's Yard with the Testicles compleat This hapned when neither Physitian nor any other Stranger was present but only the Mother and Two Servants who with the strangeness of the thing were struck into a Maze However they made it their Care and Business to cure her and kept all private to themselves And when she was recover'd she still wore a Womans Habit and manag'd the Affairs of the House as Wives use to do But those who were privy to what had hapned suspected her to be an Hermaphrodite And so tho' formerly in carnal Embraces with her Husband there might be no natural copulation yet she had been seen frequently to have the carnal knowledge of Women In the mean time while all things were kept secret Semiades returns and demands his Wife as was very fit and reasonable And being continually urgent and pressing for the society of his Wife the Father refus'd and yet was asham'd to declare the reason which occasion'd great dissention so far as that the Husband resolv'd to sue the Father for his Wife So that this wonder was expos'd to the publick view like a Play upon the Stage by the means of a criminal Accusation The Person contended for was present in Court when the Matter was Banded to and fro on either parties behalf Upon which the Judges were in doubt whether the Power and Authority of the Husband over the Wife should be preferr'd before that of the Father over the Daughter At length when they were ready to give Sentence that the Wife should abide with her Husband she discover'd the truth of the whole matter and with great boldness and assurance of Mind threw off her feign'd Habit and discover'd her self to be a Man to all that were there present and in a surly manner utter'd these words Can any compel one Man to Marry another Upon which all were amaz'd and set up a shout of Admiration at the strangeness of the thing Heraides being now discover'd afterwards as is reported chang'd her Womans Attire and put on the Habit of a young Man And it 's likewise said that the Physitians when they saw those parts of the Woman judg'd that the nature of the Male lay hid in the Womb of the Female in a place in shape like an Egg and that in the thin skarf or skin that wrap'd about the Yard was an unusual hole through which the Urine pass'd And that therefore they declar'd that the place first being pierc'd and made like an hollow pipe should be turn'd into a green Wound and at length brought to a Scab and when the Yard was reduc'd to it's proper shape that sutable Remedies should be apply'd for the cure of the Patient Heraides was afterwards call'd Diophantus and serv'd in the King's Camp in a Regiment of Horse and then resided with the King at Abas At that time therefore was Alexander ' s Camp the meaning of the Oracle understood which was before dark and obscure when the King came to Abbas where this Hermaphrodite was Born It 's reported that Semiades at length through love he bore to her upon the account of their former familiarity and through shame of his unnatural Marriage was able to bear up no longer but after he had left all his Goods to Diophantus and made him his Heir broke his Heart and died So she that had been a Woman carry'd it with the courage of a Man and he that was ever a Man appear'd to be more pusillanimous than any Woman The like to this fell out about 30 Years after in the City of * In Peloponnesus Epidaurus There was a young Maid in Epidaurus as the report goes an Orphan whose name was Callo This Maid had no passage in her privy parts but about the Pecten there was a place like an issue through which the Urine pass'd ever from the time of her Birth When she came to a mature Age she was Married to one of the Citizens with whom she liv'd two Years and tho' she was not capable of natural Embraces as a Woman yet she was forc'd to endure those that were preternatural or besides nature But afterwards a Tumor arose near the Pecten which put her to exceeding torment so that many Physitians were sent for to consult together and all despair'd of Curing her But an Apothecary undertook the Cure and made an incision in the place whence came forth a Mans Yard with Testicles but solid without any passage And when all were amaz'd at the strangeness of the thing the Apothecary suppli'd the parts with what was deficient First he made an incision into the end of the Yard and pierc'd it even to the Uretor and thrusting down a small silver * Probe Instrument brought away the Urin and other excrementitious humours But the place where the Issue was he first turn'd into a green Wound and then heal'd it up Having perform'd this extraordinary Cure he demanded a double reward For he said he had undertaken to Cure a sick Woman and had now set right a young Man Callo hereupon laid aside her Wheel and other effeminate Imployments and took upon her the Name of Callon adding only the last Letter N to her former Name Some say that before her Transformation she was the Priestess of Ceres and because she shew'd to Men those things that were not to be seen this judgment fell upon her for her Prophaness They report that at Naples and several other places the like hath happen'd not that the two Sexes of Man and Woman are really form'd by Nature in two several shapes for that is impossible but that Nature is deceiv'd in fashioning the Members of the Body to the amazement and deceit of the beholders We have therefore judg'd these strange Events which are brought down to us both by Writings and Traditions worthy to be taken notice of in respect both of their pleasure and profit to the readers For many looking upon such things as these as Monsters in Nature are thereby infected with a kind of Superstition Not only private Men but whole Cities and Nations For it 's reported that a little before the beginning of the Martian War there dwelt an Italian near Rome who having Marry'd such a one as is before describ'd complain'd to the Senate upon which they out of a fond Superstition and perswaded thereunto by the Truscan Augures order'd the Hermaphrodite to be burnt And thus they say this poor Creature was most unjustly doom'd to destruction and was ignorantly judg'd a Monster because she had some resemblance of both Sexes And not
and the other Jews to eat Swines flesh When Antiochus his Friends had debated and considered of these things they were very earnest with him to root out the whole Nation or at least that he would abrogate their Laws and compel them to change their former manner of living and conversation But the King being of a generous Spirit and mild disposition receiv'd Hostages and pardon'd the Jews But demolish'd the Walls of Jerusalem and took the Tribute that was due 2. The Affairs of Sicily after the overthrow of Carthage having continu'd succesful Olymp. 161. 2. Ant. Ch. 133. The Servile War in Sicily and prosperous for the space of 60 Years at length broke out the servile War upon the following occasions The Sicilians through the enjoyment of a long Peace being grown very Rich brought up abundance of Slaves who being driven in Droves like so many Herds of Cattle from the several places where they were Bred and brought up were stigmatiz'd with certain Marks burnt into their Bodies Those that were Young they us'd for Shepherds others for such services as they had occasion But their Masters were very rigid and severe with them and took no care to provide either necessary food or raiment for them insomuch as that most of them were forc'd to Rob and Steal to get necessaries So that all places were full of slaughters and murders as if an Army of Thieves and Robbers had been dispers'd all over the Island The Governours of the Provinces to say the truth did what they could to suppress them But because they durst not punish them in regard their Masters who had the sole Command and Power over their Servants were Rich and Men in Authority every Governor in his several Province was forc'd to connive at the thefts and rapines that were committed For many of the Masters being Roman Knights and Judges of the accusations brought before the Praetors were a Terror even to the Governors themselves The Slaves therefore being in this distress and vilely beaten and scourg'd beyond all reason were now resolv'd not to bear any longer Therefore meeting together from time to time as they had opportunity they consulted how to free themselves from the Yoke of Servitude they lay under till at length they really executed what they had before agreed upon There was a Syrian a Servant of Antigenes of Enna born in the City of * Apanea a Magitian and Conjurer He pretended to tell future Events or Fortunes discover'd to him as he said by the Gods in his Dreams and impos'd upon many by this kind of practice Then he proceeded further and not only foretold things to come reveal'd to him in Dreams but pretended that he saw the Gods when he was awake and they declar'd to him what was to come to pass And tho' he thus juggled and play'd the fool yet by chance many things afterwards prov'd true And whereas those things which never happen'd were by none censur'd but those which did come to pass were every where applauded he grew more and more into esteem At length by some trick of Art or other he would breath flames of Fire out at his Mouth as from a burning Lamp and so would prophecy as if he had been at that time inspir'd by Apollo For he put Fire with some combustible marter to feed it into a Nut-shell or some such thing bor'd through on both sides then putting it into his Mouth and forcing his Breath upon it there would issue out both sparks and flames of Fire G Before the defection this Juggler boasted that the Goddess Syria had appear'd to him and told him that he should Reign and this he declar'd not only to others but often to his own Master The thing being become a common jest and subject of laughter Antigenes was so taken with this jest and ridiculous conceit of the Man he took Eunus for so he was call'd with him to Feasts and Repasts and several questions being put to him concerning the Kingdom he was ask'd how he would deal with every one that was there present at the Table He readily went on with his story and told them that he would be very kind to his Masters and like a Conjurer using many monstrous Magical terms and expressions he set all the Guests a laughing upon which some of them as a reward gave him large Messes from the Table desiring him to remember their kindness when he came to his Kingdom But all this jesting came at length really to end in the advancing of him to the Kingdom and all those who at the Feasts by way of ridicule had been kind to him he rewarded in earnest But the beginning of the defection was in this manner There was one Damophilus of Enna a Man by reason of his Wealth of a great Spirit but of a proud and haughty disposition This Man above all measure was cruel and severe to his Servants and his Wife Megallis strove to exceed her Husband in all kind of cruelty and inhumanity towards the Slaves Upon this they that had been thus cruelly us'd were inrag'd like wild Beasts and plotted together to rise in Arms and cut the Throats of their Masters To this end they appli'd themselves to Eunus and desir'd to know of him whether the Gods would succeed them in their design He incouraging them declar'd that they should prosper in what they had in hand using according to his former manner Conjuring words and expressions and charging them to be speedy in their Execution Whereupon they forthwith rais'd a Body of 400 Slaves and upon the first opportunity oh a sudden broke in Arm'd into the City Enna led by their Captain Eunus by his juggling tricks flaming out Fire at his Mouth Then entring the Houses they made so great a slaughter as that they spar'd not even the sucking Children but pluckt them violently from their The cruelty of the Slaves Mothers Breasts and dash'd them against the Ground It cannot be express'd how vilely and filthily for the satisfying of their Lusts they us'd Mens Wives in the very presence of their Husbands With these Villains join'd a multitude of Slaves that were in the City and first executed their rage and cruelty upon their Masters and then fell a murdering others In the mean time Eunus heard that Damophilus and his Wife were in some Orchards near the City he sent therefore some of his rabble thither who brought them with their Hands ty'd upon their Backs loading them all along the Way as they past with scoffs and scorns only they declar'd that they would be kind in every respect to his Daughter for her pity and compassion towards the Servants and her readiness always to be helpful to them They that were sent for Damophilus and Megallis his Wife to the City brought them into the Theatre whither all the Rabble that made a defection flockt There Damophilus pleading earnestly for his Life and moving many with what he said Hermias and Zexis loaded
him with many bitter accusations and call'd him a Cheat and Dissembler and not waiting what would be determin'd by the People concerning him the one ran him through with a Sword and the other cut of his Head with an Ax. Then they made Damophilus cruelly murther'd Eunus King not for his Valour or Skill in Martial affairs but upon the account of his extraordinary Art in Juggling and that he was the Head and Author of the Defection and for that his Name seem'd to portend and to be a good Omen that he would be * Eunus signifying in Greek kind kind to his Subjects Being therefore made General with absolute Power to order and dispose of all things as he pleas'd an Assembly was call'd and he put all the Prisoners to death except such as were skilful in making of Arms whom he forth with set on Work as for Megallis he delivered her up to the will of the Women Slaves to take their revenge of Megallis murther'd her as they thought fit Who after they had whipp'd and tormented her threw her down a steep precipice And Eunus himself kill'd his own Master Antigenes and Pytho At length putting the Crown upon his Head and grac'd with all the Ensigns of Royalty he caus'd his Wife who was a Syrian and of the same City to be own'd as Queen and chose such as he judg'd to be most prudent to be of his privy Council Amongst whom was one Achaeus by Name and an Achaean by Nation a wise Man and a good Soldier Having therefore got together in the space of Three days above 6000 Men Arm'd with what they could by any ways or means lay their Hands upon and being join'd with others who were all surnish'd either with Axes Hatchets Slings Bills or Stakes sharppen'd and burnt at one End or with Spits he ravag'd and made spioil all over the Country And being at length join'd with an infinite number of Slaves they grew to that height and boldness as to engage in a War with the Roman Generals And often in several Battles got the Victory by overpowr'ing them with Number having now with him above 10000 Men. In the mean time one Cleon a Cilicean was the Author of another desection of the Slaves and now all were in hopes that this unruly Rabble would fall together by the Another defection of the Slaves Ears one with another and so Sicily would be rid of them through the mutual slaughters and destructions amongst themselves But contrary to all Mens hopes and expectations they join'd Forces together and Cleon was observant in every thing to the Commands of Eunus and serv'd General under him as his Prince having 5000 Men of his own Soldiers Thirty days were now expir'd since the first beginning of this Rebellion And presently after a Battle was fought with Lucius Hypsius who coming from Rome Commanded 8000 Sicilians in which Fight the Rebels got the day who were then 20000 and in a very short time after their Army increas'd to 200000 Men. And although they fought with the Romans themselves yet they often came off Conquerors and were very seldom beaten This being nois'd abroad a defection began at Rome by 150 Slaves that conspir'd against the Government The like in Attica by 1000 the like at Delos and many other Places But those in the several Places who had intrusted their Concerns in their Hands to prevent the mischief from growing further made a quick dispatch and fell upon them on the sudden and put them all to death and so those that remain'd and were ready to break out into Rebellion were reduc'd to more sound and sober thoughts But in Sicily the disorders more and more increas'd For Cities were taken and Gr. Olymp. 162. Ant. Ch. 130. their Inhabitants made Slaves and many Armies were cut off by the Rebells until such time as Rupilius the Roman General recover'd Tauromenium after the Besieg'd had been reduc'd to that extremity of Famine by a sharp and close Siege as that they began to eat their own Children and the Men their Wives and at length Butcher'd one another for Food There he took Comanus the Brother of Cleon who was endeavouring to escape out of the City while it was besieg'd At last Sarapion a Syrian having betray'd the Cittadel all the Fugitives fell into his hands whom having first scourg'd he afterwards crucified Thence he march'd to Enna and by a long Siege reduc'd them into such straits as that there was no hopes left to escape Afterwards having slain Cleon their General who had made a Sally out of the City and fought lik a Hero he expos'd his Body to open view and not long after this City likewise was betray'd into his Hands which otherwise could never have been taken by force by reason of the natural Strength of the Place And as for Eunus he like a Coward fled with 600 of his Guards to the tops of certain high Rocks where those that were with him foreseeing their inevitabe ruin for Rupilius pursued them close cut one anothers Throats But Eunus the juggling King out of fear hid himself in some Caves he had found out for that purpose whence he was pluckt out with four others of his Gang viz. his Cook his Barber he that rubb'd him in the Bath and he that in the midst of his Cups was his Jester To conclude he was thrown into the Goal and there eaten up of Lice and so ended his days at * Morgantina by a death worthy the former wickedness of his Life Rupilius afterwards with a In Sicily small body of Men marching all over Sicily presently clear'd the Country of Theeves and Robbers This Eunus King of the Robbers call'd himself Antiochus and all his followers Syrians Out of the 36th BOOK ABout the time that Marius in a great Battle routed Bocchus and Jugurtha the African Olymp. 168. 4. Ant. Ch. 193. Kings and slew many thousands of the Africans and afterwards took Jugurtha himself deliver'd up to him by Bocchus to gain favour and pardon from the Romans for his making War upon them the Romans themselves were in great perplexity by reason of the many losses they had sustain'd by the Cimbrians who then ravag'd and harrass'd all the Countrey of * New France Gall. And in further aggravation of what they suffer'd at the very same time came some out of Sicily who gave an account of many thousand Slaves that were there risen up in Arms. Whereupon the whole Roman Commonwealth was in such straits Rebellion in Sicily Olymp. 161. 2. Ant. Ch. 133. that they knew not which way to turn themselves having lost 60000 Men in Gall in the War against the Cimbrians and they had not then Soldiers sufficient for a new Expedition And besides before the Rebellion of the Slaves in Sicily there were Defections that disturb'd the State in Italy but they were short and inconsiderable as if God had appointed these for Omens and Presages of
the Soldiers were no sooner got to their Quarters but news was brought that about 80 Slaves had caus'd a Tumult to be rais'd and had cut the Throat of Publius Clonius a Roman Knight and that now their number was much increas'd And to aggravate the matter the Praetor being ill advis'd had disbanded most of his Army by reason whereof he was so slow that he gave time to the Rebels the more to strengthen themselves However he march'd out against them with those he then had As soon as he pass'd the River Alba he turn'd aside from the Fugitives who were then lodg'd upon Mount Caprianus and arrived at Heraclea Upon this a Report being spread of the Cowardice of the General as if he durst not attack them very many Slaves were encouraged to join in the Defection Many therefore flocking in furnishing themselves as well as they could for a Battel there were above 800 in Seven days time that took up Arms. And presently after they amounted to 2000. But the General at Heraclea being inform'd that their number was increasing sent Marcus Titinius as chief Commander against them inforcing him with 600 Men out of the Forts at Enna This Titinius fought the Rebels who having the advantage both of Place and Number routed him and kill'd many of his Men and the rest threw away their Arms and with much difficulty saved themselves by flight By this means the Runagades on a sudden got such a great number of Arms that they were more firmly resolved to persist in their Rebellion so that now most of the Slaves were in Arms. The Defection every day increasing the Number amounted in a short time so high as none ever suspected it could insomuch that within a few Days they were above 6000 who having now call'd a Council of War and debated Matters in reference to the Management of Affairs in the first place they chose a King call'd Salvius a Fortune-teller and one that in the Womens Sports and Shews with his Pipes acted the Part of a Fool and Madman But having now gain'd a Kingdom he wav'd living in Cities as being the Nurseries of Sloth and Effeminateness After he divided the Army into three Bodies over each of which he appointed a Captain and order'd them to make Inroads up and down in the Country and at a certain Time and Place all to join again in one Body By these Depredations they were so full of Horses and other Cattel that in a short time they had above 2000 Horse and no less than 20000 Foot but Men very Raw and Ignorant in Martial Affairs Among other attempts they fell upon Morgantina with great Fury which was a strong and well-fortify'd City and made many fierce and continual Assaults upon it The Roman General marching out in the Night as if he would relieve the City having with him about 10000 Men out of Italy and Sicily surpriz'd the Rebels busily employ'd in the Siege on a sudden and breaking into their Camp found but slender Guards but a great number of Prisoners and abundance of Plunder of all sorts and with great ease made himself Master of all and when he had rifled the Camp he march'd away towards Morgantina But the Rebels turning back upon him with great Fury and having the advantage of the higher Ground soon routed him and put all his Army to flight Whereupon the Rebells King commanded Proclamation to be made That none should be kill'd who threw away their Arms Upon which most cast them away and fled By this means Salvius both recover'd what he had lost in his Camp and gain'd a glorious Victory and much Spoil but there were not kill'd of the Italians and Sicilians above 600 which was occasion'd by the Moderation of the King but 4000 were taken Prisoners Upon this Victory many coming in flocking to Salvius his Army became double to what it was before and he was now absolute Master of the Field so that he again sat down before Morgantina and proclaim'd Liberty to all the Servants that were there But their Masters promising the same to them if they would be Faithful and join with them in the Defence of the Place they chose rather to accept of what was offer'd by their Masters and fought with that Resolution that they forced the Enemy to raise their Siege But the General afterwards making void all that was promised as to manumitting of the Servants occasion'd many to run away to the Rebels After this all the Slaves and Servants Olymp. 169. 1. Ant. Ch. 103. Florus lib. 3. c. 19. in the Territories of Aegista Lilybaeum were likewise infected with this Itch of Rebellion whose Leader was one Athenio a Valiant Man and a Cilicean This Man having the Charge and Management of the Concerns of two rich Brothers and being an Excellent Astrologer He first wrought upon those to join with him over whom he had some sort of Command to the Number of 200 afterwards those that were bordering round about so that in Five days time there were got together above 1000 who made him King and plac'd the Diadem upon his Head This Man resolv'd to order Matters and Affairs so as never any did before him For he receiv'd not all promiscuously that came in to him but only such as were of strong and healthful Bodies to bear Arms the rest he forc'd to continue in the Stations they were in and every one in his place diligently to apply himself to the Duty incumbent upon him By which means those that were with him had plentiful Provision He pretended that by the Stars the Gods foretold That he should gain the whole Kingdom of Sicily And therefore he was to spare spoiling of the Country destruction of the Cattel and Fruits of the Earth as being all his own At length having now got together above 10000 Men he was so daring as to besiege Lilybeum a City for strength look'd upon to be impregnable But finding it a vain thing to proceed he desisted from his Design pretending he did it by Command from the Gods by whom he was told That if they continu'd the Siege they would certainly fall into some sudden Misfortune Accordingly while he was preparing to draw off from the City a Fleet of Moors entred the Harbour who were sent to the Assistance of them of Lilybeum under the Command of one call'd Gomon who in the Night surprizing Athenio's Army now marching off and leaving the Siege kill'd a great number of them and wounded as many and so got into the Town This was the occasion that his former Prediction was highly admir'd and cry'd up by the Rebells At the same time great Disorders * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Proverb for all Kinds of Miseries and all sorts of Calamities overspread all Sicily For not only Servants but Freemen that were reduc'd to Poverty committed all sorts of Rapines and acts of Wickedness For they shamefully kill'd all before them whether Bond or Free that none might
Force But when they made their Submission by their Commissioners for the present he remitted their Faults but after they were brought Prisoners to Rome he order'd them to fight with wild Beasts where it 's reported that they ended their Lives with great gallantry and nobleness of Mind for they scorn'd to fight with Beasts but thrust one another through at the publick Altars And after all were dead Satyrus being the last with an Heroick Spirit kill'd himself And this was the Tragical End of the Servants War after it had continu'd almost Four years Out of the same BOOK Eclog. 2. ONE Battaces Priest of the Goddess * This Rhea is said to be the Mother of the Gods Rhea they say came to Rome from Pesinunte a City of Phrygia who declar'd he came thither by the Command of the Goddess and told the Magistrates and Senate that their Temple was prophan'd and that a publick Expiation ought to be made in the name of the Romans His Habit and other Ornaments of his Body was very strange and altogether unusual at Rome for he wore a Crown or Mitre of a vast Bigness and a Flower'd Gown imbroider'd with Gold representing the State and Dignity of a King After he had spoken to the People from the Bench and instructed them in the Matters of Religion he was honour'd with publick Entertainments and large Gifts and Presents But he was forbid to wear a Crown by Aulus Pompeius a Tribune of the People However being brought by another Tribune to the Desk and being ask'd how the Expiatory Sacrifices should be made his Answers were stuff'd with nothing but Superstitious Rites and Ceremonies At length things were so manag'd that he was driven out by Pompeius his Faction with many Scorns and Affronts upon which he went to his Inn and never after appear'd abroad But only told them that not only he was disgrac'd but the Goddess was reproach'd and dishonour'd Presently after Pompeius fell into an high Feaver and then a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cynanchino Morbo Or a Dog's Disease Quinsie which took away his Speech and he dy'd the Third day Upon which it was the common Discourse and Sentiment amongst the ordinary sort that he was thus punish'd by a Divine Hand for his prophane and impious abuse of the Goddess and her Priest For the Romans are addicted to Superstition much above many other Nations And therefore Battaces being honour'd with many Presents and Liberty granted to him to wear his Sacred Vestments with all their Ornaments the day he had design'd for his departure he was conducted by multitudes both of Men and Women out of the City Out of the same Book Eclog. 3. IT was a Custom amongst the Roman Soldiers That if any Commander of an Army fought a Battle and kill'd above 6000 of the Enemy he was term'd * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Emperor which is the same with * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 King among the Grecians Fragment Lib. 37. Ecloga Prima THE Marsian War took its name from the Authors of the Defection tho' the Italians The Confederate War of the Marsi Olymp. 172. 2. Ant. Ch. 89. generally made this War upon the Romans It 's said the first occasion of this arose from the profuseness and luxury the Romans were fall'n into who were formerly frugal and sparing in their way of living This alteration caus'd great Heart-burnings between the Commonalty and the Senate For when the Senate prevail'd with the Italians to supply the City with Provisions and upon their frequent Addresses had promis'd to enfranchise them and make them Freemen of Rome and to ratify it by a Law and the Italians saw nothing perform'd that was promis'd these were the sparks that at length broke forth into a flame at the time when Lucius Martius Philippus and * Julius Caesar Gr. 170. Olymp. Others say 172. Sextus Julius were Consuls in the 117th Olympiad Many were the Slaughters Sieges and Sacking of Towns on both sides during this War Victory hovering sometimes here and sometimes there as uncertain where to fall giving no assurance to either party which of them she favour'd But at length after the shedding of much Blood the Romans with much ado got the better and regain'd their former Power and Sovereignty There were engag'd against them in this War the Samnites the Asculans Lucanans Picentians them of * Still being 14 Miles from Naples Nola and other Cities and Nations Amongst which was * Cortinium in Italy a City of the Peligni now call'd Pienza under the Duke of Florence Cortinum a large and famous City greatly frequented in which the Italians had a little before planted a Colony Here were all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a City and the maintenance of the Government particularly a large Market-place and Court-House with a vast Treasure and plentiful Provisions of all sorts They had likewise a Senate consisting of 500 Men. Out of which were chosen those reputed fit to execute the highest places of Magistracy and to manage the weighty Affairs of the Commonwealth These therefore they entrusted with the management of the War and put the absolute power of the disposing of all their concerns into the hands of the Senators who made a Law that Two Consuls should be chosen every year and Twelve Generals At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo a Marsian a Man of chiefest quality in his Country and Caius Aponius Motulus famous for his noble Acts above the rest of his own Nation were chosen Consuls They divided all Italy into Two Parts and took either of their equal shares for the executing of their Consular Authority They allotted the Region or Tract from the Cercoli so call'd to the Adriatick Sea which lay to the North and West to Pompaedius to six of the Generals The rest which lay to the South and East the Italians assign'd to Motulus with as many more of the Military Officers Having put all things into this good Order and to sum up all having order'd all things according to the ancient Model of the Roman Government they set themselves more intently and earnestly to the prosecuting of the War and call'd the City it self Italy And they were so successful that they came off Conquerors for the most part till Cneius Pompeius was made Consul and General Pompey who with Sylla deputed by Cato the other Consul often routed them and reduc'd them to those straits that at length their Power was broken in pieces However they An Isthmus in Italy call'd Calabria still continu'd the War but were often worsted by Caius Cossinius General in * Japygia Being therefore distress'd and harass'd with so many and great mischiefs one upon the neck of another and the Marsians and other Nations falling to the Romans they forsook their new City and transplanted themselves to Aesernia a City of the Samnites under the conduct of Five Generals of whom they made Quintus
several other sumptuous Fabricks for out of hatred against Attalus because he could not catch him he executed his Rage upon these places 25. Philip entring into Attica encamp'd at Cynosarges and afterwards burnt Acadamia demolisht the Sepulchres and robb'd the Temples of the Gods and gratifying his Rage and Philip. Fury as if he had been only incens'd against the People of Athens and not against the Gods themselves as he was spoke ill of before so he was now hated of all and in a short time he was overtaken by the Vengeance of the Gods for he was near being ruin'd by his own imprudence but preserv'd by the Clemency of the Romans 26. Philip discerning he was hated by almost all the Macedonians for his kindness to Philip. Heraclides put him in Prison This Heraclides was a Tarrentine a notorious wicked fellow who from a mild and gentle Prince chang'd Philip into a fierce and cruel Tyrant and therefore * he was exceedingly hated by all the Grecians as well as the Heraclides Macedonians 27. The Name and Fame of Hannibal was nois'd over all the World and therefore Hannibal in every City and Town where ever he came they came in great Multitudes to look at him Ptolemy 28. Ptolemy King of Aegypt for some time Reign'd with great Commendation But afterwards corrupted by Parasites he began to have an evil Eye towards his Tutor Ush An. 374. Before Ch. 202. Ush An. 403. Aristomenes for his freedom in telling him of his faults who had all along manag'd every thing with great prudence and whose advice Philip had before follow'd as his Father but at length he sent him out of the World by forcing him to drink off a Cup of * Hemlock Poyson From that time growing more and more fierce and raging * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 making use of Tyrannical cruelty and not of Regal Authority he was hated by the Aegyptians and not far off from the loss of his Kingdom 29. Ther 's a Temple not far off from Chalcis call'd Delium * where a considerable number of Roman Soldiers that were securely walking up and down to satisfie their Antiochus Magnus Curiosity were on a sudden cut off by Antiochus in a time of Peace and before any War was Proclaim'd For which the King was greatly condemn'd and censur'd by the Grecians as occasioning by this wicked Fact a War with the Romans And therefore Titus Flaminius Titus Flaminius who was then at Corinth call'd Gods and Men to Witness that the King was the first that began the War 30. Antiochus Winter'd at * In Thessaly Demetrias where he laid aside all care of Warlike Affairs Antiochus being then above Fifty Years of Age But he fell in Love with a * Of Chalcis Daughter of Cleoptolemus Ush An. 386 before Ch. 193. young Lady and Married her and set forth most magnificent Shews and publick Games by which means he not only weakned his own Body and effeminated his Mind but infeebled the Courage of his Army and therefore his Soldiers who had passed the Winter in Luxury and Voluptuousness after they were drawn out of their Winter Quarters could neither endure hunger nor thirst or any other hardship but some of them fell Sick and others straggled about here and there far from their Colours 31. King Antiochus seeing the Cities of Thessaly inclining to the Romans and the slow Antiochus Motion of the Forces he expected out of Asia and the carelesness and sloath of the Aetolians continually framing and and pretending one excuse after another was in great strait and very uneasie so that he was highly incens'd at those that advis'd him to begin the War when he was unprepar'd and had no Confederates but only the Aetolians But he greatly admir'd Hannibal for his Prudence who diswaded him to the contrary and therefore now repos'd all his Confidence in him and whereas before he suspected him â—e now made use of him as his most trusty Friend and Councellor 32. Antiochus wholly discourag'd by his late Rout determin'd to leave Europe and Antiochus only be on the Defensive part in Asia and order'd all the Lysimachians to forsake the * Lysimachia in the Hellespont City and pass over into Asia For which every Body censur'd him as for a very imprudent Act whereby without a stroak struck he gave up into the Enemies hands a City so advantageously scituated as might have given a Stop to the Enemies passage out of Europe into Asia as afterwards by experience was found true for Scipio seizing upon Lysimachia thus deserted made great advantage of it for the transporting of his Army 33. Marcus Fulvius the * Chief Justice or Governor of a Province or Chief Commander in an Army Praetor was deservedly punish'd for his abuse of the Roman Confederates in Liguria For he disarm'd the Cinomani who receiv'd him as a Friend and an Allie although he could find nothing against them which thing coming to the Consul's Ears he ordered him to restore their Arms and impos'd a Mulct upon him 34. King Antiochus being in want of Money and hearing there were vast Treasures Antiochus 1 Mac. c 6. r. 1 2 3. of Gold and Silver and other precious Jewels of offerings made in the Temple of Jupiter Belus in Elymais resolv'd to rifle it Coming therefore into the Province of Elymais and pretending that the Inhabitants of that Place had rais'd a War against him he robb'd the Temple and got together a great Sum of Money but in a short time after the Gods executed vengeance upon him for his Sacrilege 35. Philopemenes Governour of Achaia was both an excellent Soldier and a Statesman Philopemenes who all his Life long was of a blameless Conversation and had been frequently Praetor and having govern'd the Commonwealth for Forty Years together much advanc d the affairs of Achaia and was always affable and courteous to the meanest and for his virtue was admir'd both by the Grècians and Romans and yet came at last to an unfortunate End but by a Divine Providence his unhappy Exit was recompens'd after his death with Divine Honours for besides what was publickly decreed by the Achaians in honour of him the Citizens built a Temple in remembrance of him and appointed a Bull for a yearly Sacrifice to him and ordered young Men to sing Hymns in praise and commendation of his noble Acts. 36. Hannibal was the most expert General and perform'd the greatest Enterprizes of any of the Carthaginians he was never troubl'd with any Mutinies in his Army but by his prudent Conduct kept them in their duty and orderly discipline tho' they differ'd as much one from another in their several humours as they did in their various Languages For whereas those of his own Nation were us'd commonly upon every slight occasion to desert and fly to the Enemy none under him durst ever attempt any such thing And
Articles made with Scipio their Enemies tho' confirm'd by solemn Oaths most Religiously observ'd and kept his promises with the Besieg'd and us'd them with all Humanity and Clemency when they fell into his hands His Faith and Integrity therefore being nois'd abroad all over Africa none surrendred up themselves into the hands of the Romans unless Scipio join'd in signing of the Articles 86. When there were only three Romans kill'd in the Skirmish and were left lying upon the Ground unbury'd all were very much troubled and concerned at it But Scipio with the Consent of the Consul writ a Letter to Hasdrubal to desire him to bury those Romans who presently order'd the thing to be done and when all was perform'd sent their Ashes to the Consul which added much to the Honour of Scipio as one whose Authority was prevalent even with the Enemies themselves 87. The Counterfeit Philip having beaten the Romans in a great Battle became Proud Cruel and Tyrannical there was not a Wealthy Person which he put not Pseudophilippus call'd Andriscus Liv. Book 50. Flor. Hist lib. 2. c. 14. Orosius lib. 4. c. 22. Ush An. 469. Before Ch. 149. P. Scipio most wickedly to death upon false Accusations He spar'd not his own intimate Friends but dispatch'd many of them out of the Way for he was naturally Fierce and Cruel Proud and Haughty in all his Familiar intercourses and at last deeply ingag'd in Covetousness and all manner of Vice 88. The Romans had such a kindness for Publius Scipio that tho' neither his Age nor the Laws did qualifie him yet they endeavour'd with all their might to Elect him Consul 89. Calpurnius the Consul after he had some Towns deliver'd up to him upon Articles contrary to the Terms agreed upon and against his Faith and Ingagements raz'd them * Lucius Calpurnius Piso to the ground and therefore in all his Designs and Contrivances afterwards he was disappointed as a Faithless and Treacherous Person as if some Deity set himself against him for he attempted many things but was never able to effect any thing 90. King Prusias being both of an ugly Visage and a mean and effeminate Presence was mortally hated by the Bythinians 91. After the taking of Carthage Scipio gave Liberty to the Sicilian Ambassadors to search among the Spoils and order'd every one to carry back into their several Cities Scipio such things as had formerly been taken away from them by the Carthaginians Upon which were found many Statues and Pictures of famous Men of exquisite Workmanship besides many things Devoted and Consecrated to the Gods some of Silver and others of Gold among which was the famous Phalarian Bull of Agrigentum made by Perilaus for the Tyrant Phalaris who caus'd the Artificer himself to make the first experiment of his own Art by executing that sort of punishment upon him which he had invented for the Torturing of others 92. In our time Caius Julius Cesar sirnamed for the greatness of his Actions * Divine Julius Cesar rebuilt Corinth Divus when almost a hundred Years after he saw the Ruins and Rubbish of Corinth was so compassionately Affected and withal desirous to make himself glorious that he put forth himself to the utmost to rebuild the City And therefore it is but just that the Humanity and Clemency that was eminently in this Man should be allow'd its just and due praises and that his Virtues should be Recorded in History for an everlasting remembrance to his eternal Praise and Honour For when his Ancestors were Extreme in their severity against this City he rectified their Excesses by his own Lenity and Moderation preferring Mercy before Cruelty Besides he far excell'd all that were ever before him in the Greatness of his Actions and upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications was sirnamed Divus To conclude this Man was the most Famous and Renown'd for Eminency of Birth Fluency of Tongue the Art of War and Contempt of Riches of any whatsoever that was in his Age. 93. Viriathus of Lusitania the Captain of the Robbers was just and exact in distributing the Spoil and those who had valiantly behaved themselves in Battle he would A part of Spain now Portugal liberally reward according to their several Merits and he never converted any of the publick Moneys to his own private use and therefore the Lusitanians never shrunk or drew back from any hazardous undertaking when he Commanded them and was their Leader honouring him as the Common Benefactor and Saviour of their Country 94. Plautius the Roman Praetor greatly misgovern'd his Province being therefore Condemn'd by the People because he had dishonour'd his Government he fled from Rome C. Plautius 95. In Syria King Alexander being far unfit for so high a Station by reason of his Sloath and Meanness of Spirit gave up the Government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus Vid. Liv lib. 40. Alexander of Syria call'd Alexander Belas a Counterfeit Son of Antiochus Epiphanes See Joseph lib. 13. c. 8. Ush An. 470. Before Ch. 140. 96. The Kingdom of * In the Greek it is Aegypt but mistaken I conceive Demetrius Nicanor Son of Demetrius Soter Josephus ib. 1 Mac. 11. Olymp. 158. An. 1. Syria being now brought low and Demetrius being only the surviving Branch of the Royal Stock believing himself to be out of all Danger disregarded the Deportment of the former Kings who studied to ingratiate themselves into the good Opinion of their People by their affable and courteous Behaviour But he growing every day more and more unsufferable fell at length to downright Cruelty and all sorts of hainous Enormities The cause of all which is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt Disposition but to one of his Friends who had the Management of all the Affairs of the Kingdom For being a Wicked and Rash Fellow he incited by his Flattery the young Man to all manner of Wickedness At first therefore he put to death all that had sided against him in the War with unusual sorts of Punishments Afterwards when the Antiochians Taunted and Jear'd at him as they were wont to do * One Lastlienes he got together a Company of Mercenary Soldiers against them and commanded that they should be disarm'd but the Antiochians refusing to deliver them some he kill'd as they fell into his hands others he Murdered in their own Houses together with their Wives and Children upon which a great Uproar being rais'd in the City he burnt down most of the Town to the Ground and many that were accus'd to be Heads of this Commotion were put to death and their Estates Confiscated and brought into the Kings Exchequer And therefore many of the Citizens both out of Fear and Hatred of Demetrius Fled Ush An. 475. Before Ch. 145. out of the City and wander'd up and down all Syria watching for a fit time and opportunity to be reveng'd In the mean time Demetrius hated of every Body
the Cities generally came flocking in to him insomuch that Ambassadors came to him from all Cities inviting him by their publick Decrees to come in to them calling him their God and Deliverer And upon notice of the Kings approach the People came hudling out of the several Cities in white Garments to to Salute him and receiv'd him with great joy and acclamation 6. Mithridates his Party sweeping all before them in Asia as they went without Controul all the Cities strangely Revolted from the Romans And as for the Lesbians they resolv'd not only to yield up themselves to the King but to deliver up Aquilius also Mithridates cited by Ush An. ibidem who flew away to Mitilene and lay there to be Cur'd of a Disease Whereupon they sent to his Lodgings a Company of choice Youths Stout and Resolute who came rushing into the Room where Aquilius was and took him and bound him supposing he would be a most rare Present and very acceptable to Mithridates But Aquilius tho' he was but as yet a Youth perform'd a most Noble and Heroick Act for preferring Death before Disgrace and the punishments of a Slave he prevented them that were ready to hurry him away and kill'd himself With which desperate Act those that came to take him along with them were so Terrifi'd that they durst not approach him * But Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 33 c. 3. says Mithridates pour'd melted Gold down his Throat for his Covetousness Ush An. 518. Ant. Ch. 88. This was in the War between Mithridates and tue Romans His Valour and Resolution therefore was cry'd up every where who by the putting an end to his own Life had rescu'd himself with an undaunted Courage from the Torments design'd to be Executed upon him 7. In order to a Sea Fight the Rhodians were overmatcht in nothing but in the number of Ships and in all other respects they were far Superiour as being the better Pilots knew better how to order their Ships ply the Oars had the more sprightly Soldiers and the more expert Commanders whereas on the contrary the Cappadocians were but Fresh water Soldiers seldom exercis'd at Sea Fights and which commonly proves the Bane of all did all Tumultuously and without any Order It 's true indeed they were as cheerful and ready to Ingage as the Rhodians because they were to Fight just under the King's Eye and therefore desir'd to approve their Loyalty and Affection to him and in regard they only overpowr'd their Enemies in number of Ships they us'd all the Arts and Contrivances they could devise to Surround and Hem them in 8. Caius Marius was the most renown'd Person of any of his time when he was young he was ambitious of Honour and Glory free from Covetousness and perform'd many Caius Marius occasion'd great troubles in Rome noble Acts both in Europe and Africa so that his Name was famous and cry'd up in all Places But when he grew old and coveted the Riches of King Mithridates and the Wealth of the Cities of Asia and sought against the Laws to have the Province which was allotted to Cornelius Sulla to be transferr'd to him he fell justly into many Calamities for he not only miss'd those Riches which he Coveted but lost all that were his own the Quaestors by reason of his extraordinary Covetousness being sent to seize upon all his Goods for the publick Use He was moreover by the Judgment of the People condemn'd to die but escap'd that punishment by flight and wander'd Solitarily and alone up and down Italy and at length got into Numidia poor and destitute of all things Afterwards when the Civil Wars broke out in Rome he join'd with those that were judg'd Enemies to the Romans and being Victorious he was not contented with his Return into his own Country but rais'd great Commotions in the Commonwealth But at length having gain'd the Seventh Consulship and by his own Misfortunes learn'd the inconstancy of Fortune he was unwilling to put things to a hazard any more And therefore foreseeing the dreadful War Sylla was bringing upon his Country he Murder'd himself but leaving behind him the Seeds of a most grievous War he involv'd his Son and Country in most dreadful Calamities For his Son being forc'd to contest with an Enemy more Potent than himself he most miserably perisht upon taking of the City in a Vault whither he fled to hide himself And the People of Rome and Cities of Italy having been now long ingag'd in a cruel War fell under most dreadful Calamities For two principal Men of the City Scaevola and Crassus without any Course of Legal proceedings were Murder'd in the Senate whose cruel Murder plainly evidenc'd the greatness of those Miseries that then threatned both the City and all Italy For the greatest part of the Senate and the most eminent Men of the City were slaughter'd by Sylla and no less than 100000 Soldiers were slain either in Mutinies or Battles and all these Miseries were at first occasion'd by the Covetousness only of Marius 9. Lucius Cornelius Merula who was chosen Consul in the room of Cinna when Cinna agreed to Peace upon Condition he might be restored to the Consulship approv'd himself a good Citizen and evidenc'd his extraordinary love to his Country For addressing himself to the Senate and People and Discoursing concerning what might most tend to the publick good he promis'd he would be the Procurer of Peace and whereas he was chosen Consul much against his Will he declar'd he would now freely of his own accord give up his Authority into the hands to Cinna upon which he forthwith surrendred his Consulship and became a private Man The Senate hereupon sent Ambassadors to Cinna and having agreed with him upon the Terms of Peace introduc'd him into the City 10. Lucius Sylla being greatly straiten'd for want of Money rifled Three Temples Lucius Sylla that were full of devoted Gold and Silver that is the Temple of Apollo at Delphos of Aesculapius at Epidaurus and the famous Temple of Jupiter at Olympus out of which last he carry'd away a vast Treasure for that it had never been before violated But as to the Temple at Delphos the Phocians in the time of the sacred War had drain'd it of its Wealth When Sylla therefore had thus heap'd up a mighty mass of Gold and Silver and other Treasure he was sufficiently furnish'd with Money to carry on the War in Italy But having without all Fear or Sense of Religion thus robb'd the Temples he consecrated a piece of Land to the Gods for the maintaining of yearly Sacrifices in lieu of the Money And would often in a Joke and Jest say That he was sure to be Victorious in all Encounters who had the Gods for his Assistants and for that end had help'd him with Money 11. Fimbria having out-ran Flaccus and gotten a long way before him in his March Fimbria his Soldiers spoil the Country by License Cited Ush
Intelligence was brought to Alexander of these things he forthwith commanded his Foot in every Regiment to prepare Scaling Ladders and he himself march'd away with his Army to a City call'd Gaza which was next to the Camp and lay first in his way for it was said the Barbarians had fled into seven Towns of that Country Craterus he sent to Cyropolis the greatest of all the Cities and in which a very great number of the Barbarians had shelter'd themselves The King commanded him to encamp near the City and to fortifie his Camp with a Trench and Wall drawn round and place such Engines upon his Bulwarks as he saw occasion to use that the Townsmen being busie in assaulting Craterus might have no leisure to come in to the assistance of other Cities The King himself as soon as he came to Gaza forthwith at the first approach commanded his Men to set Scaling-Ladders round the Walls which were but of Earth and not very high Upon which the Slingers Darters and Archers together with the Foot made an Assault ply'd and gall'd them that defended the Walls with their Darts and shot out of the Engines so that by Showres of Darts and Arrows the Wall was presently clear'd of its Defendants and the Scaling-Ladders in a trice were set to the Walls and the Macedonians enter'd and put all the Men to the Sword for so Alexander had commanded but the Women and Children with the rest of the Prey they carry'd away Thence the King forthwith march'd to another City fortified much like unto Gaza which he took much after the same manner the very same day and dealt with the Prisoners after the same manner as with them at Gaza After this he made to a third City which he took the next day upon the first Assualt In the mean time while he was reducing these Cities with his Foot he sent away his Horse to two other neighbouring Cities with Orders to watch 'em lest the Inhabitants hearing of the taking of the Cities bordering upon 'em and oâ— the King 's near approach should fly and leave the Cities so as he should not be able to pursue with any hopes to overtake ' em And indeed it fell out as he thought which evidenc'd the sending forth of the Horse to be necessary For the Barbarians who still were possess'd of two other Cities seeing the Smoak of the City which was burnt and was over-against 'em besides some who escap'd out of the Overthrow brought them news of the City being taken with all speed in whole droves fled out of the Cities and fell in among the Horse that were sent forth and multitudes of 'em were knock'd on the Head The King having taken and raz'd these five Towns in the space of two days march'd away to Cyropolis the greatest of their Cities The Walls of this City were higher than any of the rest the Town being built by Cyrus And forasmuch as there were many stout Men and good Soldiers the Inhabitants of the Country were got together into this place the Macedonians could not easily like to the other places take it at the first Assault and therefore Alexander order'd that with the Battering-Rams and other Engines they shou'd batter the Walls and where-ever any Breach was made there forthwith to make an Assault But the King observing the Channel of the River which ran through the City like a little Brook to be then dry and not contiguous or near the Walls but affording a direct Passage for his Soldiers into the City he took with him his Guard Targateers Archers and the Agrians the Barbarians then busie in observing the Engines and those that manag'd 'em and secretly with few at first enter'd through the Channel into the City and broke down the Gates that were in that part and readily let in the rest of the Soldiers Upon which the Barbarians perceiving the City to be enter'd however set upon Alexander's Soldiers and fought and resolutely in which Conflict Alexander receiv'd a Blow on his Head and Neck with a Stone Craterus and many others were wounded with Darts and Arrows but at length the Barbarians were driven out of the Market-place In the mean time those that assaulted the Walls enter'd all being clear of those that should have defended them In the first Conflict at the entring of the City there were slain of the Enemy about eight thousand the rest for they were eighteen thousand that had there put in themselves fled into the Castle who after one day's siege for want of Water surrender'd themselves The seventh City the King took at the first Assault Ptolemy indeed says that it was surrender'd but Aristobulus relates that it was taken by storm and that all in it were put to the Sword Ptolemy writes that all the Prisoners were distributed in the Army and order'd to be kept bound till the King left the Country lest any one of 'em that revolted should be left behind While these things were on foot the Army of the Asian Scythians came to the Banks of the River * Not Genais near the Lake Meotis but another call'd Iaxartes See Pl. N. Hist l. 6. c. 16. Ganais because they heard that some of the Barbarians inhabiting beyond the River had revolted from Alexander and their aim therefore was that if there were any considerable Defection they likewise might act their part in falling upon the Macedonians At the same time Intelligence was brought that Spitamenes had besieg'd those that were left in Garison in the Castle of Patachades Alexander therefore sent Andromachus Medemenus and Caranus against Spitamenes with sixty Horse of the Social Band and eight hundred of the Mercenaries who were under the Command of Caranus But of Foot there were Fifteen hundred Mercenaries with them the King join'd in Commission one Pharnuches for an Interpreter a Lycian by Nation who was well skill'd in the Language of the Barbarians and therefore was judged a fit Person to transact matters with them The King having in the space of 20 days Wall'd the * Call'd Alexandria upon the Banks of Iaxartes call'd Tanais City he had before design'd to build gave it the Greek Mercenaries to be Inhabited by them and to such neighbouring Barbarians as had a mind to remove their Habitations and dwell there and to some of the Macedonians that were Disabled and unfit to bear Arms. Afterwards having Sacrificed to the Gods after the manner of his Country and exhibited the Gymnick Sports and Horse-Courses finding that the Scythians did not March back and leave the River but threw their Darts over for it was there very narrow and after their Barbarous manner gave out most opprobious and railing Language against Alexander as that he durst not fight with the Scythians and if he did he should find by experience how great a difference there was between the Scythians and the Barbarous Asiaticks The King being provok'd with these things resolv'd to pass the River and fall upon 'em and
his Hand amaz'd at the sight of him they fell flat upon the Ground and were silent a long time together But after that Alexander had commanded them to rise and cheer up Acuphis thus began The Nysaeans intreat O King That in reverence to Bacchus you would leave the City free and the Inhabitants to Govern by their own Laws For Dionysius after he had conquer'd the Indians and was about to return to the Grecian Sea built this City for those Soldiers who were unserviceable for War being of Bacchus ' s Family as a perpetual Monument to Posterity of his Expedition and Victory as your Majesty has built Alexandria at Mount Caucasus and another in Egypt and many others some finish'd and others now in building having now perform'd much more than our Dionysius did And he call'd the City Nysa from his Nurse so nam'd and the Country Nysaea and the Mountain which hangs over the City he was pleas'd to call Meros which is a Thigh because according to the Fables he was cherish'd in Jupiter ' s Thigh Since that time we have dwelt in Nysa as a free City and have liv'd at ease under the Use of our own Laws And that this Place was built by Bacchus this one thing may be a Demonstration That Ivy grows no where in India but in this City This Speech of Acuphis was very pleasing to Alexander for he had a great desire those things should be believ'd that were related concerning Bacchus's Peregrination and wou'd have none to doubt but that Nysa was built by Bacchus because that he himself was now come as far as Bacchus ever came and was still desirous to go further than he ever did And he was of Opinion that the Macedonians out of Emulation to the Acts of Bacchus wou'd willingly with himself undergo further Toils and Labours He granted therefore Liberty to the Nysaeans and that they should Govern according to their own Laws And when he understood what their Laws were and how they were under the Government of an Aristocracy he commended their Constitution and commanded 'em to furnish him with three hundred Horsemen and send him a hundred of them that were of the Aristocracy who were three hundred in all such as he would chuse Acuphis was one of the Number of them that were pick'd out whom the King had made Governour of the whole Province of Nysaea 'T is reported that Acuphis smil'd at these Demands and that Alexander asking him why he laugh'd Acuphis answer'd How is it possible O King for the City to be well Govern'd when 't is stript of an hundred good Men all at once But if your Majesty have a Kindness for the City be pleas'd to accept of three hundred Horsemen and more if you think fit but as for an hundred of the best Men of the City which you desire be pleas'd to be content with two hundred of the worst that whensoever you return hither again you may find that the City has maintain'd and kept up her ancient State and Grandeur With these Words because he judg'd them prudently spoken Alexander was persuaded and commanded only the three hundred Horsemen to be sent him and for the three hundred of the Chief of the City he neither desir'd them nor any others in their stead But Acuphis his Son and his Nephew by his Sister were sent to Alexander Afterwards Alexander had a longing desire to see that City in which the Nysaeans boast there are some Monuments of Dionysius and to go likewise accompanied with some Horse of his Friends and a Regiment of Foot to the Mountain Meros that he might see the Hill grown over with Ivy and Laurel and the shady Groves that abounded with all sorts of wild Beasts The Ivy was a very pleasant Sight to the Macedonians having not seen any of a long time for India bears no Ivy neither those Places where Vines grow Of the Ivy they wore Garlands on their Heads singing Praise to Bacchus with all his Titles and Appellations Alexander there sacrific'd to Bacchus and feasted with his Friends 14. How having taken a strong City call'd Massaga he put to the Sword all the Mercenary Soldiers that had fought Valiantly Arrianus lib. IV. WHen the Barbarians heard of Alexander's coming they durst not abide him in a Body but brake up their Army and dispers'd themselves every one as they could into several Cities purposing there to stand upon their Guard Alexander march'd first with his Army to * Mazaga Massaga the greatest City of that †The Country of the Assacenians Country approaching therefore with his Army close to the City the Barbarians having got into the Town for their assistance seven thousand Mercenary Indians from the inner parts of India made a fierce Sally upon the Macedonians as they lay Encampt Alexander perceiving that the Fight was likely to be under the City Walls design'd to draw off the Enemy at a further distance lest when they fled which he clearly foresaw they would they might with ease being so very near get into the Town and so escape perceiving therefore the Barbarians pouring out upon them he forthwith commanded his Macedonians to wheel about and make to a Hill about seven furlongs distant from the River Guraeus where he had purpos'd to Encamp The Enemy hereupon emboldned the Macedonians seeming to give back in great confusion and disorder hotly pursu'd them But when they were got within the cast of a dart upon a sign given by Alexander the Phalanx furiously turned upon ' em But first indeed the Horse that were darters the Agrians and Archers made an excursion and ingag'd with the Barbarians But Alexander led the Phalanx in Battalia himself The Indians amaz'd at the sudden and unexpected turn when it came to the Swords point fled back into the City Two hundred of 'em were kill'd in the pursuit but the rest got within the Walls Alexander presently drew up his main Battel of Macedons before the Walls and from thence was slightly wounded by an Arrow struck into his Heel The next day the Engines 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Curtius l. 8. c. 10. says the Calf of the Leg. being brought up to the Walls part of 'em were easily batterr'd down upon which the Macedonians endeavouring to force their way through the Ruins the Indians stoutly withstood them so far as that Alexander for that day sounded a retreat and call'd off his Men. But the next day the Macedonians renew'd the Assault with greater vigour bringing up a wooden Tower to the Walls out of which the Archers powring showers of Darts and Arrows grievously gall'd the Indians But yet with all these devices they were not able to enter The Third day the main Body of the Macedonians being again led up to the Walls a Bridge was cast out of the Wooden Tower over that part of the Wall that was broken down upon which Bridge the King order'd the Agyraspides who had before taken Tyre after the same manner
and fearing he would grow far more famous than himself secretly murder'd him Being seiz'd upon just as he was laying the Carcass in the Ground he was askt what he was burying He answer'd that he was covering a Serpent with Earth Here it 's very worthy of Remark that the same Creature that was the occasion of making of the Saw should be also the means of discovery of the Murther Being therefore brought to his Trial at the Court of the Areopagites and there condemn'd to dye for the Murder he first fled to a sort of †Of the Family or Tribe of Cecrops People in Attica who from him were call'd Daedalians Thence he got into Crete where he was much admir'd for his Art and in great favour with King Minos Afterwards as it is commonly reported Pasiphae the Queen Minos his Wife P. 193. burning in her Lust after a Bull he fram'd an Engin like to a Cow and helpt her by that means to satisfy her Lust They say that before that time Minos Yearly sacrific'd the best and largest Bull in the Herd to Neptune and once there being a most lovely Beast in the Herd a worse was pickt out to be sacrific'd at which Neptune was so incens'd at Minos that he caus'd his Wife Pasiphae to go Mad for Love after the Bull and by the Art of Daedalus she prostituted her self to the Beast and brought forth the Minotaur so famous in ancient Stories They ascribe a double nature to this Creature that from the Head to the Minotaur Shoulders he resembled a Bull and in all his lower Parts was like to a Man It 's said that for the keeping and feeding of this Monster Daedalus built the Labyrinth full of windings and turnings this way and that way impossible to be found out by any Stranger before unacquainted Here it was that the Minotaur devour'd the Seven Boys and the like number of Girls Yearly sent thither from Athens as we have before declar'd Daedalus being inform'd of Minos his Threats for making of the Cow fearing the Rage of the King by the help of the Queen got on Shipboard and secretly escap'd out of the Island Icarus his Son fled away with him and both arriv'd at a certain Island situated in the Ocean far off from any Land where the Young Man being too rash and hasty to Land dropt into the Sea and there perish'd from whom it 's call'd the Icarian Sea and the Island Icaria From hence Daedalus sail'd into Sicily and landed there where Cocalus reign'd who receiv'd him very courteously and upon the account of his great skill and the Fame that went of him made him his Bosom Friend Some report this Story concerning him That Daedalus continuing still in Crete was hid by Pasiphae Minos in the mean time making diligent search after him in order to punish him but not able to find him out he promis'd great Rewards to such as should discover him Daedalus utterly despairing to get away by Shipping made for himself and Son artificial Wings joynted and compacted in a wonderful manner with Wax and fastn'd them to his own and his Son's Body and with them Daedalus suddenly flew away and got over the Cretian Sea But Icarus soaring too high such is the folly of Young Men fell down into the Sea the Sun melting the Wax wherewith the Feathers of the Wings were joyn'd together But his Father flying low near the Surface of the Sea and sprinkling his Wings in the Water pass'd over safe into Sicily Though this may seem an absurd Fable yet we judg'd it not sit to be past by Daedalus staid with Cocalus and the Sicilians a long time and was highly honour'd and esteem'd by all for his excellent Art and Skill in his Profession There are some Works of his there that remain to this day for in the Territory of Megaris he made a Fish-pond with wonderful Art through which the great River 1. Colymbethra Alabone emptied it self into the Sea He built likewise a City now call'd Agrigentina in Camacus upon a Rock so strong that it was inexpugnable The 2. A City Passage to it was so straight and winding that the Place might be easily defended by Three or Four Men. Therefore Cocalus here built a Palace and treasur'd up all his Wealth as a Place through this Architect's ingenious Contrivance wonderfully secure In the Third Place he made a Cave in the Territory of Selementa 3. A Sâ—oâ—e or Sweating-House a Bannion P. 194. in which by Fire there under Ground a warm Steam was so artificially rais'd that by it's moderate heat it caus'd a gentle Sweat and gradually cur'd many that resorted thither of their Distempers with a great deal of Pleasure without any uneasiness from the Heat And whereas there was a high and craggy Rock in the Country of Eryx and no room to build but upon the highest and craggiest part of it by reason of the strait and narrow Passages about the Temple of Venus he drew a Wall round the very Top and plain'd and inlarg'd it in 4. Plaining a Rock a wonderful manner They say he likewise made a Golden Honey-Comb dedicated to Venus Erycina with such exquisite Art and so like to a true and 5. Honey-Comb of Gold real one that none could ever be comparable to it He wrought many other excellent Pieces in Sicily which length of Time has worn out and consum'd But Minos King of Crete who had the Dominion at Sea hearing that Daedalus was fled into Sicily proclaim'd War against that Island Having therefore rigg'd out a mighty Fleet he set Sail and arriv'd upon the Coasts of Agrigentum which was from him call'd Minoa where he landed his Men and sent Messengers to Cocalus to demand the delivery up of Daedalus to Justice Hereupon Minos and Cocalus came to an interview and Cocalus promis'd to do all that Minos requir'd and entertain'd him with all honourable Respect But when he was in a Bath Cocalus kept him there so long that he was stiffl'd with the steam and heat Afterwards he deliver'd his Body to the Cretians that came along with him pretending he came to his Death by slipping accidentally into the Hot and Scalding Baths His Souldiers bury'd him with great Pomp and built him a double Sepulcher in the lower part whereof in a Vault they deposited his Bones and near to the higher Part that was open to the view they erected a Temple to Venus which for many Ages after was so ador'd by the Inhabitants that they offer'd Sacrifices there as in a Temple peculiarly consecrated to her In later Times when Agrigentum was built it being then discover'd that the Bones were there bury'd the Sepulcher was wholly ruin'd and the Bones sent to the Cretians at the time when Thero was Sovereign Lord of Agrigentum The Cretians that were thus brought over into Sicily after the Death of Minos having then no King fell at odds one with another and rais'd a
fled and thereupon was condemâ—'d to die Clearchus the Father of Gylippus in former times for his having receiv'd Mony of Pericles not to invade Attica likewise fled and was adjudg'd to die and liv'd all his Days a Banish'd Man among the Thurians in Italy These two Men who were otherwise Virtuous yet by these sordid Acts stain'd and blemish'd all the Worthy Actions of the rest of their Lives When the Athenians were fully satisfy'd that they were totally ruin'd they determin'd to strive no longer to be Masters at Sea but now employ'd all their Care to repair their Walls and block't up the Haven expecting nothing more certain than a Siege which happen'd accordingly for presently both Agis and Pausanias the Lacedemonian Generals broke into Attica with great Forces and incamp'd under the very Walls of Athens And Lysander entred the Pyraeum with above two hundred Sail. The Athenians tho' they were press'd on every side with so many Mischiefs yet stood out and easily defended the City for some time But the Peloponesians resolv'd in Council in regard it would be very difficult to force the Place to withdraw their Forces out of Attica and by their Navy to hinder all Provision from being brought into the City Which being put in Execution the Athenians were reduc'd into extream Want of all things especially of Food which was us'd to be imported to them by Sea Want pressing upon them every day more and more the City was fill'd with the Dead Upon which those that surviv'd sent forth Ambassadors and procur'd the Terms and Conditions following viz. That the Long Fortifications of the Piraeum Athens taken Ant. Chr. 403. and their Walls should be demolish'd That they should never have above ten Long Ships That they should leave all the Cities and be Subject to the Lacedemonians And The End of the Peloponesian War thus ended the Peloponesian War after it had continu'd Seven and twenty Years a War of the longest Duration of any come to our Knowledge CHAP. XVI Agrigentum sackt by Imilcar the Carthaginian The Carthaginians besiege Gela. Dionysius goes to the aid of Gela. The Skirmishes before Gela. Camarina deserted by the Order of Dionysius The Souldiers inrag'd at Dionysius he hastens to Syracuse Imilcar makes Peace with Dionysius and returns to Carthage The end of the first Carthaginian War with Dionysius A Little while after * Darius Nothus who ordered the rebuilding of the Temple P. 390. Darius King of Asia died having reigned Nineteen Years †Artaxerxes Mnemon in whose Twentieth Year Nehemiah came to Jerusalem The Carthaginians Spoils in Sicily Artaxerxes his Eldest Son succeeded him in the Kingdom and reign'd 43 Years About this time Apollodorus the Athenian reports that Antimachus the Poet flourish'd Imilcar the Carthaginian General at the return of the Spring sack'd the City Agrigentum in Sicily and carry'd away the Carv'd Work and richest Furniture out of all those Temples that were not utterly consum'd by the Fire From hence he made an inroad with his whole Army into the Country of Geloa From whence and from the Camarineans having made great Devastations he fill'd his Camp with all sorts of Plunder Then marching for Gela he incampt at a River of the same Name There was a brazen Statue of Apollo of a wonderful bigness at Gela in the Suburbs of the City which the Carthaginians took and sent away Ant. Chr. 403. to Tyre The Geleans had dedicated it by the Command of the Oracle of Apollo But the Tyrians some time after when they were Besieg'd by Alexander the Macedonian reproach'd the Image as if it sided with the Enemy But after that Alexander had taken the City the very same Day of the Week and the very Hour as Timeus reports that the Carthaginians committed the Sacriledge against Apollo at Gela the Grecians honour'd the God with many magnificent Gifts and costly Sacrifices as he by whose help they had won the City Though these things happen'd in times far distant one from another yet because the thing * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Carthaginians besiege Gela. was very remarkable I thought it no digression to compare one Event with the other in this Place The Carthaginians when they had cut down all the Trees about Gela fortify'd themselves by a Wall and deep Trench drawn round their Camp for they expected that Dionysius would come to the aid of the Besieg'd with a great Army They of Gela had at the beginning of the Siege to avoid Danger determin'd to send away their Wives and Children to Syracuse but when the Women all ran together to the Altars in the Forum earnestly praying that they might undergo the same Fate with their Husbands they were suffered to stay After this the Souldiers in the Town dividing Ant. Chr. 403. themselves into several Squadrons sent out part Abroad who being well acquainted with all the Ways and Passages fell upon the Enemy that were straggling here and there and not only brought in Prisoners every Day but kill'd many And when the Carthaginians had batter'd down part of the Walls with their Rams the Besieg'd stoutly defended them and what was beaten down in the Day both Women and Children join'd with the rest and repair'd in the Night For they that were young and able were continually in Arms and ingag'd with the Enemy the rest were diligently imploy'd in working and other necessary Services To conclude they bore the brunt with that Valour and Resolution that though their City was unfortify'd and they receiv'd no Aid from their Confederates and their Walls were broke down in many Places yet Fear did not at all abate their Courage In the mean time Dionysius Tyrant of Syracuse sent for the Grecian Succours in Dionysius hastens to aid Gela. Italy and Aids from his Confederates and imploy'd every one almost that was able to bear Arms in Syracuse and join'd the Army of the Mercenaries with the rest The whole amounted not to above Fifty as some report but as Timeus relates not above Thirty Thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse with Fifty Sail of Ships With these Forces he hastens to the Aid of Gela. When he arriv'd at the City he encamp'd near the Sea This he did that his Forces might not be divided but might fall upon the Enemy both by Sea and Land at once for by skirmishing with his Ant. Chr. 403. light Arm'd Men he prevented their Foraging And by his Horse and the help of P. 391. his Shipping he endeavour'd to intercept all Provisions that should be brought to the Carthaginians from any part of their Dominions However he effected nothing after he had continu'd there Twenty Days After this he divided his Foot into Three Bodies one he deliver'd into the Hands of the Sicilians with a Command that having the City on the Left they should fall upon the Trenches and Fortifications of the Enemy Another Body made up of Succours from the Confederates he order'd should
and the rest of the Gallies came to Gnidus But Agesilaus being strengthen'd with Forces from Peloponnesus entred with an Army Ant. Ch. 393. into Boeotia where the Boeotians and their Confederates forthwith met him at Coronea and The Lacedemonians beat the Boeotians engag'd in which Battel the Boeotians put that Wing of the Lacedemonians to slight that oppos'd them and pursu'd them to their Camp but the rest after a small Resistance were routed by Agesilaus and his Party Whereupon the Lacedemonians looking upon themselves as Conquerors in token of Victory erected a Trophy and gave Leave to the Enemy to bury their Dead For there were kill'd of the Boeotians and their Confederates above Six hundred and of the Lacedemonians and their Associates above Three hundred and fifty Agesilaus himself being sorely wounded and carry'd to Delphos to be cur'd After the late Sea-fight Pharnabazus and Conon invaded the Confederates of the Lacedemonians with their whole Fleet and first forc'd them of Coos to a Defection from the Lacedemonians then those of * Nisea a Town on the East-side of the Isthmos of Peloponnenesus Nisea and †Tios a City in Paphligonia Tios or Teium Afterward the Chians forcing out the Garison there revolted to Conon The Mitylenes Ephesians and Erythreans likewise follow'd the Examples of the former And thus all the Cities on a sudden revolted some of which casting out the Lacedemonian Garisons took the opportunity absolutely to free themselves others from that time gave themselves up into Conon's Hands and from that time forward the Lacedemonians lost the Sovereignty of the Sea Conon determining to sail for Attica with his whole Fleet weighs Anchor and by the P. 442. way beinging over the Islands of the * Cyclades Islands of the Aegean Sea near Delos lying in a Round and therefore so call'd Cyclades to his side he makes straight for †Cythera an Island over against Crete Cythera which he gain'd upon the first Approach and taking Hostages of the Cythereans for their Fidelity he sent them away to Laconia and when he had put a strong Garison into the City he sail'd for Corinth where he had Audience of the Senate and then entring into a League and leaving Money with them for the carrying on of the War he return'd into Asia About this time Eropus King of Macedonia dy'd after he had reign'd Six Years his Son Pausanias succeeded him and reign'd only One Year Theopompus of Chius ends his History with this Year and with the Sea-fight at Cnidus containing the Relation of the Grecian Affairs in Twelve Books begun at the Sea-fight at Cynossema where Thucydides ends comprehending Seventeen Years Ant. Ch. 393. After the end of the last Year Eubulides was made Lord Chancellor of Athens and Olymp. 96. 3. An. M. 3578. Ant. Ch. 392. Six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Dignity at Rome Lucius Sergius Aulus Posthumius Publius Cornelius Sextus Centius Quintus Manlius and * Lucius Julius and Lucius Furius Anitius Camillus At that time Conon the Persian Admiral arrived in the Pireum at Athens with Fourscore Sail and promis'd the Citizens to rebuild the Walls of the City For the Walls and long Thighs of the Pyream were demolish'd by the Lacedemonians according to the Articles of the Peace when the Athenians were brought very low and their Power broken by the Peloponnâ—sian War To this end Conon hir'd many Workmen and order'd several out of Conon comes to Athens the Fleet to be assisting to the carrying on of the Work so that the greatest part of the Builds the Walls of the Pireum Wall was finish'd in a short time For the Thebans sent in Five hundred Carpenters and Masons and several other Cities gave their Assistance But Teribazus General of the Land Forces in Asia envying Conon's Successes contriv'd falsly to charge him as if he only made use of the King's Soldiers to get Towns and Cities for the Athenians therefore sending for him to Sardis upon his appearance he seiz'd him and threw him into Ant. Ch. 392. Prison But now at Corinth some that had thirsted after the chief Rule and Command in the Government entred into a Conspiracy and at the time of the publick Plays kill'd many The Sedition at Corinth in the Play-house and fill'd the City with Tumult and Sedition And being assisted by the Argives they cut the Throats of a Hundred and Twenty Citizens and Banish'd Five The Corinthian War hundred more The Lacedaemonians raised Forces in order to reduce these Murderers by Force of Arms But the Athenians and Beotians came with an Army to their assistance but with an Eye to bring the City into their Subjection But the Exiles with the Lacedaemonians and other Confederates in the Night came up to the Lecheum and * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Arsenal and took it by Storm The next day the Townsmen drew out their Forces under the Command of Iphicrates but were routed by the Lacedaemonians who slew a great number of them After this the Beotians and Athenians together with the Argives and Corinthians march'd down with their Forces to the Lecheum and at first after a short Resistance forced their way into the Castle But the Lacedaemonians and Exiles Valiantly renewing the Fight drove out the Beotians and all with them who were forced to return into the City with the loss of about a Thousand Men. And now the time of Celebrating the Isthmian Games approached and a Contest fell out amongst them concerning the Ordering and Management of the Sports And after much wrangling the Lacedaemonians prevail'd and gave to the Exiles the Authority of ordering that Affair And because almost all the Skirmishes and Encounters in this War happen'd near to Corinth it was call'd the Corinthian War and lasted Eight Years CHAP. X. The Quarrel between the Rhegians and Dionysius Mago the Carthaginian settles Affairs in Sicily Routed at Abacena by Dionysius Rhegium near surpriz'd by Dionysius The Acts of Iphicrates at Corinth Phlias and Sicyon Amyntas lost his Kingdom of Macedonia but was restor'd The Romans take Veii Dedicate a Golden Cup to Apollo Their Ambassadors are taken by the Pirates of the Lipari-Islands but discharg'd by Timasitheus MOreover about this time they of Rhegium quarrelled with Dionysius in Sicily because P. 443. Ant. Ch. 392. Quarrels between the Rhegians and Dionysius he had fortify'd Messina as if he intended thereby some Mischief against them Upon which they receiv'd into their Protection all that were driven out by Dionysius and all others that hated his Government Then they gave Mylas to the late Inhabitants of Naxus and Catana to be inhabited by them and sent Heloris with an Army to besiege Messina and while he in the first place besieg'd the Castle the Townsmen with the Mercenaries of Dionysius drew out and fell upon him routed him and kill'd above Five hundred of his Followers Then they presently set upon
the Macedonians being in the Right Wing opposite to Darius who commanded the Left of the Persians in which were his Kindred and near Relations For there was a Regiment of a Thousand Horse compos'd only of such as were in greatest Reputation and Account for their Valour and special Love to the King These having him a Spectator of their Valour readily and chearfully receiv'd all the Darts that were cast at the King They were seconded by the Melephorians who were numerous and stout Men and with them were join'd the Mardians and Cisseans Men admir'd for their Courage and the Bulk of their Bodies Besides these there were Ant. Ch. 329. those of the King's Houshold and some of the stoutest of the Indians All these made a fierce Charge with a great Shout upon the Macedonians who were put very hard to it by reason of their Multitude * Mazeus Mazeus likewise in the Right Wing with a brave Body of Horse charg'd with that briskness that he laid many at his Feet at the first onset Then he order'd Two thousand Cadusian Horse and a Thousand more of the Scythians to take a compass round the Enemies Wings and to break in upon the Trenches that defended their Carriages who presently thereupon put in execution what they were commanded Thus having forc'd into the Macedonians Camp some of the Prisoners catch'd up Arms and join'd with the Scythians and rifled the Carriages Upon which through the suddenness of the Surprize a great Noise and Clamour arose throughout the whole Camp Then other Prisoners ran in to the Barbarians But Sisygambris the Mother of Darius would not stir though she was mov'd to it but with a kind of an affectionate Regard to her Condition continu'd in the same place not trusting to the uncertain Turns of Fortune nor judging it fit and honourable to manifest so much Ingratitude towards Alexander The Scythians having at length rifled most of the Carriages return'd to Mazeus and gave him an Account of the happy Success With the like good Fortune that Body of Horse with Darius put the Macedonians overpower'd with Number to flight While Ant. Ch. 329. the Victory seem'd thus to incline to the Persians by this second Success Alexander making it his only Business with all the speed possible to rally his broken Forces and to repair his Losses charg'd Darius with his own Brigade and some others of the bravest Horse in the Army The Persian King receiv'd the Enemy's Charge with great Resolution and fighting mounted upon his Chariot dispatch'd many with Darts that assaulted him neither were they few that defended him And while both Kings were eager to destroy one another Alexander in throwing a Dart at Darius miss'd him but kill'd his Chariot-driver Upon which those about the King that were at some distance set up a great Cry believing that the King was kill'd and forthwith betook themselves to their Heels and then the next to them follow'd Presently the Troops next to Darius himself gave ground by degrees till such time as he was left naked on one side and then he himself in a great Consternation made away with all speed The Persians being thus dispers'd the Horse in their flight rais'd so great a Cloud of Dust that Alexander and his Men who pursu'd close at the Heels of the Enemy could not see which way Darius fled Nothing was heard but the Groans of dying Men the trampling of Horses and continual Noise and Lashing of Whips In the mean time Mazeus in the Right Wing having the bravest and stoutest Horse of any of the Persians press'd grievously upon those Troops with whom he was Ant. Ch. 319. engag'd So that though Parmenio with the Thessalian Horse and others join'd with them were greatly distress'd yet he bore the Brunt for some time and at first through his own Valour and the Bravery of the Thessalian Horse worsted the Persians but the Horse with Mazeus by their Number bearing down the other that Wing of the Macedonians was quite routed so that a great Slaughter was made and there was now no standing before the Barbarians Parmenio therefore sent Horsemen after Alexander to intreat his Assistance with all speed who hasted away to execute the Orders and Command given But when they heard that a great part of the Army was fled they return'd without going further However Parmenio bestirring himself and rallying his Troops as well as he could with the help of the Thessalian Horse hew'd down many of his Enemies and at length with The Persians routed at Arbela much ado put the Barbarians to flight who were in Amaze and Consternation upon hearing that Darius was fled Darius in the mean time being an expert General and help'd by the thick Cloud of Dust took not his Course strait forward like the rest but turn'd a different way and so being not discern'd by reason the Dust rose so high escap'd clear away and brought all those that went along with him safe into the Towns and Villages that lay at the Backs of the Macedonians At length all the Barbarians taking to their Heels and the Macedonians killing all that Ant. Ch. 329 were in the Rear in a short time all that large Plain was cover'd over with dead Carkasses There were kill'd in this Battel of the Barbarians Horse and Foot above Ninety thousand of the Macedonians Five hundred only but great Multitudes wounded Amongst whom Hephestion one of the bravest of Alexander's Commanders and Captain of his Guard was shot through the Arm with a Dart. Perdiccas Cenas Menidas and some others likewise were wounded And this was the Issue of the Battel at Arbela CHAP. VI. The Graecians conspire to Revolt Memnon rebells in Thrace Antipater marches against him The Lacedaemonians raise an Army are routed by Antipater and Agis their King kill'd ARistophon was at that time Lord Chancellor of Athens and Cneius Domitius and Aulus Olymp. 112. 3. Ant. Ch. 328. An. M. 3620. Cornelius were created Roman Consuls when many of the Cities of Greece upon the News of the Victory at Arbela began to bestir themselves to defend their ancient Liberties whilst the Persians had any Power left to assist them and therefore resolv'd to assist Darius with Monies to raise Foreign Soldiers from all Parts For they concluded that Alexander durst not divide his Army lest he should disturb them but if they should suffer the Persians to be destroy'd they were not able of themselves to defend their Liberties And an Insurrection in Thrace encourag'd them the more to Revolt For Memnon being sent General into Thrace having both Courage and Force sufficient at the Instigation of the Barbarians rebell'd and with a great Army now appear'd in open War Upon which Antipater gather'd all his Forces together and march'd through Macedonia into Thrace against Memnon Things thus falling out the Lacedaemonians judging that now a fair Opportunity was offer'd them to prepare for War sollicited the Graecians to Confederate