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sigismond_n the_o three_o but_o much_o beautify_v by_o his_o successor_n over_o against_o this_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n which_o be_v passable_a by_o a_o stately_a wooden_a bridge_n sit_v the_o great_a parliament_n of_o poland_n in_o another_o of_o the_o king_n palace_n call_v viasdow_n seat_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o many_o and_o delicate_a grove_n and_o garden_n in_o the_o city_n be_v public_a building_n of_o good_a note_n the_o most_o remarkable_a of_o which_o be_v st._n john_n baptist_n church_n where_o divine_a service_n be_v perform_v by_o secular_a canon_n not_o far_o from_o viasdow_n in_o the_o suburb_n call_v cracow_n stand_v as_o a_o trophy_n of_o the_o victory_n obtain_v by_o the_o pole_n over_o the_o moscovite_n a_o small_a chapel_n build_v by_o the_o king_n command_n for_o the_o burial_n of_o demetrius_n suiscius_n great_a duke_n of_o moscovie_n who_o die_v a_o captive_a in_o the_o castle_n of_o gostenin_n the_o nobility_n of_o masovia_n which_o be_v 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martyrdom_n in_o the_o year_n 995._o but_o this_o conjecture_n be_v vain_a and_o precarious_a for_o where_o any_o city_n of_o this_o name_n former_o stand_v or_o its_o ruin_n can_v at_o this_o day_n be_v find_v only_o he_o himself_o can_v tell_v we_o johannes_n annius_n viterbiensis_n tell_v we_o the_o prussian_n be_v at_o first_o call_v pruti_fw-la and_o that_o from_o one_o prutus_n a_o scythian_a king_n grandchild_n to_o noah_n that_o this_o nation_n be_v a_o offspring_n of_o the_o ancient_a scythian_n be_v indeed_o allowable_a but_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o story_n we_o can_v say_v no_o more_o then_o that_o it_o be_v well_o know_v how_o nimble_a this_o author_n and_o his_o feign_a berosus_n be_v at_o counterfeit_v of_o name_n in_o the_o etymology_n of_o country_n other_o of_o the_o same_o authority_n with_o viterbiensis_n bring_v the_o prussian_n out_o of_o asia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o prussia_n a_o king_n of_o bythinia_n some_o will_v have_v the_o word_n prussi_fw-fr or_o prutheni_fw-la corrupt_v
of_o lechus_n the_o first_o other_o think_v it_o the_o same_o with_o ptolomey_n carodunum_fw-la corrupt_v into_o cracow_n this_o city_n as_o it_o be_v the_o large_a so_o it_o be_v the_o best_a build_v of_o any_o one_o in_o poland_n cromer_n set_v it_o in_o competition_n with_o the_o best_a build_v city_n of_o germany_n or_o italy_n but_o we_o must_v allow_v he_o to_o stretch_v a_o little_a more_o than_o ordinary_a in_o commendation_n of_o his_o own_o country_n the_o house_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o freestone_n and_o four_o or_o five_o story_n high_a but_o cover_v with_o board_n instead_o of_o slat_n there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o considerable_a company_n of_o italian_a and_o german_a merchant_n who_o bring_v in_o such_o foreign_a ware_n as_o the_o country_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o it_o consist_v like_a london_n and_o paris_n of_o three_o part_n 1._o cracow_n proper_o so_o call_v or_o the_o ancient_a city_n 2._o cazimiria_n join_v to_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o wooden_a bridge_n across_o the_o vistula_n 3._o stradomia_fw-la which_o lie_v between_o cracow_n and_o the_o bridge_n the_o king_n palace_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n whence_o it_o overlook_v both_o city_n and_o country_n it_o be_v rebuilt_a in_o the_o magnificent_a posture_n it_o now_o stand_v by_o sigismond_n the_o elder_a who_o add_v the_o gallery_n on_o the_o north_n side_n from_o whence_o you_o have_v one_o of_o the_o best_a prospect_n in_o europe_n the_o university_n of_o cracow_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a finish_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n in_o performance_n of_o the_o last_o will_v and_o testament_n of_o his_o queen_n hedwig_n and_o have_v its_o privilege_n confirm_v to_o it_o by_o pope_n vrban_n in_o the_o year_n 1549_o the_o scholar_n of_o cracow_n by_o a_o general_a consent_n leave_v the_o university_n upon_o a_o affront_n put_v on_o they_o by_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o city_n who_o refuse_v to_o execute_v justice_n upon_o the_o servant_n of_o andrew_n czarnkowski_n when_o in_o a_o quarrel_n they_o have_v slay_v a_o great_a number_n of_o student_n and_o disperse_v themselves_o into_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n whence_o return_v lutheran_n they_o spread_v the_o reform_a opinion_n all_o poland_n over_o and_o get_v great_a number_n of_o proselyte_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o christianity_n in_o this_o kingdom_n miecislaus_fw-la the_o first_o who_o begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 964_o cracow_n be_v make_v a_o archbishopric_n but_o within_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o lampert_n zula_n refuse_v to_o receive_v his_o pall_n from_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n as_o his_o predecessor_n have_v do_v before_o he_o it_o degenerate_v into_o a_o bishopric_n afterward_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a which_o begin_v a.d._n 1226_o asleep_o contest_v arise_v between_o jvo_n bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o vratislaw_n about_o precedency_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n upon_o his_o submissive_a appeal_n to_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n be_v again_o restore_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o a_o archbishop_n which_o only_o last_v during_o his_o life_n at_o this_o day_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n wear_v a_o archbishops_n pall_n set_v rich_o with_o jewel_n which_o be_v the_o only_a relic_n they_o have_v of_o their_o ancient_a honour_n the_o next_o palatinate_n of_o the_o lesser_a poland_n sendomir_n sendomir_n be_v that_o of_o sendomir_n the_o city_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o vistula_n and_o fortify_v with_o wall_n and_o a_o castle_n both_o build_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a who_o afterward_o die_v of_o a_o surfeit_n by_o eat_v too_o free_o of_o the_o fruit_n of_o this_o country_n which_o be_v reckon_v the_o fair_a and_o best_a in_o poland_n here_o be_v nothing_o else_o worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o save_o the_o monastery_n of_o dominican_n friar_n found_v by_o jvo_n archbishop_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n be_v take_v out_o of_o that_o of_o sendomir_n as_o be_v too_o big_a for_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o one_o palatine_a by_o casimir_n jagellonides_n lublin_n lublin_n the_o city_n be_v not_o very_o large_a but_o well_o build_v and_o much_o frequent_v especial_o in_o the_o fair_n keep_v three_o time_n a_o year_n by_o christian_n jewish_a and_o turkish_a merchant_n it_o be_v much_o better_a fortifve_v by_o the_o marsh_n which_o environ_v it_o than_o its_o wall_n and_o more_o beholden_a to_o nature_n for_o its_o defence_n then_o either_o casimir_n the_o great_a who_o wall_v it_o round_o or_o the_o russian_n who_o build_v the_o adjoin_a castle_n the_o great_a church_n in_o it_o be_v build_v by_o lescus_n the_o black_a upon_o a_o great_a conquest_n obtain_v against_o the_o lithvanians_n near_o this_o city_n and_o dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n who_o in_o a_o vision_n the_o night_n before_o the_o battle_n have_v promise_v he_o good_a success_n st._n bridget_n monastery_n among_o many_o other_o magnificent_a one_o be_v found_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n one_o of_o the_o two_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n from_o which_o no_o appeal_n lie_v save_v to_o the_o parliament_n of_o poland_n be_v keep_v at_o lublin_n hither_o for_o judgement_n in_o controversy_n of_o any_o great_a moment_n repair_v the_o palatinate_v of_o cracow_n sendomir_n russia_n podolia_n lublin_n belze_n podlassia_n volhinia_n braclaw_n kiow_n and_o czernichow_n or_o at_o least_o so_o many_o of_o they_o as_o be_v still_o subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n of_o other_o country_n and_o province_n to_o which_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v former_o pretend_v a_o title_n by_o conquest_n contract_n or_o otherwise_o beside_o the_o place_n mention_v and_o at_o present_a subject_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o king_n of_o that_o nation_n have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n lay_v claim_n to_o many_o and_o large_a territory_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o other_o prince_n omit_v bohemia_n moravia_n wagria_n misnia_n and_o the_o dukedom_n of_o rugen_n mecklenburg_n and_o lunenburg_n which_o whatever_o some_o of_o the_o polish_v writer_n assert_v and_o endeavour_v to_o make_v good_a be_v very_o little_a or_o not_o at_o all_o subject_n to_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n who_o be_v the_o only_a king_n that_o ever_o can_v plausible_o pretend_v a_o title_n to_o any_o part_n of_o they_o we_o shall_v confine_v our_o discourse_n to_o those_o country_n to_o which_o the_o polonian_a prince_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v have_v a_o more_o just_a and_o legal_a title_n that_o all_o or_o most_o of_o silesia_n be_v part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o poland_n silesia_n silesia_n in_o the_o day_n of_o lechus_n the_o first_o and_o several_a of_o his_o successor_n be_v high_o probable_a from_o the_o writing_n of_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n who_o both_o of_o they_o make_v the_o river_n other_o the_o bound_n of_o poland_n beside_o the_o german_a chronologer_n tell_v we_o that_o charles_n the_o great_a ludovicus_n pius_n and_o other_o emperor_n conquer_v the_o silesian_n and_o make_v they_o tributary_n to_o the_o empire_n but_o the_o polish_v historian_n upon_o what_o ground_n i_o know_v not_o be_v general_o positive_a in_o assert_v that_o silesia_n be_v always_o without_o any_o such_o intermission_n or_o conquest_n as_o the_o german_n strive_v to_o make_v out_o a_o part_n of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n only_o vincentius_n kadlubko_n agree_v with_o the_o german_n affirm_v that_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n among_o his_o many_o other_o conquest_n regain_v selucia_n as_o he_o call_v it_o and_o leave_v it_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n after_o his_o time_n we_o find_v that_o casimir_n the_o first_o translate_v the_o bishopric_n of_o bicine_n to_o vratislaw_n whence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o in_o his_o day_n silesia_n be_v part_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o poland_n not_o long_o after_o henry_n the_o iv_o emperor_n of_o germany_n in_o the_o diet_n at_o munster_n a.d._n 1086_o make_v over_o silesia_n lusatia_n and_o indeed_o all_o poland_n to_o vratislaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n though_o as_o cromer_n say_v he_o have_v no_o right_n to_o a_o foot_n of_o land_n in_o any_o of_o they_o whereupon_o ensue_v a_o bloody_a war_n betwixt_o the_o bohemian_o and_o pole_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v conjecture_v the_o latter_a have_v the_o better_a since_o all_o historian_n agree_v that_o silesia_n be_v under_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n government_n during_o the_o whole_a reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o three_o his_o son_n vladislaus_n the_o second_o be_v depose_v by_o his_o brethren_n who_o be_v leave_v coheir_n with_o he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n flee_v first_o to_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o first_o who_o bring_v boleslaus_n crispus_n duke_n of_o poland_n and_o brother_n to_o vladislaus_n to_o such_o strait_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o resign_v all_o silesia_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o brother_n child_n but_o upon_o condition_n they_o shall_v
pass_v all_o the_o merchant-ship_n which_o traffic_n in_o the_o baltic_a the_o breadth_n of_o it_o be_v about_o twelve_o german_a mile_n and_o the_o length_n eighteen_o this_o island_n be_v undoubted_o the_o ancient_a codanonia_n mention_v by_o pomponius_n mela_n which_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o the_o more_o modern_a word_n dania_n and_o denmark_n most_o of_o the_o danish_a etymologist_n derive_v seeland_n from_o soedland_n or_o seedland_n from_o the_o plenty_n of_o corn_n which_o this_o country_n afford_v other_o with_o great_a probability_n make_v the_o word_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o island_n or_o piece_n of_o ground_n encompass_v with_o the_o sea_n whence_o saxon_a grammaticus_n and_o several_a other_o ancient_a historian_n call_v it_o seelandia_n from_o the_o old_a danish_a word_n siam_fw-it or_o sio_n which_o be_v now_o turn_v into_o so_o and_o in_o our_o english_a tongue_n corrupt_v into_o sea_n in_o most_o or_o all_o of_o the_o ancient_a runic_a manuscript_n it_o be_v call_v soelunder_n or_o the_o seagrove_n the_o edda_n islandorum_n call_v it_o soelund_n and_o give_v we_o this_o account_n of_o the_o first_o original_n of_o the_o word_n there_o be_v former_o a_o certain_a king_n in_o sweden_n name_v gylfi_n who_o promise_v a_o asian_a sorceress_n call_v gesion_n who_o have_v please_v he_o with_o her_o melody_n as_o much_o land_n as_o four_o ox_n can_v plough_v up_o in_o one_o day_n and_o a_o night_n whereupon_o the_o old_a hag_n bring_v four_o of_o her_o son_n out_o of_o north_n jutland_n and_o turn_v they_o into_o as_o many_o ox_n cause_v they_o to_o plough_v up_o a_o large_a and_o deep_a furrow_n round_o this_o piece_n of_o ground_n which_o when_o the_o sea_n have_v fill_v up_o the_o land_n become_v a_o isle_n and_o be_v call_v seelund_n stephanius_n think_v ptolemy_n allude_v to_o this_o fable_n when_o speak_v of_o some_o island_n in_o the_o baltic_a he_o say_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i.e._n beyond_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n lie_v three_o island_n call_v alociae_fw-la from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o furrow_n copenhagen_n the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o island_n copenhagen_n copenhagen_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o east_n of_o seeland_n upon_o the_o seashore_n the_o dane_n call_v it_o kiobenhaun_n and_o the_o german_n copenhaven_n both_o which_o word_n be_v corruption_n of_o kiobmanshafen_n i.e._n portus_n mercatorum_fw-la as_o saxo_n somewhere_o call_v it_o mejerus_fw-la a_o learned_a frisian_a writer_n derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n from_o coppen_n which_o say_v he_o in_o the_o frisian_a language_n signify_v james_n and_o haven_n q.d._n st._n james_n haven_n but_o there_o be_v very_o little_a or_o no_o ground_n for_o any_o such_o derivation_n about_o the_o year_n 1168_o axil_v wide_o surname_v snare_n saxo_n call_v he_o absalon_n archbishop_n of_o denmark_n build_v a_o considerable_a fortification_n in_o the_o island_n in_o which_o now_o stand_v the_o castle_n this_o be_v call_v after_o his_o name_n axel-huys_a and_o be_v a_o good_a defence_n to_o the_o whole_a island_n against_o the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o pirate_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o this_o fort_n several_a fisherman_n and_o other_o that_o trade_v this_o way_n use_v to_o harbour_v their_o ship_n in_o security_n this_o cause_v a_o continual_a concourse_n of_o the_o native_n who_o resort_v hither_o to_o furnish_v the_o vessel_n with_o such_o provision_n as_o their_o country_n afford_v and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n lay_v the_o first_o rude_a draught_n of_o a_o city_n which_o at_o this_o day_n for_o strength_n trade_n beauty_n and_o bulk_n be_v not_o surpass_v by_o many_o in_o europe_n most_o of_o the_o danish_a king_n especial_o christian_n iu._n have_v be_v very_o active_a in_o beautify_v this_o city_n with_o a_o university_n church_n wall_n ditch_n etc._n etc._n james_n ecland_n bishop_n of_o roschild_n be_v the_o first_o that_o grant_v any_o privilege_n to_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1254._o these_o his_o successor_n ignatius_n confirm_v and_o they_o be_v afterward_o considerable_o enlarge_v by_o king_n waldemar_n in_o the_o year_n 1341_o and_o eric_n of_o pomeren_n in_o the_o year_n 1371._o christopher_n of_o bavaria_n endow_v it_o with_o municipal_a immunity_n like_o the_o other_o city_n of_o denmark_n in_o the_o year_n 1443._o all_o which_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o large_a charter_n of_o christian_a the_o three_o and_o frideric_n the_o second_o the_o citizen_n house_n till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n be_v very_o mean_a and_o low_a most_o of_o they_o patch_v up_o of_o wood_n and_o mortar_n but_o of_o late_o they_o be_v grow_v more_o curious_a and_o expensive_a in_o architecture_n and_o few_o of_o their_o street_n be_v without_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o fair_a brick_n building_n the_o cathedral_n church_n dedicate_v to_o st._n mary_n be_v beautify_v with_o a_o noble_a copper_n spire_n build_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o king_n christian_n the_o four_o the_o advowsance_n of_o this_o church_n belong_v to_o the_o professor_n in_o the_o university_n the_o marketplace_n be_v exceed_o spacious_a and_o no_o small_a ornament_n to_o the_o town_n beside_o these_o the_o king_n palace_n the_o arsenal_n which_o perhaps_o excel_v any_o thing_n that_o europe_n afford_v in_o this_o kind_n the_o observatory_n or_o runde_n taarn_v and_o the_o adjoin_a university_n church_n and_o library_n the_o exchange_n etc._n etc._n be_v place_n rich_o worth_a the_o see_n and_o deserve_v a_o large_a description_n than_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o short_a account_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n will_v permit_v the_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o four_o burgomaster_n one_o whereof_o be_v regent_n or_o precedent_n for_o his_o life_n this_o honour_n be_v at_o present_a confer_v on_o that_o worthy_a and_o learned_a person_n p._n john_n resenius_n professor_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n in_o the_o university_n at_o copenhagen_n and_o counsellor_n to_o the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n with_o he_o most_o of_o the_o other_o professor_n of_o note_n in_o this_o university_n as_o william_n langius_n former_o tutor_n to_o this_o present_a king_n christian_n the_o five_o erasmus_n vindingius_fw-la professor_n of_o history_n and_o geography_n and_o author_n of_o the_o academia_n hafniensis_n which_o give_v we_o a_o exact_a account_n of_o all_o the_o famous_a man_n that_o have_v ever_o flourish_v in_o this_o university_n thomas_n and_o erasmus_n bartholini_n both_o well_o know_v by_o their_o incomparable_a work_n etc._n etc._n be_v at_o this_o day_n minister_n of_o state_n in_o the_o court_n of_o denmark_n and_o keep_v only_o the_o title_n and_o pension_n of_o professor_n without_o be_v tie_v to_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o duty_n selandiae_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la daniae_fw-la insulae_fw-la chorographica_n descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n viro_fw-la illustri_fw-la ac_fw-la gentroso_fw-la dno_fw-la georgio_n seefeldo_n haereditario_fw-la in_o reffes_n regni_fw-la daniae_fw-la senatori_fw-la ac_fw-la judici_fw-la provintiali_fw-la selandico_n domino_fw-la ac_fw-la patrono_fw-la plurimum_fw-la honorando_fw-la d._n d._n d._n johannes_n janssonius_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o great_a town_n and_o place_n of_o note_n in_o this_o island_n be_v roschild_n roschild_n 1._o roschild_n which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o a_o river_n run_v by_o the_o town_n which_o drive_v seven_o mill_n roe_n in_o the_o ancient_a danish_a tongue_n signify_v a_o king_n and_o kill_v a_o stream_n of_o water_n it_o be_v former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o of_o late_a year_n this_o city_n have_v decay_v and_o copenhagen_n grow_v so_o fast_o that_o it_o be_v scarce_o remarkable_a for_o any_o thing_n at_o this_o day_n save_o the_o great_a old_a cathedral_n the_o bury_a place_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o some_o small_a trade_n this_o city_n be_v first_o make_v a_o bishop_n see_v by_o suenotho_n king_n of_o england_n denmark_n sweden_n and_o norway_n about_o the_o year_n 1012._o who_o give_v the_o bishopric_n of_o roschild_n which_o be_v now_o swallow_v up_o of_o copenhagen_n to_o gerebrand_n a_o monk_n afterward_o sueno_n gratenhede_v fortify_v it_o with_o a_o wall_n ditch_n and_o bulwark_n lyscander_n tell_v we_o there_o be_v once_o no_o less_o than_o twenty_o seven_o fair_a church_n in_o this_o town_n among_o these_o i_o suppose_v he_o reckon_v the_o chapel_n build_v by_o king_n harald_n svenotho_n father_n in_o which_o both_o he_o and_o his_o son_n who_o dead_a corpse_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o england_n to_o roschild_n to_o be_v bury_v be_v entomb_v in_o the_o old_a cathedral_n among_o many_o other_o rich_a monument_n in_o honour_n of_o several_a of_o the_o danish_a king_n and_o queen_n stand_v a_o fair_a marble_n pillar_n which_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n erect_v on_o purpose_n to_o hang_v thereon_o the_o whetstone_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o it_o with_o a_o chain_n which_o albert_n king_n of_o
be_v but_o small_a one_o and_o come_v far_o short_a of_o those_o mention_v in_o the_o danow_n the_o most_o terrible_a and_o dangerous_a one_o among_o the_o nine_o be_v a_o little_a below_o the_o city_n of_o schafhuysen_n in_o switzerland_n where_o the_o whole_a river_n fall_v from_o the_o top_n of_o a_o rock_n seventy-five_o foot_n high_a surius_n carthusianus_n say_v fifty_o cubit_n the_o other_o great_a cataract_n be_v near_o lauffenburg_n in_o switzerland_n which_o town_n have_v its_o name_n from_o lauffen_fw-ge in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n signify_v a_o cataract_n or_o water-fall_a and_o burg_n a_o castle_n this_o be_v not_o so_o dangerous_a as_o that_o at_o schafhuysen_n for_o sometime_o the_o waterman_n venture_v their_o vessel_n to_o slide_v down_o this_o precipice_n by_o rope_n which_o be_v utter_o impossible_a at_o the_o former_a there_o be_v no_o small_a dispute_n among_o ancient_a and_o modern_a geographer_n about_o the_o several_a mouth_n of_o the_o rhine_n former_o there_o be_v two_o know_v channel_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o every_o body_n can_v tell_v where_o each_o of_o they_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o sea_n for_o this_o great_a river_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o stream_n at_o schenckenschantz_n that_o part_n of_o it_o which_o still_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o the_o rhine_n pass_v by_o arnhem_n rhine_n vtrecht_n and_o leyden_n run_v into_o the_o sea_n at_o catwic_n whilst_o the_o other_o branch_n pass_v by_o nimeghen_fw-mi under_o the_o borrow_a name_n of_o the_o wahle_n join_v itself_o with_o the_o maes_n be_v in_o the_o same_o channel_n convey_v into_o the_o ocean_n but_o in_o the_o year_n 860_o or_o as_o some_o reckon_v 1170_o among_o many_o other_o damage_n do_v to_o the_o hollander_n by_o a_o extraordinary_a springtide_n the_o commodious_a haven_n at_o catwic_n be_v quite_o stop_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o the_o current_n of_o the_o rhine_n obstruct_v this_o river_n still_o run_v but_o with_o a_o very_a slow_a pace_n towards_o 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this_o river_n and_o the_o number_n of_o eleven_o now_o all_o geographer_n agree_v that_o the_o elb_n spring_v from_o eleven_o current_n but_o when_o i_o consider_v that_o the_o bohemian_o name_v this_o river_n labe_fw-la i_o be_o apt_a to_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o etymology_n though_o i_o can_v assign_v a_o better_a for_o to_o fetch_v the_o word_n ab_fw-la albis_fw-la rupibus_fw-la as_o some_o do_v be_v vain_a and_o impertinent_a tacitus_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o elb_n spring_v in_o the_o country_n of_o the_o hermunduri_n a_o schwabish_a people_n but_o the_o learned_a historian_n mistake_v his_o mark_n and_o shall_v have_v write_v aegra_fw-la instead_o of_o albis_n ptolemy_n blunder_n be_v as_o great_a as_o this_o when_o he_o name_v moldau_n which_o run_v through_o prague_n and_o be_v call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n wltawa_n the_o elb._n dubraw_n give_v the_o true_a account_n of_o the_o source_n of_o this_o river_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o it_o spring_v out_o of_o the_o mountain_n near_o hirschberg_n in_o silesia_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o bohemia_n these_o mountain_n be_v by_o latin_a writer_n call_v riphaei_n gygantarii_n and_o niviferi_fw-la montes_fw-la and_o by_o the_o bohemian_o and_o german_n die_v risengeburge_n from_o the_o multitude_n of_o strange_a and_o monstrous_a apparition_n which_o be_v see_v here_o by_o the_o rustic_n as_o themselves_o report_n the_o name_n of_o the_o eleven_o fountain_n out_o of_o which_o it_o spring_v or_o rather_o small_a stream_n of_o which_o it_o be_v compose_v be_v 1._o krumb-seyffen_a 2._o gross-seyffen_a 3._o nose_n 4._o granitz_n 5._o sperber-seyffen_a 6._o haubritz_n 7._o hinnerlein_fw-fr 8._o ganss_n 9_o new-wass_a 10._o heydelbach_n 11._o kalch-wass_a the_o first_o course_n it_o steer_v be_v southwards_o in_o which_o it_o pass_v by_o the_o city_n of_o dwur_n jaromitz_n and_o kralowy-hradetz_a or_o the_o queen_n be_v hradetz_n at_o which_o last_o place_n it_o be_v augment_v by_o the_o admission_n of_o warlitz_n and_o orlitz_n then_o large_a stream_n flow_v from_o the_o confine_n of_o bohemia_n and_o moravia_n into_o its_o channel_n at_o melnick_n it_o meet_v with_o the_o moldau_n and_o soon_o after_o with_o the_o aegra_fw-la afterward_o it_o pass_v by_o the_o city_n of_o dresden_n mizzen_n torgow_n wittenburg_n magdeburg_n and_o lawenburg_n and_o at_o hamburg_n bear_v merchant-ship_n of_o almost_o as_o large_a a_o bulk_n as_o any_o traffic_n on_o the_o ocean_n and_o that_o at_o the_o vast_a distance_n from_o the_o sea_n of_o any_o navigable_a river_n in_o europe_n the_o city_n of_o hamburg_n be_v eighteen_o german_n or_o seventy-two_a english_a mile_n distant_a from_o the_o sea_n and_o yet_o you_o shall_v ordinary_o meet_v with_o vessel_n of_o three_o hundred_o tun_n ride_v in_o this_o harbour_n on_o the_o south_n side_n of_o this_o city_n it_o divide_v itself_o into_o a_o great_a many_o branch_n which_o encircle_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o small_a island_n last_o a_o little_a below_o gluckstadt_n it_o branch_n into_o two_o arm_n whereof_o one_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o die_n zuyder_n elb_n the_o other_o die_v noorder_n elb_n which_o empty_a into_o the_o british_a ocean_n german_n river_n of_o less_o note_n be_v 1._o the_o other_o which_o spring_v in_o moravia_n and_o after_o a_o current_n of_o about_o 300_o english_a mile_n through_o some_o part_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o pomeren_n fall_v into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n 2._o visurgis_n or_o the_o weser_n which_o issue_v out_o of_o the_o mountain_n of_o thuringia_n run_v through_o hessen_n and_o westphalia_n down_o to_o bremen_n not_o far_o from_o which_o it_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o british_a ocean_n but_o these_o and_o some_o few_o more_o of_o the_o like_a bigness_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o merit_v a_o description_n in_o this_o place_n but_o may_v well_o be_v reserve_v till_o we_o come_v to_o the_o description_n of_o particular_a province_n whither_o also_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o a_o account_n of_o the_o forest_n mountain_n mine_n bath_n mineral-water_n city_n university_n money_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o commodity_n peculiar_a to_o any_o of_o the_o principality_n for_o germany_n ought_v to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o vast_a collection_n of_o several_a different_a nation_n and_o not_o as_o one_o petit_fw-la kingdom_n which_o may_v easy_o admit_v of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o general_a description_n of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o germany_n together_o with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o different_a name_n of_o celts_n dutch_n german_n and_o almain_n albis_n fluvius_n germaniae_fw-la celebris_fw-la a_fw-la fontibus_fw-la ad_fw-la ostia_n cum_fw-la fluminibus_fw-la ab_fw-la utroque_fw-la latere_fw-la in_fw-la illum_fw-la fluentibus_fw-la descriptus_fw-la jo_n vanden_fw-mi avele_n inventor_n et_fw-la feecit_fw-la nobilis_fw-la fluvius_n albis_n maximà _fw-la curà _fw-la ex_fw-la variis_fw-la famosisque_fw-la auctoribus_fw-la collectus_fw-la et_fw-la in_o lucem_fw-la editus_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a emporium_n hamburgum_n 1_o s._n gertraut_v 2._o s._n jacob_n 3_o der_fw-mi blaven_n toren_fw-mi 4._o det_fw-la tochthuys_n 5._o wenser_fw-fr toren_n 6._o s._n peter_n 7._o dome_n 8._o s._n johannis_n 9_o s._n catharina_n 10._o de_fw-fr borse_n 11._o it_o rathus_n 12._o maria_n magdalena_n 13._o s._n nicolai_n 14._o h._n geist_n 15._o melder_n dor_n 16._o den_n bollen_a stal_z 17._o s._n michael_n 18._o anschar_n kirche_n unt_fw-la weisen_n haus_fw-la that_o celta_n be_v a_o general_a name_n for_o any_o northern_a or_o western_a european_a among_o the_o aricient_a greek_a and_o latin_a writer_n celts_n celts_n be_v well_o know_v but_o whence_o the_o word_n spring_v be_v not_o easy_o determine_v cluverius_n as_o be_v even_o now_o say_v report_v that_o ascenas_n call_v his_o follower_n first_o celts_n from_o one_o of_o his_o own_o surname_n but_o what_o that_o be_v neither_o he_o nor_o any_o other_o historian_n i_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o can_v inform_v i_o
his_o son_n charles_n succeed_v mathias_n in_o all_o his_o title_n and_o dominion_n the_o bohemian_o fear_v he_o may_v prove_v as_o severe_a a_o persecutor_n of_o the_o protestant_n in_o that_o kingdom_n as_o his_o predecessor_n have_v be_v refuse_v to_o acknowledge_v he_o their_o king_n but_o immediate_o upon_o his_o be_v proclaim_v emperor_n proffer_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n to_o frideric_n v._o count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n who_o accept_v their_o kindness_n which_o so_o high_o enrage_v the_o emperor_n that_o he_o resolve_v to_o use_v his_o utmost_a endeavour_n whole_o to_o ruin_n and_o overthrow_v the_o protestant_a party_n whereupon_o ensue_v that_o bloody_a german_a war_n of_o almost_o thirty_o year_n continuance_n which_o be_v at_o last_o happy_o conclude_v by_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n of_o peace_n in_o the_o year_n 1648._o after_o a_o troublesome_a reign_n of_o seventeen_o year_n spend_v in_o a_o continual_a civil_a war_n which_o have_v ruin_v and_o lay_v waste_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n he_o die_v at_o vienna_n leave_v his_o distract_a empire_n to_o his_o son_n 1637._o ferdinand_n iii_o who_o the_o year_n before_o his_o father_n death_n be_v elect_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n which_o his_o father_n have_v begin_v with_o variety_n of_o success_n he_o obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o protestant_a party_n at_o ratisbon_n and_o break_v the_o vast_a power_n of_o the_o swede_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o norlingen_n but_o afterward_o be_v forsake_v by_o most_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n he_o be_v force_v to_o think_v of_o procure_v a_o peace_n by_o fair_a mean_n and_o treaty_n according_o the_o article_n of_o peace_n between_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o other_o prince_n and_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v seal_v at_o munster_n and_o osnaburg_n the_o popish_a agent_n keep_v their_o residence_n at_o the_o former_a of_o these_o city_n and_o the_o protestant_n in_o the_o latter_a a._n d._n 1648._o in_o the_o year_n 1653_o ferdinand_n iv_o this_o emperor_n elder_a son_n be_v elect_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n at_o augsburg_n by_o a_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o elector_n and_o within_o a_o month_n after_o solemn_o crown_v at_o ratisbon_n but_o die_v within_o a_o year_n after_o his_o coronation_n he_o never_o live_v to_o inherit_v the_o throne_n of_o his_o father_n who_o survive_v till_o the_o three_o of_o april_n in_o the_o year_n 1657._o 1658._o leopold_n the_o present_a emperor_n of_o germany_n and_o son_n of_o ferdinand_n iii_o be_v elect_v on_o the_o eight_o day_n of_o july_n after_o a_o vacancy_n of_o fifteen_o month_n into_o his_o father_n throne_n and_o crown_v at_o francfurt_n the_o twentysecond_a day_n of_o the_o same_o month_n he_o be_v a_o mild_a peaceful_a and_o religious_a prince_n a_o great_a lover_n and_o encourager_n of_o learning_n and_o more_o conversant_a in_o the_o study_n of_o book_n than_o arms._n whether_o his_o young_a son_n now_o live_v who_o be_v not_o yet_o full_a three_o year_n old_a will_v be_v elect_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n or_o the_o grow_a interest_n of_o the_o french_a king_n may_v engage_v a_o party_n strong_a enough_o for_o the_o dauphin_n be_v a_o question_n that_o time_n only_o can_v resolve_v of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o german_a emperor_n though_o the_o word_n imperator_fw-la and_o rex_fw-la seem_v to_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n yet_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n have_v for_o many_o year_n distinguish_v between_o a_o emperor_n and_o a_o king_n and_o give_v the_o former_a the_o preeminence_n all_o the_o european_a monarch_n that_o write_v themselves_o king_n do_v willing_o and_o ready_o give_v place_n to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n who_o ambassador_n in_o foreign_a court_n be_v always_o first_o admit_v to_o audience_n david_n vngnade_n the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n ambassador_n at_o the_o court_n of_o constantinople_n have_v design_v to_o take_v formal_a leave_n of_o the_o sultan_n be_v admit_v to_o audience_n for_o that_o purpose_n but_o observe_v the_o most_o honourable_a place_n in_o the_o presence-chamber_n take_v up_o by_o the_o persian_a ambassador_n and_o not_o like_a to_o be_v resign_v he_o fling_v away_o and_o have_v leave_v the_o sultan_n and_o court_n in_o a_o huff_n if_o the_o persian_a have_v not_o which_o he_o afterward_o be_v force_v to_o do_v give_v he_o the_o place_n and_o seat_v himself_o below_o he_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o from_o julius_n caesar_n the_o roman_a emperor_n get_v the_o name_n of_o caesares_fw-la and_o every_o one_o of_o they_o after_o octavian_n get_v the_o trick_n of_o surname_v himself_o augustus_n in_o germany_n the_o emperor_n be_v to_o this_o day_n style_v der_n keyser_n or_o caesar_n and_o he_o always_o write_v himself_o zur_a aller_fw-fr zeit_n mehrer_n des_fw-fr reich_n which_o the_o german_n make_v to_o signify_v the_o same_o with_o semper_fw-la augustus_n further_o it_o be_v the_o general_o receive_v opinion_n among_o the_o commonalty_n and_o the_o tradition_n be_v stiff_o assert_v and_o maintain_v by_o many_o of_o their_o most_o famous_a writer_n that_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o which_o the_o roman_n ancient_o pretend_v to_o and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o they_o call_v their_o emperor_n der_n romischer_n kayser_n that_o be_v the_o roman_a cesar_n and_o the_o german_a empire_n das_n heilige_v romische_n reich_n that_o be_v the_o holy_a roman_a empire_n i_o shall_v not_o here_o stay_v to_o inquire_v after_o the_o large_a extent_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a empire_n or_o the_o power_n and_o authority_n of_o their_o emperor_n it_o be_v sufficient_a to_o know_v that_o petronius_n verse_n orbem_fw-la jam_fw-la totum_fw-la victor_n romanus_n habebat_fw-la be_v only_o a_o hyperbolical_a rant_v and_o when_o st._n luke_n tell_v sus_fw-la there_o go_v out_o a_o decree_n from_o cesar_n augustus_n that_o all_o the_o world_n shall_v be_v tax_v he_o mean_v no_o more_o by_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d than_o the_o several_a province_n and_o territory_n of_o which_o the_o roman_n have_v then_o make_v themselves_o master_n so_o that_o though_o we_o shall_v grant_v which_o we_o shall_v find_v but_o little_a reason_n to_o do_v that_o the_o whole_a power_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o roman_a caesar_n descend_v upon_o the_o german_a emperor_n it_o will_v not_o thence_o follow_v what_o some_o of_o the_o high_a dutch_a writer_n endeavour_v to_o make_v out_o that_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n to_o go_v no_o further_o aught_o to_o pay_v some_o homage_n or_o acknowledgement_n to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n but_o we_o can_v indeed_o allow_v they_o so_o much_o as_o this_o that_o the_o german_a emperor_n have_v any_o right_a or_o title_n to_o the_o ancient_a roman_a empire_n the_o original_n of_o this_o conceit_n spring_v hence_o charles_n the_o great_a in_o the_o year_n 800_o come_v to_o rome_n upon_o some_o religious_a account_n or_o other_o and_o not_o to_o lay_v claim_n to_o that_o city_n be_v unexpected_o salute_v by_o pope_n leo_n iii_o and_o the_o citizen_n by_o the_o title_n of_o romanorum_fw-la imperator_fw-la augustus_n but_o what_o a_o sorry_a kind_n of_o empire_n the_o roman_n can_v then_o pretend_v to_o be_v well_o know_v the_o western_a part_n of_o their_o ancient_a empire_n germany_n and_o france_n be_v already_o in_o charles_n possession_n and_o the_o sovereignty_n which_o that_o city_n once_o challenge_v in_o spain_n and_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n be_v quite_o lose_v nay_o in_o italy_n itself_o the_o pope_n and_o citizen_n of_o rome_n have_v nothing_o leave_v to_o dispose_v of_o except_o that_o city_n and_o some_o few_o small_a town_n which_o this_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o his_o father_n have_v take_v from_o the_o lombard_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n and_o annex_v to_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n whence_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o charles_n the_o great_a get_v little_o more_o than_o a_o bare_a title_n at_o rome_n and_o that_o some_o other_o consideration_n as_o the_o vast_a extent_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n beyond_o the_o narrow_a compass_n of_o any_o european_a kingdom_n have_v move_v all_o the_o western_a monarch_n to_o give_v place_n to_o the_o emperor_n beside_o the_o crafty_a bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v always_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o diminish_v the_o emperor_n power_n and_o grandeur_n lest_o it_o shall_v eclipse_v their_o own_o by_o which_o mean_v the_o authority_n which_o the_o emperor_n do_v still_o retain_v be_v scarce_o sufficient_a to_o secure_v they_o from_o contempt_n and_o the_o imperial_a crown_n bring_v little_o more_o dominion_n along_o with_o it_o though_o much_o more_o honourable_a then_o that_o of_o a_o inferior_a monarch_n it_o be_v a_o undoubted_a prerogative_n of_o every_o great_a monarch_n in_o the_o world_n to_o confer_v title_n of_o honour_n as_o duke_n
have_v this_o city_n look_v upon_o as_o a_o place_n of_o the_o great_a antiquity_n of_o any_o in_o saxony_n esteem_v it_o the_o same_o with_o ptolomy_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d though_o i_o think_v the_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n which_o ptolemy_n assign_v to_o that_o old_a town_n be_v 29_o deg_fw-la of_o long._n and_o 51_o deg_fw-la 20_o min._n of_o lat._n will_v scarce_o come_v near_o this_o city_n this_o large_a and_o ancient_a city_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o earl_n and_o marquis_n of_o its_o own_o and_o thence_o we_o find_v the_o inhabitant_n in_o and_o about_o the_o city_n name_v by_o the_o latin_a historian_n stadenses_n stadingi_n or_o stedingii_n as_o a_o people_n distinct_a of_o themselves_o and_o independent_a upon_o any_o of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n of_o these_o earl_n and_o marc-grave_n the_o reader_n may_v meet_v with_o a_o catalogue_n in_o crantzius_n or_o angelius_n a_o werdenhagen_n in_o the_o year_n 1234_o the_o stadenses_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o bloody_a and_o terrible_a war_n in_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o very_a infancy_n of_o christianity_n in_o these_o part_n have_v like_a to_o have_v stifle_v religion_n in_o its_o cradle_n this_o bloodshed_n be_v occasion_v by_o a_o revolt_n of_o the_o citizen_n of_o stade_n from_o their_o obedience_n to_o the_o see_v of_o bremen_n whereupon_o the_o clergy_n of_o that_o city_n be_v resolve_v to_o keep_v by_o a_o strong_a arm_n what_o their_o enemy_n have_v endeavour_v to_o wrest_v from_o they_o take_v up_o arm_n and_o engage_v several_a of_o their_o neighbour_n in_o the_o broil_n but_o this_o expedient_a do_v not_o meet_v with_o the_o expect_a success_n have_v after_o a_o long_a quarrel_n only_o weaken_a both_o party_n and_o in_o no_o wise_a vindicate_v the_o archbishops_n title_n at_o last_o a_o volley_n of_o curse_n and_o excommunication_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n fright_v the_o citizen_n of_o stade_n into_o submission_n and_o oblige_v they_o to_o yield_v obedience_n as_o former_o to_o the_o archbishops_n of_o bremen_n hereupon_o philip_n duke_n of_o schwaben_n and_o earl_n of_o stade_n annex_v the_o whole_a county_n to_o the_o archbishopric_n reserve_v only_o to_o himself_o the_o city_n with_o its_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n in_o which_o state_n it_o continue_v till_o in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n it_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o be_v confirm_v to_o that_o crown_n as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n and_o possible_o we_o may_v have_v some_o reason_n to_o call_v this_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n which_o be_v now_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n as_o duke_n of_o bremen_n since_o the_o city_n of_o bremen_n itself_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o homage_n payable_a to_o that_o monarch_n from_o the_o archbishopric_n by_o virtue_n of_o that_o treaty_n and_o be_v to_o this_o day_n a_o free_a imperial_a city_n immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o emperor_n and_o to_o he_o only_o notwithstanding_o the_o vast_a rampire_n and_o bulwark_n wherewith_o this_o city_n be_v fortify_v and_o the_o natural_a strength_n of_o the_o place_n it_o be_v besiege_v and_o take_v in_o one_o day_n april_v 13_o 1645_o by_o the_o swedish_n general_n count_n coningsmark_n who_o have_v at_o the_o first_o assault_v take_v the_o fortress_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o zwinge_fw-mi betwixt_o the_o city_n and_o the_o elb_n press_v forward_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n to_o the_o gate_n of_o stade_n and_o force_v his_o way_n into_o the_o city_n whereupon_o the_o burgher_n be_v glad_a to_o surrender_v up_o the_o castle_n and_o other_o strong_a fort_n upon_o any_o condition_n the_o conqueror_n be_v please_v to_o propose_v the_o town_n be_v at_o present_a in_o a_o flourish_a condition_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o wholesome_a air_n and_o a_o pleasant_a rich_a country_n the_o burgher_n who_o have_v the_o character_n of_o the_o most_o civil_a and_o courteous_a people_n in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v common_o orchard_n and_o garden_n of_o pleasure_n without_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n well_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o fruit_n and_o flower_n their_o haven_n be_v large_a and_o commodious_a and_o ship_n of_o large_a carriage_n and_o burden_n come_v up_o to_o stade_n then_o be_v able_a to_o reach_v hamburg_n the_o marketplace_n rahthauss_n or_o town-hall_n exchange_v and_o several_a of_o their_o church_n be_v building_n worthy_a a_o traveller_n sight_n many_o and_o great_a have_v be_v the_o privilege_n by_o several_a emperor_n grant_v to_o this_o city_n it_o be_v always_o reckon_v a_o sanctuary_n for_o fugitive_n insomuch_o that_o all_o manner_n of_o malefactor_n whether_o germane_a or_o foreigner_n that_o can_v reach_v stade_n before_o vengeance_n overtake_v they_o be_v sure_a to_o find_v shelter_n here_o and_o be_v secure_a from_o the_o hand_n of_o justice_n beside_o the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v money_n authority_n to_o hunt_v in_o the_o neighbour_a forest_n and_o the_o like_a prerogative_n challenge_v by_o all_o imperial_a city_n they_o have_v power_n to_o demand_v a_o certain_a toll_n or_o custom_n of_o every_o merchantman_n that_o pass_v up_o the_o elb_n to_o hamburg_n every_o such_o vessel_n be_v oblige_v to_o strike_v anchor_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o zwinge_fw-mi and_o there_o to_o tarry_v till_o dismiss_v by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o customhouse_n these_o pretension_n occasion_v not_o many_o year_n ago_o a_o quarrel_n between_o the_o citizen_n of_o stade_n and_o the_o hamburger_n the_o late_a pretend_v that_o it_o be_v a_o infringement_n of_o their_o prerogative_n who_o be_v absolute_a master_n of_o the_o elb_n below_o their_o own_o city_n for_o stade_n to_o lay_v claim_n to_o any_o such_o privilege_n but_o the_o controversy_n soon_o after_o be_v amicable_o compose_v and_o each_o city_n have_v since_o peaceable_o enjoy_v its_o own_o peculiar_a regality_n this_o ancient_a hans-town_n be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o that_o be_v enroll_v into_o that_o noble_a society_n be_v once_o reduce_v to_o a_o mean_a and_o beggarly_a condition_n by_o the_o overgrow_a trade_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o hamburger_n insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v force_v to_o sell_v almost_o for_o bread_n the_o public_a stock_n not_o amount_v to_o ninety_o pound_n sterling_a a_o year_n to_o these_o upstart_a thrive_a merchant_n its_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o put_v itself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n but_o in_o this_o low_a condition_n it_o do_v not_o long_o continue_v before_o the_o english_a merchant_n upon_o some_o affront_n the_o hamburger_n have_v offer_v they_o remove_v their_o commerce_n to_o stade_n by_o which_o mean_v this_o city_n in_o a_o short_a time_n recover_v its_o former_a grandeur_n and_o grow_v on_o a_o sudden_a rich_a and_o populous_a vi_o bremer-verden_a a_o wall_a town_n bremer-verden_n bremer-verden_n on_o the_o road_n betwixt_o bremen_n and_o stade_n distant_a from_o the_o late_a about_o twelve_o english_a mile_n and_o from_o the_o former_a near_o twenty-eight_a it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o luder_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o afterward_o make_v a_o palace_n for_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n who_o have_v here_o their_o usual_a residence_n in_o the_o castle_n which_o command_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o adjacent_a plain_n the_o swede_n have_v common_o a_o strong_a garrison_n the_o town_n will_v otherwise_o be_v of_o little_a note_n not_o have_v the_o convenience_n of_o any_o trade_n except_o what_o be_v bring_v by_o the_o resort_n of_o passenger_n that_o travel_v this_o way_n to_o bremen_n or_o stade_n the_o dukedom_n of_o lunenburg_n the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n bound_n bound_n or_o lunenburg_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n on_o the_o southeast_n with_o magdeburg_n on_o the_o east_n with_o brandenburg_n on_o the_o north_n with_o lauwenburg_n and_o holstein_n on_o the_o north-west_n with_o bremen_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o some_o part_n of_o westphalia_n the_o metropolis_n which_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o moon_n lunus_n or_o luna_n worship_v by_o the_o ancient_a idolatrous_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o land_n other_o derive_v the_o word_n from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o river_n elmena_n or_o ilmenow_n on_o which_o the_o city_n of_o luneburg_n be_v seat_v which_o they_o tell_v we_o be_v former_o call_v luno_n from_o isis_n the_o egyptian_a goddess_n who_o come_v into_o germany_n to_o visit_v her_o kinsman_n gambrivius_n who_o be_v in_o those_o day_n lord_n of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o hamburg_n now_o stand_v be_v here_o deify_v and_o worship_v under_o the_o image_n of_o a_o half-moon_n several_a of_o the_o saxon_a chronologer_n report_n that_o this_o idol_n be_v first_o bring_v hither_o by_o
his_o brother_n christian_n elect_v bishop_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o minden_n this_o brave_a prince_n govern_v the_o dukedom_n in_o great_a peace_n and_o prosperity_n two_o and_o twenty_o year_n and_o enlarge_v it_o with_o the_o principality_n of_o grubenhagen_n after_o his_o decease_n in_o the_o year_n 1633_o the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n fall_v to_o his_o brother_n augustus_n elect_a bishop_n of_o ratzeburg_n upon_o which_o incomparable_a prince_n of_o who_o the_o reader_n may_v expect_v a_o large_a account_n in_o the_o description_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n descend_v not_o long_o after_o by_o the_o death_n of_o frideric_n vlric_n the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n whereupon_o the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n be_v give_v to_o duke_n george_n lieutenant_n general_n of_o all_o the_o force_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n in_o the_o year_n 1636._o he_o leave_v four_o son_n whereof_o the_o elder_a christian_n ludowic_n for_o some_o year_n govern_v the_o luneburger_n pay_v each_o of_o his_o young_a brethren_n a_o annual_a stipend_n of_o 12000_o ric-dollar_n upon_o his_o death_n the_o second_o brother_n george_n william_n succeed_v in_o the_o government_n and_o keep_v as_o he_o do_v to_o this_o day_n his_o residence_n in_o his_o brother_n palace_n at_o zell_n by_o the_o treaty_n of_o hildesheim_n the_o dukedom_n of_o calenberg_n and_o grubenhage_n be_v assign_v over_o to_o the_o three_o brother_n john_n frideric_n who_o keep_v his_o residence_n at_o hannover_n in_o much_o great_a state_n than_o his_o brother_n at_o zell_n these_o and_o all_o other_o territory_n subject_a to_o the_o late_a duke_n of_o hannover_n be_v now_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o young_a brother_n ernest_n augustus_n who_o by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n be_v make_v bishop_n of_o osnabrug_n and_o be_v now_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n john_n frideric_n this_o last_o year_n 1680_o duke_n of_o hannover_n he_o marry_v the_o lady_n sophia_n young_a sister_n to_o our_o prince_n rupert_n of_o who_o this_o character_n be_v usual_o give_v that_o she_o be_v the_o most_o accomplish_a princess_n in_o europe_n by_o who_o he_o have_v three_o son_n and_o a_o daughter_n chief_a city_n and_o other_o place_n of_o great_a note_n in_o this_o dukedom_n be_v first_o luneburg_n luneburg_n luneburg_n we_o have_v already_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o account_n of_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n about_o the_o original_n of_o the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n and_o but_o little_o more_o can_v be_v sai_fw-fr concern_v its_o first_o founder_n and_o those_o that_o fortify_v it_o the_o story_n of_o julius_n cesar_n lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o a_o city_n in_o this_o place_n be_v at_o best_o incredible_a and_o groundless_a there_o be_v hardly_o a_o ancient_a city_n in_o europe_n which_o do_v not_o pretend_v to_o some_o venerable_a piece_n or_o other_o of_o julius_n architecture_n which_o though_o ordinary_o admire_v by_o the_o vulgar_a yet_o be_v contemn_v and_o laugh_v at_o by_o man_n of_o sense_n and_o know_v antiquary_n the_o best_a testimony_n of_o its_o age_n i_o can_v meet_v with_o be_v dithmarus_fw-la mersburgensis_n mention_v luinberg_n by_o the_o name_n of_o civitas_n in_o speak_v of_o a_o earthquake_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n ii_o but_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o observe_v how_o the_o historian_n of_o those_o time_n be_v wont_a to_o compliment_v any_o mean_a village_n with_o the_o title_n of_o civitas_n yet_o lambertus_n schafnaburgensis_n a_o author_n of_o almost_o as_o great_a antiquity_n as_o the_o former_a in_o his_o account_n of_o the_o transaction_n of_o the_o year_n 1073._o give_v this_o character_n of_o luneburg_n that_o it_o be_v then_o oppidum_n maximum_fw-la ottonis_fw-la ducis_fw-la saxoniae_fw-la situm_fw-la in_o confinio_fw-la saxonum_n &_o luticiorum_n at_o present_v the_o town_n contain_v about_o two_o english_a mile_n in_o circumference_n be_v not_o build_v in_o exact_a square_n but_o rather_o a_o oblong_a figure_n the_o street_n be_v broad_a and_o most_o of_o the_o house_n tolerable_o well_o build_v over_o against_o the_o town-hall_n which_o be_v a_o neat_a and_o compact_a piece_n of_o building_n stand_v the_o duke_n palace_n where_o the_o duke_n of_o zell_n and_o his_o family_n be_v lodge_v when_o he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o reside_v at_o luneburg_n the_o chief_a trade_n of_o the_o town_n be_v in_o salt_n which_o the_o citizen_n make_v in_o great_a abundance_n out_o of_o certain_a pit_n of_o salt_n water_n which_o spring_n within_o the_o wall_n their_o salt-house_n be_v fence_v round_o and_o continual_o guard_v as_o be_v the_o main_a support_n of_o the_o city_n these_o bring_v in_o the_o duke_n a_o considerable_a yearly_a revenue_n and_o beside_o provision_n be_v hereby_o make_v for_o a_o great_a number_n of_o poor_a labour_a man_n who_o may_v otherwise_o starve_v for_o want_v of_o employment_n ii_o bardewic_n bardewic_n bardewick_n at_o this_o day_n a_o village_n within_o a_o mile_n of_o luneburg_n but_o ancient_o a_o strong_a and_o populous_a city_n some_o author_n fancy_n it_o to_o have_v be_v the_o first_o city_n in_o saxony_n and_o so_o questionless_a it_o be_v if_o it_o be_v true_a as_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v able_a to_o demonstrate_v that_o it_o be_v build_v 990_o year_n before_o christ_n over_o the_o door_n of_o the_o cathedral_n which_o be_v now_o the_o only_a church_n leave_v of_o nine_o be_v write_v in_o a_o old_a gothic_a character_n these_o hobble_a verse_n abram_n dum_fw-la natus_fw-la mox_fw-la treveris_fw-la incipit_fw-la ortus_fw-la hinc_fw-la annis_fw-la barduic_fw-la mille_fw-la sex_n x_o quoque_fw-la quinque_fw-la post_fw-la barduic_fw-la roma_fw-la duo_fw-la c_o cum_fw-la quinque_fw-la triginta_fw-la m_o c_o post_n nat_n junctis_fw-la octaginta_fw-la novemque_fw-la dum_fw-la brunsvicensis_fw-la henricus_fw-la leo_fw-la dictus_fw-la simonis_n in_fw-la festo_fw-la barduic_fw-la subvertit_fw-la ab_fw-la alto_fw-mi meibomius_n a_o learned_a antiquary_n who_o we_o have_v already_o have_v occasion_n often_o to_o mention_v have_v take_v great_a pain_n to_o pick_v up_o out_o of_o these_o rithm_n and_o all_o other_o monument_n of_o note_n about_o this_o town_n a_o large_a account_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o place_n the_o name_n he_o imagine_v contrary_a to_o the_o humour_n of_o some_o other_o historian_n who_o speak_v of_o bardo_n a_o knight_n errant_a of_o old_a and_o founder_n of_o bardewic_n derive_v from_o the_o bardi_n a_o northern_a people_n who_o wander_v a_o great_a many_o year_n up_o and_o down_o saxony_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n at_o last_o fix_v themselves_o in_o this_o place_n whether_o these_o bardi_n may_v not_o have_v be_v a_o tribe_n of_o such_o poet_n as_o mr._n cambden_n and_o some_o other_o of_o our_o antiquary_n say_v give_v name_n to_o bardsey_n one_o of_o our_o british_a island_n i_o shall_v leave_v to_o the_o reader_n be_v judgement_n since_o every_o historian_n that_o mention_n the_o bard_n will_v tell_v we_o that_o they_o be_v the_o genealogist_n among_o the_o gaul_n a_o undoubted_a branch_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n as_o well_o as_o the_o britain_n the_o verse_n beforementioned_a will_v inform_v we_o that_o this_o great_a city_n be_v destroy_v by_o duke_n henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n on_o st._n simon_n and_o jude_n day_n in_o the_o year_n 1189._o since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v never_o be_v able_a to_o recover_v its_o glory_n and_o be_v now_o remarkable_a for_o nothing_o but_o a_o college_n of_o eight_o residentiary_n canon_n and_o some_o few_o vicar_n iii_o ultzen_n a_o neat_a uniform_a little_a town_n vltren_n vltren_n about_o the_o middle_a way_n betwixt_o lunenburg_n and_o zell_n it_o be_v ancient_o call_v lawenwald_n i._n e._n lion-forest_n as_o appear_v from_o several_a of_o its_o old_a record_n and_o a_o inscription_n to_o this_o day_n legible_a on_o the_o north-side_n of_o the_o town-hall_n and_o from_o this_o its_o old_a name_n the_o arm_n or_o rebus_fw-la rather_o of_o the_o town_n be_v still_o a_o lion_n passant_a azure_a in_o a_o field_n verd_fw-mi betwixt_o three_o tree_n of_o the_o second_o the_o modern_a name_n vltzen_n it_o have_v from_o the_o neighbour_a monastery_n of_o oldenstadt_a which_o as_o be_v evident_a from_o several_a ancient_a write_n bear_v date_n a._n d._n 1255_o and_o 1338_o be_v former_o call_v old-vlssen_a on_o the_o twenty_o of_o september_n in_o the_o year_n 1646_o this_o city_n be_v miserable_o destroy_v by_o a_o fire_n which_o in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n burn_v down_o the_o fair_a and_o rich_a part_n of_o it_o this_o blow_n it_o have_v hardly_o yet_o so_o well_o recover_v as_o to_o be_v entire_o rebuilt_a but_o however_o the_o most_o considerable_a street_n and_o place_n of_o consequence_n be_v very_o much_o advance_v by_o it_o and_o the_o new_a building_n be_v everywhere_o more_o regular_a and_o splendid_a than_o the_o former_a the_o citizen_n have_v a_o tradition_n among_o they_o that_o the_o first_o english_a saxon_n
wartislaus_n the_o former_a seat_v himself_o in_o pomerellia_n and_o retain_v the_o language_n and_o manner_n of_o his_o countryman_n the_o slavonian_n the_o late_a be_v make_v lord_n of_o the_o low_a pomeren_n border_v upon_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o short_o after_o conform_v himself_o to_o the_o law_n and_o language_n of_o the_o saxon_n his_o neighbour_n whereupon_o this_o part_n of_o his_o father_n territory_n begin_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o bugislaus_fw-la and_o casimir_n wartislaus_n son_n receive_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n from_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n barbarossa_n this_o dukedom_n be_v afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1217_o part_v betwixt_o bugislaus_fw-la and_o otho_fw-la two_o brother_n from_o who_o spring_v the_o two_o house_n of_o wolgast_n and_o stetin_n which_o continue_v near_o two_o hundred_o year_n but_o the_o house_n of_o stetin_n fail_v a.d._n 1464_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o otho_n the_o three_o that_o part_n of_o the_o estate_n be_v confer_v upon_o frideric_n the_o second_o marquis_n and_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n the_o three_o this_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren-wolgast_a look_v upon_o as_o a_o notorious_a piece_n of_o injustice_n to_o their_o family_n and_o therefore_o be_v resolve_v to_o oppose_v with_o all_o imaginable_a vigour_n the_o elector_n pretension_n at_o last_o the_o quarrel_n be_v compose_v between_o the_o two_o house_n of_o pomeren_n and_o brandenburg_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o both_o of_o they_o shall_v retain_v the_o arm_n and_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n but_o the_o possession_n and_o revenue_n of_o all_o territory_n comprise_v under_o that_o name_n shall_v be_v yield_v up_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o wolgast_n and_o that_o upon_o the_o fail_n of_o their_o issue_n male_a it_o shall_v descend_v upon_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o house_n of_o brandenburg_n according_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o bugislaus_fw-la the_o fourteen_o who_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o year_n 1637_o the_o late_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n george-william_n put_v in_o his_o claim_n to_o the_o estate_n but_o the_o swede_n have_v under_o pretence_n of_o assist_a duke_n bugislaus_fw-la against_o the_o imperialist_n in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o the_o strong_a place_n in_o the_o country_n can_v not_o be_v persuade_v to_o part_v with_o a_o maritime_a province_n which_o lie_v so_o convenient_a for_o they_o and_o therefore_o as_o conqueror_n use_v to_o prescribe_v law_n with_o far_o less_o regard_n to_o justice_n then_o their_o own_o interest_n they_o will_v not_o yield_v to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o any_o peace_n at_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n before_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o all_o the_o low_a pomeren_n with_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n and_o wollin_n and_o the_o town_n of_o stetin_n shall_v from_o thenceforward_o be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n only_o be_v enjoy_v by_o the_o house_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o that_o no_o long_o than_o the_o male_a issue_n of_o that_o family_n last_v upon_o the_o failure_n whereof_o it_o also_o be_v to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n dominion_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n both_o prince_n be_v to_o enjoy_v the_o title_n and_o bear_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n but_o because_o for_o the_o common_a peace_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o in_o compliance_n to_o the_o peremptory_a demand_n of_o the_o queen_n of_o sweden_n minister_n the_o elector_n have_v in_o this_o agreement_n quit_v the_o title_n to_o a_o good_a part_n of_o his_o inheritance_n it_o be_v further_o conclude_v that_o his_o loss_n shall_v be_v recompense_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o halberstadt_n and_o minden_n convert_v into_o temporal_a principality_n to_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n to_o which_o be_v also_o add_v the_o reversion_n of_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburg_n which_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o then_o incumbent_a administrator_n augustus_n duke_n of_o saxony_n be_v to_o descend_v upon_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n now_o although_o the_o elector_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v gain_v by_o this_o bargain_n since_o the_o low_a pomeren_n which_o he_o have_v quit_v to_o the_o swede_n will_v not_o doubtless_o yield_v so_o good_a a_o revenue_n as_o the_o principality_n of_o magdeburg_n halberstadt_n and_o minden_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o question_n but_o upon_o examination_n we_o shall_v find_v reason_n to_o believe_v that_o he_o have_v rather_o have_v the_o entire_a dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n restore_v than_o three_o more_o such_o inland_n province_n bestow_v on_o he_o since_o by_o this_o mean_v he_o will_v have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o make_v himself_o considerable_a at_o sea_n and_o be_v free_v from_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o have_v a_o potent_a neighbour_n who_o keep_v he_o in_o perpetual_a jealousy_n upon_o these_o consideration_n the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v think_v fit_a to_o make_v a_o further_a reparation_n of_o his_o damage_n by_o allow_v he_o voice_n in_o their_o assembly_n as_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n and_o magdeburg_n and_o as_o prince_n of_o halberstadt_n and_o minden_n and_o because_o former_o the_o archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n and_o bremen_n take_v their_o turn_n in_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n they_o have_v agree_v that_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n shall_v alternate_a with_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o enjoy_v the_o ancient_a archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n under_o the_o same_o title_n as_o the_o say_a duke_n do_v that_o of_o magdeburg_n in_o the_o same_o quality_n after_o the_o ratification_n of_o this_o treaty_n at_o munster_n the_o swede_n quiet_o enjoy_v the_o low_a pomeren_n according_a to_o the_o tenure_n of_o the_o article_n aforesaid_a until_o in_o these_o late_a war_n the_o unite_a force_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o brandenburger_n not_o without_o great_a difficulty_n and_o much_o bloodshed_n overpowred_n they_o and_o sieze_v on_o all_o the_o low_a pomeren_n together_o with_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n and_o the_o city_n of_o stetin_n but_o of_o this_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o say_v more_o in_o the_o follow_a description_n of_o particular_a city_n chief_a city_n in_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n i._o stetin_n stetin_n stetin_n this_o have_v ever_o be_v reckon_v the_o metropolis_n of_o all_o pomeren_n and_o stralsund_v only_o the_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o principality_n of_o rugen_n by_o who_o or_o when_o it_o be_v first_o build_v can_v easy_o be_v determine_v and_o it_o be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o trouble_v the_o reader_n with_o the_o idle_a conjecture_n of_o illiterate_a historian_n who_o pretend_v to_o fetch_v its_o genealogy_n from_o a_o warlike_a nation_n who_o they_o call_v sidini_n that_o before_o the_o build_n of_o town_n or_o house_n come_v in_o fashion_n in_o these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n keep_v their_o usual_a rendezvous_n in_o the_o place_n where_o stetin_n now_o stand_v however_o it_o be_v more_o commendable_a for_o the_o improvement_n it_o have_v receive_v in_o the_o beauty_n of_o its_o building_n and_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n within_o the_o memory_n of_o its_o own_o record_n than_o any_o antiquity_n it_o can_v boast_v of_o although_o as_o we_o have_v say_v it_o be_v beyond_o the_o skill_n of_o the_o able_a antiquary_n to_o find_v out_o its_o original_n about_o four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o stetin_n be_v build_v of_o a_o quite_o different_a figure_n from_o what_o it_o have_v at_o this_o day_n the_o church_n of_o st._n peter_n which_o now_o stand_v without_o the_o wall_n be_v place_v in_o the_o very_a middle_n of_o the_o town_n the_o convenient_a and_o pleasant_a situation_n it_o now_o have_v on_o the_o rise_n of_o a_o small_a hill_n its_o regular_a fortification_n beauty_n and_o strength_n it_o owe_v to_o the_o saxon_n who_o by_o permission_n of_o some_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o stetin_n come_v hither_o to_o reform_v the_o barbarous_a manner_n and_o language_n of_o their_o then_o wendish_n subject_n by_o this_o mean_n trade_v be_v advance_v and_o the_o number_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n multiply_v so_o exceed_o that_o some_o writer_n who_o give_v we_o a_o description_n of_o this_o city_n in_o its_o modern_a condition_n represent_v it_o as_o a_o place_n where_o more_o people_n inhabit_v under_o ground_n then_o above_o it_o intimate_v that_o the_o town_n be_v so_o populous_a that_o a_o great_a number_n of_o its_o citizen_n be_v force_v to_o live_v in_o cellar_n and_o vault_n the_o castle_n former_o the_o palace_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o stetin_n and_o now_o the_o usual_a residence_n of_o the_o swedish_n governor_n be_v a_o pile_n of_o building_n which_o excel_v perhaps_o any_o piece_n of_o architecture_n in_o these_o part_n of_o europe_n and_o may_v vy_z with_o most_o of_o its_o kind_n in_o
italy_n itself_o beside_o these_o ornament_n the_o city_n be_v eminent_a for_o the_o great_a exchange_n in_o it_o of_o all_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n the_o plenty_n it_o have_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o fresh_a and_o salt_a fish_n wood_n either_o for_o fuel_n or_o timber_n corn_n and_o many_o other_o rich_a commodity_n the_o citizen_n have_v be_v always_o commend_v for_o their_o great_a civility_n to_o stranger_n and_o no_o less_o praise_v for_o their_o undoubted_a valour_n and_o resolution_n in_o oppose_v the_o violence_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n a_o more_o sufficient_a demonstration_n of_o their_o courage_n can_v be_v expect_v than_o they_o give_v in_o defend_v their_o town_n so_o brave_o as_o they_o do_v against_o the_o force_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n in_o the_o year_n 1677._o which_o famous_a siege_n have_v possible_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o memorable_a piece_n of_o gallantry_n if_o we_o consider_v the_o resolution_n and_o courage_n of_o both_o party_n that_o these_o late_a age_n have_v produce_v will_v in_o this_o place_n merit_v a_o more_o particular_a relation_n then_o ordinary_a the_o elector_n have_v the_o year_n before_o make_v a_o attempt_n upon_o this_o city_n but_o be_v in_o too_o weak_a a_o condition_n consider_v the_o posture_n of_o the_o place_n and_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o garrison_n that_o defend_v it_o to_o pursue_v his_o intention_n any_o further_o whereupon_o he_o resolve_v for_o that_o time_n to_o withdraw_v his_o force_n and_o to_o provide_v himself_o better_a before_o he_o will_v venture_v upon_o a_o second_o onset_n according_o that_o winter_n be_v spend_v in_o raise_v new_a regiment_n and_o provide_v all_o manner_n of_o ammunition_n requisite_a for_o the_o carry_v on_o of_o this_o design_n the_o summer_n follow_v all_o thing_n thus_o in_o readiness_n on_o the_o five_o of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n 1677._o his_o highness_n part_v from_o berlin_n at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n consist_v of_o twentyfour_o regiment_n whereof_o nine_o of_o horse_n ten_o of_o foot_n and_o five_o of_o dragoon_n besides-foot_n guard_n and_o the_o assistance_n of_o four_o thousand_o lunenburger_n under_o the_o command_n of_o major_a general_n enten_n by_o these_o force_n the_o city_n be_v close_o besiege_v from_o the_o seven_o of_o july_n to_o the_o twenty-sixth_a of_o december_n follow_v on_o which_o day_n the_o town_n be_v surrender_v upon_o the_o condition_n follow_v 1._o that_o all_o the_o swedish_n soldier_n shall_v march_v out_o with_o drum_n beat_v and_o colour_n fly_v and_o have_v safe_a conduct_n for_o themselves_o with_o their_o bag_n and_o baggage_n as_o far_o as_o liefland_n but_o all_o the_o german_n whether_o officer_n or_o common_a soldier_n quit_v the_o service_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n shall_v be_v list_v under_o the_o elector_n ii_o if_o any_o of_o the_o swedish_n good_n can_v not_o at_o present_a be_v carry_v off_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a for_o the_o owner_n to_o leave_v they_o behind_o he_o to_o be_v restore_v upon_o demand_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o frost_n be_v over_o and_o the_o river_n navigable_a iii_o a_o general_a pardon_n shall_v be_v grant_v to_o all_o partisan_n and_o forager_n except_v such_o as_o be_v know_v to_o have_v commit_v some_o notorious_a murder_n or_o other_o misdemeanour_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o arm_n in_o their_o sally_n iu._n all_o the_o wound_a and_o sick_a soldier_n shall_v have_v leave_n to_o lie_v in_o the_o city_n till_o they_o be_v cure_v v._o all_o the_o prisoner_n on_o both_o side_n shall_v be_v set_v at_o liberty_n vi_o that_o at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o swedish_n lieutenant_n general_n all_o fugitive_n shall_v be_v pardon_v and_o receive_v back_o to_o their_o respective_a regiment_n vii_o his_o electoral_a highness_n shall_v grant_v to_o the_o say_a lieutenant_n general_a wulfzen_n the_o liberty_n to_o carry_v off_o any_o two_o piece_n of_o cannon_n which_o he_o shall_v choose_v viii_o the_o wife_n widow_n and_o child_n of_o the_o swedish_n officer_n shall_v be_v permit_v to_o tarry_v in_o stetin_n if_o they_o think_v fit_a till_o easter_n and_o at_o their_o departure_n have_v passport_n grant_v they_o ix_o all_o officer_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n whether_o civil_a or_o military_a shall_v remain_v full_a proprietor_n of_o all_o their_o good_n movable_a and_o immovable_a pay_v the_o same_o homage_n to_o the_o elector_n as_o they_o have_v former_o do_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a king_n x._o provide_v always_o that_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a officer_n be_v willing_a to_o part_v with_o any_o such_o good_n he_o shall_v have_v a_o just_a price_n pay_v he_o and_o licence_n to_o carry_v of_o the_o same_o whither_o himself_o shall_v please_v xi_o the_o elector_n shall_v not_o make_v any_o alteration_n in_o religion_n xii_o the_o university_n and_o church_n of_o st._n mary_n shall_v enjoy_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o revenue_n xiii_o his_o electoral_a highness_n shall_v take_v into_o his_o own_o protection_n all_o the_o priest_n and_o schoolmaster_n in_o the_o town_n defend_v they_o from_o all_o the_o insolence_n and_o injury_n of_o his_o soldier_n these_o with_o some_o few_o more_o less_o considerable_a article_n be_v sign_v by_o both_o party_n the_o elector_n enter_v the_o town_n a_o great_a part_n whereof_o lay_v miserable_o bury_v in_o its_o ruin_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o valour_n and_o prowess_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n during_o this_o siege_n the_o brandenburger_n be_v say_v to_o have_v spend_v thirty_o thousand_o granade_n 24000_o hand-granadoe_n a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o canonshot_n and_o ninety-eight_a thousand_o pound_n of_o powder_n by_o the_o late_a treaty_n of_o nimeguen_n this_o town_n be_v again_o restore_v to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n ii_o â—â—â—min_fw-fr â—â—â—min_fw-fr cammin_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v who_o prelate_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o be_v invest_v and_o confirm_v immediate_o by_o the_o pope_n himself_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n it_o be_v order_v that_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o then_o incumbent_a canon_n the_o bishopric_n of_o cammin_n shall_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o small_a principality_n and_o descend_v upon_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n iii_o â—â—â—â—â—g_v â—â—â—â—â—g_v colberg_n a_o strong_a town_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o perceant_a annex_v former_o to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o cammin_n by_o barnimus_n i._o duke_n of_o pomeren_n and_o therefore_o give_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n by_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n the_o convenience_n of_o the_o haven_n and_o plenty_n of_o good_a salt_n make_v here_o and_o send_v into_o other_o country_n have_v invite_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o merchant_n to_o traffic_v and_o enrich_v the_o town_n iv_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d wollin_n at_o this_o day_n a_o poor_a town_n but_o the_o relic_n of_o one_o of_o the_o great_a city_n that_o these_o part_n afford_v adam_n bremensis_n assert_v positive_o that_o julinum_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a name_n of_o this_o town_n turn_v afterward_o into_o wollin_n be_v once_o the_o large_a city_n in_o europe_n and_o no_o doubt_n it_o be_v a_o place_n extraordinary_a strong_a and_o populous_a that_o be_v alone_o able_a to_o maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n and_o to_o bring_v home_o its_o monarch_n suenotto_n three_o several_a time_n prisoner_n in_o those_o day_n it_o be_v by_o all_o nation_n resort_v to_o as_o the_o great_a mart-town_n except_v perhaps_o constantinople_n in_o europe_n and_o the_o dane_n swede_n russian_n jew_n and_o several_a other_o people_n have_v here_o their_o peculiar_a street_n and_o house_n of_o exchange_n but_o within_o a_o while_n their_o apostasy_n from_o the_o christian_a religion_n bring_v god_n heavy_a wrath_n and_o vengeance_n upon_o they_o which_o destroy_v a_o great_a part_n of_o their_o city_n by_o lightning_n and_o fire_n from_o heaven_n and_o the_o rest_n by_o the_o hand_n of_o waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o fall_v upon_o it_o unaware_o in_o the_o year_n 1170_o with_o a_o great_a army_n destroy_v the_o very_a ruin_n of_o the_o town_n and_o burn_v up_o what_o be_v only_o leave_v its_o ash_n never_o since_o have_v this_o place_n be_v any_o thing_n considerable_a scarce_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n or_o great_a town_n be_v remarkable_a for_o nothing_o save_v that_o it_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a isle_n where_o it_o be_v situate_a which_o from_o it_o be_v call_v das_n wollinsche_n werder_n v._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d usedom_n this_o be_v once_o after_o the_o destruction_n of_o its_o neighbour_n julinum_n a_o town_n of_o good_a traffic_n which_o be_v chief_o occasion_v by_o the_o resort_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o pole_n who_o remove_v their_o trade_n hither_o in_o the_o year_n 1473_o the_o whole_a town_n with_o the_o town-hall_n and_o all_o the_o shop_n and_o good_n of_o the_o merchant_n be_v burn_v down_o after_o which_o time_n it_o
the_o follow_a order_n 2._o frideric_n ii_o son_n to_o the_o first_o 3._o ernest_n frideric_n the_o second_o be_v son_n 4._o frideric_n iii_o ernest_n son_n 5._o john_n frideric_n the_o three_o brother_n 6._o john-frideric_a the_o son_n of_o john_n a_o great_a promoter_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n 7._o maurice_n cousin-german_a to_o his_o predecessor_n john_n who_o drive_v charles_n the_o five_o out_o of_o germany_n and_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o battle_n of_o siffridhuse_v against_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n 8._o augustus_n maurice_n brother_n 9_o christian_n augustus_n son_n 10._o christian_n ii_o son_n of_o christian_a the_o first_o 11._o john_n george_n christian_n the_o second_o be_v son_n who_o first_o side_v with_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n against_o the_o elector_n palatine_n and_o afterward_o with_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n against_o the_o emperor_n 12._o john_n george_n ii_o son_n to_o john_n george_n the_o first_o he_o spend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o time_n in_o ease_n and_o quiet_a and_o die_v this_o last_o year_n 1680_o in_o a_o good_a old_a age_n leave_v the_o electorate_v to_o his_o son_n 13._o john_n george_n iii_o this_o elector_n be_v a_o prince_n of_o low_a stature_n but_o great_a spirit_n something_a fat_a and_o corpulent_a but_o withal_o active_a and_o brisk_a he_o be_v bear_v the_o 20_o day_n of_o june_n a._n d._n 1647_o and_o in_o the_o year_n 1663._o marry_v ann_n sophia_n princess_n of_o denmark_n and_o sister_n to_o the_o present_a king_n christian_n by_o she_o he_o have_v several_a child_n the_o elder_a of_o who_o john_n george_n be_v the_o electoral_a prince_n the_o revenue_n of_o this_o elector_n be_v think_v to_o be_v as_o great_a at_o least_o as_o any_o other_o prince_n in_o germany_n reveâ—â—â—â—_n reveâ—â—â—â—_n except_v only_o the_o imperial_a family_n although_o the_o circuit_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o number_n of_o his_o subject_n fall_v far_o short_a of_o what_o his_o neighbour_n the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v master_n of_o they_o that_o reckon_v his_o yearly_a revenue_n to_o amount_v to_o 400000_o pound_n sterling_a speak_v modest_o enough_o and_o he_o that_o shall_v careful_o compute_v all_o the_o income_n of_o his_o treasury_n from_o the_o imposition_n upon_o beer_n and_o all_o other_o commidity_n from_o tax_n mine_n etc._n etc._n will_v i_o presume_v find_v it_o rise_v to_o a_o much_o large_a sum_n the_o profit_n which_o arise_v to_o he_o out_o of_o the_o silver_n mine_n at_o freyberg_n and_o some_o other_o place_n in_o his_o territory_n have_v be_v long_o since_o compute_v to_o amount_v yearly_a to_o 130000_o pound_n and_o certain_o the_o daily_a increase_n of_o labourer_n will_v rather_o augment_v that_o sum_n the_o excise_n or_o impost_n upon_o beer_n in_o leipsick_a only_a a_o city_n consist_v of_o no_o more_o than_o two_o parish_n be_v usual_o farm_a at_o the_o rate_n of_o 20000_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la beside_o this_o and_o the_o like_a custom_n he_o have_v ten_o of_o all_o the_o corn_n fruit_n wine_n etc._n etc._n in_o his_o country_n add_v to_o these_o the_o great_a stand_a tax_n lay_v upon_o his_o subject_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n grant_v at_o first_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n and_o hostility_n but_o gather_v since_o in_o day_n of_o peace_n at_o least_o as_o to_o that_o enemy_n under_o pretence_n of_o be_v in_o a_o readiness_n to_o receive_v he_o whensoever_o he_o shall_v attack_v this_o country_n answerable_a to_o these_o vast_a revenue_n be_v the_o pomp_n and_o splendour_n of_o his_o court_n his_o attendants_z be_v usual_o more_o numerous_a than_o the_o train_n of_o any_o of_o his_o neighbour-prince_n it_o be_v report_v that_o in_o the_o elector_n christian_n the_o second_o be_v court_n at_o the_o same_o time_n three_o duke_n as_o many_o earl_n and_o five_o baron_n of_o foreign_a nation_n beside_o a_o great_a number_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o his_o own_o country_n be_v pensioner_n to_o that_o prince_n nor_o have_v the_o two_o late_a elector_n abate_v much_o of_o this_o state_n and_o grandeur_n witness_v the_o funeral_n of_o john_n george_n the_o first_o in_o the_o year_n 1657_o at_o which_o be_v twentyfour_o horse_n of_o state_n cover_v with_o black_a and_o the_o electoral_a eschutcheon_n wrought_v thereon_o each_o of_o they_o be_v lead_v by_o two_o gentleman_n after_o which_o follow_v three_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o person_n in_o mourning_n the_o court_n of_o saxony_n have_v be_v always_o more_o brand_v with_o excessive_a intemperance_n in_o drink_v then_o any_o other_o prince_n palace_n in_o germany_n nor_o have_v the_o elector_n themselves_o be_v able_a to_o shun_v the_o imputation_n a_o red_a nose_n be_v as_o be_v report_v by_o some_o of_o their_o own_o historian_n the_o inseparable_a badge_n of_o that_o family_n ii_o leipzig_n leipzig_n leipzig_n this_o city_n be_v suppose_v to_o have_v be_v build_v by_o the_o vandal_n who_o be_v ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 700_o and_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o slavonian_a or_o wendish_n word_n lipzk_n which_o signify_v a_o lindentree_n from_o the_o multitude_n of_o this_o sort_n of_o timber_n which_o former_o grow_v in_o this_o place_n whence_o in_o latin_a author_n we_o sometime_o meet_v with_o phylurea_n instead_o of_o lipsia_n from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d tilia_fw-la it_o be_v seat_v at_o the_o concourse_n of_o three_o small_a river_n the_o elster_n pleissa_n and_o parda_fw-it in_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a plain_n abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n and_o pleasure_n as_o large_a and_o rich_a meadow_n which_o be_v mow_v twice_o constant_o sometime_o thrice_o a_o year_n pleasant_a wood_n and_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o fine_a orchard_n plentiful_o stock_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o fruit_n within_o the_o wall_n there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o orchard_n or_o garden_n but_o the_o whole_a plot_n of_o ground_n be_v cover_v with_o stately_a fabric_n pleissenburg_n or_o the_o castle_n seat_v on_o the_o pleissa_n which_o defend_v the_o town_n be_v a_o strong_a fort_n and_o strict_o guard_v and_o st._n nicolas_n church_n be_v think_v to_o be_v the_o fair_a on_o the_o inside_n of_o any_o lutheran_n church_n in_o germany_n the_o citizen_n have_v general_o well-built_a house_n many_o whereof_o especial_o near_o the_o marketplace_n be_v seven_o some_o nine_o story_n high_a near_o this_o place_n be_v the_o chief_a seat_n of_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n of_o germany_n insomuch_o that_o this_o town_n be_v five_o several_a time_n besiege_v and_o take_v in_o the_o space_n of_o two_o year_n at_o the_o last_o it_o be_v take_v by_o the_o imperialist_n on_o the_o 12_o of_o august_n 1633._o but_o restore_v upon_o the_o ratification_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o elector_n of_o saxony_n sign_v at_o prague_n a._n d._n 1635._o at_o this_o day_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o beside_o the_o purity_n of_o the_o high_a dutch_a tongue_n which_o be_v think_v to_o flourish_v here_o in_o a_o more_o refine_a strain_n then_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o misnia_n and_o consequent_o of_o germany_n the_o three_o thing_n follow_v 1._o the_o great_a traffic_n and_o concourse_n of_o merchant_n from_o all_o place_n of_o note_n in_o europe_n especial_o dure_v the_o three_o fair_n which_o be_v here_o keep_v yearly_o at_o christmas_n easter_n and_o michaelmas_n 2._o the_o high_a court_n of_o judicature_n before_o which_o the_o elector_n himself_o be_v bind_v to_o appear_v upon_o summons_n the_o manner_n of_o procede_v in_o this_o court_n be_v at_o large_a deliver_v by_o zobelius_n in_o his_o book_n entitle_v differentiae_fw-la juris_fw-la saxonici_fw-la &_o civilis_fw-la and_o by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o chronicon_fw-la lipsiense_n write_v not_o many_o year_n since_o in_o high_o dutch._n 3._o the_o university_n which_o be_v found_v here_o a._n d._n 1408_o upon_o the_o quarrel_n betwixt_o the_o hussites_n and_o papist_n at_o prague_n whereby_o the_o former_a be_v force_v to_o leave_v the_o town_n and_o to_o settle_v themselves_o at_o leipsig_n to_o which_o city_n two_o thousand_o of_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v flock_v in_o one_o day_n there_o be_v in_o it_o at_o this_o day_n four_o college_n and_o twenty_o four_o public_a professor_n among_o who_o the_o chief_a professor_n of_o divinity_n be_v dr._n john_n adam_n schertzer_n a_o person_n of_o wonderful_a humanity_n and_o as_o great_a learning_n the_o several_a book_n he_o have_v publish_v especial_o his_o collegium_fw-la anti-socinianum_a wherein_o he_o have_v brave_o confute_v those_o knotty_a argument_n of_o the_o cracovian_a party_n which_o few_o of_o his_o countryman_n before_o he_o be_v able_a to_o understand_v sufficient_o demonstrate_v to_o the_o world_n the_o quickness_n of_o his_o part_n and_o foundness_n of_o his_o judgement_n his_o
henry_n the_o first_o be_v sister_n though_o other_o think_v it_o rather_o a_o corruption_n of_o papenberg_n or_o pfaffenberg_n as_o have_v be_v ancient_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o priest_n or_o pfaffen_n we_o have_v already_o acquaint_v the_o reader_n with_o the_o delicate_a situation_n of_o this_o city_n abound_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o rich_a fruit_n and_o plant_n beyond_o any_o of_o its_o neighbour_a province_n and_o shall_v here_o only_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o be_v observable_a within_o the_o town_n the_o old_a earl_n of_o bamberg_n keep_v their_o residence_n at_o altenburg_n about_o a_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n but_o the_o bishop_n have_v now_o adays_o a_o palace_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o city_n on_o a_o small_a island_n in_o the_o river_n regnitz_n it_o be_v a_o pile_n of_o build_v sufficient_o magnificent_a and_o splendid_a rare_o beautify_v with_o large_a and_o fair_a orchard_n and_o garden_n the_o jesuit_n college_n and_o church_n make_v a_o good_a show_n and_o the_o four_o spire_n at_o the_o cathedral_n be_v noble_a schweinfurt_n or_o trajectus_n svevorum_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o swabe_n pass_v the_o river_n main_a in_o this_o place_n fâ—â—â—_n sâ—â—â—â—â—â—_n fâ—â—â—_n goltmeyer_n say_v this_o town_n be_v build_v 217_o year_n before_o christ_n but_o bring_v little_a proof_n for_o what_o he_o report_v the_o town_n be_v at_o present_a neither_o very_o large_a nor_o populous_a but_o tolerable_o well_o fortify_v with_o wall_n and_o rampire_n and_o have_v the_o advantage_n of_o a_o good_a river_n run_v by_o this_o city_n be_v by_o some_o reckon_v a_o part_n of_o the_o principality_n of_o hennenberg_n of_o which_o anon_o territorium_fw-la francofurtense_n to_o john_n hillersdon_n of_o the_o inner_a temple_n esq_n thismapp_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v by_o moses_n pitt_n the_o city_n and_o territory_n of_o francfurt_n upon_o the_o main_a the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a king_n of_o the_o franc_n have_v once_o make_v war_n against_o the_o saxon_n and_o thorough_o incense_v that_o bold_a and_o resolute_a people_n he_o can_v get_v but_o little_a rest_n till_o he_o have_v subdue_v they_o beyond_o all_o possibility_n of_o a_o rebellion_n for_o they_o be_v continual_o press_v in_o swarm_n upon_o the_o franc_n who_o when_o they_o find_v themselves_o too_o numerous_a for_o their_o enemy_n they_o will_v be_v sure_a to_o pursue_v to_o the_o very_a bank_n of_o the_o river_n main_a where_o they_o have_v sometime_o the_o misfortune_n to_o be_v cut_v in_o piece_n by_o the_o franc_n who_o well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o ford_n of_o that_o river_n will_v sudden_o rush_v in_o upon_o they_o and_o put_v most_o of_o they_o either_o to_o flight_n or_o the_o sword_n from_o these_o sally_n it_o be_v think_v the_o town_n of_o francfurt_n have_v its_o name_n it_o be_v seat_v upon_o one_o of_o these_o common_a ford_n of_o the_o franc_n this_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o the_o ingenious_a gunther_n in_o his_o ligurinus_n where_o he_o say_v quia_fw-la carolus_n illic_fw-la saxonas_fw-la indomita_fw-la nimium_fw-la feritate_fw-la rebel_n oppugnans_fw-la rapidi_fw-la latissima_fw-la flumina_fw-la maeni_fw-la ignoto_fw-la fregisse_fw-la vado_fw-la mediumque_fw-la per_fw-la amnem_fw-la transmississe_fw-la svas_fw-la neglecto_fw-la ponte_fw-la cohortes_fw-la creditur_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o other_o say_v though_o without_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v build_v by_o francus_n the_o first_o captain_n of_o these_o people_n and_o that_o from_o he_o it_o get_v its_o name_n and_o some_o as_o ridiculous_o have_v call_v it_o helenopolis_n from_o the_o emperor_n constantine_n mother_n the_o town_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n separate_v from_o each_o other_o by_o the_o main_a whereof_o the_o great_a be_v call_v francfurt_n and_o the_o less_o sachsen-huss_a or_o the_o house_n of_o the_o saxon_n these_o two_o be_v unite_v by_o a_o stone-bridge_n across_o the_o river_n of_o thirteen_o or_o fourteen_o arch_n and_o subject_a to_o the_o same_o magistrate_n the_o city_n be_v strong_a and_o well_o fortify_v and_o which_o give_v it_o more_o strength_n than_o wall_n or_o rampire_n can_v do_v its_o inhabitant_n be_v unanimous_a professor_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n the_o jew_n indeed_o have_v one_o street_n to_o themselves_o and_o be_v allow_v a_o synagogue_n with_o the_o public_a profession_n of_o their_o religion_n but_o these_o be_v so_o inconsiderable_a a_o handful_n of_o man_n that_o there_o be_v no_o fear_n of_o their_o disturb_v the_o government_n it_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a traffic_n and_o well_o seat_v for_o that_o purpose_n for_o the_o main_a pass_v by_o the_o great_a city_n of_o bamberg_n schweinfurt_n wurtzburg_n and_o guemund_n give_v it_o a_o opportunity_n of_o trade_n with_o the_o great_a part_n of_o franconia_n and_o the_o same_o river_n run_v into_o the_o rhine_n carry_v off_o and_o bring_v in_o commodity_n from_o the_o remote_a part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o the_o netherlands_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o foreign_a merchant_n be_v at_o the_o two_o great_a fair_n keep_v here_o yearly_o in_o march_n and_o september_n at_o which_o time_n all_o sort_n of_o commodity_n especial_o book_n be_v bring_v hither_o by_o the_o factor_n of_o the_o german_n hollander_n italian_n french_a and_z english_z they_o have_v every_o year_n a_o catalogue_n publish_v of_o such_o new_a book_n as_o be_v or_o will_v be_v bring_v into_o the_o fair_a and_o from_o they_o our_o london_n bookseller_n have_v of_o late_a year_n learn_v the_o trick_n of_o print_v a_o catalogue_n every_o term._n as_o long_o as_o this_o mart_n last_v which_o be_v usual_o three_o week_n there_o be_v here_o as_o great_a variety_n and_o choice_n of_o book_n as_o in_o any_o city_n in_o europe_n but_o when_o that_o be_v over_o the_o bookseller_n shop_n be_v usual_o shut_v up_o on_o the_o north-side_n of_o the_o city_n they_o have_v a_o spacious_a horse-fair_a wherein_o yearly_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o good_a horse_n be_v buy_v and_o sell_v among_o the_o many_o privilege_n confer_v on_o this_o city_n by_o several_a of_o the_o german_a emperor_n privilege_n privilege_n the_o chief_a be_v its_o be_v appoint_v the_o certain_a place_n for_o the_o election_n of_o every_o new_a emperor_n this_o be_v a_o customary_a thing_n ever_o since_o arnulph_n the_o first_o be_v day_n but_o confirm_v only_o by_o charles_n iv_o author_n of_o the_o aurea_n bulla_n of_o which_o we_o have_v already_o treat_v at_o large_a in_o the_o general_n description_n of_o germany_n after_o the_o elector_n have_v give_v their_o voice_n in_o st._n bartholomew_n church_n if_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v as_o now_o there_o be_v eight_o elector_n it_o may_v easy_o happen_v which_o person_n have_v the_o most_o vote_n it_o have_v be_v usual_a for_o the_o two_o candidate_n to_o determine_v the_o quarrel_n by_o battle_n in_o the_o neighbour_a field_n wherein_o the_o conqueror_n be_v carry_v off_o with_o great_a acclamation_n back_o to_o the_o city_n and_o there_o proclaim_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n thus_o the_o controversy_n be_v decide_v betwixt_o henry_n landgrave_n of_o thuringen_n and_o conrade_n son_n to_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n ii_o as_o also_o between_o ludowic_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o frideric_n arch_a duke_n of_o austria_n and_o last_o betwixt_o gunther_n count_n of_o schwartzenburg_n and_o charles_n iu._n these_o be_v the_o instance_n give_v by_o munster_n and_o some_o other_o german_a writer_n all_o of_o who_o martin_n zeiller_n rely_v on_o the_o authority_n of_o chrst_n lehman_n in_o his_o chronicle_n of_o spire_n fancy_v to_o be_v mistake_v and_o to_o report_v story_n which_o none_o of_o the_o more_o ancient_a historian_n who_o flourish_v in_o the_o time_n when_o these_o thing_n shall_v have_v be_v transact_v ever_o mention_n st._n bartholomew_n church_n in_o francfurt_n be_v a_o venerable_a and_o stately_a piece_n of_o architecture_n have_v be_v first_o build_v by_o king_n pepin_n charles_n the_o great_a be_v father_n some_o other_o public_a building_n as_o the_o town-hall_n several_a monastery_n etc._n etc._n be_v worth_a the_o see_v but_o the_o mineral_n spring_n and_o bath_n be_v most_o remarkable_a which_o be_v daily_o visit_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n of_o the_o town_n and_o neighbourhood_n among_o the_o rest_n there_o be_v one_o cold_a bath_n wherein_o as_o zeiller_n report_v it_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o his_o day_n to_o wash_v woman_n before_o they_o go_v to_o be_v marry_v or_o as_o soon_o as_o their_o month_n of_o childbed_n be_v over_o but_o that_o which_o give_v england_n the_o great_a cause_n to_o remember_v this_o city_n be_v the_o entertainment_n of_o some_o of_o our_o protestant_a minister_n who_o with_o their_o congregation_n flee_v hither_o in_o the_o day_n of_o queen_n mary_n bitter_a persecution_n yet_o i_o be_o sorry_a our_o island_n be_v force_v to_o own_o such_o a_o set_v of_o ecclesiastic_o who_o go_v hence_o a_o pack_n of_o zuinglian_a gospeler_n and_o
esq_n benjamin_n woodroff_n d._n d._n canon_n of_o ch._n ch._n oxon_n sr._n peter_n wyche_n lady_n wymondesold_n of_o putney_n tho._n wyndham_n esq_n groom_n of_o the_o bedchamber_n john_n wyvell_n minister_n by_o rochester_n richard_n ld._n arch_n bp._n of_o york_n robert_n earl_n of_o yarmouth_n robert_n yard_n esq_n john_n yardley_n m._n d._n col._n med._n lond._n s._n hon._n tho._n yate_n d._n d._n principal_a of_o brazen-nose_n coll._n oxon_n james_n young_a esq_n robert_n young_a canon_n of_o windsor_n orbis_fw-la terrarum_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accuratissima_fw-la tabula_fw-la auctore_fw-la joanne_n à _fw-fr loon_n honi_fw-fr soit_fw-fr qui_fw-fr mal_fw-fr y_fw-fr pense_fw-fr serenissimo_fw-la potentissimoque_fw-la domino_fw-la domino_fw-la carolo_n secundo_fw-la magnae_fw-la britanniae_fw-la francia_fw-la et_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la reg_n defensor_fw-la fidei_fw-la hanc_fw-la tabulam_fw-la totius_fw-la orbis_n d._n d._n d._n 〈…〉_o nova_fw-la totius_fw-la terrarum_fw-la orbis_fw-la geographica_n ac_fw-la hydrographica_n tabula_fw-la to_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n john_n by_o divine_a permission_n ld._n bishop_n of_o oxon_n this_o map_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v johannes_n jansonius_n à _fw-fr waesberge_n and_o moses_n pitt_n and_o steven_n swart_a septem_fw-la planeta_n luna_fw-la ♋_o ☽_o mercurius_n ♊_o ☿_o venus_n ♎_o ♉_o sol_fw-la ♌_o ☉_o mars_n ♈_o ♂_o jupiter_n â™_o ♃_o saturnus_n ♑_o ♄_o quatuor_fw-la elementae_fw-la ignis_fw-la aer_fw-la aqua_fw-la terra_fw-la quatuor_fw-la anni_fw-la tempestates_fw-la ver_fw-la ♈_o ♉_o ♊_o aestas_fw-la ♋_o ♌_o â™_o autumnus_fw-la ♎_o â™_o â™_o hiems_n ♑_o â™’_o ♓_o septem_fw-la mirabilia_fw-la mundi_fw-la murus_n babyloniae_fw-la colossus_n pyramid_n mausoleum_n dianae_n templum_n jupiter_n olympicus_n pharos_n america_n septentrionalism_n terra_fw-la australis_fw-la incognita_fw-la the_o introduction_n cosmography_n be_v a_o general_a description_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n work_n the_o intention_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n consist_v of_o heaven_n and_o earth_n of_o both_o which_o a_o account_n be_v intend_v to_o be_v give_v in_o this_o atlas_n that_o of_o the_o heaven_n be_v reserve_v to_o a_o peculiar_a volume_n it_o being_n as_o we_o conceive_v of_o great_a necessity_n that_o we_o begin_v with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o first_o of_o this_o great_a globe_n in_o general_a the_o description_n whereof_o belong_v to_o geography_n as_o that_o of_o particular_a region_n and_o country_n be_v call_v chorography_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o their_o peculiar_a map_n nor_o shall_v we_o omit_v such_o topographical_n description_n or_o the_o knowledge_n of_o lesser_a place_n as_o city_n river_n mountain_n etc._n etc._n where_o advantage_n may_v be_v to_o the_o reader_n now_o this_o globe_n which_o we_o call_v of_o the_o earth_n consist_v of_o land_n and_o water_n or_o sea_n the_o description_n of_o those_o be_v proper_o name_v hydrography_n which_o set_v forth_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o mouth_n of_o great_a river_n the_o havens_n rock_n shallow_n creek_n and_o such_o other_o consideration_n as_o concern_v navigation_n to_o this_o also_o a_o entire_a volume_n in_o this_o edition_n of_o a_o atlas_n be_v design_v and_o because_o that_o of_o ancient_a time_n the_o division_n and_o boundary_n of_o kingdom_n and_o country_n be_v very_o much_o divers_a from_o those_o at_o present_a to_o avoid_v confusion_n which_o must_v needs_o happen_v by_o treat_v in_o the_o same_o place_n of_o thing_n so_o different_a it_o be_v think_v necessary_a to_o reserve_v the_o ancient_a geography_n to_o a_o particular_a tome_n to_o be_v put_v forth_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o its_o due_a time_n thus_o you_o have_v a_o account_n of_o what_o be_v intend_v in_o the_o edition_n of_o this_o great_a work_n but_o it_o be_v first_o necessary_a to_o explain_v such_o term_n and_o lay_v such_o general_a ground_n as_o be_v of_o use_n through_o all_o the_o volume_n which_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o this_o preface_n or_o introduction_n first_o than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v earth_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n make_v but_o one_o body_n the_o figure_n whereof_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o be_v best_a and_o most_o natural_o represent_v by_o those_o we_o call_v globe_n though_o map_n also_o or_o plain_a figure_n if_o careful_o draw_v be_v sufficient_o exact_a this_o proposition_n though_o it_o may_v be_v suppose_v rational_o enough_o as_o now_o grant_v by_o all_o learned_a man_n yet_o may_v it_o be_v evident_o prove_v both_o from_o celestial_a and_o terrestrial_a appearance_n whereof_o a_o account_n and_o reason_n may_v easy_o be_v give_v by_o this_o figure_n and_o not_o by_o any_o other_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o star_n rise_v soon_o to_o they_o who_o live_v eastward_o than_o they_o do_v to_o we_o which_o can_v not_o be_v if_o the_o whole_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v plain_a 2._o to_o those_o who_o live_v more_o or_o less_o northward_o the_o pole_n be_v more_o or_o less_o elevate_v for_o those_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n lapland_n etc._n etc._n who_o live_v about_o a_o thousand_o mile_n more_o northward_o than_o we_o do_v see_v the_o polestar_n fifteen_o degree_n high_o than_o we_o can_v and_o those_o who_o travel_n hence_o towards_o those_o country_n do_v find_v that_o this_o variation_n be_v make_v gradual_o alter_v about_o a_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a at_o the_o end_n of_o every_o hundred_o mile_n which_o can_v not_o be_v except_o the_o body_n on_o which_o they_o move_v be_v spherical_a 3._o the_o shadow_n which_o the_o earth_n cast_v upon_o the_o moon_n when_o she_o be_v partial_o eclipse_v be_v see_v to_o be_v circular_a and_o therefore_o the_o body_n which_o cause_v it_o must_v be_v so_o too_o to_o these_o we_o may_v add_v that_o many_o proposition_n in_o astronomy_n geography_n and_o navigation_n be_v found_v on_o this_o supposition_n and_o when_o they_o be_v apply_v to_o use_v they_o prove_v true_a and_o succeed_v according_a to_o expectation_n which_o certain_o they_o will_v not_o always_o do_v if_o the_o very_a foundation_n upon_o which_o they_o be_v build_v be_v unsound_a the_o same_o also_o be_v prove_v by_o plain_a sense_n and_o experiment_n as_o well_o as_o by_o reason_n and_o consequence_n for_o we_o perceive_v that_o ship_n which_o lose_v from_o their_o harbour_n in_o calm_a weather_n disappear_v gradual_o first_o their_o hulk_n than_o their_o sail_n and_o after_o a_o few_o mile_n their_o high_a mast_n the_o natural_a convexity_n of_o the_o water_n interpose_v betwixt_o they_o and_o our_o sight_n several_a also_o of_o our_o countryman_n and_o neighbour_n have_v sail_v round_o about_o this_o globe_n lose_v hence_o westward_o and_o return_v again_o fromwards_o the_o east_n from_o which_o and_o other_o navigation_n we_o may_v conclude_v not_o only_o that_o natural_o no_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v high_a than_o another_o but_o also_o that_o 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britannicum_fw-la or_o british_a sea_n mare_n germanicum_n or_o german_a sea_n etc._n etc._n and_o be_v therefore_o to_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o we_o as_o belong_v to_o those_o country_n whence_o they_o derive_v their_o name_n we_o defer_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o rives_n that_o be_v comprehend_v in_o one_o country_n rivers_n rivers_n till_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o that_o country_n the_o most_o note_v which_o run_v through_o divers_a country_n be_v these_o first_o the_o danubius_n or_o danow_n which_o arise_v in_o the_o alps_o run_v through_o germany_n hungary_n by_o transylvania_n and_o walachia_n into_o the_o euxine_a sea_n next_o the_o rhine_n which_o arise_v also_o in_o the_o alps_o not_o far_o from_o the_o head_n of_o the_o danow_n run_v along_o by_o germany_n and_o the_o low_a country_n into_o the_o british_a ocean_n the_o next_o be_v boristhenes_n or_o nieper_n which_o have_v its_o rise_n in_o the_o confine_n of_o muscovy_n and_o run_v through_o litvania_n volinia_n etc._n etc._n into_o the_o euxine_a sea_n and_o last_o don_n or_o tanais_n arise_v likewise_o in_o muscovy_n and_o run_v through_o the_o lesser_a tartary_n and_o other_o adjoin_a country_n fall_v into_o palus_n meotis_n we_o omit_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o volga_n till_o we_o come_v to_o asia_n to_o which_o it_o more_o proper_o belong_v the_o disposition_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n can_v be_v easy_o reduce_v to_o one_o general_a character_n disposition_n disposition_n vary_v according_a to_o the_o religion_n the_o government_n the_o customary_a employment_n and_o the_o divers_a temperature_n of_o the_o air_n and_o soil_n in_o which_o they_o live_v the_o art_n peculiar_a to_o arts._n arts._n and_o most_o practise_v in_o europe_n and_o there_o invent_v may_v be_v reckon_v print_v paint_v statuary_n divers_a particular_n in_o the_o art_n of_o war_n and_o navigation_n and_o most_o especial_o in_o the_o learned_a and_o scholastic_a science_n in_o which_o the_o european_n have_v advance_v to_o a_o much_o great_a perfection_n than_o either_o the_o asiatic_o or_o the_o african_n novissima_fw-la russiae_n tabula_fw-la authore_fw-la isaaco_n massa._n doctrina_fw-la et_fw-la humanitate_fw-la praedito_fw-la d._n isaaco_n bernart_n rerum_fw-la quae_fw-la per_fw-la moscoviam_fw-la maxim_n trahuntur_fw-la mercatorâ—…_n peritissimo_fw-la hanc_fw-la moscoviae_n tabula_fw-la dedicat_fw-la affinis_fw-la finis_fw-la hen._n honâ—ius_n wirst_n 〈…〉_o 〈◊〉_d germanica_n quorum_fw-la 〈…〉_o russiae_n vulgo_fw-la moscovia_n dictae_fw-la part_n septentrionalis_n et_fw-fr orientalis_n auctore_fw-la isaaco_n massa_n muscovy_n or_o russia_n mesech_n or_o mosoc_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o the_o son_n of_o japhet_n be_v general_o suppose_v to_o have_v people_v this_o country_n the_o chief_a reason_n i_o conceive_v to_o be_v the_o similitude_n of_o the_o name_n we_o find_v also_o in_o strabo_n frequent_a mention_n of_o the_o moschi_n though_o it_o be_v uncertain_a from_o he_o where_o their_o country_n be_v mela_n place_v they_o near_o the_o caspian_a sea_n pliny_n near_o iberia_n which_o be_v now_o call_v georgia_n lucan_n and_o since_o he_o sidonius_n near_o the_o sarmatae_n and_o it_o seem_v that_o sarmatia_n be_v a_o name_n better_o know_v than_o russia_n so_o that_o the_o moschi_n seem_v to_o be_v some_o of_o those_o many_o nation_n at_o this_o time_n under_o and_o that_o towards_o the_o south_n of_o the_o muscovitish_a empire_n but_o the_o annal_n of_o the_o country_n acknowledge_v no_o other_o name_n they_o have_v ancient_o then_o russes_z though_o some_o modern_a latin-writer_n call_v they_o roxalano_n quasi_fw-la russo-alanos_a but_o more_o ruthenos_n and_o their_o nation_n rossia_fw-la which_o signify_v dispersion_n or_o scatter_n because_o they_o though_o very_o great_a and_o populous_a yet_o live_v disperse_v without_o certain_a government_n in_o continual_a quarrel_n and_o dissension_n one_o with_o another_o till_o genareta_n daniel_n or_o ivan_n his_o son_n surname_v caleta_n or_o scrip_n because_o he_o always_o carry_v such_o a_o one_o at_o his_o girdle_n with_o money_n to_o relieve_v such_o as_o be_v in_o necessity_n gather_v and_o bind_v they_o together_o in_o one_o government_n and_o body_n and_o for_o their_o better_a union_n build_v among_o and_o almost_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o they_o the_o city_n moscow_n upon_o a_o river_n of_o that_o name_n make_v it_o thenceforward_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o empire_n from_o whence_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v call_v muscovite_n and_o by_o little_a and_o little_o have_v advance_v themselves_o into_o a_o very_a great_a and_o famous_a nation_n it_o be_v true_a 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o that_o the_o name_n of_o russes_z was_z ancient_o further_a extend_v than_o now_o it_o ordinary_o be_v for_o the_o russes_z be_v say_v to_o inhabit_v from_o the_o weasel_n to_o volga_n and_o from_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o northern_a ocean_n and_o even_o yet_o the_o polonian_n call_v a_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n red_a russia_n part_n also_o of_o the_o dominion_n belong_v to_o lithvania_n black_a russia_n and_o that_o under_o the_o grand_a tzaar_n white_a russia_n as_o they_o say_v because_o that_o people_n ordinary_o woar_v white_a garment_n but_o more_o universal_o white_a cap_n upon_o their_o head_n of_o these_o alone_a in_o this_o place_n we_o be_v to_o treat_v the_o dominion_n of_o the_o grand_a tzaar_n lie_v between_o 46_o and_o 66_o deg_fw-la of_o latitude_n that_o be_v from_o astracan_a to_o fretum_n waygatz_n though_o part_n of_o his_o empire_n lie_v some_o more_o south_n and_o some_o more_o north_n which_o allow_v 60_o mile_n to_o a_o degree_n come_v to_o 1260_o english_a mile_n and_o in_o longitude_n from_o boristhenes_n about_o 55_o deg_fw-la to_o the_o volga_n 80_o deg_fw-la after_o the_o same_o rate_n about_o 1500_o of_o the_o same_o mile_n according_a to_o our_o best_a and_o new_a map_n the_o border_n towards_o the_o north_n be_v the_o freeze_a sea_n and_o some_o part_n of_o lapland_n on_o the_o south_n be_v the_o crimand_n precop-tartar_n on_o the_o east_n we_o may_v account_v the_o volga_n and_o the_o ob_fw-la to_o be_v his_o border_n and_o on_o the_o west_n the_o dominion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n sueden_n and_o some_o part_n of_o lapland_n though_o these_o be_v not_o exact_o set_v down_o yet_o they_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o general_a direction_n more_o preciseness_n must_v be_v expect_v in_o the_o description_n of_o the_o several_a part_n but_o from_o this_o general_a notion_n every_o one_o perceive_v that_o there_o must_v necessary_o be_v a_o vast_a difference_n as_o between_o the_o length_n of_o day_n some_o be_v not_o sixteen_o hour_n other_o six_o month_n long_o so_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a betwixt_o the_o several_a part_n of_o this_o country_n and_o consequent_o as_o great_a variety_n of_o season_n soil_n fruit_n and_o production_n of_o the_o earth_n likewise_o also_o of_o habit_n custom_n diet_n and_o even_o of_o the_o very_a disposition_n and_o manner_n as_o well_o as_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n upon_o which_o heat_n and_o cold_a have_v no_o small_a influence_n so_o that_o we_o shall_v omit_v these_o general_a description_n and_o reserve_v what_o we_o find_v concern_v the_o particular_n to_o their_o proper_a place_n and_o of_o the_o government_n and_o empire_n in_o general_n it_o will_v be_v best_a treat_v of_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o seat_n or_o metropolitical_a city_n of_o the_o empire_n mean_o while_o we_o shall_v proceed_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o several_a province_n as_o they_o lie_v in_o order_n begin_v at_o the_o north-east_n part_n but_o we_o must_v bespeak_v the_o reader_n first_o not_o to_o expect_v any_o exact_a description_n of_o the_o bound_n and_o limit_n of_o each_o province_n for_o beside_o that_o no_o author_n have_v so_o narrow_o look_v into_o those_o thing_n it_o shall_v seem_v that_o the_o emperor_n observe_v not_o always_o the_o same_o commission_n but_o enlarge_n or_o diminish_v his_o government_n as_o himself_o please_v but_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n neither_o have_v we_o a_o exact_a enumeration_n of_o the_o province_n some_o reckon_a more_o some_o few_o those_o who_o number_v they_o according_a to_o the_o title_n of_o the_o grand_a tzaar_n can_v find_v their_o count_n for_o those_o place_n mention_v in_o his_o title_n be_v some_o of_o they_o small_a place_n and_o inconsiderable_a some_o again_o contain_v more_o province_n than_o one_o and_o some_o such_o government_n as_o be_v not_o at_o this_o time_n under_o the_o grand_a tzaar_n but_o as_o they_o subdue_v any_o dominion_n they_o unite_v all_o the_o title_n to_o their_o former_a but_o of_o this_o only_a by_o the_o by_o in_o this_o we_o shall_v follow_v the_o tract_n of_o ground_n proceed_v from_o north-east_n to_o north-west_n and_o make_v use_n of_o the_o best_a information_n we_o can_v find_v and_o before_o we_o enter_v upon_o russia_n we_o shall_v take_v notice_n of_o a_o certain_a people_n that_o take_v up_o a_o great_a share_n of_o these_o northern_a part_n not_o as_o inhabitant_n
of_o his_o subject_n and_o have_v person_n send_v to_o instruct_v and_o govern_v they_o according_a to_o those_o excellent_a rule_n which_o themselves_o there_o see_v which_o thing_n be_v according_o grant_v and_o governor_n send_v and_o castle_n and_o town_n order_v to_o be_v build_v and_o the_o people_n to_o be_v instruct_v as_o they_o still_o continue_v to_o do_v moscoviae_n pars_fw-la australis_n isaaco_n massa_n the_o several_a province_n of_o russia_n the_o first_o province_n of_o russia_n towards_o the_o north-east_n be_v obdoria_n situate_v betwixt_o ob_fw-la and_o pechora_n or_o petzora_n rivers_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o a_o large_a country_n but_o thin_o inhabit_v which_o may_v be_v the_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v in_o our_o map_n call_v samoiedia_n more_o frequent_o than_o obdoria_n as_o if_o it_o be_v only_o the_o country_n of_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr concern_v the_o great_a river_n ob_fw-la or_o oby_n we_o have_v but_o little_a of_o certainty_n for_o i_o can_v find_v that_o any_o of_o our_o merchant_n have_v be_v there_o a_o english_a factor_n before_o ann_n 1600_o employ_v one_o englishman_n with_o other_o his_o servant_n to_o discover_v the_o way_n unto_o and_o the_o trade_n of_o it_o by_o land_n but_o they_o be_v imprison_v by_o order_n of_o the_o russ-governor_n who_o seem_v unwilling_a that_o any_o one_o shall_v understand_v that_o profit_n but_o themselves_o some_o conceive_v that_o these_o people_n be_v mention_v in_o curtius_n and_o other_o ancient_a author_n by_o the_o name_n of_o scythae_n abii_n from_o the_o river_n aby_n or_o oby_n but_o it_o be_v uncertain_a the_o river_n itself_o be_v say_v to_o arise_v from_o a_o lake_n call_v cataisko_n as_o if_o the_o catayan_o who_o most_o man_n conceive_v to_o be_v the_o chinese_n live_v upon_o or_o near_o it_o it_o be_v say_v also_o that_o it_o receive_v many_o great_a river_n whereof_o we_o know_v little_a beside_o the_o name_n that_o it_o be_v navigable_a two_o hundred_o league_n from_o the_o sea_n that_o it_o disembogue_n into_o the_o sea_n beyond_o the_o strait_n of_o waygat_n that_o the_o mouth_n be_v eighty_o verst_n or_o italian_a mile_n broad_a yet_o many_o shallows_o and_o flat_n in_o it_o and_o that_o it_o be_v plentiful_o store_v with_o fish_n the_o samoieds_n seem_v to_o say_v that_o a_o english_a ship_n do_v many_o year_n ago_o arrive_v there_o but_o be_v there_o wrack_v the_o man_n be_v all_o kill_v by_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr betwixt_o oby_n and_o petzora_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o very_a large_a country_n like_o a_o promontory_n run_v very_o far_o into_o the_o north_n or_o freeze_a ocean_n in_o which_o as_o i_o say_v be_v the_o province_n of_o obdora_n and_o condora_n how_o separate_v we_o know_v not_o nor_o any_o thing_n else_o of_o they_o more_o than_o that_o they_o receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n in_o 1618._o and_o they_o be_v not_o in_o the_o title_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n before_o ivan_n vasilowich_n from_o medemskoy_n zavorot_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o pechora_n to_o ob_fw-la be_v sixteen_o day_n sail_v with_o a_o good_a wind_n six_o day_n to_o breit-vinnose_a in_o the_o strait_n of_o waygat_n leave_v the_o rock_n sacolia_fw-la lowdia_fw-la on_o the_o starboard-side_n waygat_n be_v at_o first_o mention_v by_o steph._n burrough_n but_o not_o know_v whether_o to_o be_v a_o distinct_a island_n or_o part_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o in_o some_o of_o our_o late_a map_n it_o be_v quite_o omit_v and_o instead_o of_o it_o be_v put_v fretum_n nassauvianum_n according_a to_o the_o fancy_n of_o our_o neighbour_n the_o inhabitant_n they_o say_v be_v samoieds_n very_o barbarous_a men-eater_n etc._n etc._n over_o against_o these_o strait_n a_o new_a map_n print_v at_o nurenburgh_n this_o year_n 1679_o in_o the_o continent_n where_o we_o conceive_v obdora_n and_o condora_n have_v place_v by_o what_o authority_n and_o whether_o with_o the_o good_a like_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n let_v they_o consider_v who_o be_v concern_v new_a walckeren_n new_a holland_n and_o new_a west-frieseland_a beside_o divers_a other_o name_n of_o the_o low_a country_n i_o suppose_v it_o proceed_v only_o from_o a_o itch_n they_o have_v of_o attribute_v all_o discovery_n to_o and_o give_v name_n by_o themselves_o the_o bay_n of_o petzora_n be_v call_v yongorsky-shar_a and_o there_o fall_v in_o divers_a great_a river_n as_o cara-reca_a or_o the_o black_a river_n moetnaia-reca_a the_o muddy_a river_n zolena-reca_a the_o green_a river_n betwixt_o it_o and_o ob._n petzora_n also_o be_v name_v both_o in_o the_o grand_a tzars_n title_n and_o by_o author_n also_o as_o a_o province_n petzora_n petzora_n which_o they_o say_v be_v bound_v by_o the_o river_n of_o that_o name_n and_o the_o great_a mountain_n call_v ziemni-poias_a or_o cingulum_n mundi_fw-la in_o 1611_o a_o ship_n be_v send_v to_o settle_v a_o factory_a at_o pechora_n they_o find_v the_o bar_n very_o shallow_a nine_o or_o ten_o foot_n water_n afterward_o they_o come_v into_o the_o suchoi-more_a or_o dry_a sea_n because_o of_o the_o shallowness_n of_o the_o water_n the_o inhabitant_n say_v that_o pechora_n flow_v into_o the_o sea_n with_o seventy-two_a mouth_n other_o say_v six_o only_a the_o channel_n that_o trend_v south-west_n be_v the_o deep_a and_o best_a the_o town_n be_v call_v pustozera_n because_o on_o a_o lake_n which_o the_o russes_z call_v osera_n and_o it_o lie_v in_o 68_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n of_o latitude_n in_o the_o town_n be_v three_o church_n and_o the_o people_n poor_a speak_v a_o language_n of_o their_o own_o and_o be_v christian_n ever_o since_o 1518_o they_o live_v chief_o upon_o the_o goose_n and_o other_o fowl_n which_o they_o catch_v in_o the_o spring_n and_o summer_n who_o feather_n they_o sell_v to_o merchant_n and_o the_o flesh_n they_o powder_n and_o dry_v for_o winter_n the_o river_n be_v plentiful_o store_v with_o fish_n especial_o salmon_n whereof_o in_o one_o year_n they_o take_v above_o fifteen_o thousand_o which_o they_o salt_n sell_v and_o convey_v to_o mezen_n by_o land_n they_o live_v common_o upon_o fresh_a fish_n boil_v and_o dry_v hither_o use_v to_o come_v every_o year_n two_o thousand_o samoieds_n with_o their_o commodity_n the_o pechora_n run_v through_o great_a permia_n and_o the_o head_n of_o it_o be_v five_o week_n journey_n above_o pustozera_n divers_a great_a river_n fall_v into_o it_o as_o shapkina_n nougorotka_n habeaga_n and_o ouse_n of_o which_o beside_o the_o name_n we_o know_v nothing_o east_n of_o the_o pechora_n lie_v the_o promontory_n of_o borandey_n scarce_o mention_v in_o any_o author_n the_o chief_a town_n whereof_o be_v vetzora_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v original_o samoieds_n but_o somewhat_o civilise_v by_o the_o muscovite_n three_o day_n journey_n above_o pustozera_n lie_v upon_o the_o same_o river_n oustzilma_a a_o town_n of_o about_o threescore_o house_n in_o 66_o deg_fw-la and_o 30_o min._n where_o they_o have_v ry_z and_o barley_n grow_v very_o good_a and_o where_o be_v a_o very_a good_a trade_n for_o fur_n siberia_n call_v by_o the_o russes_z sibior_fw-la siberia_n siberia_n be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n though_o more_o south_n than_o obdoria_n and_o petzora_n from_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v by_o those_o high_a and_o terrible_a mountain_n call_v ziemni-poias_a which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o cold_a wind_n to_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v and_o continual_a snow_n be_v very_o barren_a and_o hardly_o passable_a in_o many_o place_n here_o and_o there_o be_v tree_n some_o say_v cedar_n and_o about_o they_o the_o black_a sables_n and_o the_o best_a white_a falcon_n herberstein_n report_v that_o there_o be_v some_o person_n that_o after_o seventeen_o day_n travel_v to_o go_v over_o they_o return_v back_o as_o think_v they_o unpassable_a they_o be_v heretofore_o all_o samoieds_fw-fr and_o in_o bar._n herbersteins_n time_n have_v neither_o castle_n nor_o city_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n cama_fw-la out_o out_o of_o it_o arise_v the_o jayck_n a_o large_a river_n that_o pass_v through_o the_o plain_n of_o tartary_n enter_v into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n the_o country_n be_v then_o also_o full_a of_o wood_n and_o lake_n and_o almost_o desert_a till_o they_o submit_v to_o the_o muscovite_n together_o with_o the_o other_o samoieds_fw-fr the_o country_n be_v so_o call_v from_o sibier_n or_o sibior_fw-la the_o first_o build_v city_n among_o they_o though_o tobolsca_n be_v the_o chief_a which_o be_v a_o city_n of_o great_a trade_n to_o which_o the_o teseek_n boughars_n and_o tartar_n bring_v very_o rich_a commodity_n from_o persia_n of_o all_o sort_n papinougorod_n also_o be_v a_o good_a trade_n town_n so_o call_v from_o the_o nation_n of_o the_o papini_n among_o who_o it_o be_v build_v who_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o samoieds_n and_o have_v a_o peculiar_a language_n but_o siberia_n be_v now_o for_o nothing_o more_o famous_a then_o that_o it_o be_v the_o place_n of_o banishment_n for_o such_o either_o offender_n as_o
deserve_v that_o punishment_n or_o as_o have_v by_o any_o way_n fall_v under_o the_o tzars_n displeasure_n for_o these_o also_o he_o send_v thither_o with_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o sometime_o give_v they_o there_o some_o small_a government_n to_o poor_a people_n it_o be_v now_o not_o terrible_a to_o be_v send_v into_o siberia_n as_o former_o it_o be_v because_o they_o find_v tolerable_a livelihood_n there_o but_o to_o the_o rich_a and_o noble_a it_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o send_v to_o the_o galley_n in_o france_n and_o other_o place_n only_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o bring_v in_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o sable_n upon_o pain_n of_o severe_a bodily_a chastisement_n nor_o be_v it_o a_o easy_a matter_n for_o any_o of_o they_o to_o escape_v one_o thing_n more_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o many_o learned_a man_n and_o among_o they_o olearius_n confound_v this_o siberia_n with_o another_o province_n near_o that_o name_n under_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n in_o the_o south_n border_v upon_o the_o dominion_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v almost_o as_o great_a a_o error_n as_o that_o of_o those_o who_o think_v samoiedia_n and_o samogitia_n to_o be_v the_o same_o this_o country_n be_v say_v to_o have_v yield_v in_o 1589_o a_o tribute_n of_o four_o hundred_o sixty-six_a timber_n of_o sables_n every_o timber_n contain_v forty_o skin_n five_z timber_n of_o martron_n a_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o case_n of_o black_a fox_n every_o case_n contain_v also_o forty_o skin_n beside_o other_o commodity_n to_o tobolsca_n which_o be_v almost_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o siberia_n be_v bring_v all_o the_o tribute_n and_o thence_o send_v by_o convoy_n to_o mosko_n but_o the_o chief_a governor_n of_o all_o these_o northern_a country_n reside_v at_o vergateria_n permia_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n vischora_n or_o vistorna_n which_o be_v ten_o mile_n from_o weliki_n perme_n or_o great_a permia_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o this_o province_n permia_n permia_n and_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n cama_fw-la permski_n upon_o the_o east_n border_n upon_o tumen_n which_o be_v under_o the_o tartar_n where_o be_v a_o great_a trade_n from_o boghar_n and_o persia_n from_o tumen_n to_o tobolsca_n they_o travel_v in_o fourteen_o day_n from_o tobolsca_n to_o beresova_n another_o great_a trade_n town_n upon_o the_o ob_fw-la in_o nine_o day_n from_o beresova_n into_o the_o river_n ouse_n and_o down_o that_o into_o the_o petzora_n and_o so_o to_o pustozera_n in_o three_o week_n the_o permian_o pretend_v to_o be_v a_o ancient_a nation_n i_o suppose_v because_o they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a language_n and_o character_n yet_o till_o they_o submit_v to_o the_o muscovite_n they_o live_v no_o otherwise_o than_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr neither_o as_o yet_o have_v they_o much_o use_n or_o knowledge_n of_o bread_n nor_o do_v they_o plant_v or_o sow_v but_o live_v upon_o hunt_v and_o have_v their_o sled_n draw_v with_o deer_n or_o great_a dog_n which_o they_o bring_v up_o for_o that_o purpose_n and_o when_o the_o snow_n be_v hard_o freeze_v they_o have_v their_o nartes_n which_o the_o lap_n and_o fin_n call_v saksit_v other_o nation_n artach_v or_o long_a skeit_n make_v of_o thin_a wood_n or_o bark_n wherewith_o they_o glide_v over_o the_o snow_n with_o incredible_a swiftness_n but_o these_o be_v use_v in_o all_o northern_a country_n where_o they_o be_v accustom_a to_o much_o snow_n they_o be_v very_o zealous_a idolater_n insomuch_o that_o the_o first_o bishop_n who_o be_v send_v to_o convert_v they_o they_o flay_v alive_a yet_o do_v not_o this_o discourage_v his_o successor_n stephen_n who_o happy_o settle_a christianity_n and_o civility_n in_o a_o great_a part_n among_o they_o he_o also_o invent_v character_n for_o their_o peculiar_a language_n and_o be_v reckon_v among_o the_o saint_n in_o the_o russ-calendar_n yet_o among_o they_o as_o among_o the_o siberian_o samoieds_n and_o most_o of_o these_o northern_a country_n be_v secret_o still_o many_o idolater_n who_o frequent_v not_o their_o city_n but_o live_v in_o wood_n and_o among_o the_o marsh_n they_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o rich_a people_n for_o when_o ivan_n vasilowich_n seek_v for_o a_o aveny_n or_o pretence_n to_o fleece_v they_o he_o send_v to_o they_o for_o so_o much_o cedar_n to_o build_v he_o a_o palace_n they_o return_v answer_n that_o they_o have_v no_o such_o thing_n in_o their_o country_n nor_o do_v they_o know_v what_o it_o be_v he_o punish_v their_o obstinacy_n at_o twelve_o thousand_o and_o sixty_o rubble_n or_o mark_n whence_o we_o may_v gather_v that_o they_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o muscovite_n before_o that_o time_n and_o some_o say_v under_o vasilie_o his_o father_n this_o demand_n of_o the_o emperor_n may_v either_o take_v its_o reason_n from_o the_o report_n of_o cedar_n upon_o the_o mountain_n of_o siberia_n or_o that_o report_n from_o this_o message_n jugoria_n jugria_n hugria_n juhar_n juhria_n juharia_n jugâ—â—_n jugâ—â—_n jugra_fw-mi where_o it_o be_v situate_v i_o know_v not_o for_o some_o place_n it_o on_o the_o east_n other_o on_o the_o westside_n of_o ob._n h._n smith_n who_o live_v in_o petzora_n 1580_o say_v that_o it_o lie_v over_o against_o waygatz_n if_o it_o be_v true_a which_o the_o baron_n of_o herberstein_n say_v that_o this_o be_v the_o country_n whence_o attila_n with_o his_o huns_n overrun_v so_o much_o of_o europe_n and_o afterward_o settle_v in_o pannonia_n which_o from_o the_o name_n of_o their_o own_o country_n jugaria_n they_o call_v hungaria_n they_o shall_v seem_v to_o be_v west_n of_o ob_fw-la for_o dubravius_n who_o write_v the_o story_n say_v that_o they_o be_v a_o very_a barbarous_a and_o deform_a nation_n live_v among_o great_a lake_n and_o forest_n which_o agree_v well_o enough_o to_o the_o jugorsky_n and_o that_o some_o of_o they_o hunt_v a_o stag_n the_o beast_n take_v through_o the_o marsh_n and_o by_o that_o mean_v show_v they_o a_o way_n into_o a_o better_a country_n than_o their_o own_o which_o know_v no_o other_o till_o then_o content_v they_o very_o well_o but_o the_o hunter_n return_v and_o declare_v the_o pleasure_n and_o riches_n they_o have_v discover_v persuade_v they_o to_o leave_v that_o uncomfortable_a place_n and_o by_o their_o valour_n seek_v better_a habitation_n which_o they_o present_o put_v in_o execution_n the_o difficulty_n in_o this_o opinion_n be_v that_o the_o present_a juhria_n be_v not_o store_v with_o horse_n that_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v a_o very_a poor_a miserable_a and_o but_o few_o people_n much_o undisposed_a for_o such_o high_a and_o generous_a thought_n of_o conquer_a their_o neighbour_n yet_o be_v not_o the_o argument_n which_o the_o diligent_a and_o learned_a baron_n use_v to_o be_v despise_v which_o be_v that_o both_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o ancient_a hungarian_n who_o live_v between_o the_o danow_n and_o tibiscus_n and_o these_o jugarians_n use_v the_o same_o language_n which_o be_v not_o know_v to_o be_v any_o where_o else_o speak_v but_o reserve_v this_o dispute_n to_o a_o proper_a place_n we_o have_v nothing_o more_o to_o say_v of_o they_o but_o that_o they_o live_v muchwhat_a after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr the_o same_o diet_n clothing_n tribute_n etc._n etc._n dwinae_fw-la fluvii_fw-la nova_fw-la descriptio_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssanio-waesbergiorum_a et_fw-la mosis_fw-la pitt_n to_o this_o of_o dwina_n vstiug_v vstiug_v we_o will_v subjoin_v vstiug_n ostium_n jugh_v fl._n that_o give_v name_n to_o a_o provice_n though_o but_o a_o poor_a one_o the_o native_n former_o have_v a_o language_n proper_a to_o themselves_o as_o well_o as_o divers_a other_o province_n before_o mention_v but_o the_o care_n of_o the_o emperor_n be_v such_o that_o he_o abolish_v they_o by_o degree_n and_o introduce_v the_o muscovitish_a which_o the_o people_n willing_o do_v find_v it_o much_o better_a for_o their_o commerce_n here_o and_o in_o dwina_n sables_n be_v not_o of_o so_o great_a reputation_n but_o they_o have_v the_o best_a black_a fox_n here_o be_v also_o very_o great_a and_o famous_a fair_n and_o mart_n west_n of_o dwina_n be_v corella_n carelia_n carelen_n corella_n corella_n and_o betwixt_o they_o both_o the_o island_n solowski_n famous_a for_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n nicolas_n whereinto_o they_o permit_v not_o any_o woman_n to_o enter_v it_o be_v in_o 63_o deg_fw-la 50_o min._n the_o bank_n of_o the_o sea_n hereabout_o be_v white_a and_o shine_a with_o alabaster_n in_o this_o province_n be_v much_o salt_n boil_v the_o people_n live_v muchwhat_a like_o the_o laplander_n though_o not_o altogether_o so_o barbarous_a for_o they_o have_v some_o town_n as_o corelnburg_n nordenburg_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o lake_n which_o by_o the_o river_n warfuga_n empti_v itself_o into_o the_o bay_n of_o st._n nicolas_n kexholm_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o suede_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o all_o this_o province_n pay_v tribute_n both_o to_o the_o russes_z and_o
suedes_o at_o the_o treaty_n 1616_o of_o stolbow_n the_o grand_a tzar_n quit_v the_o title_n of_o this_o country_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n vodska_n or_o votska_n thirty_o league_n north_n of_o novogorod_n vodska_n vodska_n upon_o its_o left_a hand_n be_v the_o strong_a castle_n of_o ivanogorod_n surrender_v to_o the_o swede_n by_o the_o same_o treaty_n as_o well_o as_o the_o town_n jamagrod_v and_o augdow_n and_o the_o castle_n coporia_n noteburg_n and_o kexholm_n they_o say_v that_o all_o the_o beast_n that_o be_v bring_v into_o this_o province_n turn_v white_a the_o inhabitant_n have_v a_o language_n proper_a to_o themselves_o woskopitin_n be_v by_o some_o author_n place_v between_o kexholm_n and_o noteburg_n woskopitin_n woskopitin_n a_o large_a and_o fruitful_a province_n both_o for_o corn_n and_o cattle_n but_o so_o pester_v with_o lake_n and_o marsh_n that_o it_o be_v very_o little_o frequent_v and_o the_o name_n scarce_o know_v bieleiezioro_n bieleiozioro_n bieleiozioro_n situate_v upon_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o signification_n i.e._n the_o white_a lake_n which_o lake_n be_v thirteen_o league_n long_o and_o as_o many_o broad_a and_o furnish_v only_o one_o river_n call_v sosna_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o wolga_n in_o this_o lake_n be_v a_o castle_n both_o for_o natural_a and_o artisicial_a strength_n account_v impregnable_a whither_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n the_o prince_n have_v send_v their_o treasure_n and_o themselves_o also_o retire_v the_o whole_a province_n be_v full_a of_o wood_n and_o lake_n that_o except_o when_o they_o be_v hard_o freeze_v it_o be_v not_o easy_o passable_a near_o this_o lake_n be_v another_o small_a lake_n that_o produce_v sulphur_n i_o rather_o suppose_v naphtha_n or_o petroleum_n swim_v like_o froth_n or_o oil_n upon_o the_o water_n this_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o possess_v by_o sinaus_n varegus_n who_o brother_n truvor_v settle_v in_o pskouvia_n and_o runiz_n in_o novogardia_n these_o three_o be_v by_o the_o russes_z look_v upon_o as_o the_o founder_n of_o their_o nation_n vologda_n be_v the_o only_a city_n in_o all_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n that_o be_v fortify_v with_o a_o stone-wall_n vologda_fw-la vologda_fw-la and_o for_o its_o strength_n the_o emperor_n be_v wont_a in_o time_n of_o danger_n to_o secure_v here_o part_n of_o his_o treasure_n it_o be_v as_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o westerly_a and_o northerly_a province_n much_o encumber_a with_o wood_n and_o marsh_n many_o of_o which_o be_v except_o in_o winter_n utter_o unpassable_a it_o be_v situate_v upon_o the_o river_n waga_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o dwina_n and_o it_o together_o with_o all_o the_o province_n mention_v since_o dwina_n belong_v to_o the_o duchy_n of_o novogorod_n novogorod_n call_v weliki_n or_o the_o great_a novogorod_n novogorod_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o other_o of_o that_o name_n the_o dutch_a call_v it_o nieugarten_n in_o 58_o deg_fw-la 23_o min._n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n volgda_n not_o volga_n or_o volchou_n famous_a for_o its_o bremes_n a_o little_a below_o the_o lake_n ilmin_n whilst_o it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o prince_n it_o be_v in_o so_o great_a power_n fame_n and_o wealth_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o vast_a commerce_n of_o several_a nation_n there_o establish_v that_o it_o be_v proverbial_o speak_v who_o can_v do_v any_o thing_n against_o god_n and_o great_a novogorod_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o trade_n be_v the_o convenience_n of_o the_o river_n which_o be_v navigable_a from_o the_o very_a spring_n and_o the_o country_n abound_v in_o wheat_n flax_n hemp_n honey_n wax_n and_o leather_n which_o be_v better_o dress_v here_o than_o in_o any_o other_o place_n invite_v hither_o so_o many_o merchant_n from_o all_o the_o northern_a country_n and_o those_o upon_o the_o baltic_a sea_n that_o it_o be_v the_o great_a city_n of_o all_o the_o north_n for_o trade_n and_o wealth_n the_o first_o diminution_n of_o it_o be_v from_o vitold_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n who_o 1427_o oblige_a the_o city_n to_o compound_v for_o their_o peace_n at_o a_o great_a rate_n but_o ivan_n vasili_n grotsdin_n 1477_o force_v they_o to_o receive_v a_o governor_n from_o he_o but_o that_o not_o satisfy_v of_o he_o he_o go_v thither_o in_o person_n pretend_v i_o know_v not_o what_o devotion_n and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o bishop_n be_v admit_v into_o the_o city_n with_o his_o army_n he_o pillage_v it_o carrying_z away_o three_o hundred_o cart_n load_v with_o jewel_n gold_n and_o silver_n beside_o many_o more_o fill_v with_o rich_a stuff_n and_o sumptuous_a moveable_n all_o which_o he_o send_v to_o moscow_n and_o transport_v many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n into_o other_o place_n and_o send_v muscovite_n to_o inhabit_v in_o their_o stead_n but_o their_o great_a calamity_n be_v from_o ivan_n vasilowich_n in_o 1569_o who_o upon_o a_o suspicion_n of_o their_o endeavour_v to_o revolt_v come_v hither_o with_o his_o army_n slay_v drown_v and_o trample_v to_o death_n a_o vast_a number_n of_o people_n present_o after_o this_o follow_v a_o great_a plague_n which_o bring_v so_o great_a a_o famine_n that_o they_o eat_v one_o another_o the_o tzar_n on_o this_o occasion_n pretend_v to_o punish_v their_o inhumanity_n cut_v to_o piece_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o remain_a inhabitant_n his_o barbarous_a cruelty_n here_o act_v be_v not_o sit_v to_o be_v repeat_v it_o be_v in_o 1611_o take_v by_o the_o swede_n by_o storm_n but_o at_o the_o great_a treaty_n between_o the_o two_o crown_n of_o russia_n and_o sweden_n it_o be_v agree_v to_o be_v redeliver_v to_o the_o russes_z and_o in_o their_o hand_n it_o have_v continue_v ever_o since_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o water_n be_v a_o strong_a castle_n build_v of_o stone_n join_v to_o the_o city_n by_o a_o large_a bridge_n wherein_o live_v the_o weywod_n or_o governor_n and_o the_o metropolitan_a by_o which_o two_o all_o the_o affair_n ecclesiastical_a civil_a and_o military_a in_o all_o that_o province_n be_v govern_v the_o town_n be_v encompass_v with_o a_o rampart_n of_o timber_n and_o earth_n and_o have_v a_o castle_n in_o the_o midst_n reasonable_o well_o fortify_v there_o be_v about_o a_o hundred_o monastery_n whereof_o that_o of_o st._n antony_n be_v the_o chief_a church_n and_o chapel_n which_o have_v their_o steeple_n and_o tower_n cover_v with_o copper_n gild_v the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v that_o of_o st._n sophia_n in_o the_o territory_n belong_v to_o this_o city_n stara-russa_a brunitza_n sedrowa_n and_o stara-russa_a be_v brunitza_n sedrowa_n and_o stara-russa_a which_o the_o baron_n of_o herberstein_n call_v russ_n and_o say_v it_o give_v name_n to_o all_o the_o russes_z near_o that_o town_n be_v a_o salt_n river_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v form_v into_o a_o lake_n and_o with_o conduit_n draw_v the_o salt-water_n to_o their_o house_n where_o they_o boil_v the_o salt_n with_o which_o and_o other_o commodity_n they_o drive_v a_o great_a trade_n into_o polotskow_n a_o province_n of_o poland_n the_o russes_z say_v that_o near_o to_o novogorod_n be_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o whip_n mention_v by_o justin_n l._n 2._o and_o many_o other_o author_n wherewith_o the_o master_n return_v victorious_a after_o some_o year_n war_n conquer_v their_o slave_n who_o in_o the_o long_a time_n of_o their_o absence_n have_v seize_v upon_o their_o estate_n and_o wife_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o novogorod-money_n have_v former_o on_o one_o side_n a_o horseman_n shake_v his_o whip_n bielski_n be_v a_o province_n between_o novogorod_n and_o smolensko_n bielski_n bielski_n have_v its_o principal_a city_n and_o castle_n call_v biela_n bielha_n or_o bielow_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n osca_n this_o have_v heretofore_o a_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o subject_a to_o the_o descendants_n of_o jagellan_n duke_n of_o litvania_n till_o basilius_n prince_n of_o bielski_n fall_v off_o to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n and_o agree_v to_o pay_v he_o tribute_n it_o now_o augment_v the_o number_n of_o his_o title_n as_o do_v also_o that_o of_o rischow_n rischow_n rischow_n which_o have_v also_o a_o castle_n and_o city_n of_o that_o name_n it_o have_v also_o former_o a_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o but_o now_o be_v a_o member_n of_o the_o russ-empire_n the_o country_n be_v full_a of_o forest_n and_o lake_n particular_o here_o be_v that_o great_a forest_n of_o wolchonisky_n wherein_o arise_v the_o volga_n the_o dnieper_n the_o dwina_n and_o the_o lowat_n all_o great_a river_n near_o to_o this_o be_v woloizk_a famous_a for_o its_o white_a hare_n and_o the_o prince_n frequent_a hunt_v there_o wyelikyeluki_n a_o large_a city_n with_o a_o good_a castle_n and_o toropyecz_n a_o large_a town_n also_o and_o a_o castle_n all_o which_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o russia_n by_o surrender_n of_o their_o proper_a lord_n it_o be_v be_v near_a to_o the_o foresay_a 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o north-west_n from_o moskow_n the_o capital_a town_n
be_v it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o river_n twertza_fw-mi which_o fall_v into_o the_o volga_n near_o this_o town_n this_o be_v a_o large_a town_n and_o have_v in_o it_o about_o sixty_o church_n the_o chief_a that_o of_o our_o saviour_n upon_o the_o same_o river_n be_v place_v torsoch_n tersack_n or_o torsiock_n a_o large_a town_n also_o the_o province_n be_v rich_a both_o in_o corn_n and_o merchandise_n very_o populous_a also_o be_v ready_a to_o furnish_v their_o prince_n with_o forty_o thousand_o good_a horse_n and_o twice_o as_o many_o foot_n here_o be_v also_o a_o mint_n and_o a_o bishop_n see_n near_o to_o these_o be_v plescow_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o which_o the_o russes_z call_v pscow_n the_o chief_a city_n have_v a_o strong_a castle_n situate_v upon_o a_o rock_n whence_o spring_v the_o river_n pskow_n which_o after_o six_o league_n discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o lake_n of_o peipis_fw-la which_o herberstein_n call_v czuezko_n or_o czudzin_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o prince_n till_o ivan_n vasilowitz_n 1509_o unite_a it_o to_o his_o crown_n the_o citizen_n till_o then_o be_v famous_a for_o their_o valour_n civility_n and_o honest_a deal_n in_o their_o trade_n but_o the_o grand_a duke_n transport_v they_o and_o put_v muscovite_n in_o their_o stead_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o strong_a wall_a city_n in_o all_o russia_n it_o be_v of_o so_o great_a extent_n that_o when_o besiege_v by_o stephen_n king_n of_o poland_n there_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o it_o seventy_o thousand_o foot_n and_o seven_o thousand_o horse_n beside_o the_o inhabitant_n in_o garrison_n be_v it_o not_o for_o one_o ledg_n of_o rock_n the_o navigation_n from_o hence_o to_o the_o baltic_a sea_n will_v be_v very_o convenient_a and_o easy_a there_o be_v in_o this_o province_n divers_a place_n of_o strength_n which_o give_v the_o grand_a tzar_n vasilie_o great_a trouble_n to_o reduce_v they_o to_o his_o command_n south_n and_o by_o west_n of_o this_o province_n of_o novogorod_n that_o we_o dispatch_v all_o these_o territory_n that_o lie_v together_o lie_v the_o great_a city_n of_o smolensko_n smolensko_n smolensko_n belong_v ancient_o to_o litvania_n recover_v to_o that_o province_n by_o vitold_a their_o duke_n in_o 1413._o basilius_n the_o grand_a tzar_n make_v several_a attempt_n to_o recover_v it_o but_o in_o vain_a till_o his_o belove_a general_n michael_n glinski_n a_o valiant_a polish_v general_n that_o run_v over_o to_o the_o russes_z recover_v it_o more_o easy_o with_o his_o money_n than_o he_o can_v with_o his_o arm_n the_o pole_n have_v endeavour_v several_a time_n to_o recover_v this_o city_n and_o in_o one_o battle_n near_o unto_o it_o slay_v eighty_o thousand_o russes_z but_o can_v not_o reduce_v the_o city_n till_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n take_v it_o in_o 1611_o and_o in_o 1633_o michael_n federowitz_n besiege_v it_o in_o vain_a yet_o his_o son_n alexie_n michaelowitz_n have_v it_o surrender_v to_o he_o by_o composition_n in_o 1654._o and_o the_o russes_z still_o keep_v it_o the_o river_n nieper_n common_o think_v to_o be_v boristhenes_n though_o beresine_n come_v near_a that_o name_n run_v through_o it_o the_o city_n be_v very_o well_o fortify_v both_o with_o good_a wall_n well_o palisadoe_v and_o as_o they_o say_v above_o ten_o yard_n high_a and_o also_o with_o a_o very_a strong_a castle_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n to_o this_o jurisdiction_n belong_v drohobus_fw-la wyesma_n and_o mozaizko_n where_o the_o emperor_n common_o once_o a_o year_n divert_v himself_o and_o the_o ambassador_n in_o hunt_v this_o mozaisko_n have_v many_o time_n a_o governor_n of_o its_o own_o and_o a_o territory_n belong_v to_o it_o the_o town_n be_v take_v from_o alexander_n king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o grand_a tzar_n ivan_n predecessor_n of_o vasilie_o and_o the_o grand_a duke_n often_o repair_v thither_o in_o devotion_n to_o st._n nicolas_n the_o great_a saint_n of_o the_o russes_z who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o chapel_n of_o the_o castle_n there_o remain_v one_o province_n or_o dukedom_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o which_o ancient_o belong_v to_o litvania_n the_o south-west_n border_n of_o muscovy_n call_v sewera_n severia_n siberia_n which_o have_v give_v occasion_n to_o some_o to_o confound_v it_o with_o that_o province_n which_o the_o russes_z call_z sibior_fw-la upon_o the_o river_n ob._n this_o be_v a_o large_a and_o fruitful_a principality_n reach_v from_o the_o dnieper_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o mscenek_n which_o be_v now_o demolish_a this_o country_n have_v at_o first_o duke_n of_o its_o own_o afterward_o it_o acknowledge_v the_o superiority_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o litvania_n together_o with_o which_o jagello_n become_v christian_n it_o submit_v to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n afterward_o they_o fall_v from_o casimire_n unto_o the_o grand_a tzar_n at_o length_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o vasilie_o father_n of_o ivan_n vasilowich_n the_o duke_n be_v accuse_v of_o treason_n and_o lose_v his_o principality_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o muscovy_n the_o chief_a city_n siviersky_n novogrod_n siviersky_n and_o sometime_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n be_v call_v novogrod_n siviersky_n a_o city_n and_o castle_n well_o fortify_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o russia_n from_o whence_o to_o the_o city_n moskow_n be_v a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o league_n the_o way_n lie_v through_o bransko_n serensko_fw-mi worotin_n a_o small_a principality_n the_o city_n worotin_n be_v upon_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la and_o coluga_n a_o town_n also_o upon_o the_o occa_fw-la and_o dependent_a upon_o the_o abbey_n of_o troitza_n other_o great_a town_n in_o this_o province_n be_v starodub_n posiwol_n czernigow_n kilski_n krom_n arol_n and_o osippow_n they_o that_o from_o hence_o travel_v towards_o tartary_n pass_v the_o river_n sna_n samara_n ariel_n koinschwada_n and_o molosca_n they_o pass_v the_o river_n on_o branch_n of_o tree_n fasten_v together_o instead_o of_o bo_n this_o country_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o neighbourhood_n to_o the_o tartar_n upon_o who_o it_o border_n towards_o the_o east_n be_v much_o of_o it_o desert_n and_o forest_n for_o want_v of_o culture_n but_o those_o few_o inhabitant_n there_o be_v be_v very_o warlike_a be_v keep_v in_o continual_a exercise_n by_o the_o tartar_n thus_o much_o for_o the_o western_a part_n of_o this_o empire_n let_v we_o proceed_v to_o those_o that_o lie_v in_o the_o inland_n country_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o south_n of_o vologda_n north_n of_o jeroslaw_n lie_v the_o town_n and_o castle_n of_o castrom_n upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n which_o lose_v itself_o in_o the_o volga_n and_o east_n of_o castrom_n be_v the_o little_a town_n of_o galitz_n near_o the_o lake_n galitz_n here_o the_o grand_a tzar_n have_v a_o manufacture_n of_o salt_n jaroslaw_n jaroslaw_n jaroslaw_n fifty_o league_n north_n of_o moskow_n a_o province_n rich_a in_o corn_n cattle_n and_o honey_n the_o city_n lie_v upon_o the_o volga_n contain_v about_o forty_o thousand_o inhabitant_n strong_o fortify_v and_o of_o a_o great_a trade_n as_o have_v a_o very_a easy_a passage_n to_o archangel_n they_o make_v here_o much_o linen_n cloth_n this_o use_v former_o to_o be_v the_o title_n and_o subsistence_n of_o the_o young_a son_n of_o the_o emperor_n family_n till_o ivan_n vasilowich_n take_v it_o from_o they_o to_o himself_o 1565._o yet_o he_o permit_v some_o of_o they_o to_o keep_v the_o title_n be_v till_o of_o late_o call_v knest_n jaroslawski_n of_o the_o same_o condition_n and_o propriety_n be_v rostow_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o city_n be_v twelve_o league_n south_n of_o jeroslaw_n upon_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n ivan_n vasilowich_n put_v to_o death_n the_o last_o heir_n to_o this_o province_n of_o the_o family_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o this_o province_n be_v vglitz_n a_o town_n famous_a for_o its_o bread_n chlopigrod_n be_v a_o great_a mart_n for_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n yet_o more_o barter_v than_o buy_v and_o sell_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o of_o the_o river_n mologa_n by_o which_o it_o communicate_v with_o weliki_n novogrod_n it_o be_v now_o ruin_v the_o name_n signify_v the_o castle_n of_o slave_n for_o they_o say_v that_o when_o their_o master_n have_v subdue_v their_o slave_n with_o their_o whip_n the_o slave_n retire_v hither_o susdal_n be_v between_o rostow_v and_o wolodomir_n susdal_n susdal_n the_o city_n be_v famous_a for_o a_o stately_a monastery_n of_o nun_n whither_o ivan_n vasilowitz_n confine_v his_o wife_n and_o it_o be_v former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o russia_n this_o province_n also_o belong_v to_o the_o young_a son_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o since_o ruin_v by_o the_o tartar_n ann_n it_o have_v never_o recover_v itself_o castrom_n and_o galitz_n belong_v former_o to_o this_o government_n pereaslaw_n belong_v former_o to_o rostow_v pereaslaw_n pereaslaw_n famous_a now_o for_o its_o salt_n lake_n and_o fruitful_a soil_n at_o the_o end_n of_o harvest_n the_o grand_a tzar_n
what_o be_v say_v of_o they_o be_v certain_o fabulous_a and_o all_o the_o rest_n uncertain_a we_o shall_v however_o respite_n they_o till_o we_o come_v to_o asia_n nor_o of_o casan_n and_o astracan_a but_o we_o shall_v defer_v they_o also_o till_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o volga_n and_o the_o tartar_n their_o country_n and_o affair_n be_v mingle_v together_o there_o remain_v therefore_o only_a moscua_n moscua_n moscua_n the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o great_a empire_n which_o we_o purposely_o reserve_v to_o this_o place_n that_o what_o we_o have_v to_o say_v concern_v the_o empire_n itself_o and_o the_o whole_a nation_n may_v be_v more_o easy_o apprehend_v the_o province_n and_o city_n of_o mosko_n be_v almost_o in_o the_o centre_n of_o all_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n but_o near_o the_o west_n and_o south_n for_o which_o reason_n as_o also_o because_o the_o soil_n be_v none_o of_o the_o fruitfull_a it_o be_v very_o prudent_o choose_v for_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o empire_n for_o towards_o the_o west_n and_o south_n be_v the_o great_a danger_n of_o invasion_n and_o the_o fierce_a enemy_n and_o the_o barrenness_n of_o the_o soil_n make_v the_o air_n so_o very_o good_a and_o healthful_a that_o it_o be_v account_v a_o wonderful_a thing_n to_o hear_v of_o a_o plague_n or_o any_o epidemical_a disease_n in_o that_o province_n though_o they_o be_v sometime_o afflict_v with_o a_o violent_a burn_a fever_n which_o they_o call_v ognyo_n whereof_o few_o recover_v yet_o i_o do_v not_o hear_v that_o it_o be_v malignant_a nor_o be_v the_o sterility_n any_o inconvenience_n in_o any_o part_n of_o muscovy_n because_o the_o country_n be_v general_o very_o fruitful_a and_o carriage_n from_o place_n to_o place_n very_o easy_a and_o cheap_a in_o summer_n time_n because_o of_o the_o great_a number_n of_o navigable_a river_n and_o in_o winter_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o convenience_n of_o their_o sled_n whether_o draw_v by_o deer_n who_o nourishment_n cost_v nothing_o a_o little_a moss_n which_o use_v not_o to_o be_v very_o scarce_o in_o bog_n and_o wood_n suffice_v they_o or_o horse_n which_o be_v very_o hardy_a and_o use_v to_o travel_v forty_o or_o fifty_o of_o our_o mile_n without_o bait_v so_o that_o a_o countryman_n will_v for_o four_o crown_n conduct_v you_o eleven_o or_o twelve_o hundred_o mile_n beside_o the_o inland_n trade_n among_o themselves_o be_v very_o great_a for_o have_v very_o many_o fast_a day_n they_o must_v be_v supply_v with_o fish_n from_o the_o sea_n the_o north_n send_v they_o fur_n and_o skin_n for_o their_o clothing_n the_o south_n send_v corn_n cloth_n linen_n and_o woollen_a and_o almost_o all_o manufacture_n beside_o the_o frequent_a pass_n and_o repassing_n of_o so_o many_o governor_n both_o render_v travel_v very_o commodious_a and_o frequent_o cheap_a also_o and_o make_v a_o great_a circulation_n of_o trade_n and_o commodity_n in_o the_o whole_a nation_n the_o city_n of_o moskow_n be_v in_o 55_o deg_fw-la 36_o min._n latitude_n and_o about_o 66_o deg_fw-la longitude_n of_o the_o vastness_n of_o it_o before_o its_o great_a desolation_n by_o fire_n 1571_o strange_a thing_n be_v relate_v as_o that_o it_o be_v more_o than_o double_a as_o large_a as_o it_o be_v afterward_o that_o there_o be_v in_o it_o many_o hundred_o thousand_o inhabitant_n and_o that_o there_o be_v slay_v burn_a drown_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n above_o eighty_o thousand_o person_n possevinus_n who_o be_v there_o ambassador_n 1582_o say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n it_o be_v not_o above_o five_o italian_a mile_n in_o compass_n and_o not_o more_o than_o thirty_o thousand_o inhabitant_n but_o i_o be_o afraid_a that_o author_n do_v much_o depress_v the_o power_n and_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n everywhere_o in_o russia_n in_o 1611_o forty-one_a thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o house_n be_v again_o reduce_v to_o ash_n by_o the_o pole_n and_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o person_n slay_v olearius_n say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n its_o circumference_n be_v about_o three_o league_n our_o relator_n in_o 1662._o allow_v it_o four_o league_n sixteen_o mile_n in_o compass_n and_o the_o figure_n round_o and_o be_v say_v to_o contain_v above_o forty_o thousand_o house_n it_o consist_v of_o four_o part_n or_o quarter_n the_o first_o be_v cataigorod_n or_o mid-city_n divide_v from_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o brickwall_n the_o river_n moskwa_n run_v on_o the_o southside_n as_o the_o neglina_n do_v on_o the_o north_n of_o it_o in_o this_o part_n be_v the_o castle_n fortify_v with_o three_o strong_a wall_n and_o a_o good_a ditch_n wherein_o be_v two_o palace_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n one_o of_o stone_n another_z of_o timber_n in_o this_o castle_n be_v two_o steeple_n in_o one_o of_o which_o be_v a_o bell_n weigh_v 33600_o pound_n the_o exchequer_n and_o magazine_n of_o powder_n be_v also_o in_o the_o castle_n two_o fair_a monastery_n five_o church_n and_o chapel_n all_o of_o stone_n and_o in_o st._n michael_n church_n the_o sepulcher_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n at_o the_o castle-gate_n be_v the_o church_n call_v jerusalem_n which_o ivan_n vasilowitz_n think_v so_o magnificent_a that_o he_o put_v out_o the_o architect_n eye_n that_o he_o may_v never_o make_v the_o like_a and_o before_o the_o castle_n be_v the_o great_a market_n place_n where_o every_o trade_n have_v a_o station_n by_o itself_o the_o second_o quarter_n be_v tzargorod_a encompass_v the_o other_o like_o a_o semicircle_n wall_v about_o with_o stone_n wherein_o be_v the_o arsenal_n and_o the_o workman_n in_o metal_n as_o bell-founder_n caster_n of_o cannon_n etc._n etc._n the_o three_o be_v skoradom_fw-la on_o the_o north-west_n side_n of_o the_o other_o the_o river_n jagusa_n pass_v through_o it_o and_o here_o be_v the_o market_n for_o house_n timber_n etc._n etc._n the_o four_o be_v strelitza_n slavoda_n be_v the_o quarter_n of_o the_o strelitz_n or_o guard_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n fortify_v with_o wooden_a rampart_n and_o build_v for_o stranger_n and_o mercenary_a soldier_n there_o be_v in_o this_o city_n above_o two_o thousand_o church_n and_o chapel_n build_v say_v possevin_n more_o for_o ornament_n to_o the_o city_n than_o use_n but_o this_o author_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o seem_v to_o be_v partial_a against_o the_o muscovite_n the_o house_n in_o moskow_n and_o general_o in_o all_o muscovia_n be_v after_o the_o same_o fashion_n make_v of_o fir-timber_n square_v and_o dove-tailed_a one_o into_o another_o not_o with_o mortise_n and_o tenant_n at_o the_o end_n two_o or_o at_o the_o most_o three_o story_n high_a their_o window_n short_a and_o narrow_a the_o chink_n between_o the_o timber_n calk_v as_o i_o may_v say_v or_o stop_v up_o with_o moss_n stair_n on_o the_o outside_n instead_o of_o chimney_n stove_n the_o cover_n or_o til_v of_o bark_n and_o upon_o that_o sometime_o turf_n of_o earth_n nor_o be_v their_o householdstuff_n much_o rich_a no_o bed_n chair_n wainscot_n hang_n or_o the_o like_a unnecessary_a implement_n the_o wall_n cover_v with_o mat_n bench_n to_o sleep_n and_o sit_v upon_o a_o pot_n or_o two_o as_o many_o wooden_a dish_n a_o spoon_n to_o hang_v at_o the_o girdle_n if_o a_o fire_n happen_v in_o the_o city_n as_o it_o do_v very_o frequent_o they_o go_v not_o about_o to_o quench_v it_o with_o water_n but_o only_o to_o stop_v the_o course_n of_o the_o flame_n by_o pull_v down_o the_o neighbouring-house_n to_o which_o purpose_n the_o soldier_n that_o keep_v their_o night-guard_n carry_v each_o of_o they_o a_o hatchet_n to_o cut_v down_o a_o house_n present_o nor_o be_v the_o people_n very_o much_o concern_v for_o their_o small_a and_o cheap_a furniture_n but_o the_o merchant_n and_o person_n of_o quality_n have_v for_o their_o magazine_n vault_n of_o stone_n with_o little_a window_n and_o those_o also_o have_v shutter_n as_o well_o as_o their_o door_n of_o white_a iron_n there_o dwell_v in_o the_o city_n a_o great_a number_n of_o greek_n persian_n but_o especial_o tartar_n yet_o the_o greek_n be_v most_o welcome_a as_o most_o sympathize_v with_o the_o russes_z in_o their_o religion_n the_o lutheran_n also_o and_o reform_v be_v well_o receive_v and_o have_v liberty_n public_o to_o exercise_v their_o religion_n which_o they_o of_o the_o roman_a communion_n can_v no_o jew_n be_v admit_v among_o they_o moskow_n be_v near_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n it_o be_v very_o convenient_a to_o take_v our_o measure_n by_o it_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o country_n allow_v proportionable_o for_o the_o nearness_n to_o or_o remoteness_n from_o it_o as_o first_o for_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o air_n the_o cold_a be_v here_o sometime_o so_o excessive_a that_o water_n will_v freeze_v as_o it_o be_v fall_v that_o the_o earth_n will_v chap_v as_o with_o we_o in_o the_o violent_a drought_n of_o summer_n even_o to_o above_o twenty_o fathom_n long_o and_o a_o foot_n broad_a and_o
of_o the_o clergy_n as_o he_o think_v most_o prudent_a to_o be_v present_a at_o a_o day_n appoint_v which_o common_o be_v a_o friday_n be_v their_o strict_a fasting-day_n where_o the_o clergy_n sit_v in_o a_o honourable_a place_n by_o themselves_o one_o of_o the_o secretary_n propose_v the_o point_n to_o be_v deliberate_v upon_o ask_v first_o of_o all_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o clergy_n his_o majesty_n require_v their_o godly_a opinion_n and_o advice_n and_o if_o they_o approve_v of_o what_o be_v propose_v the_o proposal_n pass_v to_o a_o full_a conclusion_n and_o be_v make_v into_o a_o act_n else_o they_o be_v relinquish_v after_o all_o the_o consent_v give_v the_o diack_n or_o secretary_n draw_v they_o up_o into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o proclamation_n and_o send_v they_o to_o the_o great_a city_n with_o charge_n to_o the_o governor_n to_o see_v they_o observe_v this_o care_n be_v take_v for_o the_o law_n of_o great_a consequence_n there_o be_v beside_o they_o very_o many_o which_o though_o make_v upon_o particular_a occasion_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o better_a they_o be_v in_o force_n as_o precedent_n the_o great_a prime_a minister_n afanase_n nashockin_n be_v endeavour_v a_o reformation_n and_o methodize_n of_o these_o which_o without_o some_o such_o diligence_n must_v of_o necessity_n grow_v to_o be_v too_o numerous_a and_o not_o very_o consistent_a one_o with_o another_o next_o to_o the_o prince_n nobility_n the_o nobility_n be_v the_o nobility_n which_o be_v of_o divers_a degree_n former_o there_o be_v young_a branch_n of_o the_o royal_a family_n who_o have_v the_o government_n and_o revenue_n of_o several_a city_n and_o province_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o be_v before_o mention_v but_o these_o be_v extinguish_v by_o ivan_n vasilowich_n and_o the_o succeed_a prince_n have_v not_o have_v occasion_n to_o renew_v those_o power_n and_o title_n there_o be_v also_o vdelney_n knazey_n knazey_n vdelney_n knazey_n exempt_a or_o privilege_a duke_n who_o enjoy_v a_o very_a great_a jurisdiction_n and_o absolute_a authority_n in_o their_o own_o precinct_n when_o the_o house_n of_o beala_n grow_v too_o powerful_a for_o the_o rest_n they_o submit_v upon_o certain_a term_n the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v to_o assist_v in_o the_o war_n with_o such_o a_o number_n of_o man_n but_o ivan_n vasilowich_n by_o degree_n so_o clip_v and_o restrain_v their_o authority_n that_o at_o length_n he_o reduce_v they_o into_o the_o same_o condition_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o subject_n and_o to_o effect_v this_o he_o first_o set_v one_o against_o another_o but_o afterward_o divide_v the_o whole_a nobility_n into_o two_o faction_n the_o one_o be_v of_o confide_v man_n such_o as_o he_o conceive_v to_o be_v firm_a to_o his_o interest_n the_o other_o be_v malignant_n or_o ill_o affect_v if_o any_o one_o of_o these_o be_v oppress_v spoil_v or_o kill_v by_o one_o of_o the_o other_o party_n there_o be_v no_o remedy_n nor_o justice_n to_o be_v expect_v all_o man_n know_v also_o who_o be_v of_o which_o party_n and_o a_o register_n be_v keep_v of_o they_o by_o which_o barbarous_a and_o tyrannical_a mean_n in_o seven_o year_n for_o so_o long_o that_o continue_a he_o take_v out_o of_o the_o way_n all_o such_o as_o himself_o suspect_v encourage_v his_o own_o party_n and_o enrich_v his_o treasure_n exceed_o by_o the_o confiscation_n if_o any_o remain_v he_o take_v away_o their_o estate_n and_o give_v they_o in_o exchange_v other_o of_o lesser_a value_n in_o some_o remote_a province_n or_o by_o some_o other_o mean_v waste_v and_o consume_v they_o and_o who_o ivan_n leave_v boris_n federowich_n make_v a_o shift_n to_o dispatch_v that_o himself_o a_o stranger_n to_o the_o throne_n may_v the_o more_o secure_o enjoy_v it_o now_o therefore_o the_o chief_a degree_n of_o nobility_n be_v that_o of_o the_o boiar_n or_o boiarens_n boiarâ—â—s_n boiarâ—â—s_n these_o be_v such_o as_o the_o emperor_n beside_o their_o nobility_n honour_n with_o be_v of_o his_o council_n these_o be_v the_o great_a body_n of_o noble_n out_o of_o who_o he_o raise_v his_o servant_n governor_n soldier_n etc._n etc._n many_o of_o they_o be_v rich_a both_o in_o land_n which_o they_o receive_v from_o and_o continue_v by_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o emperor_n salary_n for_o their_o service_n especial_o the_o court-office_n and_o government_n and_o their_o own_o acquisition_n many_o also_o have_v annual_a pension_n from_o the_o emperor_n especial_o if_o they_o have_v either_o merit_v well_o or_o by_o ability_n give_v hope_n that_o they_o will_v be_v able_a to_o do_v he_o service_n they_o also_o who_o have_v bear_v any_o great_a office_n in_o war_n as_o a_o general_n governor_z etc._n etc._n do_v leave_v something_o of_o title_n to_o their_o posterity_n so_o as_o they_o take_v place_n of_o all_o under_o the_o boiar_n they_o also_o as_o well_o as_o the_o boiar_n may_v add_v which_o to_o the_o name_n of_o their_o ancestor_n federowich_n ivanowich_n etc._n etc._n i.e._n the_o son_n of_o theodore_n of_o john_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v account_v a_o great_a honour_n among_o they_o and_o they_o may_v have_v reparation_n upon_o those_o who_o do_v not_o give_v it_o they_o yet_o themselves_o do_v not_o use_v that_o privilege_n when_o they_o write_v to_o their_o lord_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a diminish_v their_o own_o true_a name_n call_v themselves_o u.g._n timoska_n for_o timothy_n ivoska_n for_o ivan_n and_o the_o like_a diminutive_n for_o humility_n sake_n they_o also_o carry_v a_o little_a kettledrum_n at_o the_o pummel_n of_o their_o saddle_n upon_o which_o they_o beat_v with_o the_o end_n of_o their_o whip_n to_o make_v way_n for_o they_o in_o crowd_n in_o the_o street_n and_o in_o war_n to_o give_v notice_n of_o march_v stay_v or_o the_o like_a the_o first_o that_o receive_v the_o command_n beat_v all_o the_o rest_n answer_v he_o next_o to_o these_o be_v the_o knazey_a knazey_n knazey_n which_o our_o people_n call_v duke_n this_o title_n ancient_o be_v of_o great_a honour_n insomuch_o that_o the_o grand_fw-fr tzar_n call_v himself_o weliki_n knez_fw-fr or_o great_a duke_n but_o the_o knazey_n communicate_v their_o title_n to_o all_o their_o posterity_n have_v so_o multiply_v that_o now_o there_o be_v knazey_n who_o be_v glad_a to_o serve_v person_n of_o mean_a quality_n for_o a_o small_a salary_n though_o at_o the_o same_o time_n they_o will_v not_o fail_v to_o boast_v of_o their_o nobility_n and_o trouble_v any_o one_o that_o shall_v affront_v they_o the_o sinboiars_a or_o sinaboiarskey_a be_v the_o son_n of_o such_o as_o enjoy_v land_n and_o revenue_n for_o serve_v the_o emperor_n in_o his_o war_n and_o be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o that_o with_o we_o hold_v in_o knights-service_n and_o the_o land_n hold_v in_o this_o tenure_n be_v common_o divide_v among_o the_o son_n except_o the_o son_n be_v so_o numerous_a that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o competency_n for_o each_o of_o they_o in_o which_o case_n they_o petition_v the_o emperor_n for_o maintenance_n and_o he_o common_o give_v they_o inferior_a office_n in_o the_o court_n or_o make_v they_o spy_n and_o informer_n allow_v they_o a_o small_a annual_a pension_n till_o a_o war_n come_v which_o entertain_v they_o all_o the_o grand_a tzar_n have_v also_o his_o council_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o he_o give_v indeed_o the_o honorary_a title_n of_o counsellor_n to_o very_a many_o who_o never_o come_v to_o consult_v but_o those_o who_o be_v actual_o employ_v and_o call_v to_o advise_v be_v call_v dumnoy_n boiaren_n and_o their_o number_n be_v as_o the_o prince_n please_v this_o council_n consist_v of_o all_o the_o great_a officer_n of_o state_n and_o such_o other_o as_o himself_o please_v to_o call_v to_o this_o honour_n yet_o neither_o be_v all_o these_o continual_o present_a but_o he_o as_o most_o other_o prince_n for_o more_o secrecy_n in_o some_o and_o more_o easy_a dispatch_n in_o other_o business_n have_v a_o few_o select_a person_n a_o cabinet_n council_n with_o who_o he_o advise_v first_o and_o prepare_v matter_n for_o the_o great_a council_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n meet_v together_o rather_o to_o consent_v and_o to_o give_v weight_n and_o reputation_n to_o the_o resolve_n then_o to_o argue_v or_o give_v their_o opinion_n and_o determine_v affair_n the_o patriarch_n be_v not_o name_v among_o they_o as_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v continual_o employ_v in_o the_o duty_n of_o religion_n but_o in_o matter_n of_o consequence_n his_o advice_n be_v common_o ask_v and_o follow_v this_o council_n receive_v appeal_n and_o all_o other_o great_a matter_n be_v remit_v to_o they_o beside_o this_o there_o be_v many_o other_o chamber_n court_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o or_o council_n as_o they_o be_v call_v in_o some_o kingdom_n but_o the_o principal_n be_v six_o which_o have_v every_o one_o their_o several_a business_n the_o first_o be_v for_o ambassador_n and_o foreign_a affair_n
the_o second_o for_o business_n of_o war_n the_o three_o for_o the_o demean_n and_o revenue_n of_o the_o prince_n the_o four_o for_o trade_n and_o merchandise_n the_o five_o for_o determination_n of_o civil_a cause_n among_o themselves_o the_o six_o for_o criminal_a matter_n every_o council_n have_v its_o precedent_n counsellor_n secretary_n etc._n etc._n who_o write_v all_o thing_n at_o large_a in_o roll_n after_o the_o ancient_a manner_n sometime_o thirty_o or_o forty_o ell_n long_o whereof_o they_o have_v vast_a quantity_n orderly_o lay_v up_o in_o their_o respective_a office_n to_o these_o also_o be_v refer_v all_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n every_o province_n be_v assign_v to_o one_o of_o these_o to_o send_v their_o appeal_n make_v their_o relation_n receive_v order_n and_o the_o like_a every_o council_n know_v the_o province_n that_o belong_v to_o it_o and_o the_o province_n know_v its_o own_o council_n and_o office_n where_o to_o make_v their_o application_n in_o their_o judgement_n they_o give_v sentence_n according_a to_o witness_n if_o there_o be_v any_o if_o none_o they_o give_v liberty_n for_o trial_n by_o combat_n wherein_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o the_o appellant_n or_o the_o apellee_n to_o substitute_v another_o in_o his_o stead_n sometime_o they_o put_v they_o to_o the_o question_n or_o torment_n wherein_o they_o be_v very_o ingenious_o cruel_a sometime_o also_o to_o their_o oath_n though_o no_o man_n be_v compel_v to_o swear_v but_o if_o any_o voluntary_o offer_v it_o it_o be_v common_o accept_v and_o solemn_o perform_v in_o the_o church_n by_o kiss_v a_o cross_n but_o he_o that_o swear_v in_o this_o manner_n twice_o or_o thrice_o become_v infamous_a he_o be_v prohibit_v entrance_n into_o the_o church_n nor_o will_v person_n of_o condition_n willing_o converse_v with_o he_o for_o there_o be_v among_o they_o no_o more_o abhor_v crime_n then_o false-swearing_a they_o startle_v at_o every_o solemn_a oath_n though_o in_o their_o conversation_n they_o be_v not_o scrupulous_a of_o swear_v they_o refer_v also_o some_o doubtful_a matter_n to_o lot_n of_o which_o see_v a_o story_n in_o hackluit_n p._n 309._o their_o usual_a punishment_n be_v severe_a punishment_n their_o punishment_n a_o robber_n be_v break_v upon_o the_o wheel_n a_o sacrilegious_a person_n empale_v a_o traitor_n and_o a_o servant_n that_o murder_n his_o master_n behead_v a_o adulterer_n compound_v with_o the_o abuse_a husband_n and_o beside_o be_v whip_v from_o the_o court_n to_o the_o house_n of_o the_o adulteress_n and_o she_o if_o her_o husband_n please_v be_v repudiate_v and_o put_v into_o a_o monastery_n and_o himself_o after_o six_o week_n have_v liberty_n to_o marry_v another_o but_o none_o suffer_v more_o severity_n than_o those_o that_o be_v in_o debt_n who_o be_v keep_v prisoner_n till_o a_o day_n appoint_v when_o they_o engage_v to_o pay_v if_o they_o keep_v not_o their_o day_n and_o be_v able_a to_o pay_v they_o be_v every_o day_n bring_v into_o the_o court_n and_o there_o beat_v for_o a_o hour_n together_o upon_o their_o shin_n and_o the_o calf_n of_o their_o leg_n and_o back_o to_o prison_n at_o night_n and_o so_o till_o the_o debt_n be_v pay_v but_o if_o they_o be_v unable_a to_o pay_v it_o they_o be_v make_v slave_n to_o the_o creditor_n the_o chief_a officer_n of_o state_n and_o the_o court_n for_o secular_a business_n under_o the_o emperor_n be_v muchwhat_a the_o same_o as_o in_o all_o other_o monarchy_n state_n officer_n of_o state_n the_o chancellor_n who_o be_v also_o the_o chief_a secretary_n and_o to_o he_o belong_v and_o he_o preside_v in_o the_o office_n of_o ambassador_n his_o charge_n also_o be_v to_o present_a petition_n to_o the_o tzar_n and_o to_o return_v his_o answer_n which_o he_o do_v in_o the_o prince_n own_o word_n the_o treasurer_n that_o look_v to_o and_z takes_z account_n of_o all_o the_o revenue_n the_o constable_n who_o look_v after_o the_o soldiery_n the_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n who_o beside_o the_o prince_n horse_n mind_n also_o the_o guard_n their_o discipline_n and_o quarter_a the_o ocolnick_n or_o chief_a justice_n who_o they_o call_v the_o great_a counsellor_n always_o present_a with_o the_o prince_n person_n under_o who_o be_v the_o neddesnick_n who_o command_v all_o the_o sergeant_n prison_n etc._n etc._n and_o divers_a of_o these_o be_v sometime_o bestow_v upon_o the_o same_o person_n ilias_n danielowitz_n miloslawsky_n be_v generalissimo_n a_o employment_n very_o befit_v he_o for_o he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a courage_n and_o strength_n both_o of_o body_n and_o mind_n he_o have_v such_o a_o vast_a memory_n that_o he_o know_v all_o the_o commission-officer_n of_o a_o army_n of_o eighty_o thousand_o what_o their_o ability_n and_o where_o their_o quarter_n he_o be_v also_o treasurer_n and_o have_v divers_a office_n beside_o afanase_n nashockin_n succeed_v he_o in_o his_o prince_n favour_n and_o be_v chancellor_n treasurer_n lord_n of_o russia_n minor_a and_o have_v several_a other_o employment_n a_o man_n not_o corrupt_v by_o bribe_n very_o sober_a and_o abstemious_a indefatigable_a in_o business_n and_o who_o serious_o set_v about_o a_o reformation_n of_o the_o evil_a custom_n of_o his_o country_n but_o such_o a_o vast_a dominion_n as_o russia_n can_v be_v govern_v without_o very_a many_o magistrate_n magistrate_n inferior_a magistrate_n and_o such_o indeed_o there_o be_v there_o be_v a_o court_n or_o council_n for_o the_o government_n of_o moskow_n who_o have_v many_o officer_n under_o they_o in_o all_o the_o great_a frontier_n city_n be_v weywod_n or_o governor_n of_o great_a quality_n and_o experience_n and_o in_o every_o city_n two_o if_o not_o three_o beside_o the_o officer_n of_o justice_n etc._n etc._n in_o lesser_a city_n be_v also_o governor_n but_o of_o lesser_a quality_n who_o the_o grand_a tzar_n appoint_v by_o deliver_v they_o a_o staff_n which_o at_o their_o return_n they_o restore_v he_o again_o and_o this_o be_v the_o ensign_n of_o their_o power_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o magistrate_n as_o the_o gubnoy-starust_a which_o be_v like_o a_o alderman_n or_o mayor_n of_o a_o town_n sotskoy-starust_a like_o a_o bailie_n of_o a_o hundred_o and_o divers_a other_o who_o can_v judge_n in_o small_a case_n and_o from_o who_o there_o lie_v appeal_n a_o great_a catalogue_n of_o they_o be_v in_o olearius_n a_o 1636._o but_o afanase_n nasbockin_n have_v a_o design_n that_o to_o save_v the_o subject_n trouble_v and_o the_o prince_n charge_n the_o governor_n shall_v in_o many_o case_n and_o even_o in_o some_o capital_a matter_n have_v power_n of_o judge_v without_o appeal_n and_o execute_v also_o their_o judgement_n one_o thing_n seem_v very_o faulty_a in_o their_o government_n that_o have_v so_o many_o magistrate_n salary_v by_o the_o prince_n their_o stipend_n must_v necessary_o be_v very_o small_a and_o inconsiderable_a yet_o be_v they_o by_o these_o to_o make_v their_o 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sometime_o less_o
they_o be_v simbeyska-gora_a arbuchim_n but_o of_o the_o great_a part_n the_o name_n be_v unknown_a the_o river_n adrobe_n enter_v volga_n in_o 53_o deg_fw-la 48_o min._n as_o do_v the_o river_n vssa_fw-mi not_o much_o low_a a_o little_a beyond_o in_o a_o great_a plain_n be_v a_o sandy_a hill_n call_v sariol-kurgan_a which_o they_o say_v be_v the_o burial_n of_o a_o tartar_n emperor_n and_o seven_o king_n there_o slay_v and_o make_v by_o the_o soldier_n carry_v sand_n and_o earth_n in_o their_o helmet_n three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o verst_n below_o casan_n be_v samara_n a_o large_a city_n upon_o a_o river_n so_o call_v three_o verst_n from_o the_o bank_n of_o volga_n though_o it_o do_v not_o whole_o join_v with_o the_o great_a stream_n till_o fifteen_o verst_n low_o and_o over_o against_o it_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n fall_v in_o also_o the_o river_n ascula_fw-la and_o lisran_n below_o samara_n a_o hundred_o and_o fifteen_o league_n be_v the_o mountain_n of_o the_o donski_n cosack_v who_o from_o hence_o usual_o rob_v the_o boat_n that_o come_v down_o the_o volga_n below_o this_o the_o river_n zagra_n join_v the_o volga_n and_o not_o far_o thence_o the_o river_n be_v so_o shallow_a that_o the_o cosacks_n ford_n it_o and_o lurk_v in_o the_o sledgy_a and_o bushy_a island_n of_o the_o river_n rob_v and_o spoil_v secure_o these_o people_n do_v very_o much_o mischief_n to_o the_o russes_z and_o the_o emperor_n to_o repress_v the_o inroad_n of_o they_o and_o the_o tartar_n have_v build_v divers_a city_n and_o fort_n give_v they_o to_o be_v inhabit_v only_o by_o soldier_n one_o be_v soratof_o in_o 52_o deg_fw-la 12_o min._n chief_o against_o the_o kolmuck-tartar_n who_o country_n begin_v here_o and_o reach_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n a_o very_a deform_a barbarous_a and_o cruel_a sort_n of_o people_n great_a man-stealer_n and_o enemy_n both_o to_o russes_z cosack_n and_o chief_o the_o nagai-tartar_n czaritza_n tsornojar_n and_o divers_a other_o be_v build_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o verst_n below_o saratof_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o volga_n be_v the_o river_n ruslana_n and_o over_o against_o that_o the_o mountain_n of_o vrakufs-karul_a where_o they_o say_v a_o tartarian_a prince_n call_v vrak_fw-mi be_v kill_v by_o the_o cosack_n near_o to_o which_o be_v the_o river_n and_o mountain_n call_v camaschinka_n near_o whereto_o stenko_n radzin_n be_v bear_v the_o river_n rise_v out_o of_o the_o torrent_n of_o iloba_n and_o fall_v into_o the_o don._n the_o cosack_v bring_v over_o land_n their_o boat_n upon_o four_o wheel_n thence_o into_o the_o volga_n where_o they_o exercise_v their_o piracy_n and_o plundering_n the_o river_n bolloclea_n be_v ninety_o verst_n below_o camuschinka_n and_o near_o that_o about_o 48_o deg_fw-la 51_o min._n be_v the_o short_a distance_n betwixt_o the_o volga_n and_o don_n which_o be_v about_o seven_o league_n in_o 49_o deg_fw-la 42_o min._n be_v tzaritza_n three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o verst_n from_o soratof_n from_o thence_o to_o astracan_a be_v only_a heath_n and_o barren_a ground_n below_o lie_v the_o isle_n of_o zerpinske_a over_o against_o which_o a_o little_a river_n rise_v out_o of_o the_o don_n but_o so_o little_a that_o it_o will_v hardly_o bear_v a_o small_a boat_n massa_n in_o his_o map_n for_o in_o other_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v call_v it_o kamous_a fall_v into_o the_o volga_n near_o to_o this_o place_n also_o be_v begin_v a_o trench_n large_a enough_o to_o convey_v vessel_n from_o don_n to_o the_o volga_n and_o it_o be_v express_v in_o divers_a map_n but_o it_o be_v give_v over_o for_o the_o nagai_n and_o the_o other_o tartar_n fear_v not_o without_o reason_n that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o mean_n to_o bring_v the_o turk_n upon_o they_o as_o the_o muscovite_n also_o do_v they_o join_v all_o together_o and_o not_o only_o disturb_v the_o work_n but_o also_o beat_v the_o army_n of_o the_o crim-tartar_n consist_v of_o 80000_o together_o with_o 20000_o 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dolgoi_n it_o be_v ancient_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o nagai-tartar_n and_o build_v by_o one_o of_o their_o king_n call_v astra-chan_a it_o lie_v in_o 46_o deg_fw-la 22_o min._n and_o the_o needle_n vary_v westward_o 13_o deg_fw-la 40_o min._n other_o say_v that_o it_o lie_v in_o 47_o deg_fw-la 9_o min._n yet_o be_v the_o winter_n which_o last_v but_o two_o month_n so_o cold_a that_o the_o river_n be_v freeze_v hard_o enough_o to_o bear_v sleds_o the_o island_n be_v sandy_a and_o barren_a except_o some_o garden_n cultivate_v by_o the_o rich_a citizen_n the_o country_n also_o thereabouts_o be_v marshy_a and_o desert_a yet_o do_v the_o inhabitant_n make_v a_o great_a profit_n by_o their_o salt_n which_o the_o sun_n bake_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n about_o a_o finger_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n cast_v it_o up_o into_o great_a heap_n and_o transport_v it_o to_o other_o country_n the_o river_n also_o be_v mighty_o store_v with_o fish_n and_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n of_o fowl_n of_o all_o sort_n they_o have_v great_a store_n of_o most_o excellent_a fruit_n and_o particular_o grape_n this_o city_n be_v ann_n 1554_o take_v from_o the_o tartar_n by_o ivan_n vasilowich_n who_o send_v his_o army_n in_o small_a party_n and_o several_a way_n arrive_v at_o the_o town_n before_o he_o be_v expect_v or_o the_o enemy_n provide_v to_o receive_v he_o present_o encourage_v his_o man_n by_o promise_v they_o the_o plunder_v of_o the_o town_n aug._n 1._o he_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n where_o he_o spare_v none_o that_o will_v not_o be_v baptize_v have_v repeopled_n it_o with_o muscovite_n he_o encompass_v it_o with_o a_o stone-wall_n and_o other_o fortification_n michael_n federowitz_n afterward_o add_v another_o part_n to_o it_o so_o that_o the_o circuit_n of_o it_o at_o present_a be_v 8000_o geometrical_a foot_n defend_v by_o 500_o piece_n of_o ordnance_n nine_o regiment_n each_o contain_n 500_o musqueteer_n two_o weywod_n etc._n etc._n the_o situation_n of_o it_o invite_v merchant_n thither_o from_o all_o part_n even_o from_o the_o indies_n so_o that_o the_o custom_n though_o very_o low_a amount_v to_o 25000_o crown_n per_fw-la ann_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o country_n tartar_n of_o crim_n and_o nagaia_n be_v not_o permit_v to_o live_v in_o the_o city_n as_o neither_o to_o build_v city_n or_o fortify_v to_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o live_v in_o hut_v of_o reed_n or_o cane_n like_v to_o our_o hen-coops_a which_o in_o cold_a weather_n they_o cover_v with_o a_o course_n cloth_n the_o summer_n they_o spend_v in_o ramble_a up_o and_o down_o to_o find_v pasture_n for_o their_o cattle_n in_o winter_n time_n retire_v under_o astracan_a for_o their_o security_n against_o the_o calmuk_n and_o jaick_n tartar_n the_o grand_a tzar_n lend_v they_o arm_n which_o they_o restore_v at_o such_o a_o time_n they_o pay_v no_o tribute_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v he_o in_o his_o war_n which_o they_o do_v very_o willing_o in_o hope_n of_o prey_n they_o have_v their_o own_o prince_n commander_n and_o judge_n but_o some_o of_o their_o chief_a murza_n be_v always_o keep_v as_o hostage_n at_o moskow_n if_o any_o one_o desire_n to_o know_v what_o these_o cosack_v be_v cosack_n of_o the_o cosack_n that_o have_v cause_v all_o this_o noise_n and_o trouble_v in_o the_o world_n though_o we_o shall_v treat_v more_o large_o of_o they_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o vkrain_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v here_o some_o general_a account_n of_o they_o author_n differ_v much_o concern_v the_o reason_n of_o their_o name_n some_o say_v that_o they_o be_v so_o call_v from_o cosa_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n signify_v a_o goat_n but_o i_o find_v that_o in_o the_o circassian_n and_o other_o tartar_a language_n cosac_n signify_v a_o soldier_n perhaps_o as_o cimber_n in_o
old_a time_n among_o the_o german_n which_o name_v most_o proper_o agree_v to_o they_o for_o they_o be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o collection_n of_o thief_n and_o robber_n out_o of_o all_o nation_n and_o country_n live_v chief_o upon_o spoil_n pillage_n and_o piracy_n they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n according_a to_o the_o place_n of_o their_o habitation_n which_o they_o choose_v in_o fastness_n desert_n and_o unknown_a place_n more_o for_o their_o security_n then_o other_o convenience_n those_o that_o live_v upon_o the_o boristhenes_n in_o the_o vkrain_n be_v call_v zaporousky_a but_o beside_o they_o there_o be_v another_o sort_n like_o those_o who_o because_o they_o live_v upon_o and_o about_o the_o don_n or_o tanais_n be_v call_v donsky_n and_o these_o be_v they_o of_o who_o we_o speak_v at_o this_o time_n they_o be_v in_o some_o degree_n subject_n to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n as_o the_o other_o be_v to_o the_o polander_n but_o they_o obey_v not_o much_o more_o than_o themselves_o please_v tribute_n or_o acknowledgement_n they_o pay_v none_o law_n and_o government_n such_o as_o it_o be_v they_o have_v of_o their_o own_o only_o when_o the_o grand_a tzar_n command_v they_o assist_v he_o with_o what_o number_n of_o soldier_n he_o please_v but_o he_o pay_v and_o protect_v they_o against_o their_o enemy_n i.e._n all_o the_o world_n but_o chief_o the_o crim-tartar_n their_o neighbour_n one_o of_o these_o be_v stenko_n or_o stepan_n radzin_n who_o to_o revenge_v his_o brother_n death_n that_o be_v hang_v for_o head_v a_o sedition_n of_o the_o cosack_n in_o the_o army_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n against_o the_o pole_n ann_n 1665_o by_o jury_n alexowitz_n dolgarowsky_n the_o russ_n general_n ann_n 1667_o after_o he_o have_v get_v so_o much_o into_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o cosack_v as_o to_o be_v acknowledge_v their_o general_n he_o begin_v to_o pillage_n upon_o the_o volga_n and_o the_o caspian_a sea_n as_o far_o as_o jaick_n which_o he_o plunder_v and_o burn_v he_o destroy_v all_o their_o fishery_n their_o village_n and_o whatever_o he_o can_v light_v upon_o bring_v a_o very_a great_a calamity_n upon_o all_o those_o nation_n thence_o he_o go_v to_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n to_o terki_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o into_o persia_n where_o in_o a_o certain_a city_n find_v great_a quantity_n of_o excellent_a wine_n himself_o and_o soldier_n of_o who_o he_o have_v five_o or_o six_o thousand_o be_v so_o drink_v that_o the_o persian_n fall_v upon_o they_o and_o slay_v they_o stenko_n with_o about_o five_o hundred_o of_o his_o cosack_n with_o great_a difficulty_n escape_v to_o their_o boat_n which_o they_o call_v stroog_n thence_o he_o come_v again_o to_o volga_n to_o recruit_v his_o loss_n both_o of_o man_n and_o spoil_n which_o he_o do_v in_o short_a time_n and_o one_o day_n entertain_v his_o officer_n upon_o the_o river_n with_o his_o mistress_n a_o very_a beautiful_a persian_a lady_n who_o he_o have_v take_v prisoner_n he_o drown_v she_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o present_o upon_o that_o set_v up_o reformer_n against_o drink_v whore_v etc._n etc._n and_o get_v so_o much_o into_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n that_o astracan_a be_v by_o the_o citizen_n and_o soldier_n surrender_v unto_o he_o where_o his_o cruelty_n upon_o the_o governor_n and_o the_o officer_n be_v not_o easy_o express_v beside_o other_o great_a mischief_n he_o do_v to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n but_o among_o his_o own_o cosack_n he_o be_v very_o humble_a and_o of_o easy_a address_n nor_o can_v any_o one_o know_v he_o from_o a_o ordinary_a cosack_n by_o his_o garb_n or_o outward_a appearance_n but_o only_o by_o the_o very_a great_a observance_n they_o give_v he_o bow_v to_o the_o ground_n when_o they_o come_v to_o he_o and_o by_o the_o compellation_n they_o use_v towards_o he_o which_o be_v batskie_n father_n which_o partly_o also_o show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o cosack_v government_n which_o be_v that_o their_o general_n have_v no_o more_o power_n than_o the_o soldier_n give_v he_o voluntary_o which_o be_v common_o according_a to_o the_o advantage_n and_o success_n they_o get_v by_o he_o but_o as_o i_o say_v more_o of_o these_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o vkrain_n taurica_fw-la chersonesus_n hodie_fw-la przecopsca_fw-la et_fw-la gazara_n dicitur_fw-la crim-tartars_a the_o country_n of_o the_o crim-tartar_n contain_v precop_n and_o the_o taurica-chersonesus_n before_o we_o treat_v particular_o of_o this_o country_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o tartar_n in_o general_a and_o show_v the_o reason_n of_o their_o name_n and_o how_o they_o come_v into_o these_o place_n and_o because_o this_o discourse_n do_v more_o natural_o belong_v to_o asia_n we_o shall_v here_o only_o give_v a_o brief_a account_n of_o they_o reserve_v a_o large_a treatise_n to_o its_o proper_a place_n we_o must_v also_o premise_v that_o since_o historian_n do_v so_o much_o disagree_v especial_o the_o western_a from_o the_o eastern_a in_o their_o relation_n concern_v these_o people_n the_o reader_n must_v not_o here_o expect_v either_o the_o reconcile_n or_o set_v down_o all_o their_o difference_n much_o less_o the_o confutation_n of_o any_o but_o we_o shall_v brief_o and_o with_o the_o best_a judgement_n we_o have_v deliver_v that_o which_o seem_v to_o we_o most_o probable_a and_o that_o also_o chief_o out_o of_o the_o eastern_a writer_n who_o seem_v to_o have_v more_o exact_a knowledge_n of_o these_o matter_n than_o our_o own_o people_n martinius_n say_v that_o in_o the_o chinese_n history_n mention_n be_v make_v of_o the_o tartar_n four_o thousand_o year_n ago_o but_o i_o can_v find_v they_o name_v in_o our_o historian_n till_o about_o twelve_o hundred_o year_n after_o christ_n that_o the_o scythian_n ancient_o inhabit_v all_o the_o northern_a region_n i_o think_v be_v out_o of_o doubt_n as_o also_o that_o these_o tartar_n be_v a_o tribe_n of_o they_o which_o subdue_a all_o the_o rest_n abolish_v the_o former_a and_o introduce_v their_o own_o name_n they_o be_v by_o all_o the_o ancient_a historian_n call_v tatar_n and_o this_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o general_a name_n of_o those_o nation_n that_o inhabit_v beyond_o imaus_n the_o north-east_n part_n of_o scythia_n and_o north_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o china_n build_v as_o some_o say_v a_o few_o year_n before_o our_o saviour_n time_n though_o our_o historian_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o it_o till_o the_o greatness_n of_o these_o tatar_n suggest_v to_o the_o chinois_n to_o secure_v themselves_o by_o this_o defence_n from_o their_o fury_n there_o be_v divers_a conjecture_n concern_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o name_n some_o derive_v it_o from_o a_o syriack_n word_n that_o signify_v abundance_n because_o of_o the_o populousness_n of_o that_o nation_n some_o from_o a_o word_n signify_v remainder_n i._n e._n of_o the_o twelve_o tribe_n other_o say_v that_o it_o be_v the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n they_o inhabit_v or_o of_o the_o river_n upon_o which_o they_o be_v seat_v and_o be_v the_o great_a river_n in_o all_o that_o tract_n they_o be_v divide_v into_o many_o tribe_n and_o that_o which_o dwell_v upon_o this_o river_n be_v particular_o call_v mogul_n i._n e._n watery_a or_o fenny_a tatar_n other_o say_v that_o mogul_n or_o mongul_n be_v the_o name_n of_o the_o nation_n and_o tatar_n of_o the_o tribe_n and_o that_o tribe_n which_o live_v on_o that_o river_n be_v call_v su-mogul_n or_o mohall_v which_o be_v the_o arabian_n opinion_n su-mogul_n in_o their_o language_n signify_v watery_a mogul_n the_o great_a fame_n and_o the_o first_o knowledge_n that_o we_o have_v of_o the_o tartar_n be_v from_o the_o victory_n of_o gingis_n jinjis_n chan_n who_o our_o historian_n call_v chinchis_n changius_n cinguys_n etc._n etc._n gingis_n they_o say_v signify_v the_o sound_n of_o iron_n and_o they_o give_v he_o this_o name_n because_o he_o be_v a_o blacksmith_n can_v be_v a_o title_n of_o the_o great_a honour_n in_o their_o language_n as_o emperor_n in_o we_o in_o the_o year_n of_o the_o hegira_n 559_o which_o be_v of_o our_o saviour_n 1202_o reign_v over_o these_o eastern_a tribe_n of_o scythia_n call_v tatar_n one_o vng-chan_n in_o who_o service_n be_v entertain_v or_o as_o some_o say_v bring_v up_o with_o he_o a_o young_a man_n call_v tamugin_n who_o become_v a_o person_n of_o very_a great_a prudence_n valour_n and_o good_a fortune_n and_o arrive_v at_o so_o great_a esteem_n for_o his_o military_a service_n that_o by_o the_o malicious_a suggestion_n of_o those_o who_o envy_v he_o vng-chan_n conceive_v a_o very_a great_a jealousy_n against_o he_o and_o resolve_v to_o apprehend_v imprison_v and_o proceed_v against_o he_o as_o there_o shall_v be_v reason_n the_o night_n appoint_v for_o this_o exploit_n be_v discover_v to_o tamugin_n by_o two_o of_o vng-chans_a servant_n who_o provide_v against_o it_o leave_v his_o tent_n
so_o many_o in_o all_o as_o the_o tatar_n to_o show_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o slaughter_n fill_v nine_o great_a sack_n with_o their_o right_a ear_n and_o the_o arabian_a author_n say_v they_o amount_v to_o 270000_o which_o be_v manifest_o false_a if_o speak_v of_o this_o battle_n if_o of_o all_o the_o war_n may_v have_v some_o probability_n this_o battle_n be_v fight_v v._o id._n apr._n 1241_o at_o a_o place_n thence_o call_v walstad_n a_o mile_n from_o lignitz_n the_o tatar_n also_o be_v so_o weaken_v that_o they_o stir_v not_o out_o of_o their_o camp_n for_o fifteen_o day_n space_n to_o cure_v their_o man_n and_o to_o deliberate_v whither_o they_o shall_v march_v next_o and_o they_o resolve_v upon_o moravia_n to_o be_v near_o to_o their_o general_n the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n raise_v what_o man_n he_o can_v send_v they_o under_o the_o command_n of_o a_o very_a valiant_a and_o expert_a soldier_n jaroslaus_n a_o sternberg_n to_o defend_v such_o place_n as_o be_v most_o considerable_a he_o with_o much_o labour_n and_o difficulty_n get_v into_o olmutz_n when_o the_o scout_n of_o the_o tatar_n appear_v before_o the_o town_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o his_o work_n he_o forbear_v to_o fight_v the_o enemy_n so_o long_o that_o they_o conceive_v he_o a_o coward_n begin_v to_o despise_v he_o and_o to_o keep_v their_o own_o guard_n more_o negligent_o which_o jaroslaus_n perceive_v after_o they_o have_v recommend_v their_o cause_n to_o god_n by_o fast_v and_o prayer_n choose_v a_o dark_a night_n march_v out_o of_o a_o postern_n and_o with_o great_a silence_n fall_v into_o the_o tatar_n camp_n of_o who_o they_o slay_v a_o great_a number_n peta_n be_v slay_v by_o jaroslaus_n himself_o the_o rest_n draw_v off_o and_o march_v to_o batu_n into_o hungary_n batu_n have_v ravage_v for_o two_o year_n together_o not_o only_a hungary_n but_o slavonia_n bosnia_n rascia_fw-la bulgaria_n and_o the_o country_n on_o both_o side_n the_o danube_n some_o say_v that_o after_o this_o make_v a_o attempt_n upon_o austria_n and_o endeavour_v to_o swim_v a_o great_a river_n he_o be_v drown_v other_o that_o go_v against_o the_o greek_a emperor_n he_o be_v overthrow_v however_o it_o be_v it_o be_v agree_v that_o his_o army_n return_v back_o and_z seizing_z upon_o all_o the_o country_n between_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o volga_n and_o the_o taurica_n chersonesus_n which_o before_o they_o very_o much_o waste_v there_o settle_v unto_o this_o day_n be_v call_v crim-tartar_n from_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o chersonesus_n call_v crim_n and_o precopense_n from_o precop_n which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v a_o ditch_n such_o a_o one_o be_v draw_v across_o the_o isthmus_n to_o cut_v of_o that_o peninsula_n from_o the_o continent_n the_o tartar_n at_o first_o be_v lord_n yet_o not_o absolute_a for_o they_o acknowledge_v the_o superiority_n of_o the_o great_a cham_n the_o chief_a heir_n of_o gingis-chan_n till_o lochtan-chan_n one_o of_o the_o descendant_n from_o batu_n refuse_v obedience_n to_o he_o and_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o absolute_a dominion_n over_o all_o those_o place_n except_o some_o few_o city_n in_o taurica_n which_o notwithstanding_o their_o conquest_n remain_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o genovese_n their_o inhabitant_n till_o about_o the_o year_n 1574_o when_o mahomet_n ii_o emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n take_v they_o a_o little_a before_o that_o they_o have_v forsake_v their_o old_a religion_n of_o gingis-chan_n by_o the_o practice_n of_o hedegh_n and_o sida-hameth-chan_n their_o emperor_n and_o embrace_v the_o mahometan_a yet_o the_o common_a people_n be_v not_o very_o zealous_a in_o it_o to_o this_o day_n but_o make_v use_n of_o their_o little_a puppet-idol_n of_o felt_n etc._n etc._n and_o continue_v many_o other_o pagan_a custom_n of_o their_o former_a religion_n mahomet_n the_o great_a fear_v they_o shall_v grow_v too_o powerful_a for_o he_o under_o colour_n of_o take_v in_o the_o city_n of_o caffa_n possess_v by_o the_o genovese_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o best_a part_n of_o the_o chersonesus_n and_o of_o the_o city_n of_o azoph_n or_o azek_n a_o strong_a place_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o tanais_n afterward_o the_o crim-tartar_n aid_v selimus_n i._o who_o marry_v his_o daughter_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 150000_o man_n against_o his_o father_n and_o then_o the_o two_o nation_n make_v a_o league_n that_o the_o tartar_n shall_v assist_v the_o turk_n when_o require_v with_o 50000_o horse_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o make_v war_n except_o against_o the_o muscovite_n without_o leave_n of_o the_o turk_n that_o they_o shall_v yearly_o pay_v to_o the_o turk_n a_o tribute_n of_o three_o hundred_o christian_n some_o fur_n butter_n and_o such_o other_o thing_n and_o the_o turk_n shall_v pay_v they_o 5500_o ducat_n and_o the_o cham_n shall_v succeed_v to_o the_o turkish_a empire_n if_o the_o male_n of_o the_o ottoman_a line_n shall_v fail_v but_o this_o last_v not_o long_o for_o amurath_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1584._o quarrel_v mahomet_n the_o crim-tartar_n as_o if_o he_o design_v to_o intercept_v osman_n bassa_n in_o his_o return_n from_o persia_n to_o constantinople_n authorize_v osman_n to_o invade_v he_o who_o take_v he_o and_o his_o two_o son_n strangle_v they_o and_o set_v up_o islan_n the_o brother_n of_o mahomet_n under_o such_o condition_n as_o the_o grand_a signior_n please_v the_o tartar_n do_v enjoy_v also_o all_o the_o country_n of_o budziak_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o niester_n and_o boristhenes_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o but_o the_o turk_n have_v seize_v upon_o that_o so_o that_o now_o their_o dominion_n reach_v only_o between_o dnieper_n or_o boristhenes_n and_o the_o don_n or_o tanais_n and_o of_o this_o that_o peninsula_n call_v taurica_n chersonesus_n be_v the_o chief_a part_n that_o peninsula_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o or_o chersonesus_n be_v call_v taurica_n because_v inhabit_v by_o a_o sort_n of_o scythian_n call_v tauri_n and_o tauro-scythae_a afterward_o the_o greek_n mingle_v among_o they_o and_o bring_v the_o country_n into_o great_a beauty_n and_o fame_n but_o their_o name_n and_o action_n belong_v to_o the_o ancient_a geography_n the_o genovese_n take_v advantage_n of_o the_o great_a feud_n of_o the_o greek_n among_o themselves_o in_o the_o year_n 1266_o or_o about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o holy-war_n take_v caffa_n and_o plant_v a_o considerable_a interest_n in_o the_o country_n the_o tartar_n either_o permit_v they_o because_o of_o the_o gain_n they_o make_v by_o their_o traffic_n principal_o of_o slave_n which_o they_o furnish_v to_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o world_n but_o especial_o to_o egypt_n who_o general_o have_v all_o their_o mamaluke_n as_o long_o as_o that_o government_n last_v from_o this_o place_n or_o not_o be_v skill_v in_o besiege_v of_o town_n especial_o such_o as_o can_v be_v perpetual_o relieve_v and_o indeed_o it_o be_v very_o convenient_a for_o the_o genovese_n for_o have_v beside_o this_o a_o great_a plantation_n at_o pera_n near_o constantinople_n they_o thereby_o enjoy_v the_o whole_a trade_n of_o the_o black-sea_n till_o as_o we_o say_v they_o be_v ruin_v by_o the_o turk_n since_o which_o time_n i_o can_v find_v that_o it_o have_v suffer_v any_o considerable_a alteration_n we_o shall_v therefore_o describe_v it_o be_v by_o christian_n a_o unfrequented_a country_n out_o of_o mart._n broniovius_n who_o be_v send_v ambassador_n twice_o thither_o from_o stephanes_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n from_o which_o such_o little_a information_n as_o we_o meet_v with_o since_o do_v not_o considerable_o differ_v this_o chersonesus_n then_o be_v about_o fifty_o league_n long_o and_o thirty_o where_o broad_a the_o first_o town_n at_o the_o entrance_n upon_o the_o east_n be_v przecop_n call_v by_o the_o tartar_n or_o situate_v upon_o the_o dyke_n in_o the_o narrow_a part_n of_o the_o isthmus_n where_o it_o be_v not_o above_o a_o mile_n wide_a ancient_o call_v eupatoria_n pompeiopolis_n beside_o other_o name_n it_o be_v now_o a_o small_a town_n of_o about_o four_o hundred_o fire_n it_o have_v a_o stone_n castle_n but_o not_o strong_a wherein_o the_o cham_n have_v continual_o he_o beg_v or_o palatine_n who_o command_v the_o guard_n upon_o the_o river_n of_o boristhenes_n and_o tanais_n as_o also_o the_o tartar_n in_o the_o plain_n betwixt_o he_o also_o examine_v all_o stranger_n suffer_v none_o to_o pass_v without_o the_o cham_n letter_n sachingeri_fw-la the_o great_a cham_fw-mi here_o overthrow_v the_o nagay-tartar_n and_o raise_v seventeen_o fort_n upon_o the_o dyke_n some_o of_o they_o of_o the_o skull_n and_o bone_n of_o the_o slay_v coslow_n situate_v near_o unto_o the_o black_a sea_n be_v a_o town_n of_o traffic_n have_v near_o two_o thousand_o house_n and_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o cham._n ingerman_n be_v now_o only_a a_o castle_n but_o have_v be_v a_o great_a town_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o ruin_n among_o which_o
be_v many_o cave_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o rock_n well_n and_o old_a building_n of_o the_o greek_n witness_v by_o their_o inscription_n there_o very_o frequent_a it_o be_v now_o a_o inconsiderable_a place_n inhabit_v by_o a_o few_o turk_n sari-germen_a by_o the_o turk_n by_o the_o tartar_n topetarkan_n ancient_o chersonesus_n and_o corsuna_n the_o noble_a and_o most_o ancient_a city_n of_o all_o the_o peninsula_n be_v still_o compass_v with_o a_o strong_a stone-wall_n and_o divers_a aqueduct_n and_o other_o noble_a building_n entire_a but_o without_o inhabitant_n the_o turk_n every_o day_n fetch_v away_o the_o marble_n and_o stone_n for_o other_o building_n volodomir_n the_o grand_a tzar_n take_v this_o town_n from_o joannes_n zimisces_n and_o among_o other_o rich_a plunder_v carry_v away_o two_o large_a royal_a brazen_a gate_n to_o kiow_n from_o whence_o boleslaus_n ii_o king_n of_o poland_n transfer_v they_o to_o gnesna_n where_o they_o still_o remain_v they_o say_v also_o that_o volodomir_n be_v here_o baptize_v balachey_n or_o balaclawa_n by_o the_o genovese_n call_v jamboli_n or_o the_o tower_n of_o fish_n the_o sea_n there_o be_v very_o well_o store_v situate_a under_o the_o mountain_n baba_n the_o genovese_n take_v it_o without_o any_o loss_n from_o the_o greek_n and_o make_v it_o a_o very_a commodious_a beautiful_a and_o strong_a haven_n the_o turk_n at_o this_o day_n build_v here_o their_o galley_n and_o ship_n though_o it_o be_v but_o a_o poor_a town_n at_o most_o but_o of_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o fire_n the_o inhabitant_n turk_n jew_n and_o greek_n mangut_n or_o mancus_fw-la be_v a_o very_a magnificent_a city_n though_o not_o by_o the_o seashore_n but_o first_o by_o the_o turk_n and_o afterward_o by_o a_o great_a fire_n it_o be_v so_o waste_v that_o nothing_o now_o remain_v of_o it_o except_o one_o high_a tower_n and_o a_o strong_a stone-house_n whereinto_o the_o cham_n thrust_v the_o russ-ambassador_n as_o often_o as_o he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o quarrel_v his_o master_n there_o be_v some_o few_o turk_n jew_n and_o greek_n that_o inhabit_v there_o in_o all_o about_o sixty_o fire_n there_o remain_v still_o upon_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o some_o of_o the_o church_n the_o picture_n of_o divers_a of_o the_o greek_a emperor_n and_o other_o famous_a man_n cercessigerman_n be_v a_o small_a turkish_a fort_n not_o far_o from_o mancop_n the_o palace_n of_o the_o cham_n be_v situate_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o country_n baciasaray_v baccasaray_v be_v a_o town_n of_o about_o two_o thousand_o house_n wherein_o be_v a_o meschite_a and_o divers_a sepulchre_n of_o the_o cham_n very_o magnificent_a as_o be_v their_o palace_n build_v with_o great_a charge_n by_o their_o former_a prince_n beside_o that_o it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o country_n very_o proper_a for_o hunt_v and_o fowl_v and_o be_v noble_o adorn_v with_o garden_n orchard_n bath_n etc._n etc._n almasaray_v be_v another_o house_n whither_o he_o sometime_o retire_v in_o a_o town_n of_o about_o seventy_o fire_n there_o be_v also_o divers_a little_a castle_n where_o his_o own_o brethren_n child_n and_o their_o wife_n be_v keep_v sortasse_fw-la be_v a_o town_n where_o the_o ambassador_n of_o foreign_a prince_n have_v many_o time_n liberty_n to_o divert_v themselves_o at_o creme_a or_o crim_n ancient_o taphros_n and_o taphrae_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v call_v crim-tartar_n be_v his_o mint_n and_o a_o very_a strong_a castle_n in_o possession_n of_o the_o tartar_n but_o the_o town_n be_v most_o inhabit_v by_o turk_n in_o all_o about_o a_o hundred_o house_n sidagios_n or_o sudacum_fw-la be_v a_o very_a noble_a and_o strong_a city_n situate_v in_o the_o mountain_n take_v by_o the_o genovese_n from_o the_o greek_n so_o set_v one_o family_n against_o another_o that_o they_o will_v not_o come_v to_o the_o same_o church_n the_o turk_n by_o a_o long_a and_o difficult_a siege_n take_v it_o from_o the_o genovese_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o wine_n grow_v thereabouts_o caffa_n or_o theodosia_n still_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o peninsula_n have_v betwixt_o five_o and_o six_o thousand_o house_n inhabit_v most_o part_n by_o christian_n who_o have_v about_o forty-five_o church_n greek_n armenian_n and_o remainder_n of_o the_o italian_n some_o turk_n and_o few_o tartar_n all_o under_o a_o turkish_a sangiac_n slave_n they_o reckon_v there_o about_o thirty_o thousand_o a_o town_n of_o great_a traffic_n about_o two_o day_n sail_v from_o constantinople_n yet_o be_v it_o nothing_o to_o what_o it_o be_v under_o the_o genovese_n kerky_n be_v a_o little_a town_n of_o the_o tartar_n of_o about_o a_o hundred_o family_n upon_o the_o straight_o call_v ancient_o bosphora_n cimmerius_n which_o be_v here_o about_o three_o league_n broad_a this_o town_n be_v open_a for_o the_o grand_a signior_n will_v not_o allow_v the_o tartar_n to_o have_v any_o fortify_v town_n beside_o przecop_n over_o against_o this_o be_v taman_a a_o town_n and_o castle_n upon_o the_o continent_n in_o the_o country_n call_v ancient_o colchis_n now_o the_o circassian_n or_o petigor-tartar_n karasu_n belong_v to_o the_o cham_n and_o have_v above_o a_o thousand_o house_n tusla_n be_v among_o the_o saltwork_n and_o have_v about_o eighty_o house_n arabet_fw-la or_o orbotec_n be_v a_o double_a castle_n near_o to_o which_o the_o cham_n keep_v his_o stud_n or_o breed_v of_o horse_n which_o be_v reckon_v to_o be_v about_o seventy_o thousand_o the_o country_n towards_o the_o south_n be_v mountainous_a and_o consequent_o well_o water_v the_o rest_n plain_a and_o good_a pasture_n but_o want_v water_n for_o that_o near_a at_o hand_n be_v brackish_a and_o their_o good_a water_n be_v draw_v out_o of_o very_o deep_a well_n of_o which_o there_o be_v no_o want_n dug_n by_o the_o former_a inhabitant_n thus_o much_o of_o the_o chersonesus_n przecop_n the_o country_n of_o przecop_n without_o this_o the_o crim-tartar_n enjoy_v all_o betwixt_o boristhenes_n nieper_n and_o tanais_n don_n which_o from_o ossove_n upon_o the_o don_n to_o the_o nieper_n in_o a_o strait_a line_n be_v account_v about_o four_o hundred_o english_a mile_n but_o the_o nieper_n fetch_v a_o great_a compass_n eastward_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v not_o so_o much_o this_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n plain_a and_o even_a ground_n and_o rich_a pasturage_n without_o any_o town_n or_o constant_a habitation_n or_o propriety_n only_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o cham_fw-mi by_o his_o officer_n appoint_v what_o part_n shall_v be_v till_v and_o in_o february_n proclamation_n be_v make_v among_o all_o the_o tartar_n that_o if_o any_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o till_o any_o ground_n they_o shall_v get_v all_o their_o matter_n ready_a by_o such_o a_o day_n when_o they_o will_v go_v to_o such_o a_o place_n commodious_a for_o that_o purpose_n and_o according_o some_o do_v go_v and_o the_o rest_n attend_v upon_o they_o that_o they_o be_v not_o disturb_v betwixt_o this_o plain_a and_o russia_n lie_v waste_v a_o great_a country_n as_o they_o say_v require_v twenty_o day_n to_o cross_v it_o full_a of_o wood_n and_o lake_n and_o sometime_o under-water_n which_o be_v the_o great_a security_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o empire_n the_o government_n be_v whole_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o cham._n crim-tartar_n the_o government_n of_o the_o crim-tartar_n the_o cadi_n determine_v lesser_a cause_n but_o capital_a and_o matter_n of_o great_a importance_n be_v judge_v by_o the_o cham_n himself_o with_o his_o council_n he_o be_v of_o easy_a access_n and_o reasonable_o just_a he_o always_o choose_v a_o galga_n who_o be_v next_o to_o he_o alive_a and_o succeed_v after_o death_n this_o be_v common_o his_o son_n or_o brother_n according_a to_o merit_v if_o any_o one_o have_v better_a pretension_n he_o fly_v to_o the_o grand_a signior_n who_o judge_n the_o cause_n his_o young_a son_n be_v sultan_n and_o be_v bring_v up_o by_o such_o as_o have_v the_o custody_n of_o their_o wife_n with_o who_o they_o be_v educate_v till_o of_o sufficient_a strength_n and_o according_a to_o their_o fitness_n they_o be_v furnish_v with_o command_n either_o in_o his_o own_o country_n or_o be_v recommend_v to_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n who_o willing_o receive_v they_o part_v also_o be_v hostage_n with_o the_o turk_n when_o the_o family_n of_o gingis-chan_n be_v numerous_a and_o potent_a they_o choose_v always_o the_o chan_n but_o sachibgerei_fw-la and_o deuletigerei_fw-la chans_n make_v away_o with_o most_o of_o they_o and_o settle_v the_o dominion_n in_o their_o own_o posterity_n the_o chan_n have_v many_o officer_n and_o counsellor_n hamiat_fw-la be_v those_o who_o take_v care_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o foreign_a prince_n captain_n also_o coracei_n vlans_n and_o the_o best_a of_o the_o murse_n be_v call_v to_o council_n the_o vlans_n be_v those_o of_o a_o ancient_a family_n of_o chans_n but_o be_v deprive_v of_o it_o by_o the_o gierey_n the_o name_n of_o the_o
always_o ready_a to_o defend_v themselves_o for_o they_o fight_v not_o willing_o if_o the_o enemy_n shall_v charge_v they_o to_o prevent_v their_o mischief_n the_o inhabitant_n have_v always_o either_o their_o own_o dwelling_n fortify_v or_o have_v a_o town_n or_o the_o landlord_n manor-house_n or_o a_o thick_a wood_n to_o which_o they_o retire_v in_o such_o hazard_n the_o cossack_n where_o they_o live_v fill_v their_o ground_n full_a of_o trench_n and_o hedge_n to_o hinder_v their_o march_n they_o also_o keep_v very_o diligent_a watch_n both_o beyond_o and_o upon_o the_o river_n that_o they_o may_v have_v timely_a notice_n of_o their_o invasion_n then_o if_o they_o can_v overtake_v they_o they_o repair_v to_o the_o know_a passage_n of_o which_o there_o be_v not_o many_o through_o the_o nieper_n and_o there_o as_o well_o as_o they_o can_v ambush_n themselves_o to_o surprise_v they_o at_o their_o return_n as_o they_o do_v many_o time_n and_o recover_v much_o of_o the_o prey_n after_o they_o be_v return_v into_o a_o safe_a place_n of_o their_o own_o desert_n they_o put_v themselves_o in_o order_n and_o divide_v the_o prey_n and_o first_o consideration_n be_v have_v of_o they_o who_o have_v lose_v their_o horse_n in_o the_o service_n as_o also_o of_o the_o kindred_n of_o they_o who_o be_v slay_v next_o the_o cham_n after_o he_o the_o officer_n take_v their_o share_n the_o rest_n be_v divide_v among_o the_o soldier_n the_o rich_a of_o their_o prey_n be_v the_o person_n they_o take_v and_o of_o all_o they_o the_o most_o esteem_v be_v the_o polish_v woman_n especial_o virgin_n who_o be_v sell_v at_o very_o great_a rate_n even_o into_o persia_n and_o india_n to_o be_v put_v into_o their_o seraglio_n but_o the_o tartar_n of_o budziack_n have_v another_o maneer_n of_o steal_v budziack_n the_o tartar_n of_o budziack_n they_o be_v less_o civil_a but_o more_o valiant_a than_o other_o tartar_n the_o country_n betwixt_o danubius_n and_o boristhenes_n be_v sometime_o under_o the_o crim-tartar_n till_o the_o turk_n plant_v town_n upon_o the_o convenient_a place_n of_o the_o sea-coast_n and_o along_o the_o river_n yet_o be_v the_o country_n still_o possess_v by_o tartar_n yet_o not_o subject_n either_o to_o the_o turk_n or_o crim_n but_o as_o the_o cossack_n among_o the_o christian_n a_o nation_n of_o thief_n and_o banditi_n libertine_n that_o in_o their_o life_n acknowledge_v no_o superior_a either_o god_n or_o man_n these_o many_o time_n invade_v their_o neighbour_n in_o summer_n but_o with_o lesser_a number_n twenty_o thousand_o at_o most_o lest_o they_o shall_v be_v discover_v because_o the_o cosack_n be_v continual_o upon_o the_o guard_n even_o in_o these_o place_n they_o march_v to_o their_o rendezvous_n which_o they_o appoint_v in_o some_o valley_n or_o obscure_a place_n upon_o the_o confine_n in_o very_o small_a party_n lest_o they_o shall_v be_v descry_v by_o tread_v down_o the_o grass_n they_o observe_v the_o the_o same_o manner_n in_o the_o enemy_n country_n appoint_v certain_a place_n for_o their_o meeting_n and_o separate_v again_o present_o so_o that_o it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o meet_v with_o a_o tract_n but_o if_o the_o cosack_n do_v happen_v upon_o such_o a_o one_o as_o will_v lead_v they_o to_o the_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n yet_o except_o they_o surprise_v they_o eat_v or_o sleep_v which_o be_v very_o difficult_a because_o they_o keep_v such_o diligent_a sentinel_n they_o know_v not_o afterward_o which_o tract_n to_o follow_v to_o overtake_v they_o again_o the_o tartar_n first_o divide_v into_o four_o body_n which_o march_v east_n west_n north_n and_o south_n after_o they_o have_v go_v a_o little_a way_n each_o troop_n subdivide_v again_o into_o three_o and_o after_o that_o each_o troop_n into_o three_o again_o so_o that_o at_o length_n they_o have_v not_o above_o ten_o or_o twelve_o together_o and_o though_o some_o take_v further_a compass_n than_o other_o yet_o all_o know_v the_o time_n and_o place_n of_o meeting_n which_o according_a to_o the_o occasion_n be_v after_o three_o four_o or_o more_o day_n if_o they_o chance_v to_o be_v rencountre_v with_o the_o enemy_n except_o they_o have_v very_o great_a advantage_n they_o fight_v he_o not_o but_o divide_v after_o their_o manner_n and_o run_v away_o full-speed_n yet_o shoot_v still_o if_o pursue_v nor_o be_v the_o horse_n of_o poland_n or_o any_o other_o able_a to_o overtake_v they_o after_o they_o have_v thus_o disperse_v for_o some_o league_n they_o join_v again_o and_o follow_v their_o design_n all_o author_n take_v notice_n also_o of_o a_o great_a advantage_n they_o have_v over_o other_o nation_n that_o they_o can_v see_v better_o and_o far_o insomuch_o that_o a_o tartar_n will_v discern_v a_o single_a russ_n further_a than_o a_o russ_n can_v a_o troop_n of_o tartar_n which_o they_o attribute_v partly_o to_o their_o natural_a constitution_n that_o they_o have_v little_a hollow_a eye_n partly_o to_o their_o custom_n that_o they_o use_v continual_o to_o half-close_a their_o eyelid_n when_o they_o will_v swim_v a_o river_n each_o get_v he_o a_o bundle_n of_o reed_n sedge_n bulrush_n or_o the_o like_a about_o three_o foot_n long_o upon_o which_o they_o tie_v three_o or_o four_o stick_n across_o and_o two_o or_o three_o long-way_n upon_o these_o they_o make_v fast_o their_o saddle_n clothes_n arm_n and_o such_o baggage_n as_o they_o have_v the_o bundle_n they_o make_v fast_o to_o their_o horse_n tail_n so_o that_o from_o a_o convenient_a low_a bank_n they_o go_v into_o the_o river_n hold_v in_o one_o hand_n the_o bridle_n of_o their_o horse_n with_o the_o other_o swim_v themselves_o sometime_o the_o cosack_n seek_v they_o in_o their_o own_o country_n and_o then_o they_o march_v always_o in_o their_o tabor_n that_o be_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o their_o chariot_n and_o send_v out_o sentinel_n on_o every_o side_n at_o a_o good_a distance_n if_o they_o first_o espy_v the_o tartar_n they_o leave_v their_o tabor_n and_o fall_n upon_o they_o and_o common_o have_v the_o advantage_n but_o if_o the_o tartar_n first_o see_v the_o cosack_n they_o assault_v they_o in_o their_o tabor_n but_o at_o a_o distance_n with_o their_o arrow_n which_o though_o they_o reach_v further_o than_o the_o cosack_v gun_n yet_o be_v their_o tabor_n so_o good_a a_o defence_n that_o fifty_o cosack_n will_v not_o fly_v from_o five_o hundred_o tartar_n typus_fw-la generalis_fw-la ukrainae_fw-la sive_fw-la palatinatuum_fw-la podoliae_n kioviensis_fw-la et_fw-la braczlaviensis_fw-la terras_fw-la nova_fw-la declinatione_fw-la exhibens_fw-la vrbs_fw-la antiquâ—m_fw-la christianâ—m_fw-la oppidum_n turcae_n pagus_n ruinae_fw-la fons_n fl_fw-mi …_o in_o signum_fw-la quo_fw-la fl_fw-mi …_o in_o decurrit_fw-la pagi_n tartarum_fw-la homaijbiorum_n g._n mons_fw-la mâ—lendiâ—â—â—_n â—_o transitus_fw-la of_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o the_o cosack_n of_o ukrain_n we_o have_v speak_v before_o in_o general_a of_o the_o boristhenes_n as_o far_o as_o it_o continue_v in_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n wherein_o be_v nothing_o observable_a but_o what_o city_n and_o town_n be_v upon_o it_o which_o appear_v sufficient_o by_o the_o map_n but_o now_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o remainder_n which_o be_v betwixt_o the_o dominion_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o tartar_n which_o afford_v we_o great_a variety_n of_o matter_n we_o have_v also_o treat_v in_o general_a of_o the_o cosack_n and_o of_o those_o who_o live_v upon_o the_o tanais_n and_o be_v under_o the_o muscovite_n but_o we_o now_o come_v to_o the_o great_a body_n of_o they_o who_o first_o assume_v that_o name_n and_o inhabit_v upon_o or_o near_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o be_v or_o be_v late_o under_o the_o polander_n we_o begin_v with_o kiow_n the_o place_n of_o the_o original_n of_o these_o valiant_a people_n the_o cosack_n kiow_n kisovia_n of_o kijovia_n be_v a_o ancient_a beautiful_a and_o strong_a city_n even_o before_o it_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o russes_z mieceslaus_n their_o duke_n have_v marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o polowtzi_n and_o assist_v they_o be_v himself_o slay_v in_o the_o battle_n and_o the_o town_n afterward_o quite_o ruin_v which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o volodomir_n deep_o engage_v in_o that_o war_n but_o escape_v make_v volodomir_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o russ-empire_n kiow_n be_v situate_v upon_o a_o hill_n near_o the_o nieper_n where_o still_o remain_v the_o ruin_n of_o many_o arcades_n high_a wall_n church_n and_o sepulture_n of_o divers_a king_n ancient_a than_o those_o of_o the_o russ-prince_n with_o greek_a inscription_n there_o remain_v in_o reasonable_a good_a condition_n two_o church_n s._n sophia_n who_o wall_n be_v line_v with_o excellent_a mosaic_a work_n and_o the_o vault_n be_v earthen_a pot_n cement_v and_o fill_v with_o good_a plaster_n and_o s._n michael_n most_o conspicuous_a for_o its_o guild_a roof_n betwixt_o this_o and_o the_o nieper_n be_v new_a kiow_n along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n
the_o town_n be_v govern_v by_o a_o court_n of_o schipin_n or_o alderman_n who_o themselves_o be_v subject_a to_o a_o burgomaster_n choose_v yearly_a as_o a_o mayor_n in_o our_o city_n out_o of_o they_o who_o during_o his_o government_n have_v the_o title_n of_o general_n of_o great_a poland_n confer_v on_o he_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n be_v in_o the_o province_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n seven_o mile_n from_o this_o city_n you_o have_v gnesna_n call_v by_o the_o dutch_a gnisen_v former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o poland_n gnesna_n gnesna_n build_v by_o lechus_n the_o first_o duke_n of_o poland_n by_o who_o it_o have_v its_o name_n give_v from_o the_o polish_v word_n gniasao_n which_o signify_v a_o nest_n because_o in_o this_o place_n lechus_n find_v a_o eagle_n nest_n whence_o to_o this_o day_n the_o prince_n of_o poland_n bear_v a_o spread_a eagle_n for_o their_o arms._n this_o be_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o chief_a metropolitan_a archbishop_n in_o the_o whole_a 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prosapia_fw-la
at_o for_o the_o barbarous_a commonalty_n can_v not_o but_o by_o degree_n be_v wean_v from_o their_o ancient_a folly_n beside_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n mind_v the_o enlargement_n of_o their_o own_o power_n and_o dominion_n more_o than_o the_o preach_n of_o the_o gospel_n be_v grow_v to_o that_o height_n of_o insolence_n that_o they_o despise_v the_o canon_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n and_o slight_v the_o pope_n threat_n and_o excommunication_n this_o neglect_n give_v way_n to_o many_o schism_n and_o division_n in_o the_o prussian_a church_n insomuch_o that_o the_o waldenses_n wiclesians_n and_o hussites_n have_v almost_o overrun_v the_o land_n however_o the_o teutonic_n order_n still_o profess_v the_o roman-catholic_a religion_n till_o the_o day_n of_o alhert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n last_o master_n of_o that_o order_n and_o first_o duke_n of_o prussia_n who_o have_v not_o without_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o bloodshed_n reject_v the_o polish_v yoke_n about_o the_o year_n 1520_o begin_v to_o embrace_v martin_n luther_n opinion_n and_o by_o his_o own_o example_n and_o authority_n first_o persuade_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n to_o marry_v and_o by_o degree_n win_v over_o the_o whole_a country_n to_o lutheranism_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v himself_o a_o calvinist_n have_v countenance_v of_o late_a calvinism_n in_o konigsberg_n and_o other_o chief_a city_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n but_o in_o dantzick_n and_o the_o other_o town_n upon_o the_o vistula_n which_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o people_n be_v lutheran_n the_o same_o law_n and_o judicature_n be_v not_o observe_v all_o prussia_n over_o for_o some_o part_n of_o it_o only_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o prussia_n regalis_fw-la be_v subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o those_o too_o enjoy_v several_a peculiar_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n the_o rest_n which_o usual_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o three_o island_n call_v common_o by_o the_o high_a dutch_a die_n werder_n the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o regal_a prussia_n lie_v in_o the_o three_o island_n between_o elbing_n and_o dantzick_n which_o the_o german_n call_v die_v werder_n which_o signify_v proper_o so_o many_o solid_a piece_n of_o ground_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o fen_n and_o bog_n the_o first_o and_o least_o of_o these_o dantzick_n dantzick_n be_v der_fw-mi dantzicher_n werder_n or_o island_n of_o dantzick_n which_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o north-west_n end_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o vistula_n when_o and_o by_o who_o this_o city_n be_v build_v at_o first_o be_v not_o certain_o know_v becanus_n think_v it_o be_v build_v by_o the_o dane_n and_o from_o they_o call_v danswick_n i._n e._n the_o city_n of_o the_o dane_n but_o this_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n have_v too_o much_o dutch_a in_o it_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o to_o the_o word_n dan_n codan_n cdan_n or_o gdan_n be_v add_v only_o the_o slavonian_a termination_n scke_o which_o make_v danscke_a or_o gdanscke_n change_v afterward_o into_o dantzig_n the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o city_n die_v rechte_v stadt_n be_v build_v by_o conrade_n wallenrodt_n master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n about_o the_o year_n 1390._o st._n mary_n church_n in_o dantzick_n be_v the_o stately_a fabric_n in_o prussia_n have_v in_o it_o forty_o eight_o altar_n and_o 3722_o window_n the_o font_n in_o it_o be_v make_v at_o antwerp_n and_o cost_v 24000_o rixdollar_n or_o 5400_o pound_n sterling_n the_o city_n be_v exceed_o populous_a and_o a_o place_n of_o the_o great_a trade_n in_o these_o part_n the_o next_o island_n be_v der_fw-mi marienbursche_n werder_n marienburg_n marienburg_n the_o great_a of_o the_o three_o which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o marienburg_n a_o pleasant_a city_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o negate_fw-la the_o castle_n of_o marienburg_n be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 1281._o it_o be_v reckon_v the_o strong_a hold_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v and_o by_o the_o preusner_n set_v in_o competition_n with_o the_o best_a fort_n in_o christendom_n according_a to_o their_o hobbel_a verse_n margenburg_n ex_fw-la luto_fw-la offen_n ex_fw-la saxo_n ex_fw-la marmore_fw-la meiland_n and_o faelix_fw-la pidelarus_n have_v give_v this_o bold_a character_n of_o it_o fundamenta_fw-la latent_fw-la domibus_fw-la camerata_fw-la profundis_fw-la firmior_fw-la arctoo_fw-la nulla_fw-la sub_fw-la axe_n iaceo_fw-la magni_fw-la ducatus_n lithvaniae_n caetâ—…rarumque_fw-la regionum_fw-la illi_fw-la adiacentium_fw-la exacta_fw-la descripâ—â—_n 〈…〉_o the_o three_o island_n be_v der_fw-mi elbingscher_fw-fr werder_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d so_o call_v from_o the_o city_n of_o elbing_n seat_v in_o it_o ptolomey_n seem_v to_o place_v his_o aelveones_n and_o tacitus_n his_o helvecones_fw-la near_o this_o place_n whence_o fridericus_n zamelius_n take_v the_o liberty_n to_o call_v this_o city_n augusta_n aelvaeonum_n and_o aelveopolis_n not_o doubt_v but_o it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o these_o ancient_a people_n hennebergerus_n more_o probable_o bring_v the_o name_n from_o oehlsing_n oelfang_n or_o eelfang_n that_o be_v a_o place_n where_o eel_n be_v catch_v but_o conringius_n a_o very_a learned_a professor_n of_o physic_n in_o the_o university_n of_o helmstad_n with_o most_o judgement_n bring_v the_o word_n from_o elff_n which_o be_v a_o common_a name_n give_v by_o the_o goth_n almost_o to_o all_o river_n for_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o goth_n live_v here_o for_o some_o considerable_a while_n though_o it_o be_v but_o a_o mere_a guess_n to_o affirm_v that_o this_o be_v the_o seat_n of_o ptolomey_n aelveones_n or_o tacitus_n helvecones_fw-la elbing_n as_o it_o now_o stand_v be_v build_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thirteen_o century_n by_o the_o burgher_n of_o lubeck_n who_o prevail_v with_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n to_o suffer_v it_o to_o enjoy_v the_o same_o law_n and_o privilege_n which_o the_o emperor_n friderick_n the_o second_o have_v grant_v to_o lubeck_n the_o master_n give_v they_o also_o for_o their_o arm_n which_o the_o city_n still_o bear_v two_o cross_n and_o a_o net_n out_o of_o the_o arm_n of_o lubeck_n but_o in_o the_o year_n 1454_o they_o deliver_v their_o law_n libertye_n city_n and_o themselves_o into_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o city_n be_v well_o build_v and_o very_o clean_o there_o be_v in_o it_o great_a store_n of_o english_a who_o trade_n here_o in_o cloth_n though_o their_o number_n have_v of_o late_o be_v something_o abate_v by_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o merchant_n to_o dantzig_n the_o country_n rustic_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o elbing_n have_v as_o well_o build_v house_n and_o as_o rich_a clothes_n as_o most_o nobleman_n in_o pomeren_n and_o you_o can_v scarce_o here_o discern_v a_o boar_n from_o a_o burger_n by_o his_o habit_n the_o whole_a island_n be_v a_o level_n champagn_a country_n like_o holland_n and_o as_o fruitful_a too_o and_o well_o people_v as_o any_o part_n of_o that_o province_n amsterdam_n except_v prussia_n regius_fw-la the_o other_o part_n of_o prussia_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o more_o immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o follow_a city_n all_o seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o vistula_n 1._o dersavia_n or_o dirschau_n call_v former_o zuder-sau_a because_o seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o small_a river_n of_o that_o name_n which_o run_v into_o the_o vistula_n it_o be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 1209_o burn_v 1433_o and_o utter_o destroy_v 1577._o so_o that_o now_o there_o be_v little_a of_o it_o to_o be_v find_v but_o ruin_n 2._o marienwerder_n or_o the_o city_n of_o st._n mary_n in_o the_o island_n be_v build_v by_o burehard_n burgrave_n of_o magdeburg_n about_o the_o year_n 1233_o who_o fence_v it_o with_o wall_n and_o a_o strong_a castle_n this_o city_n have_v be_v often_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n whence_o command_v all_o the_o ship_n that_o come_v up_o and_o down_o the_o vistula_n they_o can_v easy_o spoil_v the_o whole_a trade_n of_o poland_n 3._o culm_n a_o ancient_a and_o famous_a city_n give_v name_n to_o that_o great_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o from_o it_o be_v call_v culmigeria_n or_o the_o land_n of_o culm_n most_o of_o the_o prussian_a writer_n will_v have_v culmigeria_n to_o fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o hulmigeri_fw-la ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n and_o it_o be_v as_o probable_a the_o hulmigeri_fw-la may_v have_v their_o name_n frâ—â—_n holm_n easy_o turn_v according_a to_o the_o idiom_n of_o the_o northern_a language_n into_o culm_n which_o signify_v a_o piece_n of_o firm_a ground_n among_o bog_n such_o as_o culm_n be_v at_o this_o day_n seat_v upon_o the_o city_n be_v build_v or_o rebuilt_a rather_o by_o herman_n de_fw-fr balk_v first_o provincial_a of_o prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1232._o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v
shall_v be_v summon_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n as_o interrex_n of_o poland_n that_o in_o every_o such_o election_n the_o lithuanian_a and_o polish_v nobility_n shall_v have_v equal_a power_n in_o give_v of_o voice_n that_o whoever_o by_o a_o majority_n of_o voice_n of_o both_o nation_n shall_v be_v elect_v king_n of_o poland_n shall_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v pronounce_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n that_o the_o election_n shall_v always_o be_v have_v in_o some_o place_n near_o the_o confine_n of_o both_o country_n that_o the_o parliament_n shall_v sit_v in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n by_o turn_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o the_o moscovite_n make_v many_o and_o terrible_a incursion_n into_o lithuania_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o that_o success_n that_o a._n d._n 1655_o he_o take_v vilna_n this_o hold_v he_o keep_v till_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v make_v peace_n with_o the_o swede_n who_o oppress_v he_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n drive_v he_o out_o and_o make_v he_o retreat_n as_o far_o as_o the_o confine_n of_o moscovy_n however_o the_o war_n cease_v not_o till_o in_o january_n 1667_o a_o truce_n for_o thirteen_o year_n be_v agree_v on_o upon_o these_o condition_n that_o polockz_n vitepski_n duneburg_n and_o the_o hither_o liefland_n shall_v return_v to_o the_o polander_n provide_v that_o nevel_n vieliss_n and_o sebisch_n be_v except_v from_o the_o palatinate_v of_o polockz_n and_o vitepski_n that_o the_o moscovite_n shall_v retain_v smolensko_n sevir_n and_o all_o the_o vkrain_n beyond_o boristhenes_n that_o kiow_n after_o two_o year_n shall_v be_v restore_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n etc._n etc._n the_o country_n be_v full_a of_o wood_n and_o lake_n soil_n soil_n which_o yield_v good_a store_n of_o venison_n and_o fish_n the_o forest_n also_o afford_v they_o great_a quantity_n of_o honey_n and_o pitch_n the_o land_n be_v tolerable_o fruitful_a but_o the_o extreme_a cold_a too_o often_o spoil_v their_o harvest_n the_o great_a trade_n of_o lithvania_n lie_v in_o pitch_n commodity_n commodity_n tar_n and_o timber_n which_o be_v transport_v into_o holland_n and_o other_o foreign_a nation_n for_o these_o they_o receive_v in_o salt_n and_o wine_n for_o all_o other_o necessary_n they_o be_v well_o enough_o provide_v be_v well_o stock_v with_o great_a herd_n of_o cattle_n though_o they_o be_v not_o so_o large_a as_o in_o germany_n and_o other_o their_o neighbour_a country_n and_o considerable_a flock_n of_o sheep_n beside_o the_o wood_n furnish_v they_o with_o ermine_n sable_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o fur_n to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o otherwise_o intolerable_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air_n the_o lithvanians_n seem_v to_o have_v nature_n proportionate_a to_o their_o quality_n people_n temperâ—â—_n the_o people_n for_o the_o noble_n be_v as_o proud_a and_o domineer_a and_o the_o commonalty_n as_o sneak_v and_o mean_v spirit_v here_o as_o in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n the_o reason_n of_o such_o inequality_n of_o temper_n proceed_v from_o the_o unreasonable_a slavery_n that_o landlord_n force_v their_o tenant_n to_o undergo_v if_o you_o have_v but_o a_o good_a train_n of_o attendance_n you_o may_v uncontrolable_o plunder_v any_o peasant_n house_n in_o the_o land_n and_o if_o you_o please_v give_v he_o a_o kick_n into_o the_o bargain_n he_o dare_v not_o open_a his_o mouth_n except_o to_o give_v you_o thanks_o for_o give_v over_o when_o you_o be_v weary_a they_o be_v bind_v to_o serve_v the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n five_o or_o six_o day_n in_o the_o week_n and_o if_o he_o spare_v they_o as_o be_v usual_o monday_n they_o must_v work_v on_o sunday_n for_o themselves_o if_o any_o ask_v they_o a_o reason_n why_o they_o labour_v that_o day_n they_o will_v ready_o reply_v ought_v we_o not_o to_o eat_v on_o sunday_n as_o well_o as_o other_o day_n in_o their_o war_n with_o poland_n they_o give_v a_o sad_a testimony_n of_o their_o barbarous_a cruelty_n the_o usual_a attendant_n of_o a_o low_a spirit_n by_o deny_v quarter_n to_o all_o captive_n rip_v up_o woman_n with_o child_n murder_v of_o infant_n etc._n etc._n they_o be_v perfidious_a to_o their_o prince_n and_o regardless_o of_o oath_n and_o promise_n nova_fw-la totius_fw-la livoniae_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n the_o rustic_n eat_v bread_n make_v of_o the_o ear_n of_o wheat_n not_o winnow_v nor_o thresh_v this_o they_o call_v duonos_n a_o gift_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o the_o polander_n call_v bread_n bozydar_n and_o the_o german_n gottes-gab_a the_o gift_n of_o god_n and_o not_o proverb_n be_v more_o ordinary_a in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o lithvanians_n then_o dieva_n dave_v dantes_fw-la dosi_fw-la duonos_fw-la i_o e._n god_n that_o give_v tooth_n will_v give_v bread_n the_o rest_n of_o their_o diet_n be_v flesh_n herb_n and_o root_n of_o which_o they_o have_v plenty_n the_o most_o general_a drink_n of_o the_o country_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o brandy_n make_v of_o corn._n beside_o this_o they_o have_v some_o beer_n and_o a_o sort_n of_o mead_n boil_v with_o hops_n which_o be_v keep_v sometime_o a_o hundred_o year_n together_o in_o nobleman_n house_n of_o late_o there_o have_v be_v bring_v hither_o great_a quantity_n of_o spanish_a and_o french_a wine_n from_o konigsberg_n and_o other_o place_n near_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o lithvanians_n general_o as_o well_o in_o city_n as_o village_n speak_v the_o russian_a language_n and_o write_v all_o plead_n and_o proceed_n of_o courts-judicature_n in_o that_o tongue_n however_o there_o be_v a_o great_a mixture_n of_o latin_a word_n in_o their_o talk_n which_o seem_v to_o confirm_v the_o story_n of_o palaemon_n so_o for_o ignis_fw-la they_o say_v ugnis_fw-la unda_fw-la wanda_fw-la aer_fw-la oras_fw-la sol_fw-la soul_fw-mi mensis_fw-la menuo_fw-la dies_fw-la diena_fw-la ros_fw-fr rasa_fw-la deus_fw-la diewas_n vir_fw-la viras_n etc._n etc._n beside_o they_o have_v many_o polish_v word_n though_o these_o two_o language_n be_v not_o original_o the_o same_o the_o latin_a tongue_n be_v as_o common_a here_o as_o in_o poland_n and_o you_o shall_v not_o meet_v a_o lithvanian_a from_o a_o duke_n to_o a_o ploughman_n that_o can_v give_v you_o a_o answer_n in_o that_o language_n it_o be_v probable_a the_o greek_n first_o teach_v they_o how_o to_o write_v for_o they_o call_v letter_n goomata_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d unless_o perhaps_o they_o have_v they_o more_o immediate_o from_o the_o russian_n who_o use_v the_o same_o word_n no_o nation_n in_o europe_n have_v be_v more_o besot_v with_o idolatry_n than_o lithvania_n among_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o false_a god_n they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o ancient_a egyptian_n greek_n roman_n and_o indian_n be_v great_a worshipper_n of_o serpent_n and_o many_o of_o they_o continue_v so_o till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n of_o which_o signismund_n baron_n of_o herberstein_n in_o comment_n rer_n muscovit_fw-la p._n 84_o tell_v we_o this_o memorable_a story_n return_v say_v he_o late_o from_o masovia_n at_o troki_n a_o small_a town_n about_o eight_o english_a mile_n from_o vilna_n my_o host_n acquaint_v i_o that_o that_o year_n he_o have_v chance_v to_o buy_v a_o hive_n of_o bee_n of_o one_o of_o these_o serpent-worshipper_n who_o he_o with_o much_o ado_n have_v persuade_v to_o betake_v himself_o to_o the_o worship_n of_o the_o true_a god_n and_o to_o kill_v his_o adder_n within_o a_o while_n after_o come_v that_o way_n he_o find_v the_o poor_a fellow_n miserable_o torture_v and_o deform_v his_o face_n wrinkle_v his_o mouth_n awry_o etc._n etc._n demand_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o misery_n he_o receive_v this_o answer_n from_o he_o that_o this_o judgement_n be_v inflict_v on_o he_o for_o kill_v his_o god_n and_o that_o he_o be_v like_a to_o suffer_v heavy_a torment_n if_o he_o do_v not_o return_v to_o his_o former_a worship_n nay_o to_o this_o day_n here_o be_v too_o great_a footstep_n of_o this_o idolatry_n for_o in_o many_o village_n both_o in_o lithvania_n and_o prussia_n you_o shall_v meet_v with_o poor_a boar_n that_o keep_v adder_n in_o their_o house_n to_o which_o they_o though_o profess_a christian_n pay_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a superstitious_a respect_n and_o fancy_v some_o great_a misfortune_n will_v befall_v they_o if_o these_o laria_n take_v any_o harm_n beside_o the_o ancient_a lithvanians_n have_v a_o idol_n call_v by_o they_o percune_n to_o who_o they_o keep_v a_o continual_a fire_n burn_v with_o as_o much_o caution_n and_o diligence_n as_o ever_o the_o vestal_a fire_n be_v keep_v at_o rome_n for_o if_o the_o waidelot_n or_o priest_n that_o be_v to_o attend_v the_o altar_n shall_v happen_v to_o let_v the_o fire_n out_o he_o be_v sure_a to_o die_v for_o it_o the_o like_a ceremony_n be_v perform_v in_o remembrance_n of_o kiern_n one_o of_o their_o prince_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n near_o dziewaltow_n these_o
and_o many_o other_o superstition_n they_o seem_v to_o have_v borrow_v from_o the_o roman_n who_o come_v into_o this_o country_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o palaemon_n hence_o they_o use_v to_o burn_v their_o dead_a expect_v say_v cajalowicz_n part_n i._o hist_n lithv_n lib._n 5._o p._n 140._o a_o resurrection_n out_o of_o the_o ash_n at_o the_o come_n of_o a_o strange_a god_n to_o judge_v the_o whole_a earth_n from_o the_o top_n of_o one_o of_o their_o mountain_n from_o these_o idolatrous_a practice_n they_o be_v first_o convert_v to_o christianity_n by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n their_o great_a duke_n who_o a._n d._n 1386_o upon_o his_o marriage_n with_o hedvig_a queen_n of_o poland_n turn_v christian_n and_o be_v baptize_v at_o cracow_n by_o john_n bishop_n of_o that_o see_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o very_a pious_a and_o zealous_a prince_n and_o exceed_v diligent_a in_o bring_v over_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n to_o the_o christian_a religion_n at_o the_o first_o he_o meet_v with_o no_o small_a opposition_n but_o when_o the_o king_n have_v cut_v down_o their_o tall_a tree_n the_o temple_n of_o their_o heathenish_a god_n and_o not_o mischief_n befall_v he_o the_o people_n begin_v to_o think_v their_o idol_n will_v never_o take_v this_o affront_n if_o able_a to_o revenge_v themselves_o and_o therefore_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o listen_v to_o their_o prince_n advice_n whereupon_o the_o king_n immediate_o build_v a_o cathedral_n and_o found_v a_o bishopric_n at_o vilna_n and_o the_o queen_n furnish_v seven_o parish_n church_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n with_o chalice_n vestment_n and_o all_o other_o necessary_n for_o divine_a service_n the_o russian_n at_o that_o time_n as_o most_o of_o they_o be_v still_o be_v member_n of_o the_o greek_a church_n so_o that_o the_o king_n think_v good_a to_o forbid_v marriage_n with_o a_o russ_n that_o will_v not_o conform_v to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n at_o this_o day_n many_o lithvanians_n be_v of_o the_o greek_a church_n though_o more_o of_o the_o roman_a in_o vilna_n and_o several_a other_o great_a town_n vast_a number_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v lutheran_n the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v divide_v into_o ten_o palatinate_n the_o metropolis_n and_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v vilna_n the_o next_o be_v the_o palatinate_n of_o troki_n 3._o minsko_n 4._o novogrod_n 5._o breast_n 6._o volhinia_n 7._o kiow_n 8._o miecislaw_n 9_o vitebsk_v 10._o poloxko_n vilna_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n vilensski_n by_o the_o german_n die_v wild_a have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n upon_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v the_o house_n be_v general_o low_a and_o mean_a all_o of_o wood_n except_v only_o in_o some_o street_n where_o merchant_n of_o other_o nation_n that_o resort_n hither_o for_o trade_n have_v build_v themselves_o more_o then_o ordinary_a gentile_a one_o of_o stone_n most_o of_o the_o church_n be_v of_o stone_n some_o of_o wood_n the_o suburb_n be_v not_o build_v here_o as_o at_o other_o city_n in_o europe_n but_o round_o the_o wall_n in_o a_o confuse_a and_o disorderly_a manner_n every_o man_n place_v his_o house_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o wooden_a booth_n where_o he_o please_v the_o citizen_n be_v exceed_o poor_a and_o idle_a slave_n to_o their_o noble_n and_o their_o belly_n they_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o great_a lover_n of_o onion_n and_o garlic_n which_o kind_n of_o diet_n help_v by_o their_o smoky_a house_n blind_v half_o of_o they_o before_o they_o arrive_v at_o any_o considerable_a age_n their_o excessive_a intemperance_n in_o drink_v breed_v continual_a quarrel_n among_o they_o if_o a_o stranger_n be_v kill_v in_o any_o such_o broil_n the_o murderer_n pay_v only_o sixteen_o dollar_n as_o a_o mulct_n if_o a_o lithvanian_a be_v slay_v and_o the_o murderer_n fly_v it_o be_v usual_a to_o preserve_v the_o dead_a corpse_n embalm_v till_o they_o can_v apprehend_v the_o fugitive_n who_o they_o can_v condemn_v without_o show_v he_o the_o carcase_n of_o he_o he_o slay_v there_o be_v not_o one_o public_a hospital_n in_o the_o whole_a city_n though_o it_o stand_v in_o more_o need_n of_o such_o a_o provision_n then_o any_o place_n in_o europe_n if_o we_o may_v judge_v by_o the_o swarm_n of_o beggar_n every_o street_n afford_v the_o only_a piece_n of_o neat_a building_n be_v the_o monastery_n of_o bernardine_n monk_n all_o of_o hew_a stone_n the_o moscovian_a company_n of_o merchant_n have_v also_o a_o considerable_o handsome_a structure_n build_v for_o a_o repository_n of_o fur_n ermine_n and_o other_o rich_a merchandise_n bring_v from_o moscow_n the_o great_a duke_n palace_n have_v nothing_o of_o note_n in_o it_o but_o the_o armoury_n which_o be_v admirable_o furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o arm_n and_o armour_n consider_v that_o lithvania_n itself_o afford_v no_o mine_n of_o brass_n or_o iron_n about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o vilna_n the_o great_a duke_n have_v another_o palace_n call_v from_o its_o situation_n wersupa_n that_o be_v near_o the_o water_n build_v by_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n all_o of_o wood_n and_o beautify_v with_o a_o park_n and_o pleasant_a orchard_n and_o garden_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n of_o lithvania_n have_v little_a in_o they_o observable_a save_v that_o they_o give_v title_n to_o palatine_n and_o duke_n what_o number_n there_o be_v of_o these_o last_o may_v be_v easy_o guess_v by_o what_o be_v report_v of_o vitoldus_n once_o great_a duke_n that_o he_o have_v no_o less_o than_o fifty_o duke_n at_o once_o in_o his_o army_n samogitia_n this_o country_n have_v its_o name_n from_o its_o situation_n which_o be_v low_a and_o wet_a samogitz_n in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n signify_v a_o marshy_a ground_n whence_o the_o moscovite_n call_v it_o samotzkasemla_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o liefland_n on_o the_o east_n and_o south_n with_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o some_o part_n of_o prussia_n a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v continual_o overflow_v with_o river_n and_o lake_n unpassable_a but_o in_o a_o frost_n the_o rest_n of_o it_o be_v full_a of_o wood_n which_o afford_v good_a store_n of_o honey_n pure_a and_o better_a than_o any_o in_o lithvania_n or_o liefland_n the_o inhabitant_n differ_v little_a from_o the_o lithvanians_n either_o in_o manner_n habit_n or_o language_n they_o be_v sottish_o ignorant_a gross_o superstitious_a and_o easy_a to_o be_v impose_v upon_o they_o use_v no_o plough_n in_o till_v their_o ground_n but_o dig_v it_o up_o with_o spade_n or_o stick_n as_o it_o be_v usual_a in_o some_o part_n of_o moscovy_n when_o one_o of_o their_o governor_n have_v observe_v how_o far_o his_o countryman_n be_v outdo_v in_o their_o husbandry_n by_o other_o nation_n endeavour_v to_o teach_v they_o the_o art_n of_o plough_v it_o chance_v that_o for_o two_o year_n after_o their_o crop_n be_v not_o so_o rich_a as_o former_o it_o have_v be_v whereupon_o the_o people_n attribute_v the_o miscarriage_n to_o the_o new_a device_n grow_v so_o enrage_v that_o the_o governor_n be_v glad_a to_o decry_v the_o experiment_n for_o fear_n of_o a_o insurrection_n when_o vladislaus_n jagello_n have_v convert_v the_o great_a part_n of_o lithvania_n he_o endeavour_v to_o bring_v the_o samogitian_n to_o the_o christian_a faith_n in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o resolution_n he_o go_v himself_o into_o this_o country_n and_o burn_v up_o their_o hallow_a grove_n and_o destroy_v the_o serpent_n and_o other_o creature_n they_o worship_v with_o threat_n and_o promise_v make_v they_o vow_n to_o abandon_v their_o former_a idolatry_n and_o worship_v the_o true_a god_n and_o for_o fear_v that_o when_o his_o back_n be_v turn_v they_o may_v relapse_n into_o their_o former_a heathenism_n he_o found_v a_o bishopric_n at_o mzdniki_n endow_v it_o with_o a_o revenue_n sufficient_a for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o a_o bishop_n and_o twelve_o prebend_n who_o be_v to_o officiate_v at_o so_o many_o parish_n church_n in_o and_o about_o the_o city_n howbeit_o the_o good_a king_n be_v not_o so_o successful_a in_o his_o undertake_n nor_o his_o successor_n so_o vigilant_a in_o the_o prosecution_n of_o his_o design_n but_o that_o to_o this_o day_n many_o poor_a ignorant_a idolater_n may_v be_v find_v in_o the_o desert_a part_n of_o this_o country_n these_o like_o the_o lithvanians_n speak_v of_o before_o worship_v a_o four_o footed_a serpent_n about_o three_o hand_n long_o call_v in_o their_o tongue_n givosit_n without_o one_o of_o these_o household_n god_n you_o shall_v scarce_o find_v a_o family_n if_o any_o mischief_n befall_v they_o they_o think_v it_o be_v because_o the_o little_a deity_n have_v not_o be_v well_o attend_v another_o piece_n of_o heathenish_a superstition_n be_v still_o retain_v by_o the_o rustic_n in_o the_o follow_a manner_n about_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o
october_n they_o have_v a_o general_a rendezvous_n of_o man_n woman_n and_o child_n who_o bring_v with_o they_o to_o the_o place_n appoint_v loaf_n of_o bread_n and_o vessel_n full_a of_o beer_n these_o they_o set_v on_o a_o table_n spread_v with_o hay_n that_o do_v they_o bring_v out_o a_o young_a heifer_n a_o boar_n and_o a_o sow_n a_o cock_n and_o hen_n with_o other_o such_o cattle_n and_o poultry_n as_o the_o house_n afford_v in_o pair_n male_a and_o female_a when_o thing_n be_v thus_o in_o readiness_n out_o come_v a_o old_a priest_n or_o wizard_n who_o mumble_v over_o a_o few_o hard_a word_n give_v the_o sacrifice_n a_o blow_n with_o a_o stick_n which_o stroke_n be_v second_v by_o the_o whole_a company_n till_o the_o heifer_n be_v dead_a and_o beat_v to_o piece_n whilst_o this_o ceremony_n last_v they_o cry_v this_o oblation_n of_o thanksgiving_n we_o make_v thou_o o_o ziemiennik_n so_o they_o call_v the_o feign_a god_n for_o that_o it_o have_v please_v thou_o to_o preserve_v we_o from_o all_o the_o evil_n of_o the_o year_n past_a and_o we_o beseech_v thou_o to_o protect_v and_o defend_v we_o for_o the_o future_a from_o fire_n sword_z pestilence_n and_o all_o our_o enemy_n after_o this_o they_o take_v a_o little_a of_o every_o dish_n they_o have_v provide_v and_o put_v it_o in_o four_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n and_o in_o the_o ground_n cry_v aloud_o accept_v o_o ziemiennik_n our_o offering_n eat_v with_o we_o and_o be_v merry_a the_o solemnity_n thus_o over_o they_o spend_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o day_n in_o feast_v and_o drunkenness_n there_o be_v no_o city_n or_o great_a town_n in_o samogitia_n of_o any_o consequence_n mzdniki_n be_v a_o poor_a and_o despicable_a city_n all_o the_o rest_n scarce_o merit_v the_o name_n of_o village_n lithvania_n and_o this_o province_n have_v all_o along_o be_v sharer_n in_o the_o same_o fortune_n and_o change_n they_o be_v both_o at_o once_o subject_a to_o the_o russian_n at_o once_o overrun_v by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o at_o once_o convert_v from_o idolatry_n and_o subject_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n livonia_n livonia_n or_o liefland_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o russia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o finland-bay_n on_o the_o south_n with_o samogitia_n and_o some_o part_n of_o lithvania_n the_o length_n of_o it_o be_v about_o 500_o english_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n near_o 160._o the_o country_n be_v general_o plain_a and_o fruitful_a abound_v with_o corn_n and_o honey_n some_o part_n of_o it_o be_v fenny_a full_a of_o lake_n and_o river_n the_o many_o conquest_n this_o land_n have_v suffer_v have_v make_v its_o inhabitant_n a_o medley_n of_o moscovite_n swede_n dane_n polander_n and_o german_n but_o the_o last_o have_v the_o great_a share_n in_o the_o country_n whence_o the_o generality_n speak_v high-dutch_a the_o common_a people_n be_v use_v as_o hardly_o here_o as_o in_o poland_n or_o lithvania_n and_o the_o nobility_n lord_n it_o as_o much_o drunkenness_n and_o gluttony_n be_v vice_n the_o lieflander_n be_v general_o addict_v to_o from_o the_o great_a lord_n to_o the_o mean_a peasant_n the_o boar_n will_v be_v hard_o put_v to_o it_o to_o get_v a_o live_n consider_v the_o untolerable_a drudgery_n they_o undergo_v if_o they_o have_v not_o the_o privilege_n of_o hunt_a hare_n of_o which_o they_o have_v great_a plenty_n in_o these_o part_n white_a in_o winter_n and_o brown_a in_o summer_n fox_n bear_n and_o other_o kind_n of_o venison_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o all_o author_n that_o liefland_n be_v first_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o sigismond_n augustus_n though_o the_o story_n be_v tell_v different_a way_n kojalowicz_n tell_v we_o that_o william_n furstenburg_n master_n of_o the_o liefland_n order_n of_o knighthood_n upon_o his_o turn_n lutheran_n have_v frequent_a quarrel_n with_o william_n archbishop_n of_o riga_n who_o he_o accuse_v at_o a_o session_n of_o the_o nobility_n at_o winden_n of_o a_o conspiracy_n of_o betray_v curland_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o albert_n duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n his_o kinsman_n upon_o this_o pretence_n he_o immediate_o enter_v the_o archbishops_n territory_n with_o a_o army_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n king_n sigismond_n hear_v this_o wage_n war_n with_o liefland_n and_o a.d._n 1557_o conquer_v it_o but_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o war_n seem_v to_o be_v ground_v upon_o better_a pretension_n than_o these_o for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o arise_v many_o skirmish_n between_o the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n touch_v point_n of_o religion_n yet_o during_o furstenburg_n government_n ivan_n duke_n of_o moscovy_n and_o not_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n overrun_v and_o lay_v waste_v the_o great_a part_n of_o liefland_n against_o who_o gothard_n ketler_n furstenburg_n successor_n request_v the_o aid_n of_o king_n sigismond_n who_o quick_o beat_v the_o moscovian_a out_o of_o his_o hold_n and_o create_v gothard_n duke_n of_o curland_n annex_v the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o dominion_n but_o he_o find_v this_o country_n be_v easy_o conquer_v than_o keep_v for_o the_o revalians_n find_v themselves_o unable_a to_o withstand_v the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovian_o commit_v their_o land_n to_o the_o protection_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n whereupon_o this_o king_n think_v his_o title_n to_o liefland_n be_v as_o good_a as_o the_o polander_n especial_o since_o ferdinand_n the_o emperor_n have_v give_v he_o the_o sole_a charge_n of_o defend_v it_o upon_o these_o pretension_n he_o present_o rout_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o habsal_n lehale_n parnow_n and_o other_o place_n and_o put_v into_o they_o garrison_n of_o his_o own_o beside_o the_o polish_v interest_n receive_v at_o the_o same_o time_n another_o fatal_a blow_n upon_o this_o occasion_n john_n duke_n of_o finland_n marry_v katherine_n sister_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o who_o he_o lend_v 80000_o some_o say_v 124000_o dollar_n upon_o a_o mortgage_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o wittenstein_n karchise_v frichate_n helmult_n ermise_n ruja_n and_o bortwic_n all_o in_o liefland_n return_v into_o sweden_n he_o be_v accuse_v by_o king_n eric_n his_o brother_n of_o high_a treason_n in_o offer_v to_o make_v a_o confederacy_n as_o he_o call_v it_o with_o sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n without_o his_o consent_n in_o this_o rage_n the_o king_n rob_v his_o brother_n of_o all_o the_o castle_n and_o take_v they_o into_o his_o own_o hand_n not_o without_o the_o pretence_n of_o be_v more_o able_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o moscovite_n not_o long_o after_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n the_o duke_n of_o moscovy_n with_o irresistible_a force_n create_v the_o great_a duke_n of_o holstein_n king_n of_o liefland_n when_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o poland_n perceive_v matter_n bring_v to_o this_o pass_n they_o think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o lay_v aside_o all_o petit_fw-fr animosity_n between_o their_o two_o kingdom_n and_o to_o join_v force_n against_o their_o common_a enemy_n the_o moscovite_n fear_v lest_o otherwise_o whilst_o they_o two_o stand_v quarrel_v for_o each_o a_o shell_n he_o shall_v snatch_v away_o the_o fish_n and_o indeed_o this_o confederacy_n prove_v very_o successful_a to_o the_o swede_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 1580_o retake_v many_o strong_a hold_v from_o the_o moscovite_n as_o lode_n lehale_n habsal_n narwe_v the_o province_n of_o wicki_n wittenstein_n carelogrod_n etc._n etc._n steven_n king_n of_o poland_n fear_v lest_o if_o the_o swede_n go_v on_o with_o the_o same_o success_n and_o vigour_n he_o begin_v with_o he_o will_v bring_v all_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o beck_n clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o the_o moscovite_n unknown_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o the_o moscovite_n shall_v restore_v all_o the_o place_n he_o have_v take_v in_o lithvania_n that_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n king_n stephen_n shall_v restore_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o moscovy_n vielikoluk_n and_o some_o other_o fort_n he_o have_v take_v in_o these_o war_n after_o this_o when_o sigismond_n son_n of_o john_n the_o three_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o stephen_n elect_a king_n of_o poland_n the_o pole_n admit_v he_o upon_o this_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v annex_v all_o that_o part_n of_o liefland_n which_o be_v under_o his_o government_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n but_o sigismond_n the_o three_o come_v to_o he_o crown_n of_o sweden_n can_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v persuade_v to_o grant_v this_o request_n when_o he_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o kingdom_n there_o arise_v bloody_a war_n between_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n
iron-mine_n and_o indifferent_a good_a store_n of_o corn_n it_o have_v but_o one_o city_n in_o it_o call_v gevalia_n commodious_o situate_v upon_o the_o bay_n of_o bothnia_n half_o a_o day_n journey_n from_o kupferberg_n 2._o helsingia_n helsingia_n helsingia_n which_o be_v ancient_o a_o general_a name_n for_o all_o the_o northern_a province_n from_o the_o north-sea_n to_o the_o river_n vla_n and_o the_o lake_n vlatresk_n in_o the_o north_n of_o cajania_n as_o appear_v from_o some_o record_n of_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o telgis_n a._n 1328_o and_o a_o distinct_a kingdom_n of_o itself_o govern_v by_o its_o own_o king_n till_o the_o time_n of_o ingellus_fw-la the_o second_o king_n of_o vpsal_n so_o be_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n ancient_o style_v who_o at_o his_o coronation_n invite_v the_o king_n of_o helsingia_n and_o several_a other_o prince_n to_o the_o solemnity_n and_o after_o have_v make_v they_o drink_v with_o strong_a liquor_n set_v fire_n on_o the_o palace_n and_o so_o destroy_v they_o all_o and_o seize_v their_o possession_n which_o ever_o after_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n have_v ancient_o a_o peculiar_a language_n of_o their_o own_o and_o also_o a_o alphabet_n altogether_o distinct_a from_o the_o runick_a as_o appear_v by_o several_a old_a monument_n find_v among_o they_o they_o be_v record_v to_o have_v fight_v many_o famous_a battle_n with_o their_o neighbour_n of_o finland_n carelia_n and_o cajania_n and_o after_o have_v drive_v some_o of_o their_o enemy_n as_o far_o as_o the_o sund_n in_o memory_n of_o their_o conquest_n and_o to_o eternize_v their_o name_n to_o have_v build_v the_o city_n helsingburg_n from_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v come_v the_o nylander_n who_o border_n upon_o carelia_n and_o use_v the_o same_o manner_n of_o speech_n to_o this_o day_n the_o native_n be_v general_o very_o hospitable_a and_o courteous_a to_o stranger_n of_o a_o docile_a and_o ingenious_a disposition_n and_o above_o all_o thing_n endeavour_v to_o be_v neat_a and_o handsome_a within_o door_n the_o whole_a country_n of_o helsingia_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o province_n 1._o helsingia_n proper_o so_o call_v helsingia_n helsingia_n heretofore_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o sundhede_v which_o have_v in_o it_o three_o lesser_a division_n alora_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n liusna_n sundhede_v in_o the_o midst_n whereof_o be_v the_o lake_n dil_n and_o nordstigh_a not_o far_o from_o the_o wood_n arskog_n the_o soil_n be_v indifferent_o fruitful_a for_o corn_n but_o chief_o for_o pasture_n the_o inhabitant_n most_o employ_v themselves_o in_o feed_v and_o manage_v their_o stock_n of_o cattle_n here_o be_v but_o one_o city_n in_o the_o whole_a country_n call_v hudingsvaldia_n remarkable_a for_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n butter_n hydes_n pitch_n rosin_n mast_n of_o ship_n and_o deal-board_n that_o be_v convey_v hence_o into_o other_o country_n 2._o medelpadia_n medelpadia_n medelpadia_n much_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o helsingia_n but_o only_o it_o be_v narrow_a and_o abound_v more_o with_o wood_n and_o mountain_n in_o it_o be_v two_o river_n very_o full_a of_o fish_n some_o say_v the_o king_n of_o helsingia_n ancient_o reside_v here_o 3._o angermannia_n a_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a angermannia_n angermannia_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n mountainous_a country_n the_o soil_n be_v so_o good_a and_o certain_a that_o though_o it_o bear_v corn_n plentiful_o it_o need_v not_o be_v manure_v above_o once_o in_o ten_o year_n it_o be_v divide_v in_o the_o middle_n into_o two_o part_n the_o northern_a and_o southern_a by_o a_o great_a wood_n which_o run_v all_o along_o from_o the_o ragged_a mountain_n scula_n and_o thence_o take_v its_o name_n water_v it_o be_v by_o only_o one_o river_n well_o store_v with_o salmon_n and_o other_o fish_n secure_v by_o one_o city_n name_v hernosandia_n yield_v the_o same_o commodity_n as_o hudingsvaldia_n only_o it_o afford_v no_o copper_n 4._o bothnia_n bothnia_n bothnia_n not_o so_o full_a of_o mountain_n as_o angermannia_n of_o a_o sandy_a and_o barren_a turf_n but_o well_o supply_v with_o fish_n and_o other_o commodity_n it_o have_v in_o it_o several_a river_n of_o considerable_a bigness_n which_o empty_a themselves_o into_o the_o bothnick-bay_n city_n here_o be_v none_o but_o this_o defect_n be_v supply_v by_o a_o frequency_n of_o market-town_n which_o be_v almost_o as_o numerous_a as_o the_o parish_n the_o advantage_n of_o this_o country_n be_v chief_o by_o the_o trade_n from_o the_o near_a part_n of_o lapland_n which_o be_v manage_v chief_o by_o the_o birkarli_n and_o all_o come_v to_o the_o seaside_n this_o way_n ii_o sueonia_n or_o sweden_n strict_o so_o take_v sueonia_n sueonia_n which_o contain_v in_o it_o these_o five_o province_n vplandia_n westmannia_n dalecarlia_n nericia_n and_o sudermannia_n dalecarliae_fw-la et_fw-la westmanniae_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la viro_fw-la illust_n mo_z d._n no_o petro_n julio_n coyet_n equite_v aurato_fw-la s._n r._n m._n sueciae_fw-la cosiliario_n aulico_fw-la scretario_n status_fw-la et_fw-la nunc_fw-la ad_fw-la confoederatos_fw-la belgas_n extra_fw-la ordinem_fw-la ablegato_fw-la d._n d._n d._n joh._n janssonius_n vplandia_n 2._o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o on_o the_o south_n or_o southeast_n of_o dalecarlia_n lie_v west_n or_o wester-mannia_a or_o westmannerland_n border_v upon_o upland_n and_o gestricia_n it_o be_v according_a to_o the_o several_a dale_n or_o division_n that_o be_v in_o it_o divide_v into_o three_o part_n viz._n oster_n wester_n and_n sun-dalia_a the_o soil_n be_v very_o fruitful_a and_o the_o mine_n very_o considerable_a afford_v steel_n iron_n copper_n lead_v and_o some_o vein_n of_o sulphur_n in_o great_a quantity_n than_o those_o of_o any_o other_o province_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n there_o be_v also_o a_o silver_n i_o discover_v and_o make_v use_v of_o at_o salberg_n the_o city_n here_o be_v three_o arosia_n arbogia_n and_o kope_v the_o chief_a of_o these_o be_v arosia_n or_o westeras_n a_o bishop_n seat_n where_o in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v several_a great_a stone_n with_o gothick_n inscription_n as_o there_o be_v likewise_o at_o stregnesia_n in_o this_o city_n the_o agreement_n by_o which_o the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v change_v from_o a_o elective_a to_o a_o hereditary_a monarchy_n be_v conclude_v ann_n 1540_o in_o the_o time_n of_o gustavus_n i._o and_o thence_o call_v pactum_fw-la arosiense_n the_o history_n be_v thus_o the_o swede_n not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v the_o tyranny_n and_o oppression_n of_o christiern_n ii_o then_o king_n both_o of_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n forsake_v their_o allegiance_n to_o he_o and_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o prince_n gustavus_n who_o have_v wonderful_o escape_v from_o his_o imprisonment_n in_o denmark_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o he_o expel_v he_o their_o country_n and_o at_o last_o gain_v their_o former_a liberty_n and_o privilege_n whereupon_o to_o requite_v their_o general_n for_o this_o signal_n good_a he_o have_v do_v the_o public_a they_o at_o the_o instance_n of_o one_o canutus_n precedent_n of_o the_o council_n and_o johannes_n gothus_n the_o pope_n legate_n ann_n 1523_o unanimous_o elect_v he_o king_n and_o consider_v how_o much_o it_o may_v tend_v to_o the_o happiness_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o have_v the_o succession_n ascertain_v to_o his_o issue_n they_o in_o the_o year_n 1540_o whole_o give_v up_o their_o power_n of_o elect_v their_o king_n for_o the_o future_a and_o by_o oath_n and_o solemn_a covenant_n settle_v the_o crown_n upon_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o which_o confidence_n of_o the_o people_n in_o their_o prince_n be_v justify_v in_o the_o event_n for_o the_o new_a king_n be_v so_o far_o from_o abuse_v his_o absolute_a power_n that_o in_o that_o very_a year_n he_o publish_v many_o law_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o people_n 3._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d south_n of_o westmannia_n lie_v nericia_n a_o little_a but_o fruitful_a province_n yield_v good_a store_n of_o sulphur_n alum_n and_o vitriol_n some_o silver_n mine_n there_o be_v but_o not_o labour_v most_o of_o its_o inhabitant_n be_v smith_n who_o supply_v the_o whole_a country_n especial_o those_o that_o work_n in_o the_o mine_n with_o iron_n instrument_n of_o all_o sort_n here_o be_v one_o city_n name_v orebrogia_n 4._o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o south_n or_o southeast_n of_o nericia_n lie_v sudermannia_n or_o sudermanland_n have_v on_o the_o east_n the_o baltic_a sea_n ostrogothia_a on_o the_o south_n and_o the_o lake_n meller_n on_o the_o north._n it_o be_v famous_a for_o several_a city_n it_o contain_v the_o chief_a and_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o be_v nicopia_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n here_o also_o be_v the_o place_n for_o building_n of_o ship_n the_o workman_n be_v good_a and_o material_n cheap_a next_o to_o this_o be_v stregnesia_n a_o bishop_n seat_n with_o telga_n torsilia_n and_o trosa_n all_o commodious_a for_o
gustavus_n x._o ann_n 1655_o and_o by_o this_o present_a king_n charles_n xi_o in_o 1663._o public_o ratify_v and_o subscribe_v to_o and_o ever_o since_o by_o he_o maintain_v so_o that_o lutheranism_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v take_v deep_a root_n in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o clergy_n of_o sweden_n be_v have_v in_o great_a honour_n and_o reputation_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o though_o the_o revenue_n belong_v to_o the_o church_n be_v since_o the_o reformation_n very_o much_o impair_v gustavus_n i._n annex_v as_o it_o be_v say_v to_o the_o crown_n at_o one_o time_n 7500_o farm_n and_o ecclesiastical_a live_n yet_o the_o respect_n due_a to_o their_o minister_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o be_v much_o abate_v their_o archbishop_n always_o perform_v the_o religious_a solemnity_n at_o the_o king_n coronation_n and_z with_o as_o many_o bishop_n as_o the_o king_n please_v to_o choose_v be_v admit_v privy-counsellor_n to_o his_o majesty_n he_o be_v reckon_v the_o chief_a person_n in_o the_o kingdom_n next_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o according_o take_v place_n of_o all_o temporal_a lord_n and_o ancient_o when_o it_o be_v grant_v to_o a_o knight_n or_o lay-privy-counsellor_n to_o have_v only_o twelve_o and_o a_o senator_n eight_o it_o be_v order_v that_o he_o may_v have_v forty_o and_o a_o bishop_n thirty_o horse_n in_o their_o retinue_n he_o have_v under_o he_o seven_o suffragans_fw-la viz._n the_o bishop_n of_o lyncopen_n scare_n stergne_n westeras_fw-la wexio_fw-la aboa_n and_o riga_n and_o divers_a superintendent_o who_o have_v episcopal_a jurisdiction_n viz._n of_o calmare_n gottenburgh_n marienstadt_n revel_v etc._n etc._n all_o which_o make_v up_o a_o ecclesiastical_a college_n call_v the_o supreme_a consistory_n of_o the_o kingdom_n wherein_o the_o archbishop_n always_o preside_v the_o clergy_n of_o this_o nation_n say_v loccenius_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o eastern_a church_n use_v to_o marry_v till_o pope_n innocent_a iu_o by_o a_o council_n hold_v at_o sceningia_n a_o city_n of_o ostrogothia_a ann_n 1248_o forbid_v marriage_n to_o priest_n and_o cause_v those_o that_o have_v wife_n to_o put_v they_o away_o what_o concern_v their_o religion_n or_o their_o church-government_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o lutheran_n must_v be_v elsewhere_o more_o large_o treat_v of_o the_o king_n be_v the_o absolute_a sovereign_n in_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n which_o he_o determine_v not_o without_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n he_o name_v all_o the_o bishop_n and_o by_o his_o power_n be_v summon_v all_o ecclesiastical_a assembly_n author_n make_v a_o difference_n betwixt_o their_o bishop_n and_o superintendent_o but_o it_o be_v not_o considerable_a both_o equal_o depend_v upon_o the_o archbishop_n but_o the_o superintendent_o have_v not_o in_o all_o thing_n equal_a power_n with_o the_o bishop_n 5._o the_o five_o and_o last_o city_n of_o vpland_n be_v stockholm_n stockholme_n stockholme_n lie_v in_o 42_o degree_n of_o longitude_n and_o of_o latitude_n 58_o ten_o minute_n a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n the_o present_a seat_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n situate_v it_o be_v in_o a_o island_n on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o lake_n meller_n encompass_v on_o all_o side_n especial_o that_o towards_o the_o sea_n with_o high_a rugged_a rock_n call_v scheren_n which_o hinder_v the_o prospect_n of_o the_o city_n but_o very_o much_o secure_v the_o haven_n which_o be_v very_o large_a and_o of_o dangerous_a entrance_n though_o these_o rock_n be_v a_o defence_n to_o the_o town_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o they_o it_o be_v sometime_o set_v upon_o by_o a_o enemy_n unaware_o as_o it_o be_v by_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n anno_fw-la 1594._o it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v found_v by_o king_n birgerus_n anno_fw-la 1261_o and_o from_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o wood_n use_v in_o the_o build_n of_o it_o call_v stockholme_n stock_n signify_v wood_n and_o holme_n a_o island_n but_o anno_fw-la 1552_o a_o fire_n happen_v in_o the_o city_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o wooden_a building_n burn_v down_o a_o great_a part_n of_o it_o it_o be_v by_o public_a command_n rebuilt_a part_n of_o stone_n part_n of_o brick_n part_v also_o upon_o pile_n so_o that_o the_o sea_n flow_v under_o the_o house_n in_o it_o be_v several_a large_a well-built_a bridge_n only_o two_o gate_n open_v to_o the_o south_n and_o north._n public_a inn_n or_o lodging-house_n here_o be_v none_o but_o stranger_n take_v up_o their_o quarter_n with_o some_o of_o the_o burgher_n entertainment_n handsome_a and_o charge_v not_o great_a an._n 1407_o it_o be_v consume_v by_o lightning_n and_o some_o thousand_o of_o people_n destroy_v by_o the_o fire_n in_o 1529_o king_n gustavus_n the_o first_o called_z several_z principal_a burgher_n and_o merchant_n out_o of_o other_o city_n to_o inhabit_v this_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v drive_v hence_o by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o christiern_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n there_o be_v in_o it_o eight_o church_n in_o all_o one_o of_o which_o be_v supply_v by_o a_o finlandish_a another_o by_o a_o german_a minister_n who_o constant_o preach_v in_o their_o own_o language_n in_o the_o citadel_n be_v the_o king_n palace_n handsome_o build_v some_o part_n eight_o or_o nine_o story_n high_a yet_o of_o great_a strength_n and_o security_n within_o it_o be_v a_o large_a and_o magnificent_a church_n build_v by_o king_n john_n erect_v upon_o marble_n pillar_n and_o roof_v with_o copper_n with_o a_o private_a chapel_n for_o the_o king_n very_o large_a also_o have_v forty_o window_n on_o each_o side_n where_o at_o the_o high_a altar_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o massy_a silver_n image_n of_o our_o saviour_n crucify_v in_o full_a proportion_n this_o city_n have_v be_v very_o often_o besiege_v ann_n 1434_o by_o the_o people_n of_o sweden_n who_o rebel_v upon_o account_n of_o foreign_a officer_n employ_v in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n '_o by_o king_n john_n 1481_o 1522_o by_o gustavus_n i._o and_o at_o other_o time_n the_o enemy_n always_o take_v advantage_n of_o a_o hill_n call_v bruncaberge_n so_o near_o that_o from_o it_o they_o can_v batter_v the_o citadel_n the_o arm_n of_o this_o city_n be_v the_o head_n of_o saint_n ericus_n crown_v or_o take_v by_o the_o agreement_n of_o the_o state_n in_o remembrance_n of_o that_o king_n virtue_n and_o piety_n and_o those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v three_o crown_n or_o in_o a_o field_n azure_a give_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n this_o be_v the_o metropolis_n and_o lie_v so_o convenient_o be_v the_o great_a place_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o whole_a nation_n from_o whence_o be_v export_v copper_n iron_n steel_n lead_v deal-board_n and_o very_o many_o manufacture_n make_v of_o those_o material_n copper_n especial_o whereof_o this_o kingdom_n supply_v the_o necessity_n almost_o of_o the_o whole_a world_n this_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o four_o chief_a magistrate_n or_o consul_n who_o be_v elect_v out_o of_o the_o burgher_n and_o enjoy_v the_o dignity_n for_o their_o life_n their_o office_n be_v to_o give_v law_n and_o decide_v controversy_n arise_v betwixt_o one_o citizen_n and_o another_o if_o of_o lesser_a concern_n but_o if_o of_o great_a moment_n they_o always_o have_v the_o assistance_n of_o the_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o castle_n who_o be_v precedent_n of_o the_o court_n for_o that_o time_n and_o either_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o case_n or_o transmits_n it_n to_o the_o king_n council_n they_o perform_v this_o office_n by_o turn_n two_o have_v precedence_n and_o supply_v it_o one_o and_o the_o other_o two_o the_o next_o year_n when_o any_o extraordinary_a affair_n happen_v they_o may_v have_v the_o assistance_n of_o some_o of_o the_o principal_a citizen_n who_o take_v upon_o they_o particular_a business_n as_o the_o care_n of_o building_n the_o decision_n of_o some_o private_a action_n promulgation_n of_o law_n etc._n etc._n beside_o these_o there_o be_v twelve_o senator_n or_o alderman_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o city_n who_o have_v the_o office_n likewise_o for_o their_o life_n out_o of_o these_o four_z be_v elect_v to_o be_v assessor_n to_o the_o consul_n and_o in_o all_o case_n and_o difference_n arise_v to_o assist_v they_o in_o this_o city_n common_o reside_v a_o great_a number_n of_o foreigner_n german_n and_o finlander_n especial_o who_o as_o all_o other_o of_o the_o lutheran_n persuasion_n be_v allow_v free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n which_o be_v not_o grant_v to_o any_o of_o the_o roman_a communion_n the_o soil_n of_o the_o country_n hereabout_o soil_n soil_n as_o in_o most_o part_n of_o sweden_n be_v general_o fruitful_a afford_v store_n of_o corn_n as_o wheat_n rye_n barley_n oat_n etc._n etc._n and_o pasturage_n and_o in_o some_o place_v no_o small_a quantity_n of_o wood._n in_o the_o
fountain_n of_o the_o law_n by_o these_o governor_n and_o deputy_n agreee_v together_o tribute_n be_v exact_v and_o tax_n levy_v according_a to_o a_o order_n of_o the_o senate_n hold_v at_o lyncopen_fw-mi 1599_o they_o be_v to_o keep_v court_n of_o justice_n twice_o in_o every_o year_n all_o of_o they_o meeting_n in_o the_o winter_n time_n about_o february_n at_o vpsal_n at_o the_o public_a fair_a call_v di_v and_o in_o summer_n at_o lyncopen_n state_n or_o order_n of_o man_n in_o this_o kingdom_n there_o be_v say_v bureus_n six_o 1._o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n royal_a nobility_n clergy_n soldiery_n merchantry_n and_o commonalty_n 1._o blood_n prince_n of_o the_o blood_n the_o prince_n of_o the_o blood-royal_a be_v dispose_v of_o by_o the_o king_n according_a to_o their_o age_n and_o capacity_n the_o elder_a as_o be_v say_v be_v heir_n apparent_a to_o the_o crown_n the_o young_a be_v common_o create_v duke_n and_o make_v governor_n of_o province_n of_o vpsal_n first_o and_o the_o 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they_o which_o custom_n king_n bergerus_n jerl_n be_v say_v to_o have_v make_v and_o bring_v in_o about_o four_o age_n ago_o 3._o the_o clergy_n clergy_n clergy_n concern_v who_o what_o we_o find_v be_v set_v down_o under_o vpsal_n 4._o the_o soldiery_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o enjoy_v very_o great_a privilege_n from_o the_o king_n as_o soon_o as_o any_o be_v list_v soldier_n he_o have_v over_o and_o above_o his_o ordinary_a pay_n all_o his_o land_n tax-free_a if_o in_o time_n of_o war_n a_o soldier_n horse_n be_v kill_v under_o he_o the_o king_n provide_v he_o with_o another_o and_o if_o any_o be_v take_v captive_a by_o the_o enemy_n the_o king_n redeem_v he_o at_o his_o own_o charge_n and_o such_o like_a which_o we_o shall_v mention_v when_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 5._o the_o merchantry_n merchantry_n merchantry_n in_o who_o possession_n the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v keep_v and_o by_o who_o procurement_n foreign_a commodity_n be_v import_v for_o the_o good_a government_n and_o benefit_n of_o these_o every_o maritime_a city_n and_o mart-town_n have_v ancient_o their_o particular_a municipal_a law_n derive_v from_o berca_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o their_o king_n and_o about_o 600_o year_n ago_o a_o town_n of_o the_o great_a trade_n in_o the_o kingdom_n by_o these_o it_o be_v order_v how_o and_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o maritime_a city_n may_v exercise_v trade_n as_o well_o with_o inland_a town_n as_o foreigner_n what_o commodity_n they_o may_v traffic_v with_o not_o hinder_v one_o another_o commerce_n etc._n etc._n these_o law_n be_v by_o the_o civil_a war_n in_o the_o kingdom_n quite_o neglect_v and_o for_o a_o long_a time_n out_o of_o use_n but_o by_o the_o care_n of_o some_o of_o the_o late_a king_n they_o or_o some_o equivalent_a to_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v restore_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n 6_o the_o last_o and_o low_a state_n commonalty_n commonalty_n and_o as_o it_o be_v the_o basis_n of_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o commonalty_n call_v bond_n or_o beond_n of_o which_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n 1._o name_v scatbonder_n who_o have_v hereditary_a land_n privilege_n of_o fish_v and_o fowl_v etc._n etc._n belong_v to_o they_o these_o in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v bind_v to_o fit_v out_o one_o horse_n and_o man_n for_o the_o king_n service_n the_o second_o sort_n be_v those_o that_o labour_n in_o the_o mine_n call_v bergs-man_n no_o less_o profitable_a to_o the_o public_a than_o the_o former_a and_o enjoy_v no_o less_o privilege_n and_o immunity_n both_o possess_v estate_n and_o fishery_n of_o their_o own_o and_o like_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n have_v their_o representative_n in_o the_o public_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o these_o some_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o freedom_n and_o advantage_n of_o education_n which_o be_v deny_v the_o pesantry_n of_o other_o country_n sometime_o arrive_v at_o great_a honour_n in_o church_n and_o state_n the_o famous_a king_n ericus_n furname_v the_o saint_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o countryman_n son_n the_o swede_n as_o all_o other_o nation_n be_v for_o a_o long_a time_n govern_v only_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o confuse_a edict_n of_o their_o king_n decree_n of_o the_o state_n and_o response_n of_o the_o wise_a till_o about_o the_o year_n 1251_o bergerus_n jerl_n compile_v a_o body_n of_o law_n and_o constitution_n for_o the_o kingdom_n collect_v out_o of_o the_o former_a these_o before_o the_o invention_n of_o paper_n be_v engrave_v upon_o large_a wooden_a post_n thereby_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o athenian_n to_o be_v promulgate_v to_o the_o people_n they_o be_v common_o very_o short_a and_o general_a as_o design_v the_o decision_n of_o particular_a case_n to_o the_o public_a magistrate_n beside_o these_o they_o have_v upon_o any_o emergent_a difficulty_n other_o ancient_a law_n which_o they_o call_v recessus_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o other_o ancient_a statute_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o which_o only_a great_a controversy_n be_v decide_v at_o present_v the_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v more_o regular_a and_o for_o the_o speedy_a execution_n of_o it_o there_o be_v in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n five_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n 1._o the_o king_n chamber_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o rank_n or_o degree_n 1._o supreme_a in_o which_o all_o case_n betwixt_o senator_n and_o senator_n bring_v thither_o by_o appeal_n be_v decide_v 2._o the_o middle_a in_o which_o be_v determine_v action_n of_o treason_n and_o all_o other_o betwixt_o nobleman_n lagman_n and_o public_a officer_n 3._o the_o low_a where_o ordinary_a trial_n be_v decide_v whether_o civil_a or_o criminal_a where_o it_o be_v judge_v whether_o the_o procedure_n in_o inferior_a court_n in_o action_n bring_v thence_o by_o appeal_n have_v be_v legal_a or_o not_o from_o this_o court_n there_o lie_v no_o
city_n name_v tingvalla_fw-la 4._o hallandia_n hallandia_n hallandia_n which_o have_v oâ—_n the_o west_n the_o sinus_n codanus_n on_o the_o south_n schonen_fw-mi and_o on_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n smalandia_n and_o westro-gothia_a a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a province_n reach_v in_o length_n from_o bahusia_n to_o the_o city_n laaholm_n upon_o a_o small_a river_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o sinus_n codanus_n several_a mile_n but_o in_o breadth_n in_o some_o part_v not_o above_o half_a a_o mile_n and_o where_o broad_a not_o exceed_v three_o mile_n it_o have_v in_o it_o four_o city_n 1._o halmstadt_n 2._o falkenburg_n 3._o laaholm_n 4._o waersburg_n all_o lie_v upon_o the_o codane_a bay_n very_o convenient_o for_o trade_n and_o export_v of_o those_o commodity_n which_o come_v out_o of_o the_o more_o northerly_a province_n in_o the_o year_n 1645_o by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o swedland_n and_o christian_n the_o iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n this_o province_n with_o all_o its_o city_n town_n fort_n and_o appurtenance_n be_v grant_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n for_o thirty_o year_n as_o a_o pledge_n of_o security_n whereby_o the_o swede_n may_v be_v ascertain_v of_o their_o free_a passage_n through_o the_o sund_n or_o oresund_n the_o controversy_n about_o which_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a occasion_n of_o their_o former_a war_n at_o the_o end_n of_o thirty_o year_n if_o the_o swede_n think_v convenient_a either_o this_o province_n be_v to_o be_v retain_v by_o they_o as_o a_o pledge_n for_o the_o perform_n of_o the_o covenant_n on_o the_o part_n of_o the_o dane_n or_o they_o to_o have_v some_o other_o province_n or_o city_n and_o fort_n equivalent_a to_o it_o give_v into_o their_o hand_n which_o may_v be_v to_o they_o sufficient_a assecuration_n an._n 1658_o by_o article_n of_o a_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n a_o city_n in_o zealand_n it_o with_o all_o its_o city_n town_n and_o fort_n be_v grant_v to_o charles_n the_o x_o than_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o to_o his_o successor_n for_o ever_o ii_o eastern-east_n or_o ostrogothia_a ostrogothia_a ostrogothia_a which_o have_v in_o it_o these_o province_n 1._o ostrogothia_a proper_o so_o call_v 2._o smalandia_n and_o 3._o oelandia_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v gotlandia_n scania_n and_o bleckingia_n gothia_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a ere_fw-we mosem_n pitt_n scania_n vulgo_fw-la schonen_fw-mi apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n viroillustri_fw-la &_o generosissimo_fw-la dno_fw-la otthoni_fw-la kragh_n toparchae_fw-la in_o trutzholm_n summo_fw-la r._n m._n dan_o secretario_fw-la patrono_fw-la svo_fw-la magno_fw-la dedicat_fw-la &_o consecrat_n johannes_n janssonius_n 2._o smalandia_n part_v from_o ostrogothia_a by_o the_o wood_n holavedh_n a_o very_a large_a province_n be_v 95_o german_a mile_n in_o compass_n indifferent_o fruitful_a in_o those_o part_n where_o it_o be_v not_o overgrow_v with_o wood_n it_o 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say_v to_o have_v be_v give_v to_o it_o by_o the_o german_n from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o blow_v from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n here_o be_v a_o very_a convenient_a port_n frequent_v by_o our_o english_a merchant_n and_o some_o of_o other_o nation_n in_o the_o year_n 1230_o ericus_n king_n of_o denmark_n norway_n and_o swedland_n institute_v thirteen_o prebendary_n in_o this_o city_n and_o order_v that_o the_o cathedral_n church_n here_o shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o a_o ecclesiastical_a college_n it_o be_v at_o present_a govern_v by_o one_o superintendent_n who_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o public_a consistory_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o city_n be_v sometime_o under_o the_o power_n of_o john_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o christiern_n the_o second_o who_o succeed_v he_o but_o not_o long_o after_o regain_v by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o christianus_n the_o four_o king_n of_o denmark_n take_v this_o city_n put_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o the_o sword_n but_o two_o year_n after_o it_o be_v by_o virtue_n of_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n make_v betwixt_o the_o northern_a crown_n restore_v to_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1647_o it_o be_v almost_o quite_o consume_v by_o fire_n not_o above_o sixty_o house_n leave_v stand_v in_o the_o whole_a city_n but_o since_o that_o be_v very_o handsome_o rebuilt_a and_o at_o present_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o commodious_a situation_n upon_o the_o baltic_a a_o very_a considerable_a trade-town_n 2._o jenecoepia_n or_o jenecoep_v situate_a in_o a_o vale_n near_o the_o lake_n veter_fw-la build_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o wood_n a_o city_n quite_o naked_a and_o easy_a of_o access_n it_o be_v report_v that_o ancient_o the_o house_n of_o this_o city_n be_v cover_v on_o the_o outside_n not_o with_o thatch_n or_o stone_n but_o with_o a_o sort_n of_o courser_n cloth_n or_o canvas_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n think_v a_o great_a piece_n of_o handsomeness_n m._n heberer_n in_o his_o itinerary_a report_n that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o this_o city_n he_o find_v a_o great_a number_n of_o very_o large_a serpent_n which_o be_v keep_v tame_a by_o the_o citizen_n and_o though_o they_o be_v familiar_o admit_v into_o their_o house_n yet_o never_o do_v they_o any_o injury_n whether_o or_o no_o they_o use_v to_o eat_v they_o as_o the_o indian_n be_v say_v to_o do_v at_o this_o day_n be_v not_o by_o he_o set_v down_o though_o it_o be_v probable_a they_o do_v not_o feed_v they_o in_o their_o house_n for_o no_o other_o end_n then_o to_o sport_n with_o 3._o vexio_n a_o bishop_n see_v where_o some_o of_o the_o first_o planter_n of_o christianity_n as_o be_v say_v lie_v bury_v 4._o ekesio_n and_o 5._o vesterwick_n 3._o oelandia_n a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a island_n lie_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n divide_v from_o smalandia_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a bay_n in_o it_o be_v cattle_n as_o ox_n horse_n etc._n etc._n bird_n also_o and_o wild-beast_n in_o great_a plenty_n and_o beside_o the_o fort_n call_v barkholme_n or_o bornholme_n two_o and_o thirty_o parish_n in_o all_o this_o island_n be_v by_o the_o dane_n yield_v up_o to_o gustavus_n adolphus_n a_o 1613._o see_v more_o concern_v it_o among_o the_o accessional_a province_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n 4._o scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o province_n abound_v with_o corn_n beast_n bird_n and_o all_o other_o commodity_n of_o life_n here_o several_a mine_n of_o silver_n lead_v iron_n etc._n etc._n be_v say_v to_o be_v labour_v and_o their_o metal_n to_o be_v hence_o transport_v into_o other_o country_n but_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o mistake_n either_o from_o the_o confound_a of_o the_o word_n scandia_n with_o scania_n which_o be_v frequent_o do_v by_o geographer_n or_o from_o count_v that_o metal_n which_o be_v bring_v hither_o from_o the_o more_o northern_a province_n to_o come_v immediate_o from_o this_o this_o province_n a_o 1658_o be_v cede_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o a_o 1660_o confirm_v to_o they_o so_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v one_o of_o the_o new_a accession_n to_o the_o kingdom_n among_o which_o see_v a_o description_n of_o it_o 5._o blekingia_n a_o fruitful_a province_n lie_v upon_o the_o baltic_a coast_n it_o be_v give_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n a_n 1658_o and_o as_o be_v schonen_fw-mi confirm_v to_o they_o a_o 1660._o a_o large_a account_n of_o this_o province_n may_v be_v expect_v by_o and_o by_o 6._o gothlandia_n or_o gothland_n a_o island_n lie_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n over_o against_o ostrogothia_a about_o eighteen_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o five_o or_o six_o in_o breadth_n fourteen_o mile_n from_o the_o gothick_n shore_n twenty_o from_o curland_n thirty_o from_o dantzic_n fifty_o from_o bornholme_n and_o eighty_o from_o rostock_n it_o have_v in_o it_o one_o city_n name_v wisbuy_n or_o visburg_n the_o residence_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o island_n when_o it_o be_v under_o the_o danish_a
advise_v by_o the_o pope_n legate_n and_o some_o jesuit_n that_o a_o oath_n take_v by_o he_o with_o heretic_n be_v not_o obligatory_a or_o if_o he_o scruple_v that_o that_o a_o dispensation_n for_o the_o breach_n of_o it_o be_v easy_o attainable_a from_o the_o pope_n at_o last_o solemn_o take_v it_o and_o promise_v the_o state_n faithful_o to_o observe_v all_o the_o condition_n of_o it_o he_o leave_v sweden_n and_o return_v into_o poland_n during_o his_o absence_n all_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v manage_v by_o duke_n charles_n his_o uncle_n who_o for_o some_o small_a time_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o viceroy_n very_o quiet_o and_o to_o the_o great_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o king_n subject_n but_o some_o difference_n arise_v about_o religion_n the_o papist_n jesuit_n especial_o to_o who_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o worship_n have_v be_v grant_v grow_v powerful_a and_o thereupon_o behave_v themselves_o insolent_o towards_o the_o lutheran_n the_o business_n of_o state_n become_v trouble_v and_o the_o determination_n of_o controversy_n and_o removal_n of_o jealousy_n out_o of_o the_o people_n heart_n a_o very_a difficult_a matter_n hereupon_o sigismond_n be_v send_v for_o out_o of_o poland_n but_o both_o delay_n to_o come_v into_o sweden_n and_o to_o send_v order_n to_o his_o uncle_n ch._n an._n ch._n that_o popish_a delinquent_n as_o they_o be_v represent_v to_o he_o shall_v according_a to_o law_n be_v proceed_v against_o as_o enemy_n to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o other_o suchlike_a grievance_n shall_v be_v redress_v he_o so_o lose_v his_o interest_n with_o his_o swedish_n subject_n that_o when_o at_o last_o he_o come_v among_o they_o they_o oppose_v he_o as_o a_o public_a enemy_n make_v war_n against_o he_o and_o overcome_v he_o in_o battle_n after_o he_o be_v defeat_v he_o return_v to_o poland_n and_o his_o crown_n of_o sweden_n be_v by_o the_o state_n set_v upon_o the_o head_n of_o his_o uncle_n 135._o charles_n ix_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n and_o brother_n to_o john_n iii_o he_o maintain_v the_o augustan_n confession_n during_o his_o whole_a reign_n carry_v on_o a_o bloody_a war_n against_o his_o nephew_n sigismond_n and_o christianus_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o he_o challenge_v to_o a_o duel_n and_o after_o he_o have_v reign_v eleven_o year_n dye_v at_o nycopia_n in_o his_o return_n from_o oppose_v the_o dane_n the_o government_n after_o his_o death_n according_a to_o the_o right_n of_o inheritance_n descend_v upon_o his_o elder_a son_n 136._o gustavus_n adolphus_n ii_o surname_v the_o great_a this_o king_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n prosecute_v the_o war_n with_o denmark_n which_o his_o father_n be_v engage_v in_o at_o his_o death_n but_o intend_v to_o turn_v the_o whole_a force_n of_o his_o kingdom_n against_o his_o cousin_n sigismond_n k._n of_o poland_n he_o within_o a_o short_a time_n conclude_v a_o peace_n both_o with_o the_o dane_n and_o muscovite_n this_o do_v he_o invade_v livonia_n take_v several_a place_n of_o great_a importance_n in_o that_o and_o other_o province_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o pole_n and_o at_o last_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o his_o cousin_n for_o six_o year_n he_o return_v into_o sweden_n during_o the_o war_n with_o poland_n ferdinand_n ii_o emperor_n of_o germany_n have_v do_v he_o as_o he_o allege_v very_o many_o injury_n as_o his_o send_v assistance_n to_o the_o pole_n into_o borussia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o arnhemius_fw-la his_o not_o admit_v the_o swedish_n delegate_n to_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n at_o lubeck_n but_o charge_v they_o to_o depart_v the_o empire_n etc._n etc._n whereupon_o he_o invade_v the_o imperial_a dominion_n take_v several_a strong_a city_n and_o after_o he_o have_v overrun_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v kill_v in_o battle_n near_o leipsick_a he_o be_v succeed_v by_o 137._o christina_n his_o only_a daughter_n who_o be_v then_o but_o seven_o year_n old_a the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v order_v by_o her_o guardian_n till_o she_o come_v to_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o her_o age_n at_o which_o time_n she_o take_v the_o government_n upon_o herself_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o at_o last_o either_o weary_a of_o rule_v so_o potent_a a_o kingdom_n or_o think_v the_o care_n of_o it_o too_o great_a a_o burden_n for_o she_o to_o undergo_v voluntary_o lay_v down_o the_o crown_n and_o commend_v it_o to_o 138._o charles_n gustavus_n x._o a_o noble_a and_o victorious_a prince_n he_o maintain_v war_n against_o the_o pole_n the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o dane_n as_o he_o be_v return_v from_o gottenburg_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o denmark_n to_o stockholm_n he_o die_v of_o a_o fever_n and_o his_o kingdom_n according_a to_o right_a of_o succession_n descend_v upon_o 139._o charles_n xi_o his_o son_n than_o four_o year_n of_o age_n during_o his_o minority_n the_o kingdom_n be_v govern_v by_o his_o guardian_n but_o come_v to_o full_a age_n he_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o management_n of_o all_o public_a affair_n and_o be_v now_o reign_v a._n d._n 1680._o age_a twentyfour_o year_n a_o warlike_a and_o virtuous_a prince_n of_o the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n beyond_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n lie_v the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n finland_n finland_n call_v by_o the_o native_n somi_n or_o soma_n from_o the_o great_a number_n of_o lake_n that_o be_v in_o it_o soma_n signify_v a_o lake_n but_o by_o the_o swede_n first_o and_o after_o they_o by_o all_o stranger_n call_v finland_n q._n fineland_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o the_o country_n or_o as_o other_o say_v q._n fiende-land_n i.e._n the_o land_n of_o fiend_n or_o enemy_n the_o finlander_n use_v for_o a_o long_a time_n before_o they_o be_v under_o the_o swedish_n power_n to_o make_v frequent_a incursion_n into_o that_o kingdom_n and_o very_o much_o injure_v and_o molest_v its_o inhabitant_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o sinus_n finnicus_n and_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n with_o part_n of_o lapland_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o part_n of_o the_o finnic_a and_o baltic_a sea_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o these_o seven_o province_n province_n its_o province_n 1._o southern-finland_n 2._o northern-finland_n 3._o cajania_n 4._o savolaxia_fw-la 5._o tavastia_n 6._o nylandia_n and_o 7._o carelia_n 1._o finland_n southern_a finland_n southern_a finland_n part_v from_o the_o northern_a by_o the_o river_n aujaroki_n which_o water_v the_o episcopal_a city_n abo._n it_o extend_v itself_o all_o along_o the_o finnic_a bay_n eastward_o have_v on_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n the_o province_n of_o tavastia_n and_o nylandia_n in_o it_o be_v beside_o several_a little_a town_n two_o remarkable_a fort_n viz._n gusto_n in_o the_o western_a and_o raseberg_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o dynasty_a or_o principality_n in_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o it_o 2._o finland_n northern_a finland_n northern_a finland_n run_v along_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n towards_o the_o north._n it_o be_v indifferent_o large_a in_o circumference_n take_v in_o both_o the_o satagunda_n with_o viemo_n and_o masco_n water_v it_o be_v by_o one_o only_a river_n call_v cumo-elff_a famous_a for_o its_o abundance_n of_o salmon_n and_o other_o sort_n of_o fish_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o sea_n near_o the_o city_n biorneborgh_n town_n of_o note_n here_o be_v raumo_n nystadh_n and_o nadhendal_n to_o these_o sanson_n add_v castelholm_n in_o the_o island_n alandia_n 3._o cajania_n cajania_n cajania_n or_o ost-bothnia_a as_o some_o call_v it_o in_o opposition_n to_o west-bothnia_a which_o lie_v over_o against_o it_o on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n in_o it_o be_v many_o large_a river_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v kimi-elff_a which_o empti_v itself_o into_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n at_o the_o most_o northern_a cape_n of_o it_o and_o part_n this_o province_n from_o west-bothnia_a jio-elff_a and_o vla-elff_a city_n here_o be_v 1._o vlam_n or_o vlo_fw-la 2._o vasa_n or_o wassam_n cal_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v the_o fort_n cajaneburg_n and_o vlaburg_n 4._o savolaxia_fw-la savolaxia_fw-la savolaxia_fw-la which_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n on_o the_o west_n with_o a_o a_o ridge_n of_o mountain_n which_o part_v it_o from_o carelia_n on_o the_o north_n with_o part_n of_o muscovitic_a lapland_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o tavastia_n and_o carelia_n this_o province_n abound_v much_o with_o lake_n and_o river_n most_o of_o which_o disburden_v themselves_o into_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n the_o river_n afford_v fish_n pike_n especial_o in_o great_a abundance_n and_o the_o lake_n beside_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n they_o breed_v supply_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o seacalve_n not_o meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o scandian_a lake_n here_o be_v one_o remarkable_a fort_n
call_v nystort_v or_o st._n olaus_n fort_n build_v in_o the_o year_n 1475_o by_o one_o ericus_n axelson_n governor_n of_o aboa_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o carolus_n canuti_n viii_o 5._o tavastia_n a_o inland_n province_n tavastia_n tavastia_n have_v on_o the_o west_n north_n finland_n on_o the_o north_n cajania_n on_o the_o east_n savolaxia_fw-la and_o carelia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n nylandia_n and_o the_o principality_n of_o raseborg_n in_o it_o there_o be_v one_o fort_n call_v the_o fort_n of_o tavastia_n or_o tavasthus_fw-la build_v by_o berjerus_n jerl_n a._n d._n 1250_o to_o keep_v the_o tavastians_n in_o awe_n who_o he_o at_o that_o time_n have_v bring_v over_o to_o the_o swedish_n government_n and_o force_v to_o profess_v the_o christian_a religion_n here_o be_v one_o lake_n of_o a_o considerable_a bigness_n name_v jende_v or_o pejende_v and_o towards_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o province_n several_a other_o call_v kautilambi_n i.e._n iron_n lake_n not_o so_o large_a as_o the_o former_a but_o no_o less_o remarkable_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o iron_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n find_v in_o they_o and_o as_o be_v say_v daily_a hook_n out_o for_o their_o private_a use_n 6._o nylandia_n or_o neuland_n so_o call_v new-land_n nylandia_n nylandia_n because_o its_o ancient_a inhabitant_n the_o finni_n and_o carelii_n be_v drive_v out_o new_a colony_n be_v send_v out_o of_o helsingia_n and_o suecia_n to_o go_v people_n or_o rather_o defend_v this_o country_n here_o be_v two_o city_n borgo_n and_o hesingfors_n 7._o carelia_n carelia_n carelia_n lie_v upon_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o great_a peninsula_n scandia_n or_o scandinavia_n part_v from_o russia_n by_o the_o river_n pinsyoki_n which_o run_v towards_o the_o north_n sea_n and_o povevetz_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o lake_n onega_n by_o the_o near_o approach_v of_o these_o two_o river_n towards_o each_o other_o scandia_n be_v almost_o make_v as_o the_o ancient_n suppose_v it_o to_o be_v a_o perfect_a island_n the_o nick_n of_o land_n call_v maanselke_o not_o be_v above_o three_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n in_o that_o part_n where_o the_o river_n come_v near_a together_o this_o province_n ancient_o contain_v all_o that_o large_a tract_n of_o ground_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o river_n kymi_n on_o the_o north_n the_o lake_n pejende_v on_o the_o west_n and_o onega_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o river_n sueci_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n and_o nieva_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o finnic_a bay_n on_o the_o south_n and_o southeast_n but_o at_o present_a its_o bound_n be_v much_o narrow_a take_v in_o only_a the_o more_o southern_a part_n of_o that_o large_a country_n which_o former_o it_o do_v whole_o contain_v it_o afford_v good_a store_n of_o pasturage_n and_o breed_v cattle_n as_o ox_n horse_n etc._n etc._n in_o great_a abundance_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n carelia_n caria_n in_o the_o finlandish_a tongue_n signify_v herd_n or_o drove_n of_o cattle_n magnatus_n ducatus_fw-la finlandiae_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la delineatio_fw-la caiania_n finl_n metz._n finland_n …_o finl_n sept._n savolexia_n tavastia_n nylandia_n caretia_n literis_fw-la et_fw-la morum_fw-la elegantiâ_fw-la probatissime_fw-la juveni_fw-la magnorum_fw-la parentum_fw-la filio_fw-la d._n no_o jacobo_n schütz_n suece_n tunc_fw-la pro_fw-la tempore_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la excolendae_fw-la gratiâ_fw-la per_fw-la varias_fw-la terras_fw-la peregrinanti_fw-la tabula_fw-la haec_fw-la geographica_n submiss_a offertur_fw-la the_o chief_a city_n in_o finlandish_a carelia_n city_n city_n be_v 1._o wiburg_n a_o note_a mart-town_n well_o fortify_v with_o trench_n fort_n and_o a_o strong_a castle_n against_o which_o the_o muscovite_n very_o often_o have_v make_v unsuccessful_a attempt_n with_o no_o less_o than_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o man_n 2._o kexholm_n or_o as_o the_o swede_n call_v it_o kekisalmi_n i.e._n the_o frith_n of_o gurnardi_n from_o keki_n signify_v a_o kind_n of_o fish_n call_v a_o car_n or_o gurnardi_n which_o abound_v in_o the_o river_n wax_v upon_o which_o this_o city_n stand_v and_o salmi_n a_o frith_n or_o bay_n the_o russes_z call_v it_o carelogorod_n i._n e._n the_o fort_n of_o carelia_n gorod_v in_o their_o language_n denote_v a_o fort._n in_o this_o province_n the_o soil_n be_v exceed_o rich_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o those_o place_n especial_o which_o lie_n near_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n for_o fifteen_o or_o twenty_o mile_n northward_o from_o it_o the_o ground_n be_v so_o overflow_v with_o lake_n and_o river_n that_o it_o bear_v corn_n only_o on_o the_o high_a and_o more_o mountainous_a part_n whereupon_o the_o inhabitant_n live_v most_o upon_o hunt_v and_o fish_v take_v more_o pain_n for_o their_o subsistence_n where_o the_o earth_n be_v less_o bountiful_a the_o large_a and_o most_o remarkable_a among_o the_o lake_n of_o this_o country_n and_o as_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n of_o all_o europe_n be_v the_o lake_n ladoga_n of_o which_o four_o part_n in_o five_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o a_o kind_n of_o fish_n about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o herring_n call_v in_o the_o russian_a tongue_n lagdog_n which_o be_v peculiar_a to_o this_o lake_n and_o with_o which_o it_o very_o much_o abound_v the_o figure_n of_o it_o be_v oval_a about_o a_o hundred_o league_n in_o length_n and_o sixty_o in_o breadth_n in_o it_o be_v many_o small_a island_n and_o upon_o its_o bank_n several_a town_n of_o very_a good_a note_n near_o a_o place_n call_v kidila_n in_o this_o province_n be_v dug_n out_o of_o the_o ground_n a_o sort_n of_o precious_a stone_n which_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o kexholmian_a ruby_n the_o russes_z call_v they_o kidelsco_n camen_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o finland_n be_v say_v jornandes_n the_o most_o hospitable_a and_o least_o barbarous_a of_o any_o of_o the_o scandian_o finland_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o finland_n but_o at_o present_a they_o be_v of_o all_o the_o lap_n only_o except_v the_o most_o fierce_a and_o uncivilise_v their_o language_n which_o they_o make_v use_v of_o language_n their_o language_n and_o which_o be_v proper_a to_o themselves_o be_v of_o a_o harsh_a and_o uneven_a dialect_n difficult_o attainable_a by_o any_o stranger_n as_o have_v in_o it_o some_o propriety_n not_o common_a to_o any_o european_a tongue_n as_o in_o the_o whole_a language_n they_o have_v no_o f_o nor_o any_o word_n that_o begin_v with_o b_o d_o or_o g_z or_o two_o consonant_n so_o that_o they_o pronounce_v v._o g._n for_o the_o he_o for_o grant_v rant_v for_o both_o poth_o for_o good_a can_v etc._n etc._n thro'_o the_o whole_a tongue_n they_o observe_v no_o gender_n and_o have_v but_o one_o article_n se_fw-la to_o denote_v both_o sex_n their_o preposition_n they_o place_n after_o the_o word_n to_o which_o they_o belong_v their_o rythm_n in_o verse_n they_o count_v not_o from_o the_o like_o end_v but_o the_o like_a beginning_n of_o the_o last_o word_n and_o many_o suchlike_a difference_n the_o government_n of_o finland_n government_n their_o government_n be_v ancient_o administer_v by_o king_n of_o its_o own_o who_o exercise_v their_o power_n without_o control_n and_o be_v no_o way_n tributary_n to_o or_o dependent_a on_o a_o foreign_a jurisdiction_n till_o about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 1150_o ericus_n ix_o surname_v the_o saint_n king_n of_o sweden_n bring_v the_o whole_a country_n into_o subjection_n to_o his_o law_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n compel_v they_o to_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n after_o his_o day_n tavastia_n be_v conquer_v by_o berjerus_n jerl_n and_o carelia_n by_o turgillus_n kuntesonius_n who_o build_v viburg_n to_o defend_v it_o against_o the_o russes_z a._n d._n 1193._o at_o present_a the_o whole_a principality_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o be_v reckon_v as_o a_o very_a considerable_a part_n of_o his_o dominion_n of_o ingria_n or_o ingermanland_n ingria_n ingermanland_n ingria_n of_o ingria_n or_o as_o the_o muscovite_n call_v it_o isera_n be_v a_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a province_n have_v on_o the_o east_n and_o south_n part_n of_o muscovy_n on_o the_o west_n esthonia_n and_o part_n of_o the_o finnic_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n the_o lake_n ladoga_n and_o the_o river_n which_o join_v it_o with_o the_o finnic_a bay_n it_o afford_v beast_n both_o wild_a and_o tame_a of_o several_a species_n in_o great_a plenty_n that_o which_o abound_v most_o be_v the_o aelg_n elk_n or_o as_o the_o german_n call_v it_o ellent_a which_o as_o we_o mention_v in_o lapland_n in_o the_o spring-time_n swim_v over_o the_o river_n nieva_n in_o numerous_a herd_n into_o carelia_n and_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o autumn_n return_v by_o the_o same_o way_n into_o russia_n and_o the_o more_o southern_a part_n of_o this_o province_n and_o also_o into_o esthonia_n livonia_n etc._n etc._n here_o be_v several_a city_n of_o great_a importance_n and_o strength_n which_o be_v former_o the_o
chief_a security_n to_o the_o russes_z on_o this_o side_n but_o now_o be_v all_o give_v up_o by_o the_o forementioned_a treaty_n a._n d._n 1616_o into_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o swede_n as_o 1._o notteburg_n which_o the_o russes_z call_v oresia_n i._n e._n a_o nut_n from_o its_o compactness_n and_o strength_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o small_a island_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n nieva_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o breadth_n be_v a_o great_a security_n to_o it_o about_o the_o year_n 1614_o gustavus_n adolphus_n besiege_v this_o city_n and_o after_o he_o have_v lie_v before_o it_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n for_o a_o long_a time_n and_o not_o by_o force_n able_a to_o gain_v it_o it_o be_v at_o last_o by_o the_o burgher_n voluntary_o surrender_v up_o to_o he_o not_o because_o they_o want_v any_o provision_n necessary_a to_o defend_v the_o city_n but_o because_o as_o be_v report_v a_o strange_a distemper_n of_o boil_n or_o wart_n in_o the_o mouth_n and_o throat_n seize_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n so_o that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o eat_v any_o victual_n or_o sufficient_o to_o secure_v their_o bastion_n against_o so_o potent_a a_o enemy_n 2._o ivanogorod_n build_v upon_o a_o rock_n in_o a_o small_a isthmus_n at_o the_o confluence_n of_o two_o river_n it_o lie_v opposite_a to_o narva_n part_v from_o it_o only_o by_o a_o large_a and_o rapid_a river_n which_o run_v from_o the_o lake_n peipus_n and_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o finnic_a bay_n on_o the_o east-side_n of_o this_o city_n there_o be_v a_o small_a mount_n make_v hollow_a partly_o by_o art_n and_o partly_o by_o nature_n in_o the_o side_n of_o which_o many_o of_o the_o poor_a sort_n of_o people_n such_o as_o ordinary_o live_v in_o the_o suburb_n of_o great_a city_n come_v to_o inhabit_v 3._o jamagorod_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n laga_n 4._o capurium_n or_o coporio_n a_o strong_a fort_n lie_v upon_o the_o finnic_a bay_n all_o these_o city_n and_o fort_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o peace_n conclude_v betwixt_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o muscovite_n a_o 1616_o or_o 1617._o be_v deliver_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o ever_o since_o by_o they_o retain_v of_o what_o be_v give_v to_o the_o tzar_n by_o that_o treaty_n see_v what_o be_v say_v in_o muscovy_n p._n 23._o concern_v the_o province_n of_o novogorod_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o new_a accession_n in_o livonia_n some_o livonia_n livonia_n though_o the_o lesser_a part_n of_o livonia_n or_o liefland_n as_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o in_o poland_n where_o a_o description_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n may_v be_v see_v belong_v at_o present_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n all_o esthonia_n with_o the_o island_n oselia_n and_o some_o town_n in_o lettia_n and_o other_o part_n which_o lie_v upon_o the_o baltic_a coast_n be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o hold_v by_o they_o by_o virtue_n of_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n conclude_v at_o the_o monastery_n of_o oliva_n near_o dantzic_n ann_n 1660_o between_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o charles_n xi_o the_o present_a king_n of_o sweden_n the_o article_n which_o chief_o relate_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o their_o possession_n in_o liefland_n we_o shall_v for_o the_o reader_n satisfaction_n here_o insert_v 1._o it_o be_v agree_v on_o that_o a_o general_a and_o inviolable_a peace_n amnesty_n and_o friendship_n shall_v thenceforward_o be_v maintain_v between_o the_o say_a crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o poland_n the_o emperor_n leopold_n and_o frederic_n wilhelm_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o between_o their_o subject_n of_o what_o degree_n condition_n or_o religion_n soever_o 2._o that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o heir_n shall_v renounce_v all_o pretension_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n and_o to_o all_o other_o possession_n which_o his_o grandfather_n john_n iii_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v former_o enjoy_v but_o that_o the_o say_v john_n casimir_n during_o his_o life_n might_n when_o he_o write_v to_o any_o prince_n or_o ally_n whatsoever_o use_v the_o arm_n and_o title_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o poland_n only_o observe_v this_o that_o in_o all_o transaction_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n he_o shall_v style_v himself_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n without_o add_v any_o more_o title_n but_o only_o annex_v three_o etcaeteration_n thus_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n etc._n etc._n etc._n etc._n etc._n etc._n the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v do_v by_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n after_o the_o title_n of_o great_a duke_n of_o finland_n 3._o that_o the_o king_n and_o state_n of_o poland_n and_o lithvania_n shall_v yield_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n all_o livonia_n beyond_o dwina_n with_o the_o island_n run_v and_o some_o other_o place_n beyond_o the_o dwina_n which_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n during_o the_o truce_n have_v possession_n of_o and_o also_o all_o esthonia_n and_o oselia_n and_o all_o city_n town_n fort_n etc._n etc._n that_o do_v former_o any_o way_n belong_v or_o appertain_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v hereby_o oblige_v upon_o the_o surrender_n of_o these_o place_n not_o to_o lay_v any_o claim_n to_o curland_n or_o semigallia_n or_o to_o any_o town_n and_o fort_n that_o belong_v to_o those_o province_n that_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n in_o the_o swedish_n livonia_n shall_v have_v free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n law_n etc._n etc._n with_o undisturbed_a intercourse_n of_o trade_n upon_o the_o dwina_n and_o several_a suchlike_a condition_n the_o whole_a province_n of_o liefland_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o in_o respect_n of_o its_o jurisdiction_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o swedish_n and_o polonian_a liefland_n 1._o polonian_a liefland_n liefland_n polonian_a liefland_n which_o lie_v beyond_o the_o dwina_n and_o contain_v in_o it_o the_o dukedom_n or_o principality_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n with_o part_n of_o lettia_n of_o which_o see_v poland_n 2._o swedish_n liefland_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o which_o may_v be_v say_v to_o contain_v the_o district_n of_o esthonia_n odepoa_n oselia_n and_o lettia_n this_o province_n be_v frequent_o subject_v to_o different_a prince_n have_v not_o very_o certain_a limit_n set_v nor_o like_a name_n give_v to_o the_o part_n of_o it_o by_o any_o that_o have_v undertake_v to_o describe_v it_o some_o author_n add_v harland_n and_o verland_n as_o distinct_a province_n from_o the_o former_a which_o may_v seem_v rather_o part_n only_o of_o esthonia_n then_o different_a principality_n from_o the_o rest_n i._o esthonia_n estia_n or_o esthland_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o so_o call_v from_o the_o estii_fw-la its_o ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o finnic_a bay_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o the_o island_n dagho_n and_o oselia_n on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lake_n peipus_n and_o part_n of_o muscovy_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o district_n of_o lettia_n and_o the_o river_n dwina_n it_o be_v cut_v out_o into_o five_o division_n or_o diocese_n alentakia_n wiria_n harria_n wicia_n and_o jervia_n 1._o alentakia_n alentakia_n alentakia_n which_o lie_v betwixt_o the_o lake_n peipus_n and_o the_o finnic_a bay_n have_v the_o river_n narva_n on_o the_o east_n and_o on_o the_o west_n the_o district_n of_o wiria_n in_o it_o be_v two_o city_n of_o note_n 1._o narva_n call_v common_o the_o german_a narva_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o muscovitic_a narva_n which_o lie_v opposite_a to_o it_o upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n not_o far_o from_o the_o famous_a fort_n ivanogorod_n it_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a strength_n and_o consideration_n and_o ordinary_o well_o garrison_v with_o swedish_n soldier_n behind_o the_o castle_n there_o be_v a_o small_a piece_n of_o ground_n encompass_v with_o wooden_a pale_n which_o be_v give_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n to_o the_o russes_z where_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o live_v and_o enjoy_v free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n which_o be_v according_a to_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o greek_a church_n the_o german_a lutheran_n of_o which_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a number_n that_o reside_v here_o have_v a_o particular_a church_n allow_v they_o and_o sermon_n preach_v to_o they_o in_o their_o own_o language_n this_o city_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v build_v by_o waldemarus_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n a._n d._n 1223._o it_o be_v take_v by_o the_o russes_z in_o 1558_o and_o by_o they_o lose_v to_o the_o swede_n a._n d._n 1581._o and_o in_o the_o year_n 1599_o by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n confirm_v to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o ever_o since_o by_o they_o possess_v it_o lie_v in_o 60_o deg_fw-la of_o northerly_a latitude_n
forty_o german_a mile_n from_o pleskow_n and_o as_o many_o from_o novogardia_n 2._o nieslot_n or_o neuschlos_n i._n e._n new_a fort_n not_o far_o from_o the_o lake_n peipus_n upon_o the_o river_n narva_n 2._o viria_n wiria_n or_o wilandia_n viria_n viria_n which_o have_v alentakia_n on_o the_o east_n harria_n on_o the_o west_n the_o finnic_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n and_o jervia_n on_o the_o south_n place_n remarkable_a in_o it_o be_v 1._o wesenberg_n not_o far_o from_o the_o river_n weissenaa_n which_o a._n d._n 1581._o be_v take_v by_o the_o swede_n from_o the_o muscovite_n 2._o tolsburg_n twelve_o mile_n distant_a from_o wesenberg_n 3._o borcholm_n 3._o harria_n or_o harrenland_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o wicia_n on_o the_o east_n with_o viria_n and_o on_o the_o north_n and_o west_n with_o the_o finnic_a bay_n in_o this_o division_n be_v revalia_n the_o metropolis_n of_o liefland_n a_o little_a but_o handsome_a pleasant_a and_o well_o fortify_v city_n lie_v in_o 59_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n of_o longitude_n in_o the_o year_n 1374_o it_o be_v sell_v to_o the_o great_a master_n of_o livonia_n in_o 1561_o be_v in_o danger_n to_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o commit_v itself_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v subject_n to_o they_o here_o be_v ancient_o a_o bishop_n see_v but_o since_o lutheranism_n spread_v itself_o into_o these_o part_n that_o title_n be_v here_o discontinue_v and_o all_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n manage_v by_o superintendent_o for_o the_o promote_a of_o learning_n and_o good_a education_n this_o city_n have_v one_o public_a gymnasium_n wherein_o professor_n and_o tutor_n be_v maintain_v to_o read_v and_o teach_v humanity_n and_o all_o the_o liberal_a arts._n the_o chief_a church_n be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n olaus_n not_o far_o from_o this_o place_n be_v the_o monastery_n of_o st._n bridget_n seat_v upon_o the_o finnic_a coast_n and_o the_o fort_n pade_n or_o badis_n lie_v upon_o the_o river_n assa_n 4._o vikia_fw-la wicia_n or_o wikke_n which_o have_v in_o it_o these_o three_o place_n of_o note_n 1._o habsalia_n habsel_n lie_v upon_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n former_o viz._n in_o the_o time_n of_o frideric_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dane_n afterward_o a._n d._n 1575._o take_v by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1581._o gain_v by_o john_n iii_o king_n of_o sweden_n 2._o lode_n 3._o leal_n 4._o wickel_n or_o wyck_n all_o fort_n of_o good_a strength_n and_o consideration_n 5._o jervia_n which_o lie_v landward_o almost_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o other_o district_v it_o contain_v wittenstein_n oberpalen_n and_o lau_n or_o lais_n place_n of_o moment_n ii_o odepoa_n bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lake_n peipus_n on_o the_o north_n with_o embeck_n and_o the_o river_n fela_fw-mi and_o pernavia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o great_a bay_n of_o livonia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o lettia_n in_o it_o be_v these_o place_n of_o note_n viz._n 1._o derpat_o derbat_n dorpat_o or_o as_o the_o russes_z call_v it_o juriogoord_n a_o large_a city_n build_v most_o of_o stone_n and_o brick_n and_o secure_v by_o strong_a stonewall_n where_o be_v former_o a_o bishop_n seat_n it_o be_v heretofore_o under_o the_o tzar_n of_o muscovy_n a._n d._n 1230._o under_o the_o pole_n a._n d._n 1582._o afterward_o take_v from_o they_o by_o charles_n duke_n of_o sudermannia_n but_o by_o they_o regain_v a._n d._n 1603._o in_o the_o year_n 1625_o when_o gustavus_n adolphus_n send_v force_n into_o livonia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o jacobus_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr gardie_n this_o city_n be_v gain_v to_o the_o swedish_n crown_n and_o ever_o since_o remain_v as_o a_o part_n of_o its_o possession_n here_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a abundance_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o commodity_n of_o life_n and_o the_o healthfulness_n of_o the_o air_n gustavus_n adolphus_n ann_n 1632_o at_o the_o desire_n of_o one_o john_n skytte_n baron_n in_o ouderof_o who_o have_v sometime_o be_v tutor_n to_o that_o king_n institute_v a_o university_n and_o appoint_v and_o stipend_v one_o rector_n and_o several_a professor_n for_o theology_n history_n mathematics_n etc._n etc._n 2._o warbeck_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n embeck_n 3._o kannelek_n 4._o the_o fort_n ringen_n 5._o odepoa_o a_o small_a town_n whence_o the_o whole_a district_n have_v its_o name_n 6._o nienhausen_n a_o strong_a fort_n upon_o the_o border_n of_o muscovy_n 7._o marienburg_n another_o fort_n not_o far_o from_o the_o lake_n peipus_n 8._o tarne_a a_o place_n ancient_o of_o good_a importance_n but_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o polander_n and_o at_o last_o by_o they_o take_v and_o when_o they_o quit_v it_o so_o demolish_v that_o though_o the_o swede_n have_v spend_v some_o charge_n in_o repair_v it_o it_o have_v not_o at_o present_a attain_v its_o ancient_a strength_n and_o splendour_n 9_o felinum_n fellin_n fifteen_o german_a mile_n from_o 10._o parnavia_n parnow_n upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n for_o all_o commodity_n corn_n especial_o first_o of_o all_o add_v to_o the_o swedish_n dominion_n by_o ericus_n fourteen_o king_n of_o sweden_n a_o 1562_o afterward_o take_v by_o the_o pole_n and_o regain_v from_o they_o an_z 1617._o 11._o sales_n or_o lemsael_n with_o some_o other_o less_o remarkable_a town_n and_o fort_n iii_o lettia_n bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o part_n of_o muscovy_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o livonian_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n with_o odepoa_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o river_n dwina_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v 1._o riga_n a_o arch-bishop_n see_v lie_v in_o 48_o deg_fw-la of_o longitude_n and_o 57_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n of_o latitude_n upon_o the_o dwina_n at_o its_o entrance_n into_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n it_o be_v defend_v with_o a_o strong_a wall_n bulwark_n tower_n a_o extraordinary_a large_a trench_n and_o three_o row_n of_o great_a gun_n which_o be_v put_v in_o good_a order_n and_o readiness_n chief_o by_o the_o care_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n here_o be_v a_o note_a harbour_n for_o ship_n much_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o germany_n holland_n england_n etc._n etc._n who_o come_v hither_o in_o the_o summertime_n and_o be_v lade_v with_o hemp_n flax_n wax_n pitch_n tar_n with_o plank_n also_o and_o wood_n ready_a hew_v for_o build_v ship_n with_o skin_n of_o all_o sort_n as_o of_o bear_n elk_n fox_n etc._n etc._n and_o fur_n of_o castor_n sables_n martron_n ermine_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o be_v bring_v to_o this_o city_n out_o of_o muscovy_n and_o poland_n in_o the_o wintertime_n over_o the_o ice_n and_o snow_n upon_o sledd_n and_o make_v ready_a for_o sale_n against_o the_o time_n when_o the_o merchant_n usual_o arrive_v the_o citizen_n common_o speak_v either_o swedish_n german_n curlandish_a or_o livonian_a and_o have_v their_o divine_a service_n which_o be_v reform_v according_a to_o the_o augustan_n confession_n always_o celebrate_v in_o some_o one_o of_o those_o language_n in_o the_o year_n 1581._o this_o city_n be_v take_v by_o stephen_n king_n of_o poland_n from_o the_o emperor_n and_o by_o his_o successor_n sigismond_n iii_o endow_v with_o many_o notable_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n and_o by_o he_o keep_v in_o possession_n till_o 1605_o at_o what_o time_n gustavus_n adolphus_n prince_n of_o sweden_n bring_v a_o army_n into_o livonia_n and_o after_o six_o week_n close_a siege_n have_v it_o surrender_v up_o to_o he_o since_o which_o time_n it_o have_v always_o be_v under_o the_o swedish_n power_n 2._o dunamund_n i._n e._n the_o mouth_n of_o the_o duna_n or_o dwina_n so_o call_v from_o its_o situation_n be_v place_v upon_o the_o dwina_n two_o mile_n from_o riga_n at_o its_o very_a entrance_n into_o the_o livonian_a bay_n it_o be_v a_o fort_n of_o great_a importance_n command_v the_o whole_a river_n so_o that_o without_o leave_n have_v from_o the_o governor_n here_o no_o ship_n can_v pass_v into_o or_o come_v out_o of_o the_o harbour_n of_o riga_n and_o because_o the_o dwina_n at_o this_o place_n break_v forcible_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o often_o in_o the_o spring-time_n especial_o bring_v huge_a flake_n of_o ice_n along_o with_o it_o very_o much_o alter_v the_o channel_n and_o thereby_o make_v the_o passage_n into_o the_o river_n very_o dangerous_a there_o be_v wait_v here_o a_o sort_n of_o experience_a guide_n call_v pilosen_v or_o pilot_n who_o for_o small_a wage_n conduct_v all_o stranger_n along_o the_o safe_a way_n either_o up_o to_o riga_n or_o back_o again_o into_o the_o baltic_a 3._o kakenhusen_n kockehaus_n a_o strong_a fort_n where_o be_v ancient_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n 4._o ascherad_n with_o many_o lesser_a town_n
village_n and_o fort_n of_o the_o late_a accession_n in_o pomeren_n and_o the_o empire_n how_o far_o the_o victorious_a arm_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n spread_v themselves_o in_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n pass_v over_o the_o elb_n the_o rhine_n and_o the_o danow_n in_o one_o year_n and_o thereby_o become_v as_o well_o the_o terror_n as_o wonder_v of_o europe_n be_v sufficient_o know_v to_o all_o the_o world_n and_o how_o after_o his_o death_n the_o swedish_n conquest_n in_o those_o part_n begin_v to_o lessen_v and_o several_a place_n of_o importance_n to_o be_v either_o forcible_o regain_v by_o the_o emperor_n or_o by_o the_o succeed_a king_n of_o sweden_n free_o yield_v up_o to_o he_o be_v no_o less_o manifest_a what_o city_n town_n fort_n title_n territory_n etc._n etc._n be_v by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n conclude_v between_o the_o imperial_a minister_n and_o the_o swedish_n agent_n in_o lieu_n of_o those_o many_o and_o large_a dominion_n which_o gustavus_n adolphus_n have_v possess_v himself_o of_o give_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n either_o absolute_o and_o for_o ever_o or_o under_o some_o condition_n to_o be_v by_o the_o swede_n observe_v we_o shall_v in_o this_o place_n only_a mention_n remit_v the_o more_o large_a description_n of_o they_o to_o pomeren_n germany_n etc._n etc._n whereunto_o they_o do_v former_o belong_v and_o where_o a_o account_n of_o they_o may_v be_v expect_v by_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n between_o the_o imperial_a plenipotentiaries_n and_o swedish_n minister_n hold_v at_o osnabrug_n and_o munster_n a._n d._n 1649_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o because_o christina_n queen_n of_o sweden_n have_v require_v of_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o electoral_a prince_n that_o satisfaction_n shall_v be_v make_v she_o for_o deliver_v up_o to_o they_o several_a place_n which_o have_v be_v by_o her_o father_n in_o the_o late_a war_n bring_v under_o the_o swedish_n power_n and_o likewise_o upon_o account_n that_o she_o earnest_o desire_v as_o much_o as_o in_o she_o lay_v to_o restore_v and_o promote_v the_o public_a peace_n of_o the_o empire_n which_o the_o emperor_n and_o their_o electoral_a highness_n on_o the_o other_o part_n be_v very_o ready_a by_o all_o mean_n to_o advance_v and_o take_v care_n of_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o electoral_a prince_n and_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n shall_v give_v up_o to_o the_o queen_n of_o sweden_n and_o to_o her_o heir_n and_o successor_n these_o follow_a dominion_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o they_o in_o full_a right_n of_o possession_n as_o a_o perpetual_a and_o immediate_a feud_n of_o the_o empire_n viz._n 1._o all_o nether-pomeren_a common_o call_v nor-pomern_a with_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o extent_n as_o the_o late_a duke_n of_o pomeren_n have_v possess_v and_o enjoy_v the_o same_o and_o also_o in_o further-pomeren_a stetin_n gartz_n dam_n golnau_n the_o isle_n wollin_n with_o part_n of_o the_o river_n other_o that_o encompass_v it_o the_o sea_n common_o call_v das_fw-la frische_n haff_n with_o its_o three_o bay_n peine_fw-fr swine_n and_o divenow_n and_o so_o much_o land_n on_o each_o side_n as_o shall_v be_v agree_v on_o by_o the_o commissioner_n to_o be_v appoint_v for_o assign_v the_o just_a limit_n for_o both_o party_n which_o say_v kingdom_n of_o pomeren_n and_o principality_n of_o rugen_n with_o all_o dominion_n belong_v or_o place_n annex_v to_o either_o of_o they_o and_o also_o all_o territory_n prefecture_n city_n fort_n town_n village_n feud_n river_n isle_n etc._n etc._n with_o all_o tribute_n revenue_n title_n dignity_n preeminence_n immunity_n and_o praerogative_n ecclesiastical_a or_o civil_a with_o all_o other_o right_n and_o privilege_n shall_v from_o that_o day_n 27_o of_o july_n a._n 1648_o for_o ever_o belong_v to_o and_o be_v free_o use_v and_o inviolable_o possess_v by_o the_o then_z queen_n of_o sweden_n her_o heir_n and_o successor_n in_o as_o full_a and_o ample_a manner_n as_o the_o former_a duke_n of_o pomeren_n have_v have_v enjoy_v or_o govern_v the_o same_o moreover_o that_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o brandenburg_n shall_v both_o of_o they_o use_v the_o title_n and_o arm_n of_o pomeren_n after_o the_o manner_n that_o the_o former_a duke_n of_o pomeren_n use_v they_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n for_o ever_o and_o the_o duke_n of_o brandenburg_n so_o long_o as_o any_o of_o the_o issue_n male_a of_o that_o family_n remain_v but_o that_o upon_o defect_n of_o the_o masculine_a line_n of_o the_o house_n of_o brandenburg_n none_o shall_v lay_v claim_n to_o those_o title_n and_o arm_n of_o pomeren_n but_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n sole_o to_o retain_v they_o without_o any_o competitor_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o then_o to_o have_v all_o further_a pomeren_n with_o the_o bishopric_n and_o chapter_n of_o camminen_n yield_v up_o to_o they_o and_o their_o successor_n for_o ever_o 2._o that_o the_o emperor_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o elector_n shall_v give_v up_o to_o the_o say_a queen_n and_o her_o successor_n for_o ever_o the_o city_n and_o port_n of_o wismar_n with_o the_o fort_n walfisch_n and_o the_o prefecture_n of_o poel_n the_o town_n sehedorff_n wietendorff_n brandenhusen_n and_o wangern_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o hospital_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n in_o lubeck_n except_v and_o newen_n closter_n with_o all_o right_n and_o privilege_n belong_v to_o they_o in_o as_o full_a and_o ample_a manner_n as_o the_o duke_n of_o meklenburg_n have_v before_o enjoy_v and_o possess_v they_o 3._o that_o the_o emperor_n with_o etc._n etc._n shall_v give_v up_o to_o the_o queen_n of_o sweden_n and_o her_o successor_n for_o ever_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o breme_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o verden_n with_o the_o town_n and_o prefecture_n of_o wilshausen_n and_o also_o all_o the_o right_a the_o arch-bishop_n of_o breme_n have_v to_o the_o chapter_n and_o dioece_n of_o hamburg_n provide_v that_o the_o house_n of_o holsatia_n and_o the_o city_n and_o chapter_n of_o hamburg_n retain_v their_o respective_a liberty_n possession_n etc._n etc._n with_o all_o and_o singular_a right_n privilege_n etc._n etc._n ecclesiastical_a or_o civil_a to_o the_o say_a archbishopric_n bishopric_n and_o prefecture_n in_o any-wise_a belong_v yet_o to_o retain_v they_o for_o ever_o as_o a_o immediate_a fee_n of_o the_o empire_n use_v the_o ancient_a arm_n which_o belong_v to_o they_o but_o change_v the_o ecclefiastical_a title_n into_o a_o secular_a one_o viz._n that_o of_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n into_o duke_n of_o breme_n and_o verden_n and_o likewise_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n by_o virtue_n of_o this_o grant_v to_o have_v privilege_n to_o be_v present_a at_o all_o diet_n of_o the_o empire_n under_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o breme_n verden_n and_o pomeren_n prince_n of_o rugen_n and_o lord_n of_o wismar_n and_o to_o take_v place_n among_o the_o secular_a prince_n on_o the_o five_o seat_n in_o the_o say_a diet_n and_o in_o all_o controversy_n arise_v concern_v these_o territory_n to_o appeal_v to_o some_o of_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n be_v court_n of_o judicature_n there_o to_o have_v they_o determine_v 4._o that_o the_o queen_n of_o sweden_n or_o her_o successor_n may_v have_v power_n to_o erect_v a_o university_n where_o they_o think_v most_o convenient_a in_o any_o part_n of_o these_o new_a dominion_n last_o that_o her_o majesty_n of_o sweden_n and_o her_o successor_n shall_v acknowledge_v all_o these_o possession_n as_o feudiatary_a to_o the_o emperor_n and_o receive_v all_o investiture_n from_o and_o as_o their_o predecessor_n and_o other_o vassal_n of_o the_o empire_n former_o use_v to_o do_v to_z take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n and_o allegiance_n to_o he_o and_o his_o imperial_a successor_n for_o ever_o by_o these_o additional_a dominion_n in_o pomeren_n and_o germany_n which_o at_o present_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o war_n between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n be_v very_o much_o disturb_v and_o in_o great_a confusion_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v as_o be_v say_v several_a new_a title_n confer_v upon_o they_o which_o with_o other_o that_o be_v take_v from_o their_o late_a conquest_n in_o livonia_n carelia_n etc._n etc._n make_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o whole_a catalogue_n the_o present_a king_n style_v himself_o thus_o the_o most_o serene_a and_o most_o &c._n &c._n prince_n charles_n xi_o king_n of_o the_o swede_n goth_n and_o vandal_n and_o hereditary_a prince_n great_a prince_n of_o finland_n duke_n of_o schonen_fw-mi esthonia_n livonia_n carelia_n breme_n verde_n stetin_n pomeren_n cassubie_n and_o wenden_n prince_n of_o rugen_n lord_n of_o ingria_n and_o wismar_n count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n juliers_n cleves_n bergen_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o new_a accession_n in_o denmark_n within_o the_o baltic_a sea_n viz._n scania_n hallandia_n
blekingia_n etc._n etc._n by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n feb._n 26_o ann_n 1658_o between_o charles_n x._o then_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o frederic_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n the_o province_n of_o scania_n hallandia_n and_o the_o castle_n of_o bahus_n with_o all_o the_o fort_n island_n etc._n etc._n and_o also_o all_o the_o royalty_n jurisdiction_n dominion_n ecclesiastical_a or_o civil_a with_o the_o revenue_n tribute_n payment_n and_o all_o right_n whatsoever_o whether_o by_o land_n or_o sea_n be_v by_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n in_o consideration_n of_o have_v some_o place_n restore_v to_o he_o as_o sialand_n laland_n falstria_n etc._n etc._n which_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v during_o the_o late_a war_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o whole_o cede_v and_o give_v up_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n as_o a_o perpetual_a possession_n to_o be_v incorporate_v with_o that_o kingdom_n for_o ever_o in_o as_o full_a and_o ample_a manner_n as_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n have_v former_o possess_v and_o enjoy_v the_o same_o and_o by_o another_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n ann_n 1660_o between_o the_o say_v frideric_n iii_o of_o denmark_n and_o this_o present_a king_n of_o sweden_n these_o province_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o they_o have_v be_v grant_v by_o the_o former_a treaty_n be_v confirm_v to_o the_o swedish_n crown_n we_o shall_v treat_v of_o all_o these_o province_n though_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o present_a war_n betwixt_o the_o swede_n and_o dane_n the_o possession_n of_o they_o be_v much_o disturb_v and_o some_o city_n and_o fort_n in_o they_o seize_v and_o garrison_v by_o the_o danish_a force_n as_o accessional_a part_n of_o this_o kingdom_n remit_v what_o may_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o ancient_a title_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v to_o they_o or_o what_o else_o may_v concern_v they_o to_o be_v speak_v to_o in_o that_o kingdom_n 1._o scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o province_n abound_v as_o be_v say_v in_o gothia_n with_o corn_n beast_n bird_n and_o all_o commodity_n of_o life_n have_v on_o the_o east_n blekingia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o sund_n along_o the_o shore_n of_o which_o it_o run_v for_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o german_a mile_n on_o the_o north_n hallandia_n and_o westro-gothia_a and_o on_o the_o south_n part_n of_o the_o baltic_a or_o ost-zee_n it_o be_v in_o length_n eighteen_o and_o where_o broad_o in_o breadth_n twelve_o german_a miel_n in_o it_o be_v beside_o many_o town_n and_o village_n twelve_o nomarchy_n or_o principality_n the_o chief_a city_n be_v 1._o lundia_fw-la lundon_n or_o lune_fw-fr former_o from_o the_o year_n 1109_o to_o 1559_o the_o seat_n of_o a_o archbishop_n who_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v to_o the_o general_a diet_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o have_v his_o voice_n in_o they_o it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v two_o and_o twenty_o church_n in_o it_o and_o among_o the_o rest_n a_o magnificent_a cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n laurence_n no_o less_o remarkable_a for_o its_o high_a steeple_n which_o be_v a_o guide_n to_o mariner_n and_o its_o large_a vault_n under_o the_o choir_n then_o for_o the_o dial_n which_o show_v the_o year_n month_n week_n day_n and_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n all_o at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o all_o feast_n both_o movable_a and_o fix_a as_o also_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n and_o their_o progress_n through_o every_o degree_n of_o the_o zodiac_n this_o clock_n be_v so_o order_v by_o artificial_a engine_n that_o when_o ever_o it_o strike_v two_o horseman_n come_v forth_o and_o encounter_v each_o other_o the_o one_o give_v the_o other_o just_a so_o many_o blow_n as_o the_o hammer_n be_v to_o strike_v upon_o the_o bell_n at_o what_o time_n a_o door_n open_v the_o virgin_n mary_n appear_v sit_v upon_o a_o throne_n with_o christ_n in_o her_o arm_n and_o the_o magi_n do_v he_o reverence_n and_o two_o trumpeter_n sound_v all_o the_o while_n this_o be_v the_o suppose_a work_n of_o caspar_n bartholine_n the_o famous_a mathematician_n the_o altar_n also_o of_o this_o church_n be_v a_o excellent_a piece_n of_o work_n of_o black_a and_o white_a marble_n adorn_v on_o the_o forepart_n with_o the_o sculpture_n of_o frederic_n two_o and_o sophia_n his_o wife_n and_o upon_o the_o table-stone_n with_o the_o image_n of_o our_o saviour_n and_o his_o twelve_o apostle_n at_o his_o last_o supper_n 2._o malmoge_fw-mi or_o as_o some_o call_v it_o elbogen_n at_o the_o very_a southern_a point_n of_o schonen_fw-mi just_a opposite_a to_o copenhagen_n in_o zealand_n a_o well_o trade_v port_n the_o birthplace_n of_o the_o say_v caspar_n bartholine_n or_o malmogius_n danus_n as_o some_o please_v to_o name_v he_o the_o great_a mathematician_n 3._o trelleberg_n north_n of_o elbogen_n 4._o landscroon_fw-mi on_o the_o sea_n side_n a_o place_n of_o great_a consequence_n and_o strength_n build_v by_o ericus_n viii_o an._n 1413._o it_o have_v six_o gate_n in_o all_o three_o towards_o the_o sea_n and_o three_o towards_o the_o continent_n with_o a_o fair_a marketplace_n and_o a_o stately_a stadt-house_n here_o be_v a_o large_a and_o convenient_a harbour_n for_o ship_n though_o of_o somewhat_o hazardous_a entrance_n this_o city_n be_v fortify_v with_o a_o castle_n by_o christian_n iii_o who_o remove_v the_o fair_a at_o engelholm_n to_o this_o place_n where_o it_o be_v keep_v at_o midsummer_n every_o year_n with_o a_o great_a concourse_n of_o merchant_n 5._o helsemburg_n a_o mean_a town_n but_o fortify_v with_o a_o impregnable_a castle_n just_a opposite_a to_o helsinore_n and_o croneberg_n in_o seland_n the_o other_o of_o the_o two_o key_n which_o open_v into_o the_o sund._n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o castle_n rise_v a_o high_a four_o square_a tower_n which_o show_v itself_o to_o mariner_n a_o great_a way_n off_o from_o the_o castle_n and_o serve_v they_o as_o a_o mark_n to_o steer_v their_o course_n by_o in_o this_o town_n be_v keep_v two_o fair_n every_o year_n one_o in_o mid-lent_n the_o other_o upon_o palm-sunday_n note_v for_o the_o concourse_n of_o people_n and_o great_a store_n of_o merchandise_n vend_v here_o 6._o radneby_n a_o frontier_n town_n border_v on_o verendia_fw-la 7._o christiania_n or_o christendorp_n build_v by_o christiern_n iu._n an._n 1604_o out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o ahusia_n and_o vaea_n or_o wa_n and_o fortify_v with_o eight_o bulwark_n and_o so_o encompass_v with_o fen_n and_o marsh_n on_o one_o side_n and_o with_o the_o sea_n on_o the_o other_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v almost_o impregnable_a to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v 8._o scanore_n the_o most_o ancient_a of_o any_o 2._o hallandia_n hallandia_n hallandia_n or_o hallandt_n which_o lie_v to_o the_o north_n east_n upon_o part_n of_o westro_n gothia_n its_o limit_n begin_v at_o the_o promontory_n call_v by_o the_o native_n hallands-ars_a by_o stranger_n coll_n and_o thence_o run_v along_o the_o codane_a shore_n to_o elsburg_n sixteen_o german_a mile_n and_o may_v be_v say_v to_o have_v on_o the_o west_n the_o sea_n which_o run_v betwixt_o it_o and_o jutland_n on_o the_o north_n part_n of_o smalandia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi of_o this_o province_n see_v what_o be_v say_v in_o westro-gothia_a 3._o blescida_n blekingia_n or_o bleck_v blekingia_n blekingia_n a_o province_n somewhat_o mountainous_a woody_a and_o barren_a and_o not_o near_o so_o fertile_a as_o either_o of_o the_o two_o former_a it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n and_o south_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o north_n with_o verendia_fw-la in_o smaland_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o schonen_fw-mi the_o whole_a province_n be_v divide_v into_o eight_o nomarchy_n and_o contain_v these_o city_n and_o town_n of_o note_n all_o lie_v upon_o the_o baltic_a 1._o vstadium_n vulg_n vster_n 2._o stanthamera_fw-la or_o santhamer_n 3._o ahuiis_fw-la 4._o selsburg_n 5._o elenholm_n 6._o rottenbuy_n 7._o christianopolis_n christenberg_n raise_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n by_o christiern_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n a._n d._n 1604_o to_o defend_v his_o kingdom_n on_o this_o side_n but_o not_o long_o after_o by_o a_o warlike_a stratagem_n surprise_v by_o the_o swede_n an._n 1611_o and_o by_o they_o destroy_v and_o quite_o dispeople_v since_o which_o time_n it_o have_v be_v rebuilt_a and_o at_o present_a be_v very_o well_o replenish_v with_o inhabitant_n and_o much_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n 10._o bromsebro_n famous_a for_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o sweden_n and_o christianus_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n conclude_v at_o this_o town_n a._n d._n 1648_o with_o many_o small_a town_n and_o village_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v 4._o jemptia_n jemptia_n jemptia_n or_o jempterland_n so_o call_v from_o one_o kietellus_n jampte_v a_o norwegian_a nobleman_n who_o escape_v from_o the_o tyranny_n of_o harald_n harfager_n king_n of_o norway_n come_v
of_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o people_n who_o flock_n hither_o for_o justice_n in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o criminal_a it_o be_v former_o call_v cimmersbeg_n as_o be_v the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o ancient_a cimbrian_o tacitus_n call_v it_o civitatem_fw-la parvam_fw-la but_o withal_o that_o it_o have_v be_v a_o glorious_a and_o strong_a hold_n and_o the_o metropolis_n of_o a_o terrible_a and_o warlike_a nation_n whence_o and_o when_o it_o get_v the_o name_n wiberg_n be_v not_o easy_o determine_v some_o tell_v we_o that_o after_o the_o many_o petty_a principality_n of_o the_o cimbrian_o be_v unite_v into_o one_o monarchy_n by_o wiglet_n this_o city_n lose_v its_o ancient_a name_n and_o be_v call_v after_o the_o prince_n wigburg_n corrupt_v by_o degree_n into_o wiberg_n elnot_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n canutus_n say_v it_o have_v its_o new_a name_n from_o wig_n a_o idol_n worship_v in_o this_o place_n i_o rather_o think_v it_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o danish_a pirate_n call_v former_o wig_n or_o wikenger_n for_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o the_o northern_a country_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v more_o than_o the_o fruit_n of_o the_o land_n can_v sustain_v for_o young_a nobleman_n to_o live_v of_o what_o they_o can_v catch_v abroad_o as_o the_o lacedaemonian_n think_v robbery_n so_o these_o fancy_a piracy_n lawful_a and_o glorious_a whence_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n will_v often_o turn_v pirate_n and_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o king_n though_o they_o have_v not_o the_o least_o dominion_n at_o land_n as_o the_o norwegian_a history_n report_v of_o st._n olaus_n the_o most_o notorious_a pirate_n mention_v by_o the_o northern_a historian_n be_v the_o jomswikinger_n who_o dwell_v in_o the_o city_n wollin_n call_v ancient_o jomsberg_n where_o they_o have_v establish_v certain_a law_n and_o be_v subject_a to_o magistrate_n and_o governor_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n cambden_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o dane_n be_v usual_o understand_v by_o the_o name_n viccingi_n in_o the_o latin_a writer_n of_o our_o english_a history_n because_o say_v he_o they_o be_v profess_v pirate_n in_o our_o learned_a king_n aelfred_n translation_n of_o bede_n ecclesiastical_a history_n pirate_n be_v call_v wicengas_n and_o wicing_n and_o mr._n cambden_n guess_v probable_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o glocestershire_n worcestershire_n etc._n etc._n be_v former_o call_v wiccii_n from_o the_o sea-robbery_n commit_v daily_o by_o they_o upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o severn_n the_o english-saxons_a name_v a_o stout_a warrior_n wiga_n skill_n in_o war_n wig-chaept_a a_o fort_n wighus_o etc._n etc._n in_o the_o old_a francic_a history_n of_o the_o life_n of_o st._n anno_fw-la archbishop_n of_o cologne_n we_o read_v ninus_n hiz_v der_fw-mi eristi_fw-la mann_n de_fw-fr dir_fw-mi ie_fw-fr volc_n wigis_fw-la begin_v i._n e._n ninus_n be_v the_o first_o that_o ever_o make_v war_n and_o in_o willeramus_n paraphrase_n upon_o the_o canticle_n wighuis_n be_v a_o castle_n wiigfimme_v the_o art_n of_o combat_n etc._n etc._n nial_n runic_a history_n say_v gunnar_n var_fw-mi alra_fw-mi manna_n best_a viigur_n deira_fw-la sem_fw-mi de_fw-fr voru_fw-fr a_o island_n i.e._n gunnar_n be_v the_o best_a champion_n that_o live_v in_o island_n in_o his_o day_n from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v it_o seem_v very_o probable_a that_o wiberg_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o wigton_n the_o name_n of_o several_a great_a town_n in_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o the_o scot_n still_o retain_v so_o much_o of_o the_o old_a saxon_a word_n wig_n as_o to_o call_v soldier_n and_o pillager_n of_o the_o country_n wig_n or_o wiganeer_n there_o have_v be_v for_o some_o year_n a_o quarrel_n between_o the_o bishop_n of_o alburg_n and_o wiburg_n about_o precedency_n each_o pretend_v his_o bishopric_n the_o more_o ancient_a it_o be_v very_o hard_a if_o not_o impossible_a to_o decide_v the_o controversy_n except_o we_o date_n the_o first_o institution_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o alburg_n from_o the_o removal_n of_o the_o bishop_n palace_n to_o that_o city_n for_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wiburg_n and_o borlum_n be_v both_o found_v in_o one_o year_n by_o sueno_n esthrith_n who_o make_v heribert_n bishop_n of_o wiburg_n the_o same_o time_n that_o he_o give_v borlum_n to_o magnus_n witfield_n give_v wiburg_n the_o precedency_n but_o alburg_n be_v reckon_v the_o better_a and_o more_o honourable_a preferment_n by_o other_o danish_a writer_n from_o the_o high_a court_n of_o judicature_n hold_v at_o wiburg_n the_o jutlander_n can_v make_v no_o appeal_n save_v to_o the_o king_n himself_o the_o most_o memorable_a bay_n in_o this_o diocese_n be_v sallingsundt_n virckesundt_fw-mi hualpsundt_fw-mi sebersundt_fw-mi and_o othesundt_n the_o last_o of_o which_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o who_o make_v a_o incursion_n into_o jutland_n about_o the_o year_n 948_o come_v as_o far_o as_o this_o bay_n into_o which_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v cast_v his_o spear_n and_o give_v it_o the_o name_n it_o retain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o most_o considerable_a and_o fruitful_a part_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v salling_n a_o peninsula_n in_o the_o limfiord_n whence_o be_v bring_v the_o best_a horse_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n the_o name_n of_o this_o province_n seem_v to_o point_v out_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o old_a sabalingi_n who_o ptolomey_n make_v a_o people_n inhabit_v some_o part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n but_o more_o southerly_a than_o salling_n the_o chief_a river_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wiburg_n be_v gudius_n gutalus_n or_o guddenus_n call_v by_o the_o native_n gudden_a aa_n and_o store_v with_o plenty_n of_o fish_n arhuse_n be_v a_o neat_a and_o pleasant_a seaport_n town_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n arhusen_n arhusen_n whence_o etymologist_n derive_v its_o name_n from_o aar-hus_a i._n e._n the_o house_n of_o oar_n which_o be_v a_o much_o more_o probable_a conjecture_n than_o be_v bring_v by_o pontanus_n who_o fetch_v the_o word_n arhusen_n from_o ptolomy_n harudes_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o danish_a historian_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v first_o make_v a_o bishop_n see_v about_o the_o year_n 1014._o though_o if_o it_o be_v true_a that_o poppo_n be_v make_v bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n its_o original_n must_v be_v fetch_v as_o high_a as_o the_o year_n 992._o the_o cathedral_n at_o arhuse_n be_v a_o neat_a piece_n of_o architecture_n adorn_v with_o several_a rich_a monument_n of_o bishop_n noblemen_z etc._n etc._n the_o bishop_n palace_n have_v lie_v many_o year_n in_o its_o ruin_n which_o still_o retain_v mark_n of_o its_o ancient_a splendour_n and_o grandeur_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o the_o heart_n of_o jutland_n and_o furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n that_o the_o country_n afford_v at_o a_o very_a reasonable_a rate_n and_o what_o foreign_a commodity_n either_o the_o need_n or_o luxury_n of_o its_o citizen_n call_v for_o be_v bring_v daily_o in_o by_o the_o mariner_n in_o this_o diocese_n there_o be_v thirty_o one_o judicature_n seven_o city_n three_o hundred_o and_o four_o parish_n and_o five_o fort_n the_o strong_a of_o which_o be_v schanderborch_n or_o schonderborch_n i.e._n the_o neat_a castle_n seat_v on_o the_o gudden_a the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n of_o note_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o arhusen_n be_v 1._o horsen_a on_o the_o south_n of_o arhusen_n 2._o randruse_v a_o place_n famous_a for_o the_o best_a salmon_n in_o jutland_n 3._o ebeltod_a on_o the_o baltic_a coast_n a_o town_n of_o considerable_a trade_n the_o bishopric_n of_o ripen_v ripen_v ripen_v border_v on_o the_o southern_a jutland_n contain_v in_o it_o seven_o city_n two_o hundred_o eighty_o two_o parish_n ten_o castle_n and_o a_o hundred_o nobleman_n house_n it_o be_v seat_v upon_o the_o clear_a and_o sweet_a river_n nipsaa_n which_o part_v itself_o into_o three_o stream_n divide_v the_o town_n into_o as_o many_o part_n and_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o city_n arm_n which_o be_v three_o lion_n here_o about_o ptolemy_n seem_v to_o place_v his_o cimbros_n phundusios_fw-gr that_o this_o city_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o latin_a word_n ripa_n upon_o its_o be_v situate_a on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n be_v no_o great_a wonder_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o whilst_o the_o native_n of_o these_o part_n busy_v themselves_o chief_o in_o fortify_v and_o people_n their_o great_a ciity_n it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o the_o german_n roman_n and_o other_o foreigner_n to_o give_v name_n to_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o seacoast_n which_o after_o a_o revolution_n of_o some_o year_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o a_o brisk_a sea-trade_n grow_v bulky_a and_o be_v often_o advance_v into_o large_a corporation_n the_o cathedral_n be_v a_o stately_a fabric_n of_o hew_a stone_n beautify_v with_o a_o tower_n of_o a_o incredible_a height_n which_o
serve_v for_o a_o good_a landmark_n to_o the_o seaman_n that_o sail_v along_o this_o dangerous_a shore_n this_o church_n be_v first_o build_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o hill_n by_o king_n eric_n barn_n who_o st._n ansgar_n have_v convert_v to_o christianity_n about_o the_o year_n 848._o near_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n after_o upon_o the_o reclaim_n of_o the_o dane_n from_o the_o idolatry_n they_o be_v relapse_v into_o this_o church_n be_v turn_v into_o a_o cathedral_n and_o ripen_v make_v a_o bishop_n see_v as_o it_o have_v continue_v ever_o since_o there_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o university_n at_o ripen_v but_o come_v far_o short_a of_o that_o at_o copenhagen_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o moment_n in_o this_o diocese_n be_v 1._o kolding_n first_o build_v by_o eric_n glip_v about_o the_o year_n 1268_o in_o the_o place_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o fortify_v with_o such_o strong_a wall_n and_o good_a ditch_n as_o make_v it_o a_o city_n able_a to_o defend_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o danish_a dominion_n which_o in_o those_o day_n reach_v no_o further_a south_n than_o this_o place_n but_o they_o that_o think_v kolding_n have_v its_o name_n from_o ptolomy_n chali_n who_o seem_v to_o be_v place_v in_o this_o part_n of_o jutland_n make_v it_o a_o city_n much_o more_o ancient_a christian_n iii_o be_v so_o much_o take_v with_o the_o situation_n of_o it_o and_o plenty_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o the_o country_n adjoin_v that_o he_o remove_v his_o court_n to_o the_o castle_n arnsburgh_n which_o hang_v over_o the_o town_n which_o he_o repair_v and_o in_o which_o he_o end_v his_o day_n on_o the_o south_n the_o city_n be_v wash_v by_o a_o river_n which_o divide_v the_o northern_a jutland_n from_o the_o southern_a and_o separate_v itself_o into_o two_o branch_n be_v empty_v soon_o after_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o bridge_n over_o this_o river_n bring_v yearly_o a_o great_a treasure_n into_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n coffer_n for_o beside_o the_o impost_n upon_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o commodity_n for_o every_o ox_n or_o horse_n that_o pass_v this_o bridge_n towards_o holstein_n or_o any_o of_o the_o hans_n town_n the_o owner_n pay_v a_o rixdollar_n which_o consider_v the_o infinite_a number_n of_o horse_n and_o kine_n which_o be_v yearly_o send_v this_o way_n out_o of_o the_o northern_a jutland_n must_v needs_o amount_v to_o a_o vast_a revenue_n 2._o we_o will_v a_o compact_n neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n on_o the_o baltic_a shore_n but_o not_o very_o large_a 3._o ward_n 4._o rinkope_v both_o seat_v near_o the_o western-shore_n upon_o the_o same_o river_n 5._o holstebro_fw-la 6._o lemwick_n which_o be_v the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o ripen_v northward_o seat_v on_o the_o limfiord_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n at_o jell_v a_o small_a village_n in_o this_o bishopric_n not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n we_o will_v be_v to_o be_v see_v one_o of_o the_o most_o famon_n runic_a monument_n that_o the_o three_o northern_a kingdom_n afford_v this_o village_n be_v say_v to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o one_o elling_n a_o general_n of_o the_o cimbrian_o and_o fancy_v to_o have_v be_v the_o seat_n of_o several_a danish_a king_n the_o inscription_n have_v be_v think_v worthy_a the_o diligent_a enquiry_n of_o jos_n scaliger_n bonaventura_n vulcanius_n lindenbrogius_fw-la stephanius_n and_o wormius_n and_o may_v therefore_o just_o challenge_v a_o place_n in_o our_o description_n of_o this_o province_n the_o word_n be_v these_o haralter_n kunugr_n bad_a kaurva_fw-la kubl_n dausi_fw-la eft_o gurm_n fadur_v sin_n aug_n eft_o thiurni_n mudur_fw-fr sinasa_fw-la haraltr_n kesor_fw-la van_fw-mi tanmaurk_n alla_fw-mi aug_fw-mi nurvieg_n aug_n tini_fw-la folk_n kristno_n i._n e._n harald_n the_o king_n command_v this_o tomb_n to_o be_v build_v in_o remembrance_n of_o gormo_n his_o father_n and_o thyra_n his_o mother_n harald_n the_o emperor_n win_v denmark_n and_o all_o norway_n and_o christen_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o both_o kingdom_n how_o worthy_a queen_n thyra_n be_v of_o such_o a_o last_a monument_n as_o this_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o and_o shall_v in_o this_o place_n only_o take_v notice_n of_o king_n harald_n style_v himself_n kesor_n or_o emperor_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v do_v in_o contempt_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o who_o have_v conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n annex_v this_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o write_v himself_o emperor_n of_o the_o north_n till_o this_o king_n harald_n blaatand_n force_v he_o to_o retire_v and_o make_v he_o part_v with_o not_o only_o whatever_o he_o have_v take_v in_o jutland_n but_o a_o great_a part_n of_o saxony_n after_o so_o great_a a_o conquest_n and_o defeat_n of_o so_o mighty_a a_o emperor_n he_o have_v reason_n to_o assume_v a_o title_n as_o swell_v as_o ever_o otho_n can_v pretend_v to_o who_o come_v no_o further_o than_o othesundt_fw-mi with_o his_o army_n especial_o if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o helmoldus_n report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o be_v so_o far_o king_n of_o saxony_n as_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o those_o law_n which_o be_v to_o this_o day_n observe_v in_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n and_o contain_v in_o their_o saxon-spiegel_n southern_a jutland_n the_o southern_a jutland_n which_o be_v often_o comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o sleswic_n reach_v from_o kolding_n and_o the_o river_n leewens_n aa_n as_o far_o as_o the_o dannewirk_n which_o be_v reckon_v about_o eighteen_o german_a mile_n the_o breadth_n of_o it_o do_v not_o anywhere_o exceed_v eight_o seldom_o six_o mile_n the_o chief_a city_n sleswic_n sleswic_n which_o sometime_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a province_n be_v sleswic_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o a_o river_n or_o rather_o a_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n de_fw-fr slye_n so_o that_o sleswic_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o village_n call_v ancient_o by_o the_o saxon_n wic_n by_o the_o hollander_n to_o this_o day_n wiick_n and_o the_o latin_n vicus_n upon_o the_o slye_n hence_o the_o ancient_a people_n of_o these_o part_n be_v call_v by_o ptolemy_n sigulones_n which_o some_o read_v slieuâ—nes_n i.e._n wooner_n or_o dweller_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o sly_a adam_n bremensis_n call_v the_o town_n slias-wig_a and_o ethelwerd_v a_o ancient_a english-saxon_a historian_n give_v we_o this_o account_n of_o it_o anglia_fw-it vetus_fw-la sita_fw-la est_fw-la inter_fw-la saxones_n &_o giotos_n habens_fw-la oppidum_fw-la capitale_n quod_fw-la sermone_fw-la saxonico_n sleswic_n nuncupatur_fw-la secundum_fw-la danos_n vero_fw-la haithaby_n i._n e._n old_a england_n lie_v between_o saxony_n and_o jutland_n the_o metropolis_n of_o which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o saxon_n sleswic_n but_o by_o the_o dane_n haithaby_n in_o a_o old_a history_n of_o the_o life_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a it_o be_v call_v sliestorff_n it_o have_v its_o danish_a name_n haitheby_o say_v pontanus_n from_o hetha_n a_o certain_a queen_n of_o denmark_n which_o assertion_n seem_v confirm_v by_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o preface_n to_o king_n aelfred_n english-saxon_a translation_n of_o orosius_n and_o of_o scipinge_n heal_v he_o cÆ¿aeþ_n ê§_n he_o seglode_v on_o fif_n dagan_a to_o þem_v porte_fw-fr þe_fw-fr mon_fw-fr haetaet_fw-la haeðh_n um_o se_fw-mi stint_v betÆ¿uh_o winedum_o &_o seaxum_n &_o angle_n &_o hyrðh_n in_o on_o dene_fw-mi i.e._n and_o from_o sciringes-heal_a he_o say_v that_o he_o sail_v in_o five_o day_n to_o the_o port_n which_o be_v call_v haethe_n which_o stand_v between_o the_o vandal_n vinedi_fw-la saxon_n and_o the_o angle_n to_o who_o it_o be_v subject_a it_o be_v questionless_a heretofore_o a_o city_n much_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o britain_n france_n spain_n flanders_n and_o all_o other_o part_n of_o the_o trade_a world_n adam_n bremensis_n who_o live_v about_o the_o year_n 1100_o call_v it_o civitatem_fw-la opulentissimam_fw-la ac_fw-la populosissimam_fw-la i.e._n a_o city_n exceed_v rich_a and_o populous_a and_o so_o it_o must_v needs_o have_v be_v for_o before_o mariner_n learn_v perfect_o the_o way_n of_o shun_v the_o dangerous_a sand_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o jutland_n and_o at_o the_o entrance_n into_o the_o baltic_a carriage_n be_v usual_o bring_v up_o the_o eidor_n and_o threan_a as_o far_o as_o holl_v by_o ship_n and_o thence_o convey_v by_o land_n to_o sleswic_n where_o they_o be_v again_o ship_v and_o so_o transport_v into_o zeeland_n sweden_n etc._n etc._n the_o citizen_n here_o be_v first_o convert_v to_o christianity_n and_o the_o great_a church_n build_v by_o king_n eric_n barn_n assist_v by_o st._n anchar_n about_o the_o year_n 800._o not_o long_o after_o in_o the_o year_n 1064_o the_o slavonian_n make_v incursion_n into_o this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n
divide_v former_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n before_o the_o invention_n of_o gun_n and_o other_o terrible_a engine_n of_o war_n now_o use_v by_o all_o the_o european_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n the_o only_a fortification_n and_o rampart_n be_v strong_a wall_n and_o ditch_n which_o the_o ancient_n fancy_v as_o indeed_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o arrow_n and_o battleax_n the_o only_a weapon_n then_o in_o use_n of_o their_o barbarous_a neighbour_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o chinois_n think_v their_o empire_n secure_v from_o the_o incursion_n of_o their_o bloody_a neighbour_n the_o tartar_n when_o their_o famous_a king_n tzinzow_n have_v hedge_v they_o in_o with_o a_o wall_n of_o some_o hundred_o of_o mile_n in_o length_n thus_o the_o best_a expedient_a the_o roman_n can_v find_v of_o put_v the_o border_n of_o their_o british_a dominion_n in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n against_o the_o daily_a revolt_n of_o the_o native_n who_o they_o have_v drive_v into_o scotland_n be_v the_o build_n of_o pict_n wall_n and_o severus_n rampire_n which_o reach_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v their_o territory_n continual_o infest_a by_o the_o daily_a inroad_n of_o the_o german_n think_v it_o high_o requisite_a to_o block_n up_o their_o passage_n by_o wall_v up_o that_o neck_n of_o land_n which_o lie_v between_o hollingsted_a and_o gottorp_n it_o be_v hard_o to_o determine_v from_o the_o account_n give_v by_o historian_n when_o this_o work_n be_v first_o begin_v paulus_n aemilius_n a_o curious_a french_a historian_n say_v gothofr_v king_n of_o denmark_n who_o the_o danish_a writer_n call_v gothric_a be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v use_v of_o this_o stratagem_n to_o exclude_v the_o army_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a about_o the_o year_n 808._o the_o same_o story_n be_v tell_v we_o by_o aimoinus_n and_o christianus_n cilicius_fw-la but_o saxon_a grammaticus_n crantzius_n and_o the_o whole_a class_n of_o the_o northern_a historian_n tell_v we_o unanimous_o that_o queen_n thyra_n daughter_n of_o ethelred_n king_n of_o england_n and_o wife_n to_o gormo_n gamle_n king_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o authoress_n of_o this_o fortification_n and_o that_o thence_o she_o have_v the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v i.e._n the_o mistress_n builder_n of_o the_o danish_a nation_n bestow_v on_o she_o i_o can_v scarce_o allow_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o story_n to_o to_o be_v truth_n since_o we_o find_v that_o this_o surname_n be_v give_v she_o long_o before_o she_o have_v do_v any_o thing_n either_o towards_o the_o building_n or_o repair_v of_o the_o danewirk_n as_o they_o call_v this_o fort._n for_o upon_o a_o monument_n erect_v by_o king_n gormo_n gamle_n in_o honour_n of_o his_o queen_n thyra_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a inscription_n gurmr_n kunugr_n gerdi_fw-la kubl_n dusi_fw-la eft_o turui_fw-la kunu_n sina_fw-la tanmarkur-bat_n i.e._n gormo_n the_o king_n erect_v this_o tomb_n for_o thyra_n his_o queen_n danebode_v or_o repairer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n this_o inscription_n can_v be_v a_o epitaph_n write_v after_o queen_n thyra_n death_n see_v all_o the_o danish_a writer_n assert_v positive_o that_o she_o outlive_v her_o husband_n gormo_n many_o year_n and_o after_o his_o death_n take_v the_o danewirk_n in_o hand_n so_o that_o its_o more_o than_o probable_a the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v be_v give_v she_o for_o the_o many_o good_a office_n she_o have_v do_v the_o nation_n in_o repair_v several_a old_a decay_a castle_n and_o fort_n and_o build_v a_o great_a many_o new_a one_o king_n eric_n the_o eight_o in_o his_o danish_a chronicle_n say_v thyra_n build_v the_o fort_n of_o wood_n which_o witfield_n understand_v of_o the_o fence_a the_o rampire_n with_o stake_n as_o bulwark_n be_v guard_v in_o our_o modern_a fortification_n other_o make_v harald_n blaatand_v queen_n thyra_n son_n the_o first_o author_n of_o this_o work_n after_o he_o have_v drive_v the_o emperor_n otho_n out_o of_o jutland_n which_o erasmus_n laetus_n the_o danish_a virgil_n allude_v to_o when_o speak_v of_o this_o king_n harald_n he_o say_v hic_fw-la ille_fw-la est_fw-la solido_fw-la primn_v qui_fw-la cimbrica_n vallo_fw-la munijt_fw-la arva_fw-la solique_fw-la ingens_fw-la e_fw-la corpore_fw-la dorsum_fw-la eruit_fw-la immani_fw-la quod_fw-la se_fw-la curvamine_fw-la longos_fw-la incitat_fw-la in_o tractus_fw-la mediumque_fw-la perambulat_fw-la isthmum_fw-la et_fw-la maris_fw-la eoi_fw-fr ripas_fw-la cum_fw-la littore_fw-la jungit_fw-la hesperio_fw-la ac_fw-la tenuem_fw-la sleswici_fw-la respicit_fw-la urbem_fw-la king_n eric_n decide_v this_o controversy_n by_o tell_v we_o that_o thyra_n build_v a_o wooden_a fortification_n and_o afterward_o advise_v her_o son_n to_o strengthen_v the_o work_n by_o trench_n and_o rampire_n of_o earth_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o relation_n of_o other_o historian_n both_o pontanus_n and_o wormius_n agree_v that_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a the_o rude_a draught_n of_o this_o fort_n be_v first_o draw_v by_o king_n gothric_n and_o only_o repair_v and_o improve_v by_o queen_n thyra_n king_n harald_n and_o other_o succeed_a prince_n waldemar_n the_o first_o build_v a_o wall_n of_o brick_n seven_o foot_n broad_a and_o eighteen_o high_a to_o strengthen_v it_o after_o so_o many_o improvement_n the_o fort_n be_v reckon_v impregnable_a for_o soon_o after_o king_n waldemar_n reparation_n when_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n surname_v the_o lion_n intend_v to_o have_v endeavour_v a_o breach_n through_o this_o fort_n into_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n he_o be_v dissuade_v from_o the_o enterprise_n by_o his_o chief_a counsellor_n bernhard_n razburg_n who_o represent_v the_o undertake_n as_o a_o thing_n impossible_a to_o be_v effect_v assure_v he_o danewirkae_n custodium_fw-la danorum_fw-la sexaginta_fw-la millibus_fw-la mandatum_fw-la esse_fw-la i.e._n that_o danewirk_n be_v defend_v by_o a_o garrison_n of_o sixty_o thousand_o dane_n hence_o king_n sueno_n find_v himself_o unable_a to_o force_v his_o way_n through_o so_o strong_a and_o so_o well_o mane_v a_o rampire_n endeavour_v to_o work_v his_o passage_n by_o corrupt_v the_o keeper_n of_o wiglesdor_n the_o only_a gate_n lead_v through_o this_o wall_n into_o jutland_n at_o this_o day_n there_o remain_v but_o slight_a mark_n of_o so_o great_a a_o work_n at_o schubuge_a and_o hesbuge_a two_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o wall_n the_o inhabitant_n find_v relic_n of_o old_a furnace_n and_o brick-kiln_n whence_o the_o danish_a antiquary_n conclude_v that_o king_n waldemar_n have_v his_o brick_n burn_v here_o though_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v mortar_n as_o far_o as_o gothland_n joh._n cypraeus_n tell_v we_o at_o dennenwirch_n a_o inconsiderable_a village_n in_o these_o part_n may_v still_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n where_o queen_n thyra_n lodge_v the_o same_o author_n say_v wiglesdor_n be_v ancient_o call_v kaelgate_n because_o place_v in_o a_o open_a and_o plain_a part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o the_o enemy_n can_v have_v no_o shelter_n nor_o be_v in_o any_o probability_n of_o suprize_v the_o defendant_n holstein_n ancient_o the_o whole_a territory_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n contain_v at_o present_a in_o the_o province_n of_o holstein_n proper_o so_o call_v ditmarss_n wagerland_n and_o stormar_n go_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o nortablingia_n or_o the_o country_n beyond_o the_o elb_n northwards_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n be_v the_o first_o that_o mention_n holsatia_n which_o the_o former_a derive_v from_o holts-geseten_a i.e._n seat_v in_o a_o wood_n or_o forest_n ducatus_fw-la holsatiae_fw-la descriptio_fw-la novissima_fw-la excudebant_fw-la janssâ—â—io-waesbergii_a et_fw-la moses_n pitt_n the_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o soil_n convenience_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o baltic_a and_o british_a sea_n and_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n render_v holstein_n the_o rich_a country_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n and_o make_v the_o income_n of_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n exceed_v the_o treasure_n of_o many_o prince_n in_o germany_n the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o holstein_n be_v 1._o kyel_n chilonium_fw-la seat_v on_o the_o baltic_a shore_n in_o a_o corner_n of_o land_n shut_v in_o betwixt_o the_o mouth_n of_o two_o river_n whence_o some_o have_v fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o german_a word_n kiel_n which_o signify_v a_o wedge_n it_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o large_a and_o commodious_a haven_n which_o be_v continual_o throng_v with_o merchant-ship_n from_o germany_n liefland_n sweden_n and_o all_o the_o isle_n on_o the_o baltic_a sea_n there_o be_v yearly_a in_o this_o town_n a_o meeting_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o holstein_n who_o come_v hither_o to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o dukedom_n especial_o the_o concern_v of_o the_o mint_n and_o value_n of_o money_n the_o castle_n which_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o
top_n of_o a_o hill_n command_v the_o town_n and_o haven_n be_v first_o build_v by_o adolph_n of_o schaumburg_n the_o first_o earl_n of_o holstein_n earl_n adolph_n iv_o found_v a_o monastery_n of_o franciscan_a minorite_n in_o this_o city_n which_o upon_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n into_o this_o country_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o danish_a territory_n be_v change_v into_o a_o hospital_n 2._o rensborg_n or_o reinholsburg_n found_v by_o one_o reinold_n of_o who_o we_o have_v no_o further_o account_v then_o that_o he_o be_v either_o a_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n or_o some_o great_a nobleman_n this_o be_v the_o best_a fortify_v town_n in_o the_o dukedom_n environ_v with_o the_o byder_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a castle_n build_v by_o earl_n gerhard_n the_o great_a 3._o wilster_n a_o neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n seat_v on_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n which_o soon_o after_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o stor_n 4._o nieumunster_n seat_v on_o the_o north-west_n of_o the_o stor_n not_o far_o from_o the_o head_n of_o it_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n be_v only_o a_o province_n of_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o saxony_n until_o lotharius_n great_a duke_n of_o saxony_n afterward_o emperor_n of_o germany_n bestow_v it_o upon_o adolph_n earl_n of_o schaumburg_n or_o schouwanburg_n about_o the_o year_n 1114._o since_o which_o time_n we_o have_v the_o follow_a account_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n 1._o adolph_n of_o schouwenburg_n the_o first_o absolute_a prince_n of_o holstein_n on_o who_o the_o earldom_n be_v bestow_v as_o a_o recompense_n for_o the_o service_n he_o have_v do_v the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n in_o his_o german_a and_o danish_a war_n 2._o adolph_n ii_o son_n to_o adolph_n the_o i._o have_v obtain_v his_o father_n earldom_n cast_v out_o the_o slavonian_n who_o a_o little_a before_o his_o time_n have_v overrun_v all_o this_o part_n of_o saxony_n and_o plant_v in_o their_o room_n colony_n of_o german_n 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quiet_o retire_v to_o the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o ancestor_n at_o schouwenburg_n but_o these_o article_n though_o at_o the_o first_o secure_v by_o hostage_n be_v not_o long_o observe_v by_o his_o son_n 4._o adolph_n iu._n who_o associate_a to_o himself_o henry_n earl_n of_o zurin_n gerhard_n bishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o some_o other_o petit_fw-fr prince_n begin_v a_o rebellion_n against_o king_n waldemar_n and_o succeed_v so_o well_o in_o the_o undertake_n that_o within_o a_o very_a short_a time_n he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o all_o the_o territory_n his_o father_n have_v be_v beat_v out_o of_o and_o renounce_v his_o son_n 5._o gerhard_n enjoy_v peaceable_o the_o dominion_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n he_o be_v for_o some_o time_n keep_v prisoner_n at_o imsburg_n by_o the_o folchung_n a_o noble_a family_n in_o sweden_n for_o be_v in_o company_n with_o one_o ingemar_n a_o upstart_n gentleman_n but_o great_a favourite_n of_o their_o king_n magnus_n who_o they_o slay_v in_o a_o rage_n and_o cast_v his_o companion_n into_o prison_n 6._o henry_n gerhards_n son_n be_v the_o first_o that_o set_v up_o a_o custom-house_n in_o hamburg_n which_o bring_v in_o no_o small_a portion_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o his_o successor_n 7._o gerhard_n the_o second_o son_n of_o henry_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o christopher_n the_o second_o king_n of_o denmark_n be_v make_v protector_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n and_o tutor_n to_o the_o young_a king_n waldemar_n the_o three_o by_o these_o advantage_n his_o power_n grow_v so_o great_a that_o he_o venture_v to_o style_v himself_o duke_n of_o jutland_n and_o by_o degree_n will_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n if_o not_o timely_o take_v off_o by_o one_o ebbo_n a_o danish_a nobleman_n who_o murder_v he_o in_o his_o bed_n at_o randerhusen_n 8._o henry_n the_o second_o son_n to_o gerhard_n ii_o refuse_v the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n when_o it_o be_v offer_v he_o by_o ambassador_n send_v 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sweden_n upon_o the_o late_a accession_n in_o germany_n to_o their_o crown_n be_v reckon_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o duke_n of_o holstein_n though_o not_o oblige_v to_o repair_v to_o any_o diet._n afterward_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o holstein_n together_o with_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v give_v to_o adolph_n christian_n the_o three_o brother_n create_v knight_n of_o the_o garter_n by_o our_o queen_n elizabeth_n a._n d._n 1562_o who_o govern_v it_o interchangeable_o with_o the_o king_n his_o brother_n by_o turn_n upon_o the_o decease_n of_o this_o duke_n and_o his_o issue_n male_a the_o title_n be_v confer_v on_o vlric_n king_n christian_n the_o four_o brother_n since_o his_o day_n there_o have_v be_v several_a house_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n as_o sunderburg_n norburg_n gluckburg_n arnsbeck_n gottorp_n and_o ottingen_n among_o who_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n gottorp_n be_v chief_a and_o challenge_v the_o same_o power_n in_o govern_v and_o administration_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v at_o first_o confer_v upon_o duke_n adolph_n king_n christian_n the_o three_o brother_n in_o the_o late_a war_n between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n jealous_a of_o the_o great_a power_n of_o the_o present_a duke_n of_o gottorp_n force_v this_o prince_n to_o quit_v his_o dukedom_n and_o leave_v his_o majesty_n in_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o holstein_n but_o at_o the_o sign_v of_o the_o treaty_n between_o the_o king_n of_o france_n sweden_n and_o denmark_n at_o fountenblaeu_o on_o the_o second_o of_o september_n 1679_o the_o danish_a minister_n promise_v their_o master_n shall_v at_o the_o desire_n of_o his_o most_o christian_n majesty_n restore_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n all_o his_o country_n town_n and_o place_n in_o the_o state_n they_o be_v and_o the_o sovereignty_n thereof_o all_o which_o he_o
claim_v by_o virtue_n of_o the_o treatye_n of_o roschild_n copenhagen_n and_o westphalia_n which_o by_o this_o treaty_n be_v confirm_v the_o duke_n expect_v beside_o be_v restore_v to_o his_o country_n some_o recompense_n for_o the_o damage_n he_o have_v sustain_v during_o the_o war_n and_o at_o least_o to_o have_v have_v back_o the_o canon_n be_v a_o hundred_o excellent_a brass_n piece_n which_o be_v take_v out_o of_o tunningen_n when_o it_o be_v seize_v and_o dismantle_v by_o denmark_n but_o his_o expectation_n in_o this_o point_n be_v not_o answer_v one_o of_o the_o article_n of_o the_o same_o treaty_n be_v that_o the_o country_n of_o rixingen_n belong_v to_o count_n alefelt_n chancellor_n of_o denmark_n make_v governor_n of_o holstein_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o upon_o the_o death_n of_o christian_a earl_n of_o rantzaw_n chief_a minister_n of_o state_n to_o the_o late_a king_n frideric_n iii_o confiscate_v during_o the_o war_n shall_v be_v restore_v to_o he_o ditmars_n the_o 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that_o the_o point_n of_o homage_n shall_v be_v amicable_o determine_v by_o treaty_n or_o by_o a_o ordinary_a process_n before_o the_o chamber_n of_o spire_n and_o that_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n this_o city_n shall_v enjoy_v a_o neutrality_n and_o free_a commerce_n as_o former_o ii_o that_o this_o city_n with_o a_o thankful_a acknowledgement_n of_o his_o majesty_n good_a will_n towards_o they_o shall_v remain_v in_o a_o humble_a devotion_n towards_o he_o and_o shall_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o their_o power_n further_o his_o good_a and_o prevent_v any_o evil_n they_o know_v likely_a to_o happen_v to_o he_o iii_o that_o for_o the_o great_a manifestation_n of_o this_o their_o devotion_n this_o city_n shall_v send_v a_o formal_a deputation_n to_o his_o majesty_n iv_o that_o this_o city_n in_o consideration_n of_o his_o majesty_n be_v gracious_o please_v to_o receive_v they_o again_o into_o his_o favour_n shall_v pay_v he_o 220000_o crown_n at_o four_o term_n the_o first_o payment_n to_o be_v make_v immediate_o after_o the_o ratify_v the_o recess_n the_o second_o within_o six_o month_n after_o and_o the_o three_o and_o last_o at_o the_o end_n of_o other_o six_o month_n v._o that_o his_o majesty_n shall_v quit_v all_o his_o pretension_n to_o any_o land_n which_o this_o city_n at_o present_a hold_n either_o in_o particular_a or_o in_o common_a with_o the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n shall_v release_v the_o ship_n stop_v dithmarsia_n rendesburgum_n kiel_n et_fw-fr bordesholm_n in_o occidentali_fw-la pâ—rte_fw-la holsatiae_fw-la tabula_fw-la geographica_n novissima_fw-la ducatus_fw-la stormariae_fw-la in_o meriodionali_fw-la parte_fw-la holsatiae_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n wagria_n quae_fw-la est_fw-la pars_fw-la orientalid_n holsatiae_fw-la exit_fw-la officina_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-fr moses_n pitt_n at_o gluckstadt_n and_o shall_v ratify_v this_o recess_n within_o eight_o day_n five_o day_n after_o the_o sign_v of_o this_o 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gracious_o please_v to_o refer_v the_o same_o to_o a_o amicable_a agreement_n or_o to_o a_o legal_a determination_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o remove_v the_o displeasure_n you_o have_v take_v against_o the_o say_a city_n and_o by_o a_o interim_n recess_n gracious_o to_o agree_v that_o as_o well_o the_o right_n and_o pretension_n of_o your_o majesty_n as_o of_o the_o say_a city_n shall_v remain_v unprejudiced_a the_o burgermaster_n and_o raedt_n deputy_n do_v in_o the_o name_n of_o themselves_o and_o of_o all_o the_o burgher_n appear_v before_o your_o majesty_n and_o do_v promise_v faithful_o to_o observe_v the_o say_v interim_n recess_n in_o all_o its_o point_n and_o clause_n and_o particular_o to_o bear_v your_o majesty_n most_o humble_a and_o become_a devotion_n that_o to_o the_o utmost_a of_o their_o power_n they_o will_v further_o your_o majesty_n good_a and_o hinder_v all_o ill_a and_o detriment_n from_o happen_v to_o your_o majesty_n provide_v this_o city_n be_v leave_v in_o a_o quiet_a and_o undisturbed_a enjoyment_n of_o their_o
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manner_n of_o merchandise_n from_o abroad_o 4._o bredenberg_n one_o of_o the_o neat_a little_a town_n in_o all_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n territory_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a family_n of_o the_o rantzow_n very_o remarkable_a for_o the_o stout_a resistance_n it_o make_v count_n wallenstein_n who_o have_v at_o last_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n put_v all_o the_o garrison_n in_o it_o to_o the_o sword_n wagria_n wagria_n or_o wagerland_n be_v almost_o gird_v round_o with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o the_o two_o rivers_n trave_n and_o suentin_n the_o whole_a length_n of_o it_o from_o odelslo_n as_o far_o as_o the_o village_n grotenbro_n amount_v to_o near_o forty-eight_o english_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n about_o twenty_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o the_o prince_n of_o holstein_n though_o they_o bear_v the_o arm_n of_o every_o other_o province_n in_o that_o dukedom_n have_v not_o the_o arm_n of_o this_o country_n which_o be_v a_o bulls-head_n in_o their_o coat_n perhaps_o because_o the_o arm_n of_o oldenburgh_n be_v think_v sufficient_a to_o represent_v the_o whole_a province_n plutarch_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o ancient_a cimbrian_o who_o first_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o italy_n bear_v a_o bull's-head_n sable_a in_o a_o field_n gules_a which_o show_v of_o how_o venerable_a a_o antiquity_n the_o arm_n of_o wagerland_n be_v and_o how_o just_o they_o may_v claim_v some_o place_n if_o not_o the_o best_a in_o the_o coat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o wagrii_fw-la a_o people_n in_o slavonia_n who_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o tract_n by_o conquest_n the_o chief_a town_n of_o wagerland_n be_v 1._o lubeck_n lubeck_n lubeck_n seat_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o river_n trave_n and_o billew_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o its_o situation_n and_o stately_a building_n some_o etymologist_n have_v derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n call_v it_o lobeck_n or_o ein_fw-ge eck_fw-ge dess_n lobe_n i._n e._n a_o honourable_a corner_n which_o agree_v well_o with_o the_o account_n a_o ancient_a poet_n give_v we_o of_o it_o in_o these_o two_o verse_n angulus_n haec_fw-la laudis_fw-la dicta_fw-la est_fw-la vrbs_fw-la nomine_fw-la prisco_fw-la angulum_fw-la in_o hunc_fw-la fertur_fw-la fluvius_fw-la travenna_n per_fw-la aequor_fw-la it_o be_v rebuilt_a by_o adolph_n ii_o earl_n of_o holstein_n about_o the_o year_n 1143._o but_o within_o a_o short_a while_n after_o grow_v so_o headstrong_a upon_o the_o daily_a accession_n of_o new_a privilege_n and_o charter_n grant_v by_o this_o prince_n and_o his_o successor_n that_o it_o bid_v defiance_n to_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o become_v a_o dukedom_n of_o itself_o by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o it_o be_v make_v a_o member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n upon_o his_o death_n the_o lubecker_n choose_v themselves_o another_o duke_n who_o after_o he_o have_v govern_v they_o five_o year_n be_v vqnquish_v by_o the_o dane_n by_o who_o the_o city_n be_v make_v tributary_n to_o their_o king_n out_o of_o this_o bondage_n it_o be_v rescue_v by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n the_o second_o who_o make_v it_o a_o imperial_a city_n in_o which_o state_n it_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n and_o therefore_o as_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n will_v be_v describe_v elsewhere_o more_o at_o large_a 2._o segeberge_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n trave_n about_o sixteen_o english_a mile_n from_o lubeck_n it_o be_v ancient_o call_v aelberg_n which_o name_n upon_o the_o build_n of_o the_o castle_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o adjoin_v craggy_a mountain_n be_v change_v into_o segeberg_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o as_o helmoldus_n tell_v the_o story_n be_v this_o when_o the_o emperor_n lotharius_n begin_v to_o advise_v with_o some_o of_o his_o counsellor_n in_o the_o year_n 1134_o about_o build_v some_o considerable_a fortification_n in_o these_o part_n which_o may_v check_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o sclave_n in_o this_o province_n and_o have_v at_o last_o pitch_v upon_o this_o hill_n as_o the_o most_o convenient_a place_n one_o of_o the_o sclavonian_a prince_n be_v say_v to_o have_v speak_v prophetical_o to_o his_o companion_n these_o word_n see_v thou_o the_o fortification_n on_o the_o top_n of_o those_o mountain_n let_v i_o tell_v thou_o it_o will_v in_o a_o short_a time_n prove_v the_o yoke_n of_o the_o whole_a land_n etc._n etc._n whence_o say_v the_o dane_n the_o place_n to_o this_o day_n retain_v the_o name_n of_o segeberg_n which_o in_o high_a dutch_a signify_v behold_v the_o mountain_n 3._o odelso_n a_o fair_a city_n on_o the_o river_n trave_n in_o the_o middle_a way_n between_o segeberg_n and_o lubeck_n in_o the_o year_n 1338_o john_n earl_n of_o wagerland_n buy_v this_o city_n into_o his_o hand_n at_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o thousand_o mark_n of_o silver_n after_o this_o it_o continue_v in_o a_o very_a flourish_a condition_n till_o eric_n of_o pomeren_n in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o sleswic_n and_o holstein_n so_o deface_v it_o that_o it_o can_v never_o since_o recover_v its_o ancient_a glory_n 4._o ploen_n a_o ancient_a city_n seat_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n by_o which_o and_o a_o castle_n build_v not_o many_o year_n since_o by_o joachim_n ernestus_n duke_n of_o holstein_n after_o the_o italian_a fashion_n it_o be_v exceed_o well_o fortify_v in_o the_o further_a corner_n of_o wagerland_n lie_v the_o ancient_a and_o famous_a county_n of_o oldenburgh_n oldenburgh_n oldenburgh_n divide_v from_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o province_n by_o the_o river_n brockaw_n though_o it_o be_v general_o agree_v on_o by_o all_o the_o danish_a writer_n that_o oldenburgh_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o this_o county_n be_v ancient_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o wagrians_n and_o venedi_n then_o warlike_a nation_n to_o who_o the_o great_a part_n of_o mecklenburgh_n be_v subject_a yet_o we_o find_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o this_o place_n before_o the_o reign_n of_o otho_n the_o great_a who_o after_o he_o have_v vanquish_v the_o venedi_n found_v here_o a_o bishopric_n afterward_o translate_v to_o lubec_n and_o bestow_v it_o on_o marcus_n his_o chancellor_n it_o be_v former_o a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n and_o exceed_v populous_a have_v be_v beautify_v with_o four_o church_n three_o monastery_n and_o five_o gate_n but_o since_o the_o port_n be_v stop_v up_o at_o the_o command_n of_o queen_n margaret_n its_o glory_n have_v decrease_v daily_a and_o by_o the_o late_a dreadful_a fire_n cause_v by_o thunder_n and_o lightning_n which_o have_v lay_v waste_n the_o best_a and_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n it_o be_v now_o become_v much_o less_o considerable_a than_o it_o be_v before_o nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la totius_fw-la fioniae_fw-la vulgo_fw-la funen_n apud_fw-la janssenio-waesbergios_a et_fw-fr moses_n pitt_n the_o baltic_a sea_n ortelius_n out_o of_o pliny_n
endeavour_n to_o prove_v that_o xen._n lampsacenus_n mention_n the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o thence_o conclude_v that_o this_o name_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o most_o of_o the_o modern_a geographer_n fancy_n who_o make_v adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n the_o first_o author_n that_o call_v this_o bay_a mare_n balthicum_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o examine_v pliny_n word_n upon_o this_o occasion_n will_v find_v that_o no_o mention_n be_v there_o make_v of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n but_o of_o a_o island_n only_o in_o these_o part_n call_v baltia_n which_o be_v now_o name_v schonen_fw-mi but_o be_v not_o as_o the_o ancient_n imagine_v a_o isle_n from_o this_o baltia_n some_o think_v this_o sea_n be_v call_v baltic_n as_o the_o adriatic_a sea_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o island_n adria_n other_o more_o happy_o derive_v the_o word_n from_o the_o danish_a and_o english_a word_n belt_n because_o seeland_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n be_v gird_v round_o with_o this_o bay_n and_o to_o this_o day_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o seeland_n and_o funen_n call_v that_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o part_n these_o two_o island_n die_v belt_n pomponius_n mela_n who_o be_v follow_v by_o many_o late_a writer_n of_o good_a note_n call_v the_o baltic_a sea_n sinus_n codanus_n which_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o danish_a bay_n for_o codanus_n godanus_n or_o gedanus_n be_v the_o same_o with_o danus_n and_o gedanum_n and_o dantiscum_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n and_o indeed_o when_o we_o consider_v what_o a_o large_a portion_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n be_v encircle_v with_o the_o sea_n we_o shall_v find_v reason_n enough_o notwithstanding_o the_o late_a surrender_n of_o several_a island_n to_o the_o swede_n to_o let_v it_o still_o retain_v this_o its_o ancient_a name_n the_o most_o considerable_a island_n in_o the_o baltic_a which_o at_o this_o day_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o 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guess_v better_a at_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n when_o he_o fetch_v it_o from_o fion_n which_o in_o the_o old_a runic_a monument_n signify_v a_o neck_n of_o land_n rend_v from_o the_o continent_n and_o such_o any_o man_n will_v suppose_v funen_n to_o be_v who_o shall_v have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o view_v that_o slender_a frith_n which_o at_o this_o day_n separate_v that_o island_n from_o jutland_n the_o island_n abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o corn_n especial_o wheat_n and_o rye_n which_o be_v hence_o yearly_o transport_v in_o great_a quantity_n into_o other_o nation_n beside_o the_o native_n have_v general_o great_a herd_n of_o cattle_n and_o very_o good_a breed_v of_o horse_n the_o wood_n which_o overspread_v almost_o the_o whole_a island_n be_v exceed_o well_o store_v with_o deer_n hare_n and_o fox_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o this_o island_n be_v ottensee_n which_o some_o will_v have_v to_o take_v its_o name_n from_o woden_n the_o great_a god_n of_o the_o ancient_a dane_n who_o some_o of_o their_o historian_n call_v othin_n or_o odin_n other_o more_o probable_o say_v it_o be_v build_v by_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o who_o overrun_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n and_o leave_v his_o name_n in_o more_o place_n than_o one_o this_o opinion_n seem_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o a_o letter_n write_v by_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o three_o about_o the_o year_n 987_o in_o which_o this_o city_n be_v name_v vrbs_fw-la othonesvigensis_n pontanus_n think_v it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o king_n harald_n who_o to_o testify_v his_o gratitude_n to_o the_o forementioned_a emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o by_o who_o procurement_n he_o be_v convert_v to_o christianity_n call_v it_o ottonia_n or_o ottensche_n and_o his_o son_n suenotto_n this_o city_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o very_a centre_n of_o the_o island_n and_o therefore_o in_o a_o fit_a place_n for_o the_o session_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o magistracy_n which_o be_v yearly_o hold_v in_o this_o place_n as_o be_v likewise_o the_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n before_o the_o year_n 1660._o the_o building_n in_o this_o town_n be_v general_o well_o build_v and_o the_o street_n uniform_a beside_o other_o public_a building_n there_o be_v in_o it_o two_o fair_a church_n whereof_o one_o be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n cnute_n the_o other_o to_o st._n francis_n not_o far_o from_o the_o former_a of_o these_o stand_v a_o stately_a town-hall_n upon_o a_o very_a spacious_a marketplace_n where_o king_n frideric_n ii_o renew_v the_o ancient_a league_n between_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o sleswic_n in_o the_o year_n 1575._o when_o the_o choir_n of_o st._n cnute_n church_n be_v repair_v in_o the_o year_n 1582_o the_o workman_n find_v in_o a_o vault_n a_o copper_n coffin_a gild_a and_o adorn_v with_o precious_a stone_n upon_o which_o be_v write_v the_o follow_a inscription_n in_o old_a latin-gothic_a character_n jam_fw-la coelo_fw-la tutus_fw-la summo_fw-la cum_fw-la rege_fw-la canutus_n martyr_n in_o aurata_fw-la rex_fw-la atque_fw-la reconditur_fw-la arca_fw-la et_fw-la pro_fw-la justitiae_fw-la factis_fw-la occisus_fw-la inque_fw-la ut_fw-la christum_fw-la vita_fw-la sic_fw-la morte_fw-la fatetur_fw-la in_o ipsa_fw-la traditur_fw-la a_o proprio_fw-la sicut_fw-la deus_fw-la ipse_fw-la ministro_fw-la a.d._n mlxxxvi_o other_o town_n of_o note_n in_o funen_n be_v 1._o bowens_n a_o port-town_n of_o good_a trade_n seat_v on_o the_o westside_n of_o the_o island_n at_o the_o north-end_n of_o medelfarsund_n 2._o middlefar_n seat_v on_o the_o common_a passage_n from_o this_o island_n to_o kolding_n in_o jutland_n on_o the_o thirty_o of_o january_n in_o the_o year_n 1658._o carolus_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n lead_v his_o army_n over_o the_o ice_n to_o this_o place_n and_o have_v rout_v the_o danish_a force_n that_o oppose_v he_o make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n of_o the_o whole_a isle_n of_o funen_n 3._o ascens_fw-la not_o far_o from_o the_o mountain_n of_o ossenburgh_n where_o john_n de_fw-fr hoy_n nicholas_n fechlenburgh_n and_o gustavus_n troll_n bishop_n of_o vpsal_n be_v slay_v and_o their_o army_n command_v by_o christopher_n earl_n of_o oldenburgh_n total_o rout_v by_o john_n rantzaw_v king_n christian_n the_o three_o general_n who_o level_v this_o city_n to_o the_o ground_n 4._o foborg_n upon_o the_o southern_a coast_n of_o the_o island_n it_o be_v once_o burn_v by_o the_o unruly_a soldier_n of_o christian_a the_o three_o whilst_o odensee_n adhere_v to_o the_o captive_a prince_n christian_n the_o second_o who_o at_o that_o time_n be_v keep_v close_a prisoner_n at_o sunderburg_n redeem_v itself_o from_o the_o like_a fate_n by_o a_o large_a sum_n of_o money_n 5._o swynborg_n over_o against_o the_o island_n of_o langland_n from_o this_o place_n carolus_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n lead_v his_o army_n over_o the_o ice_n into_o seeland_n in_o the_o year_n 1658._o 6._o nyborg_n the_o usual_a passage_n from_o funen_n into_o seeland_n this_o city_n be_v first_o fortify_v with_o a_o moat_n and_o bulwark_n by_o king_n christian_n the_o three_o it_o be_v very_o memorable_a for_o the_o battle_n fight_v by_o the_o confederate_n of_o the_o empire_n brandenburg_n poland_n and_o the_o low_a country_n in_o the_o year_n 1659._o against_o the_o swede_n who_o in_o that_o engagement_n be_v overthrow_v and_o utter_o rout_v out_o of_o funen_n beside_o the_o great_a town_n mention_v there_o be_v in_o funen_n a_o great_a number_n of_o fair_a village_n among_o which_o they_o reckon_v up_o no_o less_o than_o 264_o parish_n church_n seeland_n seeland_n the_o large_a fair_a and_o most_o fruitful_a island_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n lie_v to_o the_o east_n of_o funen_n from_o which_o it_o be_v separate_v as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o by_o the_o belt_n on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v part_v from_o schonen_fw-mi by_o a_o small_a frith_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n oresundt_fw-mi through_o which_o
this_o city_n be_v express_v by_o westhow_n a_o danish_a poet_n in_o three_o distich_n thus_o fluctibus_fw-la arctoi_fw-la sit_v bella_fw-la coagia_fw-la ponti_fw-la alluor_fw-la hinc_fw-la campus_fw-la subjacet_fw-la inde_fw-la nemus_fw-la quae_fw-la silvae_fw-la utilitas_fw-la agri_fw-la emolumenta_fw-la fretique_n commoda_fw-la sunt_fw-la meus_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la civis_fw-la habet_fw-la that_o glan_n &_o ligna_fw-la nemus_fw-la that_fw-mi pascua_fw-la campus_fw-la piscibus_fw-la &_o variis_fw-la mercibus_fw-la unda_fw-la beat_v laland_n laland_n or_o lawland_n so_o call_v from_o its_o low_a situation_n be_v a_o island_n about_o 32_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o 20_o in_o breadth_n it_o be_v divide_v from_o seeland_n by_o the_o narrow_a bay_n gronesond_n or_o as_o some_o map_n call_v it_o goldersond_v and_o from_o falster_n by_o a_o bay_n much_o narrow_a than_o the_o former_a it_o be_v a_o very_a fruitful_a country_n and_o afford_v great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n and_o good_a store_n of_o rich_a pasturage_n lyscander_n say_v of_o this_o dukedom_n that_o there_o be_v in_o it_o four_o several_a gentes_fw-la i_o suppose_v he_o mean_v herrit_v or_o lordship_n and_o as_o many_o city_n the_o great_a town_n or_o city_n he_o speak_v of_o be_v 1._o naschaw_n or_o nachscouw_n which_o together_o with_o the_o adjoin_a monastery_n be_v storm_v take_v and_o burn_v by_o the_o lubecker_n in_o the_o year_n 1510._o 2._o sascope_a 3._o newstadt_n once_o famous_a for_o a_o noble_a monastery_n build_v here_o a._n d._n 1286._o 4._o lavinscope_a beside_o these_o the_o nunnery_n of_o mariaebo_n speak_v of_o before_o in_o the_o description_n of_o sore_a be_v as_o considerable_a and_o remarkable_a a_o place_n as_o any_o in_o the_o whole_a island_n other_o island_n less_o considerable_a in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n what_o island_n have_v be_v of_o late_o deliver_v up_o by_o the_o dane_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n upon_o the_o ratification_n of_o treaty_n and_o league_n may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o description_n of_o swedeland_n of_o those_o that_o remain_v still_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n these_o we_o have_v mention_v be_v of_o most_o note_n and_o it_o be_v irrational_a to_o expect_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o those_o million_o of_o diminutive_a island_n that_o lay_v scatter_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o seeland_n schonen_fw-mi jutland_n etc._n etc._n among_o they_o these_o follow_a be_v all_o that_o be_v worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o 1._o falster_v falster_n falster_n a_o considerable_a island_n adjoin_v to_o laland_n it_o be_v not_o above_o 16_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n but_o so_o fruitful_a that_o it_o furnish_v not_o only_o its_o own_o inhabitant_n but_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o germany_n with_o corn._n great_a town_n of_o note_n in_o this_o island_n be_v 1._o nycope_a which_o dr._n heylin_n for_o i_o can_v find_v that_o he_o borrow_v the_o expression_n from_o any_o other_o writer_n call_v the_o naples_n of_o denmark_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o its_o situation_n and_o uniformity_n in_o building_n 2._o stabecope_a a_o place_n of_o some_o trade_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o passenger_n who_o come_v daily_o this_o way_n betwixt_o seeland_n and_o germany_n 2._o mona_n or_o meun_n mona_n mona_n a_o chalky_a island_n to_o the_o north-east_n of_o falster_n which_o serve_v for_o a_o good_a landmark_n to_o the_o german_a vessel_n that_o trade_n in_o these_o sea_n lyscander_n tell_v we_o it_o be_v former_o annex_v to_o the_o stipend_n of_o the_o danish_a admiral_n as_o a_o place_n the_o fit_a of_o any_o in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n for_o such_o a_o officer_n to_o reside_v in_o the_o only_a town_n of_o consequence_n in_o it_o be_v stege_n which_o brave_o withstand_v the_o lubecker_n in_o the_o year_n 1510_o and_o force_v they_o at_o last_o to_o retreat_v 3._o langeland_n langeland_n langeland_n a_o narrow_a island_n betwixt_o funen_n and_o laland_n about_o 28_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o only_o 8_o in_o breadth_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n there_o be_v in_o it_o 16_o parish_n church_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o nobleman_n house_n beside_o the_o impregnable_a castle_n of_o traneker_n which_o be_v admirable_o well_o provide_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o military_a ammunition_n rutcope_a may_v pass_v for_o what_o the_o danish_a writer_n will_v needs_o have_v it_o to_o be_v a_o city_n but_o it_o be_v a_o miserable_o poor_a one_o and_o in_o no_o great_a probability_n of_o be_v advance_v by_o traffic_n 4._o alsen_n alsen_n alsen_n a_o small_a isle_n over_o against_o the_o bay_n of_o flensburg_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n of_o which_o it_o be_v a_o part_n and_o therefore_o only_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o duke_n of_o sleswic_n the_o learned_a and_o noble_a danish_a antiquary_n rantzow_n think_v the_o elysii_n arii_n and_o manimi_n mention_v by_o tacitus_n be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o island_n ar_n and_o meun_n and_o that_o these_o three_o isle_n have_v the_o same_o name_n at_o this_o day_n save_v only_o a_o small_a alteration_n such_o as_o may_v easy_o happen_v in_o the_o revolution_n of_o a_o few_o year_n which_o they_o have_v when_o that_o learned_a roman_a write_v his_o annal_n this_o isle_n be_v every_o where_o either_o exceed_v fruitful_a or_o very_a pleasant_a and_o so_o populous_a that_o several_a thousand_o of_o stout_a fight_a man_n have_v be_v raise_v in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n out_o of_o its_o four_o town_n and_o thirteen_o parish_n sunderburg_n heretofore_o the_o usual_a seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o sleswic_n and_o to_o this_o day_n one_o of_o the_o strong_a hold_n which_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v be_v the_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o island_n lalandiae_fw-la et_fw-la falstriae_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o jutland_n between_o the_o promontory_n of_o schaghen_n and_o the_o isle_n funen_n there_o be_v several_a little_a inconsiderable_a island_n as_o anholt_n lasso_n nide_v helm_n tune_n kitholm_n jordholm_n samsoe_n etc._n etc._n among_o these_o the_o three_o first_o be_v notorious_a for_o the_o dangerous_a sand_n which_o lie_v round_o they_o whence_o it_o be_v a_o ordinary_a proverb_n use_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n here_o lassoe_n nide_v und_fw-ge anholt_n maecken_v that_o menich_a stuerman_n niet_fw-mi werdt_fw-mi oldt_fw-mi i._n e._n lassoe_n nide_v and_o anholt_n hinder_v shipman_n to_o grow_v old_a of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o isle_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n that_o the_o dani_n insulares_n as_o saxo_n call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o isle_n be_v all_o of_o one_o extraction_n will_v be_v find_v a_o question_n very_o disputable_a after_o a_o diligent_a enquiry_n into_o the_o different_a custom_n and_o language_n use_v in_o several_a of_o the_o baltic_a island_n ptolemy_n we_o know_v and_o most_o of_o the_o ancient_a geographer_n make_v scandinavia_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o island_n but_o of_o so_o large_a a_o bulk_n that_o alter_fw-la terrarum_fw-la orbis_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o usual_a name_n they_o give_v it_o this_o pliny_n tell_v we_o be_v by_o some_o of_o the_o greek_a writer_n call_v baltia_n which_o by_o pytheas_n be_v corrupt_v into_o basilia_n now_o if_o we_o grant_v that_o this_o continent_n which_o the_o ancient_n mistake_v for_o a_o island_n be_v name_v baltia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o the_o noble_a isle_n in_o this_o sea_n which_o seem_v the_o most_o probable_a conjecture_n than_o it_o will_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v irrational_a to_o conclude_v that_o in_o all_o probability_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o all_o these_o petit_fw-fr island_n be_v only_o so_o many_o small_a branch_n of_o the_o old_a warlike_a nation_n of_o the_o goth_n who_o the_o most_o learned_a historian_n place_n in_o schonen_fw-mi but_o than_o it_o will_v still_o be_v doubt_v whether_o these_o goth_n be_v not_o a_o nation_n whole_o distinct_a from_o the_o getes_n mention_v in_o jutland_n and_o consequent_o whether_o those_o that_o inhabit_v the_o isle_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o schonen_fw-mi be_v not_o descend_v of_o another_o stock_n than_o they_o that_o live_v near_o jutland_n can_v reasonable_o pretend_v to_o pontanus_n be_v exceed_o angry_a at_o jornandes_n orosius_n and_o other_o for_o affirm_v that_o the_o getes_n and_o goth_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o people_n but_o as_o i_o conceive_v without_o any_o great_a reason_n for_o if_o as_o be_v prove_v in_o the_o description_n of_o jutland_n the_o getes_n give_v name_n to_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n these_o two_o nation_n be_v easy_o bring_v together_o then_o he_o be_v aware_a of_o and_o can_v we_o once_o persuade_v pontanus_n admirer_n to_o grant_v that_o the_o getae_n gutae_n vitæ_fw-la or_o witae_fw-la be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o jutland_n as_o
people_n what_o the_o reader_n miss_v in_o the_o general_a description_n of_o norway_n may_v possible_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o follow_a one_o of_o island_n the_o prefecture_n of_o masterland_n this_o prefecture_n take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o it_o seat_v on_o a_o rocky_a peninsula_n and_o famous_a for_o its_o great_a trade_n in_o herring_n and_o other_o sea-fish_n this_o city_n with_o two_o more_o of_o less_o note_n congel_n and_o oddawald_n and_o the_o adjoin_a country_n be_v command_v by_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o bahus_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o haquin_n iv_o king_n of_o norway_n about_o the_o year_n 1309_o upon_o a_o steep_a rock_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n trollet_n and_o be_v then_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o best_a fort_n that_o king_n have_v in_o his_o dominion_n and_o a_o sufficient_a bulwark_n against_o the_o daily_a assault_n and_o incursion_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o westro-goth_n the_o bishopric_n of_o anslo_n and_o staffenger_n with_o the_o province_n of_o aggerhuse_v anslo_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n opslo_n and_o by_o some_o latin_a writer_n asloa_n be_v first_o build_v by_o king_n harold_n cotemporary_a with_o sueno_n esthritius_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o frequent_o keep_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o city_n here_o be_v hold_v the_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n for_o all_o norway_n wherein_o all_o cause_n and_o suit_n at_o law_n be_v hear_v and_o determine_v before_o the_o governor_n who_o act_v as_o viceroy_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o cathedral_n be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n alward_n who_o take_v great_a pain_n in_o preach_v the_o gospel_n to_o the_o norwegian_a heathen_n in_o this_o church_n be_v to_o be_v show_v the_o sword_n of_o haquin_n one_o of_o their_o ancient_a king_n a_o signal_n testimony_n if_o the_o story_n they_o tell_v of_o it_o be_v true_a of_o the_o strength_n and_o admirable_a art_n of_o some_o norwegian_n of_o former_a age_n the_o hilt_n of_o it_o be_v make_v of_o crystal_n curious_o wrought_v and_o polish_a whence_o olaus_n magnus_n will_v needs_o conclude_v that_o the_o use_n of_o crystal_n be_v ancient_o much_o more_o ordinary_a in_o norway_n then_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n not_o far_o from_o opslo_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o bay_n stand_v the_o castle_n of_o aggerhusen_n memorable_a for_o the_o brave_a resistance_n it_o make_v the_o swedish_n army_n in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o besiege_v it_o hot_o eighteen_o week_n together_o but_o be_v at_o last_o beat_v off_o and_o force_v shameful_o to_o retire_v about_o twenty_o german_a mile_n northward_o of_o opslo_n lie_v the_o city_n hammer_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v but_o at_o present_a under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o opslo_n near_o this_o town_n be_v the_o island_n moos_n where_o if_o we_o believe_v olaus_n magnus_fw-la a_o huge_a and_o monstrous_a serpent_n appear_v constant_o before_o any_o grand_a alteration_n in_o the_o state_n or_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n in_o this_o province_n beside_o the_o place_n already_o mention_v stand_v the_o city_n of_o tonsberg_n fridericstadt_n saltsburgh_n and_o scheen_n which_o have_v all_o a_o considerable_a trade_n from_o the_o copper_n and_o iron_n mine_n which_o hereabout_o be_v in_o great_a number_n then_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v in_o this_o province_n that_o the_o silver_n mine_n mention_v before_o be_v first_o discover_v at_o the_o expense_n of_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o some_o of_o the_o adjoin_a hill_n be_v by_o the_o neighbourhood_n to_o this_o day_n call_v silver-bergen_a or_o the_o mountain_n of_o silver_n to_o these_o mine_n and_o the_o lofty_a wood_n of_o pine_n and_o fir-tree_n with_o which_o this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v overspread_v the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n owe_v the_o great_a part_n of_o if_o not_o all_o its_o trade_n the_o city_n of_o staffenger_n lie_v in_o 59_o degree_n some_o reckon_v 60_o and_o a_o great_a many_o odd_a minute_n of_o latitude_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o peninsuia_fw-la upon_o a_o great_a bay_n of_o the_o northern_a ocean_n full_a of_o small_a island_n and_o guard_v by_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o doeswick_n which_o lie_v about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n in_o civil_a affair_n this_o city_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o bergenhusen_n though_o it_o have_v its_o own_o peculiar_a bishop_n constant_o reside_v in_o the_o town_n the_o whole_a bishopric_n be_v divide_v into_o the_o several_a district_n of_o stavangersteen_n dalarne_n jaren_n listerleen_n mandalsleen_n nedenesleen_n and_o abygdelag_n thomas_n conrade_n hvegner_n bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n in_o the_o year_n 1641_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o collect_v a_o great_a number_n of_o runic_a inscription_n which_o lie_v scatter_v up_o and_o down_o his_o diocese_n some_o of_o which_o be_v publish_v by_o wormius_n who_o further_o inform_v we_o that_o this_o conrad_n predecessor_n who_o name_n he_o omit_v write_v a_o topographical_n description_n of_o this_o city_n and_o bishopric_n beyond_o the_o bay_n appear_v the_o island_n schutenes_n three_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n but_o scarce_o half_a a_o one_o in_o breadth_n between_o this_o island_n which_o have_v in_o it_o several_a considerable_a village_n and_o the_o continent_n run_v up_o a_o narrow_a frith_n to_o bergen_n which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n to_o liedt_n van_fw-mi berghen_fw-mi to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o staffenger_n belong_v the_o province_n of_o tillemarch_n or_o thylemarch_n which_o give_v procopius_n the_o first_o ground_n for_o that_o assertion_n of_o he_o which_o he_o defend_v with_o so_o great_a vehemency_n viz._n that_o scandinavia_n take_v in_o its_o large_a extent_n of_o which_o thylemarch_n be_v a_o very_a inconsiderable_a part_n be_v the_o ancient_a thule_n the_o parish_n of_o hollen_n in_o this_o province_n be_v very_o remarkable_a for_o a_o churchyard_n or_o bury_v place_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o church_n dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n which_o be_v cut_v out_o of_o a_o great_a high_a rock_n call_v by_o the_o vicenage_n vear_n upon_o the_o lake_n nordsee_n half_o a_o mile_n distant_a from_o scheen_n wormius_n think_v it_o be_v former_o a_o heathenish_a temple_n but_o convert_v to_o christian_a use_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o the_o gospel_n in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o prefecture_n and_o bishopric_n of_o berghen_n this_o bishopric_n the_o most_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a part_n of_o all_o norway_n lie_v to_o the_o north_n of_o aggerhusen_n in_o the_o middle_n or_o heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o fair_a and_o noble_a emporium_n or_o mart-town_n of_o berghen_n or_o else_o from_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o berghenhusen_n the_o usual_a seat_n of_o the_o viceroy_n of_o norway_n at_o 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fish_n butter_n tallow_n hides_n etc._n etc._n be_v bring_v from_o all_o part_n of_o norway_n to_o be_v ship_v off_o into_o other_o country_n the_o townsman_n not_o many_o year_n ago_o observe_v the_o daily_a increase_n of_o their_o trade_n and_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o stranger_n which_o it_o draw_v from_o all_o part_n and_o fear_v they_o themselves_o may_v at_o last_o be_v prejudice_v by_o a_o unlimited_a and_o general_a admission_n of_o foreign_a tradesman_n and_o merchant_n into_o their_o city_n make_v a_o order_n that_o whoever_o will_v after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v admit_v a_o freeman_n of_o the_o town_n shall_v either_o be_v whip_v at_o a_o game_n institute_v upon_o this_o occasion_n and_o call_v by_o they_o gantenspill_n or_o roll_v in_o mud_n and_o dirt_n or_o last_o hang_v in_o a_o basket_n over_o some_o intolerable_a and_o filthy_a smoke_n this_o hard_a usage_n quick_o diminish_v the_o number_n of_o foreigner_n who_o fancy_v it_o scarce_o worth_n their_o while_n to_o purchase_v their_o freedom_n at_o so_o dear_a and_o scandalous_a a_o rate_n but_o of_o late_a the_o industry_n and_o skill_n as_o well_o as_o number_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n increase_n these_o barbarous_a custom_n be_v lay_v aside_o and_o the_o citizen_n themselves_o be_v now_o able_a to_o export_v what_o be_v former_o fetch_v away_o from_o they_o the_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v heretofore_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o truntheim_n to_o the_o governor_n of_o berghen_n be_v subject_a the_o prefecture_n of_o sudhornleen_n nordhornleen_n soghne_n sudfiord_n norfiord_n and_o sundmerleen_n the_o prefecture_n and_o bishopric_n of_o nidrosia_n or_o truntheim_n the_o four_o castle_n and_o government_n in_o norway_n be_v that_o of_o the_o city_n nidrosia_n as_o it_o be_v ancient_o call_v from_o the_o river_n nider_n on_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v or_o truntheim_n former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o king_n and_o archbishop_n of_o norway_n pontanus_n somewhere_o call_v this_o city_n the_o cabinet_n of_o all_o the_o norwegian_a monument_n but_o wormius_n find_v no_o great_a reason_n to_o confer_v so_o honourable_a a_o title_n upon_o it_o when_o after_o a_o diligent_a search_n into_o the_o antiquity_n old_a monument_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o primitive_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o kingdom_n he_o meet_v with_o no_o more_o than_o three_o runic_a inscription_n in_o this_o whole_a diocese_n the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o haven_n make_v this_o place_n resort_v to_o by_o some_o mariner_n and_o merchant_n to_o this_o day_n but_o the_o ruin_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o look_v more_o like_o a_o village_n than_o city_n not_o have_v have_v any_o opportunity_n of_o recover_v its_o former_a splendour_n since_o it_o be_v burn_v down_o in_o the_o year_n 1522._o its_o house_n be_v a_o company_n of_o old_a fashion_a and_o rot_a building_n and_o the_o king_n palace_n be_v decay_v below_o the_o meanness_n of_o a_o english_a cottage_n however_o something_o of_o its_o ancient_a grandeur_n still_o appear_v in_o the_o cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n olaus_n which_o though_o almost_o consume_v by_o fire_n yet_o by_o the_o ruin_n show_v itself_o to_o have_v be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o magnificent_a and_o large_a structure_n in_o the_o world_n in_o this_o church_n the_o huntsman_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v a_o yearly_a offering_n of_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o large_a and_o stout_a white_a bear_n which_o they_o kill_v for_o the_o priest_n to_o tread_v upon_o at_o divine_a service_n groneland_n and_o iseland_n be_v former_o part_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o truntheim_n but_o now_o this_o bishopric_n be_v not_o of_o so_o large_a a_o extent_n in_o the_o castle_n reside_v the_o governor_n of_o the_o whole_a prefecture_n of_o truntheim_n who_o have_v under_o he_o several_a other_o governor_n of_o lesser_a province_n in_o the_o country_n a_o little_a beyond_o this_o city_n there_o grow_v no_o wood_n at_o all_o but_o instead_o thereof_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v use_v of_o fish-bone_n as_o well_o to_o build_v their_o house_n and_o for_o several_a implement_n of_o householdstuff_n as_o fuel_n and_o with_o the_o fat_a of_o the_o same_o fish_n they_o feed_v their_o lamp_n in_o winter_n the_o prefecture_n of_o truntheim_n in_o the_o year_n 1658_o be_v by_o the_o dane_n surrender_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n by_o a_o public_a treaty_n of_o peace_n the_o next_o year_n they_o wrest_v it_o again_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n but_o resign_v it_o back_o at_o the_o treaty_n of_o roschild_n halgoland_n the_o country_n of_o ohther_n king_n aelfred_n geographer_n be_v a_o part_n of_o this_o prefecture_n of_o which_o that_o author_n give_v this_o account_n to_o the_o king_n his_o master_n ê§_n nan_o man_n ne_o bude_n be_v nor_o ðh_n a_fw-fr he_o i_o e._n that_o no_o inhabit_a country_n lie_v further_a north_n than_o this_o but_o the_o great_a fish_n trade_n upon_o these_o coast_n have_v make_v the_o english_a better_a acquaint_v with_o these_o part_n than_o this_o gentleman_n be_v with_o his_o own_o country_n the_o prefecture_n of_o wardhus_n the_o castle_n of_o wardhus_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o five_o and_o last_o great_a governor_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o island_n warda_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v this_o isle_n lie_v about_o two_o german_a mile_n from_o the_o main_a land_n of_o finmark_n be_v near_o twelve_o english_a mile_n in_o compass_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o and_o the_o two_o adjoin_a isle_n which_o in_o finmark_n go_v all_o under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o trunsolem_n live_v only_o upon_o stockfish_n which_o they_o dry_v in_o the_o frost_n they_o have_v no_o manner_n of_o bread_n nor_o drink_n but_o what_o be_v bring_v they_o from_o other_o place_n some_o small_a stock_n of_o cattle_n they_o have_v but_o only_o such_o as_o can_v make_v a_o shift_n to_o live_v of_o their_o master_n diet_n dry_a fish_n finmark_n or_o norwegian_n lapland_n on_o the_o north_n of_o norway_n lie_v finmark_n or_o as_o the_o native_n use_v to_o call_v it_o taakemark_n which_o perhaps_o be_v the_o ancient_a habitation_n of_o the_o finni_n mention_v by_o tacitus_n for_o the_o character_n which_o that_o historian_n give_v we_o of_o those_o people_n be_v very_o applicable_a to_o the_o modern_a finmarker_n the_o finni_n say_v he_o be_v a_o people_n extraordinary_a savage_a and_o miserable_o poor_a they_o have_v neither_o horse_n arm_n house_n nor_o home_n but_o feed_v upon_o root_n and_o such_o provision_n as_o their_o bow_n and_o arrow_n can_v procure_v and_o be_v clothe_v with_o the_o skin_n of_o wild_a beast_n to_o this_o day_n finmark_n be_v not_o divide_v as_o all_o other_o country_n general_o be_v into_o distinct_a lordship_n and_o inheritance_n but_o as_o in_o mr._n hobbes_n state_n of_o nature_n every_o private_a man_n pretend_v a_o right_a and_o title_n to_o every_o part_n of_o the_o land_n and_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o arm_n be_v the_o only_a judge_n of_o controversy_n when_o fish_v season_n come_v in_o they_o throng_v to_o the_o seacoast_n and_o when_o that_o be_v over_o retire_v again_o into_o the_o upland_n only_o the_o islander_n in_o heymeland_n keep_v their_o station_n and_o have_v their_o church_n in_o trom_n suro_n maggero_n and_o other_o place_n the_o language_n manner_n and_o habit_n of_o the_o people_n be_v the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o swedish_n lapland_n of_o which_o a_o account_n have_v be_v already_o give_v of_o the_o ancient_a commerce_n between_o the_o old_a britain_n english_a and_o norwegian_n though_o the_o relation_n which_o our_o english_a writer_n give_v we_o of_o the_o prowess_n and_o brave_a exploit_n of_o the_o valiant_a british_a king_n arthur_n savour_v too_o much_o of_o romance_n yet_o in_o the_o main_a our_o best_a historian_n agree_v unanimous_o in_o this_o that_o no_o prince_n ever_o conquer_v more_o of_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n than_o this_o king_n w._n lambert_n in_o his_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d assure_v we_o that_o all_o the_o island_n nation_n and_o kingdom_n in_o the_o north_n and_o east_n sea_n as_o far_o as_o russia_n be_v tributary_n to_o he_o and_o geoffry_n of_o monmouth_n say_v king_n arthur_z at_o one_o time_n summon_v no_o less_o than_o six_o king_n to_o appear_v before_o he_o at_o his_o court_n in_o britain_n viz._n 1._o guillaumur_n king_n of_o ireland_n 2._o malvase_n king_n of_o iseland_n 3._o doldaff_n king_n of_o gothland_n 4._o gunnase_n king_n of_o orkney_n 5._o lot_z king_n of_o norway_n and_o 6._o aschile_o king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o these_o conquest_n the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n and_o the_o norwegian_n incorporate_v into_o one_o nation_n with_o the_o britain_n but_o this_o amity_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o norway_n be_v at_o too_o great_a a_o distance_n
their_o lodging_n be_v open_a to_o all_o comer_n who_o be_v welcome_a to_o such_o entertainment_n as_o the_o house_n afford_v tacitus_n and_o other_o give_v the_o same_o account_n of_o they_o nor_o have_v the_o german_a nobleman_n to_o this_o day_n degenerate_v from_o the_o good_a nature_n and_o hospitality_n of_o their_o forefather_n the_o relation_n which_o a_o modern_a italian_a writer_n give_v of_o sweden_n be_v as_o applicable_a to_o germany_n per_fw-la le_fw-fr strade_fw-mi non_fw-la sono_fw-la assassini_fw-la si_fw-la che_fw-it si_fw-mi va_fw-fr molto_fw-mi sicurament_fw-mi pochissimo_fw-la si_fw-la spendi_fw-la da_fw-la viandanti_fw-la non_fw-la usando_fw-la di_fw-it dimandar_n cosa_fw-mi alcuna_fw-la per_fw-la conto_fw-la dell_fw-it '_o albergo_v o_fw-it del_fw-it cibo_fw-la i._n e._n there_o be_v here_o no_o murder_n nor_o robbery_n commit_v on_o the_o highway_n but_o you_o may_v travel_v with_o all_o imaginable_a security_n beside_o you_o travel_v cheap_a in_o this_o country_n because_o you_o pay_v nothing_o or_o very_o little_a for_o your_o victual_n and_o lodging_n the_o only_a inconvenience_n you_o meet_v with_o on_o the_o road_n be_v the_o be_v condemn_v to_o ride_v night_n and_o day_n in_o a_o post-waggon_n so_o they_o call_v it_o which_o will_v carry_v you_o little_o fast_o than_o a_o footpace_n if_o you_o chance_v to_o have_v the_o privilege_n of_o rest_v two_o or_o three_o hour_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o winter-night_n the_o best_a bed_v you_o be_v to_o expect_v be_v clean_a straw_n upon_o which_o all_o that_o meet_v together_o man_n and_o woman_n noble_n and_o peasant_n promiscuous_o tumble_v that_o the_o german_n be_v ancient_o man_n of_o courage_n â—alour_n â—alour_n and_o take_v that_o name_n from_o their_o prowess_n we_o have_v already_o show_v willichius_n give_v this_o high_a character_n of_o the_o present_a german_n vincuntur_fw-la quidem_fw-la germani_n sed_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la a_o germanis_fw-la i._n e._n it_o be_v indeed_o possible_a the_o german_n may_v be_v conquer_v but_o it_o must_v be_v do_v by_o german_n we_o have_v a_o good_a proof_n of_o this_o in_o their_o late_a war_n wherein_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n gustavus_n adolphus_n vanquish_v the_o emperor_n with_o his_o own_o subject_n that_o great_a prince_n army_n have_v be_v quick_o overthrow_v and_o swallow_v up_o by_o the_o imperialist_n have_v not_o the_o saxon_n and_o brandenburger_n help_v he_o out_o the_o only_a instance_n of_o want_n of_o courage_n in_o a_o german_a army_n which_o we_o meet_v with_o in_o history_n be_v that_o which_o we_o find_v record_v of_o the_o count_n of_o mansfield_n army_n consist_v of_o fifty_o thousand_o man_n who_o suffer_v a_o small_a body_n of_o ten_o thousand_o turk_n to_o pass_v by_o their_o trench_n without_o disturbance_n and_o to_o relieve_v grand_fw-mi a_o great_a town_n in_o hungary_n before_o their_o face_n but_o we_o be_v not_o to_o argue_v from_o this_o one_o passage_n that_o the_o high_a dutch_a soldier_n want_v valour_n we_o may_v be_v sufficient_o convince_v of_o the_o contrary_a when_o we_o consider_v that_o the_o imperial_a crown_n never_o yet_o fall_v from_o their_o head_n notwithstanding_o the_o many_o vigorous_a assault_n make_v by_o some_o of_o their_o potent_a neighbour_n donatus_n gianottus_n a_o late_a italian_a historian_n confess_v that_o non_fw-la e_fw-la dubio_fw-la che_fw-it se_fw-mi le_fw-fr forze_n dell_fw-it '_o alemagna_fw-la fusseno_fw-la unite_v habberebbe_fw-it l'_fw-it italia_n a_o temer_n di_fw-mi loro_fw-mi molto_fw-mi piu_fw-mi che_fw-it di_fw-it quelle_fw-fr del_fw-it turco_n i._n e._n it_o be_v no_o question_n but_o if_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n will_v amicable_o compose_v difference_n among_o themselves_o and_o unite_v their_o force_n italy_n will_v have_v reason_n to_o fear_v they_o much_o more_o than_o the_o turk_n and_o any_o man_n will_v find_v reason_n to_o believe_v he_o that_o shall_v consider_v what_o vast_a number_n of_o 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eat_v too_o much_o of_o a_o melon_n though_o he_o be_v never_o tax_v for_o be_v guilty_a of_o any_o manner_n of_o intemperance_n in_o meat_n or_o drink_n but_o always_o esteem_v a_o severe_a punisher_n of_o drunkenness_n and_o gluttony_n 1493._o maximilian_n succeed_v his_o father_n frideric_n have_v be_v before_o his_o father_n death_n crown_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o year_n 1486._o from_o his_o birth_n till_o he_o be_v almost_o nine_o year_n old_a he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v utter_o speechless_a but_o afterward_o he_o gain_v the_o use_n of_o his_o tongue_n and_o prove_v one_o of_o the_o most_o eloquent_a and_o learned_a emperor_n that_o germany_n ever_o breed_v he_o marry_v mary_n the_o only_a daughter_n and_o heiress_n of_o charles_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n upon_o which_o marriage_n all_o the_o dukedom_n marquisat_n earldom_n and_o other_o dominion_n of_o which_o the_o say_a charles_n have_v be_v lord_n be_v for_o ever_o annex_v to_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n the_o war_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o against_o his_o neighbour_n on_o all_o hand_n especial_o the_o venetian_n be_v almost_o innumerable_a though_o for_o the_o most_o part_n he_o be_v force_v to_o take_v up_o arm_n in_o his_o own_o defence_n it_o be_v report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o will_v never_o pass_v by_o a_o gallow_n or_o gibbet_n without_o a_o reverend_a salute_n in_o these_o word_n salve_fw-la sancta_fw-la justitia_fw-la for_o five_o year_n before_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o twenty-fifth_a year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o have_v his_o coffin_n always_o by_o he_o and_o carry_v after_o he_o in_o every_o expedition_n he_o undertake_v which_o give_v some_o of_o his_o retinue_n occasion_n to_o conjecture_v that_o he_o have_v some_o great_a treasure_n in_o it_o and_o that_o the_o pretence_n of_o its_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o mortality_n be_v only_o a_o false_a veil_n to_o blind_v the_o vulgar_a 1519._o charles_n v._o son_n to_o philip_n king_n of_o spain_n be_v elect_v emperor_n and_o crown_v with_o the_o great_a pomp_n imaginable_a at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n a_o puissant_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o well_o deserve_v the_o surname_n of_o great_a confer_v on_o he_o by_o pope_n paul_n iii_o the_o whole_a history_n of_o his_o life_n seem_v to_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o catalogue_n of_o his_o conquest_n the_o writer_n of_o those_o time_n mention_v forty_o great_a victory_n obtain_v by_o he_o and_o seventy_o battle_n from_o which_o he_o come_v off_o the_o field_n a_o conqueror_n the_o pope_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o french_a king_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n his_o prisoner_n he_o quash_v the_o league_n make_v by_o the_o protestant_n at_o schmalcade_n and_o take_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o landtgrave_n of_o hassia_n prisoner_n he_o force_v the_o great_a turk_n to_o relinquish_v vienna_n and_o afterward_o win_v the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n at_o last_o have_v reign_v thirty-eight_a year_n load_v with_o victory_n and_o honour_n he_o resign_v the_o empire_n and_o betake_v himself_o to_o a_o monastery_n where_o he_o be_v use_v to_o say_v that_o he_o have_v more_o pleasure_n and_o satisfaction_n in_o the_o retire_a and_o solitary_a enjoyment_n of_o one_o day_n in_o a_o monk_n cell_n than_o ever_o he_o can_v perceive_v in_o all_o the_o fortunate_a triumph_n that_o attend_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o life_n 1558._o ferdinand_n i._o upon_o the_o voluntary_a resignation_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n v._o be_v by_o a_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o elector_n declare_v emperor_n though_o pope_n pius_n iv_o refuse_v to_o pronounce_v the_o election_n valid_a because_o ferdinand_n have_v grant_v the_o lutheran_n a_o toleration_n but_o some_o say_v the_o same_o pope_n be_v afterward_o so_o far_o reconcile_v to_o he_o as_o to_o grant_v he_o the_o privilege_n of_o receive_v the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o lord_n supper_n in_o both_o kind_n he_o be_v a_o mild_a peaceful_a and_o temperate_a prince_n a_o hard_a student_n and_o perfect_a master_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n he_o be_v exceed_v courteous_a to_o all_o even_o the_o mean_a of_o his_o subject_n and_o have_v a_o certain_a hour_n in_o every_o day_n in_o which_o he_o attend_v the_o suit_n and_o complaint_n of_o poor_a man_n when_o some_o of_o his_o courtier_n object_v to_o he_o the_o inconvenience_n that_o will_v follow_v upon_o the_o permission_n of_o so_o easy_a a_o access_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o supplicant_n he_o answer_v that_o himself_o can_v expect_v but_o harsh_a usage_n at_o god_n throne_n if_o beggar_n be_v hinder_v from_o approach_v his_o he_o die_v of_o a_o catarrh_n in_o the_o sixty-first_a year_n of_o his_o age_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v six_o year_n 1564._o maximilian_n ii_o ferdinand_n son_n and_o king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v elect_v into_o his_o father_n room_n be_v first_o proclaim_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n at_o francfurt_n and_o afterward_o crown_v king_n of_o hungary_n this_o emperor_n prove_v as_o great_a a_o favourer_n of_o the_o protestant_n as_o his_o father_n insomuch_o that_o some_o roman_a catholic_o have_v not_o stick_v to_o call_v he_o the_o lutheran_n emperor_n he_o renew_v the_o article_n of_o peace_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o protestant_n and_o popish_a party_n at_o passaw_n and_o grant_v some_o of_o his_o nobility_n and_o branch_n of_o the_o austrian_a family_n a_o free_a exercise_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n qui_fw-la in_o conscientiis_fw-la imperium_fw-la sibi_fw-la sumunt_fw-la conantur_fw-la coeli_fw-la arcem_fw-la invadere_fw-la be_v a_o say_n which_o historian_n know_v not_o whither_o to_o attribute_v to_o this_o emperor_n or_o maximilian_n i._n but_o it_o be_v most_o probable_a it_o be_v the_o former_n since_o he_o be_v know_v to_o have_v be_v the_o great_a favourer_n of_o the_o protestant_a persuasion_n that_o ever_o rule_v the_o german_a empire_n he_o die_v at_o ratisbon_n in_o the_o year_n 1576_o have_v reign_v twelve_o year_n 1576._o rudolph_n maximilian_n son_n be_v elect_v emperor_n immediate_o upon_o his_o father_n death_n some_o curious_a chronologer_n have_v fancy_v his_o come_n to_o the_o imperial_a crown_n in_o this_o year_n something_o ominous_a since_o the_o numeral_a letter_n in_o rvdolphvs_n imperator_fw-la avgvstvs_n make_v up_o the_o number_n 1576._o he_o be_v a_o prince_n exceed_o addict_v to_o the_o study_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o art_n and_o science_n especial_o the_o mathematics_n and_o mechanic_n in_o both_o which_o he_o receive_v great_a assistance_n from_o the_o famous_a astronomer_n tycho_n brahe_n who_o die_v in_o his_o court_n where_o he_o have_v spend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o banishment_n several_a city_n and_o province_n in_o germany_n at_o his_o request_n begin_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o gregorian_a account_n though_o many_o ambassador_n send_v from_o the_o elector_n to_o rotenburg_n to_o treat_v of_o this_o particular_a reject_v it_o the_o great_a war_n he_o engage_v himself_o in_o be_v against_o the_o turk_n with_o who_o at_o last_o he_o conclude_v a_o peace_n in_o the_o year_n 1600._o but_o the_o truth_n be_v he_o mind_v his_o book_n more_o than_o art_n of_o chivalry_n and_o be_v a_o great_a scholar_n than_o soldier_n which_o give_v his_o brother_n mathias_n opportunity_n of_o undermine_v and_o cheat_v he_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n and_o force_v he_o to_o content_v himself_o with_o the_o arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n and_o the_o empire_n 1612._o mathias_n upon_o his_o brother_n death_n be_v elect_v and_o crown_v emperor_n at_o francfurt_n the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v as_o much_o persecute_v by_o this_o emperor_n as_o it_o be_v encourage_v by_o his_o predecessor_n which_o harshness_n and_o severity_n give_v occasion_n to_o that_o bloody_a civil-war_n which_o break_v out_o first_o in_o bohemia_n and_o have_v afterward_o like_a to_o have_v set_v the_o whole_a empire_n in_o a_o flame_n when_o the_o oppression_n which_o the_o protestant_n lie_v under_o have_v occasion_v some_o dangerous_a sedition_n in_o a_o great_a many_o considerable_a city_n and_o market-town_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o emperor_n order_v a_o synod_n to_o be_v call_v at_o prague_n design_v to_o allow_v the_o dissent_v party_n as_o they_o term_v the_o lutheran_n some_o small_a privilege_n but_o such_o as_o shall_v be_v far_o short_a of_o the_o large_a charter_n give_v and_o confirm_v to_o they_o by_o his_o brother_n rudolph_n at_o this_o meeting_n the_o emperor_n ambassador_n william_n slabate_v and_o jurislaw_n bazius_n where_o throw_v out_o of_o the_o window_n for_o their_o domineer_a carriage_n and_o so_o perish_v this_o mighty_o incense_v the_o emperor_n who_o endeavour_v to_o be_v revenge_v have_v like_a to_o have_v ruin_v himself_o and_o his_o empire_n he_o die_v without_o issue_n have_v reign_v seven_o year_n 1619._o ferdinand_n of_o gratz_n archduke_n of_o austria_n and_o grandson_n to_o ferdinand_n i._o by_o
part_n of_o germany_n so_o that_o these_o still_o retain_v their_o ancient_a form_n until_o the_o frank_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o introduce_v new_a mode_n and_o establish_v a_o new_a sort_n of_o government_n everywhere_o for_o these_o conqueror_n imitate_v the_o roman_n reduce_v all_o germany_n into_o province_n over_o which_o they_o appoint_v so_o many_o duke_n who_o have_v authority_n to_o govern_v and_o to_o administer_v justice_n according_a to_o the_o tenure_n of_o their_o respective_a commission_n to_o these_o duke_n they_o sometime_o add_v assistant_n who_o be_v from_o their_o office_n which_o be_v to_o aid_v the_o duke_n in_o the_o management_n of_o great_a and_o weighty_a affair_n call_v count_n or_o comites_fw-la the_o duke_n be_v always_o elect_v by_o the_o king_n and_o nobility_n out_o of_o some_o illustrious_a family_n yet_o so_o that_o if_o the_o decease_a duke_n son_n be_v capable_a and_o worthy_a of_o his_o father_n honour_n he_o be_v seldom_o 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former_o only_a four_o of_o this_o kind_n in_o the_o whole_a empire_n who_o be_v ordinary_o call_v die_n vier_fw-mi graven_n dess_n heiligen_n romischen_n reichs_n i._n e._n the_o four_o grave_n or_o count_n of_o the_o holy_a roman_a empire_n these_o be_v the_o count_n of_o cleve_n schwartzenburg_n ciley_n and_o savoy_n but_o since_o the_o count_n of_o cleve_n and_o savoy_n be_v advance_v to_o duke_n and_o the_o family_n of_o the_o ancient_a count_n of_o ciley_n be_v extinct_a which_o happen_v about_o two_o hundred_o year_n ago_o the_o count_n of_o schwartzenburg_n in_o thuringen_n be_v the_o only_a prince_n that_o bear_v that_o title_n still_v himself_o usual_o to_o this_o day_n der_fw-mi vier_fw-mi graven_n dess_n reichs_n grave_a zu_fw-ge schwartzenburg_n i._n e._n of_o the_o four_o count_n of_o the_o empire_n count_n of_o schwartzenburg_n beside_o he_o there_o be_v nowadays_o several_a other_o german_a count_n who_o may_v just_o be_v refer_v to_o this_o head_n though_o they_o 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be_v twofold_a 1._o original_o feudal_n and_o annex_v to_o the_o name_n of_o some_o territory_n or_o grafschaft_n with_o such_o jura_fw-la imperii_fw-la &_o majestatis_fw-la as_o other_o ordinary_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v not_o as_o we_o see_v in_o the_o title_n of_o the_o count_n palatine_a of_o the_o rhine_n 2._o mere_o personal_a without_o the_o addition_n of_o any_o particular_a territory_n proper_a to_o he_o that_o have_v the_o dignity_n both_o the_o title_n and_o nature_n of_o this_o late_a kind_n be_v original_o to_o be_v fetch_v from_o the_o example_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a empire_n but_o the_o former_a though_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o may_v be_v find_v in_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n under_o the_o name_n of_o praefectus_fw-la praetorio_fw-la yet_o be_v in_o ordinary_a use_n as_o to_o the_o name_n and_o title_n only_o in_o the_o francic_a kingdom_n for_o there_o be_v in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o francic_a king_n long_o before_o their_o kingdom_n be_v change_v into_o a_o empire_n a_o chief_a officer_n know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o comes_fw-la palatii_fw-la or_o count_n palatine_n who_o have_v a_o viceregency_n under_o the_o king_n in_o like_a sort_n as_o the_o praefecti_fw-la praetorio_fw-la in_o the_o elder_a empire_n or_o the_o old_a chief_a justice_n of_o england_n under_o our_o ancient_a king_n that_o be_v he_o have_v the_o exercise_n of_o supreme_a jurisdiction_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o king_n in_o all_o cause_n that_o come_v to_o the_o king_n immediate_a audience_n i_o suppose_v the_o office_n of_o hofmeister_n use_v to_o this_o day_n in_o every_o german_a prince_n court_n be_v a_o relic_n of_o this_o palatinate_n and_o that_o come_v palatii_fw-la might_n easy_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n with_o praefectus_fw-la praetorio_fw-la or_o hofmeister_n will_v not_o be_v difficult_a for_o any_o man_n to_o imagine_v that_o shall_v consider_v the_o signification_n which_o the_o word_n come_v have_v among_o the_o ancient_a roman_n in_o the_o usual_a compellation_n of_o
superad_v to_o the_o title_n of_o freyherr_n to_o denote_v the_o antiquity_n of_o those_o four_o who_o bear_v this_o name_n in_o the_o rank_n of_o baron_n paurmeister_n give_v his_o opinion_n of_o the_o case_n propose_v in_o these_o word_n ego_fw-la baronum_fw-la genera_fw-la nulla_fw-la esse_fw-la arbitror_fw-la &_o quocunque_fw-la nomine_fw-la semper-freyen_a freyherrn_n edle_o herrn_n vel_fw-la singulariter_fw-la freyen_fw-mi herrn_n edle_o well_fw-mi die_v edle_n appellantur_fw-la nobilitate_fw-la ac_fw-la dignitate_fw-la pares_fw-la esse_fw-la omnes_fw-la enim_fw-la generali_fw-la vocabulo_fw-la herrn_fw-la comprehenduntur_fw-la ut_fw-la perpetuo_fw-la habet_fw-la decretorum_fw-la comitiorum_fw-la subscriptio_fw-la von_n der_fw-mi graven_n und_fw-ge herrn_fw-ge wegen_fw-ge i._n e._n i_o do_v not_o think_v there_o be_v any_o different_a kind_n of_o baron_n but_o that_o whatever_o title_n they_o may_v have_v whether_o semper-freyen_a freyherrn_n edle_o herrn_n freyen_fw-mi herrn_v or_o edle_n they_o be_v all_o of_o they_o notwithstanding_o of_o equal_a nobility_n and_o dignity_n since_o they_o all_o agree_v in_o the_o general_a title_n of_o herrn_n as_o we_o find_v the_o decree_n ancient_o pass_v in_o the_o diet_n subscribe_v von_n der_fw-mi graven_n und_fw-ge herrn_fw-ge wegen_fw-ge i._n e._n by_o assent_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o count_n and_o baron_n and_o as_o herrn_n be_v a_o common_a name_n for_o all_o sort_n of_o german_a baron_n so_o be_v herrschaft_n a_o general_a name_n for_o a_o barony_n which_o two_o word_n the_o high_a dutch_a use_n in_o the_o same_o sense_n as_o we_o do_v lord_n and_o lordship_n we_o see_v then_o what_o the_o title_n of_o freyherr_a signify_v â—â—â—on_n â—â—â—on_n and_o in_o the_o modern_a writing_n of_o the_o german_n we_o seldom_o or_o never_o meet_v with_o the_o word_n baron_fw-fr though_o this_o be_v as_o ordinary_a in_o spain_n italy_n france_n and_o england_n as_o the_o former_a be_v in_o germany_n however_o schottelius_fw-la who_o make_v as_o diligent_a enquiry_n into_o the_o ancient_a monument_n and_o record_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n as_o any_o man_n whatever_o assure_v we_o that_o bar_n or_o baar_n in_o old_a teutonic_n manuscript_n signify_v a_o baron_n and_o be_v common_o there_o use_v instead_o of_o the_o more_o modern_a word_n freyherr_a and_o possible_o there_o may_v be_v as_o just_a ground_n for_o derive_v baro_n from_o the_o high_a dutch_a as_o either_o the_o latin_a or_o greek_a for_o the_o latin_a word_n virro_n signify_v a_o man_n separate_v and_o distinct_a from_o the_o vulgar_a by_o his_o virtue_n whence_o the_o generality_n of_o critic_n derive_v baro_n have_v in_o all_o probability_n be_v borrow_v of_o the_o high_a dutch_a in_o who_o ancient_a law_n baro_n or_o barus_n and_o foemina_fw-la do_v usual_o occur_v for_o a_o man_n or_o woman_n the_o english_a saxon_n call_v a_o man_n Æ¿er_n or_o Æ¿ar_v which_o the_o old_a frank_n turn_v into_o berinthia_n and_o afterward_o paro_n in_o junius_n edition_n of_o the_o codex_fw-la argenteus_n the_o gothic_a word_n wair_n be_v use_v for_o man_n and_z waire_z in_o the_o plural_a for_o man_n sometime_o instead_o of_o baron_n the_o german_n use_v the_o title_n of_o bannerherr_a â—â—nner-herr_a â—â—nner-herr_a or_o panner-herr_a which_o may_v be_v render_v dominus_fw-la vexillifer_fw-la and_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n with_o banneret_n i_o can_v certain_o affirm_v that_o the_o word_n bannerherr_a though_o ordinary_o meet_v with_o in_o german_a writer_n be_v ever_o make_v use_n of_o to_o denote_v any_o high_a dutch_a title_n of_o honour_n but_o only_o to_o express_v the_o honorary_a title_n of_o other_o nation_n what_o a_o chivalier_n banneret_n or_o knight_n banneret_n which_o the_o german_n usual_o render_v bannerherr_a do_v signify_v may_v be_v learn_v from_o the_o account_n which_o the_o author_n of_o la_fw-fr division_n du_fw-fr mond_fw-fr give_v of_o it_o pour_v fair_a say_v he_o un_fw-fr chevalier_n banneret_n cest_fw-fr quant_fw-fr il_fw-fr a_o longement_n suyvy_fw-fr les_fw-fr guerre_v et_fw-fr que_fw-fr il_fw-fr a_fw-fr assez_fw-fr terres_fw-la et_fw-fr revenue_n tant_fw-fr que_fw-fr il_fw-fr peult_n tenir_fw-fr et_fw-fr soudoyer_fw-fr cinquant_n gentiles_n home_n pour_fw-fr accompagnier_fw-fr sa_fw-fr banniere_n lord_fw-mi il_fw-fr peult_n licitement_n lever_n ladit_fw-la banniere_n et_fw-fr non_fw-fr autrement_fw-fr car_fw-fr nul_fw-fr autre_fw-fr home_fw-fr ne_fw-fr pvit_fw-fr porter_n banniere_n en_fw-fr battaile_n sil_fw-fr n'a_fw-fr cinquant_a home_n prestz_fw-fr pour_fw-fr battailler_n which_o story_n of_o maintain_v fifty_o man_n under_o he_o to_o accompany_v his_o banner_n be_v in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o old_a print_a copy_n of_o gesta_fw-la romanorum_fw-la in_o french_a notwithstanding_o the_o assertion_n of_o some_o late_a author_n that_o a_o banneret_n need_v have_v no_o more_o than_o twenty-five_o some_o say_v ten_o man_n under_o he_o the_o german_n call_v a_o knight_n ritter_n â—â—tter_n â—â—tter_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n as_o the_o latin_n style_v he_o eques_fw-la because_o this_o title_n be_v former_o never_o confer_v upon_o any_o man_n that_o have_v not_o perform_v some_o gallant_a exploit_n in_o the_o field_n and_o who_o be_v dub_v knight_n by_o be_v accouter_v with_o a_o sword_n and_o pair_n of_o spur_n one_o of_o our_o ancient_a english_a poet_n dan._n lydgate_n give_v we_o a_o full_a explication_n of_o the_o title_n of_o ritter_n in_o these_o word_n eques_fw-la ab_fw-la equo_fw-la be_v say_v of_o very_a right_n and_o chevalier_n be_v say_v of_o chivalry_n in_o which_o a_o rider_n call_v be_v a_o knight_n arragoner_n do_v also_o specify_v caballiero_n through_o all_o that_o party_n be_v name_n of_o worship_n and_o so_o take_v his_o '_o ginning_n of_o spur_n of_o gold_n and_o chief_o ride_v the_o first_o original_n of_o dub_a of_o knight_n with_o a_o sword_n come_v probable_o from_o the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o northern_a nation_n of_o gird_v their_o young_a man_n with_o a_o sword_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v arms._n nihil_fw-la say_v tacitus_n speak_v of_o the_o ancient_a german_n neque_fw-la publicae_fw-la neque_fw-la privatae_fw-la rei_fw-la nisi_fw-la armati_fw-la agunt_fw-la sed_fw-la arma_fw-la sumere_fw-la non_fw-la ante_fw-la cviquam_fw-la moris_fw-la quam_fw-la civitas_n suffecturum_fw-la probaverit_fw-la tum_o in_o ipso_fw-la concilio_fw-la vel_fw-la principum_fw-la aliquis_fw-la vel_fw-la pater_fw-la vel_fw-la propinquus_n scuto_fw-la frameaque_fw-la juvenem_fw-la ornant_fw-la haec_fw-la apud_fw-la illos_fw-la toga_fw-la hic_fw-la primus_fw-la juventae_fw-la honos_fw-la ante_fw-la hoc_fw-la domus_fw-la pars_fw-la videntur_fw-la mox_fw-la reipublicae_fw-la beside_o this_o ceremony_n of_o give_v a_o lance_n or_o target_n to_o such_o as_o be_v admit_v member_n of_o the_o empire_n they_o have_v another_o way_n of_o adopt_v son_n per_fw-la arma_fw-la thus_o theodoric_n king_n of_o the_o eastern_a goth_n in_o italy_n adopt_v the_o king_n of_o the_o heruli_n by_o a_o charter_n still_o extant_a in_o cassiodorus_n northern_a history_n and_o hence_o justin_n the_o elder_a be_v about_o to_o adopt_v cosroes_n the_o king_n of_o persia_n son_n be_v advise_v by_o proclus_n his_o chancellor_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d as_o procopius_n speak_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i._n e._n that_o it_o shall_v be_v do_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n who_o do_v not_o adopt_v son_n by_o write_v but_o by_o arms._n there_o be_v not_o so_o many_o several_a order_n of_o knighthood_n in_o germany_n as_o in_o most_o other_o european_a nation_n knighthood_n order_n of_o knighthood_n if_o we_o except_o those_o who_o have_v any_o honour_n and_o title_n of_o some_o particular_a order_n send_v they_o from_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n england_n and_o denmark_n for_o from_o these_o prince_n several_a duke_n count_n and_o other_o grandee_n of_o the_o empire_n receive_v the_o honorary_a title_n of_o knight_n of_o the_o golden_a fleece_n the_o garter_n and_o the_o elephant_n the_o teutonic_n order_n of_o knighthood_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v something_o before_o in_o the_o description_n of_o prussia_n be_v first_o institute_v under_o the_o wall_n of_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n although_o jacob_n de_fw-fr vitriaco_n polydore_n vergilius_n gretser_n and_o several_a other_o historian_n of_o good_a note_n make_v the_o order_n much_o more_o ancient_a after_o the_o city_n be_v take_v by_o the_o christian_n these_o new_a knight_n who_o be_v most_o of_o they_o citizen_n of_o lubec_n and_o bremen_n fix_v themselves_o at_o a_o church_n dedicate_v to_o the_o virgin_n mary_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v sometime_o style_v equites_fw-la mariani_n here_o they_o be_v settle_v under_o henry_n walpot_n von_fw-mi passenheim_n their_o first_o great_a master_n in_o the_o year_n 1190._o afterward_o when_o the_o christian_n be_v beat_v out_o of_o syria_n they_o remove_v to_o venice_n and_o thence_o to_o marpurg_n in_o hassia_n where_o as_o in_o several_a other_o part_n of_o germany_n their_o convent_n be_v endow_v with_o fair_a revenue_n whence_o some_o fancy_n they_o first_o get_v the_o name_n of_o equites_fw-la
army_n consist_v not_o of_o volunteer_n but_o soldier_n press_v to_o rebellion_n 3._o that_o the_o person_n thus_o offend_v have_v evil_a design_n in_o his_o head_n as_o it_o be_v indeed_o a_o thousand_o to_o one_o but_o he_o have_v and_o a_o intention_n of_o overthrow_v the_o establish_a government_n any_o one_o of_o these_o accomplishment_n be_v not_o enough_o they_o say_v to_o make_v a_o complete_a disturber_n of_o the_o peace_n but_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o they_o all_o concur_v before_o the_o law_n can_v take_v hold_n of_o any_o man_n as_o a_o delinquent_n to_o these_o four_o head_n may_v be_v refer_v all_o the_o law_n and_o decree_n in_o force_n at_o this_o day_n over_o the_o whole_a empire_n except_v what_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o emperor_n justinian_n collection_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n however_o in_o particular_a province_n and_o principality_n we_o must_v expect_v to_o find_v other_o body_n of_o statute_n such_o be_v the_o sachsen-spiegel_n schwaben-spiegel_n das_n sachsische_n weichbild_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o more_o at_o large_a when_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o the_o several_a prince_n dominion_n where_o they_o be_v observe_v because_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a we_o shall_v in_o this_o place_n give_v the_o reader_n a_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o law_n peculiar_a to_o germany_n and_o other_o common_a to_o the_o empire_n with_o other_o nation_n therefore_o we_o shall_v refer_v he_o for_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o his_o curiosity_n in_o this_o particular_a to_o the_o work_n of_o those_o many_o learned_a lawyer_n which_o have_v treat_v at_o large_a of_o this_o subject_n among_o who_o hermannus_n conringius_n late_a professor_n of_o physic_n at_o helmstadt_n be_v usual_o reckon_v the_o most_o eminent_a arumaeus_n besoldus_n speidelius_n hippolytus_n a_o lapide_fw-la paurmeister_n lampadius_n and_o other_o have_v do_v their_o country_n great_a service_n in_o collect_v together_o and_z commenting_z upon_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n the_o recessus_fw-la imperii_fw-la or_o statute-law_n of_o the_o state_n assemble_v in_o the_o public_a diet_n be_v collect_v into_o one_o body_n and_o sometime_o illustrate_v with_o accurate_a note_n by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o comitiologia_n panvinius_n gotlieb_n von_fw-mi hagen_n and_o most_o especial_o by_o the_o industrious_a and_o learned_a author_n of_o a_o small_a book_n entitle_v grundfeste_a des_fw-fr heiligen_n romischen_n reiche_n mounseur_fw-fr rachel_n plenipotentiary_n from_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein-gottorp_a in_o the_o late_a treaty_n of_o peace_n at_o nimeguen_n publish_v a_o small_a treatise_n this_o present_a year_n 1680_o entitle_v introductio_fw-la ad_fw-la jus_fw-la publicum_fw-la germanicum_n wherein_o he_o give_v a_o concise_a but_o learned_a account_n of_o the_o historical_a chronological_n and_o georgraphical_a part_n of_o the_o whole_a common-law_n practise_v in_o the_o german_a empire_n of_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o matter_n therein_o transact_v the_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v the_o diet_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o general_n assembly_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n it_o answer_v in_o all_o thing_n to_o our_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n whether_o we_o respect_v the_o person_n that_o constitute_v it_o or_o the_o affair_n usual_o therein_o transact_v when_o the_o emperor_n summons_n summons_n by_o advice_n of_o the_o elector_n who_o be_v of_o his_o council_n have_v a_o mind_n the_o estate_n shall_v assemble_v he_o issue_v out_o his_o summons_n by_o letter_n to_o the_o several_a prince_n and_o other_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n who_o have_v seat_n and_o vote_n in_o the_o diet_n acquaint_v they_o with_o the_o time_n and_o place_n appoint_v for_o their_o sit_v every_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n be_v bind_v by_o his_o allegiance_n to_o appear_v at_o the_o day_n appoint_v either_o in_o person_n or_o by_o proxy_n in_o the_o old_a francic_a kingdom_n the_o several_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v bind_v to_o make_v their_o personal_a appearance_n and_o never_o permit_v to_o send_v deputy_n in_o their_o place_n except_o upon_o a_o just_a and_o lawful_a pretence_n to_o be_v approve_v of_o by_o the_o emperor_n and_o elector_n whence_o it_o happen_v that_o in_o those_o day_n there_o will_v not_o appear_v above_o two_o or_o three_o deputy_n at_o most_o in_o a_o diet_n whereas_o now_o the_o better_a half_n consist_v usual_o of_o such_o substitute_n as_o have_v no_o voice_n of_o their_o own_o but_o come_v there_o to_o vote_n for_o their_o master_n the_o chief_a reason_n for_o such_o a_o alteration_n spring_v from_o the_o grow_a luxury_n of_o late_a age_n which_o oblige_v some_o poor_a prince_n to_o keep_v away_o for_o fear_v of_o be_v constrain_v to_o live_v at_o a_o rate_n beyond_o what_o their_o purse_n will_v bear_v though_o no_o more_o than_o what_o their_o quality_n require_v hence_o proceed_n in_o the_o diet_n come_v to_o be_v so_o slow_a pace_v and_o every_o matter_n in_o debate_n be_v hold_v much_o long_o in_o agitation_n before_o any_o thing_n be_v final_o resolve_v on_o than_o it_o will_v be_v if_o every_o prince_n be_v oblige_v to_o personal_a appearance_n for_o it_o must_v needs_o often_o happen_v that_o in_o several_a particular_a case_n bring_v before_o the_o diet_n the_o deputy_n want_v full_a instruction_n and_o so_o not_o dare_v to_o act_v beyond_o their_o commission_n be_v force_v to_o expect_v new_a order_n from_o their_o master_n before_o they_o will_v venture_v to_o proceed_v nay_o since_o the_o day_n of_o maximilian_n the_o emperor_n and_o for_o some_o short_a time_n before_o many_o of_o the_o estate_n have_v take_v the_o liberty_n of_o neither_o appear_v in_o person_n nor_o by_o their_o ambassador_n however_o in_o such_o case_n all_o matter_n transact_v in_o the_o absence_n of_o these_o estate_n or_o their_o deputy_n have_v as_o much_o force_n as_o if_o they_o be_v present_a as_o appear_v from_o the_o reichs_n absciede_n zu_fw-ge trier_n und_fw-ge colln_v a._n d._n 1512._o §_o es_fw-ge solln_v auch_fw-ge etc._n etc._n but_o when_o some_o grand_a and_o important_a affair_n of_o the_o empire_n require_v the_o personal_a appearance_n of_o the_o member_n themselves_o the_o emperor_n common_o urge_v they_o by_o his_o summons_n to_o repair_v in_o person_n to_o the_o place_n appoint_v thus_o ferdinand_n king_n of_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o year_n 1555_o not_o only_o by_o his_o letter_n patent_n but_o by_o ambassador_n request_v of_o the_o particular_a estate_n that_o they_o will_v give_v their_o personal_a attendance_n and_o not_o leave_v matter_n of_o so_o great_a importance_n as_o be_v then_o like_a to_o be_v bring_v before_o they_o to_o be_v take_v into_o consideration_n by_o deputy_n only_o who_o can_v not_o make_v so_o ready_a a_o dispatch_n as_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o affair_n before_o they_o will_v require_v after_o such_o a_o press_a summons_n as_o this_o the_o estate_n that_o absent_a themselves_o either_o send_v in_o no_o deputy_n at_o all_o or_o else_o make_v their_o ambassador_n plenipotentiaries_n by_o give_v they_o as_o full_a power_n and_o authority_n to_o vote_n and_o act_n in_o the_o assembly_n as_o if_o they_o themselves_o be_v present_a the_o old_a roman_a emperor_n use_v to_o call_v assembly_n of_o their_o estate_n at_o roncale_n a_o pleasant_a place_n upon_o the_o river_n padus_n where_o the_o prince_n place_n place_n and_o other_o give_v their_o vote_n in_o the_o open_a field_n afterward_o they_o remove_v their_o meeting_n into_o great_a town_n and_o city_n which_o be_v a_o custom_n before_o charles_n the_o great_a pitch_a upon_o mentz_n as_o a_o place_n most_o convenient_a for_o the_o set_n of_o the_o diet._n the_o aurea_n bulla_n order_n that_o whoever_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n shall_v hold_v his_o first_o diet_n at_o noremberg_n but_o with_o this_o proviso_n nisi_fw-la 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he_o please_v provide_v it_o be_v not_o without_o the_o bound_n
have_v vote_n in_o the_o diet_n all_o the_o ecclesiastical_a member_n of_o the_o diet_n have_v not_o equal_a vote_n prelate_n prelate_n as_o neither_o have_v the_o secular_a one_o the_o ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o secular_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o also_o all_o other_o prelate_n that_o have_v princely_a dignity_n annex_v to_o their_o sacred_a function_n together_o with_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n have_v single_a voice_n and_o give_v in_o their_o vote_n to_o the_o vice-marshal_n by_o turn_n but_o other_o that_o can_v lay_v no_o claim_n to_o any_o temporal_a principality_n give_v their_o voice_n by_o company_n of_o this_o last_o sort_n there_o be_v at_o this_o day_n two_o bench_n die_v schwabische_n and_o rheinische_n former_o the_o count_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v no_o more_o than_o two_o voice_n and_o be_v therefore_o as_o the_o prelate_n be_v now_o divide_v into_o two_o bench_n call_v by_o the_o german_n in_o those_o day_n die_v 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the_o reform_a religion_n and_o embrace_v the_o opinion_n either_o of_o luther_n or_o calvin_n so_o be_v also_o the_o assessor_n themselves_o though_o there_o lie_v no_o appeal_n from_o the_o imperial_a chamber_n to_o any_o other_o court_n of_o judicature_n visiter_n visiter_n yet_o if_o the_o judge_n and_o assessor_n of_o this_o court_n be_v accuse_v of_o any_o unjust_a proceed_n in_o the_o determination_n of_o any_o controversy_n execution_n of_o the_o sentence_n pronounce_v be_v defer_v till_o the_o visiter_n of_o the_o chamber_n examine_v the_o reasonableness_n of_o the_o complaint_n and_o redress_v the_o grievance_n if_o just_o allege_v whence_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o assessor_n themselves_o that_o sit_v at_o this_o tribunal_n be_v not_o the_o supreme_a judge_n of_o the_o empire_n but_o that_o their_o visiter_n may_v more_o just_o claim_v that_o title_n for_o some_o time_n before_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n of_o peace_n it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o procure_v
the_o misery_n be_v which_o their_o own_o dissension_n bring_v upon_o they_o but_o also_o learn_v in_o what_o condition_n the_o empire_n be_v after_o the_o ratification_n of_o the_o say_v westphalian_a treaty_n first_o then_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o imperialist_n shall_v pay_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n five_o million_o of_o gold_n to_o defray_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o war_n one_o three_o part_n whereof_o be_v afterward_o lay_v out_o in_o pay_v off_o and_o disband_v some_o of_o the_o swedish_n force_n another_o be_v give_v away_o in_o reward_n to_o such_o officer_n as_o have_v show_v their_o gallantry_n in_o the_o war_n and_o the_o three_o be_v dispose_v of_o in_o liberality_n by_o the_o queen_n beside_o this_o money_n the_o empire_n quit_v and_o annex_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n all_o the_o hither_o pomeren_fw-mi with_o the_o island_n and_o principality_n of_o rugen_n the_o city_n of_o stetin_n gart_n dam_n holnau_n the_o isle_n of_o wollin_n the_o river_n oder_fw-ge and_o the_o part_n of_o frischehaff_n the_o collation_n of_o all_o the_o ecclesiastical_a benefice_n which_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n challenge_v before_o the_o treaty_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o camin_n with_o the_o reversion_n of_o that_o bishopric_n nay_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o pomerania_n and_o the_o new_a marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n in_o case_n the_o heir_n male_a of_o that_o family_n shall_v happen_v to_o fail_v add_v to_o these_o wismar_n a_o strong_a port-town_n on_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o fortress_n of_o walfisch_n the_o bailiwic_n of_o poel_n and_o neucloster_n and_o last_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n and_o bishopric_n of_o werden_n both_o convert_v into_o dukedom_n together_o with_o the_o city_n and_o bailiwic_n of_o wilshausen_n so_o that_o by_o that_o treaty_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n get_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o bremen_n werden_n and_o pomeren_n prince_n of_o rugen_n and_o lord_n of_o wismar_n and_o in_o all_o these_o land_n and_o territory_n have_v supreme_a power_n and_o authority_n to_o erect_a university_n set_v impost_n upon_o all_o commodity_n either_o export_v or_o import_v and_o the_o like_a pay_v only_o to_o the_o emperor_n a_o small_a homage_n as_o be_v do_v by_o other_o great_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n ii_o to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o his_o successor_n for_o ever_o be_v give_v by_o the_o same_o treaty_n the_o city_n and_o bishopric_n of_o metz_n toul_n and_o verdun_n with_o moyenvic_n pignerol_n brisac_n the_o landtgravedom_n of_o alsatia_n the_o bailiwic_n of_o haguenau_n and_o the_o fortress_n of_o philipsburg_n by_o this_o bargain_n the_o french_a be_v great_a gainer_n and_o the_o emperor_n lose_v not_o much_o the_o former_a beside_o the_o considerable_a enlargement_n of_o their_o territory_n cut_v off_o all_o possibility_n of_o the_o spaniard_n unite_n his_o italian_a force_n with_o those_o in_o the_o low_a country_n which_o may_v easy_o be_v do_v as_o long_o as_o alsace_n and_o lorain_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o archduke_n of_o austria_n the_o late_a by_o give_v up_o his_o right_n in_o alsace_n make_v the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n hereditary_a to_o his_o house_n and_o therefore_o catch_v as_o much_o with_o one_o hand_n as_o he_o lose_v on_o the_o other_o what_o the_o acquisition_n or_o loss_n of_o particular_a prince_n be_v we_o shall_v take_v occasion_n to_o show_v in_o the_o description_n of_o the_o several_a principality_n which_o they_o now_o possess_v we_o see_v into_o what_o condition_n the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n be_v bring_v by_o engage_v himself_o in_o a_o civil_a war_n with_o the_o prince_n of_o his_o empire_n estate_n present_a estate_n how_o much_o of_o his_o dominion_n be_v snatch_v away_o by_o the_o swede_n on_o the_o one_o hand_n and_o the_o french_a on_o the_o other_o this_o be_v the_o posture_n of_o the_o german_a affair_n till_o the_o late_a war_n with_o france_n and_o sweden_n alter_v the_o scene_n for_o the_o french_a enlarge_v 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of_o the_o french_a by_o strasburgh_n so_o it_o be_v from_o all_o invasion_n of_o the_o turk_n by_o vienna_n of_o the_o polander_n by_o wratislaw_n of_o the_o dane_n by_o hamburgh_n and_o lubeck_n and_o of_o the_o hollander_n by_o colln_v so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a fear_n of_o be_v injure_v by_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n if_o all_o the_o german_a prince_n will_v unanimous_o join_v hand_n in_o defend_v the_o strong_a hold_n and_o secure_v the_o bound_n of_o that_o empire_n whereof_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v member_n but_o as_o long_o as_o each_o petty_a prince_n be_v only_o solicitous_a about_o the_o enlargement_n of_o his_o own_o small_a demesne_n and_o the_o strong_a permit_v to_o annex_v as_o much_o of_o their_o neighbour_n territory_n to_o their_o own_o as_o they_o can_v lay_v their_o hand_n on_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v in_o great_a danger_n of_o be_v destroy_v by_o its_o own_o member_n the_o elector_n indeed_o and_o all_o the_o other_o great_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n pay_v some_o small_a homage_n and_o acknowledgement_n to_o the_o emperor_n but_o all_o the_o while_n exercise_n as_o absolute_a a_o monarchical_a dominion_n in_o their_o several_a principality_n as_o the_o emperor_n himself_o do_v in_o austria_n or_o bohemia_n so_o that_o germany_n be_v not_o real_o a_o nation_n subject_n to_o one_o supreme_a head_n and_o governor_n but_o a_o combination_n of_o several_a little_a commonwealth_n and_o kingdom_n who_o general_a inteterest_n consist_v in_o maintain_v a_o inviolable_a confefederacy_n among_o themselves_o and_o a_o unanimous_a desire_n to_o secure_v rather_o than_o enlarge_v their_o dominion_n in_o a_o word_n the_o foreign_a interest_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o speak_v in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o incomparable_a sir_n william_n temple_n be_v the_o defence_n of_o the_o eastern_a part_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o western_a circle_n against_o the_o growth_n of_o france_n the_o domestic_a be_v the_o limit_a constitution_n of_o the_o imperial_a power_n and_o the_o balance_n of_o the_o several_a free_a prince_n and_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o hans-town_n before_o we_o come_v to_o a_o particular_a description_n of_o hamburgh_n and_o other_o great_a city_n on_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n it_o will_v be_v convenient_a to_o premise_v something_o of_o the_o hans-town_n in_o general_a that_o the_o reader_n may_v the_o better_o understand_v what_o we_o mean_v by_o that_o word_n when_o he_o shall_v meet_v with_o it_o in_o the_o follow_a sheet_n by_o hans-town_n then_o the_o german_a writer_n understand_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o great_a city_n all_o along_o the_o seashore_n from_o the_o finnic_a bay_n down_o as_o far_o as_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o rhine_n which_o several_a age_n ago_o enter_v into_o a_o solemn_a confederacy_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o trade_n and_o the_o better_a security_n of_o their_o territory_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n in_o what_o year_n this_o league_n be_v make_v confederate_a when_o foâ—â—_n confederate_a be_v not_o certain_o know_v and_o chytreus_n who_o be_v as_o diligent_a and_o curious_a in_o inquire_v after_o these_o kind_n of_o antiquity_n as_o any_o historian_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n tell_v we_o that_o very_o few_o of_o the_o old_a record_n he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o of_o the_o hans-town_n can_v give_v he_o the_o least_o hint_n of_o the_o year_n when_o they_o be_v admit_v into_o that_o number_n however_o he_o guess_v the_o society_n be_v first_o institute_v a_o little_a before_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n ii_o about_o the_o year_n 1200._o and_o the_o noble_a historian_n thuanus_n embrace_v his_o opinion_n in_o this_o as_o well_o as_o most_o other_o particular_n of_o the_o german_a history_n which_o he_o meddle_v with_o john_n angelius_n werdenhagen_n a_o impertinent_a author_n who_o have_v scribble_v four_a
large_a tomes_n de_fw-fr rebus_fw-la publ_n anseaticis_fw-la give_v no_o positive_a account_n of_o the_o first_o original_n of_o this_o confederacy_n but_o seem_v to_o bring_v it_o down_o from_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n surname_v the_o lion_n henry_n suderman_n who_o be_v sometime_o counsellor_n to_o the_o hans-town_n fetch_v its_o institution_n far_o further_o than_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o thirteen_o century_n or_o late_a end_n of_o the_o twelve_o which_o be_v the_o time_n usual_o pitch_v upon_o by_o other_o historian_n with_o how_o little_a probability_n these_o opinion_n be_v back_v be_v easy_a to_o observe_v though_o perhaps_o after_o the_o most_o diligent_a enquiry_n we_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o guess_v right_n ourselves_o for_o lubeck_n have_v be_v always_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o hans-town_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n their_o high_a court_n of_o judicature_n be_v keep_v there_o therefore_o it_o be_v very_o likely_a that_o this_o city_n be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o that_o enter_v into_o that_o solemn_a league_n and_o covenant_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o lubeck_n be_v only_o build_v towards_o the_o late_a end_n of_o the_o twelve_o century_n and_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o imagine_v that_o this_o town_n and_o hamburg_n will_v enter_v into_o any_o such_o league_n as_o long_o as_o they_o be_v under_o the_o yoke_n of_o the_o then_o inconsiderable_a king_n of_o denmark_n which_o they_o do_v not_o shake_v off_o before_o the_o year_n 1226._o beside_o if_o lubeck_n be_v then_o one_o of_o the_o hans-town_n we_o shall_v meet_v with_o a_o account_n of_o some_o succour_n send_v she_o when_o she_o be_v engage_v in_o war_n against_o waldemar_n and_o his_o two_o son_n eric_n abel_n and_o christopher_n king_n of_o denmark_n which_o be_v end_v about_o the_o year_n 1259_o and_o yet_o no_o historian_n of_o those_o time_n mention_n any_o such_o thing_n we_o may_v therefore_o probable_o enough_o conclude_v that_o the_o say_v city_n enter_v not_o into_o any_o confederacy_n till_o after_o the_o sixti_v year_n of_o the_o thirteen_o century_n at_o which_o time_n peace_n be_v first_o conclude_v with_o the_o dane_n and_o trade_n begin_v to_o be_v improve_v in_o these_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n what_o angelius_n report_v of_o his_o have_v see_v some_o charter_n and_o privilege_n grant_v to_o the_o unite_a hans-town_n which_o be_v date_v in_o the_o year_n 1194_o be_v as_o little_a to_o be_v credit_v as_o the_o story_n which_o other_o of_o the_o german_a historian_n relate_v of_o our_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o grant_v of_o large_a privilege_n to_o the_o same_o city_n in_o the_o 1206_o whereas_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o this_o prince_n be_v not_o advance_v to_o his_o father_n throne_n before_o the_o year_n 1216_o and_o be_v then_o only_o nine_o year_n of_o age_n polydor_z virgil_n to_o who_o we_o know_v what_o credit_n to_o give_v in_o those_o particular_n especial_o wherein_o he_o dissent_v from_o the_o rest_n of_o our_o english_a historian_n witness_v indeed_o for_o these_o man_n that_o henry_n the_o three_o do_v grant_v some_o such_o kind_n of_o privilege_n to_o the_o hans-town_n as_o they_o mention_v but_o the_o same_o author_n will_v tell_v they_o that_o this_o king_n reign_v till_o the_o year_n 1273._o and_o angelius_n when_o he_o come_v to_o ransack_v old_a norwegian_a paper_n for_o testimony_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o society_n can_v produce_v nothing_o of_o unquestionable_a authority_n as_o he_o phrase_n it_o write_v before_o the_o year_n 1278._o afterward_o when_o he_o come_v to_o give_v we_o a_o short_a compendium_n of_o their_o law_n which_o he_o have_v transcribe_v out_o of_o domannus_n the_o old_a among_o they_o do_v not_o bear_v date_n beyond_o the_o year_n 1312._o so_o that_o possible_o this_o company_n be_v no_o proper_a body_n politic_a before_o that_o time_n but_o the_o german_a historian_n differ_v as_o much_o in_o assign_v the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n hans_n â—â—ne_n â—â—ne_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o these_o confederate_a city_n shall_v call_v themselves_o by_o that_o name_n as_o they_o do_v in_o pitch_v upon_o the_o time_n of_o the_o first_o institution_n of_o their_o confederacy_n we_o shall_v give_v the_o reader_n a_o short_a catalogue_n of_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n and_o leave_v it_o to_o his_o judgement_n to_o embrace_v or_o reject_v any_o of_o they_o as_o he_o shall_v see_v cause_n first_o then_o some_o derive_v the_o word_n hanse_fw-mi or_o anse_v for_o in_o latin_a author_n we_o meet_v with_o urbes_fw-la anseaticae_n and_o ansaticae_n as_o well_o as_o hansaticae_n from_o the_o dutch_a be_fw-mi zee_fw-mi or_o be_fw-mi see_v signify_v near_o unto_o or_o upon_o the_o seashore_n because_o say_v they_o the_o hans-town_n be_v at_o first_o only_o a_o company_n of_o city_n which_o lie_v upon_o the_o seashore_n enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n mere_o for_o the_o advancement_n of_o trade_n by_o navigation_n and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o sole_a end_n of_o their_o enter_v into_o a_o league_n and_o not_o the_o secure_n of_o their_o territory_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o some_o city_n upon_o the_o rhine_n propose_v to_o themselves_o upon_o their_o enter_v into_o the_o like_a confederacy_n they_o prove_v from_o the_o testimony_n of_o chytraeus_n and_o crantzius_n who_o be_v author_n of_o good_a credit_n and_o authority_n 2._o other_o bring_v the_o word_n from_o hansa_n which_o in_o the_o old_a high_a dutch_a tongue_n signify_v a_o common_a council_n thence_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d mat._n xxvi_o 4._o which_o our_o english_a interpreter_n have_v render_v they_o consult_v be_v in_o some_o ancient_a dutch_a version_n translate_v sie_n haben_fw-ge ein_fw-ge hansa_n gemacht_fw-ge 3._o wehner_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o old_a charter_n of_o some_o of_o these_o city_n instead_o of_o hanse-stadte_a as_o the_o german_n nowadays_o usual_o write_v the_o word_n he_o have_v meet_v with_o hayn-stadte_a which_o signify_v in_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a dialect_n a_o city_n situate_a in_o a_o wood_n such_o as_o be_v a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o hans-town_n in_o saxony_n and_o not_o as_o some_o explain_v it_o a_o town_n in_o a_o pleasant_a valley_n or_o plain_a field_n 4._o the_o four_o opinion_n and_o last_v that_o look_v like_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n be_v that_o they_o have_v the_o name_n of_o hans-town_n from_o that_o preeminence_n and_o precedency_n which_o they_o just_o challenge_v among_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o german_a city_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n as_o great_a lord_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v sometime_o style_v gross_a hansen_n gewaltige_n hansen_n etc._n etc._n and_o hence_o several_a old_a german_a proper_a name_n fetch_v their_o original_n as_o anselmus_fw-la hanshelm_n a_o man_n famous_a for_o his_o helmet_n ansbrechtus_n hanswert_v one_o that_o deserve_v to_o be_v make_v a_o lord_n ansfridus_n hansfried_n a_o prince_n of_o a_o peaceable_a temper_n and_o the_o like_a and_o the_o ordinary_a name_n of_o hans_n use_v at_o this_o day_n all_o germany_n over_o be_v not_o as_o many_o think_v a_o contraction_n of_o johannes_n but_o a_o part_n of_o those_o other_o abovementioned_a but_o at_o present_a hans_n be_v not_o so_o honourable_a a_o title_n as_o former_o for_o the_o german_n call_v a_o impertinent_a meddle_v fellow_n such_o as_o the_o old_a latin_n will_v have_v name_v ardelio_n and_o the_o greek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d hans_n in_o allen_a gassen_a and_o hans_n unmuht_v hans_fw-ge filtzmaul_fw-mi hans_n sparmund_v praal_n hans_n baver-hans_n and_o the_o like_a be_v look_v upon_o as_o nickname_n of_o the_o high_a ignominy_n and_o disgrace_n it_o will_v be_v worth_a a_o critical_a etymologist_n while_n to_o inquire_v whether_o the_o word_n hans_n among_o other_o of_o its_o signification_n do_v not_o denote_v something_o relate_v to_o trade_n and_o merchandise_n since_o to_o this_o day_n he_o that_o determine_v as_o judge_n all_o controversy_n among_o the_o merchant_n and_o tradesman_n of_o ratisbon_n be_v call_v hans-graff_n the_o hans-town_n of_o germany_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o four_o circle_n number_n number_n distinguish_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o four_o principal_a city_n among_o they_o viz._n lubeck_n colln_v brunswic_n and_o dantzig_n to_o the_o circle_n of_o lubeck_n belong_v the_o city_n of_o hamburg_n rostock_n wismar_n stralsund_n lunenburg_n stetin_n anclam_n golnau_n gripswald_n colberg_n stargard_n stolpe_n etc._n etc._n to_o that_o of_o colln_v wesel_n duissburg_n emmerick_n warburg_n vnna_n hammen_n munster_n minden_n osnabrug_n dortmund_n sost_n herford_n paderborn_n limgow_n billefeld_n warberg_n lippstadt_n cossfeld_n nimwegen_n sutphen_n rurnmund_n arnheim_n venloh_n elburg_n harderwic_n thiela_n bommel_n deventer_n campen_n swol_n groningen_n bolsswerder_n gorcum_n hinlopen_fw-la staveren_fw-mi embden_n briel_n wieringen_n middelburg_n and_o some_o more_o of_o less_o note_n to_o
brunswic_n belong_v magdeburg_n gosslar_n einbeck_n gottingen_n hildesheim_n hannover_n vlsen_n buxtehude_n staden_n bremen_n hammel_n and_o minden_n in_o the_o circle_n of_o dantzig_n be_v reckon_v konigsberg_n colmar_n tear_v elbingen_n brunsberg_n riga_n derpt_v revel_v etc._n etc._n in_o each_o of_o the_o four_o chief_a city_n be_v hold_v a_o high_a court_n of_o judicature_n where_o all_o case_n be_v plead_v that_o concern_v any_o of_o the_o particular_a member_n of_o that_o circle_n lubeck_n be_v reckon_v the_o head_n and_o metropolis_n of_o all_o the_o hans-town_n metropolis_n metropolis_n as_o lie_v the_o most_o convenient_a for_o trade_n and_o be_v best_o fortify_v and_o most_o populous_a among_o they_o hence_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n mention_v make_v use_n of_o the_o seal_n of_o lubeck_n in_o all_o their_o public_a letter_n and_o that_o city_n keep_v a_o advocate_n in_o the_o imperial_a chamber_n at_o spire_n to_o plead_v all_o manner_n of_o cause_n in_o which_o any_o of_o the_o hans-town_n in_o matter_n of_o trade_n be_v concern_v this_o city_n have_v also_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o call_v by_o her_o letter_n patent_n a_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o whole_a society_n in_o case_n of_o any_o extraordinary_a exigence_n that_o concern_v their_o whole_a body_n in_o general_n these_o kind_n of_o assembly_n be_v common_o hold_v at_o lubeck_n but_o if_o the_o radtsherrn_a of_o that_o city_n think_v fit_a they_o may_v and_o sometime_o do_v appoint_v such_o another_o place_n of_o meeting_n as_o lay_v more_o convenient_o for_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o member_n concern_v this_o society_n in_o short_a time_n become_v so_o considerable_a as_o to_o obtain_v large_a privilege_n in_o most_o place_n of_o trade_n in_o europe_n grandeur_n privilege_n and_o grandeur_n nay_o they_o be_v sometime_o grow_v so_o formidable_a as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o wage_v war_n with_o the_o most_o potent_a monarch_n in_o christendom_n and_o to_o come_v off_o honourable_o the_o chief_a mart-town_n they_o resort_v to_o in_o foreign_a nation_n in_o each_o of_o which_o they_o have_v extraordinary_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n grant_v to_o they_o and_o keep_v their_o storehouse_n and_o exchange_n be_v these_o four_o london_z here_o in_o england_n where_o their_o storehouse_n be_v call_v stael-hof_a because_o the_o great_a commodity_n they_o trade_v in_o with_o the_o english_a be_v steel_n novogrod_n and_o afterward_o narva_n in_o russia_n bergen_n in_o norway_n and_o bruges_n in_o flanders_n whence_o after_o some_o time_n they_o remove_v to_o antwerp_n in_o brabant_n but_o after_o the_o year_n 1500_o dissolution_n dissolution_n their_o trade_n begin_v to_o fail_v daily_o and_o the_o society_n to_o dwindle_v into_o nothing_o insomuch_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1570_o there_o be_v scarce_o a_o city_n to_o be_v find_v that_o will_v offer_v to_o challenge_v the_o ancient_a privilege_n former_o allow_v to_o hans-town_n afterward_o there_o be_v some_o who_o appear_v very_o zealous_a in_o endeavour_v to_o renew_v the_o decay_a confederacy_n but_o all_o their_o endeavour_n prove_v successless_a and_o vain_a for_o many_o of_o the_o lesser_a city_n find_v themselves_o impoverish_v rather_o then_o enrich_v by_o continue_v the_o league_n since_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o contribute_v to_o all_o public_a charge_n of_o the_o society_n though_o they_o gain_v little_a or_o nothing_o by_o the_o bargain_n beside_o within_o a_o while_n the_o great_a current_n of_o trade_n be_v turn_v from_o germany_n into_o england_n and_o holland_n and_o the_o hans-town_n render_v thereby_o unable_a to_o maintain_v so_o great_a a_o fleet_n as_o former_o so_o that_o by_o degree_n the_o society_n fall_v in_o piece_n and_o there_o nothing_o remain_v of_o it_o at_o present_a but_o the_o bare_a name_n in_o the_o memory_n of_o the_o german_n and_o their_o neighbour_n the_o territory_n name_n manner_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o ancient_a saxon_n although_o at_o this_o day_n the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n take_v up_o but_o a_o very_a small_a share_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n yet_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o writing_n of_o the_o best_a antiquary_n that_o former_o the_o better_a part_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o nation_n be_v know_v by_o the_o general_a name_n of_o saxon_n gens_n saxonum_n say_v ethelwerd_v a_o ancient_a english-saxon_a historian_n who_o flourish_v about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 950_o in_o toto_fw-la erat_fw-la maritima_fw-la a_o rheno_fw-la flumine_fw-la usque_fw-la ad_fw-la doniam_fw-la urbem_fw-la quae_fw-la nunc_fw-la vulgo_fw-la dan-marc_a nuncupatur_fw-la since_o mr._n cambden_n can_v not_o find_v out_o what_o city_n this_o author_n and_o the_o man_n of_o his_o time_n call_v donia_n or_o dan-marck_n i_o shall_v not_o pretend_v to_o inquire_v but_o we_o may_v from_o hence_o safe_o conclude_v that_o all_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o jutland_n sleswic_n holstein_n the_o bishopric_n of_o bremen_n county_n of_o oldenburg_n both_o frisland_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o holland_n be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o common_a name_n of_o saxon_n this_o assertion_n be_v confirm_v by_o a_o notable_a passage_n in_o the_o old_a belgic_a chronicle_n write_v in_o rythm_n near_o four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o wherein_o the_o author_n tell_v we_o oude_fw-mi bocken_fw-mi hoor_fw-mi ick_fw-mi gewagen_fw-mi that_o aled_a land_n beneden_fw-mi nyemagen_n willen_n neither_fw-mi sassen_n hiet_fw-la alsoo_o all_o be_v thy_o stroom_n vershiet_a van_fw-mi der_fw-mi maze_n end_n van_fw-mi den_fw-mi rhine_n die_v schelt_n be_v that_o west_n end_n syn._n i_o hear_v say_v he_o that_o old_a book_n report_v that_o all_o the_o country_n below_o nimmeguen_n be_v former_o call_v nether_a saxony_n which_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o skelt_z a_o river_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o flanders_n that_o issue_v out_o of_o the_o maes_n and_o rhyne_n the_o german_a antiquary_n give_v westphalia_n the_o name_n of_o old_a saxony_n and_o out_o of_o this_o country_n it_o be_v probable_a some_o of_o our_o english-saxons_a come_v as_o we_o shall_v show_v anon_o mr._n sheringham_n in_o his_o learned_a treatise_n de_fw-fr anglorum_fw-la gentis_fw-la origine_fw-la make_v alsace_n a_o part_n of_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a territory_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o name_n which_o to_o this_o day_n it_o retain_v be_v borrow_a from_o its_o saxon_a inhabitant_n for_o these_o man_n call_v their_o own_o country_n sassen_n as_o well_o as_o themselves_o die_v sassen_a and_o thence_o name_v this_o part_n of_o their_o dominion_n which_o be_v the_o pleasant_a and_o rich_a piece_n they_o be_v master_n of_o edel-sassen_a or_o noble_a saxony_n which_o name_n be_v easy_o turn_v by_o change_v the_o high_a dutch_a termination_n into_o a_o latin_a one_o into_o edelsassia_n and_o at_o last_o contract_v into_o elsatia_n or_o alsatia_n it_o be_v a_o difficult_a task_n to_o pick_v up_o a_o true_a and_o rational_a 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otherwise_o then_o by_o give_v they_o a_o latin_a instead_o of_o their_o barbarous_a termination_n crantzius_n tell_v we_o of_o some_o and_z himself_z seem_v not_o altogether_o to_o dislike_v their_o opinion_n who_o derive_v the_o word_n saxon_n from_o askenas_n the_o great_a leader_n of_o the_o asian_o who_o first_o people_v germany_n but_o why_o these_o people_n shall_v any_o more_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o that_o grand_a general_n of_o the_o asian_a army_n than_o the_o goth_n frank_n or_o any_o other_o branch_n of_o the_o ancient_a dutch_a nation_n he_o can_v inform_v we_o goropius_fw-la who_o be_v follow_v by_o cisner_n cambden_n and_o several_a other_o learned_a man_n bring_v the_o saxon_n from_o sacae_n a_o scythian_a people_n from_o who_o they_o be_v first_o call_v sacason_n or_o the_o son_n of_o the_o sacae_n and_o by_o contraction_n saxon_n these_o scythian_n he_o tell_v we_o and_o allege_v the_o authority_n of_o strabo_n to_o confirm_v his_o story_n leave_v their_o ancient_a seat_n conquer_v bactriana_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o armenia_n thence_o they_o pass_v into_o capadocia_n and_o
or_o since_o their_o time_n the_o first_o occasion_n i_o suppose_v of_o the_o general_a mistake_n come_v from_o the_o saxon_a army_n bearing_n a_o young_a black_a horse_n which_o be_v afterward_o upon_o the_o conversion_n of_o witikind_a to_o the_o christian_a faith_n change_v into_o a_o white_a one_o the_o crest_n of_o the_o house_n of_o brunswic_n arm_n to_o this_o day_n in_o their_o flag_n now_o hengist_n or_o hengst_n in_o the_o old_a saxon_a dialect_n signify_v a_o stallion_n and_o that_o horsa_n be_v a_o word_n of_o the_o same_o signification_n i_o need_v not_o tell_v the_o english_a reader_n so_o that_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a troop_n seem_v to_o have_v have_v the_o name_n of_o hengist_n and_o horsa_n give_v they_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o some_o writer_n have_v enigmatical_o call_v the_o emperor_n the_o eagle_n the_o king_n of_o france_n the_o lily_n etc._n etc._n i.e._n from_o the_o arm_n they_o bear_v the_o excellency_n of_o the_o municipal_a law_n observe_v in_o saxony_n law_n law_n even_o in_o the_o time_n of_o heathenism_n appear_v from_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v confirm_v a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o and_o that_o at_o the_o same_o time_n when_o he_o alter_v the_o law_n as_o well_o as_o government_n of_o most_o other_o province_n in_o germany_n his_o example_n have_v be_v follow_v by_o the_o succeed_a emperor_n down_n to_o our_o day_n insomuch_o that_o the_o saxon_n be_v still_o govern_v by_o the_o law_n of_o their_o ancestor_n whereof_o a_o great_a part_n be_v comprehend_v in_o those_o two_o famous_a digest_v of_o their_o law_n entitle_v der_n sachsen-spiegel_n and_o das_n sachsische_n weichbild_n of_o which_o more_o hereafter_o for_o a_o account_n of_o the_o ordeal_o their_o famous_a way_n of_o determine_v controversy_n soon_o after_o their_o be_v convert_v to_o the_o christian_a faith_n we_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o what_o we_o have_v already_o say_v on_o that_o subject_n in_o the_o general_a description_n of_o denmark_n though_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o this_o piece_n of_o judicature_n be_v never_o practise_v by_o any_o other_o saxon_n then_o the_o english_a and_o it_o be_v certain_a they_o be_v not_o acquaint_v with_o it_o till_o some_o time_n after_o they_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o this_o island_n saxonia_n inferior_a apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a a_o description_n of_o some_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a province_n in_o the_o low_a saxony_n the_o general_a name_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n by_o some_o late_a geographer_n have_v be_v make_v to_o comprehend_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburg_n and_o bremen_n the_o bishopric_n of_o halberstadt_n hildesheim_n lubeck_n swerin_n and_o ratzeburg_n the_o territory_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o lunenburg_n holstein_n mecklenburg_n and_o saxon-lawenburg_a among_o these_o a_o account_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n have_v be_v already_o give_v in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n and_o nothing_o within_o the_o precinct_n of_o his_o dominion_n except_v hamburg_n in_o stormaria_n and_o lubeck_n in_o wagerland_n be_v at_o present_a reckon_v a_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n of_o the_o commodity_n present_a state_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o rest_n we_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o account_n in_o the_o follow_a sheet_n begin_v with_o a_o description_n of_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o hamburg_n and_o the_o country_n adjacent_a whence_o this_o great_a city_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n name_n name_n be_v not_o easy_o agree_v on_o by_o the_o german_a historian_n some_o derive_v the_o word_n from_o the_o ham_n of_o bacon_n bring_v hither_o from_o all_o part_n of_o saxony_n and_o here_o sell_v to_o foreign_a mariner_n other_o again_o fetch_v it_o from_o jupiter_n ammon_n who_o image_n they_o tell_v we_o be_v worship_v in_o these_o part_n until_o charles_n the_o great_a have_v extirpated_a idolatry_n and_o plant_v christianity_n in_o this_o and_o the_o neighbour_a province_n crantzius_n say_v it_o be_v first_o call_v hamburg_n from_o one_o hama_fw-la a_o stout_a saxon_a champion_n who_o be_v here_o slay_v by_o starcater_v a_o danish_a giant_n dresserus_n bring_v it_o from_o hain_n which_o signify_v a_o pleasant_a grove_n the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n be_v that_o this_o city_n first_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o forest_n hamme_n which_o former_o lie_v between_o the_o river_n bille_n and_o alster_n and_o give_v the_o title_n to_o the_o ancient_a lord_n of_o ham_n who_o about_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v lead_n his_o army_n into_o these_o part_n build_v themselves_o here_o a_o castle_n which_o from_o their_o own_o name_n they_o call_v hamburg_n this_o conjecture_n be_v embrace_v by_o silvius_n hamburgensis_n andreas_n angelus_n p._n bertius_fw-la isac_n pontanus_n and_o most_o other_o author_n of_o repute_n who_o have_v give_v we_o any_o historical_a account_n of_o this_o city_n pontanus_n tell_v we_o that_o ham_n in_o the_o old_a saxon_a dialect_n signify_v a_o forest_n or_o chase_n and_o prove_v it_o from_o suderham_n and_o norderham_n two_o large_a forest_n in_o dithmar_n but_o author_n be_v as_o hardly_o reconcile_v about_o the_o situation_n as_o name_v of_o the_o place_n situation_n situation_n the_o great_a part_n of_o writer_n tell_v we_o the_o city_n stand_v in_o stormaria_n a_o province_n in_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n dominion_n but_o some_o german_a historian_n be_v very_o zealous_a in_o assert_v that_o it_o be_v a_o true_a saxon_a city_n and_o the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o saxony_n and_o stormaria_n add_v further_o that_o to_o a_o diligent_a observer_n it_o will_v evident_o appear_v that_o the_o great_a share_n of_o the_o town_n even_o at_o this_o day_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o continent_n of_o stormaria_n by_o some_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o river_n elb._n some_o antiquary_n have_v endeavour_v to_o show_v antiquity_n antiquity_n that_o this_o noble_a hans-town_n be_v in_o the_o day_n of_o albion_n the_o grand_a captain_n of_o the_o albingi_n who_o be_v afterward_o christen_v at_o minden_n with_o witekind_n a_o considerable_a village_n after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o albion_n about_o the_o year_n 785_o charles_n the_o great_a give_v this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n to_o vtho_n one_o of_o his_o nobleman_n and_o attendant_n who_o to_o secure_v himself_o from_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o vandal_n and_o other_o his_o heathenish_a neighbour_n begin_v first_o to_o fortify_v the_o place_n in_o the_o year_n 787_o or_o as_o some_o say_v 789_o but_o these_o first_o foundation_n be_v quick_o shake_v and_o vtho_n rude_a draught_n of_o a_o strong_a city_n be_v utter_o deface_v for_o the_o vandal_n pour_v in_o upon_o he_o and_o his_o small_a retinue_n sack_v the_o town_n and_o lay_v it_o waste_v in_o the_o year_n 810._o this_o say_v conringius_n be_v that_o which_o the_o author_n of_o a_o ancient_a chronicle_n mean_v when_o he_o tell_v we_o anno_fw-la 810_o castellum_n nomine_fw-la hochbuci_fw-la albi_fw-la flumini_fw-la contiguum_fw-la in_fw-la quo_fw-la odo_n legatus_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la &_o orientalium_fw-la saxonum_n erat_fw-la praesidium_n a_o wilsis_n capio_fw-la from_o hence_o we_o must_v conclude_v that_o the_o saxon_n have_v no_o place_n that_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n before_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v time_n and_o that_o hamburg_n be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o though_o in_o great_a danger_n of_o perish_v in_o its_o infancy_n the_o year_n follow_v the_o emperor_n regain_v this_o country_n from_o the_o insult_a and_o barbarous_a vandal_n and_o rebuilt_a the_o town_n which_o be_v afterward_o by_o his_o son_n ludovicus_n pius_n advance_v into_o a_o considerable_a city_n the_o same_o emperor_n make_v it_o a_o archbishops_n see_v about_o the_o year_n 833_o archbishopric_n a_o archbishopric_n bestow_v it_o upon_o ansgar_n the_o great_a saint_n of_o the_o city_n of_o hamburg_n call_v by_o some_o of_o their_o writer_n anscharius_fw-la by_o other_o ansagrius_n or_o ansearius_n who_o first_o convert_v the_o inhabitant_n to_o christianity_n within_o a_o while_n after_o the_o whole_a province_n round_o about_o embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n and_o several_a evangelical_n preacher_n subject_v themselves_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o hamburg_n afterward_o the_o archbishopric_n be_v translate_v from_o this_o city_n to_o bremen_n as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o show_v hereafter_o and_o for_o several_a age_n last_o pass_v there_o have_v be_v neither_o archbishop_n nor_o bishop_n of_o hamburg_n after_o the_o hamburger_n be_v establish_v in_o the_o christian_a religion_n subject_n to_o who_o subject_n and_o begin_v to_o trade_n they_o have_v daily_o large_a and_o ample_a privilege_n confer_v on_o they_o by_o most_o succeed_a emperor_n to_o who_o they_o pay_v homage_n but_o we_o must_v needs_o conclude_v that_o they_o be_v sometime_o oblige_v to_o change_v their_o master_n according_a as_o contrary_a interest_n of_o their_o
neighbour_n prevail_v whether_o the_o earl_n of_o schawenburg_n have_v not_o former_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a jurisdiction_n over_o this_o city_n be_v a_o point_n which_o to_o this_o day_n the_o hamburger_n do_v not_o care_v to_o dispute_v crantzius_n chytraeus_n and_o other_o historian_n can_v inform_v we_o that_o woldemar_n duke_n of_o sleswic_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o his_o brother_n canutus_n vi_o king_n of_o denmark_n take_v hamburg_n out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iu._n which_o city_n when_o himself_n be_v afterward_o advance_v to_o the_o danish_a throne_n he_o settle_v upon_o albrecht_n earl_n of_o orlemund_n and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o but_o the_o same_o albrecht_n as_o chytraeus_n report_v sell_v his_o whole_a right_n and_o title_n to_o the_o citizen_n for_o fifteen_o hundred_o mark_n of_o good_a silver_n and_o so_o make_v the_o city_n a_o free_a and_o independent_a state_n of_o itself_o afterward_o adolph_n iv_o earl_n of_o holstein_n confirm_v the_o say_v liberty_n and_o privilege_n to_o this_o city_n which_o example_n of_o his_o be_v follow_v by_o his_o successor_n down_o to_o adolph_n fourteen_o and_z last_z earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o schawenburg_n of_o that_o family_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1459._o upon_o his_o death_n the_o province_n of_o holstein_n subject_v themselves_o by_o a_o formal_a capitulation_n to_o christian_n i._o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o they_o free_o elect_v their_o prince_n and_o pay_v he_o homage_n under_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o holstein_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o citizen_n of_o hamburg_n enter_v into_o a_o agreement_n with_o the_o say_a king_n promise_v that_o as_o long_o as_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n shall_v continue_v their_o privilege_n to_o they_o which_o king_n christian_n upon_o the_o sign_v of_o this_o compact_n confirm_v to_o they_o they_o will_v always_o be_v ready_a to_o maintain_v the_o like_a friendship_n and_o correspondence_n between_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n and_o themselves_o as_o have_v be_v former_o preserve_v betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o earl_n of_o schawenburg_n to_o these_o condition_n the_o king_n assent_v without_o demand_v any_o manner_n of_o homage_n or_o token_n of_o subjection_n however_o his_o successor_n have_v always_o have_v a_o itch_a desire_n to_o get_v hamburg_n whole_o into_o their_o own_o clutch_n and_o therefore_o have_v endeavour_v by_o all_o mean_v imaginable_a to_o persuade_v the_o citizen_n to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o their_o crown_n but_o all_o their_o artifices_fw-la have_v hitherto_o prove_v unsuccessful_a and_o every_o one_o of_o their_o treaty_n and_o capitulation_n bring_v to_o a_o end_n salvo_n jure_fw-la caesaris_fw-la &_o imperii_fw-la &_o salvis_fw-la libertatibus_fw-la civitatis_fw-la ab_fw-la imperiali_fw-la culmine_fw-la obtentis_fw-la in_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o augsburg_n in_o the_o year_n 1510_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n i._o together_o with_o the_o 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number_n of_o people_n in_o one_o hour_n then_o at_o leipsic_n in_o a_o whole_a michael's-mess_n the_o whole_a town_n consist_v of_o a_o great_a many_o little_a island_n in_o the_o elb_n and_o alster_n bridges_n bridges_n out_o of_o one_o into_o another_o you_o be_v lead_v by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o bridge_n which_o be_v almost_o as_o plentiful_a here_o as_o at_o amsterdam_n the_o sea_n flow_v up_o these_o small_a channel_n and_o sometime_o when_o a_o tempest_n be_v raise_v about_o the_o change_n of_o the_o moon_n or_o in_o a_o springtide_n do_v much_o harm_n in_o several_a part_n of_o the_o city_n often_o hurry_v along_o with_o it_o whole_a house_n and_o family_n such_o a_o mishap_n as_o this_o befall_v the_o town_n in_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o year_n 1651_o which_o ruine_v some_o considerable_a family_n and_o endamage_v a_o great_a many_o more_o the_o most_o famous_a home_o commodity_n which_o the_o hamburger_n have_v commodity_n commodity_n be_v beer_n in_o brew_v of_o which_o there_o be_v a_o
to_o dress_v themselves_o such_o boy_n as_o the_o schoolmaster_n who_o be_v five_o in_o number_n observe_v to_o have_v part_n be_v fit_v for_o and_o send_v to_o the_o university_n and_o there_o maintain_v upon_o the_o public_a stock_n of_o the_o hospital_n till_o they_o may_v be_v well_o suppose_v to_o be_v in_o a_o condition_n of_o provide_v for_o themselves_o the_o rest_n of_o they_o be_v put_v out_o to_o such_o trade_n as_o the_o trustee_n think_v they_o most_o qualify_v for_o and_o the_o girl_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o have_v learn_v to_o read_v write_v spin_v knit_v etc._n etc._n be_v send_v to_o credible_a service_n to_o earn_v their_o live_n and_o make_v their_o fortune_n 4._o they_o have_v a_o common_a pest-house_n for_o such_o as_o be_v sick_a of_o the_o plague_n or_o any_o other_o infectious_a disease_n whither_o not_o only_o poor_a people_n but_o other_o of_o the_o best_a rank_n and_o quality_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v cure_v of_o their_o virulent_a distemper_n for_o the_o good_a and_o skilful_a attendant_n which_o all_o manner_n of_o disease_a person_n be_v sure_a to_o meet_v with_o in_o this_o place_n render_v it_o exceed_o preferable_a to_o any_o convenience_n they_o can_v expect_v at_o home_n 5._o they_o have_v a_o large_a and_o sumptuous_a hospital_n for_o sick_a stranger_n das_n gast_n und_fw-ge krancken-hauss_a first_o build_v in_o the_o year_n 1632_o where_o a_o physician_n chirurgeon_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o necessary_a medicine_n and_o salve_n be_v provide_v for_o such_o poor_a traveller_n as_o be_v fall_v sick_a upon_o their_o road_n and_o be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o provide_v for_o themselves_o 6._o for_o distress_a age_a and_o decay_a seaman_n the_o burgher_n build_v and_o liberal_o endow_v a_o fair_a hospital_n in_o the_o year_n 1556_o which_o since_o that_o time_n have_v be_v very_o much_o augment_v both_o in_o its_o building_n and_o revenue_n in_o this_o hospital_n there_o be_v not_o only_o a_o considerable_a maintenance_n allot_v for_o a_o great_a number_n of_o maim_a age_a and_o feeble_a mariner_n of_o all_o sort_n but_o also_o a_o ample_a provision_n be_v make_v for_o all_o such_o poor_a widow_n and_o orphan_n as_o have_v lose_v their_o husband_n or_o parent_n at_o sea_n and_o be_v hereby_o reduce_v to_o want_v and_o beggary_n in_o which_o particular_a the_o hamburger_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v outdo_v the_o munificence_n of_o the_o present_a king_n of_o france_n in_o his_o sumptuous_a hospital_n hostel_n des_fw-fr invalides_n build_v late_o near_o paris_n for_o maim_a and_o decay_a soldier_n for_o though_o this_o noble_a and_o brave_a structure_n may_v just_o challenge_v a_o preeminence_n beyond_o any_o in_o its_o kind_n that_o perhaps_o europe_n or_o the_o world_n can_v ever_o show_v yet_o there_o want_v in_o it_o a_o provision_n for_o the_o poor_a wife_n and_o child_n of_o such_o as_o have_v lose_v their_o limb_n or_o life_n in_o his_o majesty_n service_n which_o will_v in_o all_o probability_n 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where_o they_o be_v instruct_v till_o fit_v for_o a_o trade_n or_o the_o university_n as_o their_o friend_n be_v able_a or_o willing_a to_o dispose_v of_o they_o to_o these_o hospital_n i_o think_v i_o may_v add_v their_o bridewell_n bridewell_n bridewell_n or_o house_n of_o correction_n das_n werckund_n zucht-hauss_a since_o to_o reclaim_v lazy_a vagabond_n from_o their_o ill_a course_n by_o hard_a labour_n and_o severe_a punishment_n be_v as_o great_a a_o piece_n of_o charity_n as_o to_o clothe_v the_o naked_a or_o feed_v the_o hungry_a this_o house_n be_v set_v on_o fire_n and_o burn_v down_o by_o some_o of_o the_o wicked_a varlet_n that_o have_v be_v commit_v to_o this_o prison_n in_o the_o year_n 1666_o but_o soon_o after_o noble_o rebuilt_a at_o the_o public_a charge_n of_o the_o city_n this_o structure_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n whereof_o the_o first_o be_v appoint_v for_o such_o poor_a and_o needy_a people_n whether_o foreigner_n or_o domestic_o as_o be_v willing_a to_o earn_v their_o live_n with_o the_o sweat_n of_o their_o brow_n but_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n for_o master_n to_o set_v they_o at_o work_n here_o they_o may_v be_v sure_a to_o find_v employment_n and_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o procure_v bread_n by_o their_o labour_n according_a to_o the_o motto_n write_v over_o the_o door_n of_o their_o workhouse_n labour_v nutrior_a the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o house_n be_v reserve_v for_o thief_n whore_n vagabond_n and_o such_o kind_n of_o licentious_a person_n as_o be_v disobedient_a to_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o city_n or_o regardless_o of_o the_o command_n of_o their_o parent_n or_o master_n the_o motto_n or_o inscription_n over_o the_o door_n of_o this_o partition_n be_v labour_n plector_n ducatus_fw-la olim_fw-la episcopatus_fw-la bremensis_n et_fw-la ostiorum_fw-la albis_n et_fw-fr visurgis_n fluviorum_fw-la novissima_fw-la descriptio_fw-la to_o the_o worp_n full_o sr_n henry_n calverley_n of_o eriholme_n in_o the_o countij_fw-la of_o torcke_n knt_v this_o map_n be_v humble_o d._n d._n by_o m_n pitt_n notarum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la gross_a stätte_n kleine_n stätte_n kirch_n dorffer_v adel_n häusser_v dorffer_v häuser_n the_o magistracy_n of_o the_o city_n consist_v of_o four_o burgomaster_n and_o twenty_o schepin_n or_o alderman_n magistrate_n magistrate_n who_o be_v former_o all_o of_o they_o civilian_n for_o other_o learned_a man_n but_o be_v now_o choose_v out_o of_o the_o merchant_n and_o rich_a tradesman_n in_o the_o town_n beside_o these_o they_o have_v twelve_o common-council-man_n call_v in_o their_o language_n die_v oberalten_v or_o chief_a elder_n who_o consult_v together_o and_o order_v the_o public_a affair_n of_o the_o whole_a city_n if_o any_o matter_n of_o more_o than_o ordinary_a moment_n be_v bring_v before_o they_o they_o join_v with_o sixty_o more_o grave_a citizen_n who_o they_o call_v die_v burger-alten_a or_o elder_n of_o the_o city_n and_o if_o these_o dare_v not_o venture_v to_o give_v a_o 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das_n
new_a werck_n build_v for_o the_o convenient_a harbour_v of_o such_o merchantman_n as_o sail_v that_o way_n but_o the_o great_a royalty_n the_o citizen_n of_o hamburg_n can_v pretend_v to_o without_o the_o limit_n of_o their_o own_o city_n be_v from_o the_o custom-house_n at_o tollenspicker_n not_o far_o from_o winsen_n where_o all_o passenger_n pay_v a_o certain_a toll_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o carriage_n there_o be_v other_o place_n of_o less_o note_n that_o be_v equal_o subject_a to_o this_o city_n and_o lubeck_n and_o pay_v a_o acknowledgement_n to_o both_o corporation_n the_o money_n currant_n in_o hamburg_n money_n money_n and_o the_o adjacent_a part_n be_v the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o empire_n those_o especial_o of_o the_o emperor_n coin_v and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n some_o small_a piece_n be_v coin_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o burgo-master_n and_o radtsherrn_n of_o the_o city_n and_o the_o coin_n of_o all_o trade_a nation_n in_o europe_n will_v pass_v here_o at_o a_o good_a value_n the_o dukedom_n and_o city_n of_o bremen_n the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburg_n bound_n bound_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o weser_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o german_a or_o british_a ocean_n and_o on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o elb._n which_o large_a plot_n of_o ground_n be_v ancient_o inhabit_v by_o the_o cauci_n a_o valiant_a and_o warlike_a people_n and_o probable_o the_o ancestor_n of_o those_o who_o to_o this_o day_n inherit_v this_o part_n of_o germany_n the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v subdivide_v into_o several_a lesser_a province_n division_n division_n among_o which_o the_o chief_a be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o verhden_n on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o lunenburg_n the_o next_o in_o order_n and_o greatness_n be_v the_o land_n of_o bremen_n strict_o so_o call_v contain_v a_o circle_n of_o some_o mile_n round_o that_o large_a and_o famous_a city_n the_o three_o considerable_a province_n be_v wursterland_n on_o the_o sea-coast_n from_o the_o weser_n down_o to_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o elb._n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o province_n be_v reckon_v man_n of_o as_o good_a spirit_n and_o as_o brave_a soldier_n as_o any_o subject_n of_o the_o empire_n whatever_o their_o frequent_a rebellion_n under_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n first_o inure_v they_o to_o war_n and_o they_o have_v ever_o since_o delight_v in_o follow_v the_o camp_n it_o be_v report_v of_o they_o that_o in_o the_o height_n of_o their_o obstinacy_n for_o which_o they_o be_v often_o severe_o lash_v by_o many_o of_o the_o archbishop_n they_o never_o build_v themselves_o any_o city_n or_o fort_n of_o defence_n but_o rely_v whole_o upon_o the_o strength_n and_o courage_n of_o their_o companion_n which_o they_o fancy_v a_o sufficient_a bulwark_n against_o the_o sturdy_a enemy_n that_o shall_v dare_v to_o assault_v they_o and_o they_o have_v still_o this_o character_n give_v they_o that_o the_o wursterlander_n will_v fight_v and_o drink_v with_o the_o best_a man_n in_o dutchland_n after_o these_o come_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o hadelia_n or_o hadeliria_n das_fw-la landt_fw-ge hadelen_fw-mi a_o proud_a and_o ignorant_a people_n so_o strange_o enamour_a of_o gay-clothes_n that_o their_o neighbour_n allude_v to_o this_o piece_n of_o vanity_n say_v proverbial_o of_o they_o there_o be_v no_o peasant_n in_o hadeland_n some_o part_n of_o this_o province_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o elb_n where_o stand_v the_o fort_n of_o ritzenbuttel_n and_o newwerck_a be_v as_o we_o have_v say_v former_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o saxon-lawenburg_a and_o be_v now_o subject_a to_o the_o citizen_n of_o hamburg_n another_o considerable_a portion_n of_o it_o in_o which_o be_v seat_v the_o castle_n and_o town_n of_o atterndorff_n which_o command_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o province_n be_v still_o under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n and_o no_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n to_o which_o no_o place_n of_o any_o consequence_n in_o hadelland_n be_v subject_a except_o the_o village_n and_o castle_n of_o nyen-huss_a on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o host_n next_o after_o hadelland_n come_v kedingerland_n in_o which_o be_v seat_v the_o city_n of_o stade_n and_o beyond_o that_o alt-land_n or_o old-land_n a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a country_n of_o about_o fourteen_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n he_o that_o shall_v travel_v the_o road_n betwixt_o bremen_n and_o stade_n soil_n soil_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o have_v a_o very_a mean_a opinion_n of_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n of_o bremen_n meet_v with_o nothing_o but_o barren_a sand_n and_o heath_n a_o waist_n and_o uninhabited_a country_n and_o yet_o elsewhere_o there_o be_v not_o any_o country_n on_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n full_a of_o pleasant_a field_n and_o meadow_n fruitful_a orchard_n and_o all_o other_o necessary_n or_o delight_n whence_o some_o witty_a geographer_n have_v please_v themselves_o in_o fancy_v the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n to_o be_v mighty_a like_o a_o spread_a cloak_n the_o two_o flappe_n of_o which_o contain_v the_o country_n along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o elb_n and_o weser_n be_v line_v with_o velvet_n or_o plush_n but_o the_o middle_a part_n which_o reach_v from_o vehrden_n up_o as_o far_o as_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o host_n be_v nothing_o but_o course_n canvas_n or_o buckram_n before_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n in_o the_o year_n 1648_o archbishop_n bishop_n and_o archbishop_n this_o tract_n of_o land_n go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o a_o archbishopric_n and_o all_o the_o prince_n under_o who_o subjection_n it_o be_v be_v style_v archbishop_n of_o bremen_n of_o who_o with_o their_o three_o bishop_n the_o account_n we_o have_v leave_v we_o be_v in_o short_a as_o follows_z 1._o wilhad_n or_o as_o some_o of_o the_o german_a historian_n call_v he_o willibald_a a_o english_a priest_n be_v at_o the_o request_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a send_v over_o into_o germany_n by_o egbert_n archbishop_n of_o york_n about_o the_o year_n 788_o where_o he_o be_v employ_v in_o convert_v the_o infidel_n of_o that_o country_n to_o christianity_n and_o for_o his_o meritorious_a performance_n at_o last_o advance_v to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o bremen_n after_o he_o have_v spend_v several_a year_n in_o a_o vigilant_a execution_n of_o his_o office_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 790_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o bremen_n where_o to_o this_o day_n they_o pretend_v to_o show_v his_o tomb._n 2._o willeric_n another_o english_a man_n be_v say_v to_o have_v succeed_v wilhad_n though_o many_o of_o their_o ancient_a chronologer_n do_v not_o mention_v any_o such_o bishop_n and_o indeed_o the_o whole_a account_n we_o have_v of_o he_o be_v only_o that_o have_v for_o some_o unknown_a time_n some_o upon_o what_o ground_n i_o know_v not_o say_v till_o the_o year_n 840_o enjoy_v this_o jurisdiction_n he_o leave_v his_o see_n to_o 3._o luderic_n a_o german_n the_o old_a saxon_a chronicle_n call_v he_o lenderic_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o for_o his_o intolerable_a pride_n and_o arrogance_n he_o be_v depose_v by_o the_o emperor_n ludowic_n the_o godly_a charles_n the_o great_a be_v son_n who_o change_v the_o bishopric_n of_o bremen_n into_o a_o archbishopric_n by_o set_v up_o into_o this_o man_n place_n 4._o ansgar_o of_o who_o we_o have_v say_v something_o before_o the_o first_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o hamburg_n who_o be_v remove_v to_o bremen_n upon_o the_o sack_n of_o hamburg_n by_o the_o vandal_n in_o the_o year_n 850_o from_o which_o time_n till_o his_o death_n in_o the_o year_n 865_o he_o keep_v both_o the_o title_n the_o archbishop_n of_o colen_n stout_o oppose_v this_o union_n allege_v that_o the_o bishop_n of_o bremen_n have_v always_o be_v suffragans_fw-la to_o his_o see_n and_o that_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o encroachment_n upon_o his_o jurisdiction_n to_o convert_v that_o place_n into_o a_o archbishopric_n but_o the_o emperor_n take_v no_o notice_n of_o these_o murmur_n proceed_v to_o confirm_v this_o new_o confer_v dignity_n to_o ansgar_n and_o his_o successor_n order_v as_o by_o his_o diploma_n still_o extant_a do_v appear_v that_o within_o the_o province_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o hamburg_n shall_v be_v reckon_v all_o the_o bishop_n in_o denmark_n sweden_n norway_n groneland_n halsingland_n island_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o northern_a country_n 5._o rembert_n st._n ansgar_n scholar_n and_o adopt_a son_n be_v immediate_o upon_o his_o predecessor_n death_n advance_v to_o the_o archbishops_n seat_n which_o he_o keep_v tweny-three_a year_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 888._o wilhad_fw-mi ansgar_o and_o this_o rembert_n be_v reckon_v the_o three_o great_a apostle_n of_o the_o saxon_n many_o of_o which_o nation_n have_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o write_v their_o life_n but_o the_o story_n they_o
tell_v we_o of_o they_o contain_v as_o many_o incredible_a thing_n as_o the_o most_o romantic_a popish_a legend_n however_o the_o saxon_a commonalty_n have_v still_o their_o memory_n and_o name_n in_o great_a veneration_n and_o will_v as_o soon_o part_v with_o christmas-day_n as_o st._n ansgar_n which_o be_v the_o eight_o of_o february_n out_o of_o their_o almanac_n st._n wilhad_n day_n be_v keep_v on_o the_o eight_o of_o november_n and_o st._n rembert_n on_o the_o four_o of_o february_n 6._o rembert_n be_v succeed_v by_o one_o adelgar_a a_o monk_n of_o corbey_n of_o who_o nothing_o be_v record_v worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o 7._o hoyer_n who_o be_v elect_v into_o the_o archbishops_n see_v in_o the_o year_n 909_o and_o die_v the_o year_n follow_v the_o bremen_n chronicle_n report_v that_o about_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n after_o his_o death_n his_o grave_n be_v open_v where_o nothing_o be_v find_v but_o a_o pillow_n which_o have_v be_v lay_v under_o his_o head_n and_o a_o cross_n both_o fresh_a and_o uncorrupted_a whereupon_o the_o monk_n of_o bremen_n conclude_v that_o his_o body_n be_v immediate_o after_o his_o death_n snatch_v up_o into_o heaven_n 8._o reginward_a 9_o vnni_n who_o go_v to_o convert_v the_o infidel_n in_o sweden_n die_v at_o birca_n in_o gothland_n 10._o adaldag_n 11._o libentius_fw-la a_o italian_a 12._o vnwan_n call_v by_o some_o wimar_n 13._o libentius_fw-la ii_o 14._o hermannus_n 15._o bezeline_n 16._o albert_n son_n of_o one_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n 17._o liemar_n or_o leimar_n a_o bavarian_a nobleman_n the_o fourteen_o and_o last_o archbishop_n of_o hamburg_n for_o when_o at_o the_o request_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o denmark_n the_o pope_n have_v erect_v a_o archbishop_n see_v at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi the_o bishop_n of_o denmark_n sweden_n and_o norway_n be_v subject_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o only_o lubec_n schwerin_n lebus_n and_o ratzenburg_n remain_v suffragans_fw-la to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n who_o thereupon_o for_o ever_o quit_v the_o title_n of_o archbishop_n of_o hamburg_n 18._o humbert_n the_o first_o that_o ever_o style_v himself_o bare_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n 19_o frideric_n 20._o adalbar_fw-la 21._o hartwic_n 22._o baldwin_n who_o successor_n some_o have_v make_v one_o barthold_n but_o without_o any_o good_a authority_n 23._o sifrid_n son_n to_o albrecht_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n 24._o hartwic_n ii_o 25._o woldemar_n duke_n and_o bishop_n of_o sleswic_n 26._o gerhard_n former_o bishop_n of_o osnabrug_n 27._o gerhard_n ii_o earl_n of_o lip_n 28._o hildebold_n or_o hildebrand_n earl_n of_o broch-hausen_a 29._o giselbert_n 30._o henry_n i._n 31._o florentius_n de_fw-mi brunchor_v against_o who_o appear_v bernherd_v earl_n of_o wolpe_n who_o some_o historian_n make_v archbishop_n instead_o of_o florentius_n â—at_a lose_v the_o day_n 32._o john_n bishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o provost_n of_o roschild_n in_o denmark_n 33._o burchard_n 34._o otto_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n and_o delmenhorst_n 35._o gotfrid_n earl_n of_o arnsberg_n he_o have_v great_a quarrel_n with_o maurice_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n for_o the_o see_v which_o when_o he_o can_v not_o peaceable_o enjoy_v he_o resign_v to_o 36._o albrecht_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n choose_v archbishop_n in_o the_o life-time_n of_o his_o predecessor_n in_o the_o year_n 1359._o 37._o otto_n ii_o 38._o john_n ii_o 39_o nicolas_n earl_n of_o delmenhorst_n 40._o baldwin_n 41._o gerhard_n iii_o earl_n of_o hoga_n 42._o henry_n iii_o earl_n of_o schwartzburg_n 43._o john_n iii_o 44._o christopher_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o lunenburg_n 45._o henry_n iu._n duke_n of_o saxony_n engeren_n westphalia_n etc._n etc._n 46._o john_n adolph_n duke_n of_o holstein_n etc._n etc._n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n be_v regent_n duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o thereupon_o quit_v the_o see_v of_o bremen_n in_o the_o year_n 1596_o leave_v the_o place_n to_o his_o brother_n 47._o john_n frideric_n who_o be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n bishop_n of_o lubec_n and_o have_v enjoy_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n for_o the_o space_n of_o thirty-eight_a year_n die_v in_o the_o monastery_n near_o buxtehude_n in_o the_o year_n 1634_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o sleswic_n 48._o the_o last_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n be_v frideric_n duke_n of_o holstein_n son_n to_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o father_n to_o the_o present_a danish_a king_n christian_n v._n but_o before_o this_o frideric_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n he_o have_v nothing_o leave_v but_o the_o bare_a title_n of_o a_o archbishop_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1644_o the_o prevail_a force_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n overrun_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n and_o bishopric_n of_o vehrden_n as_o they_o have_v before_o many_o other_o province_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n afterward_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o ut_fw-la satis_fw-la fieret_fw-la serenissimae_fw-la reginae_fw-la sueciae_fw-la pro_fw-la locorum_fw-la hoc_fw-la bello_fw-la captorum_fw-la restitutione_n pacique_fw-la publicae_fw-la in_o imperio_fw-la restanrandae_fw-la condignè_fw-la prospiceretur_fw-la as_o it_o be_v word_v in_o the_o ten_o article_n of_o that_o treaty_n among_o other_o place_n there_o mention_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n and_o bishopric_n of_o vehrden_n shall_v be_v for_o ever_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o annex_v to_o their_o own_o territory_n and_o dominion_n sub_fw-la solitis_fw-la quidem_fw-la insigniis_fw-la sed_fw-la titulo_fw-la ducatus_fw-la and_o thus_o the_o archbishopric_n be_v turn_v into_o a_o dukedom_n which_o title_n it_o still_o retain_v whence_o the_o city_n of_o bremen_n which_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v so_o call_v bremen_n city_n of_o bremen_n there_o be_v several_a different_a opinion_n among_o the_o german_n writer_n some_o of_o which_o for_o the_o reader_n be_v diversion_n i_o shall_v hear_v repeat_v leave_v it_o to_o himself_o to_o embrace_v any_o one_o or_o reject_v all_o as_o he_o shall_v see_v cause_n one_o tell_v we_o there_o be_v former_o a_o ferry_n across_o the_o weser_n in_o the_o place_n where_o the_o great_a bridge_n at_o bremen_n now_o stand_v and_o therefore_o will_v have_v the_o city_n so_o call_v from_o the_o flat_a bottom_v boat_n in_o the_o tongue_n of_o the_o neder-saxons_a name_v praman_n wherewith_o they_o use_v to_o ferry_v over_o passenger_n another_o fancy_v bremen_n may_v be_v fetch_v from_o the_o abundance_n of_o broom_n in_o their_o tongue_n brame_n which_o grow_v in_o this_o country_n m._n martinius_n a_o man_n of_o no_o contemptible_a part_n and_o learning_n guess_v that_o because_o the_o land_n of_o bremen_n be_v the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n towards_o the_o ocean_n therefore_o the_o city_n be_v call_v ein_fw-ge brame_n which_o word_n signify_v proper_o the_o outmost_a seam_n or_o selvidge_n of_o a_o garment_n to_o omit_v the_o impertinence_n of_o other_o etymologist_n all_o agree_v in_o this_o that_o ptolomy_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d whence_o ever_o that_o word_n have_v its_o original_n be_v the_o same_o with_o bremen_n cluverius_n allow_v of_o this_o opinion_n add_v further_a nec_fw-la nomen_fw-la omnino_fw-la abhorret_fw-la nam_fw-la dempta_fw-la priore_fw-la syllaba_fw-la reliquum_fw-la biranum_fw-la satis_fw-la aperta_fw-la vestigia_fw-la gerit_fw-la vocabuli_fw-la bremen_n et_fw-la quid_fw-la scio_fw-la anon_o apud_fw-la ptolomaeum_n m_n corruptum_fw-la sit_fw-la in_o n_n integrumque_fw-la vocabulum_fw-la fuerit_fw-la fabiramum_fw-la among_o the_o old_a rubbish_n of_o ancient_a german_a writer_n antiquity_n antiquity_n and_o the_o small_a fragment_n of_o antiquity_n which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o that_o country_n it_o will_v be_v a_o difficult_a task_n to_o find_v out_o the_o first_o original_n of_o this_o city_n it_o be_v certain_a one_o great_a part_n of_o it_o which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o s._n stephani_n statt_n be_v of_o a_o late_a foundation_n than_o the_o main_a body_n of_o the_o town_n and_o another_o grand_a accession_n call_v die_v new_a statt_fw-mi or_o the_o new_a city_n have_v be_v add_v within_o these_o hundred_o year_n what_o time_n this_o city_n be_v first_o fortify_v we_o have_v no_o other_o account_n then_o in_o the_o general_n that_o the_o city_n of_o saxony_n and_o in_o all_o probability_n bremen_n among_o the_o rest_n be_v first_o wall_v round_o by_o the_o order_n of_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n surname_v auceps_fw-la or_o the_o fowler_n about_o the_o year_n 1000_o for_o this_o prince_n have_v find_v by_o experience_n that_o his_o naked_a town_n be_v not_o able_a to_o withstand_v the_o fury_n and_o outrage_n of_o the_o vandal_n who_o in_o those_o day_n miserable_o infest_a the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n all_o the_o modern_a historian_n will_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o suburb_n of_o st._n nicolas_n which_o at_o this_o day_n make_v up_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o
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a_o several_a sort_n of_o fish_n in_o season_n and_o within_o the_o very_a wall_n of_o the_o town_n many_o thousand_o of_o salmon_n and_o lamprey_n be_v catch_v yearly_o and_o after_o they_o be_v pickle_v up_o or_o dry_v in_o the_o smoke_n ship_v off_o soon_o after_o the_o reformation_n which_o be_v first_o begin_v at_o bremen_n in_o the_o year_n 1522_o gymnasium_n gymnasium_n the_o burgher_n build_v a_o free-school_n and_o endow_v it_o with_o a_o fair_a revenue_n this_o be_v afterward_o advance_v into_o a_o schola_fw-la illustris_fw-la as_o they_o term_v it_o or_o a_o college_n wherein_o be_v profess_v and_o teach_v the_o four_o superior_a faculty_n of_o divinity_n law_n physic_n and_o philosophy_n at_o last_o it_o become_v a_o gymnasium_n or_o little_a university_n and_o be_v at_o this_o day_n the_o most_o note_v one_o in_o germany_n famous_a for_o the_o education_n of_o nat._n chytraeus_n chr._n pezelius_n vrban_n pierius_n mathias_n martinius_n joh._n lampadius_n lud._n crocius_n joh._n combachius_n joh._n coccejus_n and_o several_a other_o learned_a man_n the_o magistracy_n of_o the_o town_n consist_v of_o four_o burgomaster_n and_o four_o and_o twenty_o raths-herrn_a magistrate_n magistrate_n or_o common-council-man_n who_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o class_n so_o that_o one_o burgomaster_n and_o six_o rahtsherrn_n may_v be_v allot_v for_o each_o quarter_n of_o the_o city_n if_o any_o of_o the_o burgomaster_n or_o rahtsherrn_a die_n or_o be_v bring_v so_o low_a in_o the_o world_n as_o not_o to_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v his_o office_n any_o long_o they_o be_v bind_v to_o choose_v another_o into_o his_o place_n within_o four_o and_o twenty-hour_n after_o his_o burial_n or_o resignation_n the_o election_n be_v carry_v on_o in_o this_o manner_n out_o of_o each_o class_n one_o elector_n be_v pitch_v upon_o by_o lot_n and_o the_o four_o that_o be_v at_o last_o set_v out_o for_o that_o office_n take_v a_o oath_n to_o choose_v a_o person_n out_o of_o the_o most_o 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valiant_a performance_n of_o the_o citizen_n of_o bremen_n in_o the_o holy_a war._n for_o thus_o the_o word_n of_o their_o charter_n run_v ob_fw-la obsequiorum_fw-la promptitudinem_fw-la multasque_fw-la deificas_fw-la virtutes_fw-la viriles_fw-la actus_fw-la &_o non_fw-la modicos_fw-la labores_fw-la &_o expensas_fw-la quos_fw-la &_o quas_fw-la bremenses_n per_fw-la mare_fw-la suis_fw-la navibus_fw-la &_o per_fw-la terram_fw-la fecerunt_fw-la in_fw-la passagio_fw-la ultra_fw-la mare_fw-la ad_fw-la terram_fw-la sanctam_fw-la quando_fw-la civitas_n hierosolymitana_n capta_fw-la est_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o before_o this_o emperor_n time_n it_o be_v certain_o a_o free_a city_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o statue_n rolandina_n which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o marketplace_n bear_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o empire_n a_o spread-eagle_n with_o this_o inscription_n in_o the_o old_a neder-saxon_a language_n vryheitt_n do_v ick_fw-mi ju_fw-mi openbahr_fw-ge de_fw-fr carll_n und_fw-ge manig_v force_v vorwahr_fw-ge deeser_n stadtt_n ghegheven_a hat_n dess_n dancket_v good_a iss_v min_fw-mi rath_n i.e._n i_o be_o a_o testimony_n of_o the_o liberty_n which_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o many_o other_o emperor_n have_v grant_v to_o this_o city_n for_o which_o i_o advise_v you_o to_o return_n god_n thanks_o it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o in_o this_o place_n to_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o reason_n which_o move_v the_o ancient_a german_n especial_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n to_o erect_v these_o kind_n of_o monstrous_a statue_n in_o their_o city_n and_o great_a to_n the_o tradition_n usual_o receive_v among_o the_o saxon_n be_v that_o charles_n the_o great_a overran_a their_o country_n by_o the_o help_n of_o one_o roland_n a_o gigantic_a general_n in_o his_o army_n and_o that_o thereupon_o the_o emperor_n order_v his_o image_n to_o be_v set_v up_o in_o all_o the_o city_n of_o note_n which_o he_o conquer_v with_o 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year_n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a nor_o
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law-case_n so_o that_o by_o ruland_n or_o rugeland_n nothing_o else_o as_o he_o think_v can_v be_v mean_v then_o ein_fw-mi mahlstadt_n da_fw-mi man_n frey_n kayserlich_n gericht_v helt_v i._n e._n a_o city_n or_o great_a town_n on_o the_o utmost_a border_n of_o the_o empire_n where_o the_o emperor_n have_v be_v please_v to_o appoint_v a_o session_n of_o judge_n and_o advocate_n to_o try_v and_o determine_v in_o his_o name_n all_o law-suit_n and_o controversy_n and_o this_o power_n and_o authority_n commit_v to_o the_o burgher_n of_o such_o certain_a city_n be_v represent_v as_o it_o be_v still_o at_o bremen_n magdeburg_n and_o many_o other_o great_a town_n in_o saxony_n by_o the_o portraiture_n of_o a_o great_a giant_n mistake_v for_o one_o roland_n who_o they_o make_v sister_n son_n to_o charles_n the_o great_a represent_v the_o emperor_n and_o bear_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o they_o be_v ancient_o so_o superstitious_a in_o erect_v or_o pull_v down_o these_o statue_n 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vehrden_n vehrden_n vehrden_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v and_o no_o part_n of_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n but_o may_v now_o reasonable_o enough_o be_v account_v a_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n as_o have_v be_v give_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n together_o with_o the_o archbishopric_n under_o the_o name_n of_o one_o entire_a dukedom_n at_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n bruschius_n in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o german_a bishop_n tell_v we_o that_o charles_n the_o great_a found_v this_o bishopric_n at_o konende_n upon_o the_o weser_n other_o say_v bardewic_n about_o the_o year_n 776_o whence_o not_o long_o after_o it_o be_v remove_v to_o vehrden_n which_o even_o in_o those_o day_n be_v if_o the_o saxon_n have_v any_o such_o a_o strong_a and_o populous_a city_n crantzius_n report_v that_o the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v one_o suibert_n a_o english_a man_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 708_o near_o seventy_o year_n before_o the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o bishopric_n according_a to_o bruschius_n calculation_n and_o be_v succeed_v by_o one_o patto_n a_o scot._n but_o emmius_n in_o his_o accurate_a frisian_a history_n show_v that_o this_o historian_n mistake_v suidbert_n the_o frislander_n who_o be_v indeed_o the_o first_o bishop_n of_o vehrden_n for_o one_o of_o the_o same_o name_n who_o come_v over_o into_o germany_n with_o wilhad_n the_o first_o bishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o yet_o this_o correction_n of_o crantzius_n relation_n be_v not_o to_o be_v approve_v unless_o we_o read_v 788_o or_o 798_o instead_o of_o 708_o since_o as_o we_o have_v before_o inform_v the_o reader_n one_o of_o our_o english_a archbishop_n first_o furnish_v bremen_n with_o a_o bishop_n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a in_o the_o year_n 788._o we_o may_v from_o these_o contradiction_n easy_o gather_v what_o credit_n be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o account_n which_o german_a writer_n be_v able_a to_o give_v we_o of_o the_o ancient_a state_n of_o this_o city_n and_o the_o present_a be_v not_o worthy_a of_o a_o large_a description_n have_v nothing_o in_o it_o extraordinary_a or_o remarkable_a the_o river_n aller_n upon_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v bring_v in_o all_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o town_n since_o up_o the_o weser_n into_o which_o river_n the_o aller_n emty_v itself_o not_o far_o from_o vehrden_n be_v bring_v flat_o bottom_v barge_n of_o a_o considerable_a bulk_n lade_v with_o all_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a commodity_n which_o the_o market_n of_o bremen_n will_v afford_v count_n tilly_n take_v this_o town_n at_o the_o first_o assault_n in_o the_o year_n 1626._o and_o afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1631_o the_o imperial_a army_n give_v it_o a_o second_o blow_n which_o it_o have_v feel_v ever_o since_o ii_o ottersberg_n ottersberg_n ottersberg_n a_o small_a fortify_v town_n not_o far_o from_o bremen_n beautify_v and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a castle_n the_o ancient_a residence_n of_o some_o of_o their_o archbishop_n chytraeus_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o castle_n of_o ottenberg_n bear_v a_o part_n for_o many_o year_n with_o the_o citizen_n of_o bremen_n in_o a_o rebellion_n against_o their_o archbishop_n to_o who_o they_o be_v at_o last_o upon_o some_o condition_n agree_v to_o by_o both_o party_n force_v to_o submit_v themselves_o in_o the_o year_n 1547._o in_o the_o last_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n this_o castle_n be_v twice_o take_v and_o plunder_v by_o the_o imperialist_n and_o once_o by_o count_n coningsmark_n the_o swedish_n general_n iii_o rotterberg_n rotterberg_n rotterberg_n a_o small_a city_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n wein_n at_o about_o four_o english_a mile_n distance_n from_o ottersberg_n in_o the_o place_n where_o this_o city_n now_o stand_v nicolas_n the_o thirty-seventh_a bishop_n of_o vehrden_n build_v a_o palace_n for_o himself_o and_o successor_n which_o be_v afterward_o fortify_v with_o strong_a wall_n and_o a_o deep_a ditch_n about_o the_o 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julius_n cesar_n who_o questionless_a if_o we_o believe_v the_o more_o credible_a roman_a historian_n never_o see_v this_o country_n however_o that_o the_o story_n in_o the_o main_n be_v true_a and_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n do_v indeed_o worship_v a_o image_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v agree_v on_o by_o all_o the_o dutch_a antiquary_n although_o they_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n to_o find_v out_o how_o their_o ancestor_n come_v come_v by_o the_o latin_a name_n of_o lunus_n or_o luna_fw-la there_o be_v to_o this_o day_n several_a river_n and_o town_n in_o this_o dukedom_n and_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n which_o still_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o lune_fw-fr the_o old_a annal_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n at_o vehrden_n say_v that_o this_o idol_n which_o stand_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o mountain_n far_o from_o luneburg_n call_v at_o this_o day_n kalk-berg_n from_o the_o abundance_n of_o lime_n find_v there_o be_v first_o destroy_v by_o aegisthus_n one_o of_o the_o seventy_o disciple_n that_o first_o plant_v christianity_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n yet_o afterward_o when_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o as_o well_o as_o many_o other_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n relapse_v into_o their_o ancient_a idolatry_n the_o image_n be_v again_o set_v up_o and_o worship_v until_o at_o last_o it_o be_v final_o remove_v by_o suibert_n not_o wibert_n as_o some_o of_o their_o historian_n write_v the_o word_n the_o first_o bishop_n of_o vehrden_n who_o in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o this_o goddess_n temple_n stand_v build_v a_o splendid_a monastery_n about_o the_o year_n 780_o which_o be_v by_o he_o dedicate_v to_o st._n mary_n cluverius_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o whole_a country_n about_o luneburg_n and_o vltzen_n which_o be_v a_o city_n about_o twenty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o luneburg_n towards_o the_o south_n be_v first_o inhabit_v by_o the_o cathulci_n who_o he_o guess_v to_o have_v be_v a_o province_n of_o the_o cherusci_n who_o territory_n reach_v much_o far_o up_o into_o the_o empire_n the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n be_v everywhere_o full_a of_o large_a wood_n and_o forest_n many_o of_o which_o be_v note_v in_o the_o map_n abound_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o deer_n wild_a swine_n and_o other_o kind_n of_o venison_n sâ—il_n nature_n of_o the_o sâ—il_n the_o most_o note_a forest_n wherein_o the_o duke_n of_o zell_n usual_o spend_v the_o hunt_a season_n of_o the_o year_n accompany_v with_o several_a of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n count_n and_o other_o noble_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v raarbroock_v die_v roffkammer_n grode_n bergerwald_n kralingerbroeck_n in_o ringelow_n in_o lewen_v and_o in_o dromeling_n another_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v take_v up_o with_o vast_a heath_n and_o waste_v the_o large_a of_o which_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o die_n lunenburgurgische_n heyde_n lie_v on_o the_o west_n of_o the_o city_n luneburg_n be_v a_o great_a share_n of_o the_o dukedom_n for_o several_a german_a mile_n together_o whole_o desert_a and_o uninhabited_a ducatus_n luneburgenis_n adiacentiumque_fw-la regionum_fw-la delineatio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a what_o kind_n of_o government_n the_o ancient_a saxon_n of_o which_o great_a nation_n the_o present_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n and_o luneburg_n be_v only_o two_o small_a branch_n be_v subject_a to_o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o we_o have_v already_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o account_n and_o in_o the_o same_o state_n of_o anarchy_n and_o confusion_n they_o have_v probable_o to_o this_o day_n continue_v if_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a have_v not_o new_o model_v their_o government_n and_o make_v they_o sensible_a of_o the_o convenience_n of_o be_v constant_o subject_a and_o obedient_a to_o some_o supreme_a ruler_n and_o magistrate_n but_o this_o he_o can_v never_o effect_v by_o conquest_n or_o the_o sword_n only_a religion_n by_o degree_n reduce_v they_o into_o a_o formal_a commonwealth_n and_o the_o precept_n of_o christianity_n first_o teach_v they_o how_o to_o obey_v the_o law_n of_o temporal_a as_o well_o as_o spiritual_a prince_n for_o the_o forementioned_a emperor_n have_v win_v over_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o nation_n to_o the_o profession_n of_o the_o christian_a faith_n get_v several_a bishopric_n erect_v in_o many_o part_n of_o the_o land_n and_o persuade_v the_o neighbourhood_n to_o pay_v tithe_n and_o other_o church_n duty_n to_o the_o prelate_n he_o have_v set_v over_o these_o new_a diocese_n and_o this_o be_v the_o only_a government_n know_v for_o some_o age_n after_o in_o the_o territory_n which_o now_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n and_o luneburg_n for_o although_o we_o read_v that_o the_o emperor_n lotharius_n make_v ludolf_n great_a grandchild_n to_o the_o famous_a wittikind_n that_o encounter_v charles_n the_o great_a duke_n of_o saxony_n yet_o crantzius_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o neither_o this_o ludolf_n nor_o his_o successor_n otho_n have_v any_o thing_n to_o do_v with_o the_o low_a saxony_n but_o be_v only_o make_v prince_n of_o thuringen_n meisen_n and_o some_o other_o province_n of_o the_o upper_a saxony_n indeed_o wittikind_a a_o author_n of_o great_a credit_n seem_v to_o assert_v the_o contrary_a tell_v we_o in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o history_n that_o otho_n the_o first_o german_a emperor_n of_o that_o name_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o imperial_a throne_n leave_v behind_o he_o one_o herman_n a_o baron_n son_n so_o the_o learned_a meibomius_n prove_v he_o to_o have_v be_v though_o most_o of_o the_o dutch_a historian_n say_v he_o be_v descend_v from_o much_o mean_a parentage_n who_o he_o make_v his_o lieutenant_n in_o these_o part_n and_o to_o encourage_v he_o faithful_o to_o discharge_v his_o office_n settle_v several_a land_n and_o tenement_n upon_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o soon_o after_o the_o say_a emperor_n return_v out_o of_o italy_n where_o for_o some_o considerable_a time_n he_o have_v for_o weighty_a reason_n be_v force_v to_o keep_v his_o residence_n be_v so_o well_o please_v with_o herman_n acquit_v himself_n brave_o of_o the_o trust_v repose_v in_o he_o that_o immediate_o he_o make_v he_o duke_n of_o north_n saxony_n contain_v all_o the_o territory_n now_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o luneburg_n and_o lawenburg_n together_o with_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n dominion_n this_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 966._o by_o this_o mean_v the_o great_a dukedom_n come_v to_o be_v divide_v dukedom_n dukedom_n and_o a_o new_a dukedom_n the_o prince_n whereof_o however_o style_v themselves_o duke_n of_o saxony_n erect_v out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v govern_v by_o herman_n and_o his_o successor_n bruno_n bernhard_n artolf_n and_o magnus_n the_o last_o of_o these_o die_v without_o any_o heir_n male_a though_o not_o in_o the_o emperor_n prison_n as_o some_o historian_n have_v confident_o report_v but_o at_o home_n in_o his_o own_o house_n in_o the_o year_n 1106._o whereupon_o the_o dukedom_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n be_v give_v by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n v._o to_o lotharius_n baron_n of_o querfurt_n after_o lotharius_n death_n henry_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n surname_v the_o proud_a get_v possession_n of_o this_o dukedom_n which_o he_o challenge_v upon_o a_o double_a account_n as_o have_v marry_v lotharius_n daughter_n and_o be_v himself_o the_o son_n of_o wolfbilde_a daughter_n to_o duke_n magnus_n lotharius_n predecessor_n but_o albert_n surname_v vrsus_fw-la marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n oppose_v he_o with_o so_o good_a success_n at_o first_o that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o quit_v the_o city_n of_o lunenburg_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o adjoin_a territory_n out_o of_o which_o nevertheless_o he_o make_v a_o shift_n to_o beat_v back_o albert_n at_o last_o and_o so_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n the_o pretension_n which_o albert_n have_v to_o this_o dukedom_n be_v ground_v upon_o his_o be_v son_n to_o duke_n magnus_n elder_a daughter_n elicke_n whereas_o henry_n be_v only_o descend_v from_o the_o young_a and_o therefore_o have_v the_o worse_a title_n if_o his_o father-in-law_n lotharius_n right_o have_v prove_v insignificant_a this_o henry_n leave_v behind_o he_o one_o only_a son_n henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n a_o prince_n of_o so_o great_a and_o fortunate_a undertake_n in_o war_n that_o the_o german_a chronicle_n be_v full_a of_o his_o exploit_n some_o of_o the_o dutch_a historian_n tell_v we_o he_o extend_v his_o dominion_n from_o the_o rhine_n to_o the_o elb_n other_o say_v from_o the_o adriatic_a to_o the_o baltic_a sea_n a_o three_o sort_n go_v yet_o further_o and_o make_v he_o lord_n of_o holstein_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o denmark_n certain_a it_o be_v he_o be_v a_o victorious_a prince_n and_o ruler_n over_o more_o province_n than_o any_o of_o his_o successor_n can_v lay_v claim_n to_o
that_o come_v over_o into_o britain_n be_v send_v from_o hence_o and_o they_o tell_v we_o far_o that_o in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o good_a success_n they_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o our_o island_n some_o of_o they_o return_v hang_v up_o a_o gild_a ship_n of_o tin_n in_o the_o marketplace_n which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v here_o before_o the_o fire_n above_o mention_v iv_o zell_n zell_n zell_n this_o city_n famous_a for_o the_o usual_a residence_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o luneburg_n on_o a_o sandy_a level_n at_o the_o confluence_n of_o two_o small_a river_n the_o aller_n and_o fuhse_n about_o ten_o german_a mile_n distant_a from_o luneburg_n six_o from_o brunswic_n ten_o from_o bremen_n and_o thirteen_o from_o hamburg_n the_o word_n zell_n in_o the_o language_n of_o some_o of_o the_o low_a saxon_n signify_v the_o same_o with_o the_o high_a dutch_a kellar_n or_o our_o english_a word_n cellar_n but_o for_o what_o reason_n the_o town_n shall_v have_v this_o name_n give_v it_o i_o can_v determine_v in_o a_o old_a parchment_n deed_n bear_v date_n a._n d._n 1236_o which_o to_o this_o day_n may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o duke_n of_o zell_n archive_v whereby_o sigefride_n count_n of_o osterburg_n make_v over_o a_o great_a part_n of_o this_o country_n to_o otho_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o luneburg_n we_o read_v ministeriale_n suos_fw-la tselle_fw-fr usque_fw-la breman_n and_o another_o indenture_n make_v between_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n son_n date_v a._n d._n 1203_o and_o still_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o same_o place_n mention_n this_o town_n by_o the_o aforesaid_a name_n high_a than_o these_o time_n its_o antiquity_n can_v be_v trace_v and_o whether_o it_o be_v in_o those_o day_n a_o city_n wall_a town_n or_o only_o a_o bare_a castle_n we_o know_v not_o the_o duke_n palace_n as_o it_o now_o stand_v be_v a_o square_a piece_n of_o building_n mote_v round_o and_o beautify_v with_o a_o great_a many_o pleasant_a garden_n orchard_n grotto_n etc._n etc._n be_v first_o build_v by_o henry_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o lunenburg_n and_o ann_n bear_v countess_n of_o nassaw_n his_o mother_n in_o the_o year_n 1485._o in_o this_o palace_n be_v hold_v the_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n for_o the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n v._o walstrode_n walstrode_n walstrode_n or_o walo's-cross_n at_o first_o only_o a_o monastery_n build_v by_o one_o walo_n a_o prince_n of_o anhalt_n in_o the_o year_n 986_o but_o afterward_o advance_v into_o a_o considerable_a town_n walo_n statue_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o church_n with_o this_o inscription_n on_o its_o pedestal_n illustris_fw-la princeps_fw-la walo_fw-la de_fw-fr anholt_n come_v in_o aschania_n &c_n &c_n dominus_fw-la in_o berneborch_n est_fw-la fundator_fw-la huius_fw-la monasterii_fw-la it_o be_v situate_a in_o a_o very_a pleasant_a valley_n encompass_v on_o every_o side_n with_o mountain_n and_o wood_n the_o chief_a trade_n of_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n consist_v in_o honey_n wax_n wool_n and_o beer_n harborch_n winsen_n gifhorn_n notable_a for_o a_o strong_a palace_n belong_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o lunenburg_n with_o some_o other_o place_n of_o the_o like_a value_n be_v only_o just_a considerable_a enough_o to_o merit_v a_o distinct_a character_n in_o the_o map_n from_o poor_a village_n but_o have_v nothing_o in_o they_o so_o remarkable_a as_o to_o deserve_v a_o a_o particular_a description_n the_o truth_n be_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n be_v a_o poor_a and_o barren_a country_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n be_v scarce_o any_o where_o so_o rich_a as_o that_o they_o need_v to_o wall_n in_o their_o town_n or_o be_v afraid_a of_o the_o invasion_n of_o a_o enemy_n the_o most_o notable_a place_n in_o the_o county_n of_o diepholt_n hoye_n and_o schawenburg_n subject_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o luneburg_n the_o reader_n will_v find_v describe_v in_o the_o next_o volume_n when_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o all_o the_o little_a province_n which_o be_v usual_o comprehend_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o westphalia_n meklenburg_n ducatus_n auctore_fw-la joanne_n laurenbergio_n sumptiê°_n janssonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephan_n swart_a the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n although_o at_o this_o day_n geographer_n can_v hardly_o meet_v with_o any_o such_o place_n as_o mecklenburg_n from_o whence_o this_o dukedom_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n yet_o the_o german_a historian_n will_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o small_a village_n not_o far_o from_o wismar_n which_o still_o bear_v that_o name_n be_v ancient_o a_o large_a and_o populous_a city_n and_o some_o of_o their_o antiquary_n pretend_v to_o be_v able_a to_o show_v we_o be_v rudera_fw-la near_o this_o place_n for_o some_o mile_n in_o compass_n j._n peter_n in_o his_o chronicle_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o village_n be_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o very_a ancient_a city_n which_o say_v he_o be_v build_v above_o three_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n by_o anthyrius_n the_o first_o duke_n of_o the_o heruli_n or_o mecklenburger_n but_o we_o know_v what_o kind_n of_o credit_n to_o give_v to_o such_o romantic_a chronologer_n as_o this_o who_o impertinent_o pretend_v to_o trace_v the_o annal_n of_o his_o country_n through_o those_o dark_a day_n of_o ignorance_n wherein_o he_o must_v necessary_o lose_v himself_o and_o truth_n cluverius_n and_o bertius_n be_v exceed_o displease_v with_o that_o universal_a humour_n of_o latin_a who_o mention_v this_o country_n of_o render_v mecklenburg_n by_o megalopolis_n or_o megapolis_n and_o the_o mecklenburger_n by_o megapolitani_n such_o etymologist_n as_o these_o say_v cluver_n be_v but_o novice_n in_o the_o german_a tongue_n for_o the_o word_n mecklenburg_n be_v not_o as_o they_o imagine_v derive_v from_o the_o old_a saxon_a word_n micle_n or_o mickel_n ordinary_o meet_v with_o in_o our_o ancient_a english-saxon_a monument_n and_o still_o use_v in_o some_o part_n of_o england_n but_o from_o the_o dutch_a verb_n mecklen_n whence_o meckler_n which_o in_o the_o language_n of_o all_o the_o northern_a german_n that_o inhabit_v the_o seacoast_n signify_v as_o much_o as_o proxineta_n pararius_n a_o broker_n so_o that_o mecklenburg_n have_v not_o its_o name_n as_o megalopolis_n in_o arcadia_n from_o the_o vastness_n of_o its_o extent_n although_o lindebergius_n report_v it_o to_o have_v be_v above_o eight_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o twenty_o in_o circumference_n but_o from_o the_o great_a resort_n of_o merchant_n to_o this_o place_n for_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o these_o part_n and_o the_o seat_n as_o it_o be_v suppose_v of_o bilunaus_n misilaus_n mistevus_n pribislaus_n and_o several_a other_o king_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n we_o may_v reasonable_o conclude_v that_o all_o foreign_a merchant_n who_o probable_o be_v not_o very_o numerous_a that_o trade_v in_o this_o part_n of_o germany_n keep_v their_o factor_n and_o broker_n at_o this_o city_n the_o whole_a dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n subject_a to_o the_o two_o duke_n of_o gustrow_n and_o swerin_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n bound_n bound_n on_o the_o west_n with_o some_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n and_o saxon-lauwenburg_a and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o country_n have_v more_o in_o it_o of_o profit_n then_o pleasure_n commodity_n commodity_n be_v plentiful_o stock_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o corn_n and_o fruit_n especial_o apple_n and_o well_o store_v with_o fowl_n and_o fish_n but_o situate_v in_o a_o air_n very_o unwholesome_a in_o the_o summer_n and_o intolerable_o sharp_a and_o cold_a in_o the_o winter_n beside_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o river_n everywhere_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o this_o dukedom_n their_o lake_n many_o of_o which_o be_v very_o large_a afford_v they_o good_a store_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o fresh_a fish_n insomuch_o that_o at_o the_o marriage-feast_n of_o henry_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg-swerin_a with_o helen_n daughter_n to_o the_o elector_n palatine_n be_v serve_v up_o to_o the_o table_n five_o thousand_o bream_n all_o of_o which_o be_v fresh_a and_o new_o take_v out_o of_o the_o great_a lake_n near_o swerin_n some_o romantic_a genealogist_n have_v endeavour_v to_o bring_v down_o the_o line_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n from_o some_o of_o alexander_n the_o great_a be_v general_n government_n government_n the_o first_o original_n of_o which_o fancy_n spring_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n bear_v a_o horse_n head_n which_o these_o herald_n be_v please_v to_o call_v the_o head_n of_o bucephalus_n in_o their_o eschutceon_n and_o indeed_o the_o generality_n of_o german_a antiquary_n fetth_v their_o pedigree_n from_o anthyrius_n the_o forementioned_a founder_n of_o the_o city_n of_o mecklenburg_n who_o they_o unanimous_o report_v to_o have_v live_v in_o the_o day_n of_o
that_o great_a conqueror_n from_o his_o loin_n after_o several_a generation_n descend_v billiengus_n a_o potent_a king_n of_o the_o vandal_n who_o mother_n say_v some_o be_v charles_n the_o great_a be_v sister_n he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o after_o his_o own_o conversion_n bring_v in_o the_o profession_n of_o christianity_n into_o mecklenburg_n though_o afterward_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o his_o son_n micislaus_n both_o himself_o and_o all_o his_o subject_n turn_v apostate_n the_o next_o famous_a prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v gottschalck_n surname_v the_o godly_a who_o will_v often_o himself_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o preach_v christianity_n to_o his_o subject_n by_o who_o he_o be_v at_o last_o for_o his_o religion_n murder_v in_o the_o year_n 1066._o from_o he_o descend_v among_o many_o other_o henry_n ii_o who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1228_o leave_v behind_o he_o two_o son_n nicolot_n and_o john_n from_o the_o former_a of_o these_o spring_v all_o the_o succeed_a prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n until_o william_n the_o last_o prince_n of_o that_o line_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1430._o from_o the_o late_a surname_v knese_n janko_n or_o john_n the_o divine_a because_o he_o have_v take_v a_o doctor_n of_o divinity_n be_v degree_n in_o the_o university_n at_o paris_n be_v descend_v the_o present_a duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n this_o john_n leave_v behind_o he_o henry_n who_o be_v six_o and_o twenty_o year_n keep_v prisoner_n by_o the_o turk_n father_n to_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n who_o two_o son_n albert_n and_o john_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o create_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o the_o year_n 1349._o which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v though_o i_o find_v this_o construction_n put_v upon_o it_o by_o several_a of_o the_o modern_a german_a historian_n as_o if_o these_o two_o prince_n before_o charles_n creation_n have_v be_v only_o ordinary_a lord_n or_o baron_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o by_o the_o emperor_n advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o prince_n or_o duke_n for_o from_o he_o they_o receive_v no_o more_o than_o a_o admission_n into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n under_o who_o protection_n they_o be_v brougth_n by_o make_v themselves_o member_n thereof_o upon_o condition_n they_o shall_v be_v subject_a to_o its_o law_n and_o contribute_v to_o its_o necessity_n albert_n elder_a son_n albert_n ii_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o sweden_n and_o not_o long_o after_o take_v prisoner_n by_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n by_o who_o after_o several_a year_n imprisonment_n he_o be_v at_o last_o release_v upon_o the_o payment_n of_o a_o vast_a ransom_n so_o that_o the_o management_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v commit_v to_o his_o brother_n magnus_n a_o prince_n that_o if_o we_o believe_v chytraeus_n who_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o saxon_a chronicle_n have_v give_v he_o a_o noble_a character_n be_v nomine_fw-la &_o re_fw-la magnus_fw-la endow_v with_o all_o the_o excellent_a quality_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o brave_a prince_n his_o son_n john_n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o dukedom_n found_v the_o university_n at_o rostock_n in_o the_o year_n 1419._o this_o duke_n successor_n henry_n the_o fat_a and_o magnus_n ii_o founder_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n at_o rostock_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o william_n the_o last_o prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o whole_a land_n of_o mecklenburg_n after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o magnus_n and_o his_o son_n albert_n ii_o the_o dukedom_n come_v to_o his_o grandchild_n john_n albert_n in_o the_o year_n 1547_o who_o first_o bring_v in_o the_o lutheran_n confession_n into_o his_o dominion_n by_o demolish_n popish_a abbey_n and_o convert_v their_o revenue_n to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o university_n at_o rostock_n his_o son_n john_n iii_o who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1592._o leave_v two_o son_n the_o elder_a be_v adolph_n frideric_n who_o marry_v ann-mary_n countess_n of_o east_n friesland_n by_o who_o among_o other_o child_n he_o have_v christian-ludowic_a the_o present_a duke_n of_o mecklenburg-swerin_a his_o young_a son_n be_v gustavus_n adolphus_n who_o seat_v himself_o at_o gustrow_n in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n in_o germany_n the_o whole_a land_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v overrun_v by_o the_o imperial_a army_n and_o the_o dukedom_n confer_v upon_o their_o ambitious_a and_o at_o last_o unfortunate_a general_n albrecht_n duke_n of_o friedland_n however_o within_o a_o little_a while_n after_o the_o two_o duke_n adolph_n frideric_n and_o john_n albrecht_n be_v reinstate_v in_o their_o dominion_n by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o victorious_a king_n of_o sweden_n their_o kinsman_n for_o a_o character_n of_o the_o present_a duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n the_o reader_n may_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o follow_a description_n of_o swerin_n and_o gustrow_n the_o place_n of_o their_o residence_n the_o strength_n of_o these_o prince_n will_v be_v considerable_a enough_o strength_n militâ—â—â—_n strength_n sufficient_a to_o secure_v their_o own_o territory_n and_o keep_v their_o neighbour_n in_o awe_n if_o firm_o unite_v their_o equal_a pretension_n to_o the_o sole_a government_n of_o the_o city_n and_o university_n at_o rostock_n do_v former_o occasion_v some_o animosity_n between_o the_o two_o house_n but_o this_o quarrel_n have_v for_o some_o year_n last_o pass_v be_v quite_o lay_v aside_o and_o now_o a_o difference_n in_o religion_n the_o duke_n of_o swerin_n be_v a_o romanist_n and_o he_o of_o gustrow_n a_o lutheran_n be_v the_o great_a cause_n of_o their_o mutual_a fear_n and_o jealousy_n heretofore_o they_o think_v it_o their_o chief_a interest_n to_o adhere_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o secure_v themselves_o under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o potent_a king_n of_o that_o nation_n but_o when_o after_o the_o many_o conquest_n of_o the_o brave_a gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o power_n of_o those_o prince_n grow_v so_o formidable_a as_o to_o threaten_v a_o universal_a slavery_n to_o their_o neighbour_n round_o about_o they_o rather_o than_o the_o defence_n of_o any_o of_o their_o liberty_n the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o relinquish_v that_o party_n and_o join_v with_o the_o dane_n and_o branburger_n in_o oppose_v their_o common_a enemy_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n they_o see_v wismar_n rend_v out_o of_o their_o hand_n without_o any_o probability_n of_o be_v ever_o recover_v and_o they_o have_v reason_n to_o fear_v that_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o adjoin_a country_n will_v follow_v it_o if_o their_o ruin_n be_v not_o timely_o prevent_v by_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o new_a ally_n the_o whole_a land_n of_o mecklenburg_n so_o much_o i_o mean_v as_o be_v now_o subject_a to_o the_o two_o duke_n which_o bear_v that_o title_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o these_o six_o part_n territry_n territry_n the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n strict_o so_o call_v and_o vandalia_n the_o earldom_n of_o swerin_n the_o barony_n of_o rostock_n and_o stargard_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o butzow_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n be_v reckon_v the_o city_n of_o wismar_n to_o which_o be_v the_o neighbour_a island_n poel_n tempsin_n gades_n rhena_n and_o bucow_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o vandalia_n gustrow_n sterneberg_n malchin_n stavenhagen_n ivenack_n neu-calven_n warin_n pentzlin_n rebel_n wredenhagen_n malchau_n tetrou_n goltberg_n parchum_n plague_n lupsian_a grabou_n domitz_n neu-statt_a eldenau_n and_o gorlosen_n in_o the_o barony_n of_o rostock_n the_o city_n of_o rostock_n ribnitz_n gnoien_n tessin_n laga_n schwan_n salines_n and_o morlou_n in_o the_o barony_n of_o stargard_n brandeburg_n stargard_n furstenburg_n strelitz_n mirow_n fredland_n and_o wesenberg_n and_o last_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o butzow_n the_o city_n of_o butzow_n and_o the_o peninsula_n of_o swerin_n the_o most_o considerable_a city_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n i._o lubec_n lubec_n lubec_n this_o city_n be_v indeed_o situate_a in_o wagerland_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n we_o have_v already_o give_v the_o reader_n some_o short_a account_n of_o it_o in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n but_o because_o it_o be_v of_o itself_o a_o imperial_a city_n whole_o independent_a upon_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n and_o immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n we_o have_v reserve_v a_o more_o particular_a survey_n of_o it_o for_o this_o place_n and_o it_o can_v so_o proper_o be_v refer_v to_o any_o particular_a province_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o although_o the_o citizen_n of_o lubec_n do_v not_o pay_v any_o manner_n of_o tribute_n or_o homage_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n yet_o it_o may_v perhaps_o as_o just_o be_v reckon_v part_n of_o that_o dukedom_n as_o bremen_n which_o never_o yet_o acknowledge_v any_o subjection_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n may_v be_v esteem_v part_n of_o that_o principality_n which_o now_o bear_v
the_o name_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v fetch_v by_o some_o from_o one_o luba_n a_o famous_a fisherman_n that_o heretofore_o pitch_v his_o tent_n upon_o the_o seashore_n in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o afterward_o the_o great_a city_n of_o lubec_n be_v build_v but_o this_o fiction_n be_v of_o the_o same_o stamp_n with_o the_o frivolous_a etymology_n with_o which_o some_o of_o our_o english_a historian_n have_v furnish_v we_o of_o britain_n from_o brutus_n and_o london_n from_o king_n lud._n other_o tell_v we_o that_o lubec_n in_o the_o old_a wendish_n tongue_n signify_v a_o crown_n and_o therefore_o will_v persuade_v we_o that_o this_o town_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o preeminence_n which_o immediate_o after_o its_o first_o foundation_n it_o may_v just_o challenge_v among_o the_o other_o city_n of_o germany_n whence_o lindebergius_n allude_v to_o this_o etymology_n conclude_v his_o elogium_fw-la in_o the_o praise_n of_o lubec_n with_o this_o distich_n et_fw-la decus_fw-la europae_n &_o lumen_fw-la sit_fw-la totius_fw-la ansae_fw-la et_fw-la sit_fw-la vandalici_n pulchra_fw-la corona_n soli_fw-la but_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n be_v what_o we_o have_v before_o mention_v that_o the_o name_n be_v true_o high-dutch_a and_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o lobeck_a or_o ein_fw-mi eck_fw-mi des_fw-fr lobe_n a_o corner_n of_o land_n for_o upon_o such_o a_o plot_n of_o ground_n it_o be_v situate_a commendable_a for_o something_o or_o other_o in_o it_o extraordinary_a and_o notable_a the_o polish_v historian_n particular_o j._n ludowic_n decius_n in_o his_o history_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v very_o zealous_a in_o assert_v that_o this_o great_a city_n owe_v its_o birth_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o their_o country_n who_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o this_o part_n of_o germany_n build_v a_o fort_n and_o in_o some_o short_a time_n after_o a_o wall_a town_n in_o that_o neck_n of_o land_n upon_o which_o lubec_n stand_v but_o the_o german_n as_o vigorous_o oppose_v this_o assertion_n affirm_v that_o godschalck_n a_o certain_a king_n of_o the_o vandal_n lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o town_n a._n d._n 1040_o which_o small_a beginning_n be_v enlarge_v into_o the_o bulk_n of_o a_o considerable_a city_n by_o crito_n a_o prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o year_n 1104_o or_o as_o other_o 1087._o but_o however_o this_o be_v certain_a that_o it_o be_v never_o a_o city_n nor_o have_v any_o charter_n confirm_v to_o it_o before_o it_o have_v be_v once_o utter_o ruin_v and_o lay_v desolate_a by_o ratzo_n prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o year_n 1134_o and_o rebuilt_a by_o adolph_n ii_o earl_n of_o holstein_n a._n d._n 1140_o who_o be_v unable_a to_o defend_v any_o part_n of_o his_o territory_n against_o the_o victorious_a duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o bavaria_n henry_n ii_o surname_v the_o lion_n be_v force_v to_o yield_v up_o to_o he_o lubec_n among_o the_o other_o conquer_a part_n of_o his_o dominion_n afterward_o when_o success_n and_o pride_n have_v swell_v henry_n to_o that_o height_n as_o to_o make_v he_o neglect_v his_o duty_n and_o allegiance_n to_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n barbarossa_n and_o to_o side_n with_o the_o pope_n in_o a_o quarrel_n against_o he_o he_o be_v by_o the_o say_a emperor_n public_o proscribe_v and_o devour_v by_o the_o joint_a force_n of_o his_o neighbour_n prince_n every_o one_o lay_v hold_n of_o that_o part_n of_o his_o estate_n which_o lie_v next_o he_o in_o this_o confusion_n lubec_n be_v besiege_v and_o take_v by_o the_o emperor_n himself_o but_o after_o his_o death_n restore_v to_o the_o forementioned_a duke_n henry_n afterward_o it_o be_v conquer_v by_o waldemar_n duke_n of_o sleswic_n and_o brother_n to_o canutus_n king_n of_o denmark_n but_o not_o long_o after_o the_o citizen_n find_v themselves_o too_o severe_o treat_v by_o their_o danish_a lord_n put_v their_o city_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n ii_o who_o grant_v they_o several_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n and_o restore_v they_o to_o the_o ancient_a liberty_n which_o they_o have_v enjoy_v under_o their_o first_o master_n since_o that_o time_n lubec_n have_v continue_v a_o imperial_a city_n be_v always_o reckon_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a in_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o hans-town_n the_o bishopric_n of_o lubec_n which_o since_o john_n adolph_n duke_n of_o holstein_n be_v elect_v bishop_n of_o that_o see_v in_o the_o year_n 1596_o have_v always_o be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o some_o of_o the_o young_a brother_n of_o that_o house_n be_v first_o found_v by_o the_o emperor_n otho_n i._o at_o oldenburg_n in_o wagerland_n and_o afterward_o remove_v hither_o with_o the_o permission_n of_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o by_o henry_n the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n in_o the_o year_n 1163._o there_o be_v not_o any_o city_n in_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n which_o at_o this_o day_n excel_v or_o perhaps_o can_v equalise_v lubec_n either_o in_o beauty_n or_o uniformity_n of_o its_o building_n or_o pleasantness_n of_o its_o garden_n and_o grove_n the_o street_n be_v general_o strait_a and_o even_o the_o house_n be_v all_o build_v with_o brick_n and_o cover_v with_o tile_n in_o the_o year_n 1238_o a_o great_a fire_n hap'n_v in_o the_o city_n burn_v down_o many_o of_o their_o street_n which_o at_o that_o time_n consist_v of_o house_n make_v of_o timber_n and_o cover_v with_o thatch_n whereupon_o the_o senator_n of_o the_o city_n make_v a_o order_n that_o thenceforward_o no_o such_o house_n shall_v be_v build_v within_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n from_o the_o public_a conduit_n they_o have_v water_n convey_v by_o pipe_n into_o every_o citizen_n private_a house_n according_a to_o which_o pattern_n the_o conduit_n in_o london_n and_o other_o great_a city_n in_o europe_n be_v first_o contrive_v the_o street_n be_v in_o several_a place_n grace_v with_o row_n of_o linden_n tree_n plant_v on_o each_o side_n the_o church_n about_o twenty_o in_o number_n be_v general_o well_o build_v and_o adorn_v with_o high_a steeple_n or_o spire_n especial_o the_o cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n mary_n which_o be_v a_o piece_n of_o as_o curious_a architecture_n as_o most_o in_o germany_n the_o river_n trave_n on_o which_o lubec_n be_v seat_v about_o eight_o or_o ten_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o sea_n be_v large_a and_o deep_a enough_o to_o carry_v the_o large_a vessel_n that_o sail_v upon_o the_o baltic_a so_o that_o daily_a merchantman_n of_o the_o great_a bulk_n as_o well_o as_o flat_o bottom_v barge_n be_v bring_v up_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n which_o with_o its_o neighbour_n hamburg_n be_v think_v to_o maintain_v near_o six_o hundred_o vessel_n in_o continual_a traffic_n the_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o twelve_o burgo-master_n who_o be_v all_o of_o they_o either_o doctor_n of_o civil_a law_n or_o some_o of_o the_o grave_n and_o experience_a nobility_n of_o the_o city_n the_o common_a council_n be_v make_v up_o of_o half_a lawyer_n and_o noble_n and_o the_o other_o half_a merchant_n their_o law_n will_v not_o permit_v any_o handicraftsman_n two_o brother_n nor_o father_n and_o son_n to_o be_v of_o this_o great_a council_n of_o the_o city_n suppose_v that_o illiterate_a mechanic_n can_v hardly_o have_v so_o much_o skill_n in_o state-affair_n as_o will_v render_v they_o fit_v for_o government_n and_o that_o near_a relation_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o side_n with_o one_o another_o and_o not_o act_v with_o such_o unbiased_a judgement_n as_o other_o that_o be_v nothing_o akin_a ii_o wismar_n wismar_n wismar_n seat_v in_o the_o way_n betwixt_o lubec_n and_o rostoc_n at_o a_o equal_a distance_n namely_o seven_o german_a or_o one_o and_o twenty_o english_a mile_n from_o both_o those_o city_n cromer_z and_o vapovius_fw-la zealous_a assertor_n of_o the_o honour_n of_o their_o country_n derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n from_o one_o wissimir_n its_o founder_n who_o they_o tell_v we_o be_v a_o polish_v prince_n descend_v from_o their_o great_a duke_n lechus_n the_o ground_n of_o their_o story_n they_o borrow_v from_o saxon_a grammaticus_n and_o crantzius_n who_o report_n that_o wissimirus_n a_o prince_n of_o the_o vandal_n march_v with_o a_o good_a army_n into_o denmark_n and_o there_o slay_v siward_n king_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o at_o his_o return_n build_v wismar_n now_o these_o man_n imagine_v that_o princeps_fw-la vandalicus_n and_o vendicus_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n conclude_v present_o that_o this_o wissimir_n must_v certain_o have_v be_v a_o pole_n and_o then_o the_o great_a honour_n they_o can_v do_v he_o be_v to_o bring_v he_o from_o the_o loin_n of_o lechus_n whereas_o grant_v the_o main_a part_n of_o crantzius_n story_n which_o nevertheless_o be_v undoubted_o false_a that_o wismar_n be_v indeed_o build_v by_o such_o a_o prince_n as_o
he_o mention_n yet_o upon_o examination_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o this_o wisimir_n if_o ever_o there_o be_v any_o such_o man_n must_v have_v slay_v siward_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 340_o and_o we_o never_o hear_v of_o duke_n lechus_n in_o poland_n before_o the_o year_n 550_o nay_o some_o say_v he_o begin_v his_o government_n in_o the_o year_n 644._o wherefore_o omit_v these_o impertinent_a contradiction_n and_o anticronism_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o wismar_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o convenience_n of_o its_o situation_n wis-mee_a signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o safe_a and_o secure_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n such_o a_o one_o as_o that_o be_v upon_o which_o this_o city_n be_v now_o seat_v nor_o be_v the_o town_n so_o ancient_a as_o they_o will_v make_v it_o but_o first_o build_v or_o at_o least_o make_v a_o city_n out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o mecklenburg_n which_o as_o have_v be_v already_o say_v be_v once_o the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o whole_a dukedom_n about_o the_o year_n 1250_o or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o 1238_o by_o gunceline_n ii_o earl_n of_o swerin_n afterward_o henry_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o his_o great_a performance_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n surname_v hierosolymitanus_n bring_v hither_o the_o statute_n and_o ordinance_n observe_v in_o the_o government_n of_o the_o city_n of_o lubec_n and_o new_o model_v wismar_n about_o the_o year_n 1266._o from_o which_o time_n it_o grow_v so_o extravagant_o great_a and_o populous_a that_o within_o a_o very_a short_a time_n it_o be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a hans-town_n and_o be_v make_v the_o harbour_n for_o all_o the_o man_n of_o war_n belong_v to_o that_o society_n this_o engage_v the_o whole_a community_n to_o contribute_v towards_o its_o fortification_n insomuch_o that_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o very_a few_o year_n it_o become_v almost_o impregnable_a by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o city_n and_o haven_n of_o wismar_n with_o the_o castle_n of_o wallfrisch_n and_o the_o peninsula_n of_o pole_n except_v the_o village_n of_o schedorff_n weitendorff_n brandenhusen_n and_o wangeren_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o hospital_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n in_o lubec_n as_o also_o newen-clost_a be_v give_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n since_o which_o time_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v always_o style_v himself_o lord_n of_o wismar_n but_o in_o these_o late_a war_n between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n the_o city_n of_o wismar_n among_o many_o other_o be_v take_v by_o the_o present_a victorious_a king_n of_o denmark_n christian_a v._n although_o it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o eight_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n sign_v at_o fountainblaeu_n on_o the_o second_o day_n of_o september_n in_o the_o year_n 1679_o by_o the_o french_a and_o danish_a minister_n that_o wismar_n and_o rugen_n shall_v be_v restore_v to_o the_o swede_n within_o three_o week_n after_o the_o ratification_n of_o the_o say_a treaty_n yet_o in_o a_o second_o treaty_n sign_v on_o the_o twenty-sixth_a day_n of_o the_o same_o month_n at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi it_o be_v agree_v that_o wismar_n shall_v remain_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o a_o surety_n for_o the_o arrear_n of_o certain_a contribution_n due_a from_o that_o king_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n this_o obligation_n it_o seem_v be_v not_o yet_o cancel_v for_o the_o dane_n to_o this_o day_n keep_v possession_n of_o this_o great_a town_n and_o be_v not_o like_a to_o be_v force_v in_o any_o short_a time_n to_o yield_v it_o up_o iii_o rostock_n rostock_n rostock_n a_o city_n of_o great_a antiquity_n if_o we_o believe_v the_o story_n which_o some_o of_o the_o german_a antiquary_n report_v of_o it_o for_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o this_o be_v the_o very_a place_n which_o several_a of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a writer_n point_v at_o when_o they_o report_v great_a thing_n of_o lacinium_n rhodopolis_n and_o laciburgium_n all_o which_o name_v the_o modern_a historian_n appropriate_v to_o rostock_n but_o how_o its_o name_n come_v at_o last_o to_o be_v change_v for_o there_o seem_v to_o be_v but_o little_a affinity_n betwixt_o lacinium_n or_o laciburgium_n and_o rostock_n although_o rhodopolis_n come_v something_o near_o to_o the_o modern_a name_n they_o can_v so_o easy_o determine_v some_o think_v the_o word_n rostock_n or_o rostzogz_v a_o compound_n of_o two_o old_a wendish_n monosyllable_n signify_v as_o much_o as_o a_o confluence_n of_o two_o river_n so_o that_o this_o city_n according_a to_o this_o derivation_n have_v its_o name_n at_o first_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o several_a great_a town_n in_o france_n be_v at_o this_o day_n name_v confluent_a the_o polish_v writer_n say_v the_o name_n be_v first_o give_v it_o by_o some_o of_o their_o countryman_n in_o who_o language_n rostock_n signify_v a_o moist_a or_o boggy_a place_n p._n lindebergius_n in_o his_o chronocle_n of_o rostoch_n prove_v from_o inscription_n upon_o the_o seal_n of_o the_o city_n and_o other_o ancient_a monument_n that_o the_o true_a name_n of_o the_o town_n be_v rotzstock_n and_o he_o guess_v that_o this_o name_n be_v first_o give_v it_o from_o a_o great_a red_a pillar_n von_fw-mi einem_fw-la rothen_fw-ge soul_fw-mi oder_fw-ge stock_n which_o in_o the_o day_n of_o paganism_n and_o idolatry_n be_v worship_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n and_o this_o conjecture_n seem_v most_o agreeable_a to_o the_o name_n of_o rhodopolis_n beforementioned_a not_o to_o mention_v its_o be_v back_v with_o the_o authority_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n and_o great_a antiquary_n but_o whatever_o grand_a conceit_n the_o mecklenburger_n may_v have_v of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o city_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o the_o year_n 329_o it_o be_v only_o a_o small_a inconsiderable_a village_n build_v by_o some_o poor_a fisherman_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o warna_n and_o consist_v of_o a_o few_o slender_a tent_n rather_o than_o house_n afterward_o it_o be_v advance_v into_o a_o small_a city_n by_o gotheschalk_n king_n of_o the_o heruli_n and_o by_o his_o successor_n primislaus_n the_o second_o notable_o enlarge_v about_o the_o year_n 1160._o at_o last_o burevinus_n primislaus_n son_n make_v it_o a_o complete_a city_n have_v be_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o wall_v it_o about_o and_o new_a model_v it_o according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n burevinus_n charter_n which_o the_o citizen_n of_o rostock_n show_v to_o this_o day_n among_o other_o record_n of_o their_o corporation_n be_v sign_v in_o the_o year_n 1218._o at_o this_o day_n it_o consist_v of_o three_o part_n the_o old_a new_a and_o middle_a city_n in_o all_o which_o be_v reckon_v 140_o street_n and_o many_o thousand_o of_o high_a and_o stately_a citizen_n house_n the_o most_o memorable_a thing_n in_o rostock_n be_v usual_o by_o the_o mecklenburger_n in_o their_o saxon_a dialect_n reckon_v up_o in_o the_o follow_a rithm_n seven_o doren_n tho_o st._n marien-karcke_a seven_o straten_v van_fw-mi den_fw-mi grooten_a marckle_z seven_o thore_fw-la so_o der_fw-ge gahn_fw-ge tho_o land_n seven_o kopmans_n bruggen_n by_o they_fw-mi strande_fw-fr seven_o tear_v so_o up_o den_fw-mi radthuss_n staan_n seven_o klocken_n die_v daar_o daglycken_v slaan_n seven_o linden_fw-mi open_fw-mi den_fw-mi rosen-garden_n that_o sin_v die_v rostocker_n kennewarten_v i_o e._n there_o be_v seven_o time_n seven_o remarkable_a thing_n in_o rostock_n 1._o seven_o great_a door_n to_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o st._n mary_n 2._o seven_o large_a street_n lead_v to_o the_o chief_a marketplace_n 3._o seven_o gate_n of_o the_o city_n towards_o the_o land_n seven_o bridge_n over_o the_o warna_n which_o run_v through_o several_a place_n of_o the_o town_n 5._o seven_o tower_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o town_n hall_n 6._o seven_o great_a bell_n which_o chime_n at_o certain_a hour_n in_o the_o town_n clock_n 7._o seven_o vast_a linden_n tree_n in_o the_o common_a garden_n but_o of_o late_a year_n one_o of_o their_o bridge_n be_v decay_v with_o age_n fall_v down_o and_o because_o of_o no_o great_a use_n have_v not_o since_o be_v repair_v so_o that_o one_o of_o their_o septenaries_n be_v fail_v the_o most_o notable_a commodity_n of_o the_o town_n be_v beer_n which_o be_v here_o brew_v and_o carry_v into_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n and_o other_o nation_n a_o rostocker_n will_v tell_v we_o that_o yearly_a by_o the_o 250_o privilege_a brewer_n in_o this_o city_n there_o be_v at_o least_o so_o many_o thousand_o tun_n of_o beer_n brew_v beside_o the_o vast_a quantity_n which_o many_o of_o the_o private_a citizen_n man_n especial_o of_o the_o chief_a rank_n and_o repute_v must_v be_v suppose_v to_o brew_v for_o their_o own_o use_n the_o university_n at_o rostock_n which_o be_v now_o one_o of_o the_o large_a and_o best_a stock_v in_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v first_o found_v by_o john_n
and_o albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n two_o cousin_n germane_a in_o the_o year_n 1419._o the_o corporation_n of_o the_o city_n bear_v it_o seem_v half_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o foundation_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v then_o order_v by_o a_o decree_n still_o in_o force_n that_o half_a of_o the_o professor_n shall_v be_v choose_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o the_o other_o half_a by_o the_o burgomaster_n and_o radtshern_a of_o the_o town_n the_o rector_n magnificus_fw-la as_o they_o be_v please_v to_o entitle_v the_o chief_a magistrate_n of_o their_o university_n be_v choose_v every_o half_a year_n as_o in_o most_o other_o german_a university_n by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o two_o company_n of_o professor_n he_o have_v power_n to_o call_v convocation_n and_o appoint_v time_n for_o meeting_n of_o the_o other_o professor_n on_o all_o extraordinary_a occasion_n as_o collect_v or_o disburse_v any_o part_n of_o their_o common-treasure_n or_o the_o like_a in_o matter_n of_o great_a weight_n and_o moment_n then_o be_v usual_o debate_v he_o have_v a_o assistant_n who_o they_o call_v promotor_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o senior_n of_o the_o eighteen_o professor_n the_o university_n be_v at_o first_o stock_v with_o professor_n from_o leipsic_n and_o erfurt_n who_o all_o of_o they_o receive_v their_o licence_n to_o teach_v and_o read_v in_o public_a together_o with_o a_o charter_n of_o privilege_n and_o body_n of_o statute_n from_o pope_n martin_n v._o the_o bishop_n of_o swerin_n be_v their_o perpetual_a chancellor_n who_o common_o depute_v one_o of_o the_o senior_a professor_n his_o vicechancellor_n at_o any_o public_a promotion_n or_o take_v of_o degree_n when_o he_o himself_o be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o give_v a_o personal_a attendance_n among_o many_o other_o learned_a man_n that_o have_v be_v breed_v in_o this_o university_n albert_n crantzius_n john_n posselius_n and_o nathan_n chytraeus_n three_o famous_a historian_n have_v get_v themselves_o and_o the_o place_n of_o their_o education_n great_a credit_n by_o their_o elaborate_a writing_n the_o citizen_n be_v subject_a to_o a_o kind_n of_o mix_a government_n make_v up_o of_o aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n the_o democratical_a part_n consist_v of_o twenty_o four_o alderman_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n scholar_n and_o rich_a merchant_n of_o the_o town_n whereof_o four_o be_v burgomaster_n two_o chamberlain_n two_o steward_n for_o the_o river_n and_o two_o judge_n the_o chamberlain_n collect_v and_o distribute_v all_o manner_n of_o assessment_n for_o the_o reparation_n of_o public_a building_n in_o and_o about_o the_o city_n the_o two_o steward_n be_v overseer_n of_o the_o haven_n at_o warnemund_n and_o look_v to_o the_o cleanse_n of_o the_o channel_n from_o that_o port_n up_o to_o the_o city_n the_o judge_n determine_v and_o pass_v sentence_n in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o criminal_a these_o twenty_o four_o magistrate_n of_o the_o upper_a house_n decide_v all_o ordinary_a controversy_n and_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o coin_v money_n choose_v officer_n etc._n etc._n but_o beside_o they_o there_o be_v in_o the_o town_n a_o hundred_o more_o common-councilmen_a elect_v out_o of_o the_o inferior_a tradesman_n of_o the_o town_n who_o be_v summon_v to_o appear_v and_o give_v their_o opinion_n upon_o debate_n of_o any_o matter_n of_o more_o than_o ordinary_a concernment_n to_o the_o common_a welfare_n though_o the_o river_n warna_n be_v navigable_a up_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rostock_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o deep_a enough_o to_o carry_v ship_n of_o the_o large_a bulk_n but_o such_o vessel_n be_v force_v to_o take_v harbour_n at_o warnemund_n so_o call_v because_o situate_a on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n a_o small_a town_n about_o seven_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o rostock_n since_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o swede_n build_v a_o fort_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o this_o river_n by_o the_o strength_n of_o 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continual_o weary_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n 1678_o and_o begin_v of_o 1679._o their_o importunity_n prevail_v so_o far_o at_o last_o as_o to_o have_v the_o follow_a clause_n insert_v into_o the_o first_o proposal_n of_o a_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o king_n of_o sweden_n omni_fw-la casu_fw-la salva_fw-la sint_fw-la dominis_n ducibus_fw-la mecklenburgicis_fw-la sine_fw-la turbatione_fw-la competentia_fw-la jura_fw-la &_o sublatum_fw-la maneat_fw-la vectigal_a seu_fw-la telonium_fw-la warnemundense_a cum_fw-la omnimoda_fw-la aliarum_fw-la quae_fw-la ibi_fw-la motae_fw-la sunt_fw-la pretensionum_fw-la abolitione_n &_o portus_fw-la warnmundensis_fw-la relinquatur_fw-la in_o pristina_fw-la &_o qua_fw-la nunc_fw-la gaudet_fw-la commerciorum_fw-la libertate_fw-la but_o the_o swedish_n plenipotentary_n in_o all_o their_o conference_n with_o the_o imperial_a ambassador_n upon_o this_o subject_a constant_o deny_v that_o they_o have_v instruction_n to_o meddle_v with_o it_o and_o the_o imperialist_n be_v willing_a to_o omit_v the_o insertion_n of_o this_o point_n rather_o than_o delay_v the_o sign_v of_o the_o other_o article_n till_o new_a instruction_n can_v be_v procure_v from_o the_o swedish_n court_n so_o that_o all_o the_o satisfaction_n the_o prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n have_v be_v a_o compliment_n from_o the_o emperor_n be_v plempotentiaries_n show_v the_o great_a care_n their_o master_n will_v be_v always_o ready_a to_o take_v in_o assert_v their_o right_n and_o privilege_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o any_o other_o member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n whatever_o and_o a_o certificate_n under_o their_o hand_n that_o their_o minister_n have_v use_v all_o imaginable_a diligence_n in_o the_o discharge_n of_o their_o duty_n neque_fw-la defuerunt_fw-la say_v they_o durante_fw-la hoc_fw-la congressu_fw-la officio_fw-la svo_fw-la praedictorum_fw-la dominorum_fw-la ducum_fw-la i._n e._n mecklenburgicorum_n ablegati_fw-la dominus_fw-la antonius_n bessel_n &_o dominus_fw-la joannes_n reuter_n sed_fw-la omnes_fw-la part_n impleverunt_fw-la quae_fw-la a_o ministrorum_fw-la fide_fw-la dexteritate_fw-la &_o vigilantia_fw-la expectari_fw-la possunt_fw-la in_o quorum_fw-la omnium_fw-la fidem_fw-la legatio_fw-la caesarea_n praesentes_fw-la hasce_fw-la a_o se_fw-la subscriptas_fw-la sigillis_fw-la suis_fw-la munivit_fw-la dabantur_fw-la neomagi_n dvodecima_fw-la februarii_fw-la anno_fw-la 1679._o iv_o swerin_n swerin_n swerin_n situate_v at_o about_o fifty_o english_a mile_n distance_n from_o rostock_n upon_o a_o great_a lake_n which_o from_o the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v usual_o by_o the_o neighbourhood_n call_v der_n swerinsche_n see_n it_o be_v build_v and_o fortfy_v by_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o soon_o after_o its_o first_o foundation_n which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o year_n 1163._o bestow_v this_o city_n with_o all_o the_o territory_n and_o lordship_n thereunto_o belong_v upon_o guntzel_n or_o gunceline_n one_o of_o the_o general_n in_o his_o army_n who_o he_o make_v earl_n of_o swerin_n his_o son_n henry_n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o earldom_n be_v a_o great_a favourite_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iv_o and_o well_o deserve_v all_o the_o honour_n his_o master_n can_v confer_v on_o he_o he_o take_v woldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n prisoner_n in_o his_o own_o kingdom_n bring_v he_o bind_v into_o saxony_n in_o triumph_n and_o keep_v he_o in_o close_a custody_n in_o the_o castle_n at_o danneberg_n till_o his_o subject_n have_v almost_o reduce_v themselves_o to_o beggary_n by_o pay_v ransom_n the_o last_o earl_n of_o this_o family_n be_v otho_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1355._o his_o only_a daughter_n and_o child_n richardis_n be_v marry_v to_o albrecht_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o which_o reason_n the_o earldom_n of_o swerin_n after_o otho_n death_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n the_o bishopric_n of_o swerin_n be_v remove_v from_o mecklenburg_n to_o this_o city_n the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v one_o johannes_n scotus_n who_o in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o prelacy_n a._n
of_o ocean_n near_o damgarten_n and_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a at_o dars_n 2._o the_o bar_n which_o spring_v near_o stralsund_v spread_v into_o the_o sea_n at_o bardt_n a_o city_n borrow_v its_o name_n from_o this_o river_n and_o soon_o after_o be_v lose_v in_o the_o baltic_a 3._o the_o famous_a other_o which_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o have_v pass_v gartz_n and_o grieffenhagen_n and_o be_v come_v into_o pomeren_n divide_v itself_o into_o several_a branch_n or_o arm_n embrace_v therein_o many_o large_a and_o fair_a meadow_n whereof_o some_o be_v above_o two_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n after_o it_o have_v pass_v by_o stetin_n it_o dilate_v itself_o first_o into_o the_o dammish_a sea_n or_o lake_n then_o into_o the_o damantzke_n and_o pfaffenwasser_n as_o the_o native_n call_v it_o and_o at_o last_o have_v pass_v betwixt_o zegenorth_n and_o schwantevitz_n spread_v itself_o into_o a_o vast_a freshwater_n ocean_n know_v to_o the_o neighbourhood_n by_o the_o name_n of_o das_n gross_a frische_n haff_n extend_v itself_o above_o sixteen_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n and_o as_o many_o in_o length_n this_o huge_a lake_n afterward_o disembogue_n itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n in_o three_o current_n which_o make_v as_o many_o safe_a harbour_n the_o divenow_n swine_n and_o penemunde_n for_o ship_n that_o pass_v this_o way_n to_o stetin_n betwixt_o the_o peene_n and_o swine_n lie_v the_o island_n of_o vsedom_n and_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o city_n of_o wollin_n lie_v enclose_v by_o the_o swine_n and_o divenow_n beside_o these_o and_o a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o other_o river_n which_o be_v lose_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o pomeren_n this_o dukedom_n afford_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o stand_a lake_n as_o at_o new_a stetin_n lukow_n sukow_n verschem_n dersenten_n penckun_n with_o many_o other_o from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v the_o reader_n will_v easy_o conclude_v fish_n fish_n that_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v in_o all_o probability_n a_o country_n as_o rich_a in_o all_o sort_n of_o fish_n as_o any_o principality_n of_o a_o equal_a extent_n in_o europe_n but_o yet_o the_o strange_a story_n which_o some_o of_o their_o historian_n relate_v of_o the_o extravagant_a plenty_n in_o this_o kind_n will_v a_o little_a stagger_v his_o faith_n they_o tell_v we_o that_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o one_o year_n above_o five_o thousand_o rixdollar_n which_o allow_v four_a shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n english_a for_o each_o rixdollar_n will_v i_o be_o afraid_a amount_v to_o a_o great_a sum_n than_o the_o whole_a yearly_a revenue_n which_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v out_o of_o pomeren_n be_v bring_v into_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n treasury_n out_o of_o a_o six_o penny_n custom_n demand_v upon_o all_o fish_n catch_v in_o the_o great_a haff_n below_o stetin_n and_o a_o three_o penny_n one_o upon_o those_o take_v in_o the_o lake_n at_o lassan_n they_o add_v that_o although_o yearly_o out_o of_o the_o lake_n last_o mention_v above_o thirty_o thousand_o rixdollar_n worth_a of_o fish_n be_v take_v and_o vend_v yet_o there_o be_v never_o find_v any_o sensible_a decay_n of_o their_o stock_n the_o most_o usual_a sort_n of_o fish_n take_v in_o the_o haff_n be_v salmon_n and_o lamprey_n of_o both_o which_o kind_n be_v sometime_o catch_v fish_n of_o a_o incredible_a bulk_n and_o weight_n in_o the_o spring_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o gripswald_n bardt_n rugen_n and_o wollin_n drive_v a_o good_a herring-trade_n but_o in_o other_o part_n of_o pomeren_n this_o sort_n of_o fish_n be_v never_o or_o rare_o catch_v in_o the_o lake_n madduje_fw-fr near_o colbatz_n the_o fisherman_n catch_v a_o large_a and_o broad_a fish_n call_v in_o their_o language_n musenen_n which_o like_o char_n in_o some_o lake_n in_o the_o north_n of_o england_n be_v peculiar_a to_o this_o water_n and_o not_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o province_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n the_o soil_n of_o the_o country_n be_v in_o most_o place_n exceed_v sandy_a and_o barren_a soil_n nature_n of_o the_o soil_n insomuch_o that_o sometime_o the_o little_a crop_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v sow_o in_o the_o field_n near_o dam_n golnow_v vckermund_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n be_v sudden_o overwhelm_v and_o stifle_v by_o huge_a drift_n of_o sand_n from_o the_o shore_n howbeit_o you_o may_v here_o and_o there_o meet_v with_o a_o fruitful_a field_n especial_o near_o the_o city_n pyritz_n which_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o rich_a valley_n which_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o the_o neighbourhood_n so_o plentiful_o that_o seldom_o any_o corn_n be_v bring_v into_o pomeren_n out_o of_o foreign_a nation_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a great_a quantity_n in_o some_o fruitful_a year_n be_v export_v thence_o they_o have_v very_o few_o mountain_n of_o any_o considerable_a height_n but_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o large_a wood_n and_o forest_n well_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o game_n as_o deer_n wild_a boar_n hare_n fox_n wolf_n wild_a horse_n bull_n and_o bevers_n beside_o the_o lake_n and_o forest_n furnish_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o water_n and_o land-fowl_n the_o former_a of_o which_o be_v so_o numerous_a that_o they_o pretend_v to_o reckon_v up_o no_o less_o than_o twentytwo_a different_a kind_n of_o wild_a duck_n beside_o the_o conveniency_n and_o pleasure_n already_o mention_v commodity_n commodity_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v provide_v for_o almost_o with_o all_o other_o necessary_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o their_o own_o territory_n that_o nature_n require_v and_o the_o ship_n of_o stetin_n stralsund_n and_o other_o town_n of_o trade_n bring_v in_o the_o delicacy_n of_o foreign_a nation_n to_o satisfy_v the_o demand_n of_o luxury_n no_o province_n in_o germany_n afford_v great_a quanties_n nor_o more_o different_a sort_n of_o fruit_n than_o pomeren_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n do_v not_o at_o all_o apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o plant_n of_o vineyard_n beer_n beer_n and_o if_o they_o shall_v their_o wine_n will_v prove_v but_o very_o mean_a and_o contemptible_a such_o as_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n afford_v of_o which_o hereafter_o however_o this_o want_n be_v sufficient_o supply_v by_o those_o vast_a number_n of_o merchant-ship_n which_o come_v hither_o lade_v with_o the_o wine_n of_o other_o country_n beside_o shall_v the_o inhabitant_n which_o can_v now_o hardly_o be_v hope_v for_o grow_v so_o temperate_a as_o to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o import_v the_o luxurious_a liquor_n of_o foreign_a country_n and_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o drink_v of_o their_o own_o land_n they_o will_v quick_o experience_n as_o many_o of_o their_o neighbour_n have_v do_v the_o delicacy_n of_o the_o many_o sort_n of_o beer_n in_o pomeren_n such_o be_v the_o bitter_a beer_n of_o stetin_n the_o mum_o of_o gripswald_n the_o buckhenger_n as_o they_o term_v it_o we_o may_v english_a it_o knock-down_a of_o wollin_n with_o many_o other_o which_o be_v by_o the_o mariner_n transport_v into_o other_o nation_n and_o therefore_o look_v upon_o as_o questionless_a they_o be_v preferable_a to_o most_o wine_n they_o have_v no_o kind_n of_o metal_n in_o any_o of_o their_o mountain_n mineral_n mineral_n except_o only_o some_o few_o mine_n of_o iron_n in_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n in_o some_o place_n the_o sea_n cast_v up_o amber_n but_o not_o in_o such_o quantity_n as_o in_o prussia_n so_o that_o here_o any_o man_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o pick_v up_o and_o sell_v as_o much_o amber_n as_o he_o can_v find_v which_o the_o nobility_n and_o magistracy_n in_o preussen_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n permit_v nova_fw-la illustrissimi_fw-la ducatus_n pomeraniae_fw-la tabula_fw-la antea_fw-la à _fw-la viro_fw-la cl._n d._n d._n eilhardo_n lubino_n edita_fw-la nunc_fw-la iterum_fw-la correcta_fw-la per_fw-la frid._n palbitzke_n pomer_n l._n l._n studiosum_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a bugislaus_n junior_a fourteen_o pomeraniae_fw-la dux_n notarum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la urbes_fw-la urbes_fw-la cum_fw-la arcibus_fw-la ducalibus_fw-la pagiâ—_n though_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n the_o rugii_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d reudigni_n longididuni_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v for_o many_o century_n govern_v by_o prince_n of_o their_o own_o yet_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o time_n wherein_o they_o live_v have_v leave_v we_o in_o the_o dark_a as_o to_o any_o satisfactory_a register_n of_o their_o name_n and_o action_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o pomeren_n who_o we_o meet_v with_o upon_o good_a record_n be_v barnimus_n one_o of_o the_o ancient_a and_o noble_a family_n of_o the_o gryphones_n often_o mention_v in_o their_o annal_n and_o so_o call_v probable_o from_o the_o gryphin_n their_o arm_n to_o this_o day_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v govern_v in_o the_o year_n 933._o his_o grandson_n suantiberus_n divide_v his_o principality_n betwixt_o his_o two_o son_n bugislaus_fw-la and_o
hardly_o recover_v any_o of_o its_o ancient_a riches_n and_o grandeur_n and_o be_v now_o mouldered_a into_o a_o seaport_n town_n of_o less_o note_n if_o possible_a than_o wollin_n city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o low_a pomeren_n first_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d stralsund_n when_o this_o city_n now_o the_o large_a and_o wealthy_a in_o pomeren_n be_v first_o build_v be_v not_o certain_o know_v the_o most_o credible_a historian_n tell_v we_o it_o owe_v its_o first_o original_n to_o sunno_n ii_o king_n of_o the_o frank_n who_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o this_o town_n in_o the_o year_n 145_o or_o 146_o call_v it_o from_o his_o own_o name_n sunnonia_n which_o be_v afterward_o corrupt_v into_o sunda_n and_o by_o the_o addition_n of_o strala_n a_o island_n situate_v no_o man_n know_v where_n turn_v at_o last_o into_o stralsund_n but_o i_o have_v rather_o believe_v it_o have_v the_o name_n sund_n as_o it_o be_v still_o sometime_o call_v from_o the_o narrow_a sea_n upon_o which_o it_o stand_v since_o this_o as_o well_o as_o the_o baltic_a strait_n betwixt_o helsingore_n and_o helsingborg_n will_v be_v proper_o name_v in_o the_o danish_a or_o gottish_a tongue_n de_fw-fr sund._n the_o other_o part_n of_o its_o modern_a name_n seem_v afterward_o add_v von_fw-mi den_fw-mi stralen_n other_o flussen_n from_o the_o interchangable_a portion_n of_o sea_n and_o land_n in_o this_o place_n the_o first_o undoubted_a truth_n we_o find_v relate_v of_o this_o city_n be_v that_o after_o some_o great_a spoil_n or_o utter_a destruction_n it_o be_v magnificent_o rebuilt_a enlarge_v and_o people_v with_o german_n by_o jaromar_n prince_n of_o rugen_n about_o the_o year_n 1209._o by_o this_o prince_n son_n its_o fortification_n be_v first_o begin_v in_o the_o year_n 1230_o and_o the_o city_n remove_v a_o little_a out_o of_o the_o place_n where_o its_o first_o foundation_n have_v be_v lay_v by_o his_o father_n for_o before_o jaromar_n have_v quite_o encompass_v his_o new_a build_a town_n with_o a_o slender_a wall_n which_o he_o fancy_v will_v have_v be_v sufficient_a to_o have_v defend_v it_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o dane_n on_o the_o one_o hand_n and_o the_o pomeranian_o on_o the_o other_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n break_v in_o upon_o he_o and_o overpower_v his_o small_a garrison_n burn_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o intend_a city_n so_o that_o the_o stralsunder_n have_v good_a reason_n to_o reckon_v the_o age_n of_o their_o city_n no_o far_o then_o from_o the_o year_n 1230_o as_o they_o intimate_v from_o the_o follow_a distich_n engrave_v in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o town_n in_o golden_a letter_n annis_n ducentis_fw-la ter_z denis_fw-la mille_fw-la retentis_fw-la fit_a stralsundensis_n civitas_n cvi_fw-la nomen_fw-la ab_fw-la undis_fw-la since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v have_v almost_o as_o many_o fair_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n confer_v upon_o it_o as_o any_o city_n in_o the_o empire_n of_o its_o age_n as_o 1._o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o town_n have_v power_n to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n as_o well_o in_o criminal_a as_o civil_a cause_n within_o their_o own_o court_n from_o whence_o lie_v no_o appeal_n to_o any_o superior_a judge_n or_o prince_n whatever_o 2._o they_o have_v power_n to_o coin_v money_n and_o raise_v force_n either_o for_o sea_n or_o land_n 3._o in_o case_n of_o a_o engagement_n of_o the_o whole_a german_a empire_n with_o some_o foreign_a nation_n in_o a_o sea-fight_n the_o stralsunder_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o venture_v any_o further_a abroad_o then_o be_v convenient_a for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o own_o city_n 4._o they_o have_v have_v power_n to_o make_v league_n and_o confederacy_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o their_o own_o trade_n and_o to_o choose_v their_o own_o patron_n and_o protector_n out_o of_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o this_o day_n the_o city_n be_v in_o a_o flourish_a and_o splendid_a condition_n the_o house_n general_o stone_n and_o very_o uniform_a this_o last_o year_n 1680_o some_o part_n of_o the_o town_n be_v burn_v down_o by_o a_o unhappy_a accident_n but_o the_o plentiful_a purse_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n will_v be_v able_a quick_o to_o repair_v the_o damage_n of_o that_o fire_n the_o sea_n betwixt_o this_o town_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v about_o a_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n down_o to_o which_o from_o the_o wall_n there_o be_v six_o great_a gate_n and_o as_o many_o bridge_n lead_v thither_o to_o these_o bridge_n the_o merchantship_n of_o 150_o or_o 200_o tun_n which_o ride_v in_o the_o harbour_n be_v fasten_v towards_o the_o land_n it_o be_v fortify_v with_o regular_a bulwark_n and_o fishpond_n of_o twice_o a_o musket_n shot_n in_o breadth_n over_o which_o there_o be_v four_o dam_n and_o bridge_n lead_v from_o the_o four_o land-gate_n of_o the_o town_n the_o chief_a commodity_n of_o the_o town_n be_v corn_n which_o the_o merchant_n transport_v in_o great_a quantity_n into_o the_o low-countries_n scotland_n norway_n and_o many_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n in_o some_o of_o the_o northern_a nation_n the_o stralsund_a beer_n be_v reckon_v a_o choice_n commodity_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n many_o tun_n of_o that_o liquor_n be_v here_o yearly_o ship_v off_o stralsund_n have_v always_o so_o brave_o maintain_v its_o privilege_n and_o liberty_n that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o voluminous_a history_n to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o many_o several_a proof_n its_o inhabitant_n have_v give_v of_o their_o valour_n in_o this_o kind_n historian_n will_v acquaint_v we_o that_o at_o once_o it_o withstand_v the_o unite_a force_n of_o two_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n and_o ten_o prince_n against_o the_o assault_n of_o all_o which_o it_o brave_o defend_v itself_o and_o in_o the_o engagement_n take_v eric_n duke_n of_o saxony_n prisoner_n after_o this_o exploit_n the_o city_n begin_v to_o be_v as_o terrible_a as_o before_o it_o have_v be_v impregnable_a and_o none_o of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n dare_v offer_v either_o violence_n or_o any_o affront_n to_o the_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n count_n walstein_n trust_v to_o fortune_n that_o have_v always_o favour_v his_o former_a enterprise_n lay_v close_a siege_n to_o the_o town_n but_o after_o a_o furious_a onset_n and_o a_o long_o but_o vain_a expectance_n of_o success_n be_v at_o last_o force_v shameful_o to_o retire_v within_o a_o while_n after_o the_o stralsunder_v put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o triumphant_a king_n of_o sweden_n who_o though_o at_o first_o design_v only_o for_o a_o titular_a patron_n prove_v in_o the_o end_n their_o real_a lord_n and_o master_n however_o the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v the_o only_a prince_n that_o can_v just_o brag_v of_o have_v fair_o conquer_v the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n which_o after_o he_o have_v take_v stetin_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n be_v by_o he_o besiege_v and_o take_v in_o the_o year_n 1678_o though_o afterward_o as_o he_o stand_v oblige_v by_o the_o five_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n sign_v by_o the_o minister_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o sweden_n and_o the_o say_a elector_n at_o st._n germain_n en_fw-fr say_v the_o 29_o of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n 1679_o he_o resign_v it_o back_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n ii_o bardt_n bardt_n barth_n or_o bardt_n this_o town_n not_o many_o age_n ago_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n and_o give_v name_n to_o all_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n wherein_o be_v now_o situate_a stralsund_n grimmen_n tribsees_n with_o many_o other_o city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o good_a note_n some_o fancy_n it_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o longobardi_n who_o they_o make_v the_o undoubted_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n and_o in_o confirmation_n of_o this_o their_o conjecture_n produce_v the_o old_a arm_n of_o the_o town_n wherein_o it_o bear_v a_o man_n head_n with_o a_o long_a beard_n but_o the_o more_o probable_a opinion_n be_v that_o it_o be_v so_o call_v from_o the_o river_n barte_n or_o bartze_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v the_o field_n about_o this_o city_n be_v exceed_o fruitful_a and_o abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n whence_o be_v the_o haven_n here_o as_o deep_a and_o fit_a to_o harbour_v ship_n of_o a_o considerable_a burden_n as_o that_o at_o stralsund_n bardt_n will_v be_v capable_a of_o be_v as_o much_o advance_v by_o merchandise_n as_o any_o of_o its_o neighbour_a city_n but_o that_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n upon_o which_o this_o city_n stand_v be_v so_o shallow_a that_o neither_o merchantman_n nor_o almost_o any_o other_o vessel_n save_o only_a such_o as_o serve_v to_o convey_v passenger_n from_o hence_o into_o denmark_n or_o sweden_n
can_v be_v bring_v up_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n iii_o gripswald_n gripswald_n gripswald_n which_o be_v questionless_a a_o large_a and_o populous_a town_n before_o it_o be_v wall_v round_o in_o the_o year_n 1233_o and_o turn_v into_o a_o strong_a city_n after_o which_o time_n it_o be_v daily_o enlarge_v and_o enrich_v by_o the_o great_a resort_n of_o hollander_n and_o other_o foreign_a merchant_n who_o have_v here_o the_o convenience_n of_o lade_n their_o ship_n with_o as_o good_a salt_n as_o any_o that_o lunenburg_n or_o the_o other_o famous_a salt-market_n of_o germany_n will_v at_o this_o day_n afford_v but_o upon_o the_o decay_n of_o wood_n the_o small_a forest_n near_o gripswald_n be_v quick_o burn_v up_o in_o supply_v their_o furnace_n with_o fuel_n this_o trade_n vanish_v and_o the_o town_n have_v much_o ado_n to_o keep_v up_o to_o the_o riches_n and_o splendour_n it_o have_v long_o since_o attain_v the_o only_a commendation_n of_o the_o town_n at_o present_a be_v that_o it_o be_v a_o regular_o and_o well_o fortify_v place_n and_o considerable_a for_o a_o university_n which_o have_v breed_v up_o and_o continue_v so_o to_o do_v many_o brave_a man_n singular_o eminent_a for_o their_o part_n and_o learning_n in_o the_o field_n and_o meadow_n near_o gripswald_n there_o grow_v a_o kind_n of_o wild_a garlic_n which_o the_o neighbourhood_n call_v ramess_n in_o such_o quantity_n that_o each_o year_n for_o near_a a_o month_n about_o whitsuntide_n when_o the_o herb_n flower_n it_o smell_v so_o intolerable_a strong_a that_o a_o stranger_n will_v hardly_o be_v able_a to_o struggle_v with_o the_o offensive_a stench_n of_o a_o walk_n for_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n without_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o city_n all_o the_o butter_n sell_v in_o the_o town_n savour_v strong_a of_o this_o nauseous_a herb_n and_o the_o very_a flesh_n of_o cattle_n that_o graze_v in_o these_o pasture_n taste_v as_o if_o it_o be_v stuff_v with_o garlic_n there_o be_v beside_o these_o city_n mention_v 〈…〉_o other_o 〈…〉_o many_o other_o great_a town_n of_o note_n in_o pomeren_n though_o not_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o merit_v a_o particular_a description_n in_o this_o place_n such_o be_v 1._o damgarten_n and_o 2._o tribsee_v both_o situate_a on_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o remarkable_a for_o a_o toll_n or_o impost_n exact_v upon_o traveller_n by_o the_o swedish_n officer_n the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n lie_v claim_v to_o all_o right_n and_o privilege_n in_o these_o two_o town_n but_o the_o memorial_n exhibit_v to_o that_o purpose_n to_o the_o mediator_n in_o the_o late_a treaty_n at_o nimeguen_n do_v not_o meet_v with_o the_o expect_a success_n 3._o loytz_n 4._o lassen_n 5._o treptow_n with_o several_a other_o rugia_fw-la insula_fw-la ducatus_n accuratissime_fw-la descripta_fw-la ab_fw-la e._n lubino_n arces_fw-la nobilium_fw-la pleraeque_fw-la hoc_fw-la signo_fw-la notantur_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesburgios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n rugen_n be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a island_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o famous_a for_o the_o courage_n of_o its_o ancient_a inhabitant_n mention_v in_o most_o historian_n of_o note_n by_o the_o name_n of_o rugi_n or_o rugii_fw-la sidonius_n give_v they_o the_o constant_a epithet_n of_o pugnaces_fw-la and_o none_o mention_v their_o name_n without_o some_o grand_a elogium_fw-la or_o other_o their_o chief_a fort_n be_v arcona_n and_o camerentz_n both_o which_o they_o fancy_v impregnable_a till_o waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n show_v they_o the_o vanity_n of_o that_o conceit_n by_o storm_v those_o two_o bulwark_n of_o their_o country_n and_o take_v the_o whole_a island_n in_o the_o year_n 1368._o and_o indeed_o arcona_n if_o we_o believe_v the_o story_n which_o some_o german_a historian_n tell_v of_o it_o be_v a_o place_n sufficient_o fortify_v by_o nature_n against_o all_o the_o battery_n which_o the_o martial_a man_n of_o former_a age_n be_v able_a to_o invent_v for_o it_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o vast_a rock_n by_o the_o seashore_n which_o be_v so_o high_a that_o no_o arrow_n shoot_v from_o the_o strong_a bow_n can_v possible_o reach_v the_o castle_n so_o that_o the_o fort_n be_v certain_o tenable_a so_o long_o as_o the_o besiege_a be_v provide_v with_o victual_n and_o ammunition_n the_o isle_n be_v former_o of_o a_o much_o large_a extent_n than_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d reach_v out_o to_o the_o southeast_n as_o far_o as_o ruden_n which_o be_v now_o a_o island_n of_o itself_o distant_a about_o three_o league_n from_o rugen_n whereof_o it_o be_v ancient_o a_o part_n this_o separation_n be_v occasion_v by_o a_o great_a tempest_n in_o the_o year_n 1303_o some_o say_v 1309_o at_o which_o time_n the_o sea_n break_v its_o bank_n drown_v a_o great_a part_n of_o rugen_n and_o make_v by_o this_o breach_n so_o deep_a a_o channel_n call_v by_o the_o shipman_n das_n new_a tieff_n other_o schiffart_n i._n e._n the_o new_a channel_n that_o the_o great_a ship_n that_o sail_v on_o the_o baltic_a can_v pass_v this_o way_n to_o stralsund_v a_o great_a advancement_n to_o the_o trade_n of_o that_o city_n whereas_o before_o this_o accident_n there_o be_v no_o passage_n this_o way_n except_v only_o a_o narrow_a road_n for_o hulk_n or_o small_a hoy_n call_v by_o the_o mariner_n dan_n bellen_n which_o the_o danish_a merchantment_n have_v almost_o stop_v up_o with_o continual_a throw_v into_o it_o the_o ballast_n of_o their_o ship_n at_o the_o present_a whole_a isle_n be_v about_o thirty_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n and_o as_o much_o in_o length_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a circumference_n amount_v to_o ninety_o mile_n be_v it_o exact_o round_a or_o thereabouts_o but_o rugen_n have_v so_o many_o creek_n promontory_n peninsul_n wind_n and_o turn_n that_o he_o who_o go_v about_o to_o take_v a_o exact_a survey_n of_o its_o whole_a circumference_n will_v find_v it_o much_o large_a for_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o so_o many_o branch_n of_o the_o sea_n break_v into_o the_o island_n that_o no_o part_n of_o the_o land_n be_v above_o two_o or_o three_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o shore_n and_o yet_o every_o small_a province_n in_o the_o isle_n as_o the_o peninsul_n wittaw_fw-mi and_o jasmunt_fw-la the_o country_n of_o bergen_n the_o isle_n of_o vmmantz_n viddensee_n zuder_n etc._n etc._n be_v so_o well_o secure_v by_o nature_n from_o the_o most_o tempestuous_a rage_n of_o the_o water_n that_o the_o inhabitant_n need_v not_o fear_v a_o deluge_n rugen_n be_v so_o rich_a a_o corn-country_n commodity_n commodity_n that_o it_o be_v usual_o call_v the_o barn_n of_o stralsund_n as_o sicily_n be_v of_o rome_n beside_o it_o be_v well_o stock_v with_o good_a breed_v of_o horse_n kine_n sheep_n etc._n etc._n and_o especial_o with_o goose_n which_o be_v the_o large_a in_o europe_n it_o be_v ancient_o commend_v for_o a_o country_n where_o neither_o wolf_n nor_o rat_n be_v to_o be_v see_v but_o now_o the_o rugian_o have_v as_o great_a store_n of_o these_o vermin_n as_o their_o neighbour_n jasmunt_fw-la furnish_v the_o whole_a island_n with_o wood_n for_o timber_n and_o fuel_n out_o of_o a_o forest_n call_v in_o their_o tongue_n de_fw-fr stubbunitza_n which_o exact_o answer_v to_o our_o english_a word_n copse_n the_o sea_n and_o multitude_n of_o small_a lake_n afford_v they_o plenty_n of_o fish_n enough_o to_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o themselves_o and_o their_o neighbour_n among_o other_o lake_n in_o the_o isle_n there_o be_v one_o not_o far_o from_o burchwall_o the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a fort_n in_o jasmunt_fw-la which_o the_o neighbourhood_n upon_o the_o authority_n of_o tradition_n superstitious_o believe_v to_o be_v of_o that_o nature_n that_o it_o will_v not_o bear_v a_o boat_n nor_o suffer_v a_o net_n to_o catch_v a_o fish_n of_o the_o many_o shoal_n they_o daily_o see_v in_o it_o near_o this_o lake_n be_v a_o promontory_n of_o a_o wonderful_a height_n which_o hang_v over_o the_o sea_n stubbenkamer_n stubbenkamer_n and_o be_v ancient_o a_o notable_a shelter_n for_o pirate_n who_o use_v to_o cruise_v upon_o these_o coast_n this_o den_n be_v call_v by_o the_o native_n do_v stubbenkamer_n or_o bedchamber_n there_o be_v no_o mart-town_n of_o any_o consequence_n in_o the_o island_n strength_n strength_n nor_o have_v the_o inhabitant_n the_o opportunity_n of_o trade_n with_o any_o merchant_n save_o their_o neighbour_n of_o stralsund_n who_o buy_v up_o all_o the_o corn_n and_o other_o commodity_n in_o the_o country_n so_o that_o we_o can_v expect_v to_o meet_v with_o such_o multitude_n of_o people_n here_o as_o in_o the_o other_o isle_n of_o the_o baltic_a however_o rugen_n be_v everywhere_o so_o populous_a that_o it_o be_v able_a upon_o a_o very_a small_a warning_n to_o bring_v seven_o thousand_o stout_a fight_a man_n into_o the_o field_n which_o if_o resolute_a and_o
pomeren_n with_o which_o dukedom_n after_o the_o failure_n of_o that_o line_n it_o shall_v have_v be_v annex_v to_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n but_o as_o have_v be_v before_o note_v in_o consideration_n of_o the_o signal_n favour_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v do_v the_o protestant_a party_n in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n the_o prince_n concern_v in_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n think_v fit_a to_o annex_v the_o low_a pomeren_n to_o the_o dominion_n of_o that_o king_n and_o as_o a_o part_n of_o this_o dukedom_n the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o bargain_n afterward_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n frideric_n iii_o begin_v to_o revive_v some_o ancient_a pretension_n of_o some_o of_o his_o ancestor_n to_o the_o principality_n of_o rugen_n but_o the_o ensue_a war_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n of_o which_o we_o have_v give_v the_o reader_n some_o account_n in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n put_v a_o end_n as_o it_o be_v 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be_v say_v to_o have_v take_v from_o the_o dane_n beside_o a_o incredible_a number_n of_o prisoner_n six_o and_o twenty_o standard_n sixteen_o field-piece_n five_o mortar-piece_n and_o thirty_o thousand_o rixdollar_n in_o money_n yet_o this_o unhappy_a overthrow_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o discourage_v the_o brave_a king_n christian_n from_o a_o second_o adventure_n and_o the_o draw_v back_o his_o arm_n after_o this_o defeat_n seem_v only_o intend_v to_o fetch_v the_o great_a blow_n for_o have_v double_v his_o force_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v 1678_o he_o fall_v upon_o the_o rugian_o with_o that_o irresistible_a strength_n and_o courage_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o resign_v up_o the_o whole_a island_n upon_o his_o own_o term_n and_o it_o may_v to_o this_o day_n have_v be_v at_o his_o devotion_n have_v not_o the_o french_a king_n strike_v in_o as_o mediator_n betwixt_o the_o northern_a crown_n in_o the_o alte_fw-la treaty_n sign_v by_o the_o danish_a and_o swedish_n minister_n at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi sept._n 26._o a._n d._n 1679_o by_o the_o seven_o article_n of_o which_o treaty_n it_o be_v agree_v because_o lewis_n the_o great_a be_v please_v to_o have_v it_o so_o that_o rugen_n shall_v be_v deliver_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n on_o or_o before_o the_o six_o of_o december_n follow_v according_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v now_o repossess_v of_o that_o island_n and_o have_v send_v in_o new_a garrison_n to_o fortify_v and_o defend_v it_o against_o all_o future_a assault_n of_o its_o formidable_a neighbour_n the_o dane_n and_o brandenburger_n the_o only_a town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o whole_a isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v bergen_n to_n to_n situate_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o island_n it_o have_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n give_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 1190_o but_o so_o little_o deserve_v that_o title_n that_o it_o have_v not_o the_o advantage_n of_o be_v fortify_v or_o wall_v round_o all_o the_o account_n which_o modern_a traveller_n give_v of_o it_o be_v that_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o village_n consist_v of_o about_o four_o hundred_o house_n stralsund_v indeed_o seem_v the_o metropolis_n of_o rugen_n and_o as_o it_o be_v former_o may_v still_o be_v so_o account_v if_o we_o consider_v the_o many_o and_o great_a privilege_n which_o the_o burgher_n of_o that_o city_n still_o pretend_v to_o in_o that_o island_n for_o 1._o the_o high_a court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o stralsund_n determine_v all_o cause_n and_o contest_v arise_v in_o any_o of_o the_o port-town_n in_o rugen_n and_o therefore_o because_o the_o stralsunder_n will_v not_o assign_v over_o this_o jurisdiction_n to_o any_o delegate_n reside_v in_o the_o island_n the_o rugian_o be_v oblige_v upon_o debate_n of_o all_o such_o quarrel_n to_o repair_v to_o stralsund_v for_o judgement_n 2._o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n no_o definitive_a sentence_n can_v be_v give_v nor_o no_o court_n of_o equity_n 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on_o the_o other_o hand_n his_o majesty_n of_o denmark_n will_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v be_v as_o unwilling_a to_o have_v suffer_v any_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o lord_n it_o in_o his_o dominion_n it_o be_v almost_o necessary_a consider_v the_o present_a state_n of_o stralsund_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n that_o both_o these_o place_n shall_v be_v subject_a to_o the_o same_o master_n though_o not_o impossible_a to_o make_v the_o island_n at_o least_o independent_a upon_o if_o not_o a_o terror_n to_o that_o city_n for_o since_o all_o the_o merchant_n ship_n which_o come_v from_o the_o danish_a sund_n to_o the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n be_v oblige_v to_o sail_v round_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n it_o will_v not_o possible_o be_v so_o expensive_a as_o profitable_a to_o build_v three_o or_o four_o good_a port-town_n in_o wittow_n jasmumd_v and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o island_n and_o thereby_o not_o only_o command_v all_o ship_n that_o sail_v this_o road_n but_o 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six_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n judicature_n court_n of_o judicature_n for_o the_o examination_n and_o trial_n of_o case_n civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a in_o the_o elector_n dominion_n 1._o at_o coen_n on_o the_o spree_n or_o in_o the_o elector_n palace_n at_o berlin_n 2._o at_o colberg_n in_o pomeren_n 3._o cleve_n 4._o halberstadt_n 5._o petershagh_n where_o all_o cause_n depend_v between_o any_o of_o the_o elector_n subject_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o minden_n be_v bring_v to_o trial_n 6._o konigsberg_n in_o prussia_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v the_o court_n of_o magdeburg_n since_o that_o archbishopric_n be_v now_o fall_v into_o the_o elector_n hand_n but_o of_o this_o more_o hereafter_o the_o whole_a marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n strict_o so_o call_v be_v common_o divide_v into_o the_o alt_z mittel_v neve_o and_o vcker-marck_n with_o the_o territory_n of_o prignitz_n and_o sternberg_n but_o take_v prignitz_n and_o vcker-marck_n into_o the_o middle_a and_o sternberg_n 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from_o the_o image_n of_o isis_n here_o worship_v other_o believe_v it_o be_v isernburg_n and_o so_o call_v from_o its_o impregnable_a strength_n that_o name_n signify_v proper_o a_o city_n of_o iron_n the_o neighbour_a old_a fort_n call_v still_o by_o its_o ancient_a wendish_n name_n iseren_n schnippe_n i._n e._n iron_n jaw_n give_v occasion_n to_o both_o these_o opinion_n which_o be_v pure_o conjectural_a and_o be_v neither_o countenance_v by_o antiquity_n nor_o probability_n but_o omit_v these_o fancy_n with_o that_o of_o other_o author_n equal_o impertinent_a who_o write_v the_o gardelegia_fw-la and_o fetch_v its_o etymology_n from_o gardalegionum_fw-la or_o custodia_fw-la legionum_fw-la because_o forsooth_o claudius_n drusus_n quarter_v some_o of_o his_o soldier_n here_o as_o well_o as_o at_o soltwedel_n it_o be_v most_o likely_a this_o city_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o multitude_n of_o pleasant_a garden_n among_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v the_o beer_n brew_v in_o this_o town_n be_v famous_a all_o germany_n over_o and_o reckon_v among_o the_o great_a blessing_n of_o the_o old_a marck_n henry_n meibonius_fw-la a_o professor_n in_o helmstadt_n whither_o great_a quantity_n of_o this_o liquor_n be_v ordinary_o convey_v have_v write_v a_o panegyric_n in_o commendation_n of_o it_o another_o great_a commodity_n of_o the_o town_n be_v hops_n which_o be_v prefer_v by_o the_o danish_a merchant_n and_o other_o before_o the_o best_a in_o germany_n and_o buy_v up_o at_o a_o high_a rate_n the_o arm_n of_o the_o city_n be_v three_o hop-pole_n lade_v with_o hops_n iv_o angermund_n angermund_n angermund_n or_o tangermund_n seat_v as_o the_o name_n intimate_v on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n anger_n or_o tanger_n about_o thirty_o english_a mile_n from_o magdeburg_n the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o have_v buy_v the_o whole_a marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n build_v the_o castle_n of_o angermund_n in_o the_o year_n 1376_o make_v this_o the_o usual_a place_n of_o his_o residence_n for_o some_o year_n after_o the_o citizen_n have_v a_o considerable_a trade_n from_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o elb_n by_o which_o their_o corn_n and_o other_o commodity_n of_o the_o country_n be_v convey_v in_o vessel_n down_o to_o hamburg_n and_o thence_o into_o foreign_a nation_n other_o place_n of_o less_o note_n be_v 1._o seehusen_n or_o senheusen_n as_o some_o write_v it_o seat_v on_o the_o river_n alant_fw-la and_o false_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v build_v by_o the_o senones_n who_o be_v indeed_o a_o gaulish_a people_n and_o never_o inhabit_v these_o part_n 2._o osterburg_n a_o great_a corn-market_n 3._o werben_fw-ge seat_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o river_n elb_n and_o havel_n build_v by_o henry_n surname_v the_o fowler_n out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o old_a castellum_n vari_n gustavus_n adolphus_n fancy_v this_o place_n capable_a of_o be_v make_v the_o strong_a fort_n in_o germany_n and_o himself_o contribute_v so_o far_o towards_o its_o fortification_n as_o to_o cause_v that_o castle_n to_o be_v build_v which_o now_o command_v the_o whole_a town_n 4._o havelberg_n ancient_o a_o bishop_n see_n 5._o perleberg_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o prignitz_n seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a plain_n arneburg_n wittenberg_n bismarcht_v schnakenburg_n with_o some_o other_o be_v village_n rather_o than_o great_a to_n ii_o middle-marck_n middle-marck_n as_o its_o name_n intimate_v be_v situate_a in_o the_o very_a midst_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n it_o be_v the_o large_a of_o the_o three_o and_o reach_v from_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o elb_n to_o the_o other_o about_o a_o hundred_o english_a mile_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o it_o be_v i._o brandenburg_n which_o brandenburg_n brandenburg_n though_o at_o present_a far_o inferior_a to_o many_o of_o the_o neighbour_a city_n well_o merit_v the_o preeminence_n as_o have_v be_v former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a land_n and_o to_o this_o day_n give_v name_n to_o the_o marquisate_n some_o of_o the_o german_a historian_n endeavour_v to_o persuade_v we_o that_o it_o be_v build_v 416_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n by_o one_o brenno_n a_o famous_a captain_n of_o the_o semnones_n other_o more_o modest_o fetch_v its_o original_n and_o name_n from_o one_o brando_n who_o as_o they_o tell_v the_o story_n first_o build_v this_o city_n about_o the_o year_n 230._o at_o present_v the_o town_n be_v considerable_a for_o little_a but_o its_o age_n and_o the_o inhabitant_n will_v be_v put_v to_o a_o hard_a shift_n to_o pick_v up_o a_o livelihood_n if_o the_o neighbour_a lake_n about_o ten_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n do_v not_o supply_v they_o with_o good_a store_n of_o fish_n in_o the_o great_a church_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o monument_n and_o sepulcher_n of_o prince_n and_o bishop_n and_o in_o the_o marketplace_n a_o statue_n rolandina_n of_o which_o last_o we_o have_v already_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o short_a account_n ii_o berlin_n berlin_n berlin_n angelius_n a_o
werdenhagen_n a_o author_n of_o good_a credit_n to_o who_o the_o world_n be_v indebt_v for_o the_o most_o accurate_a description_n of_o the_o hans-town_n hitherto_o publish_v tell_v we_o this_o small_a city_n have_v its_o name_n as_o well_o as_o bernau_n beerwald_n bernstein_n with_o some_o other_o place_n in_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n from_o its_o first_o founder_n marquis_n albert_n surname_v vrsus_fw-la or_o der_fw-mi beer_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o a_o pleasant_a plot_n of_o ground_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n spree_n which_o prickheimer_n dresser_n willichius_n maginus_fw-la bertius_fw-la with_o some_o other_o note_v geographer_n have_v mistake_v for_o ptolomy_n svevus_n whereas_o that_o great_a man_n make_v his_o svevus_n to_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o spree_n join_v itself_o with_o the_o havel_n at_o spandau_n with_o which_o it_o be_v swallow_v up_o by_o the_o elb_n near_o werben_fw-ge which_o carry_v it_o into_o the_o german_a ocean_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n stand_v coln_n on_o the_o spree_n as_o it_o be_v name_v for_o distinction_n sake_n famous_a for_o the_o palace_n and_o usual_a residence_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o castle_n here_o be_v build_v by_o marquis_n joachim_n the_o second_o but_o much_o enlarge_v and_o beautify_v by_o his_o successor_n thing_n most_o worth_a the_o see_v here_o be_v the_o armoury_n chamber_n of_o rarity_n gallery_n in_o some_o of_o which_o among_o multitude_n of_o other_o rare_a picture_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o piece_n of_o the_o famous_a luke_n kranach_n work_n garden_n waterwork_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o year_n 1628._o the_o citizen_n of_o berlin_n and_o coln_n be_v strange_o alarm_v with_o the_o sight_n of_o a_o apparition_n or_o spirit_n which_o many_o of_o they_o pretend_v to_o have_v see_v in_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o woman_n and_o to_o have_v hear_v it_o pronounce_v these_o word_n veni_fw-la judica_n vivos_fw-la &_o mortvos_fw-la now_o because_o the_o curious_a man_n about_o the_o court_n have_v observe_v the_o say_a year_n 1628._o mystical_o point_v at_o in_o the_o numeral_a letter_n of_o those_o word_n they_o present_o conclude_v that_o the_o day_n of_o judgement_n be_v not_o far_o off_o iii_o francfurt_n francfurt_n francfurt_n upon_o the_o other_o which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v build_v about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 146_o by_o sunno_n a_o prince_n of_o the_o frank_n who_o pursue_v the_o vandal_n to_o this_o place_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o some_o say_v twenty-eight_a thousand_o of_o his_o countryman_n place_v here_o a_o colony_n of_o his_o soldier_n call_v the_o town_n he_o have_v build_v for_o they_o trajectum_n francorum_n or_o francfurt_n afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1253_o john_n i_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n with_o his_o brother_n otho_n rebuilt_a the_o decay_a town_n and_o enlarge_v it_o above_o a_o three_o part_n in_o the_o year_n 1379_o marquis_n sigismond_n grant_v many_o and_o great_a privilege_n to_o the_o citizen_n upon_o their_o enter_v into_o the_o society_n of_o the_o hans-town_n last_o the_o university_n of_o francfurt_n be_v found_v by_o marquis_n joachim_n i._n and_o his_o brother_n albert_n afterward_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n and_o magdeburg_n in_o the_o year_n 1506_o at_o which_o time_n the_o school_n here_o be_v stock_v with_o professor_n from_o leipsic_n professor_n of_o best_a note_n in_o this_o university_n of_o late_a year_n and_o probable_o some_o of_o they_o may_v be_v still_o alive_a be_v raetius_n strickius_n becman_n and_o schultz_n who_o have_v please_v their_o countryman_n with_o the_o edition_n of_o some_o few_o disputation_n and_o small_a pamphlet_n of_o good_a credit_n the_o street_n be_v general_o large_a and_o well_o build_v the_o marketplace_n spacious_a and_o stately_a in_o which_o be_v yearly_o keep_v three_o great_a fair_n without_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o city_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o ancient_a carthusian_n monastery_n of_o which_o johannes_n ab_fw-la indagine_fw-la who_o as_o dresser_n report_v be_v author_n of_o above_o three_o hundred_o treatise_n upon_o different_a subject_n be_v sometime_o prior._n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v some_o few_o more_o of_o less_o note_n as_o 1._o spandau_n a_o strong_a town_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o spree_n but_o mean_v and_o inconsiderable_a for_o its_o building_n 2._o oranienburg_n call_v former_o botzaw_v about_o sixteen_o or_o twenty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o berlin_n a_o village_n and_o palace_n that_o afford_v the_o great_a variety_n of_o pleasure_n of_o any_o in_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n dominion_n encompass_v on_o every_o side_n with_o most_o delicate_a and_o pleasant_a park_n and_o forest_n well_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o game_n bisental_a angermund_n liebenwald_n kremme_n nieustadt_n etc._n etc._n have_v nothing_o remarkable_a in_o they_o prenslow_n a_o town_n well_o furnish_v with_o fish_n from_o the_o adjoin_a vcker_n see_v strasburg_n and_o templin_n be_v three_o well_o fortify_v town_n and_o the_o only_a three_o worth_n the_o mention_v in_o the_o vcker-marck_n iii_o newmarck_n newmarck_n lie_v betwixt_o the_o river_n warta_n and_o pomeren_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o middle-marck_n by_o the_o other_o contain_v in_o circuit_n about_o a_o hundred_o english_a mile_n it_o belong_v ancient_o to_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 290_o sell_v it_o to_o otho_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n sigismond_n pawn_v it_o to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n but_o redeem_v it_o again_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v advance_v to_o the_o imperial_a throne_n the_o country_n be_v everywhere_o sufficient_o fruitful_a soil_n soil_n and_o abound_v with_o cornfield_n and_o pasture-ground_n more_o than_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o other_o the_o inhabitant_n plant_v vineyard_n which_o sometime_o though_o rare_o turn_v to_o good_a account_n in_o some_o place_n the_o boar_n find_v now_o and_o then_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o red_a coral_n and_o several_a sort_n of_o precious_a stone_n which_o as_o mr._n cambden_n speak_v of_o the_o like_a treasure_n in_o cumberland_n gemmarii_fw-la minimus_fw-la ab_fw-la egenis_fw-la emunt_fw-la &_o maximo_fw-la revendunt_fw-la the_o only_a town_n in_o the_o new-marck_n which_o merit_v a_o particular_a description_n in_o this_o place_n be_v custrin_n seat_v upon_o the_o oder_fw-ge and_o this_o too_o custrin_n custrin_n not_o many_o age_n ago_o be_v only_o a_o poor_a despicable_a village_n inhabit_v by_o a_o few_o beggarly_a fisherman_n until_o john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n return_v from_o his_o follow_v the_o war_n under_o charles_n v._o fortify_v the_o place_n with_o rampire_n and_o bulwark_n of_o earth_n about_o the_o year_n 1537._o but_o find_v that_o whatever_o security_n he_o may_v promise_v himself_o from_o these_o fortress_n against_o the_o invasion_n of_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n such_o bank_n as_o he_o have_v cast_v up_o be_v easy_o wash_v away_o with_o a_o flood_n he_o soon_o after_o wall_v it_o round_o with_o stone_n and_o it_o be_v now_o become_v the_o key_n of_o the_o new-marck_n the_o invincible_a king_n of_o sweden_n gustavus_n adolphus_n be_v baffle_v at_o this_o town_n in_o the_o year_n 1631_o be_v force_v to_o raise_v his_o design_a siege_n and_o withdraw_v his_o army_n which_o before_o that_o time_n know_v not_o how_o to_o leave_v a_o town_n unplunder_v so_o that_o this_o city_n may_v possible_o deserve_v that_o high_a character_n which_o angelius_n a_o werdenhagen_n or_o his_o author_n have_v give_v of_o it_o in_o the_o three_o follow_a distich_n ipsa_fw-la licet_fw-la cunctas_fw-la adducat_fw-la thracia_n vires_fw-la germanis_fw-la certam_fw-la saepe_fw-la minata_fw-la necem_fw-la ipsa_fw-la licet_fw-la cunctas_fw-la ducat_n terra_fw-la itala_n vires_fw-la teutonibus_fw-la magnum_fw-la saepe_fw-la minata_fw-la malum_fw-la nec_fw-la tamen_fw-la humana_fw-la poteris_fw-la delery_a arte_fw-la nec_fw-la vi_fw-la nec_fw-la vigili_fw-la fraud_n dolove_n capi_fw-la the_o burgher_n have_v general_o neat_a and_o well_o furnish_v house_n and_o the_o marketplace_n excel_v any_o in_o the_o whole_a marquisate_n sternberg_n be_v memorable_a for_o nothing_o but_o its_o give_a name_n to_o a_o small_a territory_n adjoin_v and_o dam_n konigsberg_n morin_n banen_n soldin_n landsberg_n with_o some_o other_o may_v be_v reckon_v without_o any_o great_a injury_n do_v they_o among_o the_o village_n rather_o than_o city_n of_o the_o marquisate_n the_o place_n subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n in_o crossen_n and_o some_o other_o part_n of_o silesia_n and_o lusatia_n shall_v be_v describe_v hereafter_o when_o we_o come_v to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o country_n to_o which_o they_o more_o immediate_o belong_v the_o dukedom_n of_o magdeburg_n magdeburg_n be_v acknowledge_v by_o all_o historian_n to_o be_v a_o city_n of_o as_o great_a antiquity_n as_o most_o in_o germany_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d some_o be_v of_o
immediate_o suspect_v by_o their_o number_n the_o whole_a matter_n confess_v her_o design_n and_o be_v pardon_v by_o her_o husband_n from_o the_o elder_a of_o these_o whelp_n or_o guelps_n for_o so_o the_o old_a count_n order_v they_o to_o be_v name_v in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o midwife_n answer_n be_v descend_v that_o henry_n guelph_n earl_n of_o altorf_n who_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n ii_o make_v afterward_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n how_o this_o family_n come_v afterward_o to_o increase_v their_o dominion_n by_o the_o accession_n of_o the_o low_a saxony_n be_v already_o show_v in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o luneburg_n and_o need_v not_o here_o be_v repeat_v the_o reform_a religion_n religion_n religion_n according_a to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o luther_n and_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n be_v first_o bring_v into_o this_o country_n by_o duke_n julius_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1589._o since_o which_o time_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n subject_n have_v be_v rigid_a assertor_n of_o lutheranism_n and_o as_o vehement_a opposer_n of_o popery_n and_o calvinism_n indeed_o of_o late_a year_n the_o great_a authority_n and_o respect_n which_o the_o calixti_fw-la and_o other_o latitudinarian_o have_v get_v at_o helmstadt_n have_v win_v over_o some_o multitude_n to_o their_o persuasion_n but_o the_o generality_n be_v of_o their_o prince_n religion_n and_o zealous_o pursue_v the_o footstep_n of_o their_o megalander_n as_o they_o be_v please_v to_o call_v he_o martin_n luther_n each_o particular_a dukedom_n have_v its_o distinct_a supremacy_n in_o ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o civil_a affair_n churchgovernment_n churchgovernment_n which_o be_v administer_v in_o this_o manner_n under_o each_o dukedom_n there_o be_v one_o superintendens_fw-la generalissimus_fw-la who_o have_v supreme_a inspection_n over_o all_o the_o church_n and_o resemble_v one_o of_o our_o archbishop_n to_o he_o be_v subject_a the_o several_a superintendente_n generales_n or_o bishop_n and_o to_o these_o the_o superintendentes_fw-la speciales_fw-la which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o effect_n with_o our_o archdeacon_n in_o some_o province_n they_o have_v no_o other_o distinction_n of_o superintendent_o then_o into_o generales_n and_o speciales_fw-la to_o wit_n where_o the_o whole_a province_n be_v of_o so_o small_a extent_n as_o not_o to_o require_v more_o than_o one_o single_a bishop_n so_o that_o we_o see_v how_o willing_a the_o lutheran_n be_v to_o admit_v of_o the_o office_n and_o dignity_n of_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n in_o their_o church_n although_o they_o have_v get_v a_o trick_n of_o bawl_v out_o against_o their_o name_n as_o popish_a and_o antichristian_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n brunswic_n i._o brunswic_n i._o in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o brunswic_n among_o many_o other_o monument_n there_o be_v a_o old_a parchment_n write_v in_o plat-dutch_a contain_v a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o most_o considerable_a person_n which_o lie_v bury_v in_o that_o church_n which_o begin_v thus_o alse_a man_n schreff_a na_fw-fr god_n gebordt_fw-ge 861_o hefft_fw-mi hertogg_fw-mi danckquarth_n though_o sassen_n erstlik_a dusse_n borch_n bemuhret_v unde_fw-la danckquarderode_n geheten_v unde_fw-la nomen_fw-la latin_a i._n e._n in_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 861_o danckquarth_n duke_n of_o saxony_n first_o wall_v in_o this_o castle_n and_o call_v it_o danckquarderode_n or_o tanquard's-cross_n which_o agree_v with_o the_o story_n we_o find_v in_o most_o german_a chronologer_n of_o note_n who_o treat_v of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o place_n for_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o bruno_n and_o tanquard_n son_n of_o ludolph_n duke_n of_o saxony_n be_v the_o first_o founder_n of_o this_o town_n which_o from_o the_o former_a be_v call_v brunswic_n the_o latter_a only_o give_v name_n to_o the_o castle_n since_o that_o time_n this_o city_n have_v be_v continual_o augment_v by_o the_o succeed_a duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o brunswic_n and_o be_v now_o become_v one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a hans-town_n in_o the_o empire_n insomuch_o that_o the_o citizen_n divide_v themselves_o into_o five_o distinct_a corporation_n who_o be_v govern_v by_o several_a magistrate_n of_o their_o own_o and_o have_v so_o many_o different_a court_n of_o judicature_n these_o company_n never_o unite_v but_o upon_o some_o extraordinary_a occasion_n wherein_o the_o common_a interest_n of_o the_o whole_a town_n seem_v concern_v whether_o brunswic_n be_v a_o free_a imperial_a city_n or_o subject_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o luneburg_n have_v be_v a_o question_n often_o controvert_v betwixt_o both_o party_n concern_v each_o of_o who_o have_v endeavour_v to_o assert_v their_o pretension_n by_o dint_n of_o sword_n and_o have_v come_v off_o with_o various_a success_n witness_v the_o sieges_n in_o the_o year_n 1492_o 1550_o 1553_o 1605_o 1606_o 1614_o 1616_o etc._n etc._n it_o be_v last_n of_o all_o besiege_a by_o the_o present_a duke_n rudolphus_n augustus_n who_o take_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 1671._o since_o which_o time_n he_o have_v take_v care_n to_o be_v very_o often_o resident_a in_o the_o town_n and_o always_o at_o his_o departure_n to_o leave_v behind_o he_o a_o strong_a guard_n the_o chief_a trade_n of_o this_o city_n be_v in_o hides_n and_o mum._n trade_n trade_n the_o tanner_n have_v skin_n out_o of_o england_n denmark_n and_o other_o nation_n which_o they_o return_v dress_v their_o mom_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n one_o whereof_o be_v of_o a_o thin_a and_o weak_a body_n the_o ordinary_a drink_n of_o the_o citizen_n and_o neighbour_a rustic_n the_o other_o which_o they_o call_v ship-mum_a be_v a_o much_o clammier_n and_o grosser_n liquor_n brew_v on_o purpose_n to_o be_v transport_v into_o foreign_a nation_n this_o kind_n of_o drink_n which_o be_v scarce_o potable_a before_o it_o have_v be_v putrify_v by_o work_v at_o sea_n be_v make_v of_o barley_n and_o hops_n with_o a_o small_a mixture_n of_o wheat_n there_o be_v a_o set_a number_n of_o brewer_n who_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o make_v it_o and_o their_o appoint_a time_n of_o brew_v be_v from_o the_o begin_n of_o october_n to_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o march_n here_z by_o the_o way_n i_o can_v but_o wonder_n that_o meibomius_n write_v a_o commentary_n de_fw-fr cerevisiis_fw-la potibusque_fw-la &_o ebriaminibus_fw-la extra_fw-la vinum_fw-la aliis_fw-la shall_v omit_v the_o two_o most_o famous_a liquor_n of_o his_o own_o nation_n mum_o and_o breuhane_v ii_o wolfenbuttel_n wolfenbuttel_n wolfenbuttel_n this_o be_v the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n famous_a for_o its_o strong_a and_o impregnable_a fortification_n it_o confist_n of_o two_o part_n 1._o arx_n guelpica_fw-la or_o the_o duke_n palace_n which_o be_v proper_o call_v wolfenbuttel_n which_o name_n it_o have_v from_o its_o first_o founder_n duke_n ekbert_n who_o be_v of_o the_o guelphian_a family_n the_o termination_n of_o the_o word_n in_o this_o as_o many_o other_o name_n of_o city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o germany_n denote_v a_o moist_a and_o watery_a situation_n such_o as_o this_o town_n have_v and_o which_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o its_o strength_n and_o security_n 2._o the_o city_n or_o henrich-stadt_a so_o call_v from_o duke_n henry_n the_o young_a its_o founder_n the_o only_a remarkable_a thing_n in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o town_n be_v the_o new_a church_n which_o some_o italian_n and_o many_o other_o foreigner_n if_o we_o believe_v the_o citizen_n have_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o most_o admirable_a piece_n of_o architecture_n in_o a_o vault_n under_o the_o choir_n lie_v bury_v one_o and_o twenty_o duke_n and_o duchess_n of_o brunswic_n wrap_v up_o in_o coffin_n of_o lead_n with_o inscription_n in_o the_o duke_n palace_n the_o most_o remarkable_a thing_n be_v braunswick_n &_o meydburg_n come_v caeteris_fw-la adiacentibus_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio_n waesbergios_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a ducatus_fw-la brunsvicensis_fw-la accuratissime_fw-la discriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a his_o son_n and_o successor_n duke_n rudolphus_n augustus_n keep_v now_o his_o residence_n at_o wulfenbuttel_n a_o mild_a learned_a and_o religious_a prince_n follow_v the_o step_n of_o his_o father_n rather_o in_o his_o study_n then_o in_o act_n of_o chivalry_n he_o have_v no_o male_a issue_n but_o be_v like_a to_o be_v succeed_v by_o some_o of_o the_o son_n of_o his_o brother_n antony_n vlric_n the_o elder_a whereof_o be_v slay_v at_o the_o late_a siege_n of_o maestricht_n iii_o helmstadt_n which_o city_n be_v reckon_v the_o old_a in_o saxony_n next_o bardewic_n it_o be_v build_v by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a about_o a._n d._n 782_o and_o so_o name_v from_o the_o abundance_n of_o elm-tree_n that_o encompass_v it_o here_o st._n ludger_n who_o be_v send_v into_o these_o part_n by_o the_o forementioned_a emperor_n to_o convert_v the_o infidel_n saxon_n preach_v and_o the_o citizen_n pretend_v to_o show_v traveller_n the_o
very_a church_n now_o almost_o nine_o hundred_o year_n old_a wherein_o his_o first_o sermon_n be_v deliver_v but_o the_o great_a ornament_n of_o this_o town_n be_v the_o academia_n julia_n or_o university_n found_v by_o julius_n duke_n of_o brunswic-wolfenbuttel_n in_o the_o year_n 1576._o among_o other_o grand_a privilege_n grant_v to_o this_o university_n by_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n ii_o it_o be_v order_v that_o its_o rector_n shall_v for_o ever_o be_v honour_v with_o the_o title_n and_o dignity_n of_o count_n palatine_n whereupon_o henry_n julius_n duke_n julius_n elder_a son_n and_o bishop_n of_o halberstadt_n be_v by_o his_o father_n make_v the_o first_o rector_n and_o before_o his_o succession_n to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n upon_o his_o father_n death_n found_v the_o fair_a college_n which_o be_v still_o call_v juleum_fw-la novum_fw-la these_o two_o duke_n procure_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o professor_n and_o student_n in_o this_o university_n a_o considerable_a library_n of_o book_n which_o since_o have_v be_v well_o augment_v but_o come_v far_o short_a of_o that_o at_o wolfenbuttel_n among_o some_o hundred_o of_o hebrew_n greek_a latin_a and_o dutch_a manuscript_n of_o little_a value_n they_o have_v two_o old_a volume_n contain_v the_o pentateuch_n in_o hebrew_a write_v on_o vellum_n in_o a_o fair_a and_o legible_a character_n for_o these_o two_o book_n they_o tell_v we_o several_a jewish_a rabbi_n who_o pretend_v to_o more_o than_o ordinary_a skill_n in_o discern_v the_o true_a antiquity_n of_o such_o kind_n of_o monument_n in_o their_o own_o language_n have_v offer_v some_o hundred_o of_o rixdollar_n after_o the_o death_n of_o duke_n frideric_n vlric_n the_o last_o prince_n of_o the_o ancient_a house_n of_o wolfenbuttel_n the_o duke_n of_o lunenburg_n divide_v the_o rectory_n of_o this_o university_n among_o they_o agree_v that_o each_o of_o the_o duke_n regent_n shall_v in_o his_o course_n supply_v that_o office_n for_o one_o year_n and_o no_o more_o and_o in_o state_n it_o have_v ever_o since_o continue_v there_o be_v not_o any_o university_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n that_o have_v breed_v up_o more_o eminent_a and_o learned_a man_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o one_o century_n than_o helmstadt_n witness_v joh._n caselius_n jac._n horstius_n val._n forsterius_n reinerus_n reineccius_n hen._n meibomius_n joh._n stukius_n jac._n lampadius_n conr._n hornejus_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o late_a year_n the_o ingenious_a calixti_fw-la and_o incomparable_a conringius_n iv_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d hannover_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o calenberg_n whence_o the_o duke_n palace_n be_v remove_v hither_o by_o george_n duke_n of_o brunswic-calenberg_a upon_o the_o decease_n of_o the_o abovementioned_a frideric_n vlric_n the_o town_n be_v ancient_o call_v lawenroda_n from_o the_o neighbour_a castle_n which_o be_v subject_a to_o count_n of_o that_o name_n about_o henry_n the_o lion_n time_n it_o get_v the_o name_n of_o hanover_n from_o a_o ferry_n at_o this_o place_n over_o the_o river_n leina_fw-la as_o some_o imagine_v han_n over_o in_o the_o old_a dialect_n of_o the_o low_a saxon_n signify_v the_o same_o as_o the_o more_o modern_a high-dutch_a haben_fw-ge uber_fw-la i.e._n to_o have_v or_o carry_v over_o there_o be_v yearly_o keep_v in_o this_o town_n four_o fair_n during_o which_o there_o be_v always_o a_o vast_a concourse_n of_o foreigner_n as_o well_o as_o german_n from_o all_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n these_o contribute_v exceed_o to_o the_o enrich_n of_o the_o citizen_n but_o however_o a_o more_o considerable_a share_n of_o their_o wealth_n arise_v from_o their_o breuhane_n a_o sweet_a and_o muddy_a sort_n of_o beer_n which_o be_v hence_o export_v in_o great_a quantity_n into_o the_o neighbour_a town_n and_o village_n v._o hamelen_n hamelen_n hamelen_n a_o ancient_a city_n on_o the_o outmost_a confine_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic-calenberg_a seat_v on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n hamel_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n and_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o weser_n this_o place_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o the_o key_n to_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n and_o be_v therefore_o better_o fortify_v and_o garrison_v then_o almost_o any_o other_o city_n in_o the_o duke_n of_o brunsic_n dominion_n the_o record_n of_o this_o city_n relate_v a_o notable_a accident_n which_o happen_v among_o the_o burgher_n on_o the_o 26_o day_n of_o june_n in_o the_o year_n 1284._o the_o story_n be_v as_o follow_v the_o citizen_n be_v strange_o infest_a with_o rat_n and_o have_v try_v all_o imaginable_a expedient_n but_o in_o vain_a to_o rid_v themselves_o of_o these_o troublesome_a guest_n at_o last_o meet_v with_o a_o stranger_n who_o undertake_v for_o a_o certain_a reward_n to_o do_v the_o feat_n the_o burgher_n agree_v to_o his_o proposal_n and_o the_o strange_a gentleman_n immediate_o with_o his_o tabret_n and_o pipe_n draw_v after_o he_o all_o the_o rat_n in_o the_o town_n like_o so_o many_o maurice-dancer_n to_o the_o river_n and_o there_o drown_v they_o return_v for_o his_o reward_n it_o be_v deny_v he_o as_o be_v judge_v to_o great_a a_o recompense_n for_o so_o small_a a_o performance_n however_o less_o he_o can_v not_o be_v persuade_v to_o take_v but_o leave_v the_o town_n in_o a_o rage_n threaten_v in_o a_o short_a time_n to_o be_v revenge_v according_o about_o a_o year_n after_o he_o come_v again_o and_o play_v the_o second_o part_n of_o the_o same_o tune_n but_o with_o another_o train_n after_o he_o for_o now_o he_o go_v attend_v with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o child_n who_o follow_v he_o in_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o great_a cave_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o neighbour_a hill_n call_v by_o the_o burgher_n koppel-berg_a and_o be_v never_o after_o hear_v of_o in_o remembrance_n of_o this_o sad_a accident_n the_o citizen_n be_v wont_v for_o many_o year_n after_o as_o appear_v by_o several_a old_a deed_n and_o other_o record_n in_o that_o city_n to_o date_n all_o their_o indenture_n and_o contract_n such_o a_o year_n von_fw-mi unser_fw-mi kind_a aussgang_v i.e._n since_o the_o departure_n of_o our_o child_n the_o street_n through_o which_o they_o pass_v be_v to_o this_o day_n call_v bungloese_n strass_n or_o tabret-street_n and_o on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n near_o the_o cave_n mouth_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v a_o mounment_n of_o stone_n with_o this_o inscription_n post_fw-la duo_fw-la cc_o mille_fw-la post_fw-la octoginta_fw-la quaterque_fw-la annus_fw-la hic_fw-la est_fw-la ille_fw-la quo_fw-la languet_fw-la annus_fw-la uterque_fw-la orbantur_fw-la pueros_fw-la centum_fw-la etque_fw-la triginta_fw-la johannis_n et_fw-la pauli_n caros_fw-la hamelenses_n non_fw-la sine_fw-la damnis_fw-la fatur_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la eos_fw-la vivos_fw-la calvaria_fw-la sorpsit_fw-la christ_n tuere_fw-la reos_fw-la ne_fw-la tam_fw-la mala_fw-la res_fw-la quibus_fw-la obsit_fw-la which_o sorry_a piece_n of_o dogg'rel_n be_v there_o translate_v into_o two_o distich_n in_o the_o nether_a saxon_a dialect_n much_o of_o the_o same_o strain_n the_o principality_n of_o grubenhagen_n grubenhagen_n name_n name_n in_o the_o dutch_a language_n signify_v proper_o a_o grove_n or_o forest_n belong_v to_o the_o ancient_a family_n of_o the_o grube_n though_o afterward_o that_o word_n be_v appropriate_v to_o a_o castle_n build_v by_o some_o of_o the_o say_a family_n which_o in_o process_n of_o time_n communicate_v its_o name_n to_o the_o whole_a principality_n thus_o the_o hague_n in_o holland_n call_v by_o the_o low_a dutch_a s'gravenhaghe_n which_o be_v ordinary_o render_v in_o latin_a by_o haga_n comitis_fw-la have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o neighbour_a forest_n where_o it_o seem_v the_o earl_n of_o that_o province_n be_v ancient_o use_v to_o hunt_v and_o indeed_o this_o whole_a principality_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o large_a forest_n wood._n hercynian_n wood._n most_o of_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o hartz_n or_o sylva_n hercynia_n mention_v by_o roman_a writer_n julius_n cesar_n in_o his_o commentary_n say_v that_o this_o wood_n be_v at_o least_o nine_o day_n journey_n in_o breadth_n and_o of_o a_o unaccountable_a length_n several_a man_n he_o tell_v we_o have_v travel_v forty_o day_n together_o straight_o forward_a in_o it_o but_o that_o no_o man_n dare_v ever_o yet_o boast_v that_o he_o have_v see_v both_o end_n of_o it_o the_o german_a word_n hartz_n out_o of_o which_o without_o all_o question_n the_o latin_n form_v their_o hercynia_n signify_v proper_o rosin_n or_o pitch_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o liquor_n distil_v out_o of_o the_o pine_n and_o fir-tree_n the_o only_a timber_n wherewith_o this_o forest_n abound_v since_o the_o empire_n begin_v to_o be_v cultivate_v and_o the_o inhabitant_n understand_v the_o advantage_n of_o unite_n themselves_o into_o city_n and_o corporation_n the_o hercynian_a wood_n have_v in_o many_o place_n be_v convert_v into_o great_a town_n and_o large_a cornfield_n but_o yet_o pass_v over_o these_o it_o be_v still_o easy_a to_o tract_n it_o
quite_o cross_a the_o country_n in_o this_o principality_n be_v most_o of_o the_o mine_n of_o silver_n mine_n mine_n copper_n lead_v etc._n etc._n belong_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o lunenburg_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v at_o rammelsberg_n wildeman_n and_o zellerfeld_n rammelsberg_n be_v a_o high_a mountain_n not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n goslar_n on_o one_o side_n shade_v with_o part_n of_o the_o hercynian_a forest_n but_o on_o the_o other_o cover_v with_o nothing_o but_o moss_n the_o german_a historian_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o mine_n on_o this_o mounttain_n be_v first_o discover_v in_o the_o year_n 972_o by_o a_o hunter_n who_o have_v tie_v his_o horse_n to_o a_o bush_n and_o go_v some_o distance_n from_o he_o at_o his_o return_n find_v a_o great_a piece_n of_o ore_n beat_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n with_o his_o horse_n hoof_n this_o hunter_n they_o say_v be_v surname_v ram_n and_o thence_o the_o mountain_n get_v the_o name_n of_o rammelsberg_n upon_o the_o bruit_n of_o this_o discovery_n the_o emperor_n otho_n i._n immediate_o procure_v a_o company_n of_o frank_n that_o well_o understand_v the_o art_n of_o melt_v and_o refine_n all_o sort_n of_o mineral_n and_o send_v they_o hither_o to_o teach_v the_o saxon_n their_o mystery_n to_o which_o before_o that_o time_n they_o be_v utter_a stranger_n from_o these_o frank_n the_o town_n of_o frankenburg_n not_o far_o from_o the_o mine_n of_o rammelsberg_n have_v its_o name_n not_o long_o after_o the_o riches_n of_o this_o mountain_n have_v be_v thus_o discover_v the_o miner_n be_v grow_v so_o numerous_a that_o this_o one_o place_n can_v neither_o find_v work_n nor_o food_n enough_o for_o such_o vast_a multitude_n as_o daily_o resort_v thither_o whereupon_o they_o begin_v to_o seek_v for_o new_a treasure_n in_o the_o neighbour_a hill_n and_o meet_v with_o so_o good_a success_n that_o in_o the_o year_n 1045_o as_o albinus_n testify_v another_o great_a vein_n of_o ore_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o place_n where_o wild-man_n now_o stand_v and_o a_o three_o at_o zellerfeld_n in_o the_o year_n 1070._o this_o last_o town_n be_v now_o the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o mine-city_n belong_v to_o the_o prince_n of_o brunswic_n here_o the_o chief_a overseer_n of_o the_o mine_n keep_v his_o court_n every_o saturday_n and_o order_n every_o workman_n his_o pay_n for_o the_o week_n past_a the_o chief_a metal_n which_o be_v find_v in_o these_o mine_n be_v silver_n lethargy_n lead_v 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o and_o two_o sort_n of_o copper_n one_o whereof_o be_v melt_v out_o of_o the_o ore_n like_o other_o metal_n the_o other_o be_v make_v by_o the_o vitriol_n water_n upon_o great_a plate_n of_o iron_n which_o they_o steep_a in_o trough_n make_v for_o this_o purpose_n beside_o these_o metal_n they_o find_v a_o great_a many_o sort_n of_o mineral_n which_o abundant_o recompense_v the_o workman_n labour_n though_o not_o sufficient_a to_o atone_v for_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o life_n which_o be_v too_o often_o take_v away_o by_o their_o nauseous_a and_o deadly_a smell_n the_o rich_a of_o these_o be_v 1._o grey_a vitriol_n 2._o atramentstein_n or_o ink-stone_n a_o mineral_n of_o many_o various_a colour_n out_o of_o these_o two_o bray_v and_o boil_v together_o be_v make_v the_o ordinary_a green_a vitriol_n 3._o gedien_fw-mi vitriol_n which_o grow_v like_o icicle_n out_o of_o the_o rock_n and_o may_v be_v use_v without_o any_o further_o cleanse_v or_o purify_n 4._o blue_n vitriol_n common_o make_v out_o of_o the_o copper_n ore_n 5._o white_a vitriol_n make_v of_o lead_n ore_n 6._o misy_n a_o mineral_n much_o of_o the_o same_o colour_n and_o nature_n with_o the_o ordinary_a yellow_a brimstone_n 7._o brimstone_n make_v out_o of_o a_o peculiar_a sort_n of_o ore_n find_v here_o in_o great_a quantity_n out_o of_o which_o drop_v the_o store_n sulphuris_fw-la which_o usual_o coagulate_a like_o icesicles_n the_o several_a way_n of_o discover_v of_o mine_n order_v of_o mineral_n ore_n etc._n etc._n be_v the_o same_o here_o as_o at_o friberg_n and_o other_o mine-town_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n so_o that_o for_o a_o account_n of_o these_o and_o the_o like_a rarity_n we_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o the_o follow_a description_n of_o misnia_n the_o metropolis_n or_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o principality_n of_o grubenhagen_n be_v eimbeck_n or_o einbeck_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o say_v letzner_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o confluence_n of_o a_o great_a many_o small_a rivulet_n in_o this_o place_n into_o one_o common_a stream_n for_o beck_n in_o the_o dialect_n of_o the_o low_a saxon_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o the_o northern_a english_a signify_v the_o same_o with_o the_o high_a dutch_a word_n bache_n a_o rivulet_n or_o small_a torrent_n the_o only_a trade_n of_o the_o town_n be_v former_o in_o breuhane_n which_o be_v here_o brew_v and_o export_v into_o many_o of_o the_o neighbour_a part_n but_o of_o late_a year_n the_o citizen_n have_v addict_v themselves_o exceed_o to_o husbandry_n and_o tillage_n and_o enrich_v the_o city_n mighty_o with_o their_o comtrade_n which_o will_v doubtless_o be_v daily_o advance_v if_o they_o have_v the_o advantage_n of_o a_o good_a river_n to_o take_v off_o their_o vast_a stock_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n clausthal_n altenau_n andreasberg_n osterrode_v and_o the_o other_o great_a town_n of_o this_o principality_n be_v whole_o inhabit_v by_o miner_n who_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o people_n breed_v in_o cave_n and_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v not_o trouble_v themselves_o with_o the_o erect_n of_o fair_a structure_n above_o ground_n the_o county_n of_o blanckenburg_n and_o reinstein_n this_o county_n as_o appear_v from_o many_o ancient_a charter_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o instrument_n sign_v by_o several_a of_o the_o german_a emperor_n be_v former_o call_v hartingow_n or_o hartgow_n which_o name_n the_o dutch_a writer_n explain_v by_o das_z gow_z a_o hartz_n and_o we_o may_v english_a it_o the_o hercynian_a county_n for_o as_o the_o ancient_a roman_n divide_v their_o whole_a land_n into_o so_o many_o province_n which_o be_v again_o subdivide_v into_o certain_a praefecturas_fw-la praesidiatus_fw-la colenias_n or_o municipia_fw-la so_o old_a germany_n consist_v of_o a_o set_a number_n of_o gown_n or_o pflegen_n and_o these_o be_v make_v up_o of_o inferior_a voigteyen_n or_o dingstule_n that_o be_v hundred_o or_o bailiwick_n for_o although_o the_o word_n gowe_z and_o pflege_n now_o fleck_n signify_v pagus_n a_o town_n yet_o the_o old_a saxon_n and_o other_o people_n of_o germany_n have_v not_o former_o above_o one_o of_o these_o in_o a_o whole_a county_n so_o that_o gow-graff_a or_o judex_n paganus_fw-la be_v in_o effect_n the_o same_o thing_n as_o come_v a_o earl_n or_o count_n but_o when_o about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 1100_o the_o name_n of_o gown_n begin_v to_o be_v antiquate_v and_o lay_v aside_o hartingow_n once_o the_o large_a county_n in_o the_o low_a saxony_n be_v forget_v and_o the_o county_n or_o grassschaft_n a_o new_a word_n instead_o of_o gowe_z take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o two_o chief_a fort_n in_o it_o blackenburg_n and_o reinstein_n together_o with_o its_o name_n it_o lose_v its_o ancient_a boundary_n and_o be_v contract_v into_o a_o much_o narrow_a compass_n then_o former_o for_o the_o county_n of_o stolberg_n schwartzburg_n and_o hohenstein_n with_o the_o bishopric_n of_o quedlinburg_n and_o county_n of_o wernigerode_n be_v cut_v off_o from_o this_o province_n however_o because_o the_o county_n of_o wernigerode_n be_v still_o subject_a to_o the_o same_o master_n with_o blackenburg_n we_o shall_v at_o present_a comprise_v both_o province_n under_o one_o name_n and_o give_v a_o description_n of_o they_o together_o tacitus_n speak_v of_o these_o part_n tell_v we_o the_o inhabitant_n live_v in_o a_o intolerable_a sharp_a air_n and_o seneca_n say_v they_o have_v a_o continual_a winter_n and_o certain_o if_o this_o character_n may_v be_v just_o appropriate_v to_o any_o province_n in_o germany_n it_o be_v to_o this_o which_o be_v continual_o expose_v to_o the_o northwind_n and_o endure_v the_o cold_a blast_n from_o the_o top_n of_o bructerus_n and_o the_o neighbour_a mountain_n which_o be_v usual_o cover_v with_o snow_n till_o midsummer_n but_o this_o sharp_a air_n be_v not_o destructive_a to_o the_o healthy_a and_o vigorous_a constitution_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n who_o more_o common_o than_o any_o other_o german_n arrive_v at_o the_o age_n of_o 100_o or_o 110_o year_n but_o however_o be_v there_o such_o a_o intempery_n coeli_fw-la as_o these_o author_n mention_n constant_o hover_v over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o blackenburger_n yet_o that_o inconvenience_n will_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n be_v recompense_v by_o those_o other_o way_n whereby_o nature_n have_v enrich_v this_o country_n for_o the_o valley_n though_o they_o afford_v but_o little_a corn_n yet_o be_v as_o plentiful_o stock_v with_o kine_n
the_o great_a trade_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n in_o salt_n copper_n kettles_n pot_n wire_n etc._n etc._n considerable_o enrich_v and_o augment_v though_o the_o imperial_a city_n goslar_n be_v whole_o independent_a upon_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o therefore_o can_v proper_o be_v reckon_v among_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n subject_a to_o those_o prince_n yet_o because_o it_o be_v situate_a in_o this_o country_n and_o whole_o environ_v with_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o in_o this_o place_n to_o give_v the_o reader_n some_o short_a account_n of_o it_o this_o city_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v found_v by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n i._o and_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n goose_n upon_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v here_o the_o emperor_n build_v himself_o a_o palace_n in_o which_o he_o be_v wont_a to_o keep_v his_o usual_a residence_n this_o palace_n say_v the_o high_a dutch_a antiquary_n be_v proper_o name_v goslar_n which_o name_n afterward_o communicate_v to_o the_o town_n build_v round_o about_o it_o for_o the_o termination_n lar_n laer_fw-mi lager_n signify_v no_o more_o say_v they_o than_o a_o dwell_a house_n and_o consequent_o goslar_n must_v denote_v such_o a_o single_a apartment_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n goose_n the_o citizen_n of_o goslar_n enjoy_v as_o many_o and_o large_a privilege_n almost_o as_o any_o other_o immediate_a subject_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o all_o imperial_a writ_n and_o letter_n direct_v to_o they_o they_o be_v style_v nobile_fw-la membrum_fw-la imperii_fw-la and_o they_o be_v exempt_a from_o pay_v toll_n in_o any_o market_n in_o the_o empire_n except_o three_o all_o the_o house_n in_o this_o city_n be_v cover_v with_o a_o glitter_a kind_n of_o slat_n which_o be_v a_o great_a ornament_n to_o the_o town_n but_o enough_o on_o a_o clear_a day_n to_o dazzle_v the_o eye_n of_o a_o traveller_n at_o a_o great_a distance_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v all_o miner_n and_o the_o only_a trade_n of_o the_o town_n be_v in_o dig_v cleanse_v temper_v and_o vend_v all_o manner_n of_o metal_n except_o gold_n and_o a_o great_a many_o sort_n of_o choice_a mineral_n of_o the_o country_n such_o as_o vitriol_n brimtone_n quicksilver_n copperas_n etc._n etc._n episcopatus_n hildesiensis_fw-la descriptio_fw-la novissima_fw-la authore_fw-la joanne_n gigante_n d._n med._n et_fw-fr math._n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanun_n swart_a avita_n fide_fw-la the_o bishopric_n of_o hildesheim_n whence_o the_o city_n of_o hildesheim_n which_o give_v name_n to_o this_o bishopric_n come_v to_o be_v so_o call_v be_v not_o unanimous_o agree_v on_o by_o their_o own_o etymologist_n some_o of_o they_o read_v the_o word_n bildesheim_n and_o fetch_v its_o original_n from_o the_o virgin_n mary_n picture_n in_o their_o language_n belde_n with_o some_o other_o relic_n which_o they_o tell_v we_o the_o emperor_n ludowic_n the_o godly_a at_o the_o first_o foundation_n of_o this_o diocese_n have_v hang_v upon_o a_o tree_n near_o this_o place_n and_o return_v can_v not_o pull_v they_o off_o again_o other_o will_v have_v we_o believe_v that_o the_o ancient_a name_n of_o this_o town_n be_v hildeschnee_n i.e._n the_o lord_n snow_n and_o that_o it_o be_v so_o call_v from_o a_o great_a snow_n which_o fall_v the_o night_n that_o the_o forementioned_a emperor_n lodge_v in_o this_o place_n cover_v all_o the_o earth_n for_o some_o mile_n round_o a_o foot_n deep_a except_v only_o the_o place_n where_o the_o cathedral_n now_o stand_v which_o remain_v dry_a and_o untouched_a but_o these_o and_o the_o like_a story_n be_v only_o to_o be_v look_v on_o as_o scrap_n of_o old_a legend_n and_o the_o ridiculous_a and_o idle_a fancy_n of_o illiterate_a monk_n it_o be_v much_o more_o likely_a what_o some_o historian_n of_o note_n have_v record_v that_o the_o say_a emperor_n name_v this_o city_n after_o his_o mother_n hildegard_n for_o hilda_n or_o hille_n in_o the_o dialect_n of_o the_o low_a saxon_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o abbreviation_n of_o hildegard_n as_o well_o as_o saunder_n of_o alexander_n fritze_n of_o frideric_n metta_n of_o mechtildis_n ilse_n of_o elizabeth_n etc._n etc._n and_o instead_o of_o hildesheim_n in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o neighbour_a gentry_n the_o rustic_n say_v hillsem_n when_o gunther_n a_o poor_a priest_n of_o eltze_n be_v first_o advance_v to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o hildesheim_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 822_o this_o diocese_n be_v but_o of_o a_o small_a extent_n but_o in_o after_o age_n the_o county_n of_o wintzenburg_n schladen_n poppenburg_n peine_fw-fr woldenberg_n hundsrucken_v and_o lewenstein_n be_v annex_v to_o it_o the_o last_o be_v now_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n as_o the_o whole_a bishopric_n may_v probable_o be_v in_o a_o short_a time_n for_o although_o the_o citixen_n at_o present_a as_o well_o as_o the_o dean_n and_o chapter_n of_o their_o church_n pay_v homage_n to_o maximilian-henry_n government_n government_n elector_n of_o collen_n as_o their_o bishop_n yet_o the_o last_o duke_n of_o hannover_n quarter_v his_o great_a army_n during_o the_o late_a broil_n betwixt_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o the_o empire_n in_o this_o diocese_n without_o the_o leave_n and_o doubtless_o against_o the_o will_n of_o the_o say_a elector_n and_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o the_o present_a duke_n to_o enter_v upon_o this_o whole_a diocese_n when_o he_o shall_v see_v occasion_n nor_o needs_o he_o be_v at_o a_o loss_n for_o such_o a_o pretence_n in_o so_o do_v we_o know_v into_o what_o strait_n eric_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n bring_v john_n iv_o and_o forty-sixth_a bishop_n of_o hildesheim_n in_o the_o year_n 1523_o when_o he_o leave_v he_o only_o the_o bare_a city_n of_o hildesheim_n with_o the_o three_o inconsiderable_a fort_n of_o peyne_n steurwald_n and_o marienborg_n and_o that_o for_o several_a year_n after_o these_o territory_n which_o be_v surround_v with_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o luneburg_n be_v subject_a to_o duke_n eric_n successor_n so_o that_o all_o that_o hinder_v the_o potent_a duke_n ernestus_n from_o re-enter_v upon_o these_o rich_a possession_n of_o some_o of_o his_o ancestor_n be_v either_o his_o exemplary_a fidelity_n in_o a_o strict_a observance_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o brunswic_n in_o the_o year_n 1653_o wherein_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o this_o diocese_n shall_v be_v restore_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o collen_n as_o administrator_n of_o hildesheim_n or_o else_o we_o must_v ascribe_v the_o reason_n of_o his_o delay_n to_o his_o generous_a temper_n in_o scorn_v to_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o present_a calamitous_a estate_n of_o the_o say_a elector_n the_o town_n of_o hildesheim_n though_o usual_o divide_v into_o the_o old_a and_o new_a city_n look_v all_o of_o it_o very_o ancient_a and_o venerable_a hildesheim_n hildesheim_n but_o otherwise_o have_v nothing_o in_o it_o that_o be_v great_a or_o splendid_a in_o the_o cathedral_n may_v be_v see_v the_o relic_n of_o the_o famous_a saxon_a idol_n irmensewl_n of_o which_o we_o have_v already_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o large_a account_n the_o great_a corn-trade_n of_o this_o country_n be_v the_o first_o thing_n that_o raise_v the_o burgher_n of_o hildesheim_n to_o that_o pitch_n as_o to_o obtain_v so_o honourable_a a_o place_n in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o hans-town_n and_o it_o be_v the_o same_o sort_n of_o traffic_n which_o still_o maintain_v their_o grandeur_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o burgher_n of_o this_o and_o the_o neighbour_a town_n and_o indeed_o almost_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v lutheran_n the_o reformation_n be_v first_o begin_v upon_o a_o quarrel_n betwixt_o the_o citizen_n and_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n in_o the_o year_n 1552_o whereupon_o the_o former_a call_v in_o john_n bugenhagen_n ant._n corvin_n and_o henry_n winkel_n three_o lutheran_n preacher_n who_o in_o a_o short_a time_n draw_v after_o they_o the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o town_n at_o the_o treaty_n of_o brunswic_n abovementioned_a it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n shall_v not_o be_v open_o teach_v or_o profess_v in_o this_o bishopric_n beyond_o such_o a_o set_a number_n of_o year_n but_o that_o article_n be_v repeal_v and_o make_v invalid_a by_o a_o clause_n in_o the_o general_a treaty_n of_o westphalia_n 648._o the_o best_a catalogue_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o hildesheim_n which_o can_v be_v pick_v out_o of_o the_o many_o different_a some_o imperfect_a and_o most_o false_a account_v give_v of_o they_o by_o the_o german_a historian_n be_v as_o follow_v elshop_n elshop_n 1._o gunther_n founder_n of_o the_o cathedral_n and_o st._n cecil_n church_n he_o die_v a._n d._n 835._o 2._o frembert_n who_o live_v but_o a_o few_o month_n after_o his_o instalment_n 3_o ebc_n a_o frenchman_n who_o have_v be_v suspend_v from_o the_o
archbishopric_n of_o rheims_n fie_v to_o ansgar_a archbishop_n of_o hamburg_n by_o who_o he_o be_v make_v bishop_n of_o hildesheim_n he_o govern_v the_o church_n twelve_o year_n 4._o alfred_n founder_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o asvelde_n and_o seligensted_n he_o be_v bishop_n eighteen_o year_n 5._o marquard_n slay_v by_o the_o norman_n and_o dane_n a._n d._n 880._o who_o in_o his_o day_n overrun_v saxony_n westphalia_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o netherlands_o 6._o wigbert_n a_o better_a physician_n than_o divine_a who_o leave_v no_o monument_n behind_o he_o but_o a_o small_a book_n of_o medicinal_a receipt_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 884._o 7._o walbert_n of_o who_o little_o more_o be_v record_v then_o that_o he_o be_v bishop_n and_o die_v a._n d._n 903._o 8._o sehard_n who_o be_v two_o and_o twenty_o year_n bishop_n 9_o deuthard_n he_o give_v the_o communion-table_n of_o gold_n still_o keep_v in_o the_o cathedral_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 936._o 10._o ochwin_n abbot_n of_o perge_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v present_v to_o this_o church_n as_o a_o holy_a relic_n the_o body_n of_o epiphanius_n he_o govern_v 28_o year_n 11._o osdach_n 12._o gerhard_n who_o annex_v the_o two_o village_n of_o algermissen_n and_o silbrechthusen_v to_o the_o diocese_n 13._o bernhard_n count_n of_o sommerschenburg_n founder_n of_o st._n michael_n monastery_n 14._o gothard_n founder_n of_o st._n bartholomew_n church_n and_o monastery_n 15._o dithmar_n 16._o aziline_n or_o anselm_n 17._o heziline_n who_o some_o historian_n call_v echilo_n other_o hezel_n or_o wezel_n 18._o vdo_fw-la 19_o bruning_n 20._o berthold_n 21._o bernhard_n count_n of_o rotenburg_n founder_n of_o st._n gotthard_n monastery_n in_o remembrance_n of_o his_o predecessor_n of_o that_o name_n he_o annex_v the_o county_n of_o wintzenburg_n to_o this_o bishopric_n 22._o bruno_n 23._o herman_n 24._o adelgad_a 25._o berno_n 26._o conrade_n i._n 27._o heribert_n 28._o sigefride_n 29._o conrade_n ii_o founder_n of_o six_o monastery_n and_o nunnery_n whereof_o three_o be_v build_v in_o hildesheim_n and_o the_o rest_n at_o franckberg_n near_o goslar_n wulfinghausen_n and_o wintzhausen_n 30._o henry_n 31._o john_n who_o annex_v to_o his_o bishopric_n the_o county_n and_o city_n of_o peine_fw-fr 32._o otto_n duke_n of_o brunswic_n and_o lune_fw-fr burg_v who_o throw_v the_o count_n of_o woldenberg_n out_o or_o their_o estate_n annex_v they_o to_o his_o own_o diocese_n 33._o sigefride_n count_n of_o quernford_n founder_n of_o the_o city_n of_o gruncw_n and_o a_o great_a benefactor_n to_o sarstede_n and_o levenburg_n 34._o henry_n duke_n of_o waldenberge_n who_o enlarge_v the_o diocese_n with_o the_o addition_n of_o the_o county_n of_o damsel_n 35._o otto_n ii_o by_o who_o be_v add_v bockelem_n latter_a barenberg_n and_o the_o county_n of_o pfaffenburg_n now_o poppenburg_n to_o the_o bishopric_n 36._o henry_n the_o three_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n who_o give_v to_o the_o diocese_n the_o county_n of_o schladen_n with_o the_o castle_n of_o widenlage_n and_o woldenstein_n 37._o john_n schadeband_n 38._o gerhard_n baron_n of_o berge_n near_o minden_n of_o who_o buntingus_n report_v that_o he_o cover_v the_o tower_n of_o the_o cathedral_n at_o hildesheim_n with_o beat_a gold_n instead_o of_o lead_n 39_o john_n the_o three_o earl_n of_o hoya_n 40._o magnus_n duke_n of_o saxon-lawenburg_a who_o give_v the_o town_n of_o grune_n and_o hamelen_n with_o the_o county_n of_o homburg_n 41._o bernhard_n duke_n of_o luneburg_n 42._o ernest_n count_n of_o schavenburg_n 43._o henning_n 44._o barthold_n 45._o eric_n duke_n of_o saxon-lawenburg_a 46._o john_n brother_n to_o his_o predecessor_n eric_n this_o bishop_n lose_v more_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n then_o all_o his_o predecessor_n have_v bestow_v on_o the_o bishopric_n 47._o balthasar_z merklin_n a_o doctor_n of_o law_n and_o deputy-chancellor_n to_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v._n 48._o otto_n iii_o count_n of_o schowenburg_n 49._o valentine_n von_fw-mi thereleben_n a_o doctor_n of_o the_o canon_n law_n who_o sue_v the_o duke_n of_o brunswic_n in_o the_o emperor_n court_n and_o recover_v back_o a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o lose_a bishopric_n 50._o frideric_n duke_n of_o holstein_n 51._o burchard_n some_o say_v nicolas_n von_n oberg_n 52._o ernest_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n 53._o ferdinand_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n archbishop_n and_o elector_n of_o collen_n 54._o maximilian-henry_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o collen_n and_o bishop_n of_o hildesheim_n bear_v duke_n of_o bavaria_n the_o eight_o day_n of_o october_n in_o the_o year_n 1621._o other_o town_n and_o place_n of_o note_n in_o the_o diocese_n of_o hildesheim_n be_v 1._o peina_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o small_a city_n on_o the_o river_n fuse_n about_o twelve_o english_a mile_n from_o brunswic_n the_o town_n itself_o stand_v in_o a_o plain_a but_o the_o castle_n mention_v by_o latin_a author_n under_o the_o name_n of_o castrum_n poynum_n and_o represent_v as_o the_o chief_a bulwark_n of_o this_o bishopric_n be_v mount_v on_o a_o hill_n not_o far_o from_o peina_n be_v fight_v a_o famous_a battle_n in_o the_o year_n 1553_o betwixt_o maurice_n elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o albrecht_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n wherein_o the_o latter_a be_v conqueror_n and_o the_o former_a slay_v 2._o marienborg_n a_o fort_n not_o not_o far_o distant_a from_o hildesheim_n and_o situate_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o innerste_fw-mi it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o bishop_n henry_n iii_o when_o he_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n by_o the_o too_o powerful_a duke_n of_o brunswic_n 3._o poppenburg_n 4._o dassel_n 5._o bokenem_fw-la 6._o woldenburg_n with_o some_o other_o all_o of_o they_o chief_a town_n in_o so_o many_o county_n of_o the_o same_o name_n but_o of_o little_a other_o consequence_n episcopatus_n halberstadensis_fw-la descriptio_fw-la nova_fw-la exit_fw-la officina_fw-la jâ—â—â—sonis-waesbergione_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n 〈◊〉_d stephan_n swart_a the_o principality_n of_o halberstad_n irenicus_n be_v opinion_n that_o the_o city_n of_o halberstad_n which_o give_v name_n to_o this_o principapality_n be_v the_o same_o place_n with_o the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d mention_v by_o ptolemy_n this_o conjecture_n though_o never_o confirm_v by_o the_o least_o shadow_n of_o reason_n be_v embrace_v by_o appian_n a_o author_n not_o much_o give_v to_o mistake_n but_o whence_o it_o get_v the_o new_a name_n of_o halberstadt_n be_v not_o agree_v on_o bertius_fw-la a_o learned_a geographer_n but_o one_o that_o in_o this_o particular_a rely_v too_o much_o upon_o the_o authority_n of_o bruschius_n and_o schopper_n derive_v the_o word_n from_o a_o confluence_n of_o the_o two_o rivers_n elb_n and_o ora_n neither_o of_o which_o come_v near_o this_o city_n dresser_n read_v the_o word_n albertistatt_fw-mi and_o werdenhagen_n with_o the_o most_o probability_n on_o his_o side_n guess_v from_o the_o imperfect_a foundation_n of_o as_o much_o build_n as_o be_v now_o stand_v still_o to_o be_v see_v on_o the_o east_n side_n of_o the_o town_n and_o be_v never_o finish_v that_o its_o name_n be_v right_o at_o first_o give_v it_o halbe-statt_a or_o half_o a_o city_n this_o principality_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n as_o fruitful_a in_o corn_n as_o any_o of_o its_o neighbour-province_n and_o excel_v the_o most_o of_o they_o for_o pleasant_a forest_n and_o plenty_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o venison_n the_o large_a park_n in_o it_o be_v the_o hackel_n lie_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o country_n and_z giving_z name_n to_o the_o ancient_a barony_n of_o hackelborn_n in_o that_o neighbourhood_n on_o the_o north-west_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o fenny_a bog_n and_o marsh_n for_o some_o mile_n over_o which_o they_o have_v dam_n throw_v up_o and_o upon_o they_o highway_n lead_v to_o helmstadt_n brunswic_n etc._n etc._n the_o bishopric_n halberstadt_n which_o be_v only_o turn_v into_o a_o principality_n by_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n in_o the_o year_n 1648._o be_v first_o found_v by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a at_o salingstatt_n call_v afterward_o ostrowick_n in_o the_o year_n 780._o but_o soon_o after_o with_o permission_n of_o the_o same_o emperor_n be_v remove_v to_o this_o place_n by_o its_o first_o bishop_n hildegrine_n who_o be_v succeed_v in_o his_o diocese_n by_o the_o follow_a prelate_n 2._o dietgrine_n 3._o haymo_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 827_o leave_v behind_o he_o large_a commentary_n on_o the_o prophet_n and_o apostle_n some_o whereof_z be_v still_o extant_a 4._o hildegrine_n the_o second_o 5._o evelp_v 6._o sigismond_n monk_n of_o hirsaug_n 7._o bernhard_n burggrave_n of_o magdeburg_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o monastery_n at_o hadmersheim_n 8._o hildeward_n count_n of_o warlow_n 9_o arnold_n 10._o brantho_n 11._o burcard_n count_n of_o woburg_n bernard_n bucho_n 13._o dietmar_n 14._o harrand_v who_o some_o author_n call_v stephen_n 15._o reinhard_n who_o fight_v against_o the_o emperor_n henry_n the_o five_o in_o the_o wood_n of_o welpho_n and_o rout_v his_o
you_o may_v meet_v large_a vineyard_n plentiful_o stock_v with_o grape_n out_o of_o which_o be_v press_v a_o much_o more_o palatable_a sort_n of_o wine_n then_o can_v be_v have_v in_o any_o part_n of_o saxony_n or_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n among_o the_o many_o kind_n of_o plant_n and_o herb_n wherewith_o the_o field_n and_o forest_n as_o well_o as_o garden_n of_o thuringen_n abound_v the_o chief_a and_o most_o peculiar_a to_o this_o province_n be_v wild_a saffron_n and_o woad_n the_o late_a of_o which_o be_v use_v by_o our_o dyer_n in_o their_o best_a blew_n and_o sky-colour_n and_o with_o which_o the_o old_a britain_n as_o cesar_n inform_v we_o be_v use_v to_o paint_v themselves_o near_a sangerhausen_n and_o salfeld_n have_v sometime_o be_v dug_n up_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o copper_n and_o silver_n over_o and_o at_o franckenhausen_n saltzungen_n and_o sultza_n they_o have_v still_o rich_a salt-pit_n the_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o country_n be_v the_o sala_n rivers_n rivers_n werra_n vnstrut_v hiera_n ilm_n leina_fw-la schwertze_n wipper_n helbe_n rahna_n helme_n lossa_n and_o giessel_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v several_a great_a lake_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o some_o of_o their_o mountain_n the_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o be_v the_o weissensee_n and_o schwansee_n the_o boar_n of_o thuringen_n be_v a_o rough_a and_o unhew'n_a sort_n of_o people_n downright_a clown_n inhabitant_n inhabitant_n and_o so_o far_o stranger_n to_o courtship_n and_o breed_n that_o they_o be_v with_o much_o difficulty_n bring_v acquaint_v with_o the_o common_a principle_n of_o humanity_n they_o hardly_o admit_v of_o any_o manner_n of_o government_n or_o order_n among_o they_o and_o be_v possible_o the_o only_a german_n that_o be_v uncivil_a to_o traveller_n the_o thuringer_n upon_o their_o first_o appearance_n in_o these_o part_n government_n government_n subject_v themselves_o to_o a_o king_n of_o their_o own_o choose_n and_o continue_v in_o this_o estate_n till_o their_o whole_a land_n be_v overrun_v and_o conquer_v by_o the_o franc_n in_o the_o year_n 1522._o in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a and_o his_o father_n king_n pepin_n who_o first_o root_v out_o paganism_n and_o plant_v christianity_n in_o this_o province_n the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n who_o govern_v it_o by_o several_a deputy_n and_o lieutenant_n by_o this_o mean_v the_o kingdom_n of_o thuringen_n come_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o a_o great_a many_o county_n and_o barony_n or_o lordship_n such_o be_v the_o county_n of_o schwartzburg_n kirchberg_n kefernburg_n schoneberg_n gleichen_n sangerhausen_n etc._n etc._n the_o lordship_n of_o franckenstein_n saltza_n heldrungen_n dreffert_n apolda_n vargila_n etc._n etc._n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n ludowic_n count_n of_o schoneberg_n get_v the_o title_n of_o count_n of_o thuringen_n confer_v on_o he_o by_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n ii_o and_o his_o grandchild_n prevail_v with_o lotharius_n ii_o to_o change_v the_o title_n of_o count_n into_o landtgrave_n in_o this_o line_n the_o honour_n continue_v till_o the_o death_n of_o herman_n landtgrave_n of_o thuringen_n and_o hessen_n in_o the_o year_n 1226._o whereupon_o henry_n duke_n of_o brabant_n get_v possession_n of_o hessen_n and_o thuringen_n fall_v to_o henry_n marquis_n of_o misnia_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v subject_n to_o the_o house_n of_o saxony_n erfurt_n the_o metropolis_n of_o thuringen_n erfurt_n erfurt_n and_o one_o of_o the_o large_a city_n in_o germany_n be_v think_v by_o bertius_fw-la and_o other_o learned_a geographer_n to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o erfa_n a_o old_a ruinous_a castle_n near_o thirty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o the_o town_n i_o have_v rather_o believe_v its_o ancient_a name_n to_o have_v be_v jerafurt_n which_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o ferry_n over_o the_o river_n jera_fw-fr on_o the_o bank_n of_o which_o this_o city_n now_o stand_v there_o be_v three_o barony_n and_o seventy-two_a fair_a village_n subject_a to_o the_o citizen_n of_o erfurt_n so_o that_o the_o country_n rustic_n have_v some_o reason_n for_o that_o proverbial_a say_n in_o ordinary_a use_n among_o they_o erfurt_n be_v not_o a_o city_n but_o a_o country_n when_o this_o great_a city_n which_o be_v about_o as_o large_a as_o coln_n and_o as_o beautiful_a be_v first_o build_v be_v not_o easy_o determine_v it_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o the_o day_n of_o boniface_n archbishop_n of_o mentz_n it_o be_v reckon_v a_o ancient_a city_n for_o there_o be_v still_o extant_a a_o epistle_n write_v by_o that_o prelate_n to_o pope_n zachary_n wherein_o we_o meet_v with_o these_o word_n unam_fw-la esse_fw-la sedem_fw-la episcopatus_fw-la decrevimus_fw-la in_o castello_n quod_fw-la dicitur_fw-la wurtzburg_n &_o alteram_fw-la in_o oppido_fw-la quod_fw-la nominatur_fw-la buriburg_n perhaps_o nuriburg_n tertiam_fw-la in_o loco_fw-la qui_fw-la dicitur_fw-la erphesfurt_n qui_fw-la fuit_fw-la olim_fw-la paganorum_fw-la the_o town_n be_v situate_a in_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a plain_n abundant_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n and_o afford_v great_a plenty_n of_o good_a wine_n vast_a multitude_n of_o the_o citizen_n be_v maintain_v by_o gather_v and_o dress_v the_o herb_n woad_n before_o mention_v which_o grow_v in_o great_a abundance_n in_o most_o field_n near_o erfurt_n this_o and_o the_o other_o commodity_n of_o the_o town_n corn_n wine_n etc._n etc._n be_v carry_v off_o at_o two_o great_a fair_n in_o the_o year_n whereof_o one_o be_v hold_v the_o week_n after_o trinity_n sunday_n and_o the_o other_o at_o martinmass_n weimar_n a_o neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n weimar_n weimar_n in_o the_o middle_a way_n betwixt_o erfurt_n and_o jena_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v ancient_o call_v weinmarckt_v from_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o wine_n sell_v daily_o at_o this_o town_n it_o be_v questionless_a a_o place_n of_o great_a antiquity_n since_o as_o the_o old_a chronicle_n of_o thuringen_n witness_n the_o emperor_n otho_n ii_o hold_v a_o general_a diet_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o this_o city_n in_o the_o year_n 975._o the_o only_a remarkable_a thing_n in_o the_o town_n be_v the_o landgrave_n palace_n a_o regular_a and_o stately_a piece_n of_o building_n the_o city_n of_o jena_n seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o sala_n jena_n jena_n and_o famous_a for_o a_o univesity_n and_o great_a concourse_n of_o learned_a man_n may_v just_o be_v reckon_v the_o three_o in_o thuringen_n some_o german_a etymologist_n will_v have_v this_o town_n as_o well_o as_o the_o former_a fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o grape_n or_o vineyard_n about_o it_o they_o tell_v we_o jain_n signify_v wine_n in_o the_o hebrew_n tongue_n and_o therefore_o too_o it_o be_v probable_a say_v they_o that_o the_o jew_n be_v first_o founder_n of_o this_o city_n but_o this_o conjecture_n have_v as_o little_a of_o probability_n in_o it_o as_o that_o fancy_n of_o some_o other_o who_o endeavour_n to_o derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o town_n from_o the_o old_a roman_a god_n janus_n since_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v that_o there_o grow_v any_o vine_n near_o this_o place_n foam_n century_n ago_o or_o that_o ever_o the_o jew_n be_v master_n of_o it_o the_o town_n be_v at_o present_a a_o well_o compact_a piece_n and_o tolerable_o well_o fortify_v with_o wall_n and_o turret_n the_o foundation_n of_o the_o university_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o john_n frideric_n elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o procure_v for_o it_o many_o brave_a and_o large_a privilege_n from_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o but_o this_o good_a prince_n never_o live_v to_o finish_v the_o work_n he_o have_v begin_v but_o upon_o his_o deathbed_n commit_v that_o charge_n to_o his_o son_n who_o get_v the_o forementioned_a privilege_n confirm_v by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n in_o the_o year_n 1558._o since_o that_o time_n there_o have_v never_o want_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o eminent_a professor_n and_o learned_a man_n in_o all_o faculty_n in_o this_o university_n among_o who_o the_o great_a j._n lipsius_n be_v one_o a_o man_n sufficient_a of_o himself_o not_o to_o mention_v any_o of_o his_o learned_a colleague_n to_o eternize_v the_o credit_n of_o the_o place_n they_o have_v here_o a_o library_n give_v they_o by_o some_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o daily_o augment_v but_o not_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o merit_v a_o particular_a description_n gotha_n the_o five_o great_a town_n in_o thuringen_n gotha_n gotha_n seat_v on_o the_o leina_fw-la be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v build_v by_o some_o of_o the_o old_a gothic_a troop_n on_o their_o march_n through_o this_o country_n towards_o italy_n and_o by_o they_o to_o have_v have_v the_o name_n of_o gotha_n give_v it_o however_o it_o be_v certain_a it_o be_v only_o a_o mean_a village_n such_o as_o may_v just_o serve_v for_o the_o tent_n of_o a_o company_n of_o hardy_a
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as_o the_o worse_a sort_n do_v to_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n they_o have_v several_a way_n of_o discover_v mine_n divina_fw-la virgula_fw-la divina_fw-la the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v with_o the_o virgula_fw-la divina_fw-la the_o use_n whereof_o some_o of_o they_o look_v upon_o as_o a_o piece_n of_o conjuration_n rather_o than_o a_o experiment_n draw_v from_o the_o principle_n of_o natural_a philosophy_n it_o be_v a_o fork_a piece_n of_o hazel_n the_o two_o horn_n of_o which_o the_o discoverer_n hold_v in_o his_o hand_n with_o the_o fork_n upright_o in_o this_o posture_n he_o traverse_n the_o ground_n mutter_v a_o set_a form_n of_o unintelligible_a word_n to_o himself_o when_o the_o fork_a stick_n move_v by_o a_o occult_a impulse_n turn_v in_o his_o hand_n and_o point_n to_o the_o ground_n it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o infallible_a argument_n of_o some_o rich_a vein_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o place_n it_o point_v at_o upon_o this_o sign_n give_v they_o immediate_o fall_v a_o dig_v and_o seldom_o miss_v of_o the_o expect_a success_n sometime_o they_o meet_v with_o damp_n in_o the_o deep_a mine_n which_o be_v always_o dangerous_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o often_o prove_v mortal_a to_o the_o labourer_n but_o the_o great_a inconvenience_n and_o which_o constant_o attend_v their_o labour_n be_v the_o dust_n which_o grate_v upon_o and_o fret_v their_o skin_n lung_n and_o stomach_n and_o too_o often_o shorten_v their_o day_n by_o bring_v they_o into_o irrecoverable_a consumption_n to_o secure_v themselves_o against_o these_o two_o evil_n they_o sometime_o use_v large_a vizard_n with_o glass-eye_n under_o which_o they_o have_v room_n enough_o to_o breath_n for_o some_o considerable_a while_n at_o freyberg_n there_o be_v a_o yearly_a coinage_n of_o ricxdollar_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o money_n which_o be_v most_o common_o true_a sterling_a and_o look_v upon_o general_o as_o the_o best_a cash_n in_o germany_n for_o whereas_o the_o emperor_n coin_n be_v usual_o a_o base_a and_o mix_v mertal_a the_o elector_n be_v pure_a and_o true_a silver_n currant_n in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n iv_o meisen_n once_o the_o metropolis_n and_o chief_a city_n in_o this_o marquisate_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d but_o at_o this_o time_n so_o inconsiderable_a as_o that_o it_o hardly_o merit_v the_o four_o place_n in_o this_o catalogue_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n meisse_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v before_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o a_o great_a wooden_a bridge_n across_o the_o elb_n near_o this_o place_n which_o dresser_n be_v please_v to_o call_v the_o brave_a sight_n of_o its_o kind_n in_o germany_n and_o bertius_n venture_v to_o name_v it_o the_o wonder_n of_o europe_n but_o some_o of_o the_o unruly_a soldier_n robe_v the_o town_n of_o this_o piece_n of_o credit_n and_o it_o have_v now_o nothing_o to_o brag_v of_o
but_o the_o elector_n palace_n which_o will_v be_v fit_a enough_o to_o entertain_v a_o prince_n if_o it_o stand_v at_o dresden_n or_o any_o such_o pleasant_a part_n of_o misnia_n v._o merseburg_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d but_o now_o usual_o assign_v as_o a_o portion_n to_o some_o of_o the_o elector_n young_a brother_n be_v and_o upon_o that_o account_n enjoy_v by_o duke_n christian_n young_a brother_n to_o the_o late_a elector_n of_o saxony_n some_o antiquary_n affirm_v that_o in_o this_o place_n stand_v former_o the_o famous_a saxon_a idol_n irmensewl_n of_o which_o the_o reader_n have_v already_o have_v a_o account_n which_o they_o take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o mars_n among_o the_o roman_n and_o thence_o conclude_v the_o true_a etymology_n of_o the_o word_n to_o be_v marsburg_n or_o the_o city_n of_o the_o god_n mars_n the_o town_n at_o present_a consist_v of_o a_o great_a number_n of_o old_a fashion_a and_o ruinous_a house_n among_o which_o there_o be_v hardly_o any_o thing_n worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o save_o the_o cathedral_n near_o this_o church_n they_o have_v a_o library_n wherein_o be_v a_o great_a company_n of_o venerable_a manuscript_n but_o very_o ill_o keep_v among_o which_o i_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o book_n of_o sammuel_n and_o the_o king_n in_o latin_a write_v in_o a_o fair_a and_o ancient_a anglo-saxonic_a character_n torgau_n false_o place_v by_o mercator_n in_o the_o upper_a saxony_n ilenburg_n naumburg_n with_o some_o other_o be_v town_n of_o some_o note_n and_o traffic_v but_o not_o by_o much_o so_o considerable_a as_o those_o already_o describe_v lusatia_n superior_n auth._n bartholomeo_n sculteto_n gorlitio_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a vrbs_fw-la oppidum_n munitum_fw-la oppidum_n arx_n monasterium_fw-la pagus_n cum_fw-la templo_fw-la pagus_n mons_fw-la notabilis_fw-la officina_fw-la ferri_fw-la the_o marquisate_n of_o lusatia_n lusatia_n or_o laussnitz_n as_o the_o german_n call_v it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o misnia_n and_o saxony_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o low_a silesia_n not_o many_o year_n since_o this_o province_n be_v part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n and_o be_v usual_o describe_v as_o such_o by_o most_o geographer_n but_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1620_o the_o lusatian_o have_v join_v themselves_o in_o a_o open_a rebellion_n with_o other_o confederate_a traitor_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o emperor_n issue_v out_o his_o commission_n to_o john_n george_n elector_n of_o saxony_n to_o quell_v these_o revolter_n and_o reduce_v they_o if_o possible_a to_o their_o ancient_a obedience_n this_o he_o do_v effectual_o and_o for_o his_o reward_n and_o encouragement_n to_o proceed_v in_o these_o good_a service_n have_v the_o whole_a province_n pawn_v to_o he_o till_o further_a satisfaction_n shall_v be_v make_v at_o last_o by_o the_o treaty_n of_o prague_n in_o the_o year_n 1635_o the_o emperor_n settle_v this_o marquisate_n upon_o the_o elector_n and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o in_o which_o state_n except_v only_o some_o few_o place_n in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n which_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n it_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n this_o great_a marquisate_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a laussnitz_n the_o former_a whereof_o be_v sometime_o by_o geographer_n name_v hexapolis_n because_o it_o have_v in_o it_o six_o city_n lobau_n budissin_n camentz_n gorlitz_n lauben_n and_o zittau_n all_o confederate_a in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n the_o city_n subject_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o saxovy_n be_v lubben_n on_o the_o spree_n guben_n lucken_n and_o calow_n the_o rest_n as_o cotbus_n peytze_n sommerfeld_n with_o some_o other_o of_o less_o note_n pay_v homage_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n we_o can_v much_o commend_v this_o country_n for_o its_o fruitfulness_n the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v a_o dry_a sandy_a and_o barren_a soil_n and_o the_o rest_n make_v up_o of_o fen_n and_o bog_n however_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v a_o hard_a shift_n to_o grow_v so_o much_o corn_n as_o be_v sufficient_a for_o their_o own_o relief_n though_o they_o never_o have_v so_o great_a plenty_n as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o export_v any_o of_o it_o into_o foreign_a country_n they_o have_v no_o want_n of_o wood._n venison_n nor_o fish_n nay_o they_o have_v such_o plenty_n of_o these_o commodity_n as_o be_v sufficient_a have_v they_o the_o convenience_n of_o traffic_v with_o other_o nation_n to_o enrich_v the_o country_n and_o bring_v in_o all_o the_o rarity_n of_o other_o place_n the_o two_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o country_n be_v the_o spree_n and_o neiâ—â—e_n rivers_n rivers_n both_o of_o they_o exceed_o well_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o fresh_a fish_n the_o eelster_n too_o spring_v in_o this_o marquisate_n but_o be_v a_o rivulet_n of_o no_o consequence_n till_o it_o have_v pass_v through_o some_o part_n of_o the_o neighbour_a province_n it_o appear_v inhabitant_n inhabitant_n from_o the_o mixture_n of_o a_o abundance_n of_o wendish_n word_n with_o the_o high_a dutch_a speak_v in_o these_o part_n that_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o lusatia_n be_v a_o branch_n of_o the_o slouâ—nian_a nation_n hence_o in_o the_o village_n and_o most_o barbarous_a place_n of_o the_o marquisate_n especial_o in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n you_o meet_v with_o a_o strange_a kind_n of_o unintelligible_a gibberish_n though_o the_o citizen_n every_o where_o speak_v good_a dutch._n some_o of_o these_o people_n geographer_n say_v have_v their_o original_n from_o the_o ilingi_n elysii_n or_o lygii_n other_o from_o the_o semnâ—nes_n a_o three_o sort_n from_o the_o scrabi_fw-la and_o a_o four_o from_o the_o lusici_n or_o lutitii_n but_o from_o what_o nation_n or_o kindred_n the_o polander_n name_v this_o marquisate_n ditivonia_n as_o cromer_n newgebawer_n and_o other_o tell_v not_o yet_o learn_v the_o modern_a lusatian_o be_v think_v to_o be_v man_n of_o as_o apprehensive_a and_o quick_a natural_a part_n as_o any_o of_o their_o neighbour_n but_o exceed_o addict_v to_o covetousness_n and_o penury_n their_o country_n breed_v neither_o horse_n nor_o horseman_n but_o if_o we_o believe_v joh._n boter_n in_o the_o account_n he_o have_v give_v we_o of_o the_o military_a power_n of_o all_o the_o great_a prince_n and_o potentate_n of_o the_o world_n they_o be_v able_a upon_o a_o very_a short_a warning_n to_o raise_v twenty-thousand_a hardy_a foot_n soldier_n who_o will_v endure_v a_o shock_n better_o than_o twice_o that_o number_n of_o delicate_a and_o well-bred_a western_a warrior_n they_o be_v in_o all_o case_n civil_a and_o criminal_a strict_a observer_n of_o the_o saxon_a law_n to_o the_o harsh_a tenure_n of_o which_o they_o pay_v a_o better_a obedience_n than_o ever_o they_o be_v know_v to_o do_v former_o to_o any_o statute_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o lusatia_n bautzen_n bautzen_n bautzen_n or_o budissina_fw-la seat_v on_o the_o river_n spree_n and_o first_o build_v by_o a_o bohemian_a duke_n of_o this_o name_n about_o the_o year_n 800._o in_o the_o year_n 1634_o this_o city_n be_v so_o warm_o besiege_v by_o the_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n force_n that_o the_o emperor_n soldier_n who_o keep_v the_o town_n be_v force_v to_o fire_v the_o suburb_n for_o fear_v of_o shelter_v the_o enemy_n this_o fire_n be_v unhappy_o drive_v over_o by_o a_o strong_a wind_n into_o the_o city_n and_o in_o a_o few_o hour_n lay_v it_o in_o ash_n in_o this_o miserable_a condition_n have_v nothing_o stand_v but_o the_o wall_n and_o castle_n it_o be_v soon_o after_o surrender_v by_o the_o imperialist_n but_o not_o long_o after_o even_o the_o small_a remainder_n of_o this_o large_a town_n be_v demolish_v by_o some_o of_o the_o swedish_n general_n since_o which_o time_n it_o have_v not_o be_v able_a to_o recover_v its_o glory_n but_o be_v still_o something_o inferior_a to_o ii_o gorlitz_n gorlitz_n gorlitz_n which_o city_n seat_v on_o the_o western_a bank_n of_o the_o river_n neisse_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v build_v and_o fortify_v by_o boleslaus_n iii_o duke_n of_o poland_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1139._o other_o say_v it_o be_v found_v by_o duke_n sobieslaus_fw-la about_o the_o year_n 1131._o however_o all_o agree_v in_o this_o that_o after_o its_o first_o foundation_n it_o be_v burn_v down_o to_o the_o ground_n and_o that_o thence_o it_o get_v the_o name_n of_o gorlitz_n which_o in_o the_o slavonian_a language_n as_o well_o as_o brandstat_fw-mi in_o the_o high_a dutch_a a_o name_n give_v it_o by_o most_o germane_a signify_v a_o burn_a city_n for_o gorlitz_n be_v a_o corruption_n of_o tzschorlitz_n the_o ancient_a name_n of_o this_o town_n and_o that_o of_o ischorelik_a there_o be_v at_o present_a several_a neat_a church_n in_o the_o town_n
and_o a_o great_a many_o stately_a dwell_a house_n the_o chief_a trade_n of_o the_o citizen_n be_v in_o beer-brewing_a and_o make_v colour_v and_o dress_v several_a sort_n of_o linen_n and_o some_o woollen_a cloth_n zittau_n zittau_n zittau_n or_o sittau_n which_o some_o will_v have_v to_o signify_v as_o much_o as_o susse_v awe_n and_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o fresh_a and_o sweet_a water_n on_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v but_o we_o need_v inquire_v no_o further_o after_o the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n if_o what_o dresser_n report_v be_v true_a that_o on_o a_o grave-stone_n in_o this_o city_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o his_o time_n the_o follow_a inscription_n anno_fw-la christi_fw-la 1021_o idibus_fw-la julii_n obiit_fw-la pia_fw-la &_o illustris_fw-la foemina_fw-la zittavia_n christianissimo_fw-la principi_fw-la manfredo_n nupta_fw-la fundatrix_fw-la &_o dotatrix_fw-la huius_fw-la oppidi_fw-la de_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la nomine_fw-la dicti_fw-la there_o be_v hardly_o any_o thing_n at_o present_a remarkable_a in_o the_o town_n except_o the_o old_a franciscan_a monastery_n which_o since_o the_o reformation_n have_v be_v convert_v into_o a_o hospital_n iv_o leiba_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o lobau_n liben_fw-ge loben_n or_o lubben_n for_o all_o these_o name_n i_o find_v give_v it_o by_o mercator_n and_o other_o note_a geographer_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o one_o of_o the_o old_a town_n in_o these_o part_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n the_o other_o five_o confederate_a city_n of_o lusatia_n use_v always_o to_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o consult_v at_o this_o place_n in_o time_n of_o any_o common_a calamity_n or_o danger_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o small_a rivulet_n about_o a_o equal_a distance_n betwixt_o bautzen_n and_o gorlitz_n gird_v round_o with_o a_o delicate_a plain_n and_o pleasant_a meadow_n we_o may_v judge_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o this_o little_a town_n by_o the_o vast_a plunder_v which_o the_o swedish_n army_n confess_v they_o get_v out_o of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1639_o which_o amount_v to_o a_o sum_n of_o seventy_o thousand_o ricxdollar_n in_o ready_a cash_n beside_o other_o rich_a booty_n v._o luben_n on_o the_o spree_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o the_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n in_o this_o place_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n have_v a_o palace_n in_o which_o sometime_o in_o a_o progress_n for_o pleasure_n he_o keep_v his_o residence_n for_o some_o short_a while_n what_o alteration_n be_v here_o in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n of_o germany_n may_v perhaps_o be_v remember_v by_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_a burgher_n of_o the_o town_n but_o be_v not_o i_o think_v record_v by_o any_o historian_n of_o note_n vi_o guben_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o a_o well_o fortify_v little_a town_n in_o the_o low_a lusatia_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n neisse_n which_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o its_o strength_n and_o security_n in_o the_o year_n 1631_o immediate_o after_o the_o great_a battle_n of_o leipsick_a the_o imperialist_n fall_v in_o upon_o this_o city_n and_o take_v it_o but_o towards_o the_o late_a end_n of_o october_n be_v drive_v out_o again_o by_o marquis_n hamilton_n at_o that_o time_n a_o commander_n in_o the_o swedish_n army_n who_o come_v sudden_o upon_o they_o put_v the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o to_o the_o sword_n and_o rout_v the_o rest_n but_o the_o poor_a citizen_n be_v hard_o put_v to_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1642_o when_o the_o swedish_n general_n stallhanss_n lie_v before_o it_o for_o three_o week_n together_o and_o the_o poor_a besiege_a saxon_n lay_v block_v up_o and_o destitute_a of_o all_o manner_n of_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o surrender_v themselves_o upon_o what_o term_n their_o merciless_a enemy_n will_v propose_v to_o they_o camentz_n lucken_n calow_n with_o many_o other_o may_v pass_v for_o fair_a village_n but_o will_v hardly_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o city_n the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n many_o and_o various_a be_v the_o opinion_n of_o geographer_n touch_v the_o original_n of_o the_o word_n silesia_n or_o schlesien_n to_o speak_v in_o the_o german_a language_n it_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o some_o that_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o schless_a a_o small_a river_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o other_o but_o other_o be_v content_a to_o fetch_v it_o from_o the_o elysii_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n not_o trouble_v themselves_o to_o dive_v any_o further_a into_o the_o original_n of_o that_o name_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o that_o vast_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o now_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o common_a name_n of_o silesia_n be_v contain_v ancient_o a_o great_a number_n of_o people_n of_o different_a name_n and_o government_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d pirckheimer_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o country_n about_o bresslaw_n be_v inhabit_v by_o the_o lutiburi_n the_o principality_n of_o sagan_n by_o the_o batini_n the_o dukedom_n of_o oppelen_n by_o the_o sidones_n and_o that_o of_o teschen_n by_o the_o cogni_n to_o these_o simon_n grisbecius_n add_v several_a other_o in_o the_o follow_a distich_n elysiam_fw-la veteres_fw-la ligii_fw-la quadique_fw-la manimi_n marsigni_n clari_fw-la quam_fw-la tenuere_fw-la luij_o and_o to_o these_o the_o learned_a cluverius_n will_v have_v we_o to_o add_v the_o semnones_n osi_n burii_n etc._n etc._n which_o i_o suppose_v be_v no_o more_o than_o so_o many_o distinct_a name_n take_v from_o the_o different_a village_n these_o man_n inhabit_v or_o it_o may_v be_v from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o river_n as_o be_v the_o peculiar_a fancy_n of_o these_o german_a people_n now_o these_o name_n of_o place_n rivers_z etc._n etc._n be_v as_o cureus_n in_o his_o chronicle_n of_o silesia_n assure_v we_o quite_o lose_v and_o forget_v upon_o the_o admission_n of_o the_o polish_v language_n into_o this_o country_n lignitz_n libus_fw-la and_o some_o few_o place_n more_o retain_v their_o primitive_a name_n but_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v as_o appear_v from_o their_o termination_n of_o a_o polish_v extraction_n pliny_n call_v the_o other_o the_o chief_a river_n of_o this_o country_n guttalus_n and_o other_o think_v that_o river_n which_o have_v now_o the_o name_n of_o the_o spree_n be_v by_o the_o ancient_n name_v suevus_n from_o whence_o some_o geographer_n not_o improbable_o have_v conclude_v that_o first_o the_o goth_n and_o afterward_o the_o suevi_n or_o swabe_n be_v former_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n that_o silesia_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n in_o the_o day_n of_o their_o first_o prince_n lechus_n or_o at_o least_o a_o good_a large_a share_n of_o it_o government_n ancient_a government_n down_z as_o far_o as_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n oder_fw-ge seem_v probable_a enough_o from_o the_o testimony_n of_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n the_o former_a whereof_o begin_v the_o polish_v nation_n from_o the_o eastern_a bank_n of_o that_o river_n which_o the_o late_a make_v the_o utmost_a bound_n eastward_o of_o his_o slavi_n however_o it_o be_v as_o manifest_v that_o the_o ancient_a prince_n of_o germany_n often_o invade_v this_o land_n and_o probable_a enough_o that_o it_o be_v sometime_o tributary_n to_o they_o before_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v day_n we_o have_v but_o little_a of_o history_n concern_v these_o part_n of_o the_o world_n which_o we_o may_v rely_v on_o but_o cureus_n prove_v to_o we_o that_o this_o emperor_n among_o many_o other_o his_o noble_a exploit_n subject_v silesia_n to_o himself_o and_o eginhard_n mean_v the_o same_o thing_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o charles_n the_o great_a overrun_v the_o whole_a country_n betwixt_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o vistula_n where_o by_o the_o vistula_n it_o be_v evident_a he_o understand_v the_o first_o original_a source_n or_o head_n of_o that_o river_n after_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v day_n we_o have_v yet_o clear_a testimony_n of_o the_o silesian_n pay_v homage_n to_o the_o german_n adam_n bremensis_n a_o historian_n of_o unquestionable_a authority_n speak_v of_o the_o emperor_n ludowic_n the_o godly_a say_v ipse_fw-la boemanos_fw-la sarabos_n susos_n where_o by_o the_o way_n we_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o instead_o of_o silesii_fw-la some_o of_o the_o ancient_a writer_n have_v slesii_n other_o sliusii_n many_o sileucii_n and_o not_o a_o few_o susi_n &_o caeteros_fw-la slavorum_n populos_fw-la ita_fw-la perdomuit_fw-la ut_fw-la tributarios_fw-la efficeret_fw-la whence_o it_o appear_v that_o they_o quick_o throw_v of_o charles_n the_o great_a be_v yoke_n as_o they_o do_v not_o long_o afterward_o his_o son_n be_v too_o for_o helmoldus_n tell_v we_o post_fw-la mortem_fw-la ludovici_n regis_fw-la bohemi_n sorabi_n susi_fw-la &_o slavi_n quos_fw-la ipse_fw-la tributis_fw-la subjecerat_fw-la tunc_fw-la servitutis_fw-la jugum_fw-la excusserunt_fw-la another_o rebellion_n the_o annales_n fuldenses_n mention_n in_o the_o year_n 874_o slavi_n qui_fw-la vocantur_fw-la linones_n &_o sliusi_fw-la eorumque_fw-la vicini_fw-la defectionem_fw-la molientes_fw-la solitum_fw-la dare_v censum_fw-la renuunt_fw-la quos_fw-la
tract_n in_o latin_a contain_v its_o description_n and_o virtue_n the_o other_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o river_n in_o silesia_n rivers_n rivers_n it_o spring_v near_o the_o town_n oder_fw-ge not_o far_o from_o teschen_n on_o the_o border_n of_o moravia_n and_o pass_v by_o ratibor_n cossel_n oppelen_n brieg_n brieslaw_n glogaw_n beuthen_n and_o crossen_n with_o some_o more_o city_n of_o less_o note_n before_o it_o leave_v this_o dukedom_n other_o remarkable_a river_n be_v the_o bober_n neisse_n ohla_n and_o queiss_n beside_o these_o it_o be_v the_o honour_n of_o silesia_n that_o the_o vistula_n the_o best_a river_n in_o poland_n and_o the_o elb_n spring_v out_o of_o its_o mountain_n there_o be_v also_o in_o this_o country_n good_a store_n of_o pond_n and_o lake_n which_o yield_v plenty_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o fresh_a water_n fish_n especial_o lamprey_n which_o be_v catch_v in_o prodigious_a quantity_n in_o the_o neisslish_a sea_n and_o some_o other_o water_n other_o commodity_n of_o the_o land_n be_v mad_a â—â—moâ—â—ies_n â—â—moâ—â—ies_n flax_n sweet_a cane_n or_o galengal_n wine_n especial_o in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sagan_n and_o crossen_n silver_n copper_n lead_v iron_n and_o chalk_n they_o have_v plenty_n of_o saltpetre_n and_o some_o good_a salt_n though_o not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o be_v sufficient_a for_o their_o own_o use_n so_o that_o daily_o great_a quantity_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v bring_v in_o from_o poland_n and_o other_o neighbour_a country_n they_o have_v all_o the_o sort_n of_o wild_a and_o tame_a beast_n that_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n afford_v butter_n cheese_n particular_o a_o kind_n of_o pitiful_a stuff_n make_v of_o ewe_n milk_n bacon_n honey_n etc._n etc._n but_o the_o great_a trade_v commodity_n they_o have_v be_v wool_n and_o flax._n silesia_n have_v breed_v several_a good_a scholar_n and_o brisk_a wit_n â—â—abiâ—â—ts_n â—â—abiâ—â—ts_n though_o the_o ordinary_a rustic_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o people_n of_o a_o shallow_a understanding_n and_o small_a sense_n they_o be_v common_o in_o way_n of_o derision_n style_v by_o their_o neighbour_n nation_n eselsfresser_n or_o ass-eater_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o nickname_n some_o say_v be_v this_o a_o blunt_a country_n rustic_a travel_v from_o near_a breslaw_n into_o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n '_o spy_v in_o a_o field_n a_o ass_n feed_v which_o the_o poor_a fellow_n have_v never_o before_o see_v the_o like_a creature_n mistake_v unhappy_o for_o a_o overgrow_a hare_n whereupon_o discharge_v his_o blunderbuss_n he_o shoot_v the_o strange_a beast_n and_o bring_v it_o home_o to_o his_o friend_n and_o acquaintance_n who_o be_v a_o pack_n of_o bumpkin_n of_o no_o long_a head_n than_o himself_o roast_a and_o eat_v up_o the_o outlandish_a puss_n this_o be_v the_o relation_n which_o the_o common_a people_n of_o silesia_n give_v of_o their_o title_n another_o story_n be_v that_o the_o miner_n at_o reichenstein_n not_o far_o from_o glatz_n have_v discover_v a_o vein_n of_o gold-ore_n which_o they_o name_v der_fw-mi guldener_n esel_n lay_v at_o it_o continual_o be_v resolve_v that_o no_o stranger_n or_o foreigner_n shall_v share_v with_o they_o in_o the_o treasure_n and_o hence_o they_o get_v the_o name_n of_o ass-eater_n from_o stuff_v their_o purse_n and_o not_o their_o carcase_n but_o this_o late_a narrative_a may_n possible_o have_v be_v contrive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o silesian_n wit_n who_o by_o this_o mean_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o wear_v off_o the_o disgrace_n and_o ignominy_n of_o the_o former_a some_o of_o they_o like_o the_o boar_n of_o italy_n and_o bohemia_n have_v a_o custom_n of_o reckon_v the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n from_o the_o snnset_a but_o few_o of_o the_o nobility_n observe_v that_o method_n the_o lieutenantship_n of_o silesia_n be_v for_o some_o time_n commit_v to_o mathias_n corvinus_n king_n of_o hungary_n but_o afterward_o be_v confer_v upon_o the_o bishop_n of_o breslaw_n until_o the_o emperor_n rudolf_n ii_o decree_v that_o this_o charge_n shall_v be_v commit_v to_o some_o of_o the_o temporal_a prince_n of_o that_o nation_n who_o be_v to_o be_v nominate_v as_o well_o as_o the_o subordinate_a lieutenant_n of_o the_o several_a petty_a dukedom_n or_o county_n by_o the_o council_n chamber_n at_o prague_n to_o who_o be_v also_o commit_v at_o the_o the_o same_o time_n the_o supreme_a inspection_n into_o all_o lawcase_n and_o the_o different_a administration_n of_o justice_n in_o all_o court_n of_o judicature_n in_o each_o particular_a province_n christianity_n be_v first_o plant_v in_o poland_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o silesia_n religion_n religion_n which_o be_v then_o a_o part_n of_o that_o great_a dukedom_n about_o the_o late_a end_n of_o the_o nine_o and_o beginning_n of_o the_o ten_o century_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o religion_n in_o these_o part_n the_o polander_n and_o silesian_n be_v wont_a to_o assemble_v themselves_o in_o wood_n and_o other_o desert_n place_n of_o the_o land_n for_o fear_n of_o lay_v themselves_o too_o open_a to_o the_o cruelty_n of_o their_o magistrate_n who_o be_v man_n of_o another_o persuasion_n but_o at_o last_o christianity_n be_v admit_v to_o court_n for_o mieceslaus_n duke_n of_o poland_n have_v marry_v drambronica_n daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n a_o christian_n be_v himself_o baptize_v at_o gnesna_n in_o the_o year_n 965._o whereupon_o he_o cause_v nine_o bishopric_n to_o be_v erect_v in_o his_o dominion_n among_o which_o one_o be_v found_v at_o schmogra_fw-la in_o silesia_n which_o be_v afterward_o remove_v to_o bitschen_n and_o at_o length_n fix_v at_o breslaw_n soon_o after_o the_o reformation_n begin_v by_o luther_n the_o augsburg_n confession_n be_v bring_v hither_o and_o at_o last_o confirm_v by_o the_o emperor_n rudolph_n ii_o in_o the_o year_n 1609._o but_o ferdinand_n ii_o ah_o bloody_a persecutor_n of_o the_o protestant_n repeal_v that_o charter_n allow_v the_o public_a profession_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n to_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n and_o some_o few_o town_n more_o and_o that_o too_o with_o several_a limitation_n and_o restriction_n however_o that_o emperor_n be_v sensible_a before_o his_o death_n how_o vain_a it_o be_v to_o endeavour_v the_o extirpation_n of_o protestant_n and_o the_o whole_a empire_n some_o year_n after_o groan_v under_o the_o dismal_a effect_n of_o his_o misguide_a zeal_n for_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n the_o silesian_n be_v at_o this_o day_n general_o lutheran_n only_o some_o few_o of_o the_o nobility_n with_o their_o dependent_n adhere_v still_o to_o the_o superstition_n and_o foppery_n of_o the_o romanist_n we_o have_v hitherto_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o general_a account_n of_o the_o vast_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n and_o proceed_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o a_o more_o particular_a survey_n of_o the_o several_a petty_a province_n which_o make_v up_o this_o large_a territory_n begin_v with_o i._o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n in_o the_o time_n that_o the_o silesian_n prince_n be_v dukedom_n dukedom_n by_o the_o subtlety_n of_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n set_v at_o variance_n and_o enmity_n among_o themselves_o of_o which_o stratagem_n we_o have_v already_o take_v notice_n this_o dukedom_n be_v first_o separate_v from_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o silesia_n dominion_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1272_o the_o city_n of_o crossen_n be_v pawn_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n but_o redeem_v within_o two_o year_n after_o by_o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n four_o year_n after_o this_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n pawn_v it_o a_o second_o time_n to_o john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n for_o four_o thousand_o crown_n towards_o the_o ransom_n of_o their_o duke_n but_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o marquis_n shall_v not_o give_v assistance_n to_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o lignitz_n in_o his_o war_n against_o their_o city_n not_o long_o after_o crossen_n be_v again_o redeem_v out_o of_o the_o marquise_n hand_n but_o john_n the_o great_a common_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o cicero_n germanicus_n get_v possession_n of_o it_o a_o second_o time_n in_o lieu_n of_o fifty_o thousand_o ducat_n owe_v he_o for_o his_o wife_n portion_n again_o john_n duke_n of_o sagan_n deliver_v up_o this_o dukedom_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o john_n the_o three_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n in_o the_o year_n 1391._o last_o joachim_n ii_o and_o his_o brother_n john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v the_o sole_a and_o entire_a possession_n of_o this_o dukedom_n grant_v they_o by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n the_o first_o king_n of_o bohemia_n since_o which_o time_n the_o elector_n have_v always_o enjoy_v it_o and_o style_v themselves_o duke_n of_o crossen_n in_o silesia_n crossen_n city_n city_n in_o the_o language_n of_o some_o of_o the_o native_n of_o this_o country_n signify_v the_o outmost_a seam_n or_o selvidge_n
of_o a_o piece_n of_o cloth_n a_o apt_a name_n for_o a_o city_n which_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v the_o further_a boundary_a and_o bulwark_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o silesia_n it_o be_v a_o comely_a old_a city_n seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a plain_a and_o in_o a_o good_a air_n the_o duke_n palace_n town-hall_n and_o some_o citizen_n house_n be_v build_v with_o a_o neat_a and_o well_o polish_a stone_n the_o neighbour_a hill_n be_v cover_v with_o apple_n pear_n and_o other_o sort_n of_o fruit._n some_o wine_n they_o have_v grow_v but_o exact_o such_o trash_n as_o altmarck_n and_o some_o other_o part_n of_o the_o elector_n dominion_n be_v wont_a to_o produce_v ii_o the_o city_n and_o dukedom_n of_o glogaw_n this_o city_n be_v usual_o know_v by_o name_n of_o great_a glogau_n city_n city_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o a_o much_o more_o inconsiderable_a town_n of_o the_o same_o name_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o oppelen_n cureus_n fancy_n it_o to_o be_v the_o same_o place_n with_o ptolomy_n lugidunum_n which_o as_o he_o probable_o enough_o conjecture_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o lugii_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n it_o be_v present_a name_n be_v of_o wendish_n extraction_n and_o signify_v proper_o a_o thorn-bush_n so_o call_v from_o its_o situation_n among_o thicket_n or_o in_o a_o copse_n glogaw_n be_v make_v a_o true_a city_n by_o conrade_n duke_n of_o the_o place_n about_o the_o year_n 1260_o at_o which_o time_n the_o city_n and_o cathedral_n the_o only_a strength_n and_o ornament_n of_o the_o town_n be_v build_v and_o the_o city_n stock_v with_o german_n who_o establish_v here_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o their_o own_o country_n the_o palsy_n be_v a_o epidemical_a disease_n in_o this_o town_n which_o be_v think_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o extraordinary_a intemperance_n of_o the_o burgher_n in_o drink_v a_o sort_n of_o bitter_a and_o muddy_a but_o withal_o wonderful_a strong_a and_o heady_a beer_n they_o be_v also_o common_o torment_v with_o the_o stone_n and_o gravel_n in_o the_o kidney_n a_o distemper_n partly_o ascribe_v by_o their_o physician_n to_o the_o same_o cause_n with_o the_o former_a and_o partly_o to_o their_o feed_n chief_o on_o pork_n cheese_n etc._n etc._n to_o this_o dukedom_n belong_v the_o petty_a town_n of_o guhrau_n dukedom_n dukedom_n sprottau_n grunberg_n schwibussen_n beuthen_n pulkwitz_n koben_n newstatt_n warienberg_n and_o primnikaw_n the_o people_n of_o this_o province_n have_v this_o peculiar_a anti-salic_a law_n among_o they_o that_o upon_o failure_n of_o issue_n male_a a_o daughter_n inherit_v the_o estate_n of_o her_o father_n before_o any_o of_o the_o near_a of_o his_o male_a relation_n iii_o the_o city_n and_o dukedom_n of_o sagan_n sagan_n once_o one_o of_o the_o best_a and_o most_o populous_a city_n city_n and_o still_o one_o of_o the_o large_a city_n in_o silesia_n it_o be_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n several_a time_n take_v by_o the_o swedish_n force_n and_o retake_v by_o the_o imperialist_n there_o be_v now_o little_a remarkable_a to_o be_v see_v upon_o that_o large_a spot_n of_o ground_n whereon_o this_o city_n be_v place_v except_o only_o the_o castle_n st._n mary_n church_n and_o two_o monastery_n and_o these_o be_v rather_o venerable_a for_o age_n then_o commendable_a for_o any_o thing_n of_o rarity_n that_o be_v in_o they_o the_o dukedom_n call_v by_o the_o polish_v writer_n ducatus_fw-la zeganensis_fw-la be_v of_o no_o large_a extent_n in_o length_n or_o breadth_n duâ—â—_n duâ—â—_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o west_n with_o lusatia_n and_o the_o barony_n of_o sora_n which_o be_v reckon_v a_o part_n of_o rhe_n marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o javer_n on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o the_o great_a glogaw_n and_o on_o the_o north_n with_o crossen_n it_o be_v once_o a_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o glogaw_n but_o afterward_o it_o be_v subject_v to_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o sometime_o three_o or_o four_o at_o once_o whence_o we_o read_v of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sagan_n in_o the_o plural_a number_n there_o be_v some_o large_a and_o rich_a cornfield_n in_o this_o province_n which_o be_v well_o water_v with_o the_o river_n bober_n queiss_n tschirn_n and_o neisse_n pribus_fw-la naumburg_n and_o freywald_n three_o small_a city_n be_v all_o subject_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o sagan_n iv_o the_o town_n and_o dukedom_n of_o wolaw_n notwithstanding_o that_o wolaw_n be_v ancient_o account_v a_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o lignitz_n duâ—â—_n duâ—â—_n and_o have_v always_o be_v subject_n to_o the_o same_o law_n and_o government_n yet_o the_o petty_a prince_n of_o silesia_n whether_o it_o be_v to_o multiply_v their_o title_n or_o for_o what_o other_o reason_n i_o shall_v not_o determine_v have_v of_o late_a year_n make_v it_o a_o dukedom_n of_o itself_o and_o because_o thus_o separate_v from_o lignitz_n it_o be_v still_o too_o large_a to_o be_v guide_v and_o govern_v by_o one_o man_n be_v near_o as_o big_a as_o either_o of_o our_o english_a county_n of_o huntingdon_n or_o rutland_n they_o have_v subdivide_v it_o into_o six_o large_a circle_n or_o hundred_o which_o have_v their_o name_n from_o the_o chief_a town_n in_o they_o viz._n wolau_n hernstadt_n winze_v ruten_n raude_n and_o steinaw_n none_o of_o which_o be_v worth_a the_o describe_v to_o these_o they_o add_v two_o more_o enclosure_n no_o big_a than_o one_o of_o our_o small_a parish_n in_o england_n whereof_o the_o one_o go_v by_o the_o name_n of_o koben_n and_o the_o other_o breubawischer_n haul_v both_o which_o the_o reader_n may_v see_v in_o the_o map_n and_o thence_o be_v able_a to_o take_v a_o estimate_n of_o their_o true_a bulk_n and_o value_n wolau_n itself_o which_o in_o this_o country_n make_v a_o shift_n to_o give_v title_n to_o a_o duke_n city_n city_n may_v pass_v for_o a_o market-town_n in_o england_n but_o will_v never_o merit_v as_o here_o it_o do_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n it_o be_v every_o way_n mean_a and_o inconsiderable_a the_o building_n in_o it_o be_v contemptible_a and_o the_o citizen_n for_o so_o they_o will_v needs_o style_v themselves_o hardly_o able_a to_o provide_v bread_n for_o their_o family_n out_o of_o the_o little_a or_o no_o trade_n of_o the_o place_n the_o neighbour_a lake_n der_fw-mi gross_a teich_n furnish_v they_o indeed_o with_o fish_n enough_o for_o the_o support_n both_o of_o themselves_o and_o their_o child_n or_o otherwise_o they_o will_v not_o i_o think_v have_v any_o possibility_n of_o subsist_v and_o yet_o this_o mean_a place_n be_v for_o some_o time_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o german_a civil_a war_n nay_o the_o swedish_n lieutenant_n gortzke_n think_v it_o no_o small_a piece_n of_o honour_n that_o he_o brave_o maintain_v himself_o and_o a_o garrison_n in_o the_o town_n for_o some_o month_n when_o god_n know_v no_o commander_n of_o note_n will_v so_o far_o undervalue_v himself_o as_o to_o attack_v it_o ducatus_n silesiae_fw-la glogani_n vera_fw-la delineatio_fw-la notarum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la vrbs._n oppidum_n pagus_n cum_fw-la templis_fw-la pagus_n cum_fw-la sede_n nobile_fw-la pagus_n arx._n monasterium_fw-la vinetorum_fw-la colles_n fedina_n et_fw-fr officina_fw-la ferri_n lacus_n sive_fw-la stâ—â—â—um_fw-la paludes_n ducatus_fw-la silesiae_fw-la wolanus_n notularum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la urbs_fw-la oppidum_n pagus_n cum_fw-la templo_fw-la pagus_n arx_n molindinum_n vinetum_fw-la mons_fw-la notabilis_fw-la bona_fw-la ecclesiastica_fw-la ducatus_fw-la breslanus_n sive_fw-la wratislaviensis_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssonio-waâ—sbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephaâ—â—â—_n swart_a notularum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la vrbs._n oppidum_n pagus_n cum_fw-la templo_fw-la pagus_n molendinum_fw-la arx._n w_n â—â—yal_a devoir_n to_o the_o …_o be_v honourable_a sr_n george_n cartwright_n bar._n vice_n câ—â—â—berline_n of_o the_o king_n househould_v 〈◊〉_d map_n be_v humble_o â—â—â—dicated_v breslaw_n totius_fw-la silesiae_fw-la metropolis_n ducatus_fw-la silesiae_fw-la ligniciensis_fw-la exit_fw-la officina_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiana_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a notularum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la vrbs._n pagus_n cum_fw-la templo_fw-la pagus_n arx._n molendinum_fw-la mons_fw-la notabilis_fw-la locus_fw-la ubi_fw-la dimicatum_fw-la fürstliche_n stadt_n lignitz_n schloss_n closter_n zu_fw-ge vaser_n lieben_fw-mi frawen_v s._n johan_n s._n peter_n und_fw-ge paul_n v._o the_o dukedom_n and_o city_n of_o oelse_n oelsse_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o low_a silesia_n about_o sixteen_o mile_n distant_a from_o breslaw_n first_o make_v a_o city_n out_o of_o a_o poor_a village_n by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n i._o in_o the_o year_n 936._o the_o country_n round_o this_o town_n be_v pleasant_a enough_o and_o the_o air_n wholesome_a the_o gate_n wall_n turret_n and_o other_o fortification_n of_o the_o city_n be_v handsome_a and_o noble_a before_o the_o late_a war_n but_o the_o swedish_n general_n wittenberg_n troop_n demolish_v the_o great_a part_n of_o
they_o in_o the_o year_n 1648_o which_o have_v not_o since_o be_v rebuilt_a however_o the_o place_n be_v still_o beautify_v with_o a_o fair_a church_n college_n and_o town-hall_n and_o the_o street_n especial_o the_o marketplace_n which_o be_v in_o a_o exact_a square_n be_v general_o neat_a and_o uniform_a oelsse_a have_v ancient_o its_o own_o duke_n who_o keep_v his_o residence_n in_o that_o city_n but_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o duke_n conrade_n the_o eight_o in_o the_o year_n 1492._o the_o dukedom_n be_v give_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o munsterberg_n who_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v lord_n of_o it_o in_o this_o principality_n be_v reckon_v the_o small_a city_n of_o bernstatt_n festenberg_n kunstatt_n stroppen_n mosebahr_n hundsfeld_n and_o trebnitz_n vi_o the_o city_n and_o dukedom_n of_o breslaw_n breslaw_n or_o wratislavia_n the_o metropolis_n of_o silesia_n have_v its_o name_n from_o wratislaus_n a_o bohemian_a prince_n its_o first_o founder_n whence_o the_o citizen_n bear_v a_o great_a w_n in_o their_o coat_n of_o arm_n to_o this_o day_n it_o be_v seat_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o two_o river_n other_o and_o ohla_n in_o a_o rich_a and_o pleasant_a country_n towards_o the_o north_n indeed_o there_o be_v some_o marsh_n and_o moist_a field_n whence_o be_v now_o and_o then_o some_o unwholesome_a gale_n send_v into_o the_o town_n and_o the_o whole_a city_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v build_v in_o the_o place_n of_o a_o great_a pond_n dry_v up_o the_o citizen_n who_o be_v exceed_o numerous_a by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a traffic_n with_o the_o hungarian_n bohemian_o polander_n and_o other_o foreign_a merchant_n who_o resort_v hither_o be_v say_v to_o be_v as_o neat_a and_o gentile_a in_o their_o clothes_n and_o cookery_n as_o any_o other_o of_o the_o emperor_n subject_n whatever_o breslawer_n love_v to_o be_v esteem_v immediate_a member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o can_v endure_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o they_o have_v obtain_v leave_n of_o the_o emperor_n to_o bear_v the_o spread_a eagle_n in_o their_o escutcheon_n and_o that_o they_o petition_v charles_n v._o to_o confirm_v their_o privilege_n for_o this_o reason_n m._n boregius_n a_o breslaw_a who_o write_v a_o chronicle_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n rank_n breslaw_n among_o the_o imperial_a city_n but_o never_o mention_v it_o with_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n town_n although_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o it_o be_v former_o subject_n to_o that_o prince_n this_o goldastus_n in_o his_o learned_a treatise_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bchemia_n evident_o prove_v notwithstanding_o what_o be_v usual_o allege_v as_o a_o argument_n to_o the_o contrary_a by_o some_o ignorant_a and_o silly_a historian_n that_o it_o be_v once_o one_o of_o the_o hans-town_n the_o generality_n of_o the_o building_n in_o this_o city_n be_v fair_a and_o stately_a only_o on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o other_o stand_v four_o old_a fashion_a fabric_n with_o turret_n on_o the_o top_n which_o the_o antiquary_n of_o this_o place_n fancy_n to_o have_v be_v the_o ancient_a palace_n of_o so_o many_o schwabish_a prince_n who_o in_o former_a day_n be_v lord_n of_o this_o city_n beside_o the_o vast_a traffic_n of_o the_o citizen_n the_o town_n be_v famous_a for_o a_o bishop_n see_v and_o a_o university_n wherein_o have_v be_v breed_v many_o learned_a man_n and_o some_o great_a writer_n the_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n who_o have_v ancient_o the_o epiphet_n or_o title_n of_o golden_a give_v they_o from_o their_o vast_a revenue_n be_v put_v in_o by_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n who_o they_o acknowledge_v their_o supreme_a head_n at_o least_o in_o temporal_n it_o be_v a_o receive_a tradition_n in_o these_o part_n that_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n have_v no_o power_n to_o promote_v a_o stranger_n to_o any_o bishopric_n in_o silesia_n so_o that_o a_o bohemian_a be_v no_o more_o capable_a of_o be_v advance_v to_o one_o of_o their_o diocese_n then_o a_o silesian_n be_v of_o be_v prefer_v to_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o prague_n but_o how_o false_a this_o report_n be_v historian_n will_v sufficient_o inform_v we_o boleslaus_n dukedom_n dukedom_n surname_v the_o long_a a_o polish_v prince_n be_v create_v the_o first_o duke_n of_o breslaw_n and_o lignitz_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n in_o the_o year_n 1163._o but_o these_o kind_n of_o petty_a prince_n not_o be_v able_a to_o secure_v their_o territory_n and_o especial_o this_o large_a and_o rich_a city_n which_o be_v a_o bait_n sufficient_a to_o tempt_v the_o most_o potent_a prince_n of_o the_o neighbourhood_n from_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n polander_n and_o other_o foreign_a enemy_n the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n be_v force_v to_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n or_o as_o they_o will_v have_v it_o emperor_n of_o germany_n to_o who_o they_o be_v now_o immediate_o subject_a vii_o the_o town_n and_o dukedom_n of_o lignitz_n lignitz_n a_o fair_a city_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o small_a rivulet_n call_v katsbach_n be_v think_v to_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o lygii_n city_n city_n a_o german_a people_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o part_n of_o silesia_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 1170_o this_o town_n be_v much_o enlarge_v beautify_v and_o fortify_v by_o boleslaus_n the_o long_a the_o first_o duke_n of_o lignitz_n after_o he_o duke_n frideric_n the_o second_o so_o far_o improve_v his_o predecessor_n boleslaus_n undertake_n that_o in_o the_o year_n 1532_o it_o become_v one_o of_o the_o best_a fortify_v city_n next_o to_o breslaw_n in_o all_o silesia_n thing_n best_o worth_a see_v in_o the_o town_n be_v the_o hospital_n the_o town-hall_n and_o castle_n the_o dukedom_n of_o lignitz_n be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o best_a corn-country_n in_o silesia_n dukedom_n dukedom_n and_o afford_v near_o as_o great_a plenty_n of_o the_o terra_fw-la sigillata_fw-la as_o the_o dukedom_n of_o schweidnitz_n especial_o the_o white_a sort_n which_o be_v here_o more_o plentiful_a then_o in_o any_o other_o province_n the_o whole_a be_v common_o subdivide_v into_o seven_o circle_n whereof_o four_o have_v name_n from_o the_o four_o city_n of_o luben_n parchwitz_n hayn_n and_o goldberg_n and_o the_o other_o three_o be_v the_o division_n of_o the_o barren_a or_o desert_a part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n viii_o the_o ducal_z city_n of_o jawer_n schweidnitz_n brieg_n monsterberg_n and_o oppelen_n the_o city_n of_o jawer_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a valley_n jawer_n jawer_n though_o not_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o rugged_a crag_n and_o mountain_n which_o separate_a silesia_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n it_o have_v not_o the_o advantage_n of_o any_o river_n near_o it_o so_o that_o all_o the_o fortification_n it_o have_v be_v high_a rampire_n and_o deep_a ditch_n there_o be_v little_a of_o note_n in_o the_o town_n but_o the_o church_n burn_v down_o in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n a._n d._n 1648._o but_o rebuilt_a more_o stately_a than_o before_o and_o the_o castle_n wherein_o reside_v the_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o two_o dukedom_n of_o jawer_n and_o schweidnitz_n the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o king_n of_o bohemia_n marry_v ann_n daughter_n of_o henry_n ii_o duke_n of_o javer_n who_o with_o his_o brother_n bolco_n duke_n of_o schweidnitz_n die_v without_o issue_n whereupon_o these_o two_o dukedom_n be_v more_o immediate_o subject_v to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n in_o who_o hand_n they_o still_o remain_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o javer_n belong_v the_o town_n of_o buntzlau_n lemberg_n schonau_n greiffenberg_n lahn_n fridberg_n lubenthal_n schmideberg_n naumburg_n upon_o the_o queiss_n kupfferberg_n and_o hirschberg_n 2._o schweidnitz_n or_o schweinnitz_n schweidnitz_n schweidnitz_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o great_a herd_n of_o wild_a swine_n which_o be_v harbour_v in_o this_o place_n before_o the_o forest_n be_v cut_v down_o in_o the_o year_n 1070._o whence_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o town_n be_v a_o wild_a boar._n it_o be_v afterward_o much_o enlarge_v by_o boleslaus_n i._n who_o fortify_v it_o with_o wall_n and_o rampire_n and_o beautify_v it_o with_o several_a fair_a building_n so_o that_o it_o be_v now_o one_o of_o the_o fine_a city_n in_o silesia_n the_o most_o remarkable_a sight_n in_o the_o town_n next_o to_o the_o church_n and_o other_o public_a building_n be_v the_o great_a gun_n in_o the_o armoury_n which_o carry_v a_o bullet_n of_o three_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n weight_n this_o be_v by_o schickfusius_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o curaeus_n chronicle_n of_o silesia_n very_o improper_o reckon_v among_o the_o great_a and_o extraordinary_a blessing_n which_o the_o almighty_a have_v be_v please_v to_o bestow_v on_o some_o of_o the_o city_n in_o silesia_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o schweidnitz_n be_v the_o town_n of_o strigau_n memorable_a as_o we_o have_v already_o acquaint_v
the_o reader_n for_o the_o terra_fw-la sigillata_fw-la find_v here_o in_o great_a quantity_n reichenbach_n polckenhahn_n landeshut_n freyberg_n friedberg_n fridland_n zobten_n waldberg_n and_o gottesberg_n 3._o brieg_n brieg_n brieg_n or_o brig_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o polish_v word_n berega_n which_o signify_v a_o exceed_a high_a bank_n of_o a_o river_n such_o as_o this_o city_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o street_n here_o be_v uniform_a enough_o and_o the_o house_n general_o build_v of_o stone_n st._n nicholas_n church_n be_v a_o high_a and_o stately_a old_a fabric_n beautify_v with_o two_o tower_n and_o build_v after_o the_o ancient_a franckish_a mode_n this_o whole_a city_n except_v only_o some_o few_o public_a building_n be_v lay_v in_o ash_n by_o the_o hussites_n who_o overrun_v a_o great_a part_n of_o bohemia_n and_o silesia_n in_o the_o year_n 1428._o in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brieg_n be_v reckon_v the_o town_n of_o strelen_n olau_n nimptsch_n pitschen_n creutzburg_n loben_n michelau_n and_o little_a oelsse_n the_o two_o mine-town_n of_o reichenstein_n and_o silberberg_n be_v joint_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o brieg_n and_o lignitz_n who_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o family_n and_o descend_v from_o the_o ancient_a hereditary_a king_n of_o poland_n 4._o monsterberg_n monsterberg_n monsterberg_n or_o munsterberg_n so_o call_v from_o the_o monastery_n build_v in_o this_o place_n by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n the_o first_o the_o founder_n of_o this_o city_n be_v seat_v not_o far_o from_o the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n ola_n in_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a plain_n the_o town_n be_v neither_o large_a nor_o strong_a and_o have_v nothing_o in_o it_o of_o note_n but_o the_o school_n a_o old_a castle_n and_o a_o fair_a town-hall_n in_o this_o dukedom_n be_v the_o town_n of_o franckenstein_n and_o warta_n to_o which_o some_o historian_n and_o geographer_n be_v please_v to_o add_v hainrichau_n tepliwoda_n and_o kamentz_n 5._o oppelen_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o sandy_a and_o dry_a oppelen_n oppelen_n but_o fruitful_a country_n it_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o prevail_v with_o the_o emperor_n to_o withdraw_v all_o his_o force_n and_o subject_n hence_o in_o the_o year_n 1647._o since_o which_o time_n the_o citizen_n of_o oppelen_n and_o all_o the_o rustic_n in_o the_o village_n near_o it_o speak_v the_o polish_v language_n if_o strong_a gate_n and_o thick_a wall_n be_v proof_n against_o modern_a siege_n this_o town_n be_v sufficient_o provide_v against_o the_o assault_n of_o a_o enemy_n but_o otherwise_o its_o fortification_n be_v very_o mean_a and_o inconsiderable_a among_o the_o many_o town_n and_o village_n in_o this_o dukedom_n the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v little_a glogaw_n neustat_n kosel_n beudten_n gleibitz_fw-fr tost_n strehlitz_n falckenberg_n zultz_n rosenberg_n lublinitz_n and_o schurgast_n ix_o the_o city_n and_o dukedom_n of_o grotkaw_n jegerndorf_n troppau_n ratibor_n and_o teschen_n crotkaw_n be_v a_o city_n of_o no_o great_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d bulk_n as_o its_o name_n seem_v to_o intimate_v but_o so_o well_o seat_v that_o it_o be_v a_o proverb_n in_o this_o country_n it_o be_v as_o impossible_a as_o for_o a_o grotkawer_n to_o starve_v or_o freeze_v the_o reason_n of_o which_o expression_n be_v ground_v upon_o each_o burger_n have_v a_o plentiful_a share_n in_o the_o adjacent_a cornfield_n and_o neighbour_a wood_n most_o of_o the_o house_n in_o the_o town_n be_v wood-building_n only_o the_o church_n bishop_n palace_n and_o the_o town-hall_n be_v of_o stone_n the_o dukedom_n of_o grotkaw_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n though_o sometime_o its_o lieutenant_n be_v a_o polander_n and_o contain_v in_o it_o the_o city_n of_o neisse_n a_o place_n of_o great_a traffic_n otmachau_n wansen_n ziegenhals_n freywald_n hozenplotz_n jawernick_n kaltenstein_n patschkau_n oy_a weidau_n and_o zackmantel_n the_o great_a trade_n of_o this_o country_n especial_o the_o citizen_n of_o neisse_n be_v in_o make_v and_o sell_v to_o the_o merchant_n of_o bohemia_n and_o poland_n a_o sort_n of_o strong_a and_o durable_a linnen-cloth_n for_o bed_n and_o bolster_n 2._o jagerndorf_n jagerndorf_n jagerndorf_n which_o signify_v in_o the_o german_a language_n a_o village_n inhabit_v by_o huntsman_n and_o have_v its_o name_n probable_o from_o the_o abundance_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o game_n in_o the_o neighbour_a wood_n the_o moravian_o call_v this_o town_n carnowf_n whence_o the_o dukedom_n be_v ordinary_o by_o latin_a author_n name_v ducatus_fw-la carnoviensis_fw-la and_o a_o citizen_n of_o this_o place_n carnowfsky_n from_o the_o ancient_a arm_n of_o the_o city_n which_o be_v a_o pair_n of_o horn_n between_o two_o great_a stone_n this_o city_n with_o the_o small_a dukedom_n which_o bear_v its_o name_n be_v give_v by_o ludowic_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n to_o george_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o be_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o build_v the_o castle_n and_o erect_v the_o other_o little_a fortification_n that_o defend_v the_o town_n ducatus_fw-la silesiae_fw-la grotganus_fw-la cum_fw-la districtu_fw-la episcopali_fw-la nissensi_fw-la to_o john_n nicholls_n esq_n of_o trewane_n in_o cornwall_n this_o map_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v by_o moses_n pitt_n notularum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la vrbs_fw-la arx_n pagus_n cum_fw-la templo_fw-la pagus_n nobilis_fw-la pagus_n episcopalis_fw-la commenda_fw-la comitatus_fw-la glatz_n notae_fw-la vrbs_fw-la oppidum_n pagus_n cum_fw-la templo_fw-la vicus_n arx_n auri_fw-la et_fw-fr argenti_fw-la fordinae_fw-la mons_fw-la notabilis_fw-la kohloruben_n holtz_n fluesse_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o and_o all_o other_o town_n and_o village_n in_o the_o dukedom_n observe_v the_o same_o law_n with_o the_o moravian_o for_o which_o reason_n the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o have_v often_o endeavour_v to_o associate_v themselves_o to_o the_o marquisate_n of_o moravia_n and_o renounce_v all_o dependence_n upon_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n but_o have_v always_o be_v oppose_v by_o the_o citizen_n of_o troppau_n who_o have_v still_o be_v zealous_a to_o continue_v member_n of_o their_o ancient_a body_n 4._o ratibor_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a plain_a about_o six_o german_a mile_n from_o oppelen_n we_o have_v no_o account_n of_o it_o before_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 1164_o so_o that_o most_o geographer_n venture_v to_o say_v that_o it_o be_v build_v about_o that_o time_n the_o private_a dwell_a house_n of_o the_o citizen_n be_v as_o in_o most_o part_n of_o silesia_n general_o wooden_a building_n but_o the_o duke_n palace_n cathedral_n and_o some_o other_o public_a building_n be_v of_o stone_n there_o be_v still_o in_o the_o city_n one_o popish_a monastery_n and_o former_o the_o jesuit_n have_v a_o great_a foot_n in_o it_o but_o since_o the_o reformation_n that_o sort_n of_o cattle_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o their_o harbour_n the_o dukedom_n of_o ratibor_n which_o contain_v the_o town_n of_o oderberg_n sora_n ribenick_n pilzowitz_n and_o mieslowitz_n be_v former_o govern_v by_o a_o duke_n of_o its_o own_o but_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o duke_n valentinus_n its_o last_a prince_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o year_n 1516_o it_o become_v more_o immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n 5._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d teschen_n or_o tessin_n be_v one_o of_o the_o old_a city_n in_o silesia_n say_v to_o have_v be_v build_v by_o cessimir_n or_o gessimir_n son_n of_o lescus_n iii_o duke_n of_o poland_n a._n d._n 810_o and_o from_o he_o to_o have_v have_v its_o first_o name_n which_o have_v since_o be_v corrupt_v into_o tessin_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o confine_n of_o silesia_n moravia_n poland_n and_o hungary_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o its_o citizen_n speak_v a_o medley_n of_o language_n hardly_o intelligible_a to_o any_o but_o themselves_o they_o have_v here_o great_a store_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o venison_n and_o wild_a fowl_n the_o vistula_n and_o elsa_n afford_v they_o plenty_n of_o fish_n and_o the_o hungarian_a merchant_n bring_v they_o in_o daily_o vast_a quantity_n of_o wine_n fruit_n and_o other_o commodity_n of_o that_o country_n at_o one_o of_o their_o church_n they_o have_v weekly_o divine_a service_n and_o a_o sermon_n in_o the_o bohemian_a language_n and_o at_o another_o the_o like_a in_o high_a dutch_a for_o of_o these_o two_o nation_n the_o burgher_n chief_o consist_v here_o be_v brew_v beer_n of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o with_o wheat_n and_o the_o other_o with_o ordinary_a barley_n malt_n the_o latter_a of_o these_o they_o call_v matznotz_n a_o sort_n of_o drink_n pleasant_a enough_o but_o mighty_a strong_a and_o heady_a which_o too_o often_o on_o their_o market-day_n make_v the_o poor_a rustic_n commit_v several_a outrage_n and_o disorder_n in_o the_o height_n of_o their_o jollity_n in_o this_o dukedom_n there_o be_v several_a high_a mountain_n whereof_o two_o row_v be_v more_o especial_o remarkable_a and_o take_v notice_n of_o by_o geographer_n and_o historian_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v those_o on_o the_o
east_n of_o the_o dukedom_n divide_v it_o from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n and_o poland_n mention_v usual_o in_o latin_a writer_n by_o the_o name_n of_o montes_n carpatii_n or_o hungarici_n but_o by_o the_o native_n of_o this_o country_n call_v common_o jablunka_n among_o these_o hill_n the_o silesian_n find_v the_o chief_a treasure_n of_o their_o great_a dukedom_n have_v here_o a_o great_a many_o mine_n of_o silver_n and_o lead_n the_o miner_n that_o inhabit_v these_o part_n be_v call_v by_o their_o neighbour_n die_v walachen_n and_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o people_n much_o more_o rough_a and_o rustical_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o silesian_n a_o vast_a company_n of_o these_o boar_n in_o the_o year_n 1643_o revolt_v from_o the_o imperialist_n and_o flee_v to_o the_o swedish_n army_n but_o be_v not_o long_o after_o reclaim_v the_o other_o row_n of_o mountain_n be_v on_o the_o south_n and_o divide_v the_o dukedom_n of_o teschen_n from_o the_o marquisate_n of_o moravia_n these_o hill_n the_o native_n call_v gesencke_v but_o latin_a author_n make_v they_o a_o part_n of_o the_o sudetes_n and_o name_v they_o montes_n moravici_n these_o latter_a do_v not_o afford_v that_o plenty_n of_o ore_n which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o former_a but_o be_v tolerable_o well_o stock_v with_o mineral_n and_o some_o metal_n and_o supply_v what_o they_o fall_v short_a of_o the_o other_o in_o this_o kind_n with_o huge_a flock_n of_o sheep_n which_o be_v here_o pasture_v other_o town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o teschen_n be_v bielitz_n freystattlein_n friedick_n jablunke_v which_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o eastern_a row_n of_o mountain_n abovementioned_a nistkow_n strummen_n skotschau_n and_o schwartzwasser_n some_o add_v lassla_n with_o who_o agree_v j._n scultetus_n map_n of_o silesia_n but_o this_o town_n ought_v rather_o to_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o troppau_n x._o the_o county_n and_o city_n of_o glatz_n among_o the_o montes_n sudetes_n lie_v the_o county_n of_o glatz_n county_n county_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o moravia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o bohemia_n and_o on_o the_o east_n and_o north_n with_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n for_o which_o reason_n modern_a geographer_n have_v be_v at_o a_o stand_n to_o determine_v which_o of_o the_o three_o nation_n they_o shall_v refer_v it_o to_o some_o of_o they_o make_v it_o a_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohehemia_n other_o esteem_v it_o a_o petty_a province_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o moravia_n and_o a_o three_o sort_n who_o seem_v to_o have_v most_o probability_n on_o their_o side_n call_v it_o a_o silesian_n county_n it_o be_v ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v the_o marsigni_n in_o who_o day_n the_o city_n of_o glatz_n be_v call_v luca._n after_o they_o the_o hungarian_n get_v possession_n of_o this_o and_o the_o neighbour_a province_n and_o keep_v it_o till_o the_o emperor_n henry_n i._o rout_v they_o and_o hang_v up_o their_o chief_a commander_n in_o one_o of_o the_o forest_n of_o this_o county_n from_o this_o great_a hungarian_a warrior_n who_o name_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v glozar_n the_o city_n of_o glatz_n or_o glotz_n be_v first_o name_v though_o other_o etymologist_n think_v its_o ancient_a name_n to_o be_v klotz_n which_o signify_v proper_o the_o root_n and_o trunk_n of_o a_o tree_n but_o be_v sometime_o take_v for_o a_o large_a forest_n or_o copps_z of_o shrub_n such_o as_o they_o tell_v we_o once_o grow_v in_o the_o place_n where_o glatz_n now_o stand_v the_o nobility_n of_o this_o county_n have_v a_o tradition_n among_o they_o that_o before_o their_o land_n be_v conquer_v by_o henry_n the_o first_o and_o make_v christian_a this_o county_n be_v immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n by_o who_o it_o be_v afterward_o bestow_v on_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n m._n george_n aelurius_n in_o his_o chronicle_n of_o the_o city_n and_o county_n of_o glatz_n print_v in_o the_o year_n 1625_o say_v that_o it_o be_v as_o his_o countryman_n affirm_v subject_n at_o first_o to_o the_o emperor_n but_o afterward_o win_v and_o enjoy_v for_o some_o time_n by_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n from_o who_o the_o bohemian_o take_v it_o and_o as_o appear_v from_o the_o record_n of_o that_o kingdom_n be_v master_n of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1074_o and_o 1114._o after_o this_o the_o duke_n of_o silesia_n make_v themselves_o lord_n of_o the_o county_n of_o glatz_n which_o within_o a_o while_n return_v to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o then_o back_o again_o to_o the_o foresay_a duke_n in_o this_o state_n it_o continue_v till_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o four_o in_o who_o reign_n it_o be_v once_o more_o subject_v to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o thus_o it_o continue_v till_o king_n george_n about_o the_o year_n 1460_o bestow_v the_o city_n of_o glatz_n munsterberg_n and_o franckenstein_n upon_o his_o own_o son_n who_o thereupon_o have_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o munsterberg_n and_o earl_n of_o glatz_n confer_v on_o they_o by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n iv_o in_o the_o year_n 1500_o the_o duke_n of_o munsterberg_n sell_v this_o country_n to_o vlric_n earl_n of_o hardegg_n who_o successor_n within_o less_o than_o forty_o year_n after_o sell_v it_o again_o to_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n i._n who_o bestow_v it_o on_o the_o lord_n of_o bernstein_n from_o they_o it_o descend_v a._n d._n 1549_o upon_o ernest_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n after_o who_o death_n it_o return_v again_o to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n in_o who_o possession_n it_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n the_o commodity_n of_o this_o country_n be_v iron_n coal_n silver-ore_n timber_n all_o sort_n of_o venison_n and_o tame_a cattle_n butter_n cheese_n etc._n etc._n how_o rich_a the_o country_n be_v may_v hence_o easy_o be_v gather_v that_o not_o many_o year_n ago_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n steward_n and_o rent-gatherers_a have_v be_v know_v to_o bring_v into_o their_o master_n coffer_n near_o forty_o thousand_o ricxdollar_n yearly_o out_o of_o this_o one_o county_n the_o city_n of_o glatz_n be_v a_o neat_a and_o compact_a town_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a plain_a on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o neisse_n but_o fortify_v with_o a_o strong_a castle_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o neighbour_a hill_n which_o overlook_v and_o command_v the_o town_n the_o great_a church_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v former_o the_o temple_n of_o a_o idol_n worship_v by_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n in_o which_o as_o aelurius_n tell_v we_o the_o young_a maid_n of_o the_o country_n use_v to_o nail_v up_o their_o hair_n against_o the_o wall_n as_o be_v the_o custom_n among_o the_o ancient_a roman_n and_o that_o not_o many_o year_n ago_o several_a of_o these_o kind_n of_o tabulae_fw-la votivae_fw-la be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v the_o charter_n of_o their_o city_n permit_v their_o magistrate_n to_o coin_v money_n in_o their_o own_o name_n but_o they_o seldom_o make_v use_n of_o the_o privilege_n any_o further_a than_o to_o give_v abroad_o a_o kind_n of_o small_a coin_n little_o better_o than_o the_o farthing_n and_o halfpence_n late_o currant_n by_o the_o authority_n of_o no_o better_a man_n than_o a_o ordinary_a grocer_n or_o chandler_n in_o most_o of_o our_o market-town_n in_o england_n beside_o glatz_n there_o be_v the_o follow_v nine_o great_a town_n in_o this_o county_n havelswerd_v neurode_o winschelburg_n mitselwald_n reinertz_n lewin_n landeck_v beurath_n and_o wilhelmsthal_n or_o neustatl_n beside_o a_o hundred_o fair_a village_n and_o upward_o marchionatus_n moraviae_n auct_n i._o comenio_n excudebat_fw-la janssonio-waesbergä_a moses_n pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanus_n swart_a notularum_fw-la explicatio_fw-la vrbs_fw-la muris_fw-la cincla_fw-la oppidum_n pagus_n turritus_fw-la arx_n zamek_a castellum_n â—â—â—z_fw-fr pagi_n innominati_n monasterium_fw-la vinetorum_fw-la colle_n thermae_n seu_fw-la aquae_fw-la medicale_n officinae_fw-la â—â—â—â—aria_fw-it auri_fw-la et_fw-fr argenti_n fodinae_fw-la ferri_n fodinae_fw-la the_o marquisate_n of_o moravia_n moravia_n be_v common_o in_o the_o bohemian_a writer_n prefer_v before_o silesia_n although_o this_o late_a be_v a_o dukedom_n and_o the_o other_o no_o more_o than_o a_o marquisate_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o preeminence_n must_v be_v ascribe_v either_o to_o this_o marquisate_n have_v be_v ancient_o a_o kingdom_n or_o else_o to_o its_o be_v make_v subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n before_o ever_o the_o silesian_n embrace_v their_o yoke_n the_o german_n call_v this_o country_n mahren_n and_o some_o of_o their_o writer_n will_v have_v it_o name_v mehrhenland_n or_o equarum_fw-la regio_fw-la imagine_v the_o true_a etymology_n of_o the_o word_n to_o come_v from_o the_o multitude_n of_o horse_n or_o mare_n breed_v in_o this_o marquisate_n but_o certain_o the_o word_n moravia_n which_o be_v undoubted_o of_o the_o same_o offspring_n with_o the_o
german_a mahren_n be_v derive_v from_o the_o great_a river_n mahr_n marck_n or_o march_v which_o pass_v through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o province_n and_o be_v in_o some_o of_o the_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o pliny_n work_n name_v morus_n now_o the_o word_n march_n or_o marck_n signify_v as_o we_o have_v acquaint_v the_o reader_n in_o the_o description_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o utmost_a bound_n or_o limit_n of_o a_o country_n such_o as_o in_o all_o probability_n this_o river_n be_v of_o the_o ancient_a german_a nation_n hence_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n get_v the_o name_n of_o the_o marcomanni_n for_o so_o the_o word_n ought_v to_o be_v write_v with_o a_o double_a n_o notwithstanding_o the_o greek_a author_n write_v it_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o they_o be_v borderer_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o silesian_n county_n of_o teschen_n and_o some_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n on_o the_o west_n with_o bohemia_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n and_o on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o silesian_n dukedom_n of_o grotkau_n troppau_n and_o the_o county_n of_o glatz_n it_o be_v whole_a length_n be_v think_v to_o be_v about_o one_o hundred_o and_o ten_o english_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n of_o it_o above_o fourscore_o the_o better_a half_n of_o the_o country_n which_o lie_v towards_o the_o north_n and_o west_n be_v hardly_o any_o thing_n else_o but_o a_o continue_a wilderness_n consist_v of_o nothing_o but_o huge_a mountain_n and_o uninhabitable_a wood_n and_o forest_n but_o towards_o austria_n and_o hungary_n the_o case_n be_v much_o alter_v you_o may_v here_o meet_v with_o as_o fair_a field_n and_o as_o many_o town_n and_o village_n as_o in_o most_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n the_o water_n especial_o such_o as_o be_v find_v in_o several_a pit_n up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n be_v in_o many_o place_n poysonnous_a and_o pestilential_a water_n water_n which_o be_v think_v to_o proceed_v from_o a_o sort_n of_o tartar_n or_o mix_v mineral_n make_v up_o chief_o of_o lime_n and_o niter_n which_o infect_v not_o only_o the_o water_n that_o pass_v through_o it_o but_o give_v a_o tincture_n to_o the_o corn_n vines_n fruit-tree_n and_o all_o other_o vegetable_n that_o grow_v near_o it_o hence_o come_v the_o epidemical_a distemper_n of_o this_o marquisate_n which_o be_v reckon_v up_o by_o one_o of_o its_o own_o poet_n in_o the_o follow_a verse_n his_o sunt_fw-la moraviae_n capitales_fw-la corporis_fw-la host_n calculus_fw-la arthridis_n colicus_fw-la dolour_n atque_fw-la caducus_fw-la his_o hypochondriacum_n quintum_fw-la annumerare_fw-la licebit_fw-la but_o nature_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v make_v recompense_n for_o these_o inconvenience_n in_o provide_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n several_a rich_a medicinal_a fountain_n which_o bring_v present_a relief_n not_o only_o to_o all_o person_n grieve_v with_o the_o forementioned_a disease_n but_o ready_o cure_v almost_o all_o other_o distemper_n and_o malady_n incident_a to_o man_n body_n of_o these_o fountain_n and_o their_o incomparable_a virtue_n there_o have_v a_o very_a good_a account_n be_v give_v by_o thomas_n jordan_n a_o moravian_n physician_n in_o his_o commentarius_fw-la de_fw-la aquis_fw-la medicatis_fw-la moraviae_n print_v at_o francfurt_n in_o the_o year_n 1586._o since_o which_o time_n there_o have_v be_v some_o other_o medicinal_a water_n and_o bath_n discover_v in_o moravia_n and_o learned_o treat_v on_o by_o johannes_n ferdinand_n herdot_n another_o famous_a physician_n of_o that_o country_n in_o a_o book_n of_o his_o late_o publish_v and_o entitle_v tartaro-mastix_a moraviae_n other_o fountain_n there_o be_v especial_o near_o nezdanicz_n zahorawitz_n and_o zucholacz_n three_o village_n not_o far_o from_o hunnobrod_n which_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o salt_n and_o acid_a taste_n the_o water_n whereof_o be_v exceed_v pleasant_a and_o wholesome_a the_o two_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o country_n be_v rivers_n rivers_n 1._o moraw_v which_o as_o we_o have_v say_v give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a marquisate_n it_o spring_v in_o the_o county_n of_o glatz_n not_o above_o a_o measure_a english_a mile_n beyond_o the_o utmost_a bound_n of_o moravia_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o which_o comenius_n in_o his_o map_n of_o this_o country_n have_v venture_v to_o bring_v it_o upon_o the_o bank_n of_o this_o river_n which_o run_v through_o the_o very_a midst_n of_o the_o marquisate_n most_o of_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o moravia_n be_v seat_v 2._o teya_n which_o spring_v out_o of_o two_o fountain_n the_o one_o in_o austria_n the_o other_o upon_o the_o border_n of_o bohemia_n it_o receive_v into_o its_o channel_n igla_n schwarta_n and_o a_o great_a many_o other_o petty_a rivulet_n and_o be_v at_o last_o swallow_v up_o itself_o by_o the_o moraw_n upon_o the_o border_n of_o austria_n these_o river_n afford_v great_a store_n of_o trout_n crevice_n barbel_n eel_n jack_n perch_n and_o many_o other_o sort_n of_o fresh_a fish_n all_o the_o nation_n round_o about_o moravia_n will_v witness_v commodity_n commodity_n that_o it_o afford_v plenty_n enough_o and_o to_o spare_v of_o wheat_n rye_n barley_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n they_o have_v store_n of_o red_a and_o white_a wine_n which_o grow_v as_o plentiful_o in_o some_o place_n of_o this_o marquisate_n as_o in_o austria_n they_o have_v good_a breed_v of_o horse_n ox_n sheep_n and_o goat_n but_o the_o land_n which_o some_o attribute_n to_o the_o extraordinary_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air_n breed_v neither_o ass_n camel_n nor_o mule_n the_o wood_n abound_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o wild_a beast_n that_o bear_v fur_n as_o wolf_n hare_n fox_n mart_n beaver_n etc._n etc._n they_o have_v one_o kind_n of_o beast_n almost_o peculiar_a to_o the_o moravian_n forest_n which_o they_o call_v rysowe_o and_o we_o may_v english_a it_o a_o panther_n or_o leopard_n it_o be_v about_o the_o height_n of_o a_o ordinary_a cur-dog_n but_o much_o thick_a in_o the_o body_n it_o be_v belly_n and_o foot_n be_v spot_v and_o it_o prey_v upon_o deer_n and_o other_o beast_n of_o the_o forest_n who_o it_o catch_v by_o a_o sudden_a pitch_v upon_o they_o from_o the_o top_n of_o some_o rock_n or_o tree_n daubravius_n myrrh_n moravian_n myrrh_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o history_n of_o bohemia_n tell_v we_o there_o be_v a_o strange_a kind_n of_o frankincense_n and_o myrrh_n in_o moravia_n which_o grow_v not_o here_o as_o in_o arabia_n upon_o tree_n but_o be_v dug_n out_o of_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o shall_v have_v be_v apt_a to_o have_v call_v this_o myrrh_n mummy_n if_o it_o answer_v the_o description_n he_o give_v of_o it_o which_o because_o it_o be_v something_o extraordinary_a and_o uncouth_a i_o shall_v give_v it_o the_o reader_n in_o his_o own_o word_n hoc_fw-la vero_fw-la say_v he_o jam_fw-la mirabitur_fw-la aliquis_fw-la &_o est_fw-la profecto_fw-la admiratione_n dignum_fw-la inveniri_fw-la in_o moravia_n thus_o &_o myrrham_fw-la non_fw-la ex_fw-la arbore_fw-la desudante_fw-la ut_fw-la alibi_fw-la lectam_fw-la sed_fw-la e_fw-la solo_fw-la terrae_fw-la erutam_fw-la uno_fw-la tantum_fw-la diu_fw-la in_o loco_fw-la cvi_fw-la gradisco_n nomen_fw-la in_fw-la quo_fw-la ad_fw-la hunc_fw-la diem_fw-la thus_o non_fw-la solum_fw-la id_fw-la quod_fw-la masculum_fw-la vocant_fw-la a_o similitudine_fw-la testium_fw-la sed_fw-la quod_fw-la alia_fw-la praeterea_fw-la virorum_fw-la mulierumque_fw-la membra_fw-la ostentat_fw-la effoditur_fw-la nay_o for_o fear_v this_o shall_v be_v think_v too_o strange_a and_o incredible_a a_o story_n to_o be_v believe_v he_o tell_v we_o yet_o further_o upon_o his_o certain_a knowledge_n nuper_fw-la autem_fw-la wenceslaus_n vetere_fw-la procerum_fw-la familia_fw-la eorum_fw-la qui_fw-la a_o quercu_fw-la cognominantur_fw-la clarus_fw-la dum_fw-la in_o agro_fw-la svo_fw-la sternbergensi_fw-la fundamenta_fw-la aggeri_fw-la piscinario_n moliretur_fw-la corpus_fw-la hominis_fw-la integrum_fw-la invenit_fw-la quod_fw-la nihil_fw-la nisi_fw-la myrrah_n erat_fw-la quam_fw-la ille_fw-la per_fw-la amicos_fw-la distributam_fw-la nostri_fw-la quoque_fw-la etiam_fw-la tum_fw-la privati_fw-la memor_fw-la nos_fw-la plus_fw-la media_fw-la parte_fw-la lacerti_fw-la humani_fw-la donavit_fw-la quo_fw-la aliquoties_fw-la pro_fw-la suffitu_fw-la usi_fw-la sumus_fw-la this_o latter_a account_n which_o he_o give_v we_o of_o his_o moravian_n myrrh_n agree_v something_o with_o the_o description_n give_v by_o several_a botanist_n of_o the_o mandrake_n but_o the_o learned_a hertod_n who_o we_o mention_v before_o in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o his_o tartaro-mastix_a moraviae_n remove_v this_o scruple_n by_o tell_v we_o sic_fw-la infans_fw-la ante_fw-la annos_fw-la quadraginta_fw-la a_o fossoribus_fw-la in_fw-la fodinis_fw-la aluminis_fw-la prope_fw-la czernam_fw-la horam_n inventus_fw-la totus_fw-la myrrhatus_fw-la hunc_fw-la fossores_fw-la patribus_fw-la carthusianis_fw-la prope_fw-la brunam_fw-la triginta_fw-la aliquot_fw-la taleris_fw-la vendidisse_fw-la &_o high_a postea_fw-la eundum_fw-la ad_fw-la magnam_fw-la svam_fw-la carthusiam_fw-la in_o galliam_n remississe_fw-la tandemque_fw-la eodem_fw-la dono_fw-la
regem_fw-la honorasse_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la from_o all_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v something_o extraordinary_a in_o this_o myrrh_n or_o call_v it_o what_o else_o you_o please_v which_o well_o merit_v the_o view_n and_o study_v of_o a_o curious_a physiologist_n the_o country_n rustic_n believe_v there_o be_v this_o strange_a virtue_n in_o this_o mineral_n for_o so_o i_o think_v i_o may_v venture_v to_o name_v it_o that_o it_o put_v to_o flight_v all_o manner_n of_o serpent_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n that_o old_a serpent_n the_o devil_n aeneas_n silvius_n who_o for_o have_v pen_v so_o many_o true_a story_n be_v at_o last_o judge_v fit_a to_o sit_v in_o st._n peter_n chair_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o 〈◊〉_d and_o become_v a_o infallible_a pope_n call_v the_o moravian_o gentem_fw-la ferocem_fw-la &_o rapinarum_fw-la avidam_fw-la ut_fw-la quae_fw-la tum_fw-la iter_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la armato_fw-it potentiorique_n praebeat_fw-la and_o most_o traveler_n brand_v their_o barbarous_a inhumanity_n or_o at_o least_o incivility_n to_o stranger_n the_o hanak_n especial_o or_o boar_n that_o live_v along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n hana_n be_v say_v to_o be_v notorious_o guilty_a of_o this_o crime_n but_o these_o be_v by_o the_o gentile_a sort_n of_o moravian_o themselves_z contemn_v and_o scout_v as_o a_o pack_n of_o barbarous_a and_o ill_o breed_v lowt_n the_o true_a character_n of_o the_o moravian_o in_o general_n be_v that_o they_o be_v man_n of_o exemplary_a obedience_n and_o fidelity_n to_o their_o governor_n free_a and_o open_a in_o conversation_n and_o therefore_o apt_a to_o be_v deceive_v then_o to_o impose_v upon_o they_o be_v not_o easy_o provoke_v to_o be_v angry_a but_o when_o once_o enrage_v hardly_o appease_v not_o guilty_a of_o too_o much_o wit_n in_o discourse_n but_o rational_a enough_o hardy_a in_o the_o camp_n and_o valiant_a in_o fight_n faithful_a observer_n of_o their_o promise_n and_o compact_n and_o abhorrer_n of_o baseness_n and_o meanness_n of_o spirit_n they_o be_v indeed_o too_o apt_a to_o give_v credit_n to_o old_a prophecy_n a_o folly_n observe_v in_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o our_o own_o island_n and_o a_o little_a give_v to_o drink_v and_o carouse_v but_o be_v not_o so_o superstitious_a nor_o so_o great_a drunkard_n as_o they_o be_v represent_v to_o be_v by_o the_o satirical_a pen_n of_o some_o geographer_n their_o language_n i_o mean_v that_o which_o be_v ordinary_o speak_v by_o the_o country-rusticks_a langâ—â—â—â—_n langâ—â—â—â—_n for_o the_o nobility_n and_o citizen_n speak_v general_o high_a dutch_a be_v a_o dialect_n of_o slavonian_a and_o little_a different_a from_o the_o bohemian_a of_o which_o more_o anon_o the_o moravian_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v first_o convert_v to_o christianity_n by_o st._n cyril_n and_o meludius_n religâ—â—â—â—_n religâ—â—â—â—_n assist_v by_o some_o other_o pious_a doctor_n and_o father_n of_o the_o church_n soon_o after_o the_o reformation_n have_v be_v set_v on_o foot_n in_o bohemia_n by_o john_n huss_n a_o good_a part_n of_o moravia_n begin_v to_o throw_v off_o the_o pope_n yoke_n and_o to_o profess_v the_o pure_a and_o undefiled_a religion_n of_o the_o primitive_a christian_n and_o apostle_n but_o john_n de_fw-fr praga_n at_o that_o time_n bishop_n of_o olmitz_n and_o afterward_o cardinal_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n so_o vigorous_o oppose_v the_o endeavour_n of_o all_o that_o labour_v to_o carry_v on_o the_o reformation_n in_o this_o marquisate_n that_o during_o his_o time_n it_o never_o get_v any_o deep_a root_n afterward_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o george_n vladislaus_n and_o ludowic_n king_n of_o bohemia_n popish_a idolatry_n and_o superstition_n be_v whole_o extirpate_v and_o the_o reform_a religion_n unanimous_o profess_v in_o all_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o moravia_n but_o to_o see_v the_o unhappy_a consequent_n of_o toleration_n and_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o synod_n at_o s._n brinn_n which_o meet_v in_o the_o year_n 1608_o to_o settle_v the_o affair_n of_o religion_n have_v make_v this_o edict_n ut_fw-la liceret_fw-la omnibus_fw-la credere_fw-la prout_fw-la cuique_fw-la deus_fw-la that_fw-mi cognoscere_fw-la i.e._n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v power_n and_o licence_n to_o regulate_v his_o faith_n according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o knowledge_n which_o god_n have_v give_v he_o each_o cobbler_n set_v up_o for_o a_o preacher_n of_o the_o word_n and_o a_o expounder_n of_o scripture_n whereupon_o the_o church_n be_v immediate_o confound_v and_o break_v into_o a_o irreconcilable_a medley_n and_o hotchpotch_n of_o sect_n and_o schismatic_n hussites_n picard_n anabaptist_n arrian_n flaccian_o trinitarian_n photinian_o lutheran_n calvinist_n dulcian_n lugentians_n etc._n etc._n so_o that_o no_o less_o than_o fourteen_o several_a conventicle_n have_v assemble_v themselves_o in_o one_o city_n each_o of_o they_o assert_v peculiar_a doctrine_n and_o tenet_n of_o their_o own_o and_o deny_v all_o manner_n of_o communion_n in_o church-ordinance_n with_o the_o other_o thirteen_o now_o what_o can_v be_v expect_v from_o this_o anarchy_n in_o the_o reformation_n but_o the_o reestablishment_n of_o popery_n which_o according_o happen_v for_o soon_o after_o frideric_n the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n force_n be_v overthrow_v by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n ii_o at_o prague_n in_o the_o year_n 1620_o francis_n cardinal_n of_o districhstein_n and_o bishop_n of_o olmitz_n find_v it_o a_o very_a easy_a matter_n to_o root_v out_o the_o divide_a and_o mutinous_a member_n of_o the_o reform_a church_n and_o to_o replant_v his_o own_o doctrine_n and_o church-discipline_n after_o which_o some_o scatter_a parcel_n of_o the_o reform_a party_n lay_v skulk_a among_o the_o rock_n and_o mountain_n on_o the_o border_n of_o silesia_n for_o some_o year_n but_o dare_v never_o appear_v in_o public_a and_o within_o a_o while_n after_o dwindle_v into_o nothing_o the_o king_n of_o moravia_n for_o it_o be_v ancient_o a_o kingdom_n be_v once_o the_o great_a potentate_n in_o this_o part_n of_o europe_n have_v for_o some_o time_n under_o their_o subjection_n the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n and_o poland_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 700_o zuantacop_fw-mi king_n of_o moravia_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n lord_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bohemia_n poland_n and_o silesia_n refuse_v to_o pay_v tribute_n or_o homage_n to_o the_o emperor_n of_o rome_n who_o fall_v in_o upon_o his_o country_n to_o demand_v satisfaction_n for_o this_o insolence_n be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o dishonourable_a retreat_n but_o resolve_v not_o to_o endure_v this_o disgrace_n he_o rally_v up_o his_o scatter_a force_n and_o call_v in_o to_o his_o assistance_n the_o hungarian_n a_o infidel_n people_n who_o before_o that_o time_n be_v awe_v by_o the_o moravian_o and_o keep_v from_o commit_v any_o outrage_n upon_o the_o christian-country_n by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o heathen_n the_o emperor_n rout_v zuantacop_n army_n force_v he_o to_o fly_v for_o shelter_n into_o the_o neighbour_a wood_n where_o he_o associate_v himself_o to_o a_o hermit_n with_o who_o he_o spend_v the_o residue_n of_o his_o day_n by_o this_o mean_v bohemia_n moravia_n and_o silesia_n come_v to_o be_v disunite_v and_o parcele_v into_o four_o different_a dukedom_n which_o be_v reckon_v so_o many_o province_n of_o the_o roman_a or_o german_a empire_n some_o age_n after_o the_o dukedom_n of_o moravia_n degenerate_v into_o a_o marquisate_n which_o name_n it_o still_o retain_v although_o a_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n immediate_o fubject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n and_o the_o rest_n break_v into_o a_o few_o petty_a barony_n and_o lordship_n the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o moravia_n olmitz_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o olomutium_fw-la which_o ortelius_n with_o who_o agree_v stephanus_n and_o bertius_n fancy_n to_o be_v the_o same_o place_n with_o ptolomy_n eburum_fw-la be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o moravia_n and_o the_o only_a bishop_n see_v in_o the_o marquisate_n it_o be_v not_o very_o large_a but_o neat_o and_o well_o build_v and_o seat_v in_o a_o convenient_a place_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n morawa_n to_o maintain_v a_o trade_n with_o the_o merchant_n of_o bohemia_n hungary_n poland_n silesia_n and_o austria_n the_o antiquary_n of_o this_o country_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o olmitz_n or_o olmutz_n be_v nothing_o but_o a_o corruption_n of_o juliomontium_n and_o thence_o conclude_v that_o the_o town_n be_v first_o build_v and_o so_o it_o be_v as_o sure_a as_o either_o the_o tower_n at_o london_n or_o castle_n at_o leyden_n by_o julius_n cesar_n but_o how_o then_o come_v it_o to_o be_v call_v velgrad_n as_o boregius_n prove_v it_o be_v when_o king_n suatopluck_v build_v himself_o a_o palace_n here_o st._n cyril_n the_o great_a apostle_n of_o this_o country_n who_o live_v about_o the_o year_n 880_o be_v the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n he_o be_v the_o author_n as_o aventinus_n affirm_v of_o the_o old_a wendish_n or_o crcation_n
alphabet_n make_v use_n of_o in_o write_v out_o the_o bible_n by_o he_o translate_v into_o his_o own_o mother-tongue_n what_o become_v of_o this_o translation_n i_o know_v not_o except_o as_o some_o late_a antiquary_n have_v venture_v to_o say_v the_o ancient_a moscovian_a bible_n print_v in_o the_o year_n 1581._o be_v a_o transcript_n of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1346_o the_o bishopric_n of_o olmutz_n be_v remove_v from_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n and_o subject_v to_o the_o new_a archbishop_n of_o prague_n though_o some_o of_o the_o late_a bishop_n of_o olmutz_n have_v deny_v to_o pay_v homage_n to_o any_o prelate_n under_o the_o pope_n 2._o brinn_n call_v in_o the_o bohemian_a language_n brno_n and_o by_o latin_a writer_n bruna_n brinn_n brinn_n be_v the_o second_o city_n in_o moravia_n and_o a_o town_n of_o so_o great_a repute_n that_o it_o seem_v to_o share_v with_o olmitz_n in_o the_o title_n of_o metropolis_n since_o in_o these_o two_o city_n by_o turn_n the_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n or_o assize_n for_o the_o whole_a marquisate_n be_v hold_v it_o be_v seat_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o two_o small_a river_n schwarta_n and_o zwitta_n and_o defend_v by_o the_o spilberg_n a_o strong_a castle_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o adjoin_a hill_n the_n moravian_n philosopher_n make_v a_o great_a noise_n with_o the_o vnicornu_a minerale_fw-mi which_o among_o the_o other_o fossilia_fw-la of_o their_o country_n be_v say_v to_o be_v find_v near_o this_o city_n of_o which_o osv_n grollius_n in_o his_o book_n entitle_v de_fw-la signaturis_fw-la give_v this_o account_n vnicornu_a minerale_fw-mi nobis_fw-la quoque_fw-la deus_fw-la largitus_fw-la est_fw-la in_o moravia_n tribus_fw-la milliaribus_fw-la bruna_n ubi_fw-la eram_fw-la ante_fw-la medice_fw-la non_fw-la long_a a_o territorio_fw-la abbatis_fw-la zabrdovicensis_fw-la sub_fw-la altissima_fw-la rupe_n duorum_fw-la inusitatae_fw-la magnitudinis_fw-la animalium_fw-la incognitorum_fw-la ossa_fw-la una_fw-la cum_fw-la duobus_fw-la junioribus_fw-la efossa_fw-mi sunt_fw-la quae_fw-la absque_fw-la dubio_fw-la tempore_fw-la diluvii_fw-la aquarum_fw-la impetu_fw-la perierunt_fw-la in_o illa_fw-la solitudine_fw-la etc._n etc._n another_o author_n of_o the_o same_o tribe_n anselm_n boetius_fw-la de_fw-fr boodt_n physician_n to_o the_o emperor_n rudolf_n ii_o give_v a_o far_o different_a account_n of_o it_o cornu_fw-la fossil_n say_v he_o prope_fw-la brunam_fw-la moraviae_n urbem_fw-la inventum_fw-la ita_fw-la exact_v figuram_fw-la trunci_fw-la juglandis_fw-la intrinsecus_fw-la &_o extrinsecus_fw-la refert_fw-la ut_fw-la nemo_fw-la nisi_fw-la caecus_n negare_fw-la possit_fw-la truncum_fw-la illius_fw-la arboris_fw-la fuisse_fw-la ac_fw-la in_o terra_fw-la transmutationem_fw-la accepisse_fw-la hertod_n in_o his_o ingenious_a book_n beforementioned_a say_v there_o have_v be_v several_a fragment_n of_o this_o mineral_n find_v in_o the_o quarry_n near_o niclsburg_n one_o whereof_o exact_o resemble_v a_o man_n thigh_n i_o know_v not_o what_o more_o to_o make_v of_o all_o these_o relation_n then_o that_o there_o be_v now_o and_o then_o in_o the_o field_n near_o brinn_n find_v several_a rare_a petrification_n for_o that_o i_o think_v be_v as_o fit_v a_o name_n for_o they_o as_o vnicornu_a fossil_n represent_v the_o part_n of_o certain_a animal_n and_o plant_n which_o be_v no_o great_a miracle_n than_o may_v be_v daily_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o field_n here_o about_o oxford_n as_o may_v be_v see_v at_o large_a in_o the_o learned_a account_n give_v of_o such_o rarity_n in_o the_o five_o chapter_n of_o the_o natural_a history_n of_o this_o county_n 3._o iglaw_n call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o gihlawa_n iglaw_n iglaw_n seat_v on_o the_o border_n of_o bohemia_n upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 799_o and_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o a_o urchin_n or_o hedgehog_n which_o in_o the_o german_a language_n be_v call_v igle_n but_o by_o the_o moravian_o gehlak_n because_o that_o upon_o the_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o this_o city_n a_o great_a company_n of_o these_o kind_n of_o creature_n be_v find_v among_o the_o shrub_n and_o thicket_n which_o grow_v in_o this_o place_n the_o town_n be_v large_a well_o build_v and_o strong_o fortify_v it_o be_v a_o great_a thorow-fair_a frequent_v by_o multitude_n of_o traveller_n that_o pass_v this_o way_n out_o of_o bohemia_n towards_o hungary_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n the_o citizen_n as_o be_v daily_o accustom_a to_o converse_v with_o stranger_n be_v more_o oblige_v in_o their_o carriage_n then_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o countryman_n in_o the_o hussites-war_n this_o city_n steadfast_o oppose_v the_o introduce_v of_o the_o reform_a religion_n and_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o resolute_a obstinacy_n and_o malepert_a zeal_n maintain_v the_o superstitious_a discipline_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o luther_n doctrine_n begin_v to_o peep_v abroad_o in_o the_o world_n the_o heat_n be_v over_o with_o they_o and_o the_o citizen_n of_o iglaw_n of_o all_o the_o city_n of_o moravia_n subject_n to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v the_o first_o who_o embrace_v the_o augsburg_n confession_n and_o turn_v rebel_n as_o themselves_o before_o have_v term_v other_o protestant_n to_o the_o pope_n interest_n in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n of_o germany_n immediate_o after_o the_o imperial_a force_n be_v rout_v at_o jankow_n in_o the_o year_n 1645_o this_o town_n be_v give_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o then_o triumphant_a swede_n who_o to_o make_v the_o city_n more_o tenable_a burn_v down_o the_o large_a suburb_n on_o every_o side_n and_o have_v so_o do_v defend_v the_o town_n with_o so_o much_o gallantry_n and_o manhood_n that_o all_o the_o force_n the_o emperor_n can_v bring_v against_o it_o be_v beat_v off_o for_o a_o twelvemonth_n after_o the_o jesuit_n college_n with_o the_o gymnasium_n annex_v found_v by_o adolph_n michael_n earl_n of_o altham_n be_v a_o great_a ornament_n to_o the_o town_n and_o the_o two_o monastery_n of_o dominican_n and_o franciscan_n be_v well_o worth_a the_o see_v the_o chief_a trade_n of_o the_o town_n beside_o the_o entertainment_n of_o passenger_n which_o bring_v in_o the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o riches_n be_v in_o sell_v beer_n and_o a_o sort_n of_o course_n woollen_a cloth_n which_o be_v make_v and_o dress_v after_o their_o fashion_n 4._o znaim_n znaim_n znaim_n in_o the_o bohemian_a language_n znoymo_n and_o in_o latin_a writer_n znogma_n stand_v on_o the_o teya_n in_o a_o pleasant_a soil_n and_o wholesome_a air_n the_o learned_a cluverius_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o this_o place_n be_v the_o same_o with_o ptolomy_n medoslanium_n but_o i_o do_v not_o find_v that_o his_o latitude_n will_v agree_v at_o all_o to_o znaim_n though_o his_o longitude_n come_v near_o it_o the_o annal_n of_o moravia_n tell_v we_o this_o city_n be_v first_o build_v in_o the_o place_n where_o it_o now_o stand_v by_o primislaus_n ottacar_n about_o the_o year_n 1222_o have_v before_o that_o time_n lie_v bury_v in_o its_o ash_n from_o the_o year_n 1145_o when_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n upon_o a_o provocation_n give_v he_o by_o his_o kinsman_n cunrad_n marquis_n of_o moravia_n whole_o destroy_v it_o and_o its_o inhabitant_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n the_o town_n be_v defend_v by_o a_o castle_n sufficient_o fortify_v both_o by_o nature_n and_o art_n but_o in_o great_a danger_n of_o be_v damage_v in_o time_n of_o siege_n from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o peldtenberg_n a_o adjacent_a mountain_n which_o overlook_v it_o and_o stand_v within_o canon-shot_a of_o it_o it_o lie_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o austria_n and_o therefore_o be_v sure_a to_o be_v the_o first_o place_n attack_v by_o the_o imperial_a force_n in_o case_n of_o any_o rebellious_a uproar_n in_o either_o bohemia_n or_o moravia_n as_o it_o have_v often_o already_o find_v by_o woeful_a experience_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o vineyard_n round_o the_o city_n which_o yield_v common_o good_a store_n of_o a_o indifferent_o palatable_a wine_n but_o the_o chief_a income_n of_o the_o citizen_n arise_v from_o the_o harbour_v of_o passenger_n which_o travel_v this_o road_n betwixt_o vienna_n and_o prague_n 5._o cremsir_fw-fr cremsir_fw-fr cremsir_fw-fr or_o kremsier_n call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o kromeritz_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n morawa_n about_o the_o middle_a way_n betwixt_o olmitz_n and_o hradisch_n be_v not_o many_o age_n ago_o a_o poor_a village_n but_o be_v now_o become_v one_o of_o the_o fair_a city_n in_o moravia_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o alteration_n be_v this_o john_n bishop_n of_o olmitz_n buy_v the_o lordship_n of_o this_o village_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o successor_n of_o otto_n marquis_n of_o moravia_n after_o his_o death_n bruno_n bishop_n of_o the_o same_o diocese_n observe_v the_o convenient_a and_o pleasant_a situation_n of_o the_o place_n build_v in_o it_o a_o fair_a palace_n call_v to_o this_o day_n from_o its_o first_o founder_n name_n
heathen_a slavonian_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d at_o their_o first_o come_v into_o this_o country_n bring_v with_o they_o a_o great_a many_o idol_n god_n who_o they_o worship_v as_o the_o only_a protector_n and_o saviour_n of_o their_o nation_n the_o chief_a of_o these_o they_o call_v pron_z or_o peron_n which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o jupiter_n intonans_fw-la this_o be_v their_o god_n of_o god_n divum_fw-la pater_fw-la atque_fw-la hominum_fw-la rex_fw-la and_o worship_v with_o the_o same_o reverence_n as_o thor_n among_o the_o ancient_a saxon_n but_o this_o god_n be_v at_o last_o for_o some_o misdemeanour_n or_o other_o throw_v out_o of_o favour_n and_o the_o honour_n confer_v on_o swanto-wit_n a_o idol_n who_o temple_n stand_v at_o julinum_n or_o wollin_n in_o pomeren_n in_o those_o day_n the_o large_a city_n in_o europe_n some_o small_a remembrance_n of_o this_o god_n they_o retain_v to_o this_o day_n it_o be_v usual_a for_o friend_n shake_v hand_n to_o use_v this_o mutual_a compellation_n witeg_n witeg_n or_o witam_n te_fw-la in_o which_o they_o still_o seem_v to_o own_o the_o idol_n wit_n for_o their_o god_n christianity_n begin_v first_o to_o be_v profess_v in_o the_o kingdom_n about_o the_o year_n 894_o in_o which_o it_o be_v say_v duke_n borsivogius_n be_v baptize_v by_o methodius_n the_o saint_n of_o bohemia_n this_o methodius_n be_v a_o prelate_n of_o the_o greek_a church_n so_o that_o the_o clergy_n of_o bohemia_n do_v not_o for_o some_o age_n acknowledge_v the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n supremacy_n the_o reformation_n be_v first_o begin_v here_o upon_o this_o occasion_n a_o young_a gentleman_n of_o this_o country_n travel_v into_o england_n and_o visit_v our_o university_n have_v here_o at_o oxford_n the_o opportunity_n of_o transcribe_v several_a tract_n write_v by_o our_o british_a author_n among_o other_o thing_n he_o chance_v to_o light_v upon_o some_o of_o john_n wicliff_n work_n copy_n of_o which_o he_o carry_v home_o with_o he_o and_o show_v to_o jahn_n huss_n and_o jerome_n of_o prague_n upon_o the_o read_n of_o these_o book_n those_o two_o great_a man_n begin_v immediate_o to_o reform_v error_n in_o the_o church_n which_o good_a work_n they_o prosecute_v with_o great_a vigour_n and_o zeal_n till_o they_o be_v summon_v to_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n and_o there_o contrary_a to_o the_o promise_n and_o protestation_n of_o the_o popish_a prelate_n then_o assemble_v condemn_v for_o heretic_n and_o burn_v in_o the_o year_n 1415._o but_o so_o firm_o be_v their_o doctrine_n root_v in_o most_o of_o the_o heart_n of_o their_o hearer_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o this_o expedient_a to_o hinder_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o reformation_n which_o soon_o after_o be_v more_o firm_o establish_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o luther_n melancthon_n calvin_n etc._n etc._n it_o have_v be_v well_o if_o after_o the_o foppery_n of_o rome_n be_v thus_o abolish_v the_o bohemian_o have_v content_v themselves_o with_o the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n grant_v they_o by_o their_o king_n but_o grow_v infolent_a as_o their_o number_n increase_v they_o begin_v first_o to_o mutiny_v against_o the_o emperor_n minister_n of_o state_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n mathias_n fall_v into_o a_o open_a rebellion_n this_o prove_v at_o last_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n which_o be_v now_o nowhere_o profess_v but_o in_o some_o by-corner_n and_o hole_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o unprosperous_a a_o thing_n be_v rebellion_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o religion_n the_o bohemian_a language_n as_o well_o as_o the_o russian_a polonian_a croatian_a and_o wendish_n be_v a_o dialect_n of_o the_o ancient_a slavonian_a a_o tongue_n so_o copious_a and_o sweet_a that_o the_o old_a lawgiver_n of_o this_o country_n as_o appear_v from_o several_a of_o their_o municipal_a law_n be_v zealous_a in_o command_v the_o true_a and_o primitive_a pronunciation_n and_o orthography_n of_o it_o to_o be_v keep_v up_o but_o this_o unhappiness_n attend_v the_o endeavour_n of_o these_o wellwisher_n to_o their_o country_n that_o they_o have_v not_o the_o use_n of_o any_o letter_n but_o the_o ruthenian_a character_n a_o alphabet_n exceed_o imperfect_a and_o whole_o unfit_a for_o the_o polish_n of_o a_o language_n afterward_o when_o the_o prince_n of_o bohemia_n begin_v to_o maintain_v a_o correspondence_n with_o their_o neighbour_n in_o germany_n the_o roman_a letter_n be_v bring_v in_o and_o by_o this_o mean_v their_o tongue_n be_v refine_v with_o better_a success_n however_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o be_v as_o negligent_a in_o this_o particular_a as_o their_o ancestor_n be_v careful_a nay_o most_o man_n of_o fashion_n in_o the_o kingdom_n look_v upon_o it_o as_o scandalous_a to_o speak_v their_o own_o mother-tongue_n in_o its_o purity_n and_o therefore_o talk_v ordinary_o 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forty_o thousand_o scholar_n it_o be_v found_v by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iu._n and_o be_v still_o the_o only_a university_n in_o bohemia_n it_o will_v be_v worth_a observation_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o as_o be_v report_v no_o fly_n will_v touch_v any_o flesh_n expose_v to_o sale_n in_o the_o shambles_n here_o let_v the_o weather_n be_v never_o so_o hot_a the_o jew_n inhabit_v a_o good_a share_n of_o this_o old_a town_n which_o from_o they_o be_v call_v die_v juden-statt_a or_o the_o city_n of_o the_o jew_n they_o be_v very_o rich_a trade_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o commodity_n but_o especial_o in_o jewel_n and_o several_a sort_n of_o precious_a stone_n find_v in_o the_o mine_n of_o bohemia_n 2._o the_o new_a town_n be_v former_o separate_v from_o the_o old_a by_o a_o wall_n or_o ditch_n but_o now_o there_o be_v nothing_o that_o part_v they_o but_o a_o trench_n into_o which_o they_o can_v let_v in_o the_o moldau_n at_o pleasure_n in_o this_o
part_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ancient_a palace_n of_o the_o duke_n and_o king_n of_o bohemia_n there_o be_v still_o stand_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o wall_n round_o this_o palace_n the_o cement_n whereof_o be_v so_o good_a that_o hardly_o any_o engine_n can_v be_v invent_v which_o will_v pull_v they_o down_o the_o jesuit_n of_o late_a year_n have_v build_v here_o a_o new_a college_n for_o themselves_o which_o go_v beyond_o the_o other_o they_o have_v before_o in_o the_o old_a town_n 3._o the_o little_a town_n or_o kleine_n seiten_fw-ge as_o they_o sometime_o call_v it_o lie_v on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o the_o muldau_n over_o which_o you_o pass_v by_o a_o stately_a stone-bridge_n of_o sixteen_o arch_n in_o this_o place_n stand_v winceslaus_n palace_n wherein_o the_o emperor_n when_o he_o come_v to_o prague_n keep_v his_o court._n some_o have_v venture_v to_o affirm_v that_o as_o good_a high_a dutch_a be_v speak_v in_o this_o palace_n and_o by_o the_o neighbour_a burgher_n as_o in_o any_o city_n of_o germany_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v curious_o and_o critical_o inquire_v into_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o assertion_n will_v find_v that_o the_o language_n here_o speak_v fall_v as_o far_o short_a of_o the_o pure_a misnian_a dialect_n as_o this_o palace_n do_v of_o the_o elector_n court_n at_o dresden_n not_o far_o from_o hence_o be_v the_o cathedral_n of_o this_o archbishopric_n dedicate_v to_o st._n vite_fw-la from_o the_o top_n of_o which_o you_o have_v the_o best_a prospect_n of_o the_o city_n of_o prague_n at_o weissenberg_n or_o the_o white_a hill_n near_o prague_n be_v fight_v the_o fatal_a battle_n between_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o count_n bucquoy_n lieutenant_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n the_o second_v force_n and_o frideric_n count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o elect_a king_n of_o bohemia_n in_o which_o the_o new_a king_n be_v conquer_v his_o force_n total_o rout_v his_o ordnance_n seize_v on_o and_o himself_o and_o his_o queen_n our_o king_n charles_n the_o martyr_n sister_n force_v to_o fly_v into_o silesia_n prague_n be_v force_v to_o resign_v itself_o up_o immediate_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o emperor_n who_o soon_o after_o root_v out_o all_o maintainer_n of_o the_o protestant_a religion_n throughout_o the_o kingdom_n some_o historian_n have_v take_v notice_n that_o of_o the_o gospel_n appoint_v to_o be_v read_v on_o the_o day_n whereon_o be_v fight_v this_o battle_n which_o be_v the_o twenty-third_a sunday_n after_o trinity_n a._n d._n 1620_o this_o text_n render_v to_o cesar_n the_o thing_n that_o be_v caesar_n be_v a_o part_n which_o be_v as_o observable_a as_o the_o church_n of_o england_n appoint_v the_o 27_o chapter_n of_o matthew_n to_o be_v read_v the_o second_o lesson_n on_o the_o thirty_o of_o january_n whereon_o our_o late_a king_n suffer_v martyrdom_n ii_o egra_n egraâ—_n egraâ—_n a_o great_a city_n on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o palatinate_n be_v call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o chebbe_n but_o by_o the_o german_n that_o inhabit_v it_o egra_n from_o the_o river_n upon_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v it_o be_v make_v a_o imperial_a city_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o in_o the_o year_n 1179_o in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o fidelity_n of_o the_o burgher_n to_o that_o emperor_n in_o oppose_a henry_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n who_o have_v overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o country_n it_o be_v wall_v with_o a_o double_a sometime_o with_o a_o triple_a wall_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o almost_o impregnable_a castle_n the_o marketplace_n be_v surround_v with_o very_o fair_a building_n and_o some_o of_o their_o church_n make_v a_o good_a show_n bertius_fw-la and_o ens_fw-la speak_v of_o strange_a cure_n perform_v by_o the_o water_n issue_v out_o of_o a_o fountain_n in_o the_o suburb_n of_o this_o city_n the_o well_o they_o mention_v be_v not_o in_o the_o suburb_n but_o about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n its_o water_n be_v something_o salt_n and_o brinish_a but_o very_o cool_a and_o clear_a they_o be_v say_v to_o cure_v all_o infirmity_n in_o the_o eye_n ear_n or_o other_o part_n of_o the_o head_n and_o many_o other_o cure_n be_v wrought_v by_o their_o purge_n and_o cleanse_v the_o body_n jac._n theodorus_n tabernaemontanus_n give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o some_o strange_a feat_n wrought_v by_o they_o in_o his_o book_n entitle_v wasser-schatz_a print_v at_o frantfurt_n a._n d._n 1584._o and_o paul_n macasius_n publish_v a_o whole_a treatise_n about_o the_o nature_n and_o virtue_n of_o these_o egrish_a water_n in_o the_o year_n 1616._o some_o antiquary_n pretend_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o old_a name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v sourstad_v from_o these_o bitter_a water_n but_o we_o can_v expect_v no_o great_a faithfulness_n in_o the_o account_n of_o its_o antiquity_n since_o the_o city_n with_o all_o its_o record_n perish_v in_o the_o flame_n a._n d._n 1270._o other_o city_n of_o note_n be_v 1._o budweiss_n a_o fair_a and_o large_a town_n not_o far_o from_o the_o border_n of_o austria_n 2._o kuttenberg_n a_o mine-town_n on_o the_o elb._n elnbogen_n a_o strong_a town_n on_o the_o border_n of_o misnia_n call_v usual_o the_o bohemian_a key_n to_o the_o german_a empire_n 4._o thabor_n in_o the_o way_n betwixt_o prague_n and_o budweiss_n whence_o the_o picart_n get_v the_o name_n of_o thaborite_n leimiritz_n aug_v bern_n bruck_n gretz_n maut_n hoff_n jaromir_n pilsen_n etc._n etc._n be_v no_o better_o then_o ordinary_a market-town_n franconiae_fw-la nova_fw-la descriptio_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la jansonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a reverendissim_fw-la o_o &_o illustrission_n principi_fw-la ac_fw-la domino_fw-la dnon_fw-la francisco_n episcopo_fw-la bambergensi_fw-la &_o wirceburgensi_fw-la francia_fw-la orientalis_n duci_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la clementissimo_fw-la humillime_v offer_v nicolaus_n rittershusius_n u._n i._o d._n the_o great_a circle_n of_o franconia_n franconia_n be_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o ten_o great_a circle_n or_o district_n into_o which_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v usual_o divide_v this_o district_n send_v to_o the_o diet_n the_o bishop_n of_o wurtsburg_n eichstadt_n and_o bamberg_n the_o count_n of_o henneberg_n wertheim_n etc._n etc._n with_o several_a other_o prince_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a beside_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o imperial_a city_n of_o noremberg_n rottenburg_n winsheim_n and_o schwinfurt_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o schwaben_n and_o bavaria_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o low_a palatinate_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o landgraviate_v of_o thuringen_n and_o on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o country_n have_v undoubted_o its_o name_n from_o the_o frank_n its_o ancient_a inhabitant_n who_o some_o historian_n make_v a_o remnant_n of_o the_o old_a trojan_n who_o at_o first_o be_v expel_v their_o own_o country_n by_o the_o grecian_n seat_v themselves_o upon_o the_o seashore_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o danubius_n these_o sicambri_n for_o so_o they_o be_v then_o call_v be_v beat_v from_o their_o hold_n by_o the_o goth_n be_v force_v to_o seek_v out_o new_a habitation_n and_o at_o last_o about_o 430_o year_n before_o christ_n fix_v themselves_o under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o general_n marcomir_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o rhine_n in_o westphalia_n friesland_n and_o gelderland_n all_o which_o country_n be_v afterward_o comprise_v under_o the_o general_n name_n of_o sicambria_n about_o four_o hundred_o year_n after_o they_o name_v themselves_o franci_n after_o the_o name_n of_o their_o great_a commander_n francus_n who_o lead_v they_o beyond_o the_o rhine_n and_o subdue_v for_o they_o the_o great_a part_n of_o gallia_n which_o they_o name_v franckric_a the_o german_n call_v it_o still_o franckreich_n or_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o frank_n other_o say_v that_o the_o frank_n be_v not_o one_o particular_a people_n but_o that_o the_o vbii_n mattiaci_n juhones_n sicambri_n tencteri_n vsipetes_n marsi_n marsaci_n tubantes_n bructeri_n chamavi_n angrivarii_n dulgibini_n chassuarii_n ansibarii_n frisii_n chanci_n cherusci_n gambrivii_n and_o some_o other_o branch_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n unite_v themselves_o into_o one_o body_n by_o a_o solemn_a league_n and_o covenant_n as_o the_o only_a mean_n to_o secure_v themselves_o against_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n have_v thus_o link_v themselves_o together_o they_o take_v as_o the_o almain_n have_v do_v before_o they_o one_o common_a name_n call_v themselves_o francken_a which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v as_o freyen_v in_o the_o modern_a high_a dutch_a a_o free_a people_n as_o we_o find_v in_o our_o ancient_a law-book_n francisia_n for_o freedom_n franciscare_n to_o set_v at_o liberty_n and_o franchise_n be_v a_o word_n still_o common_o use_v for_o liberty_n about_o three_o hundred_o and_o sixteen_o year_n after_o christ_n there_o be_v great_a contest_v between_o the_o thuringian_o and_o schwabe_n
schweinfurt_n which_o some_o geographer_n bring_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o principality_n schmalcad_n be_v once_o a_o part_n of_o this_o principality_n but_o be_v not_o esteem_v so_o now_o principatus_fw-la hennenbergensis_n comitatus_n wertheimici_n finitimarumqve_fw-la regionum_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la exacta_fw-la descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a the_o city_n and_o county_n of_o wertheim_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o tauber_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o main_a be_v seat_v the_o city_n of_o wertheim_n in_o a_o fruitful_a soil_n and_o good_a air_n the_o citizen_n who_o chief_a trade_n be_v in_o make_v wine_n live_v former_o in_o good_a credit_n till_o upon_o some_o disagreement_n between_o they_o and_o their_o earl_n who_o endeavour_v to_o reestablish_v popery_n in_o the_o town_n they_o be_v bring_v to_o so_o great_a poverty_n and_o strait_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o religion_n that_o they_o have_v scarce_o be_v able_a to_o recruit_v themselves_o to_o this_o day_n however_o they_o still_o stick_v close_o to_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n and_o be_v zealous_a assertor_n of_o the_o honour_n of_o their_o saint_n luther_n the_o county_n of_o wertheim_n which_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o old_a francia_n orientalis_n as_o lie_v on_o the_o south_n side_n of_o the_o river_n main_a be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wurtzburg_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o county_n of_o hohenloe_n and_o the_o palatinate_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o silua_fw-la ottonica_fw-la and_o on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o large_a forest_n of_o speshart_n this_o province_n afford_v much_o more_o plenty_n of_o corn_n than_o the_o territory_n about_o francfurt_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o way_n inferior_a to_o those_o for_o the_o goodness_n of_o its_o wine_n the_o inhabitant_n have_v here_o good_a store_n of_o meadow_n and_o pasture-ground_n for_o cattle_n which_o bring_v in_o yearly_a as_o great_a revenue_n as_o their_o best_a vineyard_n they_o have_v no_o want_n of_o wild_a fowl_n and_o be_v cloy_v with_o venison_n among_o the_o several_a village_n that_o have_v dependence_n upon_o the_o city_n of_o wertheim_n niclashausen_n niclashausen_n the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v niclashausen_n famous_a for_o the_o birth_n and_o education_n of_o one_o john_n behaim_n who_o be_v burn_v for_o a_o heretic_n at_o wurtzburg_n a._n d._n 1476._o the_o occasion_n whereof_o be_v this_o the_o poor_a boar_n be_v melancholy_a and_o crack-brained_a fancy_v daily_o that_o he_o see_v in_o his_o melancholy_n and_o dumpish_a fit_n strange_a and_o terrible_a apparition_n one_o time_n the_o virgin_n marry_o forsooth_o among_o his_o other_o spiritual_a guest_n give_v he_o a_o visit_n and_o grow_v so_o familiar_a as_o to_o communicate_v to_o he_o several_a deep_a intrigue_n and_o secret_n the_o choice_a whereof_o be_v that_o there_o lie_v no_o obligation_n at_o all_o upon_o the_o 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freherus_n and_o janus_n gruterus_n in_o the_o great_a church_n library_n library_n dedicate_v to_o the_o holy_a ghost_n be_v former_o keep_v the_o elector_n library_n of_o which_o the_o learned_a scaliger_n in_o one_o of_o his_o epistle_n to_o janus_n gruterus_n give_v this_o account_n indicem_fw-la bibliothecae_fw-la vestrae_fw-la sedulo_fw-la legi_fw-la locupletior_fw-la est_fw-la &_o meliorum_fw-la librorum_fw-la quam_fw-la vaticana_fw-la one_o great_a part_n of_o this_o collection_n be_v the_o library_n of_o the_o monastery_n of_o sponheim_n to_o which_o say_v trithemius_n in_o a_o letter_n to_o damius_fw-la curtensis_n a.d._n 1507_o no_o library_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v worthy_a to_o be_v compare_v either_o for_o the_o rarity_n or_o multitude_n of_o book_n especial_o its_o manuscript_n in_o the_o hebrew_n greek_a latin_a chaldaean_a arabic_a indian_a russian_a tartarian_a italian_a french_a german_a and_o bohemian_a language_n but_o this_o treasure_n of_o learning_n 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now_o nothing_o of_o
the_o eastern_a bank_n of_o the_o rhine_n be_v a_o province_n of_o no_o large_a extent_n but_o exceed_o fruitful_a in_o corn_n wine_n and_o hemp._n the_o country_n be_v everywhere_o very_o populous_a and_o the_o village_n so_o thick_a that_o the_o whole_a marquisate_n have_v be_v by_o some_o compare_v to_o one_o continue_a city_n with_o fair_a garden_n interlace_v among_o the_o building_n entz_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d wirmb_n phintz_n and_o the_o other_o river_n afford_v plenty_n of_o fish_n and_o the_o chase_n and_o park_n be_v so_o well_o stock_v with_o venison_n and_o fowl_n that_o what_o the_o nobility_n in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n covet_v as_o a_o delicacy_n the_o rustic_n of_o baden_n have_v for_o their_o ordinary_a food_n the_o merchant_n of_o amsterdam_n antwerp_n and_o other_o great_a trade_n town_n in_o the_o netherlands_o furnish_v themselves_o hence_o with_o those_o vast_a quantity_n of_o flax_n and_o hemp_n which_o they_o transport_v into_o foreign_a nation_n so_o that_o what_o pass_v for_o holland_n flax_n here_o in_o england_n grow_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o the_o marquisate_n of_o baden_n and_o be_v bring_v thence_o down_o the_o rhine_n there_o be_v in_o this_o country_n whole_a wood_n of_o chesnut_n tree_n which_o feed_v their_o great_a herd_n of_o swine_n at_o a_o cheap_a rate_n than_o the_o hog-merchant_n of_o whestphalia_n who_o buy_v their_o chestnut_n at_o bremen_n can_v afford_v to_o do_v the_o quarry_n give_v the_o inhabitant_n a_o advantage_n of_o build_v fair_a house_n with_o a_o small_a cost_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d provide_v they_o with_o a_o good_a freestone_n and_o marble_n of_o all_o colour_n among_o these_o especial_o in_o the_o county_n of_o sponheim_n they_o sometime_o find_v agate_n which_o be_v here_o rare_o polish_a and_o send_v into_o foreign_a country_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d but_o this_o marquisate_n be_v most_o peculiar_o happy_a in_o the_o multitude_n and_o goodness_n of_o its_o hot_a bath_n and_o mineral-water_n especial_o at_o baden_n of_o which_o more_o anon_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d from_o the_o vast_a conflux_n of_o the_o nobility_n from_o all_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o these_o bath_n we_o may_v reasonable_o imagine_v that_o the_o complaisant_a carriage_n towards_o stranger_n which_o we_o find_v everywhere_o practise_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n have_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n proceed_v from_o their_o conversation_n with_o stranger_n who_o flock_n hither_o upon_o the_o strong_a conceit_n they_o have_v of_o the_o more_o than_o ordinary_a virtue_n of_o these_o water_n they_o be_v general_o a_o stout_a and_o hardy_a people_n inure_v to_o labour_n and_o toil_n or_o the_o severity_n of_o a_o camp_n from_o their_o their_o cradle_n hence_o they_o come_v to_o be_v reckon_v as_o good_a soldier_n as_o any_o in_o the_o emperor_n dominion_n and_o it_o be_v not_o a_o little_a honour_n the_o country_n have_v get_v this_o last_o year_n 1681_o in_o have_v their_o marquis_n herman_n make_v choice_n of_o to_o succeed_v the_o late_a famous_a commander_n montecuculi_fw-la in_o the_o place_n of_o general_n of_o all_o the_o imperial_a force_n no_o question_n the_o marquis_n of_o this_o country_n be_v descend_v of_o a_o ancient_a stock_n of_o prince_n marquis_n marquis_n but_o of_o what_o old_a family_n they_o be_v to_o be_v repute_v a_o branch_n the_o german_a herald_n can_v scarce_o determine_v some_o fetch_v they_o from_o the_o vrsin_n and_o other_o from_o the_o house_n of_o della_n scala_n or_o the_o scaliger_n some_o again_o labour_v to_o prove_v that_o baden_n and_o hochberg_n be_v different_a family_n and_o other_o that_o they_o be_v but_o one_o other_o genealogist_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n barbaressa_n bring_v herman_n marquis_n of_o verona_n out_o of_o italy_n and_o make_v he_o the_o first_o marquis_n of_o hochberg_n and_o baden_n a._n d._n 1155._o which_o will_v very_o ill_o agree_v with_o what_o the_o best_a high_a dutch_a historian_n report_v of_o a_o monastery_n be_v found_v by_o herman_n marquis_n of_o baden_n in_o his_o village_n of_o backenau_n a._n d._n 1116_o which_o be_v confirm_v by_o bruno_n bishop_n of_o spire_n in_o the_o year_n 1122._o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n be_v that_o they_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o ancient_a count_n of_o vindonissa_n and_o altemburg_n in_o switzerland_n from_o who_o also_o the_o duke_n of_o zeringuen_n and_o tek_v the_o count_n of_o habspurg_n and_o the_o archduke_n of_o austria_n derive_v their_o original_n at_o present_v there_o be_v two_o family_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o baden_n whereof_o one_o be_v a_o profess_a lutheran_n and_o the_o other_o a_o zealous_a papist_n for_o this_o reason_n their_o interest_n seem_v different_a the_o marquis_n of_o durlach_n associate_a himself_n with_o the_o count_n palatine_n the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o duke_n of_o wirtenberg_n and_o the_o count_n of_o solms_n and_o the_o marquis_n of_o baden_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n savoy_n and_o lorraine_n and_o the_o prince_n of_o hohernzollern_n each_o of_o these_o prince_n style_n himself_o marquis_n of_o baden_n and_o hochberg_n landgrave_n of_o sausenberg_n earl_n of_o sponheim_n and_o eberstein_n lord_n of_o rotel_n badenweiler_n lohr_n and_o mahlberg_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o the_o marquisate_n of_o baden_n baden_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o marquisate_n baden_n baden_n and_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o vast_a number_n of_o hot_a bath_n in_o this_o place_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v above_o three_o hundred_o the_o town_n stand_v among_o hill_n on_o a_o craggy_a and_o uneven_a spot_n of_o ground_n so_o that_o there_o be_v hardly_o a_o strait_a and_o plain_a street_n in_o it_o some_o of_o the_o bath_n be_v scald_a hot_a and_o all_o of_o they_o run_v out_o of_o rock_n of_o brimstone_n salt_n and_o alum_n have_v the_o same_o taste_n one_o of_o they_o be_v call_v the_o kettle_n out_o of_o which_o the_o water_n boil_v at_o a_o wonderful_a rate_n reek_v as_o if_o set_v over_o a_o furnace_n these_o water_n be_v reckon_v sovereign_a medicine_n for_o several_a disease_n especial_o the_o cramp_n and_o gout_n both_o which_o distemper_n have_v be_v admirable_o cure_v by_o they_o for_o this_o reason_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a resort_n of_o the_o german_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n who_o flock_n hither_o in_o as_o great_a company_n during_o the_o whole_a summer_n as_o our_o english_a gentry_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v to_o bath_n in_o somersetshire_n see_v joh._n keiffer_n description_n of_o the_o bath_n of_o this_o country_n 2._o durlach_n durlach_n durlach_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n psintz_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n on_o the_o top_n whereof_o stand_v a_o tower_n wherein_o contintial_a watch_n be_v keep_v for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o city_n the_o street_n in_o this_o town_n be_v general_o fair_a and_o straight_o and_o the_o building_n stately_a and_o uniform_a the_o marquise_n palace_n far_o excel_v that_o at_o baden_n and_o be_v large_a enough_o to_o receive_v the_o court_n and_o attendant_n of_o the_o great_a monarch_n in_o europe_n there_o be_v a_o gymnasium_n keep_v up_o by_o some_o few_o professor_n who_o read_v public_a lecture_n in_o the_o several_a faculty_n but_o that_o which_o be_v most_o worthy_a a_o scholar_n sight_n be_v the_o rare_a collection_n of_o ancient_a coin_n and_o medal_n in_o the_o marquise_n cabinet_n and_o the_o library_n adjoin_v wherein_o be_v some_o piece_n of_o good_a note_n 3._o pfortzheim_n say_v rhenanus_fw-la pfortzheim_n pfortzheim_n be_v ancient_o call_v orcynheim_n and_o by_o latin_a author_n porta_n hercyniae_fw-la because_o it_o be_v seat_v at_o the_o entrance_n into_o the_o schwartzwald_n a_o part_n of_o the_o hercynian_a forest_n as_o you_o travel_v from_o spire_n on_o one_o side_n of_o the_o town_n you_o have_v fair_a meadow_n pasture-ground_n and_o cornfield_n but_o the_o other_o side_n be_v nothing_o but_o mountain_n and_o wood_n this_o town_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o schwaben_n but_o fall_v afterward_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o conradine_n the_o last_o duke_n of_o that_o country_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o baden_n who_o be_v now_o lord_n of_o it_o 4._o gersbach_n be_v a_o town_n of_o no_o great_a extent_n gersbach_n gersbach_n have_v in_o it_o only_o two_o church_n whereof_o one_o be_v frequent_v by_o lutheran_n and_o the_o other_o by_o papist_n the_o marquis_n of_o baden_n as_o count_n of_o eberstein_n a_o castle_n not_o far_o from_o this_o town_n have_v here_o a_o palace_n and_o court_n of_o judicature_n for_o the_o determine_v all_o controversy_n and_o lawsuit_n arise_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o small_a county_n 5._o badenweiler_n a_o city_n betwixt_o freyburg_n and_o basil_n badenweiler_n badenweiler_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o baden_n though_o seat_v in_o the_o territory_n of_o brisach_n the_o hot_a bath_n of_o this_o
place_n spring_v out_o of_o hill_n of_o alum_n brimstone_n and_o niter_n but_o their_o water_n be_v not_o so_o hot_a here_o as_o at_o baden_n drink_a inward_o they_o have_v be_v know_v to_o cure_v asthmae_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o stoppage_n and_o shortness_n of_o breath_n as_o also_o old_a and_o inveterate_a ague_n and_o fever_n by_o wash_v and_o bathe_v they_o cure_v the_o itch_n scab_n and_o leprosy_n and_o be_v a_o excellent_a remedy_n against_o old_a sore_n and_o bruise_n rotel_n sponheim_n susenburg_n and_o mahlberg_n badenweiler_n badenweiler_n be_v place_n which_o have_v be_v former_o of_o some_o note_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o castle_n or_o palace_n of_o some_o ancient_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n who_o have_v borrow_a their_o title_n from_o the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o their_o family_n and_o hence_o the_o name_n of_o these_o old_a town_n be_v still_o register_v in_o the_o title_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o baden_n but_o otherwise_o they_o have_v nothing_o worthy_a of_o a_o description_n the_o landgraviate_n of_o alsace_n alsatia_n or_o elsass_n have_v its_o name_n in_o all_o probability_n from_o the_o river_n ell_n or_o ill_n which_o run_v through_o it_o whence_o elsassen_n as_o the_o german_n call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o die_v a_o der_fw-mi elle_fw-fr sassen_n other_o wohnen_n i.e._n the_o people_n that_o dwell_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o elle_fw-fr some_o i_o know_v will_v have_v the_o ancient_a name_n of_o the_o country_n to_o be_v edel-sassen_a intimate_v a_o delicate_a and_o noble_a seat_n our_o countryman_n mr._n sheringham_n as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o observe_v make_v this_o a_o part_n of_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o ancient_a saxon_n and_o by_o they_o call_v edel-sassen_a or_o noble_a as_o a_o piece_n of_o the_o rich_a and_o pleasant_a ground_n they_o be_v master_n of_o the_o country_n be_v certain_o as_o these_o late_a etymologist_n will_v make_v it_o as_o rich_a and_o noble_a a_o province_n as_o any_o in_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o as_o plentiful_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n especial_o corn_n and_o wine_n the_o hill_n be_v common_o cover_v with_o chesnut-grove_n and_o leberthal_n with_o some_o other_o valley_n afford_v good_a store_n of_o copper_n lead_v and_o other_o metal_n in_o some_o place_n you_o meet_v with_o rich_a meadow_n and_o fat_a pasture-ground_n which_o furnish_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o good_a butter_n and_o a_o sort_n of_o cheese_n equal_a if_o not_o preferable_a to_o the_o best_a in_o holland_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o schwaben_n and_o the_o dukedom_n of_o wirtenberg_n on_o the_o south_n with_o switzerland_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o lorraine_n and_o on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o county_n palatinate_n of_o the_o rhine_n the_o length_n of_o it_o be_v reckon_v at_o about_o twenty_o german_a mile_n though_o the_o breadth_n scarce_o any_o where_n exceed_v four_o this_o whole_a land_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o the_o franc_n and_o by_o their_o king_n hilderic_n bestow_v under_o the_o name_n of_o a_o dukedom_n on_o his_o favourite_n etico_n in_o the_o year_n 684._o etico_n be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n adelprecht_n who_o leave_v his_o two_o son_n linfrid_n and_o eberhard_n coheir_n of_o the_o dukedom_n after_o this_o the_o duke_n of_o this_o country_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o their_o dominion_n by_o charles_n martel_n hofmeister_n or_o lord_z chamberlain_z of_o the_o household_n to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n but_o in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n i._o the_o count_n of_o kiburg_n the_o emperor_n kinsman_n get_v possession_n of_o alsatia_n and_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o be_v make_v the_o first_o landgrave_v of_o this_o country_n other_o say_v that_o it_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o two_o landgraviate_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n otto_n iii_o in_o who_o time_n the_o upper_a alsace_n come_v first_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o count_n of_o haspurge_n who_o from_o thenceforward_o be_v lord_n of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n the_o low_a alsace_n be_v afterward_o by_o the_o earl_n of_o ottingen_n who_o get_v the_o possession_n of_o it_o after_o the_o decease_n of_o henry_n its_o landgrave_n without_o issue_n sell_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o strasburg_n who_o be_v like_a to_o continue_v master_n of_o it_o so_o long_o as_o the_o french_a king_n will_v give_v he_o leave_v alsatia_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a alsace_n beside_o the_o lesser_a territory_n of_o ortenaw_n brisgow_n hagenaw_n sungaw_n etc._n etc._n but_o most_o of_o these_o petty_a province_n may_v be_v refer_v to_o the_o upper_a alsace_n and_o come_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o upper_a landgraviate_v and_o the_o rest_n to_o the_o low_a the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o the_o low_a alsace_n next_o to_o strasburg_n of_o which_o anon_o the_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o low_a alsace_n be_v zabern_n zabern_n zabern_n or_o elsasszabern_n as_o it_o be_v sometime_o call_v to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o other_o two_o city_n of_o the_o same_o name_n one_o in_o the_o palatinate_n and_o the_o other_o in_o bergen_n it_o be_v thought_n to_o be_v the_o tabernae_n mention_v by_o antonine_n and_o marcellinus_n one_o of_o the_o old_a roman_a garrison_n demolish_v by_o the_o ancient_a german_n but_o rebuilt_a by_o julian_n the_o apostate_n the_o city_n be_v defend_v by_o a_o strong_a castle_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a rock_n up_o to_o which_o you_o be_v lead_v by_o a_o narrow_a and_o rugged_a way_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o hard_a craggy_a mountain_n by_o william_n iii_o bishop_n of_o strasburg_n this_o prelate_n and_o his_o successor_n have_v usual_o keep_v their_o residence_n at_o zabern_n where_o they_o have_v also_o erect_v a_o court_n of_o judicature_n for_o the_o decision_n of_o all_o controversy_n arise_v within_o the_o precinct_n of_o their_o diocese_n but_o it_o be_v think_v that_o the_o french_a king_n who_o pretend_v to_o be_v master_n of_o the_o place_n will_v employ_v the_o castle_n otherwise_o hereafter_o 2._o weissenburg_n weissenburg_n weissenburg_n be_v a_o imperial_a city_n but_o reckon_v a_o part_n of_o the_o low_a alsace_n as_o be_v incorporate_v into_o the_o province_n of_o hagenaw_n beatus_fw-la rhenanus_fw-la say_v that_o it_o be_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o ancient_a sebusii_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v call_v by_o latin_a author_n sebusium_n dagobert_n king_n of_o france_n present_v this_o city_n with_o a_o crown_n of_o silver_n gild_v with_o gold_n and_o adorn_v with_o a_o great_a many_o turret_n and_o other_o flourish_n of_o art_n who_o diameter_n be_v four_o and_o twenty_o foot_n in_o remembrance_n of_o which_o noble_a present_a the_o citizen_n have_v a_o crown_n of_o copper_n of_o the_o same_o bigness_n hang_v up_o in_o their_o great_a church_n which_o continue_v there_o till_o in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n of_o germany_n it_o be_v break_v in_o piece_n by_o the_o soldiery_n who_o sieze_v on_o it_o for_o good_a plunder_v the_o same_o king_n grant_v the_o citizen_n of_o weissenburg_n privilege_n to_o hunt_v and_o fish_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o certain_a circle_n which_o in_o some_o place_n reach_v two_o german_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n in_o other_o no_o more_o than_o one_o this_o circle_n be_v in_o their_o charter_n style_v emunitas_fw-la which_o the_o modern_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o place_n have_v corrupt_v into_o mundat_fw-la the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o make_v the_o abbot_n of_o this_o place_n as_o well_o as_o of_o the_o monastery_n at_o fulda_n kempten_a and_o murbach_n a_o prelate_n of_o the_o empire_n bestow_v on_o he_o the_o title_n of_o a_o prince_n and_o allow_v he_o to_o sit_v at_o his_o foot_n in_o all_o diet_n and_o other_o public_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n general_n of_o the_o empire_n 3._o brisach_n brisach_n the_o imperial_a city_n hagenaw_n be_v seat_v between_o the_o two_o rivers_n motter_n and_o sorna_n about_o four_o german_a mile_n from_o strasburg_n it_o be_v encompass_v round_o with_o a_o sandy_a soil_n and_o thick_a wood_n but_o at_o some_o distance_n from_o the_o town_n there_o be_v large_a and_o pleasant_a cornfield_n with_o good_a store_n of_o vineyard_n it_o have_v ancient_o be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o four_o chief_a village_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o indeed_o it_o may_v now_o as_o proper_o as_o ever_o be_v term_v a_o village_n since_o it_o be_v burn_v to_o the_o ground_n by_o the_o french_a force_n a._n d._n 1677_o but_o have_v in_o it_o even_o in_o those_o day_n the_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n for_o both_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a alsace_n afterward_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o wall_v it_o round_o beautify_v it_o with_o a_o fair_a palace_n wherein_o himself_o for_o some_o time_n keep_v his_o residence_n and_o make_v it_o
a_o imperial_a city_n at_o the_o jesuit_n college_n be_v to_o be_v see_v before_o the_o war_n with_o france_n a_o large_a old_a roman_a aries_n or_o battering-ram_n a_o piece_n of_o antiquity_n of_o great_a value_n but_o whether_o it_o be_v now_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o i_o know_v not_o to_o these_o we_o may_v add_v moltzheim_n have_v on_o the_o brusch_n seltz_n and_o some_o few_o town_n more_o place_n of_o no_o great_a note_n before_o they_o be_v visit_v by_o the_o french_a army_n and_o of_o much_o less_o since_o the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o the_o upper_a alsace_n the_o city_n of_o brisach_n call_v by_o antonine_n in_o his_o itenerary_n mons_fw-la brisiacus_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o brisgow_n the_o old_a inhabitant_n of_o which_o province_n we_o find_v often_o mention_v in_o latin_a historian_n by_o the_o name_n of_o brisigavi_n or_o brisigavii_n b._n rhenanus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o high_a dutch_a antiquary_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o brisach_n stand_v 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neighbour_a village_n as_o dependency_n on_o some_o great_a town_n yield_v up_o to_o he_o by_o the_o late_a treaty_n at_o nimiguen_n etc._n etc._n 2._o freyburg_n in_o brisgow_n be_v at_o first_o a_o village_n build_v by_o a_o company_n of_o miner_n who_o wrought_v at_o the_o silver_n and_o copper_n mine_n about_o a_o german_a mile_n from_o brisach_n and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n grow_v so_o rich_a as_o to_o purchase_v the_o estate_n and_o title_n of_o nobleman_n by_o this_o mean_v their_o village_n grow_v up_o into_o a_o large_a city_n which_o be_v able_a upon_o a_o very_a short_a warning_n to_o send_v into_o the_o field_n three_o thousand_o fight_a man_n this_o city_n fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n a._n d._n 1386_o and_o be_v by_o the_o present_a emperor_n resign_v up_o to_o the_o french_a together_o with_o its_o village_n of_o lehn_n mezhausen_n and_o kirchzart_n in_o exchange_n for_o philipsburg_n there_o be_v in_o the_o town_n fourteen_o religious_a 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the_o french_a and_o the_o late_a engagement_n with_o the_o king_n of_o france_n army_n have_v make_v it_o as_o desolate_a of_o inhabitant_n as_o house_n vtriusque_fw-la alsatiae_fw-la superioris_fw-la ac_fw-la inferioris_fw-la nova_fw-la tabula_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a lantgraff_n in_o obern_n elssas_n lantgraff_n in_o vnderen_n elssa_n alsatia_n inferior_a apud_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n alsatia_n superior_n cum_fw-la suntgoia_n et_fw-fr brisgoia_n terrirotium_fw-la argentoratense_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr ptephanum_n swart_a mulnhausen_n by_o most_o late_a geographer_n place_v in_o the_o upper_a alsace_n be_v one_o of_o the_o confederate_a city_n of_o switzerland_n keysersberg_n and_o turcheim_n be_v imperial_a city_n but_o of_o no_o great_a note_n the_o city_n and_o bishopric_n of_o strasburg_n argentina_n be_v a_o name_n of_o a_o monkish_a invention_n instead_o of_o argentoratum_n as_o well_o as_o moguntia_n for_o moguntiacum_n to_o omit_v other_o frivolous_a conjecture_n about_o the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n argentoratum_n and_o strasburg_n we_o shall_v satisfy_v ourselves_o with_o the_o fancy_n of_o the_o learned_a cluverius_n who_o think_v the_o ancient_a name_n of_o this_o famous_a city_n to_o have_v be_v argen_n straaten_v or_o bad-street_n which_o may_v easy_o by_o add_v a_o latin_a termination_n be_v turn_v into_o argentratum_n or_o argentoratum_n and_o afterward_o by_o omit_v the_o two_o first_o syllable_n and_o annex_v burg_n to_o denote_v some_o new_a build_v fort_n with_o as_o much_o ease_n turn_v to_o straetburg_n or_o straesburg_n this_o city_n though_o at_o first_o design_v only_o for_o a_o strong_a fortification_n be_v now_o one_o of_o the_o most_o populous_a and_o best_a trade_v town_n in_o germany_n the_o citizen_n be_v general_o courteous_a and_o rich_a most_o of_o their_o merchant_n and_o magistrate_n have_v house_n fit_a to_o entertain_v so_o many_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n the_o cathedral_n be_v one_o of_o the_o wonder_n of_o germany_n describe_v at_o large_a by_o os_fw-la schadaeus_n in_o a_o particular_a tract_n upon_o this_o subject_n by_o he_o publish_v at_o strasburg_n a._n d._n 1617._o the_o tower_n of_o this_o church_n be_v the_o high_a in_o the_o german_a empire_n nay_o possible_o in_o europe_n or_o the_o whole_a world_n some_o have_v reckon_v it_o perpendicular_a from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o spire_n to_o the_o ground_n at_o 574_o other_o 575_o geometrical_a foot_n but_o schadaeus_n who_o seem_v most_o accurate_a in_o his_o computation_n say_v it_o be_v 489_o foot_n and_o 8_o inch_n yet_o much_o more_o famous_a be_v this_o cathedral_n for_o the_o great_a clock_n in_o it_o which_o by_o the_o honourable_a mr._n boyle_n and_o some_o other_o of_o our_o ingenious_a virtuoso_n have_v be_v mention_v as_o a_o instance_n of_o the_o late_a great_a improvement_n of_o art_n mechanical_a it_o be_v finish_v in_o the_o year_n 1574_o at_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o magistracy_n of_o the_o town_n by_o one_o habrecht_n a_o famous_a artificer_n of_o who_o work_n they_o have_v many_o more_o piece_n in_o the_o same_o kind_n this_o workman_n have_v his_o instruction_n from_o d._n wolckenstein_n and_o conr._n dasypodius_n two_o learned_a mathematician_n the_o latter_a whereof_o have_v publish_v a_o tract_n about_o this_o clock_n the_o first_o thing_n present_v to_o your_o view_n be_v a_o celestial_a globe_n with_o all_o the_o motion_n of_o planet_n fix_a star_n etc._n etc._n behind_o which_o there_o be_v a_o perpetual_a almanac_n wherein_o the_o day_n of_o the_o month_n be_v point_v at_o by_o a_o statue_n stand_v by_o the_o hour_n be_v crow_v by_o a_o gild_a cock_n and_o afterward_o strike_v on_o a_o bell_n by_o a_o angel_n not_o far_o from_o which_o stand_v another_o angel_n with_o a_o hourglass_n in_o its_o hand_n which_o it_o turn_v round_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o clock_n have_v do_v strike_v the_o first_o
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be_v that_o have_v the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n confer_v on_o he_o a_o alphabetical_a index_n contain_v the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o country_n city_n town_n rivers_n isle_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o map_n of_o the_o second_o volume_n place_n map_n latitude_n d._n m._n longitude_n d._n m._n at_fw-fr  _fw-fr aab_n 34_o 49_o 30_o 26_o 50_o aag_n 01_o 47_o 40_o 25_o 20_o aaken_v 14_o 51_o 30_o 29_o 00_o aaihusen_n 17_o 51_o 50_o 26_o 40_o aâ—â—_n 01_o 51_o 00_o 20_o 00_o aâ—â—delost_a 14_o 51_o 35_o 29_o 30_o aâ—â—_n fl_fw-mi 38_o 46_o 00_o 23_o 40_o aâ—â—berg_n 01_o 46_o 50_o 23_o 30_o aâ—â—â—g_n 01_o 47_o 00_o 24_o 10_o aâ—â—â—w_n 38_o 47_o 00_o 24_o 20_o aâ—â—â—_n 2_o 3_o 05_o 54_o 10_o 25_o 50_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 53_o 40_o 25_o 50_o aâ—â—h_n 01_o 50_o 40_o 19_o 50_o aâ—â—ve_a fl_fw-mi 05_o 53_o 25_o 26_o 30_o aâ—â—h_n 34_o 48_o
their_o river_n take_v their_o original_n from_o lake_n or_o else_o they_o can_v hardly_o be_v perpetual_a 2._o that_o the_o river_n of_o muscovy_n be_v except_o where_o they_o be_v straighten_a by_o mountain_n which_o be_v not_o very_o frequent_a for_o the_o most_o part_n broad_a and_o shallow_a full_a of_o island_n flat_n and_o deep_a hole_n because_o all_o their_o river_n in_o a_o manner_n chief_o consist_v of_o melt_a snow_n and_o when_o the_o snow_n dissolve_v it_o cause_v great_a flood_n and_o violent_a deluge_n but_o withal_o carry_v so_o much_o sludge_v that_o it_o fill_v up_o stream_n which_o remain_v so_o till_o a_o new_a deluge_n cleanse_v that_o place_n and_o fill_v up_o another_o so_o that_o the_o channel_n be_v very_o uncertain_a and_o now_o be_v depth_n which_o be_v shallows_o before_o 3._o that_o they_o be_v not_o very_o full_a of_o fish_n and_o be_v it_o not_o for_o the_o lake_n and_o deep_a hole_n which_o be_v not_o freeze_v to_o the_o bottom_n there_o will_v be_v 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mile_n above_o weliki_n novogrod_n it_o receive_v the_o river_n of_o lowat_n arise_v in_o the_o forest_n of_o wolkowsky_n from_o a_o lake_n call_v fornow_n and_o scholona_n and_o pass_v away_o by_o the_o wolkowa_n which_o after_o run_v thirty-six_a league_n discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n or_o laduga_n ladoga_n about_o a_o hundred_o league_n long_o and_o sixty_o broad_a be_v full_a of_o isle_n and_o be_v the_o mother_n of_o the_o neva_n which_o enter_v into_o the_o german_a ocean_n it_o be_v store_v with_o fish_n and_o have_v many_o town_n and_o village_n upon_o its_o bank_n from_o the_o same_o lake_n of_o fornow_n arise_v also_o the_o wolga_n of_o which_o by_o and_o by_o in_o the_o same_o forest_n also_o about_o ten_o league_n from_o fornow_n arise_v boristhenes_n near_o the_o town_n of_o dnieperche_n and_o therefore_o call_v dnieper_n and_o ten_o league_n from_o the_o dnieper_n also_o the_o dwina_n or_o duna_n by_o some_o imagine_v to_o be_v rubus_fw-la by_o other_o turuntus_n of_o ptolemy_n take_v its_o original_n from_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n it_o pass_v by_o vitepsko_n polotsko_fw-mi dunenburg_n etc._n etc._n to_o riga_n in_o livonia_n and_o end_n in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o baltic_a call_v the_o east-sea_n and_o by_o the_o russes_z waretzcoie-morie_a beside_o this_o there_o be_v another_o dwina_n whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o province_n of_o that_o name_n weza_n begin_v in_o a_o marsh_n between_o bieleiosora_n and_o the_o volga_n pass_v by_o suetzogorod_n and_o so_o into_o the_o dwina_n mosqui_n or_o mosqua_n spring_v near_o to_o it_o be_v thence_o six_o league_n below_o moscow_n it_o enter_v into_o occa_fw-la after_o it_o have_v receive_v the_o jagusa_n or_o jausa_fw-la weglin_n have_v its_o spring_n a_o little_a above_o moskow_n and_o join_v with_o occa._n vgra_fw-mi arise_v near_o drohobus_fw-la pass_v through_o a_o great_a desert_n between_o worotin_n and_o coluga_n thence_o fall_v into_o occa._n this_o be_v sometime_o the_o boundary_a betwixt_o russia_n and_o lithvania_n occa_fw-la come_v out_o of_o a_o great_a lake_n in_o the_o province_n of_o rezan_n pass_v by_o many_o great_a town_n near_o nisi-novogrod_a from_o the_o same_o lake_n flow_v sem_fw-mi and_o schosna_n both_o fall_n into_o the_o dnieper_n narva_n be_v navigable_a from_o the_o lake_n czutzho_n or_o czudin_n call_v in_o latin_a picis_fw-la or_o polas_fw-la and_o by_o the_o dutch_a peifve_n tractus_n borysthenis_n vulgo_fw-la dniepr_fw-la et_fw-la niepr_fw-la dicti_fw-la à _fw-la kiovia_n ad_fw-la urbum_fw-la oczakow_n ubi_fw-la in_o pontum_fw-la euxinum_n se_fw-la exonerat_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la wolgae_n fluminis_fw-la olim_fw-la rha_n dicti_fw-la delineatio_fw-la auctore_fw-la adamo_n oleario_n illustrissimo_fw-la domino_fw-la d._n no_o benedicto_n bag_n de_fw-fr berga_n sueco_n haec_fw-la geographica_n fluminis_fw-la wolgae_n descriptio_fw-la humillimè_fw-la offertur_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergias_a et_fw-la mosim_fw-la pitt_n ivan_n vasilowitz_n succeed_v his_o father_n and_o begin_v his_o reign_n with_o the_o siege_n of_o casan_n which_o have_v batter_v in_o vain_a for_o two_o month_n together_o at_o last_o he_o begin_v to_o my_o the_o wall_n the_o mine_n take_v their_o effect_n blow_v up_o the_o work_n slay_v great_a number_n of_o tartar_n and_o give_v the_o opportunity_n of_o a_o assault_n which_o july_n 9_o 1552._o be_v carry_v on_o with_o that_o vigour_n that_o the_o castle_n be_v take_v and_o be_v well_o repair_v by_o the_o muscovite_n be_v still_o keep_v by_o they_o sixty_o verst_n below_o casan_n fall_v the_o great_a river_n cama_fw-la into_o the_o volga_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n by_o several_a mouth_n some_o thirty_o verst_n distant_a from_o other_o the_o water_n of_o it_o be_v blackish_a and_o rise_v out_o of_o permia_n upon_o this_o river_n shall_v seem_v to_o be_v if_o it_o be_v at_o all_o the_o great_a forest_n step_n which_o be_v six_o or_o seven_o hundred_o verst_n long_o wherein_o you_o may_v ride_v a_o day_n journey_n among_o cherry-tree_n yet_o not_o above_o two_o foot_n high_a be_v so_o frequent_o burn_v down_o by_o traveller_n who_o careless_a of_o their_o fire_n at_o night_n set_v fire_n on_o the_o dry_a grass_n and_o burn_v down_o three_o or_o four_o hundred_o furlong_n at_o a_o time_n they_o say_v also_o that_o here_o grow_v spontaneous_o tulip_n rose_n asparagus_n onion_n marjoram_n and_o what_o not_o which_o i_o impose_v not_o upon_o any_o man_n faith_n because_o i_o find_v somewhat_o like_o this_o but_o more_o probable_o mention_v in_o the_o vkrain_n thirty_o verst_n lower_v zerdick_n another_o branch_n of_o cama_fw-la enter_v the_o volga_n over_o against_o which_o on_o the_o right-hand_a bank_n be_v the_o city_n of_o tetus_n a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o verst_n from_o casan_n twentyfive_a verst_n below_o tetus_n but_o on_o the_o left_a bank_n of_o the_o river_n be_v the_o river_n vtka_n which_o rise_v near_o the_o city_n bulgara_n below_o that_o be_v the_o island_n staritza_n in_o 54_o deg_fw-la 31_o min._n where_o they_o find_v pyrite_n of_o several_a colour_n so_o round_o and_o oval_a that_o they_o very_o well_o serve_v for_o shot_n sixty-five_a verst_n below_o tetus_n be_v vneroskora_n a_o ruin_a city_n of_o the_o tartar_n hereabout_o be_v very_o good_a fish_n by_o a_o particular_a invention_n of_o the_o russes_z they_o bait_v a_o hook_n and_o fasten_v it_o to_o a_o strong_a line_n which_o they_o tie_v about_o a_o little_a board_n of_o four_o or_o five_o inch_n cover_v over_o with_o tin_n and_o drag_v it_o after_o the_o boat_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n continual_o turn_v up_o the_o bright_a tin_n towards_o the_o sun_n entice_v the_o great_a sort_n of_o fish_n who_o be_v thereby_o easy_o catch_v upon_o and_o near_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n be_v the_o ruin_n of_o divers_a city_n which_o the_o people_n say_v be_v destroy_v by_o tamerlain_n the_o name_n of_o some_o of_o