20 Zottl 22 51 00 29 10 Zottsted 22 51 10 28 20 Zottwitz 28 51 10 34 15 Zschimichen 22 50 50 29 30 Zubern 26 51 40 32 20 Zublow 10 13 53 00 32 10 Zuchou 22 50 50 29 20 Zuck 40 41 43 47 55 24 20 Zuckmante 1 24 30 50 10 34 30 Zuenicke 22 33 50 20 29 40 Zuffenhausen 45 48 35 25 50 Zug 38 46 40 24 40 Zuger See 38 46 40 24 40 Zhurstein 32 49 20 33 20 Zukleibe 23 51 40 32 00 Zulauff 24 25 51 30 34 00 Zulberg 22 50 20 29 00 Zule 0 53 30 28 10 Zullich 10 135 52 10 33 00 Zullichaw 24 25 36 52 10 32 20 Zulichendorff 10 12 52 40 30 20 Zulin 10 125 52 50 29 50 Zultenhagen 12 52 30 30 40 Zultz 24 50 20 34 00 Zumflin 22 50 30 29 30 Zumloch 38 50 20 23 20 Zumsw 42 48 15 24 â—5 Zumteich 20 51 40 28 50 Zuntzen 41 43 47 40 24 05 Zuntzentorf 41 48 40 24 05 Zuatlangenhain 19 51 10 26 40 Zur 16 52 10 25 50 Zur fl 41 48 40 24 20 Zurbach 40 48 10 24 30 Zurich 1 38 47 00 25 00 Zuricher 38 46 40 25 00 Zurlag 41 42 44 48 10 24 25 Zurlein 38 50 00 23 20 Zurlied 16 52 15 26 20 Zurmarhausen 01 48 10 27 30 Zurmulen 05 53 25 25 20 Zurzach 38 41 47 20 24 45 Zusweier 40 41 43 44 48 15 24 25 Zuten 10 12 52 00 31 00 Zutern 38 39 45 49 00 25 10 Zutphen 38 52 00 22 00 Zutzevitz 08 53 40 33 00 Zuverhusen 16 52 30 25 50 Zuyder Elbe 03 53 45 26 30 Zuyder gronden 3 4 53 45 24 00 Zuyder Zee 1 38 52 40 21 10 Zweckfrontze 27 51 35 33 40 Zwehofel 28 51 00 34 15 Zweibrucken 39 49 10 23 40 Zweidorf 16 52 15 27 10 Zweilitschinnen 38 46 00 24 00 Zwenfurt 22 51 20 29 30 Zwenick 22 50 30 29 50 Zwerbenberg 45 48 25 25 10 Zwergen 16 51 20 26 20 Zwetel 33 48 30 31 30 Zwettenicht 23 51 25 32 10 Zwetzen 15 51 00 28 20 Zweybrodt 28 51 05 34 05 Zwicka 22 33 50 30 29 10 Zwlckaw 22 50 40 29 30 Zwidel 33 48 50 30 20 Zwiebrucken 38 49 00 23 40 Zwifalten 45 48 05 26 10 Zwifalten Torst 35 48 05 26 00 Zwikowetz 33 49 50 30 40 Zwingr 40 48 00 24 25 Zwirzetitz 2 33 50 20 31 50 Zwitta 32 49 30 33 30 Zwitta fl 32 49 20 33 40 Zwole 32 49 40 33 50 Zwoleniowe 2 33 50 00 31 00 Zwoll 38 52 40 22 00 Zwyckow 2 33 50 40 31 30 Zwynge fl 04 54 00 25 40 Zypel 15 52 10 28 40 Zyra 22 50 30 29 00 Additional Subscribers since the Publishing of the first Volume of the Atlas MICHAEL Lord Arch-Bishop of ARMAGH Lord Primate and Lord Chancellor of Ireland Earl of ARRAN Eldest Son to D. Hamilton Earl of ANNANDALL in Scotland Sir Joseph Ash of Twittenham in Middlesex Richard Atkins of Newport-Pagnell Esq Sir Robert Atkins Tho. Allen M. D. and Fellow of the Colledge of Physitians London Ashburnham Esq Sir Thomas Allen of Sumirliton-Hall Suff. John Berkly Esq Robert Berkly Esq Nich. Barbon M. D. London Roger Braddyl of London Esq Sir John Brownlow Tho. Buck of Westwick Cambridge sh Esq David Bruce M. D. London Sir Will. Barkham of Norfolk Baronet Charles Cockaine Esq Son and Heir to Obrian Vicount Cullen of Righton Northampton shire Sir Charles Caesar of Benington Hartford sh Sir Robert Cotton of Hattly St. George in Bedford shire Baronet Sam. Craddock B. D. of Wickhambrook Suff. JAMES Lord Duffes of Scotland The Honourable MARGARET Danby Widdow Sir Will. Domvile his Majesties Attorney General in Ireland Duncan d ee of the Inner Temple Esq Davis M. D. of Exeter John Donelan of the County of Galaway in Ireland Esq Peter Falaiseau Esq Fergus Faril of the County of Longford in Ireland Esq Ford Esq Andrew Forrester Esq Secretary to the Duke of Lauderdale Henry Ferneley of Dublin in Ireland Esq Henry Goldwell Esq Jo. Goodwin Rector of East Barnet Harfordshire Sir Henry Gough of Pury-Hall Stafford-sh LEWIS Gordon Marquis of Huntley James Griffin Esq Tho. Groundes Esq JOHN Lord Haughton eldest Son to the Earl of Clare Sir PHILIP Howard Coll. and Capt. of the Queens Troops of his Majesties Guards John Goven of Scotland Esq Husbands Esq in Barbados John Hillersden of the Inner Temple Esq Will. Hyde of Langtoft Lincoln-shire Esq John Horne Esq Sir John Hobart of Norfolk Baronet Holt of Brazen-nose Coll. Oxon. Tho. Ibbot Rector of Beecham-wells Norf. JOHN Earl of Kildare in Ireland Tho. Ken D. D. Chaplain to her Highness the Princess of Orange Sir Will. Litton of Harfordshire John Launce Merchant in Marseille Tho Lardners Citizen of London Oliver Long Captain of a Company in his Majestie Foot-Guards in Ireland ALEX. Stuart Earl of Murray Sir Tho. Murray Lord Register of Scotland Christopher Merret M. D. of the Colledge of Physitians London Streynsham Master Esq Agent for the East-India Company in the East Indies John Madden of Dublin Ireland Esq Patrick Murray of Scotland Esq RODERICK Mackenzie of Scotland Esq Mayor Aldermen and Common Council of the City of Norwich Jerome Neschu Esq Secretary to her Royal Highness EARL of Panmeur Lord PITMEDEN of Scotland Will. Pincke of London John Parr Citizen of London Sir John Parsons Knight and Baronet Will. Prince Esq Gentleman-Usher to her Royal Highness Richard Palfrey of Dublin Ireland Esq Henry Parker Esq Secretary to the Lord Bishop of London Will. Paynter Fellow of Exeter Coll. Oxon. Sir John Parker of Dublin in Ireland Francis Puy of Isham Northamptonsh Esq JOHN Earl of Rutland ALEX. Lord Bishop of Ross in Scotland Matthew Reeve Goldsmith in Bath Charles Roderick of Eaton Charles Rogers Esq Gentleman-Usher to her Majesty Jo. Speccott Esq of Penble Cornwal Jo. Stronge of Trinity Coll. Cambridge Jo. Staindbrook of Westminster Will. Stokeham M. D. London Stephens Fellow of Exeter Coll. Oxon. Sir Tho. Spencer of Yarnton Bar. Oxfordsh Sir Edward Smith of Hill-Hall Bar. Essex Sir Bryon Stapleton of Milton Bar. Yorkshire Ralph Stowell of Lawham Esq Somersetshire Tho. Sampson Citizen of London James Scott Esq in Bristol Scotland Will. Strickland Esq of Exon. Coll. Oxon. Sir Jo. Topham one of the Masters in Chancery in Ireland Sigismund Trafford of Lincolnshire Esq Trinity Coll. in Dublin Ireland Charles Toriano of London Merchant Sir Edward Villiers Peter Vande-Putt Merchant in London Usher Esq of Ireland HENEAGE Earl of Winchelsea OTHER Windesser Esq Philip Ward Esq Sir George Walker of Bushy-Hall Harfordsh Savil Whittle Chyrurgion to his Majesty Waterhouse M. D. of Exon. Devonsh Will. Warder of Westminster Esq Rob. Warden of Chester Esq Dean and Chapter of Worcester Charles Willoughby M. D. of Dublin in Ireland Edw. Wright of Scotland Esq JOHN Lord Yester of Scotland Benj. Young Minister of Enfield Middlesex Books Printed at the Theatre in Oxford since the Publishing of the first Volume of the Atlas And are to be sold by Moses Pitt at the Angel in St. Paul's Church-Yard London A Short View of the late Troubles in England briefly setting forth their Rise Growth and Tragical Conclusion As also some Parallel thereof with the Barons Wars in the time of King Henry the Third But chiefly with that in France called the Holy League in the Reign of Henry the Third and Henry the Fourth late Kings of that Realm To which is added a Narrative of the Treaties at Uxbridge An. 1644 by Sir Will. Dugdale Garter King at Arms fol. price bound 16 s. The Book of Common-Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church according to the Use of the Church of England with the Psalter or Psalms of David in folio of a large Roman Letter both upon ordinary and fine Paper Plantarum Historiae Universalis Oxoniensis Pars secunda seu Herbarum distributio nova per Tabulas cognationis affinitatis ex Libro Naturae observata detecta Authore Roberto Morison Med. D. Professore Botanico Regio folio Lactantius de mortibus persecutorum liber accesserunt S. S. Perpetuae Felicitatis S Maximiliani S. Felicis Of the Unity of the Church a Discourse written 1430 years since in the time of Decius the persecuting Emperour By Cyprian Bishop of Carthage and Martyr most useful for allaying the present Heats and reconciling the Differences among us quarto price 6. d. Directions for the Book-binder to place the Maps of this second Volume of the English Atlas 1 GErmania pag. 1 2 Albis Fluvius Generalis pag. 4 3 Circa Hamburgensis pag. 4 4 Saxonia Inferior pag. 53 5 Bremensis Ducatus pag. 56 6 Lunenburgensis Ducatus pag. 64 7 Mecklenburg Ducatus pag. 69 8 Pomerania pag. 76 9 Rugia Insula pag. 81 10 Marchia Brandenburgensis pag. 85 11 Vetus vulgo Altmarck pag. 88 89 12 Mittle Marck pag. 88 89 13 Nova vulgo Newmarck pag. 90 14 Anhalt Principatus Magdeburg Ep. 92 15 Brunsvicensis pag. 96 16 Luneburgensis pag. 101. 17 Hildesheimensis pag. 105. 18 Halberstadiensis pag. 107. 19 Turingia pag. 109. 20 Mansfeldiae Comitatus pag. 111. 21 Saxonia superior pag. 113 22 Misnia Voitlandia pag. 115. 23 Lusatia pag. 119. 24 Silesia Ducatus pag. 121 25 Inferior pag. 121 26 Gloganus Ducatus pag. 124 27 Volaviensis Ducatus pag. 124 28 Breslaviensis Ducatus pag. 125 29 Lignicensis pag. 125 30 Grotganus pag. 126 31 Glatz Comitatus pag. 127 32 Moravia pag. 129 33 Bohemia pag. 133 34 Franconia pag. 137 35 Terriorium Francofurtense pag. 139 36 Henneburgensis Ducatus pag. 140 141 37 Werthemiensis Comit. pag. 140 141 38 River Rhein pag. 4 39 Palatinatus Rheni pag. 4 40 Badensis Marchionatus pag. 145 41 Alsatia pag. 148 42 Upper Alsatia pag. 148 43 Lower Alsatia pag. 148 44 Strasburg pag. 149 45 Wertenburgensis Ducatus pag. 150
finished Herman de Salza Master of the Teutonic Order gave Laws and Constitutions Die Kulmsche Handveste for its government a specimen of which antient Canons is given by Lambecius out of an old Dutch Manuscript in the Emperor's Library at Vienna The City at present looks old and ruinous but is still a Bishop's Sec. The Lutherans were permitted the exercise of their religion in private houses by a publick edict signed and published in this City by John Malachowski Bishop of the Diocess the thirteenth of March 1678. 4. Thoorn built at the same time with Culm by the Knights of the Teutonic Order for a post against the Heathen Prussians but not in the place where it now stands Old Thoorn was seated a mile West-ward from the new where to this day are found the ruins of an old Castle and City By whom and when new Thoorn was first founded is not easily determined for when in the year 1454 this part of Prussia delivered it self up into the hands of the King of Poland the old and new Thoorn joyned interests and made up one entire Corporation betwixt them Whence it hapned that the records of the new City were neglected and lost Thoorn seems to have had its name from the German word Thor a gate because built by the Teutonic Order as a gate to let in such forces into Prussia as they should have occasion for Hence the arms of Thoorn are a Castle and Gate half open At present this City is the neatest and best built in Regal Prussia The streets are much broader and the houses statelier then at Dantzig It owes much of its beauty to Henry Stroband Burgo-master of the Town who died in the year 1609. He built the Gymnasium here and endowed it with a considerable revenue for the maintenance of several Lecturers and poor scholars He founded also the Hospital and public Library and built a-new the Town-hall which were it not of late out-done by the Stadthuis at Amsterdam might be reckoned the stateliest in Europe of its kind The rest of this Country comprchended under the general name of Ducal Prussia is subject to the Elector of Brandenburgh and therefore as a part of the Empire shall be treated of in the description of Germany The Great Dukedom of Lithvania WHence this large and noble Country should have its name is utterly unknown Lithvania 'T is ridiculous to bring the word from the Latine Lituus a hunting-horn because forsooth the inhabitants are much addicted to hunting Erasmus Stella an Historian of good credit tells us some Prussians under the command of Litwo one of their Kings sons came into these parts about the year 573 and called the land after their Captains name Litwania or Litvania The Polish Historians agree generally in this story That Palaemon flying the fury of Attyla left Rome and came with several Italians into this Country who gave it the name of La Italia which was afterwards corrupted into Lithvania The Lithvanians themselves glory in this derivation of the name of their Country and prove this story of Palaemon true by the Roman names of their Nobles Vrsin Column Julian c. But this etymology seems too far fetch'd Stella aims fairest tho he miss the mark a little For 't is certain the Prussians did conquer this land and seat themselves in it tho the additional story of Prince Litwo seems feign'd More likely it is that the Prussians not satisfied with their change call'd the Country Lithvania from Litwo which in the ancient Prussian language signifies a vagabond or wanderer The ancient inhabitants are thought to have been the Alani Antient inhabitants since the Lithvanians do still retain some footsteps of the name of these people in their Lithalani and Roxalani But he that shall compare the account which Ammianus Marcellinus gives of the manners of the ancient Alani with what the best Authors say of the old Lithvanians will easily perceive that they are not both one Nation Their language sufficiently proves them to be of the same original with the Prussians and what that is we told you before About the year 1235 Ringeld son of Gimbut Alteration of Government of the posterity of Palaemon is said to have first taken upon him the title of Great Duke of Lithvania In the year 1319 Gedimin who first built Vilna refused to pay homage to the Russian and entring Novogrod with an army took Volodimir and made all Volhinia swear fealty to the Magistracy of Lithvania How large the Dukedom is may appear from the vast territories he left to each of his seven sons at his death To Montvid he gave Kiernova and Slomin To Narimund Pinsko Mozyr and part of the Province of Volodimir To Olgierd Creve and the Country beyond as far as Beresine To Kieystut Samogitia and the territories of Troce Lida Vpide and Subsylvania To Coriat Novogrod and Volkowiski To Lubart Volodomir and Volhinia To his youngest son Javnut Vilna Osmia and Braslaw designing him for Great Duke But soon after when the Tartars begun to infest Volhinia and Kiow Javnut was deposed and his brother Olgierd made Great Duke in his place He in the year 1331 falls upon the Tartars and in a short time makes himself Master of Podolia which they had kept for some years About the same time Demetrius Duke of Moscovy sent an Ambassador into Lithuania to demand a restitution of all those Provinces which formerly belong'd to the Dukedom of Russia The Great Duke immediately upon his arrival commits him to close custody and marching forthwith in the head of his army towards Moscovy surprised the Duke in his Palace and forced him to accept of a peace upon this condition That for the future the bounds of Lithuania should reach as far as Mosco and the river Vgra When Vladislaus Jagello was chosen King of Poland in the year 1386 he promised that from thence forward the Great Dukedom of Lithuania should be annexed to that Crown At the same time the Lithvanian and Russian Nobility took an oath of allegiance to the King and Queen of Poland which was repeated in the years 1401 and 1414. But this obligation they afterwards shook off For when the Polanders desired to joyn Volhinia Podolia and some other Provinces of Russia to their own Kingdom the Lithuanians loath to part with so fair possessions opposed them with that vehemence That for several years there was nothing but continuall skirmishes between the two Nations At last in the year 1566 differences begun to be composed which were finally determined A. D. 1569 by articles drawn up and subscribed to by both parties in the presence of several Ambassadors of other Nations The principle Articles agreed upon were these That the Lithuanians should for the future disclaim all right and title to the Provinces of Podlachia and Volhinia and the Palatinate of Kiow That they should never by themselves elect a Great Duke but upon a vacancy repair to the place whither they
Henry the First 's Sister tho others think it rather a corruption of Papenberg or Pfaffenberg as having been anciently the Seat of the Priests or Pfaffen We have already acquainted the Reader with the delicate situation of this City abounding with all sorts of rich fruits and plants beyond any of its neighbouring Provinces and shall here only take notice of what is observable within the Town The old Earls of Bamberg kept their residence at Altenburg about an English mile from the Town but the Bishops have now adays a Palace in the midst of the City on a small Island in the River Regnitz 'T is a pile of building sufficiently magnificent and splendid rarely beautified with large and fair Orchards and Gardens The Jesuits College and Church make a good shew and the four Spires at the Cathedral are noble SCHWEINFURT or Trajectus Svevorum has its name from the Swabes passing the River Mayn in this place Sâ—â—â—â—â—â— fâ—â—â— Goltmeyer says this Town was built 217 years before Christ but brings little proof for what he reports The Town is at present neither very large nor populous but tolerably well fortified with Walls and Rampires and has the advantage of a good River running by This City is by some reckon'd a part of the Principality of Hennenberg of which anon TERRITORIUM FRANCOFURTENSE To Iohn Hillersdon of the Inner Temple Esq thisMapp is Humbly Dedicated by Moses Pitt The City and Territory of FRANCFURT upon the MAYN THE Emperor Charles the Great King of the Francks having once made war against the Saxons and thoroughly incensed that bold and resolute people he could get but little rest till he had subdued them beyond all possibility of a Rebellion For they were continually pressing in swarms upon the Francks whom when they found themselves too numerous for their enemies they would be sure to pursue to the very banks of the River Mayn where they had sometimes the misfortune to be cut in pieces by the Francks who well acquainted with the Fords of that River would suddenly rush in upon them and put most of them either to flight or the sword From these sallies 't is thought the Town of Francfurt had its name it being seated upon one of these common Fords of the Francks This is the opinion of the ingenious Gunther in his Ligurinus where he says quia Carolus illic Saxonas indomita nimium feritate rebelles Oppugnans rapidi latissima flumina Maeni Ignoto fregisse vado mediumque per Amnem Transmississe suas neglecto ponte cohortes Creditur c. But others say tho without reason that 't was built by Francus the first Captain of these people and that from him it got its name And some as ridiculously have call'd it Helenopolis from the Emperor Constantine's Mother The Town is divided into two parts separated from each other by the Mayn whereof the greater is call'd Francfurt and the less Sachsen-huss or the House of the Saxons These two are united by a Stone-bridg cross the River of thirteen or fourteen Arches and subject to the same Magistrates The City is strong and well fortified and which gives it more strength then Walls or Rampires can do its inhabitants are unanimous professors of the Lutheran Religion The Jews indeed have one street to themselves and are allow'd a Synagogue with the public profession of their Religion But these are so inconsiderable an handful of men that there is no fear of their disturbing the Government It is a place of great traffick and well seated for that purpose For the Mayn passing by the great Cities of Bamberg Schweinfurt Wurtzburg and Guemund gives it an opportunity of trading with the greatest part of Franconia and the same River running into the Rhine carries off and brings in Commodities from the Remoter parts of the German Empire and the Netherlands The greatest concourse of foreign Merchants is at the two great Fairs kept here yearly in March and September at which times all sorts of Commodities especially Books are brought hither by the Factors of the Germans Hollanders Italians French and English They have every year a Catalogue publish'd of such new Books as are or will be brought into the Fair and from them our London Booksellers have of late years learn'd the trick of printing a Catalogue every Term. As long as this Mart lasts which is usually three weeks there is here as great variety and choice of Books as in any City in Europe but when that is over the Booksellers shops are usually shut up On the North-side of the City they have a spatious Horse-Fair wherein yearly a vast number of good Horses are bought and sold Among the many Priviledges conferr'd on this City by several of the German Emperors Priviledges the chief is its being appointed the certain place for the Election of every new Emperor This was a customary thing ever since Arnulph the First 's days but confirm'd only by Charles IV. Author of the Aurea Bulla of which we have already treated at large in the General Description of Germany After the Electors have given their voices in St. Bartholomew's Church if it does not appear as now there are Eight Electors it may easily happen which person has the most votes it has been usual for the two Candidates to determine the quarrel by battel in the neighbouring Fields wherein the Conqueror is carried off with great acclamations back to the City and there proclaim'd King of the Romans Thus the controversie was decided betwixt Henry Landgrave of Thuringen and Conrad Son to the Emperor Frideric II. as also between Ludowic Duke of Bavaria and Frideric Arch Duke of Austria and lastly betwixt Gunther Count of Schwartzenburg and Charles IV. These are the instances given by Munster and some other German writers all of whom Martin Zeiller relying on the Authority of Chrst Lehman in his Chronicle of Spire fancies to be mistaken and to report stories which none of the more ancient Historians who flourish'd in the times when these things should have been transacted ever mention St. Bartholomew's Church in Francfurt is a venerable and stately piece of Architecture having been first built by King Pepin Charles the Great 's Father Some other public buildings as the Town-Hall several Monasteries c. are worth the seeing But the Mineral Springs and Baths are most remarkable which are daily visited by the Nobility and Gentry of the Town and neighbourhood Amongst the rest there is one Cold Bath wherein as Zeiller reports 't was the custom in his days to wash women before they went to be married or as soon as their month of childbed was over But that which gave England the greatest cause to remember this City was the entertainment of some of our Protestant Ministers who with their Congregations fled hither in the days of Queen Mary's bitter persecution Yet I am sorry our Island is forced to own such a sett of Ecclesiastics who went hence a pack of Zuinglian Gospellers and
appeal but only to the King who may pardon the crime or mitigate the punishment as he pleases Under this for dispatch of business are two other Courts one for Civil and one for Criminal matters of inferiour concernment 2. The Court Marshal in which all matters relating to War are decided The Grand Marshal of the Army is always President having two Assessours Senatours of the Kingdom or publick Officers all men of the sword with the Master of the Camp Master of the Artillery and Captain General of the Kings Guards 3. The Court of Chancery for the decision of all cases Civil or Ecclesiastical 〈…〉 here the Chancellour of the Kingdom presides with four Senators Assessors and the two Secretaries of State here all Mandates Edicts Commissions c. are made in the Kings name all Decrees of Senate and Constitutions of the Kingdom registred and in a word cognizance taken of all complaints and Cases 'twixt one Subject and another whether relating to the Church or State which are brought hither by Appeal from some Inferiour Courts 4. 〈◊〉 The Court of Admiralty for the inspection and determining all business relating to the Navy or Sea affairs here the High Admiral presides four Senators four Vice Admirals and several Captains Assessours 5. The Court of the Kings Exchequer in which all business relating to the Kings Revenues or wherein the Crown is any way concerned are examined and decided here the Grand Treasurer is Judge who has four Assessours two Senators and two Noblemen Besides these there are other Inferiour Tribunals Inferiour Tribunals instituted at first by Gustavus Adolphus in the years 1614 and 1615 in some of the most principal Cities of the Kingdom 1. At Stockholme where the Drotset presides with sixteen Assessours four Senators six Knights and six Lawyers 2. At Junecopia in Gothland where the President is a Senator of the Kingdom six Nobles and as many Lawyers Assessours 3. At Aboa in Finland where a Senator is President six Nobles and six Lawyers Assessours 4. At Dorpat in Livonia a Senator President and twelve Assessours two other also were by him appointed one at Wismar in Pomeren and another at Rugen in the Dukedom of Breme but all proceedings there by reason of the wars 'twixt this Crown and the neighbouring Princes are quite stopt and the four former at present only made use of In the Cities of lesser note Justice is executed in this manner the first hearing is before an Inferiour Magistrate called Cammene Rat the second before the Consuls and Senate of the Town which are always four in number each having his particular charge the third if the case be of importance before one of the supream Tribunals where upon the first hearing the Judg or President of the Court is bound to determine the case or else to give under his hand that it is very intricate and requires longer time or a higher Court for its determination or else he with the twelve Assessours are to be fined each three Marks apiece Over and above all these Courts The Senate of the Kingdom and as it were a Compound of them all is the Senate of the Kingdom held anciently only for the election of their Kings and consisting of the Governours of the Provinces but at present made up of more members and summon'd for the same reasons and in the same manner as the Parliament in England In it there are two Persons elected out of every Consistory and one Rector of a Country Parish out of every District one Colonel with other Lievtenants and Majors out of every City one Consul one Senator or some other principal Citizen and out of every Territory one Inhabitant every different order of these have a distinct house to sit in and for every house a Chair-man or Speaker For the Nobility the grand Marshal for the Clergy the Arch-bishop for the Burgesses of Cities one of the Consuls of Stockholme or the Master of the Artillerie and for those of the Country some one elected out of their own Body When they have finisht their Deliberation severally they confer all the Houses together and having agreed upon a form present their resolves to the King if he is pleased with them and thinks fit to pass them into Acts he with the Members of the Parliament subscribe and seal them the Records of which the Marshal of the States an Officer appointed for that purpose puts into the Chancery causes them to be promulgated and then quits his Charge and his Staff the mark of his Dignity The Laws used in Sweden The Laws as well as those of Ostro and Westro-Gothia are very ancient every Province having formerly had says Loccenius particular Constitutions by which it was governed the Plantiff and Defendant using to plead their own Causes or to give the management of them to some of their Kindred never taking the assistance of any Advocate or Proctour contrary to their present practice In cases dubious it was in use here as in most parts of Europe to refer the determination of them to the trial either of Fire Ordeal sufficiently known to most men used at first in this Country by Olaus Scotkonung about the year 986 and quite abrogated by Bergerus Jerls about 300 years ago or of scalding water or of bringing the suspected Person in cases of murder to the dead body which if upon his approach begun to bleed they judged him to be the murtherer or of Duel call'd Wehiding i. e. consecration This manner of Tryal was first allowed say some by Frotho King of Denmarck whence being brought into Sweden and for sometime prevailing it was first of all by Gustavus the Great under great penalties forbid but not absolutely extirpated till the time of this present King A. 1662 when its punishment was made arbitrary At present if a Legifer be to be elected it is done by the Bishop who gives notice thereof in the Court eight weeks before the electionday and the people of the Territory who return three sufficient persons to the King and he chuses one of them If a President the Legifer and the people of the District chuse him Who takes an Oath to administer Justice impartially amongst them and can be Judg in one only District at the same time When a Plantiff commences an Action against the Defendant he with two able House-keepers goes to his house and summons him to the Court if he appear the first second or third Court day 't is well if not he loses the Action and distress is made upon his Goods In cases of Murder Adultery c. punishable by death if the guilty persons flie Bud kaffla or Hue and Cry is sent out after them which is to go through the whole Precinct and to be continued from one place to another by the delivery of a Staff the sign of authority A Woman convicted of adultery by six Witnesses loses her Dowry her Estate and if her husband pleases her life too
superadded to the Title of Freyherr to denote the antiquity of those four who bear this name in the rank of Barons Paurmeister gives his opinion of the case proposed in these words Ego Baronum genera nulla esse arbitror quocunque nomine Semper-Freyen Freyherrn Edle Herrn vel singulariter Freyen Herrn Edle vel Die Edle appellantur Nobilitate ac Dignitate pares esse Omnes enim generali vocabulo Herrn comprehenduntur ut perpetuo habet Decretorum Comitiorum subscriptio Von der Graven und Herrn wegen i. e. I do not think there are any different kinds of Barons but that whatever Title they may have whether Semper-Freyen Freyherrn Edle Herrn Freyen Herrn or Edle they are all of them notwithstanding of equal Nobility and Dignity since they all agree in the general Title of Herrn as we find the Decrees anciently pass'd in the Diets subscribed Von der Graven und Herrn wegen i. e. by assent and authority of the Counts and Barons And as Herrn is a common name for all sorts of German Barons so is Herrschaft a general name for a Barony which two words the High Dutch use in the same sense as we do Lord and Lordship We see then what the Title of Frey-herr signifies â—â—â—on And in the modern writings of the Germans we seldom or never meet with the word Baron tho this is as ordinary in Spain Italy France and England as the former is in Germany However Schottelius who made as diligent enquiry into the ancient monuments and records of the German Nation as any man whatever assures us that Bar or Baar in old Teutonic manuscripts signifies a Baron and is commonly there used instead of the more modern word Frey-herr And possibly there may be as just grounds for deriving Baro from the High Dutch as either the Latin or Greek For the Latin word Vir signifying a man separate and distinct from the vulgar by his virtue whence the generality of Critics derive Baro has in all probability been borrowed of the High Dutch in whose ancient Laws Baro or Barus and Foemina do usually occur for a man or woman The English Saxons call'd a man Æ¿er or Æ¿ar which the old Franks turn'd into Ber and afterwards Paro In Junius's Edition of the Codex Argenteus the Gothic word Wair is used for man and Waire in the plural for men Sometimes instead of Baron the Germans use the Title of Banner-herr â—â—nner-herr or Panner-herr which may be render'd Dominus vexillifer and signifies the same thing with Banneret I cannot certainly affirm that the word Banner-herr tho ordinarily met with in German writers is ever made use of to denote any High Dutch Title of Honour but only to express the Honorary Titles of other Nations What a Chivalier Banneret or Knight Banneret which the Germans usually render Banner-herr does signifie may be learn'd from the account which the Author of La division du mond gives of it Pour faire says he un Chevalier Banneret cest quant il a longement suyvy les guerres et que il a assez terres et revenue tant que il peult tenir et soudoyer cinquants gentils homes pour accompagnier sa Banniere Lors il peult licitement lever ladit Banniere et non autrement car nul autre home ne puit porter Banniere en Battaile sil n'a cinquant homes prestz pour battailler Which story of maintaining fifty men under him to accompany his Banner is in the end of the old printed Copy of Gesta Romanorum in French notwithstanding the assertion of some late Authors that a Banneret need have no more then twenty-five some say ten men under him The Germans call a Knight Ritter â—â—tter for the same reason as the Latins stiled him Eques because this Title was formerly never conferr'd upon any man that had not perform'd some gallant exploit in the field and who was dubb'd Knight by being accouter'd with a Sword and pair of Spurs One of our ancient English Poets Dan. Lydgate gives us a full explication of the Title of Ritter in these words Eques ab Equo is said of very right And Chevalier is said of Chevalry In which a Rider called is a Knight Arragoners done also specifie Caballiero through all that party Is name of worship and so took his ' ginning Of spores of Gold and chiefly Riding The first original of dubbing of Knights with a Sword came probably from the ancient custom of the Northern Nations of girding their young men with a Sword as soon as they were able to bear Arms. Nihil says Tacitus speaking of the ancient Germans neque publicae neque privatae rei nisi armati agunt Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris quam Civitas suffecturum probaverit Tum in ipso concilio vel Principum aliquis vel Pater vel Propinquus scuto frameaque Juvenem ornant Haec apud illos Toga hic primus Juventae honos Ante hoc Domus pars videntur mox Reipublicae Besides this Ceremony of giving a Lance or Target to such as were admitted members of the Empire they had another way of adopting Sons per arma Thus Theodoric King of the Eastern Goths in Italy adopted the King of the Heruli by a Charter still extant in Cassiodorus's Northern History And hence Justin the Elder being about to adopt Cosroes the King of Persia's Son was advised by Proclus his Chancellor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Procopius speaks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. That it should be done according to the custom of the barbarous Nations who did not adopt Sons by Writing but by Arms. There are not so many several Orders of Knighthood in Germany as in most other European Nations Orders of Knighthood if we except those who have any Honour and Title of some particular Order sent them from the Kings of Spain England and Denmark For from these Princes several Dukes Counts and other Grandees of the Empire receive the honorary Titles of Knights of the Golden Fleece the Garter and the Elephant The Teutonic Order of Knighthood of which we have spoken something before in the Description of Prussia was first instituted under the walls of Acon or Ptolemais in the Holy Land altho Jacob de Vitriaco Polydore Vergilius Gretser and several other Historians of good note make the Order much more ancient After the City was taken by the Christians these new Knights who were most of them Citizens of Lubec and Bremen fix'd themselves at a Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary from whence they are sometimes stiled Equites Mariani Here they were setled under Henry Walpot von Passenheim their first Great Master in the year 1190. Afterwards when the Christians were beaten out of Syria they remov'd to Venice and thence to Marpurg in Hassia where as in several other parts of Germany their Convent was endow'd with fair revenues Whence some fancy they first got the name of Equites