20 Zottl 22 51 00 29 10 Zottsted 22 51 10 28 20 Zottwitz 28 51 10 34 15 Zschimichen 22 50 50 29 30 Zubern 26 51 40 32 20 Zublow 10 13 53 00 32 10 Zuchou 22 50 50 29 20 Zuck 40 41 43 47 55 24 20 Zuckmante 1 24 30 50 10 34 30 Zuenicke 22 33 50 20 29 40 Zuffenhausen 45 48 35 25 50 Zug 38 46 40 24 40 Zuger See 38 46 40 24 40 Zhurstein 32 49 20 33 20 Zukleibe 23 51 40 32 00 Zulauff 24 25 51 30 34 00 Zulberg 22 50 20 29 00 Zule 0 53 30 28 10 Zullich 10 135 52 10 33 00 Zullichaw 24 25 36 52 10 32 20 Zulichendorff 10 12 52 40 30 20 Zulin 10 125 52 50 29 50 Zultenhagen 12 52 30 30 40 Zultz 24 50 20 34 00 Zumflin 22 50 30 29 30 Zumloch 38 50 20 23 20 Zumsw 42 48 15 24 â—5 Zumteich 20 51 40 28 50 Zuntzen 41 43 47 40 24 05 Zuntzentorf 41 48 40 24 05 Zuatlangenhain 19 51 10 26 40 Zur 16 52 10 25 50 Zur fl 41 48 40 24 20 Zurbach 40 48 10 24 30 Zurich 1 38 47 00 25 00 Zuricher 38 46 40 25 00 Zurlag 41 42 44 48 10 24 25 Zurlein 38 50 00 23 20 Zurlied 16 52 15 26 20 Zurmarhausen 01 48 10 27 30 Zurmulen 05 53 25 25 20 Zurzach 38 41 47 20 24 45 Zusweier 40 41 43 44 48 15 24 25 Zuten 10 12 52 00 31 00 Zutern 38 39 45 49 00 25 10 Zutphen 38 52 00 22 00 Zutzevitz 08 53 40 33 00 Zuverhusen 16 52 30 25 50 Zuyder Elbe 03 53 45 26 30 Zuyder gronden 3 4 53 45 24 00 Zuyder Zee 1 38 52 40 21 10 Zweckfrontze 27 51 35 33 40 Zwehofel 28 51 00 34 15 Zweibrucken 39 49 10 23 40 Zweidorf 16 52 15 27 10 Zweilitschinnen 38 46 00 24 00 Zwenfurt 22 51 20 29 30 Zwenick 22 50 30 29 50 Zwerbenberg 45 48 25 25 10 Zwergen 16 51 20 26 20 Zwetel 33 48 30 31 30 Zwettenicht 23 51 25 32 10 Zwetzen 15 51 00 28 20 Zweybrodt 28 51 05 34 05 Zwicka 22 33 50 30 29 10 Zwlckaw 22 50 40 29 30 Zwidel 33 48 50 30 20 Zwiebrucken 38 49 00 23 40 Zwifalten 45 48 05 26 10 Zwifalten Torst 35 48 05 26 00 Zwikowetz 33 49 50 30 40 Zwingr 40 48 00 24 25 Zwirzetitz 2 33 50 20 31 50 Zwitta 32 49 30 33 30 Zwitta fl 32 49 20 33 40 Zwole 32 49 40 33 50 Zwoleniowe 2 33 50 00 31 00 Zwoll 38 52 40 22 00 Zwyckow 2 33 50 40 31 30 Zwynge fl 04 54 00 25 40 Zypel 15 52 10 28 40 Zyra 22 50 30 29 00 Additional Subscribers since the Publishing of the first Volume of the Atlas MICHAEL Lord Arch-Bishop of ARMAGH Lord Primate and Lord Chancellor of Ireland Earl of ARRAN Eldest Son to D. 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Directions for the Book-binder to place the Maps of this second Volume of the English Atlas 1 GErmania pag. 1 2 Albis Fluvius Generalis pag. 4 3 Circa Hamburgensis pag. 4 4 Saxonia Inferior pag. 53 5 Bremensis Ducatus pag. 56 6 Lunenburgensis Ducatus pag. 64 7 Mecklenburg Ducatus pag. 69 8 Pomerania pag. 76 9 Rugia Insula pag. 81 10 Marchia Brandenburgensis pag. 85 11 Vetus vulgo Altmarck pag. 88 89 12 Mittle Marck pag. 88 89 13 Nova vulgo Newmarck pag. 90 14 Anhalt Principatus Magdeburg Ep. 92 15 Brunsvicensis pag. 96 16 Luneburgensis pag. 101. 17 Hildesheimensis pag. 105. 18 Halberstadiensis pag. 107. 19 Turingia pag. 109. 20 Mansfeldiae Comitatus pag. 111. 21 Saxonia superior pag. 113 22 Misnia Voitlandia pag. 115. 23 Lusatia pag. 119. 24 Silesia Ducatus pag. 121 25 Inferior pag. 121 26 Gloganus Ducatus pag. 124 27 Volaviensis Ducatus pag. 124 28 Breslaviensis Ducatus pag. 125 29 Lignicensis pag. 125 30 Grotganus pag. 126 31 Glatz Comitatus pag. 127 32 Moravia pag. 129 33 Bohemia pag. 133 34 Franconia pag. 137 35 Terriorium Francofurtense pag. 139 36 Henneburgensis Ducatus pag. 140 141 37 Werthemiensis Comit. pag. 140 141 38 River Rhein pag. 4 39 Palatinatus Rheni pag. 4 40 Badensis Marchionatus pag. 145 41 Alsatia pag. 148 42 Upper Alsatia pag. 148 43 Lower Alsatia pag. 148 44 Strasburg pag. 149 45 Wertenburgensis Ducatus pag. 150
Tract in Latin containing its description and vertues The Oder is the chief of all the Rivers in Silesia Rivers It springs near the Town Oder not far from Teschen on the borders of Moravia and passes by Ratibor Cossel Oppelen Brieg Brieslaw Glogaw Beuthen and Crossen with some more Cities of less note before it leaves this Dukedom Other remarkable Rivers are the Bober Neisse Ohla and Queiss Besides these 't is the honour of Silesia that the Vistula the best River in Poland and the Elb spring out of its mountains There are also in this Country good store of Ponds and Lakes which yeild plenty of all manner of fresh water fish especially Lampreys which are caught in prodigious quantities in the Neisslish Sea and some other waters Other Commodities of the Land are Madder â—â—moâ—â—ies Flax sweet Cane or Galengal Wine especially in the Dukedoms of Sagan and Crossen Silver Copper Lead Iron and Chalk They have plenty of Salt-peter and some good Salt tho not so much as to be sufficient for their own use so that daily great quantities of this Commodity are brought in from Poland and other neighbouring Countries They have all the sorts of wild and tame Beasts that any other part of the German Empire affords Butter Cheese particularly a kind of pitiful stuff made of Ewe's milk Bacon Honey c. But the greatest trading Commodities they have are Wool and Flax. Silesia has bred several good Scholars and brisk Wits â—â—abiâ—â—ts tho the ordinary Rustics are look'd upon as a people of a shallow understanding and small sence They are commonly in way of derision stil'd by their neighbour Nations Eselsfresser or Ass-Eaters The occasion of which nick-name some say was this A blunt Country Rustic travelling from near Breslaw into the Dukedom of Crossen ' spy'd in a field an Ass feeding which the poor fellow having never before seen the like Creature mistook unhappily for an overgrown Hare Whereupon discharging his Blunderbuss he shot the strange beast and brought it home to his friends and acquaintance who being a pack of Bumpkins of no longer heads then himself roasted and eat up the outlandish Puss This is the relation which the common people of Silesia give of their Title Another story is that the Miners at Reichenstein not far from Glatz having discover'd a vein of Gold-Ore which they nam'd der guldener Esel lay at it continually being resolv'd that no strangers or foreigners should share with them in the Treasure And hence they got the name of Ass-eaters from stuffing their purses and not their carcases But this later narrative may possibly have been contriv'd by some of the Silesian Wits who by this means were in hopes to wear off the disgrace and ignominy of the former Some of them like the Bores of Italy and Bohemia have a custom of reckoning the hours of the day from the Snnsetting but few of the Nobility observe that method The Lieutenantship of Silesia was for some time committed to Matthias Corvinus King of Hungary but afterwards was conferr'd upon the Bishops of Breslaw until the Emperor Rudolf II. decreed that this charge should be committed to some of the Temporal Princes of that Nation who were to be nominated as well as the subordinate Lieutenants of the several petty Dukedoms or Counties by the Council Chamber at Prague to whom was also committed at the the same time the supreme inspection into all Law-Cases and the different administration of Justice in all Courts of Judicature in each particular Province Christianity was first planted in Poland and at the same time in Silesia Religion which was then a part of that great Dukedom about the later end of the ninth and beginning of the tenth Century In the infancy of Religion in these parts the Polanders and Silesians were wont to assemble themselves in Woods and other desert places of the Land for fear of laying themselves too open to the cruelty of their Magistrates who were men of another perswasion But at last Christianity was admitted to Court for Mieceslaus Duke of Poland having married Drambronica Daughter of Boleslaus Duke of Bohemia a Christian was himself baptized at Gnesna in the year 965. Whereupon he caused nine Bishopricks to be erected in his Dominions amongst which one was founded at Schmogra in Silesia which was afterwards removed to Bitschen and at length fix'd at Breslaw Soon after the Reformation begun by Luther the Augsburg Confession was brought hither and at last confirm'd by the Emperor Rudolph II. in the year 1609. But Ferdinand II. a bloody persecutor of the Protestants repeal'd that Charter allowing the public profession of the Lutheran Religion to the Citizens of Breslaw and some few Towns more and that too with several limitations and restrictions However that Emperor was sensible before his death how vain 't was to endeavour the extirpation of Protestants and the whole Empire some years after groaned under the dismal effects of his misguided zeal for the Church of Rome The Silesians are at this day generally Lutherans only some few of the Nobility with their Dependants adhere still to the Superstitions and Fopperies of the Romanists We have hitherto given the Reader a general account of the vast Dukedom of Silesia and proceed in the next place to a more particular survey of the several petty Provinces which make up this large Territory beginning with I. The Dukedom of CROSSEN IN the time that the Silesian Princes were Dukedom by the subtilty of John King of Bohemia set at variance and enmity amongst themselves of which stratagem we have already taken notice this Dukedom was first separated from the other parts of the Great Duke of Silesia's Dominions For in the year 1272 the City of Crossen was pawn'd to the Archbishop of Magdeburg but redeem'd within two years after by Henry Duke of Breslaw Four years after this the Citizens of Breslaw pawn'd it a second time to John Marquise of Brandenburg for four thousand Crowns towards the ransom of their Duke but with this proviso that the Marquise should not give assistance to Boleslaus Duke of Lignitz in his wars against their City Not long after Crossen was again redeem'd out of the Marquise's hands But John the Great commonly known by the name of Cicero Germanicus got possession of it a second time in lieu of fifty thousand ducats owing him for his wife's portion Again John Duke of Sagan deliver'd up this Dukedom into the hands of John the third Elector of Brandenburg with the consent of Vladislaus King of Hungary and Bohemia in the year 1391. Lastly Joachim II. and his Brother John Marquises of Brandenburg had the sole and entire possession of this Dukedom granted them by the Emperor Ferdinand the first King of Bohemia Since which time the Electors have always enjoy'd it and stiled themselves Dukes of Crossen in Silesia Crossen City in the language of some of the Natives of this Country signifies the outmost seam or selvidge
Henry the First 's Sister tho others think it rather a corruption of Papenberg or Pfaffenberg as having been anciently the Seat of the Priests or Pfaffen We have already acquainted the Reader with the delicate situation of this City abounding with all sorts of rich fruits and plants beyond any of its neighbouring Provinces and shall here only take notice of what is observable within the Town The old Earls of Bamberg kept their residence at Altenburg about an English mile from the Town but the Bishops have now adays a Palace in the midst of the City on a small Island in the River Regnitz 'T is a pile of building sufficiently magnificent and splendid rarely beautified with large and fair Orchards and Gardens The Jesuits College and Church make a good shew and the four Spires at the Cathedral are noble SCHWEINFURT or Trajectus Svevorum has its name from the Swabes passing the River Mayn in this place Sâ—â—â—â—â—â— fâ—â—â— Goltmeyer says this Town was built 217 years before Christ but brings little proof for what he reports The Town is at present neither very large nor populous but tolerably well fortified with Walls and Rampires and has the advantage of a good River running by This City is by some reckon'd a part of the Principality of Hennenberg of which anon TERRITORIUM FRANCOFURTENSE To Iohn Hillersdon of the Inner Temple Esq thisMapp is Humbly Dedicated by Moses Pitt The City and Territory of FRANCFURT upon the MAYN THE Emperor Charles the Great King of the Francks having once made war against the Saxons and thoroughly incensed that bold and resolute people he could get but little rest till he had subdued them beyond all possibility of a Rebellion For they were continually pressing in swarms upon the Francks whom when they found themselves too numerous for their enemies they would be sure to pursue to the very banks of the River Mayn where they had sometimes the misfortune to be cut in pieces by the Francks who well acquainted with the Fords of that River would suddenly rush in upon them and put most of them either to flight or the sword From these sallies 't is thought the Town of Francfurt had its name it being seated upon one of these common Fords of the Francks This is the opinion of the ingenious Gunther in his Ligurinus where he says quia Carolus illic Saxonas indomita nimium feritate rebelles Oppugnans rapidi latissima flumina Maeni Ignoto fregisse vado mediumque per Amnem Transmississe suas neglecto ponte cohortes Creditur c. But others say tho without reason that 't was built by Francus the first Captain of these people and that from him it got its name And some as ridiculously have call'd it Helenopolis from the Emperor Constantine's Mother The Town is divided into two parts separated from each other by the Mayn whereof the greater is call'd Francfurt and the less Sachsen-huss or the House of the Saxons These two are united by a Stone-bridg cross the River of thirteen or fourteen Arches and subject to the same Magistrates The City is strong and well fortified and which gives it more strength then Walls or Rampires can do its inhabitants are unanimous professors of the Lutheran Religion The Jews indeed have one street to themselves and are allow'd a Synagogue with the public profession of their Religion But these are so inconsiderable an handful of men that there is no fear of their disturbing the Government It is a place of great traffick and well seated for that purpose For the Mayn passing by the great Cities of Bamberg Schweinfurt Wurtzburg and Guemund gives it an opportunity of trading with the greatest part of Franconia and the same River running into the Rhine carries off and brings in Commodities from the Remoter parts of the German Empire and the Netherlands The greatest concourse of foreign Merchants is at the two great Fairs kept here yearly in March and September at which times all sorts of Commodities especially Books are brought hither by the Factors of the Germans Hollanders Italians French and English They have every year a Catalogue publish'd of such new Books as are or will be brought into the Fair and from them our London Booksellers have of late years learn'd the trick of printing a Catalogue every Term. As long as this Mart lasts which is usually three weeks there is here as great variety and choice of Books as in any City in Europe but when that is over the Booksellers shops are usually shut up On the North-side of the City they have a spatious Horse-Fair wherein yearly a vast number of good Horses are bought and sold Among the many Priviledges conferr'd on this City by several of the German Emperors Priviledges the chief is its being appointed the certain place for the Election of every new Emperor This was a customary thing ever since Arnulph the First 's days but confirm'd only by Charles IV. Author of the Aurea Bulla of which we have already treated at large in the General Description of Germany After the Electors have given their voices in St. Bartholomew's Church if it does not appear as now there are Eight Electors it may easily happen which person has the most votes it has been usual for the two Candidates to determine the quarrel by battel in the neighbouring Fields wherein the Conqueror is carried off with great acclamations back to the City and there proclaim'd King of the Romans Thus the controversie was decided betwixt Henry Landgrave of Thuringen and Conrad Son to the Emperor Frideric II. as also between Ludowic Duke of Bavaria and Frideric Arch Duke of Austria and lastly betwixt Gunther Count of Schwartzenburg and Charles IV. These are the instances given by Munster and some other German writers all of whom Martin Zeiller relying on the Authority of Chrst Lehman in his Chronicle of Spire fancies to be mistaken and to report stories which none of the more ancient Historians who flourish'd in the times when these things should have been transacted ever mention St. Bartholomew's Church in Francfurt is a venerable and stately piece of Architecture having been first built by King Pepin Charles the Great 's Father Some other public buildings as the Town-Hall several Monasteries c. are worth the seeing But the Mineral Springs and Baths are most remarkable which are daily visited by the Nobility and Gentry of the Town and neighbourhood Amongst the rest there is one Cold Bath wherein as Zeiller reports 't was the custom in his days to wash women before they went to be married or as soon as their month of childbed was over But that which gave England the greatest cause to remember this City was the entertainment of some of our Protestant Ministers who with their Congregations fled hither in the days of Queen Mary's bitter persecution Yet I am sorry our Island is forced to own such a sett of Ecclesiastics who went hence a pack of Zuinglian Gospellers and
enters into his office he is obliged to present to the King and the principal Ministers of State the Apostolick brief of his Nunciature wherein he acknowledges the King as supreme To conclude it has been often controverted among which of Aristotle's five sorts of government the government of Poland may be reckon'd which when the most learned have not been able to determine they have all betaken themselves to the common Proverb frequently in the mouthes of the Polonians themselves Polonia confusione regitur yet such a confusion saith Coricinius which has preserved the Virgin honour of the Nation safe and undefiled in the midst of so many cruel and bloody Wars At this day there is no less confusion in the religion then government of Poland 〈…〉 In the year 965 Miecislaus King of Poland John the 13th being then Pope received and entertained the Christian faith according to the ceremonies of the Church of Rome which though it be still the most profest and reigning religion to this day yet have other Religions and Sects got no small footing in the Realm For in the year 1264 the Jews flock'd into Poland planting themselves whole Colonies together in this Kingdom To whom Boleslaus Duke of Great Poland granted several priviledges and immunities which Casimir the great at the suit of another Jewish Esther who was his Mistress very much enlarged by which means their number is now so encreased over all the Cities and Villages of Poland that is now called the Jews paradise In the year 1397 Vitoldus grand Duke of Lithuania having overthrown the Nagayan Tartars translated whole Herds of them into his own Territories who to this day obstinately maintain the follies of Mahomet Much about the same time in the reign of Vladislaus Jagello the opinions of John Huss brake forth and by the pains of Procopius Holy Brederick Straznicz and William Kotska prevailed so far in Poland even among the Nobility that though several severe Edicts were made against them yet could they never be wholly extirpated At length the Lutherans and Calvinists invaded the Roman-Catholick Religion with more danger to the Papacy their party being encreased by the Students of Cracow through the neglect of the Magistrates in not revenging the murder of one of their Collegiates For they thereupon dispersing into Bohemia and Germany upon their return so largely propagated the doctrine of Luther that Sigismund Augustus himself the Archbishop of Gnesna with the Bishops of Culmo and Camieniek lean'd very much to their party Among these the Arrians intermixed themselves and although so severely prosecuted by John Casimir and others that Alexander the seventh for their sakes gave the Kings of Poland the Title of Orthodox yet they still shelter themselves under the name of Dissenters As for the Calvinists how far they have strengthened themselves may appear by the late disturbances in Dantzick The Russians though a great part of them in the year 1596 joyned themselves to the Roman Church yet the more numerous party which go by the name of Not-united still retain the ceremonies of the Greeks under Arch-bishops and Priests of the same profession And their priviledges were confirmed by the agreement made in the year 1658. The Armenians who are very numerous in Poland upon the account of Trade profess the Roman Catholick religion being wrought thereto by the zealous industry of John Casimir Lately for the better support of the Roman-Catholick Religion there was an Article inserted into the Pacta Conventa to which this present King swore That no Person should be elected to the Kingdom of Poland that was not of the Roman Catholick religion and that the Queen should be either a Roman Catholick born or by conversion PALATINATVS POSNANIENSIS IN MAIOTI POLONIA PRIMARII NOVA DELINATIO Per G. F. M. What has been hitherto said has related to Poland in general which according to the opinion of the best modern Geographers may be divided into the following Provinces 1. The Greater Poland which contains the Palatinates of Posnania Calissia Lancicia Bresta Inouladislavia Sirad and Rava and the Territories of Vielun and Dobrin 2. The Lesser Poland in which are contain'd the Palatinates of Cracow Sendomir and Lublin the Dukedomes of Oswiec Tabor and Aever and the County of Scepus 3. Lithuania which consists of three Palatinates of Vilna Troco and Brescia 4. Masovia to which belong the Palatinates of Masovia Ploco and Podlachia 5. Prussia Regia which is divided into the Palatinates of Culmo Mariaeburg and Pomerania and the Bishoprick of Varma 6. Samogitia in which are no Palatinates but the whole Province is subject to one Governour or Captain 7. White Russia which borders upon the great Dukedome of Moscovy and contains the Palatinates of Novogrod Micislavia Viteps Poloco Smolensco Czernichovia and Kiovia of which at present a great part is in the hands of the great Duke of Moscovy 8. Red Russia in which lay the Palatines of Russia Podolia Volhinia Belze and Braclavia Lastly the Southern tract of Livonia is also reckoned among the Provinces of Poland But of all these we shall treat more fully in the following Order GREAT POLAND THe Greater Poland containing the Counties of Posnania and Calissia Great Poland and the Palatines of Sirad Rava Vielun and Cujavia which last is subdivided into the Baronies of Breste and Junuvladislavia is bounded on the South with Silesia on the West with the Marquisate of Brandenburgh and the upper Pomeren on the North with Masovia and part of Prussia on the East with the Lesser Poland 'T is generally a level champain country abounding with pleasant Rivers Lakes and Ponds and well furnish'd with all manner of Fish and Fowl Some parts of Cujavia indeed are more mountainous but what those want in pleasure they repay with profit the hills every-where affording good store of Wool and the valleys plenty of Corn. The Metropolis of the whole Province is Posnania called by the Poles Posnan Posnania by the Germans Posen seated in 39 degrees of Longitude and 52 and about 10 minutes of Latitude on the river Warta The City is not large but well stockt with Merchants from all parts of Germany John Lubranski formerly Bishop of this place founded here a Gymnasium or petty-University in the suburbs ordering the Professours to be called from Cracow where himself had been Doctor of Laws Though this structure has since that time been very much beautifyed by Adam Canar one of Lubranski's successours in the Bishoprick yet t is still outdone by the Jesuits Colledge and Monastery in Posen The people here are civil and gentile orderly and cleanly in their houses and go more rich in apparel then is ordinary in any other place in Poland Cracow onely excepted with which notwithstanding Posen may vie for beauty trade and riches The greatest part of the inhabitants are Roman-Catholicks However there are many large swarms of Jews who live among them and enjoy more priviledges and immunities then the Citizens themselves
generis quam Meritis in Patriam Honoratiss o Viro D. o NICOLAO VON BODECK Consuli et Primario Iudici in celeberrion totius Maris Baltici Emporio Vrbe Gedanensi artium literarumque â—autori benevolentiss o D. D. D. Ioannes Ianssonius MASOVIA Masovia called by the Polanders Mazowsze by the Germans Die Masaw lies in the very middle of Poland bounded on the north with Prussia on the east with Lithuania and Polessia on the west with some part of the lesser Poland on the south with the Palatinate of Rava 'T is usually divided into these four parts The Palatinates of Podlachia Plockzo Masovia strictly so called and the territories of Dobrin which last ought rather to be reckoned a part of the Palatinate of Plockzo There are different conjectures touching the original of its name The most commonly received is That upon the death of Mieceslaus the second the Nobility of Poland not enduring the impotent and effeminate government of his surviving Queen Rixo layd hands upon what every man could catch Among these Masos or as others call him Maslaus formerly Cup-bearer to the deceased King siezed upon that large tract of land which he after his own name called Masovia This Masos was afterwards overcome by Casimir the first by whom he was taken and put to death By this means it was again restor'd to the Crown of Poland though it still retained the name of Masovia But Stanislaus Serictius rejecting in part this story derives more probably the Massovii from the Massagetes I know saith he what our Historians have written touching the original of the Massovians But it seems incredible to me that so famous and couragious a people should stoop to borrow their denomination from so mean a person In the year 1220 Lescus the white in the Parliament of Sandomir granted the Dukedomes of Masovia Cujavia and Dobrinia to his brother Conrade from which time it was governed by Dukes of its own doing homage however to the Kings of Poland till the the year 1495 but then the race of the Dukes of Masovia began to fail For that year John Duke of Masovia dyed a Batchelour upon which John Albert reunited Plockzo to the Crown leaving the rest of Masovia to his brother Conrade Which after his decease in the year 1503 was granted to his children upon condition that for default of male issue it should return to the Crown which was effected in the reign of Sigismund the first In the same manner the Palatinate of Podlachia formerly belonging to Masovia and joyned by Casimir Jagellon to Lithuania return'd to the Kingdom of Poland in the year 1567. There are no peculiar Bishops in Masovia but the whole Province is divided under the jurisdiction of Posnan Plockzo and Luceoria The Metropolis of Masovia is Warsaw by the Polanders called Warfrawa seated in the very centre of the Polish dominions upon the Vistula encompassed with a double wall and deep ditch distant 40 German or 160 English miles from Posen and Cracow Here the King of Poland keeps his Court in a large four squared Palace built by Sigismund the third but much beautifyed by his successours Over against this on the other side of the river which is passable by a stately wooden bridge sits the great Parliament of Poland in another of the Kings Palaces called Viasdow seated in the midst of many and delicate Groves and Gardens In the City are publique buildings of good note the most remarkable of which is St. John Baptists Church where divine service is performed by secular Canons Not far from Viasdow in the suburbs called Cracow stands as a trophie of the victory obtained by the Poles over the Moscovite a small Chappel built by the Kings command for the burial of Demetrius Suiscius great Duke of Moscovie who dyed a captive in the Castle of Gostenin The Nobility of Masovia which are more numerous then in any other part of Poland being reckoned to amount to near forty thousand whereof fifteen thousand appear'd in a body at the Coronation of Sigismund the third are all Roman-Catholicks never suffering any of other religions or opinions to reside among them Out of these are sent yearly to the general Assembly of the Estates one Palatine and six Castellanes The Palatinate of Plockzo lyes eastward from Masovia between the Vistula and Prussia Plockzo 'T is divided into the territories of Plockzo Zavera Mlava and Srensco and sends out to the great Parliament four Senators that is The Bishop The Palatine and Castellanes of Plockzo Radzyagas and Sieprez It has its name from Plockzo its chief City seated on a high bank of the Vistula whence you have a fair prospect of a pleasant and fruitful Countrey The City is an Episcopal See and very populous There are in it several religious houses and Churches besides the Cathedral very well endowed especially the Abby of Benedictines in the suburbs where among other reliques is kept the head of St. Sigismund to whom the Church is dedicated enchased in gold given by Sigismund the third The territory of Dobrizin is properly a part of the Palatinate of Plockzo though Mr. Blaeu Dobrzin and some others have made it a distinct part of Masovia It has its name from the City Dobrzin situate between Cujavia and Plockzo on a rock near the banks of the Vistula The houses in it are generally of wood and the whole City is environed with wooden fortifications The Countrey affords great store of fruit and fish PRVSSIA Whence Prussia or Borussia called by the Germans Preussen should fetch its name Prussia is not easily determined Certain it is That it is not to be met with amongst antient authors Cluverius thinks Helmoldus who flourished in the twelfth Century is the oldest writer that gives any account of the Countrey under this name But both Dithmarus who lived in the beginning of the eleventh Century in the days of the Emperour Henry the second and before him an Anonymous writer of the life of St. Adalbert the Apostle of the Prussians about the year 990 mentions it Marianus Scotus will have the word derided from Aprutis a City saith he in these parts where St. Adalbert suffered martyrdome in the year 995. But this conjecture is vain and precarious for where any City of this name formerly stood or its ruins can at this day be found only he himself can tell us Johannes Annius Viterbiensis tells us the Prussians were at first called Pruti and that from one Prutus a Scythian King grandchild to Noah That this nation is an offspring of the antient Scythians is indeed allowable but to the rest of the story we can say no more then That 't is well known how nimble this author and his feign'd Berosus are at counterfeiting of names in the Etymologies of Countries Others of the same authority with Viterbiensis bring the Prussians out of Asia under the command of Prussia a King of Bithynia Some will have the word Prussi or Prutheni corrupted
finished Herman de Salza Master of the Teutonic Order gave Laws and Constitutions Die Kulmsche Handveste for its government a specimen of which antient Canons is given by Lambecius out of an old Dutch Manuscript in the Emperor's Library at Vienna The City at present looks old and ruinous but is still a Bishop's Sec. The Lutherans were permitted the exercise of their religion in private houses by a publick edict signed and published in this City by John Malachowski Bishop of the Diocess the thirteenth of March 1678. 4. Thoorn built at the same time with Culm by the Knights of the Teutonic Order for a post against the Heathen Prussians but not in the place where it now stands Old Thoorn was seated a mile West-ward from the new where to this day are found the ruins of an old Castle and City By whom and when new Thoorn was first founded is not easily determined for when in the year 1454 this part of Prussia delivered it self up into the hands of the King of Poland the old and new Thoorn joyned interests and made up one entire Corporation betwixt them Whence it hapned that the records of the new City were neglected and lost Thoorn seems to have had its name from the German word Thor a gate because built by the Teutonic Order as a gate to let in such forces into Prussia as they should have occasion for Hence the arms of Thoorn are a Castle and Gate half open At present this City is the neatest and best built in Regal Prussia The streets are much broader and the houses statelier then at Dantzig It owes much of its beauty to Henry Stroband Burgo-master of the Town who died in the year 1609. He built the Gymnasium here and endowed it with a considerable revenue for the maintenance of several Lecturers and poor scholars He founded also the Hospital and public Library and built a-new the Town-hall which were it not of late out-done by the Stadthuis at Amsterdam might be reckoned the stateliest in Europe of its kind The rest of this Country comprchended under the general name of Ducal Prussia is subject to the Elector of Brandenburgh and therefore as a part of the Empire shall be treated of in the description of Germany The Great Dukedom of Lithvania WHence this large and noble Country should have its name is utterly unknown Lithvania 'T is ridiculous to bring the word from the Latine Lituus a hunting-horn because forsooth the inhabitants are much addicted to hunting Erasmus Stella an Historian of good credit tells us some Prussians under the command of Litwo one of their Kings sons came into these parts about the year 573 and called the land after their Captains name Litwania or Litvania The Polish Historians agree generally in this story That Palaemon flying the fury of Attyla left Rome and came with several Italians into this Country who gave it the name of La Italia which was afterwards corrupted into Lithvania The Lithvanians themselves glory in this derivation of the name of their Country and prove this story of Palaemon true by the Roman names of their Nobles Vrsin Column Julian c. But this etymology seems too far fetch'd Stella aims fairest tho he miss the mark a little For 't is certain the Prussians did conquer this land and seat themselves in it tho the additional story of Prince Litwo seems feign'd More likely it is that the Prussians not satisfied with their change call'd the Country Lithvania from Litwo which in the ancient Prussian language signifies a vagabond or wanderer The ancient inhabitants are thought to have been the Alani Antient inhabitants since the Lithvanians do still retain some footsteps of the name of these people in their Lithalani and Roxalani But he that shall compare the account which Ammianus Marcellinus gives of the manners of the ancient Alani with what the best Authors say of the old Lithvanians will easily perceive that they are not both one Nation Their language sufficiently proves them to be of the same original with the Prussians and what that is we told you before About the year 1235 Ringeld son of Gimbut Alteration of Government of the posterity of Palaemon is said to have first taken upon him the title of Great Duke of Lithvania In the year 1319 Gedimin who first built Vilna refused to pay homage to the Russian and entring Novogrod with an army took Volodimir and made all Volhinia swear fealty to the Magistracy of Lithvania How large the Dukedom is may appear from the vast territories he left to each of his seven sons at his death To Montvid he gave Kiernova and Slomin To Narimund Pinsko Mozyr and part of the Province of Volodimir To Olgierd Creve and the Country beyond as far as Beresine To Kieystut Samogitia and the territories of Troce Lida Vpide and Subsylvania To Coriat Novogrod and Volkowiski To Lubart Volodomir and Volhinia To his youngest son Javnut Vilna Osmia and Braslaw designing him for Great Duke But soon after when the Tartars begun to infest Volhinia and Kiow Javnut was deposed and his brother Olgierd made Great Duke in his place He in the year 1331 falls upon the Tartars and in a short time makes himself Master of Podolia which they had kept for some years About the same time Demetrius Duke of Moscovy sent an Ambassador into Lithuania to demand a restitution of all those Provinces which formerly belong'd to the Dukedom of Russia The Great Duke immediately upon his arrival commits him to close custody and marching forthwith in the head of his army towards Moscovy surprised the Duke in his Palace and forced him to accept of a peace upon this condition That for the future the bounds of Lithuania should reach as far as Mosco and the river Vgra When Vladislaus Jagello was chosen King of Poland in the year 1386 he promised that from thence forward the Great Dukedom of Lithuania should be annexed to that Crown At the same time the Lithvanian and Russian Nobility took an oath of allegiance to the King and Queen of Poland which was repeated in the years 1401 and 1414. But this obligation they afterwards shook off For when the Polanders desired to joyn Volhinia Podolia and some other Provinces of Russia to their own Kingdom the Lithuanians loath to part with so fair possessions opposed them with that vehemence That for several years there was nothing but continuall skirmishes between the two Nations At last in the year 1566 differences begun to be composed which were finally determined A. D. 1569 by articles drawn up and subscribed to by both parties in the presence of several Ambassadors of other Nations The principle Articles agreed upon were these That the Lithuanians should for the future disclaim all right and title to the Provinces of Podlachia and Volhinia and the Palatinate of Kiow That they should never by themselves elect a Great Duke but upon a vacancy repair to the place whither they
trade 5. 〈◊〉 North or North-east of Sudermannia lies the Province of Vpland so call'd from its situation in the Country or as some say from King Vbbon who reigned here It is bounded on the East side by the Baltick Sea on the South by the Lake Meller on the West and North by the Rivers Sawe and Dalecarle This Country affords great plenty of Corn with which it supplies the neighbouring Provinces Some few Mines it has of Lead and Iron especially some also of Silver tho not digg'd It is divided into three Lands or as the Swedes call them Folk-lands 1. Tihundria which lies most Northerly of any and takes its name from ten Prefectures or Hundreds into which it is shar'd out 2. Athundria lying betwixt Vpsal and Stockholm so call'd because it contains eight Prefectures 3. Fiedrundria which takes its name from four Prefectures into which it is divided in it is the City Enkoping four leagues from Vpsal and seven from Stockholm And here it may be observed as peculiar to this Province that it as the Counties in England is shared out into several Prefectures or Hundreds as Erling-hundrat c. Each of them containing at first one hundred families all two thousand two hundred which is not observed in other Provinces but their divisions are called Harodh Har signifying an Army and Odh a possession all which at first were supplyed with Inhabitants from this Province of Vpland for when families increased above their hundreds some after the manner of an army were singled out and listed to go and people or rather subdue other parts of the Country wherefore these men setling in other Provinces called the place where they first sate down The possession of such a Colony or Army as Daga-Harodh Lystugn-Harodh c. In this Province are five Cityes 1. Encoping where was formerly a Monastery of Minorites 2. Sigtunia so called from Siggo King of Sweden who founded it Here was anciently a Monastery of Dominicans the burying place of some of their Archbishops 3. Oregrundia or Oregrund a rich populous City abounding with corn several sorts of Merchandise because of the commodiousness of the Port. 4. Vpsal the most Antient and most famous Vpsal City in the whole Kingdom It takes its name says Johannes Magnus from Vbbon King of Sweden who founded it about the year after the Flood 240 but as others from its situation upon the River Sala Here was formerly the chief seat of the Swedish Kings for which reason as well as for the dignity of the City one of their Titles was Vpsala-Konung i.e. King of Vpsal Here were also the supream Courts of Judicature Civil and Ecclesiastical and the seat of their only Archbishop continued to it to this day Fortified it is by one onely Castle built after the modern not antient Gothick fashion upon a high hill some small distance from the City overlooking and commanding the whole Town begun by Ericus continued by King John and perfected by Charles Gustavus the first in this City is the Metropolitan Church of the whole Kingdom covered upon the roof as are most of the chief buildings with Copper adorned with an Artificial Clock and honoured with the Monuments of several of their Kings Ericus the Saint is said to lye buried here in a golden Coffin Gustavus Adolphus also has his Tomb in this Church upon which the whole History of his life is inscribed in large golden Characters Here is also the only University they have in the whole Kingdom begun at first say some Ann. 1248 under Ericus Balbus XI by a College of only four Professors or as Loccenius will have it about the year 1306 under one Andreas President of the said College who kept a free Table for Choristers and poor Scholars to assist in the Quire but now by the care of some of their later Kings advanc't into a famous University An. 1476 in the Reign of Steno Sture Senior Pope Sixtus IV. gave it the same priviledges with Bononia An. 1595 Charles then King endowed it with several Immunities and Revenues by his Royal Patent which says Messenius was in the year 1608 upon some differences 'twixt the Calvinists and Lutherans fraudulently got from it which if so yet probably that Prince who favoured the Reformers so much did restore it to the University of this See Loccenius Hist Suec Lib. 8. Pag. 474. An. 1624 in the time of Gustavus Adolphus it was most considerably augmented that King settling upon the University 306 Mannors 8 Granaries of Tythes 4 Mills and 30 Demesnes out of his own Crown Revenues free from all Taxes and Impositions towards the maintenance of more Professors and poor Scholars commanding that the chief Rector should be elected by the Professors that one of these should read a publick Lecture throughout the whole year continued at present only in the Winter-time that the Scholars should live peaceably soberly and minding their own affairs not meddle with state matters that none of them should as they had formerly done wear swords or carry arms This University in the time of King John III 1592 was removed hence to Stockholm but that place being found for several reasons inconvenient it was in a short time remanded to Vpsal A Library they have well stored with books a considerable part of which was given by Gustavus Adolphus An. 1631 which he in his expeditions against Germany took out of the Library of Wurtzburg and other places To this City there anciently did belong several Lands and Revenues by the title of Vpsala Oedom or the Patrimony of Vpsal given by Freius surnamed Pacificus one of their ancient Kings out of his own hereditary Lands as a publick stock which Patrimony being embezel'd by those men that had the managery of it and for many years no account given An. 1282 in the Reign of Magnus I. surnamed Ladulaus it was order'd in Council That these publick Lands should be sought after and reunited to the Crown or some other way found to maintain the Grandeur of the Court The Lands by reason of long alienation could not be regain'd wherefore it was enacted that in lieu of them all the Revenues of fishing in the Finnick and Bothnick Bays the Lake Meller and all other Lakes and Rivers within the Kings Dominions as also of all Mines of what Metal soever should over and above the Land-taxes wholly and entirely belong to the Crown This City was anciently the chief Place of their Heathenish Their ancient manner of Worship as it is at present of their Christian worship wherefore it may not be amiss here to treat as well of their ancient superstitions as of their present true Religion The Heathenish Deities to which they pay'd their devotion were Thor Oden and Freia who are said to have come out of Asia into this Country and were though under divers names worshiped by most of the Scandians Thor so call'd from the Assyrian word Thur or Thurra i.e. powerful had a Temple
Gustavus X. ann 1655 and by this present King Charles XI in 1663 publickly ratified and subscrib'd to and ever since by him maintain'd so that Lutheranism may seem to have taken deepest root in this Kingdom The Clergy of Sweden is had in great honour and reputation 〈◊〉 And tho the revenues belonging to the Church are since the Reformation very much impaired Gustavus I. annexing as 't is said to the Crown at one time 7500 Farms and Ecclesiastical Livings yet the respect due to their Ministers does not seem to be much abated Their Archbishop always performs the Religious Solemnities at the Kings Coronation and with as many Bishops as the King pleases to chuse is admitted Privy-Counsellor to his Majesty He is reckon'd the chief person in the Kingdom next to the King himself and accordingly takes place of all Temporal Lords and anciently when it was granted to a Knight or Lay-Privy-Counsellor to have only twelve and a Senator eight it was order'd that he might have forty and a Bishop thirty Horses in their Retinue He has under him seven Suffragans viz. the Bishops of Lyncopen Scare Stergnes Westeras Wexio Aboa and Riga And divers Superintendents who have Episcopal Jurisdiction viz. of Calmare Gottenburgh Marienstadt Revel c. All which make up an Ecclesiastical College call'd the supreme Consistory of the Kingdom wherein the Archbishop always presides The Clergy of this Nation says Loccenius according to the manner of the Eastern Churches us'd to marry till Pope Innocent IV. by a Council held at Sceningia a City of Ostro-Gothia ann 1248 forbad marriage to Priests and caus'd those that had wives to put them away What concerns their Religion or their Church-Government being the same with that of the Lutherans must be elsewhere more largely treated of The King is the absolute Soveraign in Ecclesiastical matters which he determines not without the advice of his Archbishop and Bishops He names all the Bishops and by his power are summon'd all Ecclesiastical Assemblies Authors make a difference betwixt their Bishops and Superintendents but it is not considerable both equally depending upon the Archbishop but the Superintendents have not in all things equal power with the Bishops 5. The fifth and last City of Vpland is Stockholm Stockholme lying in 42 degrees of Longitude and of Latitude 58 ten minutes A Town of great Trade the present seat of the Kings of Sweden and the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom Situate it is in an Island on the side of the Lake Meller encompassed on all sides especially that toward the sea with high rugged Rocks called Scheren which hinder the prospect of the City but very much secure the Haven which is very large and of dangerous entrance though these Rocks are a defence to the Town yet by reason of them it is sometime set upon by an enemy unawares as it was by Sigismund King of Poland Anno 1594. It is said to have been founded by King Birgerus Anno 1261 and from the great quantity of wood used in the building of it called Stockholme Stock signifying wood and Holme an Island But Anno 1552 a fire happening in the City and by reason of the wooden buildings burning down a great part of it it was by publick command rebuilt part of stone part of brick part also upon Piles so that the sea flowes under the houses In it are several large well-built bridges only two gates opening to the South and North. Publick Inns or Lodging-houses here are none but strangers take up their quarters with some of the Burghers entertainment handsome and charges not great An. 1407 it was consumed by Lightning and some thousands of people destroyed by the fire In 1529 King Gustavus the first called several principal Burghers and Merchants out of other Cities to inhabit this most of the inhabitants being driven hence by the tyranny of Christiern II. King of Denmark There are in it eight Churches in all one of which is supplied by a Finlandish another by a German Minister who constantly preach in their own language In the Cittadel is the Kings Palace handsomely built some part eight or nine stories high yet of great strength and security within it is a large and magnificent Church built by King John erected upon Marble pillars and rooft with Copper with a private Chappel for the King very large also having forty windows on each side where at the high Altar is said to be a massy Silver Image of our Saviour crucified in full proportion This City has been very often besieg'd ann 1434 by the people of Sweden who rebelled upon account of Foreign Officers employed in the affairs of the Kingdom contrary to the Laws of the Land ' By King John 1481 1522 by Gustavus I. and at other times the enemy always taking advantage of a hill called Bruncaberge so near that from it they can batter the Cittadel The Arms of this City are the Head of Saint Ericus Crown'd Or taken by the agreement of the States in remembrance of that Kings Virtue and Piety and those of the Kingdom are three Crowns Or in a Field Azure given for the same reason This being the Metropolis and lying so conveniently is the greatest place of trade in the whole Nation from whence are exported Copper Iron Steel Lead Deal-board and very many Manufactures made of those materials Copper especially whereof this Kingdom supplies the necessities almost of the whole world This City is govern'd by four chief Magistrates or Consuls who are elected out of the Burghers and enjoy the dignity for their life Their Office is to give Laws and decide controversies arising 'twixt one Citizen and another if of lesser concern but if of great moment they always have the assistance of the Lieutenant of the Castle who is President of the Court for that time and either puts an end to the case or transmits it to the Kings Council They perform this office by turns two having precedence and supplying it one and the other two the next year When any extraordinary affairs happen they may have the assistance of some of the principal Citizens who take upon them particular businesses as the care of Buildings the decision of some private action promulgation of Laws c. Besides these there are twelve Senators or Aldermen chosen out of the Body of the City who have the office likewise for their lives Out of these four are elected to be Assessors to the Consuls and in all cases and differences arising to assist them In this City commonly reside a great number of Foreigners Germans and Finlanders especially who as all others of the Lutheran perswasion are allow'd free exercise of their Religion which is not granted to any of the Roman Communion The soil of the Country hereabouts Soil as in most parts of Sweden is generally fruitful affording store of Corn as Wheat Rye Barley Oats c. and pasturage and in some places no small quantity of Wood. In the
City named Tingvalla 4. Hallandia Hallandia which has oâ— the West the Sinus Codanus on the South Schonen and on the North and North-East Smalandia and Westro-Gothia A pleasant and fruitful Province reaching in length from Bahusia to the City Laaholm upon a small River which falls into the Sinus Codanus several miles but in breadth in some parts not above half a mile and where broadest not exceeding three miles It has in it four Cities 1. Halmstadt 2. Falkenburg 3. Laaholm 4. Waersburg all lying upon the Codane Bay very conveniently for Trade and exporting of those Commodities which come out of the more Northerly Provinces In the year 1645 by a Ratification of peace held betwixt Christina Queen of Swedland and Christian the IV King of Denmark this Province with all its Cities Towns Forts and Appurtenances was granted to the Crown of Sweden for thirty years as a pledg of security whereby the Swedes might be ascertain'd of their free passage through the Sund or Oresund the controversies about which had been the chief occasions of their former war At the end of thirty years if the Swedes thought convenient either this Province was to be retained by them as a pledg for the performing of the covenant on the part of the Danes or they to have some other Province or Cities and Forts equivalent to it given into their hands which might be to them sufficient assecuration An. 1658 by articles of a peace concluded at Roschild a City in Zeland it with all its Cities Towns and Forts was granted to Charles the X then King of Sweden and to his successours for ever II. Eastern-East or Ostro-Gothia Ostro-Gothia which has in it these Provinces 1. Ostro-Gothia properly so call'd 2. Smalandia and 3. Oelandia to which may be added Gotlandia Scania and Bleckingia GOTHIA Apud Janssonio-Waesbergios er Mosem Pitt SCANIA Vulgo SCHONEN Apud Janssonio-Waesbergios Mosem Pitt VIROIllustri Generosissimo Dno OTTHONI KRAGH Toparchae in Trutzholm Summo R. M. DAN Secretario Patrono suo magno Dedicat Consecrat Johannes Janssonius 2. Smalandia parted from Ostro-Gothia by the Wood Holavedh a very large Province being 95 German miles in compass indifferently fruitful in those parts where it is not overgrown with wood It abounds very much with Cattel whence some say it has its name Smala signifying Cattel which are exported hence in great numbers into Denmark and from thence into Germany and Holland In it there are very many Lakes the chief of which are Bolm Viostez Moklen and Asnan Rivers likewise not a few as Nyssea Laga Helga Marboa Aem c. This Country is cut out into several Divisions or Territories the principal of which are Tieherad Verendia which is said anciently to have had distinct Laws of its own Tiustia Finheidia and Mauringia c. It abounds with several Mines as of Copper and Lead and in some parts with great store of Iron which is said to be found in the bottom of their Lakes and Rivers Cities here are 1. Calmar whose name is said to have been given to it by the Germans from the coldness of the air which blows from the Baltick Sea Here is a very convenient Port frequented by our English Merchants and some of other Nations In the year 1230 Ericus King of Denmark Norway and Swedland instituted thirteen Prebendaries in this City and ordered that the Cathedral Church here should have the priviledges of an Ecclesiastical Colledg It is at present governed by one Superintendent who with the rest of the Bishops has a place in the publick consistory of the Kingdom This City was sometimes under the power of John King of Denmark and Christiern the second who succeeded him but not long after regain'd by the Swedes In the year 1611 Christianus the fourth King of Denmark took this City putting all the Inhabitants to the Sword but two years after it was by vertue of a ratification of peace made betwixt the Northern Crowns restored to the Swede In the year 1647 it was almost quite consumed by fire not above sixty houses left standing in the whole City but since that is very handsomly rebuilt and at present by reason of its commodious Situation upon the Baltick a very considerable Trade-Town 2. Jenecoepia or Jenecoepping situate in a Vale near the Lake Veter built for the most part of Wood a City quite naked and easy of access It is reported that anciently the houses of this City were covered on the outside not with Thatch or Stone but with a sort of courser Cloth or Canvas which the Inhabitants thought a great piece of handsomness M. Heberer in his Itinerary reports that when he came to this City he found a great number of very large Serpents which were kept tame by the Citizens and though they were familiarly admitted into their houses yet never did them any injury whether or no they used to eat them as the Indians are said to do at this day is not by him set down though 't is probable they did not feed them in their houses for no other end then to sport with 3. Vexio a Bishops See where some of the first Planters of Christianity as was said lie buried 4. Ekesio and 5. Vesterwick 3. Oelandia a pleasant and fruitful Island lying in the Baltick Sea divided from Smalandia by a very narrow Bay in it are Cattel as Oxen Horses c. Birds also and Wild-beasts in great plenty and besides the Fort called Barkholme or Bornholme two and thirty Parishes in all This Island was by the Dane yeilded up to Gustavus Adolphus an 1613. See more concerning it amongst the accessional Provinces of the Crown of Sweden 4. Scania or Schonen a Province abounding with Corn Beasts Birds and all other Commodities of life here several Mines of Silver Lead Iron c. are said to be laboured and their Mettal to be hence transported into other Countries but this seems to be a mistake either from the confounding of the word Scandia with Scania which is frequently done by Geographers or from counting that Mettal which is brought hither from the more Northern Provinces to come immediately from this This Province an 1658 was ceded to the Swedes and an 1660 confirm'd to them so that it may seem one of the new accessions to the Kingdom amongst which see a description of it 5. Blekingia a fruitful Province lying upon the Baltick coast It was given up to the Swedes an 1658 and as was Schonen confirm'd to them an 1660. A larger account of this Province may be expected by and by 6. Gothlandia or Gothland an Island lying in the Baltick Sea over against Ostro-Gothia about eighteen German Miles in length and five or six in breadth fourteen miles from the Gothick Shore twenty from Curland thirty from Dantzic fifty from Bornholme and eighty from Rostock It has in it one City named Wisbuy or Visburg the residence of the Governour of the Island When it was under the Danish
forty German miles from Pleskow and as many from Novogardia 2. Nieslot or Neuschlos i. e. new Fort not far from the Lake Peipus upon the River Narva 2. Viria Wiria or Wilandia Viria which has Alentakia on the East Harria on the West the Finnic Bay on the North and Jervia on the South Places remarkable in it are 1. Wesenberg not far from the River Weissenaa which A. D. 1581 was taken by the Swedes from the Muscovite 2. Tolsburg twelve miles distant from Wesenberg 3. Borcholm 3. Harria or Harrenland 〈◊〉 bounded on the South with Wicia on the East with Viria and on the North and West with the Finnic Bay In this division is Revalia the Metropolis of Liefland a little but handsom pleasant and well fortified City lying in 59 deg 30 min. of Longitude In the year 1374 it was sold to the great Master of Livonia In 1561 being in danger to fall into the hands of the Muscovite it committed it self to the protection of the Kings of Sweden and has ever since been subject to them Here was anciently a Bishops See but since Lutheranism spred it self into these parts that Title is here discontinued and all Ecclesiastical affairs manag'd by Superintendents For the promoting of Learning and good Education this City has one publick Gymnasium wherein Professors and Tutors are maintain'd to read and teach Humanity and all the Liberal Arts. The chief Church is dedicated to St. Olaus Not far from this place is the Monastery of St. Bridget seated upon the Finnic coast and the Fort Pades or Badis lying upon the River Assa 4. Vikia Wicia or Wikke which has in it these three places of note 1. Habsalia Habsel lying upon the Bothnic Bay formerly viz. in the time of Frideric II. King of Denmark in the possession of the Danes afterwards A. D. 1575 taken by the Muscovite and in the year 1581 gain'd by John III. King of Sweden 2. Lode 3. Leal 4. Wickel or Wyck all Forts of good strength and consideration 5. Jervia which lyes landward almost in the middle of the other Districts It contains Wittenstein Oberpalen and Lau or Lais places of moment II. Odepoa bounded on the East with the Lake Peipus on the North with Embeck and the Rivers Fela and Pernavia on the West with the great Bay of Livonia and on the South with Lettia In it are these places of note viz. 1. Derpat Derbat Dorpat or as the Russes call it Juriogoord a large City built most of Stone and Brick and secured by strong Stone-walls where was formerly a Bishops seat It was heretofore under the Tzar of Muscovy A. D. 1230. Under the Poles A. D. 1582. Afterwards taken from them by Charles Duke of Sudermannia But by them regain'd A. D. 1603. In the year 1625 when Gustavus Adolphus sent Forces into Livonia under the command of Jacobus de la Gardie this City was gain'd to the Swedish Crown and ever since remains as a part of its possessions Here by reason of the great abundance of all sorts of commodities of life and the healthfulness of the air Gustavus Adolphus ann 1632 at the desire of one John Skytte Baron in Ouderof who had sometime been Tutor to that King instituted an University and appointed and stipended one Rector and several Professors for Theology History Mathematicks c. 2. Warbek upon the mouth of the River Embeck 3. Kanneleks 4. The Fort Ringen 5. Odepoa a small Town whence the whole District has its name 6. Nienhausen a strong Fort upon the borders of Muscovy 7. Marienburg another Fort not far from the Lake Peipus 8. Tarnest a place anciently of good importance but being in the hands of the Muscovites it was besieged by the Polander and at last by them taken and when they quitted it so demolished that tho the Swedes have spent some charges in repairing it it has not at present attain'd its ancient strength and splendor 9. Felinum Fellin fifteen German miles from 10. Parnavia Parnow upon a River of the same name a Town of great trade for all commodities Corn especially first of all added to the Swedish dominions by Ericus XIV King of Sweden an 1562 Afterwards taken by the Poles and regain'd from them an 1617. 11. Sales or Lemsael with some other less remarkable Towns and Forts III. Lettia bounded on the East with part of Muscovy on the West with the Livonian Bay on the North with Odepoa and on the South with the River Dwina It s chief City is 1. Riga an Arch-Bishops See lying in 48 deg of Longitude and 57 deg 30 min. of Latitude upon the Dwina at its entrance into the Bothnic Bay It is defended with a strong Wall Bulwarks Towers an extraordinary large Trench and three rows of great Guns which were put in good order and readiness chiefly by the care of Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden Here is a noted Harbour for Ships much frequented by Merchants from Germany Holland England c. who come hither in the summer-time and are laden with Hemp Flax Wax Pitch Tar with Planks also and Wood ready hew'n for building Ships with skins of all sorts as of Bears Elks Foxes c. and Furs of Castors Sables Martrons Ermins c. all which are brought to this City out of Muscovy and Poland in the winter-time over the ice and snow upon sledds and made ready for sale against the time when the Merchants usually arrive The Citizens commonly speak either Swedish German Curlandish or Livonian and have their Divine Service which is reform'd according to the Augustan Confession always celebrated in some one of those languages In the year 1581 this City was taken by Stephen King of Poland from the Emperor and by his successor Sigismund III. endow'd with many notable priviledges and immunities and by him kept in possession till 1605 at what time Gustavus Adolphus Prince of Sweden brought an Army into Livonia and after six weeks close siege had it surrender'd up to him since which time it has always been under the Swedish power 2. Dunamund i. e. the mouth of the Duna or Dwina so call'd from its situation being plac'd upon the Dwina two miles from Riga at its very entrance into the Livonian Bay It is a Fort of great importance commanding the whole River so that without leave had from the Governour here no Ship can pass into or come out of the Harbour of Riga And because the Dwina at this place breaking forcibly into the Sea and often in the spring-time especially bringing huge flakes of ice along with it very much alters the Channel and thereby makes the passage into the River very dangerous there are waiting here a sort of experienc'd Guides call'd Pilosen or Pilots who for small wages conduct all strangers along the safe way either up to Riga or back again into the Baltic 3. Kakenhusen Kockehaus a strong Fort where was anciently the residence of the Archbishop of Riga 4. Ascherad with many lesser Towns
took Sleswic destroyed the Church rooting out Christianity and replanting Paganism This relapse is sufficiently confirm'd by the many Runic monuments found daily in and about this City whose inscriptions shew them to be Heathenish reliques tho of too late a date to have been erected before the first appearance of Christianity in these parts But the Slavonians kept not long footing here For within a short while the Danes weary of the tyranny and Idolaty of strangers forced them to quit their Conquets and retire Whereupon paganism was once more rooted out Christianity reestablisht and the Cathedral rebuilt Soon after this the Angles that maintain'd a trade in Sleswic built the Church of the Holy Ghost near the market-place with the adjoyning Hospital The Dukedome of Sleswic was first given by Christopher King of Denmark about the year 1253 by way of pension to the children of King Abel upon condition the Duke of Pomeren and some other petit Princes of Vandalia would engage they should always acknowledg a dependance upon and never pretend any title to the Danish Crown After a revolution of some years it became the inheritance of Christiern of Oldenburg King of Denmark who annexed it to the Danish Realm a part of which it has continued ever since Assign'd indeed it hath been often as a portion to some of the younger Princes of the blood but never quitted its dependance upon the Crown This City as appears by their records was first made a Bishops See by the Emperor Otho the first who upon his conquest of Jutland first sent ministers hither to instruct the ignorant Heathens in the principles of the Christian religion and afterwards set a Bishop over the new Converts whom the records call Mark. Upon the South of Sleswic lies Ekelfort 〈◊〉 called so from the abundance of Squirrels in the adjoyning woods as the Arms of the Town still show It is a Town of good Trade and one of the safest parts in the Baltic shore Flensburch takes its name from Flen a small bay of the Baltic Sea upon which it is seated Mhier in his accurate History of the affairs of Flanders speaking of Henry Duke of Sleswic who died at the siege of this City A. D. 1427 says it ought to be called Vlensburg not Flensburg from Vlens which in the language of the Inhabitants signifies the flux and reflux of the Sea Some fetch its name from one Fleno a Danish Nobleman who had the Custom of the fishing trade in this place and was Lord of the Mannor It is situated in a low and pleasant valley begirt with several hills of great height It consists chiefly of one continued street of magnificent and noble buildings the length of which is said to be near two English miles All along this street the Ships are brought up in a port so commodious that the Citizens can lade and unlade their Vessels at their doors On the top of an hill in the Suburbs stands the Castle which easily commands the Town and Haven Betwixt this City and Sleswic is the undoubted seat of the antient Angles the ancestours and first Founders of our English Nation in Britain Which is not only proved by the assertion of our famous Historian Ethelwerd quoted before but from a small village in this tract which to this day is called Anglen Ptolomey indeed and Tacitus place the antient Angli furrher southward as far as the banks of the Elb and they were doubtless a more populous nation then can reasonably be imagined to be confin'd to so narrow a piece of ground as at this day goes under the name of Anglen in the maps of our modern Geographers For we cannot otherwise conceive they should so far overpower the Saxons and Jutes who came with them into Britain as to call so great a part of our Land after their own names without any notice taken of their Allyes Hadersleve seven German miles distant from Flensburg Northward Hadersleve was first made a City and had its Charter confirm'd by Waldemar Duke of Jutland about the year 1292. It was formerly defended by a strong Castle built on the top of an hill which overlooks the Town This John Earl of Holstein pull'd down and instead thereof begun to build a new one call'd from him Hansburg or John's-Castle for Hans in the High Dutch and Danish tongues is the same with John which was finished by King Frideric the Second The most of the streets in Hadersleve are of a good breadth and very uniform In the Great Church is to be seen a stately monument erected by King Eric the Eighth to the memory of Rombold Duke of Silesia who was sent Ambassador hither from the Emperor Sigismund to compose the differences between the King of Denmark and the Earls of Holstein about the claim laid by both parties to the Dukedom of Sleswic and died before the work was finished On the Western Coasts of South-Jutland live the Srond-Frisians Srond-Frisians mention'd often by Saxo Grammaticus as men of great strength and agility of body This Historian reckons Eyderstede a part of his Frisia minor but now a days there are none go under the name of Strand-Frisians except a small remnant of people who inhabit the Strant an inconsiderable Island in the German Ocean and a little narrow tract of land between Husem and Langenhorn In the middle of this petit Province they have a market-place where they maintain a small traffick and commerce amongst themselves Their country is defended from the rage of the Sea like Holland and other parts of the Netherlands by great Earthen banks which preserve their meadows and corn fields lying all on one level from the waves They have a great art of making the whitest and best salt in Europe of earth soked in the Sea-water dried and boil'd Saxo says these people are a Colony of Frislanders in the low Countries who being a laborious nation and destitute of habitations in their own Country came hither to seek their fortunes and by draining the fenns made this piece of marshy ground habitable What time this transplantation hapned is not mention'd in the Danish Chronicles but that it was so will be manifest to any one that will compare the language habit and manners of this people with those of the Frisians in the Netherlands The rest of the Towns of note in the Southern Jutland are 1. Husem a rich and neat port-Town on the Western Shore 2. The two Tunderens Greater and Less both places of considerable traffick upon the same coast 3. Gottorp the ancient seat of the Earls and Dukes of Holstein It is seated on the top of the Slie exceedingly well fortifyed and very remarkable for the Tol-booth or Custom-house which one year with another brings in Toll for at least 50000 Oxen which are brought out of Jutland into Germany 4. Appenrade seated on a small bay of the Baltic Sea and much frequented by the Danish Fishermen Of the ancient wall of Partition which
Neutrality and Commerce and of all their Rights and Priviledges And that the Rights of his Imperial Majesty and the Empire be maintain'd To which the King returned them a kind answer assuring them of his good will and that he would punctually observe on his part this Agreement Which done within a few days after the Danish Army decamped Other Cities and Towns of note in Stormar are 1. Gluckstadt built and well fortified by King Christian IV. who much delighted in its pleasant situation and much improved by his successors It gave sufficient proof of its strength soon after the first building of it when it withstood and beat back the Emperors Army and held out a siege of almost two years continuance without yeilding at last It commands the passage of the Elb so that it highly concerns the Hamburghers to be at peace with the King of Denmark except they could make themselves masters of this Fort and so secure a free passage both for their Men of War and Merchant-Ships 2. Crempe seated on a small river of the same name This is reckoned one of the Keys of the Kingdom of Denmark and in the German wars gave a good testimony of its so being when in the years 1627 and 1628 it bravely resisted the fortunate German General Count Wallenstein for thirteen months together and at last was yeilded upon honourable terms It owes the chief of its strength to King Christian IV. who fortified it with a wall and ditches 3. Itzehoa seated on the navigable River Stoer which furnishes it with plenty of fish and all manner of merchandise from abroad 4. Bredenberg one of the neatest little Towns in all the King of Denmark's Territories the ancient seat of the most noble Family of the Rantzows very remarkable for the stout resistance it made Count Wallenstein who having at last taken it by storm put all the Garrison in it to the sword WAGRIA WAgria or Wagerland is almost girt round with the Baltic Sea and the two Rivers Trave and Suentin The whole length of it from Odelslo as far as the Village Grotenbro amounts to near forty-eight English miles and the breadth about twenty It is observable that the Princes of Holstein tho they bear the Arms of every other Province in that Dukedom have not the Arms of this Country which are a Bulls-head in their Coat Perhaps because the Arms of Oldenburgh are thought sufficient to represent the whole Province Plutarch tells us that the ancient Cimbrians who first made an inroad into Italy bore a Bull's-head Sable in a field Gules which shews of how venerable an antiquity the Arms of Wagerland are and how justly they may claim some place if not the best in the Coat of the Dukes of Holstein It had its name from the Wagrii a people in Slavonia who made themselves masters of this Tract by conquest The chief Towns of Wagerland are 1. Lubeck Lubeck seated at the confluence of the Rivers Trave and Billew From the pleasantness of its situation and stately buildings some Etymologists have derived the name of this City calling it Lobeck or ein eck dess lobes i. e. an honourable Corner Which agrees well with the account an ancient Poet gives us of it in these two verses Angulus haec laudis dicta est urbs nomine prisco Angulum in hunc fertur fluvius Travenna per aequor It was rebuilt by Adolph II. Earl of Holstein about the year 1143. But within a short while after grew so headstrong upon the daily accession of new Priviledges and Charters granted by this Prince and his successors that it bid defiance to the Earls of Holstein and became a Dukedom of it self By the Emperor Frideric I. it was made a member of the German Empire Upon his death the Lubeckers chose themselves another Duke who after he had govern'd them five years was vqnquish'd by the Danes by whom the City was made tributary to their King Out of this bondage it was rescued by the Emperor Frideric the second who made it an Imperial City in which state it continues to this day and therefore as a branch of the Empire of Germany will be described elsewhere more at large 2. Segeberge seated on the River Trave about sixteen English miles from Lubeck It was anciently called Aelberg which name upon the building of the Castle on the top of the adjoining craggy mountain was changed into Segeberg The occasion of which as Helmoldus tells the story was this When the Emperor Lotharius began to advise with some of his Counsellors in the year 1134 about building some considerable fortification in these parts which might check the growing power of the Sclaves in this Province and had at last pitcht upon this hill as the most convenient place One of the Sclavonian Princes is said to have spoken prophetically to his Companion these words Seest thou the fortification on the top of those mountains Let me tell thee it will in a short time prove the yoke of the whole Land c. Whence say the Danes the place to this day retains the name of Segeberg which in High Dutch signifies Behold the mountains 3. Odelso a fair City on the River Trave in the middle way between Segeberg and Lubeck In the year 1338 John Earl of Wagerland bought this City into his hands at the rate of ten thousand Marks of Silver After this it continued in a very flourishing condition till Eric of Pomeren in his wars with the Dukes of Sleswic and Holstein so defaced it that it could never since recover its ancient glory 4. Ploen an ancient City seated in the middle of a Lake of the same name by which and a Castle built not many years since by Joachim Ernestus Duke of Holstein after the Italian fashion it is exceedingly well fortified In the furthest corner of Wagerland lyes the ancient and famous County of Oldenburgh Oldenburgh divided from the rest of this Province by the River Brockaw Tho 't is generally agreed on by all the Danish writers that Oldenburgh the chief City in this County was anciently the Metropolis of the Wagrians and Venedi two warlike Nations to whom the greatest part of Mecklenburgh was subject yet we find no mention made of this place before the reign of Otho the Great who after he had vanquished the Venedi founded here a Bishoprick afterwards translated to Lubec and bestowed it on Marcus his Chancellor It was formerly a Town of great trade and exceeding populous having been beautified with four Churches three Monasteries and five Gates but since the Port was stop'd up at the command of Queen Margaret its glory has decreas'd daily and by the late dreadful fire caus'd by thunder and lightning which hath laid waste the best and greatest part of the City 't is now become much less considerable then it was before NOVA et Accurata descriptio totius FIONIAE vulgo FUNEN Apud Janssenio-Waesbergios et Moses Pitt The Baltic Sea ORtelius out of Pliny
pass all the Merchant-ships which traffick in the Baltic The breadth of it is about twelve German miles and the length eighteen This Island is undoubtedly the ancient Codanonia mentioned by Pomponius Mela which signifies the same thing as the more modern words Dania and Denmark Most of the Danish Etymologists derive Seeland from Soedland or Seedland from the plenty of Corn which this Country affords Others with greater probability make the word signifie no more then an Island or piece of ground encompassed with the Sea Whence Saxo Grammaticus and several other ancient Historians call it Seelandia from the old Danish word Sia or Sio which is now turned into Soe and in our English tongue corrupted into Sea In most or all of the ancient Runic Manuscripts it is called Soelunder or the Sea-Grove The Edda Islandorum calls it Soelund and gives us this account of the first original of the word There was formerly a certain King in Sweden named Gylfi who promised an Asian Sorceress call'd Gesion who had pleased him with her melody as much land as four Oxen could plow up in one day and a night Whereupon the old Hag brings four of her sons out of North Jutland and turning them into as many Oxen caused them to plow up a large and deep furrow round this piece of ground Which when the Sea had fill'd up the land became an Isle and was call'd Seelund Stephanius thinks Ptolomy alluded to this fable when speaking of some Islands in the Baltic he said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. Beyond the Cimbrian Chersonese ly three Islands called Alociae from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a furrow Copenhagen the Metropolis of this Island Copenhagen and of the whole Kingdom of Denmark is seated on the East of Seeland upon the Sea-shore The Danes call it Kiobenhaun and the Germans Copenhaven both which words are corruptions of Kiobmanshafen i.e. Portus Mercatorum as Saxo somewhere calls it Mejerus a learned Frisian writer derives the name of this City from Coppen which says he in the Frisian language signifies James and Haven q.d. St. James's Haven But there is very little or no grounds for any such derivation About the year 1168 Axil Wide surnamed Snare Saxo calls him Absolon Archbishop of Denmark built a considerable fortification in the Island in which now stands the Castle This was call'd after his name Axel-huys and was a good defence to the whole Island against the daily incursions of Pyrats Under the protection of this Fort several Fishermen and others that traded this way used to harbour their Ships in security This caused a continual concourse of the Natives who resorted hither to furnish the Vessels with such provisions as their Country afforded and in a short time laid the first rude draughts of a City which at this day for strength trade beauty and bulk is not surpass'd by many in Europe Most of the Danish Kings especially Christian IV. have been very active in beautifying this City with an University Churches Walls Ditches c. James Ecland Bishop of Roschild was the first that granted any priviledges to it in the year 1254. These his successor Ignatius confirm'd and they were afterwards considerably enlarged by King Waldemar in the year 1341 and Eric of Pomeren in the year 1371. Christopher of Bavaria endowed it with Municipal immunities like the other Cities of Denmark in the year 1443. All which were confirm'd by the large Charters of Christian the third and Frideric the second The Citizens houses till within these few years were very mean and low most of them patcht up of wood and mortar but of late they are grown more curious and expensive in Architecture and few of their streets are without a considerable number of fair brick buildings The Cathedral Church dedicate to St. Mary is beautified with a noble Copper Spire built at the charges of King Christian the fourth The Advowsance of this Church belongs to the Professors in the University The Market-place is exceeding spacious and no small ornament to the Town Besides these the Kings Palace the Arsenal which perhaps excels any thing that Europe affords in this kind the Observatory or Runde taarn and the adjoining University Church and Library the Exchange c. are places richly worth the seeing and deserve a larger description then the bounds of this short account of the whole Kingdom will permit The City is governed by four Burgomasters one whereof is Regent or President for his life This honour is at present conferr'd on that worthy and learned person P. John Resenius Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University at Copenhagen and Counsellor to the present King of Denmark With him most of the other Professors of note in this University as William Langius formerly Tutor to this present King Christian the fifth Erasmus Vindingius Professor of History and Geography and Author of the Academia Hafniensis which gives us an exact account of all the famous men that have ever flourished in this University Thomas and Erasmus Bartholini both well known by their incomparable works c. are at this day Ministers of State in the Court of Denmark and keep only the title and pension of Professors without being tyed to the performance of the duties SELANDIAE in Regno Daniae Insulae Chorographica Descriptio Apud Janssonio-Waesbergios et Mosem Pitt VIRO Illustri ac Generoso Dno GEORGIO SEEFELDO Haereditario in REFFES Regni Daniae Senatori ac Iudici provintiali Selandico Domino ac Patrono plurimum honorando D. D. D. Johannes Janssonius The rest of the great Towns and places of note in this Island are Roschild 1. Roschild which takes its name from a river running by the Town which drives seven mills Roe in the antient Danish Tongue signifies a King and Kille a stream of water 'T was formerly the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom but of late years this City has decayed and Copenhagen grown so fast that it is scarce remarkable for any thing at this day save the great old Cathedral the burying place of the Kings of Denmark and some small trade This City was first made a Bishop's See by Suenotho King of England Denmark Sweden and Norway about the year 1012. who gave the Bishoprick of Roschild which is now swallowed up of Copenhagen to Gerebrand a Monk Afterwards Sueno Gratenhede fortifyed it with a wall ditch and bulwark Lyscander tells us there were once no less then twenty seven fair Churches in this Town Among these I suppose he reckons the Chappel built by King Harald Svenotho's father in which both he and his son whose dead corps were carried out of England to Roschild to be buried are entombed In the old Cathedral amongst many other rich monuments in honour of several of the Danish Kings and Queens stands a fair marble pillar which Margaret Queen of Denmark erected on purpose to hang thereon the Whetstone which is fastened to it with a chain which Albert King of
Lipsius affirms that in his days there were more Universities in Germany then in all Christendom besides At this day they reckon above thirty Universities besides Gymnasia in the Empire and most of these are as well stockt with Scholars as any University in Europe 'T is reported that when the Emperor Charles the Fourth King of Bohemia had founded the University at Prague and given equal priviledges to Bohemians Polanders and Germans the City was over-burthen'd with Scholars insomuch that he was resolved to retrench his favours And within a week after this Decree was put in execution no less then 24000 Scholars fled out of Prague and not long after sixteen thousand more follow'd them Whence it appears that in that one University there were in those days more Students then almost any other Nation in Europe could shew and more Scholars in Prague then inhabitants in most great Cities In the year 1409 there was reckon'd forty four thousand Scholars under the Rectorship of John Huss which are an incredible number if we consider how vastly they surpass the slender multitudes which any of our modern Universities can brag of The Princes of Germany are still exceedingly zealous in keeping up the state and grandeur of their Universities and there is nothing they so much pride themselves in as the number of Scholars which their Dominions afford The Germans are all of them exceedingly industrious in their several Callings and Professions 〈◊〉 and their Scholars study as hard as their Rustics drudge The Hebrew tongue is no-where so generally studied as among the Germans and few attain to so great a knowledg of it as they ordinarily do This kind of study seems to have had its first original from a mutual exchange of Languages betwixt this Nation and the Jews since no European tongue is so generally spoken by the Jewish Merchants as High Dutch The greatest accusation which foreigners have hitherto laid to the charge of the High Dutch is that they are generally troubled with too great an itch of printing tho they have nothing to publish but the state of a Question or a few Common-places collected out of the writings of their Cotemporaries It were to be wished that a little more moderation were made use of in publishing those millions of Suppositions and Disputations which yearly overstock the Fairs at Franckfurt Leipsic c. But I suppose the greatest thing proposed in printing of these Philosophical Pamphlets is first the hindering of every poor fellow from taking a degree since no man can be a Graduate in Germany who has not published one such Disputation at least And secondly the maintaining the many Presses which are in each University There has been in Germany in all Ages since Learning first flourish'd in the Western parts of Europe and still continues to be a great number of famous men excellently skill'd in all Arts and Sciences Of whom we shall not in this place trouble the Reader with a Catalogue but refer him to the following Descriptions of the several Provinces where he may expect to find most of them mention'd when we come to treat of the particular Universities in which they flourish'd Of the ingenious Inventions of the GERMANS and their skill in Mechanics NO man however prejudic'd against the German Nation will deny that they are incomparably excellent at the Mechanical part of Learning They are admirable at Chymistry Medicinal Compositions and all sorts of Physico-Mathematical Experiments But besides the improvements of these and many other parts of Natural Philosophy they have had the repute of being accounted the first Inventors of the two great requisites of Scholars and Soldiers viz. Printing and Gunpowder Albertus Magnus 〈◊〉 a Dominican Frier was the first that practis'd Chymistry in Germany and taught it publicly After him the greatest part of that and several other Religious Orders addicted themselves to this kind of study for the carrying on of which there are as great conveniences here as in any other Country in Europe Amongst the rest one Barthold Schwartz a Franciscan Frier had made a great proficiency in this Art and had at several times communicated many rare experiments to his Fraternity One time having mingled some dry'd Earth Sulpher and Saltpeter with some other ingredients in an Earthern Crusible and plac'd them on a hot fire in order to some preparation or other on a sudden the Vessel was broke into a thousand pieces with a wonderful noise and violence At first he was amazed at the unexpected event but afterwards having often repeated the experiment he began to imagine there might be more in the business then he lookt for and fancied that this lucky hit might if well improv'd give occasion to an invention far beyond his first expectations Whereupon he caused a long Iron pipe to be made with a touch-hole This he cramm'd full of those ingredients which he had observed to contribute most to the foremention'd effect and put some small stones above them which were quickly as soon as the combustible matter was fir'd thrown out with a greater noise and violence then the first accident had produc'd This was the first original of Guns which hapned says the Author of the Vera inventa Germaniae in the year 1380 but either that Author was grosly mistaken or his Book is false printed I suppose it ought to be read in the year 1330. for some time the invention was kept private and communicated only to some private friends but it was not long before the Germans as Volaterran tells us discovered the secret to the Venetians when they were besieged by the Genoueses And how gratefully they acknowledg'd the kindness is manifest from the Cities of Padua Verona c. which the Venetians soon after by the help of Guns took from the Germans and have not to this day restor'd them If it had been possible to have confin'd the Art of making Gunpowder to Christendom only the Christians might have been in a better posture of defence against the Turks in all parts of the known world then now they are And had the Germans kept their own counsel they might by this means have made themselves Masters not only of Europe but the whole world So terrible and irresistible were great Guns and Mortar-pieces upon their first appearance But within a short time the Jews who always swarm'd in Germany had pryed into the secret and immediately out of spite to Christianity and hopes of great gain to themselves taught the Turks the whole Art For this reason the Muscovites do still mortally hate the Jews and as most pernicious Creatures in a Christian Commonwealth forbid them to traffic in their Dominions After the Venetians the Merchants on the Baltic were the first that made use of Guns at Sea In the the year 1347 the English took Calais by the help of Guns The French had the Art from the English whom they requited just as well as the Venetians did the Germans tho not with so
great success for English-men were the first they shot at Soon after the Spaniards got the knack and they quickly handed it over to the Moors Tho the common vogue has usually hitherto given the Germans the credit of being the first inventors of Guns and 't is no great matter if we go with the stream yet many of our Countrymen are unwilling to give away the honour of inventing the Powder from our English Nation Roger Bacon a Franciscan Frier sometime Fellow of Merton-Colledg in Oxford in one of his Epistles inscribed ad Parisiensem has these words In omnem distantiam quam volumus possumus artificialiter componere ignem comburentem ex sale Petrae aliis instead of aliis a Manuscript Copy in the hands of our late Learned Dr. Gerard Langbaine Provost of Queen's Colledg in Oxford had Sulphure Carbonum pulvere He adds Praeter haec sunt alia stupenda Naturae nam soni velut Tonitrus coruscationes possunt fieri in aere imo majore horrore quam illa quae fiunt per naturam Nam modica materia adapta sc ad quantitatem unius pollicis sonum facit horribilem coruscationem ostendit violentum hoc fit multis modis quibus Civitas aut Exercitus destruatur Igne exsiliente cum fragore inaestimabili Mira haec sunt si quis sciret uti ad plenum in debita quantitate materia In which words he tells us plainly That out of Saltpeter Sulphur and Coal-dust he could make fire which should burn at what distance he pleased that with the same matter he could cause Thunder and Lightning in the Air more terrible then that produc'd by Nature that a City or Army might be destroy'd by this kind of fire that the flame burst out with an unspeakable noise c. Whence says our ingenious Dr. Plott in his Natural History of Oxfordshire 't is plain he either invented or knew Gunpowder Dr. d ee in his Annotations upon the Epistle now quoted fancies he conceal'd the invention purposely in the word aliis for so all the Copies he had met with read the passage as well knowing what a murdering thing Gunpowder would prove if discover'd But he had another reason sufficient to stop the discovery For his Skill and Mathematics had given occasion to some of his ignorant acquaintance to take him for a Conjurer and as such to commit him to prison Which jealousies would questionless have been augmented by his raising these kind of Thunderings in the Air. He dyed in the year 1292 which was near an hundred years before ever any German pretended to the invention of Guns The relations we have of the Spaniards first discoveries of Mexico and Peru will inform us what strangers the Americans were to the use of Guns Those poor Pâ—gans concluded the Spaniards must needs be Gods when after Lightning and Thunder their Companions fell down dead before them Hereupon they began to sacrifice to them as solemnly as to any of their Idols till the Spanish cruelty had given them reason to change their opinion They had no other argument to put a stop to their devotion then a perswasion that 't was impossible Heaven should be a Kennel of such Blood-hounds as they had experienc'd these men to be and therefore they resolv'd to try whether these Thunderers were not mortal The proposed experiment they managed thus When a company of them had made a shift to catch a stragling Spaniard they dipp'd him over head in water which they conitnued to do so long till by his being drown'd they discover'd his mortality But it was not long before the Americans themselves grew acquainted with these Engines of Thunder and within a short time the Spaniards Guns recoil'd upon their Masters Both Spaniards and English have smarted in the West Indies for revealing this secret of war to the Pagan Natives Another invention the Germans challenge which has been as great an advancement to learning Printing as the former to war viz. PRINTING The Hollanders will not allow of this pretension asserting obstinately that this admirable invention was first hit upon at Harlem in that Province Bertius Boxhornius and Scriverius a Citizen of Harlem are stout maintainers of this their pretended right and alledg many probable arguments in behalf of what they say We shall give the Reader a short account of the arguments on both sides and refer the determination of the controversie to himself The Germans tell their story thus This noble Art was invented at Strasburg in the year 1440 by John Guttenburg an Alderman or Schepin of that City and perfected at Mentz by the same man In the public Library at Basil they shew several Books printed with the very first characters that were invented by John Guttenburg which were Cast Letters such as are at this day used in Printing Presses though not so exact The most considerable argument the High Dutch have for themselves is taken from the character in which they find the first Latin Books are printed which is near if it be not the same with that black Letter which is to this day used by the Germans in their ordinary writings Now 't is likely say they that if any other people had been the first inventors of Printing they would have made use of the characters of their own Country But the Hollanders are not perswaded with any arguments from any of these kind of Topics to resign their title and quit all manner of pretensions but are as zealous for Harlem as the former for Mentz or Strasburg They tell us Printing was first invented by one John Lawrence Coster a Citizen of good fashion in Harlem Who walking one night after Supper in the adjoining Wood with some of his little Grandchildren he cut some pieces of the Bark of a Tree into Letters and printing therewith some characters upon paper taught the little Boys their Alphabet by this new contrivance But observing that the invention was capable of a further improvement he immediately advanced and within a few days printed off several copies of sentences and fragments collected out of divers Authors Hadrian Junius says he saw the first Book that Lawrence printed in which this was observable that the Leaves were not printed on both sides but two Leaves glued together to avoid the deformity of vacant pages Afterwards he changed his Beechen Letters into Leaden ones and those not long after into Tin This done he contriv'd that glutinous sort of Ink which to this day is made use of in all Printing-Presses The House where he liv'd is still to be shew'n near the Market-place in Harlem on the front of which was formerly engraven his Picture with some Verses in commendation of him But of late they were struck out to take away the occasion of the Marketpeoples staring up at the windows The Burgomaster and Raedtsherrn of the Town have in their custody a specimen of his first Essay and Junius reports that in his time
the name of the Dukedom of Bremen The name of this City is fetcht by some from one Luba a famous Fisherman that heretofore pitcht his Tents upon the Sea-shore in the same place where afterwards the great City of Lubec was built But this fiction is of the same stamp with the frivolous Etymologies with which some of our English Historians have furnish'd us of Britain from Brutus and London from King Lud. Others tell us that Lubec in the old Wendish tongue signifies a Crown and therefore would perswade us that this Town had its name from the preeminence which immediately after its first foundation it might justly challenge amongst the other Cities of Germany Whence Lindebergius alluding to this Etymology concludes his Elogium in the praise of Lubec with this Distich Et decus Europae lumen sit totius Ansae Et sit Vandalici pulchra Corona soli But the most probable opinion is what we have before mention'd that the name is truly High-Dutch and signifies no more than Lob-eck or ein eck des lobes a corner of Land for upon such a plot of ground 't is situate commendable for something or other in it extraordinary and notable The Polish Historians particularly J. Ludowic Decius in his History of Sigismund II. King of Poland are very zealous in asserting that this great City owes its birth to the Princes of their Country who having made themselves Masters of all this part of Germany built a Fort and in some short time after a wall'd Town in that neck of land upon which Lubec stands But the Germans as vigorously oppose this assertion affirming that Godschalck a certain King of the Vandals laid the first foundation of the Town A. D. 1040 which small beginnings were enlarg'd into the bulk of a considerable City by Crito a Prince of Rugen in the year 1104 or as others 1087. But however this is certain that it was never a City nor had any Charter confirm'd to it before it had been once utterly ruin'd and laid desolate by Ratzo Prince of Rugen in the year 1134 and rebuilt by Adolph II. Earl of Holstein A. D. 1140 who being unable to defend any part of his Territories against the victorious Duke of Saxony and Bavaria Henry II. surnam'd the Lion was forc'd to yeild up to him Lubec amongst the other conquer'd parts of his Dominions Afterwards when success and pride had swell'd Henry to that height as to make him neglect his duty and allegiance to the Emperor Frideric Barbarossa and to side with the Pope in a quarrel against him he was by the said Emperor publicly proscrib'd and devour'd by the joint forces of his neighbour Princes every one laying hold of that part of his Estates which lay next him In this confusion Lubec was besieg'd and taken by the Emperor himself but after his death restor'd to the foremention'd Duke Henry Afterwards it was conquer'd by Waldemar Duke of Sleswic and Brother to Canutus King of Denmark But not long after the Citizens finding themselves too severely treated by their Danish Lords put their City under the protection of the Emperor Frideric II. who granted them several priviledges and immunities and restor'd them to the ancient Liberties which they had enjoy'd under their first Masters Since that time Lubec has continued an Imperial City being always reckon'd one of the chief in the Empire and the Metropolis of the Hans-Towns The Bishopric of Lubec which since John Adolph Duke of Holstein was elected Bishop of that See in the year 1596 has always been in the possession of some of the younger Brothers of that House was first founded by the Emperor Otho I. at Oldenburg in Wagerland and afterwards removed hither with the permission of the Emperor Frideric I. by Henry the Lion Duke of Saxony in the year 1163. There is not any City in the Northern parts of the German Empire which at this day excels or perhaps can equalize Lubec either in beauty or uniformity of its Buildings or pleasantness of its Gardens and Groves The Streets are generally strait and even the Houses being all built with Brick and cover'd with Tyles In the year 1238 a great fire hap'ning in the City burnt down many of their Streets which at that time consisted of Houses made of Timber and cover'd with Thatch whereupon the Senators of the City made an Order that thenceforward no such Houses should be built within the walls of the Town From the public Conduit they have water convey'd by pipes into every Citizen's private House according to which pattern the Conduits in London and other great Cities in Europe were first contrived The Streets are in several places graced with rows of Linden Trees planted on each side The Churches about twenty in number are generally well built and adorn'd with high Steeples or Spires especially the Cathedral dedicate to St. Mary which is a piece of as curious Architecture as most in Germany The River Trave on which Lubec is seated about eight or ten English miles from the Sea is large and deep enough to carry the largest Vessels that sail upon the Baltic So that daily Merchant-men of the greatest bulk as well as flat bottom'd Barges are brought up to the Walls of the City which with its neighbour Hamburg is thought to maintain near six hundred Vessels in continual traffick The City is govern'd by twelve Burgo-masters who are all of them either Doctors of Civil Law or some of the grave and experienc'd Nobility of the City The Common Council is made up of half Lawyers and Nobles and the other half Merchants Their Laws will not permit any Handicrafts-man two Brothers nor Father and Son to be of this great Council of the City supposing that illiterate Mechanics can hardly have so much skill in State-affairs as will render them fit for Government and that near Relations will be apt to side with one another and not act with such unbyass'd judgments as others that are nothing akin II. WISMAR Wismar Seated in the way betwixt Lubec and Rostoc at an equal distance namely seven German or one and twenty English miles from both those Cities Cromer and Vapovius zealous assertors of the honour of their Country derive the name of this City from one Wissimir its founder who they tell us was a Polish Prince descended from their Great Duke Lechus The grounds of their story they borrow from Saxo Grammaticus and Crantzius who report that Wissimirus a Prince of the Vandals march'd with a good Army into Denmark and there slew Siward King of the Danes and at his return built Wismar Now these men imagining that Princeps Vandalicus and Vendicus signifie the same thing conclude presently that this Wissimir must certainly have been a Pole and then the greatest honour they can do him is to bring him from the Loins of Lechus Whereas granting the main part of Crantzius's story which nevertheless is undoubtedly false that Wismar was indeed built by such a Prince as
their due place The chief Rivers are the Weser by which all manner of Merchandise are convey'd from Bremen up as far as Brunswic Rivers Leina Innerste Ocker with some more of less note which supply the neighbourhood with Fish It is observable Forts that every-where in the Dukedom of Brunswic as well as in the County of Blackenburg you may meet with the Ruins of old Forts and Castles on the tops of high Hills and ragged Mountains which by most Antiquaries are conjectur'd to be the Reliques and Rudera of so many Roman Fortifications and an evident argument that the Seat of the war betwixt the Romans and the Germans was for some time at least in this part of the Empire I had rather think them the work of some Saxon Commanders when engaged in the defence of their Country and Paganism against the Assaults of Charles the Great or perhaps built by that mighty Emperor to secure his Conquests However thus much we may venture to conclude from these venerable Tents of Mars 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 that the Lower Saxons those especially that inhabited these parts were anciently a stout and warlike people men that were hardly conquer'd and afterwards with more difficulty kept in subjection And such their progeny are still reckon'd They are men of a larger size then most others of the German Nation and withall inur'd to a coarse fare and cold lodging Their ordinary diet is dry'd Swine's flesh and Sawsedges which they digest with as much ease as any of their neighbour Nations do their choicest delicacies From their great greediness in devouring this sort of diet they are usually call'd by the Hollanders and other Germans Speckmuffen or Bacon-guts With these meats they eat a black and harsh tasted bread made of the coarsest Wheat or Rye-meal This in their barbarous and rustic dialect they call Pumpernickell a compound that has no manner of affinity with any primitive in the High Dutch tongue Some of their learned men give this account of the word that a French Gentleman travelling this Country and being ask'd what he thought of this kind of bread made answer that it was bon pour cheval i. e. good diet for a Horse which words being not rightly proportion'd to the mouths of the Brunswic Bores that heard him were by them miserably corrupted into the word before-mention'd Their Land affords no Wine but they think that defect abundantly recompensed by the great quantities of Beer brew'd in most places of note The Brunswickers are not 't is true so complaisant in their behaviour and carriage as some other Germans which a Traveller may meet with but their unfeign'd humanity and hospitality will sufficiently atone for their want of Courtship They know how to be civil to a stranger without flattery and in in their entertainment of Travellers their performances are commonly as large as a French man's promise We have already in the description of the Dukedom of Luneburg acquainted the Reader that the whole Dukedom of the Lower Saxony which was afterwards subdivided into those of Brunswic and Luneburg was formerly subject to one Prince and we have there also given him an account of the first original of this Dominion with the continuance of it under several Princes during the union of its members The first division of these Territories hapned in the year 1264 at which time Duke Otho's two Sons Albert and John not liking to be copartners in the Government of the Lower Saxony divided the Land assigning to the former the City and Dukedom of Brunswic and to the later the other of Luneburg However upon the death of William Duke of Luneburg Grandchild to the foremention'd Duke John without issue male in the year 1368 the two Dukedoms were again jointly subject to Duke Magnus surnam'd Torquatus But in this they could not long continue for Torquatus's Sons as ambitious of independant and absolute Government as their predecessors again separated Courts Bernbard the elder Brother claiming this Dukedom to himself and assigning Luneburg to Henry his younger Brother After whose death his Son William surnam'd Victoriosus for his valorous exploits fell upon his Uncle Bernhard whom he reduc'd to those straits at last that he made him and his two Sons change Dukedoms with him From that time the Dukedom of Brunswic was enjoy'd by William and his Successors until the extirpation of that Line in Frideric Vlrich who died without issue A. D. 1634. In the year 1491 this Dukedom was divided by Henry the elder and his Brother Eric into two equal shares whereof all the Country betwixt the Rivers Deister and Leina together with the Territories of Gottingen and known by the name of the Dukedom of Brunswic-Wolfenbuttel remained in the possession of Henry But soon after Eric's Line upon the death of his Son Eric II. in Italy A. D. 1584. was extinct and these two Dukedoms again united in the House of Wolfenbuttel In which condition they remain'd till the death of Frideric Vlric before-mention'd After which the Dukedoms of Wolfenbuttel and Calenberg descended upon some younger Brothers of the House of Luneburg The famous and learned Prince Augustus was advanc'd to Wolfenbuttel where he is now succeeded by his Son Rodulphus Augustus Of these two Dukes the Reader may expect a larger character in the following description of the Palace at Wolfenbuttel 'T will not be impertinent in this place to relate for the Reader 's diversion the Romantic History of the first original of the ancient Guelphian Family 〈…〉 which formerly afforded Dukes at the same time of Bavaria and Saxony and of which the Dukes of Brunswic and Luneburg are now the sole Relicts The story goes thus Jermintrudis Countess of Altorf in Schwaben having accused a poor woman of Adultery and caused several severe punishments to be inflicted on her for having had twelve children at a birth was within a while after delivered of the same number her self and all of them Sons Her Husband Count Isenberd being absent at the time of her delivery she commanded the Midwife to kill eleven of them fearing possibly she her self might undergo the same punishment or scandal at least which the poor beggar woman had done upon her instigation The Midwife going to execute her Ladies barbarous commands was met by the Count returning home who enquiring what she carried in her Apron was answer'd Woelpen i. e. Whelps But suspecting the truth of what she said upon her refusal to shew them examining farther into the matter forc'd her to confess the whole story Upon which enjoining the old womans secresie and concealing the knowledg of the fact from his Countess he put out all the children to Nurse taking care their education should be answerable to their quality At the end of six years the Count invited to a great feast most of his own and his Lady's Relations to whom in the midst of their jollity he presented his eleven Sons all attired alike to their Mother who
Soldiers before William Archbishop of Mentz wall'd it in the year 964. The whole trade of the Citizens is in sowing gathering and dressing Woad They have three sorts of this herb the first of which they sow about Christmas the next call'd Summer Woad is sown in the Spring Summer or Harvest and of this they have usually three crops the third is not sow'n at all but grows wild Besides the good quality of this Herb it is reckon'd a very Soveraign Balsamic and cures wounds if taken in time almost with a touch It something resembles Plantain but shoots out a longer leaf The roots of it exceedingly fatten and improve barren ground and for that reason it has been of late years brought over into England with Clover-grass Cinque-foil and other herbs of the like nature and in many parts of this Kingdom particularly in Northamptonshire is now sow'n with good success Towns of less note are 1. Eysennach or Isenach on the borders of Hessen the Seat of a great branch of the House of Saxony 2. Mulhausen an Imperial City but of no great consequence 3. Hahn 4. Arnstadt c. COMITATVS MANSFELDIAE DESCRIPTIO Auctore Tilemanno Stella Sig. Apud Janssonio-Wassbergios Mosem Pitt et Stephanum Swart THE COUNTY OF MANSFELD SOME of the German Historians tell us that Heger Count of Mansfeld was one of the Commoners at our British King Arthur's round Table and hence they endeavor to prove the Antiquity of this County For King Arthur is suppos'd to have reign'd about the year of Christ 540 and Mansfeld in Notinghamshire which these men say was built by the foremention'd Heger is thought of age enough to justifie this story But others trace its Antiquities much higher and derive the name of Mansfeld from Mannus Tuisco's Son and Father of the Germans And this fancy is back'd with the name of Ascania a neighbouring Town in the Principality of Anhalt which say they must needs have been so call'd from Ascenas the Father of Tuisco and the German Nation This is one of the four Hercynian Counties the other three being those of Stolberg Hohenstein and Regenstein It is bounded on the East with the River Sala which separates it from the Bishopric of Mersburg and other parts of the Elector of Saxony's Dominions on the North with some part of the Principality of Anhalt on the West with the Counties of Schwartzburg Stolberg and some other lesser Principalities on the South with Thuringen In this County there are great store of Mines which afford several sorts of Metals and Minerals to the no small profit of the Inhabitants Amongst the rest the Scheiffersteyn a kind of Mineral peculiar to this and the neighbouring Provinces is here found in great abundance 'T is a blackish glistering sort of Slat which being bray'd and melted down yeilds a vast quantity of Copper and a considerable deal of Silver John Hubensak a German Commentator on some part of Munster's Cosmography gives the following account of this Mineral The Counts of Mansfeld says he have in their Dominions several Mines of Scheifferstein the like whereof the whole world can scarce pretend to For out of this stone the inhabitants melt a Copper each hundred weight whereof contains betwixt ten and twelve ounces of pure silver Nor are the Mines like to fail in hast since in what part soever of the whole County you dig for this Mineral you are sure to speed I my self have been an eye-witness of a strangely extravagant curiosity of Nature in the composure of this stone There is in the neighbourhood not far from Eisleben a Lake of several miles in length and breadth abounding with several sorts of Fish and other living Creatures as Frogs Water-Rats c. all which are lively represented in many of these Scheifferstones by fair Copper-strokes thro the very body of the Slat So far Hubensak Now what credit may be given to the later part of his story I shall not determine but leave it to the Reader 's discretion to believe or reject it Many of Hubensak's Countrymen are forward enough to second him in the assertion and Petrus Albinus in his Chronicle of the Mines of Misnia not questioning the truth of the story endeavours to lay down the true and natural reasons of these appearances And possibly Nature has wrought no greater miracles in these then in other stones daily found in many parts of our own Island We may here in one County meet with lively pourtraictures of Plants Insects Fishes Birds Beasts nay and several parts of man's body delineated by Nature her self in the bodies of hard and flinty stones For a testimony of this truth I shall only refet the Reader to the fifth Chapter of our ingenious Dr. Plot 's Natural History of Oxfordshire where he may find a faithful register of almost innumerable Instances in this kind together with a learned conjecture at the reasons of such variety of shapes They that attempt the running up the pedigree of the Counts of Mansfeld as high as Heger or Mannus are too Romantic to be credited Counts or taken notice of in this place The more sober Genealogists are content to fetch the original of this Family from Burchard the fifth Count of Quernfort on whom the Emperor Frideric Barbarossa bestow'd this County in requital of the many signal services done by him both in the wars against the foremention'd Duke Henry and in the Holy Land His grandchild Burchard by a Son of the same name was the first that assum'd the Title of Count of Mansfeld about the year 1250. Since which time that Honour has been continued down to several Princes of the same Line who have nevertheless always paid some small acknowledgment of Homage to the Electors of Saxony Amongst these Counts the most eminent have been 1. Walerad Privy-Counsellor to the Emperor Sigismund a faithful Servant to the Empire and a notable Improver of his own Estate 2. John George for some time Deputy-Governor of Saxony under Duke Augustus 3. Peter Ernest Governor of Luxemburg under the Emperors Charles the Fifth and Philip the Second by both of whom he was employ'd in their wars with France and against the Rebels in the Netherlands 4. Albert a constant Friend to Martin Luther and a faithful follower of John Frideric the deposed Elector in whose quarrel he lost his Estate and was forc'd to retire to Magdeburg which City was afterwards by him bravely defended against the Emperor's forces 5. Ernest Grandchild to the foremention'd Albert by his Son John famous for his couragious and gallant behaviour in managing and carrying on the war against the Emperor Ferdinand the second in behalf of Frideric Prince Elector Palatine of the Rhine and the States of Bohemia At this day the Family of the Counts of Mansfeld is branch'd out into four or five distinct Houses which division has render'd them much more inconsiderable then formerly they have been The Metropolis of this County Eisleben and chief place
the following order 2. Frideric II. Son to the First 3. Ernest Frideric the second 's Son 4. Frideric III. Ernest's Son 5. John Frideric the third's Brother 6. John-Frideric the Son of John a great promoter of the Reform'd Religion 7. Maurice Cousin-German to his predecessor John who drove Charles the fifth out of Germany and was slain in the Battel of Siffridhuse against Albert Marquise of Brandenburg 8. Augustus Maurice's Brother 9. Christian Augustus's Son 10. Christian II. Son of Christian the first 11. John George Christian the second 's Son who first sided with the Emperor Ferdinand against the Elector Palatine and afterwards with the King of Sweden against the Emperor 12. John George II. Son to John George the first He spent the greatest part of his time in ease and quiet and dying this last year 1680 in a good old age left the Electorate to his Son 13. John George III. This Elector is a Prince of low stature but great Spirit something fat and corpulent but withall active and brisk He was born the 20th day of June A. D. 1647 and in the year 1663 married Ann Sophia Princess of Denmark and Sister to the present King Christian By her he has several children the eldest of whom John George is the Electoral Prince The Revenues of this Elector are thought to be as great at least as any other Prince's in Germany Reveâ—â—â—â— excepting only the Imperial Family altho the circuit of his Dominions and number of his Subjects fall far short of what his neighbour the Elector of Brandenburg is master of They that reckon his yearly Revenue to amount to 400000 pound sterling speak modestly enough and he that shall carefully compute all the incomes of his Treasury from the Imposition upon Beer and all other Commidities from Taxes Mines c. will I presume find it rise to a much larger sum The profit which arises to him out of the silver Mines at Freyberg and some other places in his Territories has been long since computed to amount yearly to 130000 pound and certainly the daily encrease of labourers will rather augment that sum The Excise or Impost upon Beer in Leipsick only a City consisting of no more then two Parishes is usually farm'd at the rate of 20000 pound per annum Besides this and the like Customs he has Tenths of all the Corn Fruit Wine c. in his Country Add to these the great standing Tax laid upon his Subjects towards the maintenance of a war against the Turk granted at first in times of danger and hostility but gather'd since in days of peace at least as to that Enemy under pretence of being in a readiness to receive him whensoever he shall attack this Country Answerable to these vast revenues is the pomp and splendour of his Court his Attendants being usually more numerous then the Trains of any of his neighbour-Princes 'T is reported that in the Elector Christian the second 's Court at the same time three Dukes as many Earls and five Barons of foreign Nations besides a great number of the Nobility of his own Country were Pensioners to that Prince Nor have the two late Electors abated much of this state and grandeur Witness the Funeral of John George the First in the year 1657 at which were twenty-four Horses of State cover'd with black and the Electoral Eschutcheon wrought thereon each of them being led by two Gentlemen after which follow'd three thousand five hundred persons in mourning The Court of Saxony has been always more bronded with excessive intemperance in drinking then any other Prince's Palace in Germany Nor have the Electors themselves been able to shun the imputation a red nose being as is reported by some of their own Historians the inseparable badg of that Family II. Leipzig LEIPZIG This City is supposed to have been built by the Vandals who were ancient inhabitants of these parts about the year of Christ 700 and to have had its name from the Slavonian or Wendish word Lipzk which signifies a Linden-tree from the multitude of this sort of Timber which formerly grew in this place Whence in Latin Authors we sometimes meet with Phylurea instead of Lipsia from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tilia 'T is seated at the concourse of three small Rivers the Elster Pleissa and Parda in a pleasant and fruitful plain abounding with all manner of necessaries and pleasures as large and rich meadows which are mowed twice constantly sometimes thrice a year pleasant Woods and an infinite number of fine Orchards plentifully stock'd with all sorts of fruit Within the walls there is no such thing as Orchard or Garden but the whole plot of ground is cover'd with stately Fabricks Pleissenburg or the Castle seated on the Pleissa which defends the Town is a strong Fort and strictly guarded and St. Nicolas's Church is thought to be the fairest on the inside of any Lutheran Church in Germany The Citizens have generally well-built houses many whereof especially near the market-place are seven some nine stories high Near this place was the chief seat of the late civil wars of Germany insomuch that this Town was five several times besieged and taken in the space of two years At the last 't was taken by the Imperialists on the 12th of August 1633. but restored upon the ratification of the Treaty of peace betwixt the Emperour and Elector of Saxony sign'd at Prague A. D. 1635. At this day 't is famous for besides the purity of the high Dutch tongue which is thought to flourish here in a more refin'd strain then in any other part of Misnia and consequently of Germany the three things following 1. The great Traffic and concourse of Merchants from all places of note in Europe especially dureing the three fairs which are here kept yearly at Christmas Easter and Michaelmas 2. The high Court of Judicature before which the Elector himself is bound to appear upon summons The manner of proceding in this Court is at large deliver'd by Zobelius in his book entituled Differentiae Juris Saxonici Civilis and by the Author of the Chronicon Lipsiense written not many years since in High Dutch 3. The University which was founded here A. D. 1408 upon the quarrel betwixt the Hussites and Papists at Prague whereby the former were forced to leave the town and to settle themselves at Leipsig to which City two thousand of them are said to have flock'd in one day There are in it at this day four Colleges and twenty four public professors amongst whom the chief professor of Divinity is Dr. John Adam Schertzer a person of wonderful humanity and as great learning The several books he has publish'd especially his Collegium Anti-socinianum wherein he has bravely confuted those knotty arguments of the Cracovian party which few of his Countreymen before him were able to understand sufficiently demonstrate to the world the quickness of his parts and foundness of his judgement His
Alphabet made use of in writing out the Bible by him translated into his own mother-tongue What became of this Translation I know not except as some late Antiquaries have ventur'd to say the ancient Moscovian Bible printed in the year 1581 be a Transcript of it In the year 1346 the Bishopric of Olmutz was remov'd from under the jurisdiction of the Elector of Mentz and subjected to the new Archbishop of Prague tho some of the late Bishops of Olmutz have denied to pay homage to any Prelate under the Pope 2. BRINN call'd in the Bohemian language Brno and by Latin writers Bruna Brinn is the second City in Moravia and a Town of so great repute that it seems to share with Olmitz in the Title of Metropolis since in these two Cities by turns the chief Courts of Judicature or Assizes for the whole Marquisate are held 'T is seated at the confluence of two small Rivers Schwarta and Zwitta and defended by the Spilberg a strong Castle on the top of the adjoining Hill The Moravian Philosophers make a great noise with the Vnicornu Minerale which amongst the other fossilia of their Country is said to be found near this City Of which Osv Grollius in his book entituled de Signaturis gives this account Vnicornu Minerale nobis quoque Deus largitus est in Moravia tribus milliaribus Bruna ubi eram ante Medicus non longe a territorio Abbatis Zabrdovicensis sub altissima rupe duorum inusitatae magnitudinis animalium incognitorum ossa una cum duobus junioribus efossa sunt quae absque dubio tempore Diluvii aquarum impetu perierunt in illa solitudine c. Another Author of the same Tribe Anselm Boetius de Boodt Physitian to the Emperor Rudolf II. gives a far different account of it Cornu fossile says he prope Brunam Moraviae urbem inventum ita exacte figuram trunci Juglandis intrinsecus extrinsecus refert ut nemo nisi Caecus negare possit truncum illius Arboris fuisse ac in Terra transmutationem accepisse Hertod in his ingenious Book beforementioned says there have been several fragments of this Mineral found in the Quarries near Niclsburg one whereof exactly resembled a man's thigh I know not what more to make of all these relations then that there are now and then in the fields near Brinn found several rare petrifications for that I think is as fit a name for them as Vnicornu fossile representing the parts of certain Animals and Plants Which is no greater miracle then may be daily met with in the fields here about Oxford as may be seen at large in the learn'd account given of such Rarities in the fifth Chapter of the Natural History of this County 3. IGLAW call'd by the Bohemians Gihlawa Iglaw seated on the borders of Bohemia upon a River of the same name is said to have been built in the year 799 and to have had its name from an Urchin or Hedghog which in the German language is call'd Igle but by the Moravians Gehlak because that upon the laying the first foundation of this City a great company of these kind of Creatures were found amongst the shrubs and thickets which grew in this place The Town is large well built and strongly fortified 'T is a great thorow-fair frequented by multitudes of Travellers that pass this way out of Bohemia towards Hungary And for this reason the Citizens as being daily accustom'd to converse with strangers are more obliging in their carriage then the rest of their Country-men In the Hussites-wars this City stedfastly opposed the introducing of the Reform'd Religion and with a great deal of resolute obstinacy and malepert zeal maintain'd the superstitious Discipline of the Church of Rome but as soon as Luther's Doctrine began to peep abroad in the world the heat was over with them and the Citizens of Iglaw of all the Cities of Moravia subject to the Kings of Bohemia were the first who embraced the Augsburg Confession and turn'd Rebels as themselves before had term'd other Protestants to the Pope's Interest In the late Civil wars of Germany immediately after the Imperial Forces were routed at Jankow in the year 1645 this Town was given up into the hands of the then triumphant Swedes who to make the City more tenable burnt down the large Suburbs on every side and having so done defended the Town with so much gallantry and manhood that all the forces the Emperor could bring against it were beaten off for a twelve-month after The Jesuits College with the Gymnasium annex'd founded by Adolph Michael Earl of Altham is a great ornament to the Town and the two Monasteries of Dominicans and Franciscans are well worth the seeing The chief trade of the Town besides the entertainment of passengers which brings in the greatest part of their riches is in selling Beer and a sort of course woollen Cloth which is made and dress'd after their fashion 4. Znaim ZNAIM in the Bohemian language Znoymo and in Latin writers Znogma stands on the Teya in a pleasant soil and wholesom air The learned Cluverius is of opinion that this place is the same with Ptolomy's Medoslanium But I do not find that his Latitude will agree at all to Znaim tho his Longitude comes near it The Annals of Moravia tell us this City was first built in the place where it now stands by Primislaus Ottacar about the year 1222 having before that time lain buried in its ashes from the year 1145 when Vladislaus King of Bohemia upon a provocation given him by his Kinsman Cunrad Marquise of Moravia wholly destroy'd it and its inhabitants with fire and sword The Town is defended by a Castle sufficiently fortified both by Nature and Art but in great danger of being damag'd in time of siege from the top of the Peldtenberg an adjacent mountain which overlooks it and stands within Canon-shot of it It lies upon the coasts of Austria and therefore is sure to be the first place attack'd by the Imperial forces in case of any rebellious uproar in either Bohemia or Moravia as it has often already found by woful experience There are a great many Vineyards round the City which yeild commonly good store of an indifferently palatable Wine but the chief income of the Citizens arises from the harbouring of passengers which travel this road betwixt Vienna and Prague 5. Cremsir CREMSIR or Kremsier call'd by the Bohemians Kromeritz seated on the River Morawa about the middle way betwixt Olmitz and Hradisch was not many ages ago a poor Village but is now become one of the fairest Cities in Moravia The occasion of which alteration was this John Bishop of Olmitz bought the Lordship of this Village for himself and his successors of Otto Marquise of Moravia After his death Bruno Bishop of the same Diocess observing the convenient and pleasant situation of the place built in it a fair Palace call'd to this day from its first Founder's name
Schweinfurt which some Geographers bring within the bounds of this Principality Schmalcad was once a part of this Principality but is not esteem'd so now PRINCIPATUS HENNENBERGENSIS COMITATVS WERTHEIMICI FINITIMARVMQVE REGIONVM NOVA ET EXACTA DESCRIPTIO Apud Janssonio-Waesbergios Mosem Pitt et Stephanum Swart The City and County of WERTHEIM IN the mouth of the Tauber on the banks of the Mayn is seated the City of Wertheim in a fruitful soil and good air The Citizens whose chief trade is in making Wine liv'd formerly in good credit till upon some disagreement between them and their Earls who endeavour'd to reestablish Popery in the Town they were brought to so great poverty and straits for the defence of their Religion that they have scarce been able to recruit themselves to this day However they still stick close to the Augsburg Confession and are zealous assertors of the honour of their Saint Luther The County of Wertheim which is a part of the old Francia Orientalis as lying on the South side of the River Mayn is bounded on the East with the Bishoprick of Wurtzburg on the South with the County of Hohenloe and the Palatinate on the West with the Silva Ottonica and on the North with the large Forest of Speshart This Province affords much more plenty of Corn then the Territories about Francfurt nor is it any way inferior to those for the goodness of its Wine The inhabitants have here good store of Meadows and Pasture-ground for Cattel which bring in yearly as great revenues as their best Vineyards They have no want of wild Fowl and are cloy'd with Venison Among the several Villages that have dependance upon the City of Wertheim Niclashausen the most remarkable is Niclashausen famous for the birth and education of one John Behaim who was burnt for an Heretick at Wurtzburg A. D. 1476. The occasion whereof was this The poor Bore being melancholy and crack-brain'd fancied daily that he saw in his melancholy and dumpish fits strange and terrible apparitions One time the Virgin Mary forsooth amongst his other spiritual guests gave him a visit and grew so familiar as to communicate to him several deep intrigues and secrets The choicest whereof was that there lay no obligation at all upon the Burgers of Wertheim to shew any manner of respect to their Earls or inferior Magistrates but that they were all as free and boundless as the Rivers that water'd their Country This was a plausible Doctrine in the ears of the Commonalty and needed but little Divine Revelation to authorize it so that Behaim had presently more proselytes then all the Preachers in the Country and would in a short time have perverted the greatest part of the County had he not early been overpower'd and prevented by the Bishop's forces Erpach Norimberg Hanaw c. are purposely omitted in this place tho parts of Franconia as being reserv'd for the second Volume of Germany THE County Palatinate OF THE RHINE DIE Pfaltz which is the ordinary German word for this County signifies no more then Palatium Name whereof Palatinus is only an Adjective Possessive Now how Palatium should be a name given to a County or Palatinus to an Earl we have already acquainted the Reader treating of the High Dutch Nobility in the General Description of Germany There are only at this day two Counties in the German Empire which are usually known by the name of Counties Palatinate whereof one the Upper Palatinate is part of the Dukedom of Bavaria and shall be treated of elsewhere About four or five hundred years ago Bounds very little of the Country about Huydelberg was reckon'd a part of the Lower Palatinate but most of the Cities in this neighbourhood were either Imperial or subject to some other Prince then the Counts Palatine who are now by Marriage Conquest or Purchase Masters of the Land Before the Bohemian Wars betwixt the Emperor and Frideric Count Palatine and the Civil Wars of Germany the Territories and Revenues of this Prince were large enough to make him more formidable then any of the other Electors But such were his misfortunes in those bloody Engagements that he lost both the Kingdom of Bohemia which he contended for and also all his own hereditary Dignities and Estates The Upper Palatinate was seized on by the Duke of Bavaria and the Lower conquer'd and subdued by the King of Spain By the Treaty of Munster the late Count Charles-Ludowic Son to the unfortunate King of Bohemia was restored to some part of his Father's Dominions in the Lower Palatinate but these are of no great extent and are still like to be lessen'd by the daily encroachments of the French King This Country is much the pleasantest part of the German Empire Soil and therefore 't is no great wonder that the neighbouring Princes have in all ages watcht an opportunity of getting it into their clutches The Hills are cover'd with Vines which yeild that rich Liquor known all Europe over by the name of Rhenish Wine The Plains and Valleys afford plenty of all manner of Grain and Fruit and the Forests are plentifully stock'd with Deer and other Game The Rhine passing thro the midst of the County gives a fair advantage of exporting the commodities of this and importing those of foreign Nations The Rivers Rhine and Neccar have store of Fish and the Hills want neither Mettals nor Minerals That part of the Lower Palatinate which lies on the Western banks of the Rhine 〈◊〉 was first conquer'd by the Romans and afterwards by the French of whose Kingdom it was a part but more immediately subject to the Earls of the Moselle Afterwards when the Kingdom of Lorrain came to be divided betwixt the Emperors of Germany and the Kings of France this Territory became a share of the German Empire but was still possess'd by the Prince of Moselle as before Upon the failure of that Family it fell under the more immediate power of the Emperors who for many good offices done them were pleased to bestow it on the Elector's Palatine By the same means they became Masters of the other part of this Country on the Eastern banks of the River upon extirpation of the House of Schwaben The present Elector Palatine is Count Charles 〈…〉 who was born on the last day of May in the year 1651 and was advanc'd to the Electorate upon the late death of his Father Charles-Ludowic A. D. 1680. He is a pious and learned Prince and treads much in the steps of his Father who possibly was considering the troubles he had undergone as learned a Prince as Europe afforded in his time The Revenues of this Elector's Ancestors are said to have amounted to 100000 pounds sterling yearly Nor can we well imagine them to have been less when only the Silver Mines about Amberg in the Upper Palatinate yeilded 60000 Crowns a year and the passage over one Bridg cross the Rhine brought in 20000 more To which if