and of Fernando Cortez to the Indies 2 Expedition of Africke by the Castillans and the taking of the great port of Mersalcabir 3 Peace betwixt Castille and France and treaties of mariage 4 The Archduke Philip of Austria and D. Iaone his wife part out of Flaunders to returne into Castille and are stayed in England 5 Death of Christofer Columbus His posteritie 6 D. Philip and D. Ioane his wife kings of Castille Retreat of king Ferdinand into Arragon 7 Voyage of king Ferdinand into Italie Enteruiew of king Lewis and king Ferdinand at Sauonne 8 The duke Valentin being a prisoner in Castille escapes into Nauarre 9 Affaires of Nauarre Disposition of the king D. Iohn of Albret Contentions betwixt him and the queene his wife for the factions of Nauarre 10 Rashnesse of the earle of Lerin Constable of Nauarre Sentence and condemnation against him Warre betwixt the king and the earle Death of duke Valentin 11 Exploits of Pedro Nauarro in Africke in fauour of the Portugals 12 Rashnesse of the marquesse of Priego punished by the king D. Ferdinand Regent in Castille 13 Sedition at Lisbone for religion The mutines punished 14 Search of the firme land at the Indies by Alphonso Hojeda and others 15 League betwixt the Pope the Emperour Maximilian king Ferdinand and Lewis 12 the French king against the Venetians 16 Discouerie of the firme land at the Indies Forts built there 17 Expedition of Cardinall Francis Ximenes into Africke The taking of the citie of Oran 18 Warre against the Venetians 19 Practise of Pope Iulio against the French Schisme in the Church of Rome Counsell demanded by the French king 20 Taking of Bugia and other exploits in Africke by Pedro Nauarro Death of D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo 21 Behauiour of the Spaniards at the West Indies Seditions among them 22 Progresse of the warre of Italie made by the French against the Pope Councell of Pisa and a counter Councell at Rome at S. Iohn de Latran 23 Warre betwixt France and Spaine A league betwixt the Pope king Ferdinand and the Venetians 24 Continuance of this warre by the Pope against the French Exploits of Gaston earle of Foix duke of Nemours 25 Pursuit of the king and queene of Nauarre in Castille to be restored to much of their patrimonie in that realme but without any effect 26 Meanes vsed by the Pope and king Ferdinand to dispossesse the king D. Iohn of Albret and the queene D. Katherina his wife of the realme of Nauarre 27 Meanes vsed by the Emperor Maximilian to abandon the French Battell of Rauenna 28 Censures against Lewis the twelfth the French king and his realme Retreat of king Iohn of Albret into Fraunce Inuasion of the realme by the Castillans Pampelone taken by the duke of Alua. 29 Exploits of Vasco Nugnes of Bilbao and other Spaniards at the Indies D. Philip 1. and D. Ioane 21 Kings of Castille and 42 of Leon. THe Castillans and Leonois 1504 for want of their Queene proprietarie D. Isabella began to accustome themselues to the yoke of German princes hauing presently set vp in Castille the Armes of the Archduke Philip of Austria and of D. Ioane heire of these realmes in her mothers right and D. Frederic of Toledo duke of Alba aduanced these banners in their name yet the king D. Ferdinand continued lawfull gouernour vntill the comming of these princes who had aduertisement sent them presently into Flaunders of the Queenes death The Archduke Philip was then six and twentie yeares old faire of face well proportioned of his members of a good grace mild and courteous in speech of a great spirit actiue quicke and learned by reason whereof being in him more then ordinarie hee was surnamed the Great Whilest that he made preparation to come and take possession of this great inheritance king Ferdinand after the royall and stately obsequies of the deceased Queene and the bodie transported to Granado with a great traine he retired himselfe to the monasterie of Mejorada and from thence hee past to Toro being accompanied by D. Francis Ximenes Archbishop of Toledo Diego of Deca Archbishop of Seuille and others of great qualitie and learning to conferre about the execution of the deceased Queenes will 1 In the meane time Iohn de Cosa Voiage of Iohn de Cosa a good sea-man rigged forth foure Carauels out of port S. Maria at his owne charge and by Iohn of Ledesma of Seuille and others desirous to inrich themselues vndertaking the conquest of that countrey at the Indies which was held by the Caribes Whereupon setting sayle he came and toucht at a place called Carthagena there being joyned vnto him captaine Lewis Guerre who beginning to make warre together they tooke sixe hundred of these Barbarians in the island of Codego then coasting along the shore desirous to barter wares and to buy gold they entred into Vraba where they found some little gold in the sand and from thence they returned into the island of Hispaniola and the citie of S. Domingo laden with men but scanted of victuals and of all other things especially of gold wherof they were exceeding greedie The same yeare 1504 Fernando Cortez voyage to the Indies there went vnto the Indies Fernand Cortez borne at Medellin in Estremadura one of the most famous men that hath beene in these conquests vnto our dayes He arriued at S. Domingo in a ship belonging to Alphonso Quintero of Palos of Moguer where he was well entertained by the Secretarie Medine the gouernour being then absent and afterwards by the gouernor Nicholas d' Ouando himselfe being returned This was he which conquered Noua Hispania Of the maners of the Indians their idolatries and damnable superstitions the curious may be more amply informed by the particular histories of the Indies written by Peter Martyr of Angleria Gonsal Fernandes of Ouiedo Francisco Lopes of Gomara and others During king Ferdinands gouernment in Castille the Estate began to be trobled by some noblemen who thought that queen Isabel being dead they might lawfully tyrannise but the king hauing called the Estates to Toro 1505 in the yeare 1505 he caused a new oath to be taken to the queene D. Ioane his daughter and to her husband as kings of Castille Leon Granado c. and by his wisedome pacified those tumults and disorders which were likely to grow Chauncerie transported frō Cite Royall to Granado Which yeare for many reasons the Chauncerie which was at Cite Royall was transported to Granado where since it hath remained And by the persuasion of D. Francisco Ximenes Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spaine there was an expedition attempted against the Moores of Africke nothing concurring with the embassage which had beene sent to Caire whereof mention hath beene made 2 The Primate had had sundrie discourses with a Venetian called Ieronimo Vianello an industrious man and knowing the countrey of Africke His designe was vpon the citie of Oran Description of Oran well
pope Iulio the 2. against the French would seeke some reuenge against him he began to study by what means he might diuert him from Italy and if occasion were offred to expell him quite wherefore he drew the Suisses vnto him hee did sollicite the king of England to make war against the French and did what hee could to cause D. Ferdinand to declare himselfe their enemy but the Popes practises were then of small effect for England stirred not king Ferdinand seeing that the French king made no shew that hee meant to annoy the pope hee persisted in some sort in the league of Cambray saying that hee would according to the treatie made with the emperour assist him in the warre of Lombardie whither he sent foure hundred horse and two thousand Spanish foote vnder the command of the duke of Termini The pope fearing that the Venetians ruine would also cause that of the state of Rome and of the other potentates of Italy he sought to haue some pretext to quarrell with the French king hoping that if hee declared himselfe his enemie with any colour he should sway the league of Cambray much wherefore he tooke an occasion for that king Lewis fauored Alphonso of Este duke of Ferrara against whom hee had a quarrell punishing him with his spirituall and temporall armes and to gratifie king Ferdinand and to draw him to his deuotion hee confirmed vnto him the possession of the realme of Naples with the said conditions that the king of Arragon his predecessors had formerly held it the which hee had before refused and moreouer hee drew a promise from the king to aide him with three hundred men at armes if need were for the defence of the territories of the church King Ferdinand foreseeing and fearing the miseries that might ensue if the French king and the pope should grow to an open quarrell he did all good offices to reconcile them but hee could not for the pope was obstinately bent to oppresse the duke of Feâ—erra and the king held it dishonourable for him to abandon his allie whereupon king Lewis moued with a iust indignation began to treat a new league against pope Iulio with the emperour and other princes and potentates of Christendome persuading Maximilian as emperor to pursue the vniting of the lands held in Italie by the pope as belonging rightly vnto the empire and that the Germans and French ioyntly should demaund a generall Councell Councell propounded to reforme the pope for the reformation of the pope and clergie and to giue some forme thereunto for his part hee called an assembly of the prelates of France in manner of a Nationall Councell in the citie of Orleans to the end they should withdraw themselues from the popes obedience by a decree The prelates hauing transferred the assembly from Orleans to Towers they drew some articles to be presented vnto the pope in the name of the French church and in case hee did refuse them then to protest that they did not acknowledge him for their superiour appointing in that respect an other assembly within sixe moneths after Cardinall of S. Croix a Spaniard against the pope of the clergie of France To this enterprise the king had drawne some cardinalls namely D. Bernardin of Caruajal bishop of Siguensa cardinall of Saint Croix a Spaniard who had beene apostolike legat in the emperours court hoping to make king Ferdinand to yeeld vnto it for the respect hee bare vnto the emperour The pope besides the interest of the Venetians and of all Italy which did moue him being in heart an irreconcileable enemie to the French and to all them beyond the mountaines he desired nothing but troubles as appeared by his courses In the mean time king Ferdinand by reason of an army of Turkes which had beene discouered neere vnto Otranto was forced to call home his souldiers which he had sent into Lombardie in fauour of the league of Cambray which made the emperour and French king suspect that hee would ioyne with the pope whereupon they sent vnto him to know his intent whereunto king Ferdinand made a plaine answer without any ambiguitie that although by reason of the fee of Naples hee had furnished the pope with some horsemen yet hee meant not for all that to leaue the league of Cambray but would entertaine it more then before and therefore hee promised to send his souldiers backe into Lombardie but as for the other league which they treated of hee could not yeeld vnto it and much lesse that which concerned a generall councell Excuses made by king Ferdinand for not yeelding to a Councell for that sayd this catholike king it were a scandalous thing and would trouble all Christendome being most apparent that this councell was not propounded but to offend the pope whom both he and all Christian Princes did acknowledge to be Christs vicar in the church of God and that peace and vnion should bee the end of all holy councels wherefore hee excused himselfe from entring into any other league then that of Cambray exhorting them for the tranquilitie of the state of Christendome torne and dismembred with warre to hearken to some good agreement with the Pope Excuses made by king Ferdinand for not yeelding to a councell notwithstanding which answere the French king and the Emperour made a new League for the executing of the league of Cambray against the Venetians leauing libertie for the Pope to enter within fiue monethes and for the kings of Spaine and Hungarie within foure and if the Pope should refuse to enter into their league then they would call a generall Councell for the effecting whereof the Emperour should assemble the Prelates in Germany as the French king had done them in France Thus great miseries did threaten Italie through the obstinacy of Pope Iulio 20 Whilst that the Christian Princes of Europe treated of these things in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and tenne 1510 the coast of Africke was much annoyed by the army of Spaine of the which the earle Pedro Nauarro was gouernour Bugia taken by Pedro Nauarro who tooke the citie of Bugia which had beene a great Vniuersity for the Moores the which strooke so great a terrour throughout all Africke as the towne of Algier and many places vpon that coast became tributaries to the crowne of Castille Algier tributary to Castille agreeing with Pedro Nauarro what annual rent they should paie and sending embassadors into Spaine who brought with them 50 Christian slaues and they landed at Valencia at such time as king Ferdinand hauing left the Infant D. Ferdinand his grand-childe with Cardinal Ximenes whom they called the Cardinall of Spain and the councel at Vailledolit he came into Arragon and called the estates of the realmes to Monson The earle Pedro Nauarro continuing his conquests hee woone Tripoli in Barbarie and soone after Tripoli in Barbari taken about the middest of August D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo
vtterly disalow propunding instead thereof an assembly of embassadors in the city of Mantoua to consult of a pacification By his care and diligence this assembly was made and there met at Mantoua for him the abouenamed embassadors for the empererour the bishop of Gurgensis and for the French king the bishop of Paris whose labour proued fruitlesse The time was come in regard of the league of Cambray to retyre king Ferdinands three hundred men at armes which had serued the Pope wherefore these horsemen being retained longer then was agreed they returned to Naples The Pope being obstinate and furious not caring for the Emperour and much lesse for the French king was forced to dislodge from Bolonia for feare of the French army which did approch which city either for that it was abandoned by them he left there or by intelligence with the Bentiuoly 15â—â— came into the power of king Lewis without any difficulty 〈…〉 and soone after there were bils set vp in the publike places at Mantoua and at Bolonia declaring that a generall councell was assigned in September that yeare 1511 to the which the Pope and his adherents being accused of many crimes were cited for the which the Pope being a cholerike and furious man thought to run mad calling those Cardinalls which were opposite vnto him wicked Sectaries vsurpers of the Soueraigne bishops authority to whom only said he it did belong to cal a councel inciting the Vniuersities and faculties of diuinitie who declared this act to be hereticall The Emperour had made offer as a fit place and fatall to disordred Popes of the citie of Constance Turin had also beene propounded but Pisa was held most conuenient The furye of this war was so great in Italie as king Ferdinand being iealous of his realm of Naples sent three thousand Spaniards to his viceroy D. Raymond of Cardonea vnder the command of Pedro Nauraro earle of Albeto stil doubting that king Lewis did gape after it notwithstanding the accords made in regard of the marriage of Queene Germaine and hee deferred his voyage of Africke Cardinals sauouring the councell of Pâ—sâ— attending the issue of these troubles and of the councell of Pisa the chiefe fauourers whereof were the Cardinalls of S. Croix a Spaniard Bayeux Saint Malo Albret brother to Iohn of Albret king of Nauarre Frenchmen they of Cosensa Saint Seuerin Italians but Pope Iulio for that he would not seeme to faile in his pastorall office pretending that the calling of a councell did belong to him and to disperse that of Pisa he did publish another at Saint Iohn de Latran in Rome the which wrought great effects in the hearts of princes and of religious people which did abhor schismes So as notwithstanding that the French king had sent 24 bishops to Pisa in the behalfe of the Clergie of France expecting that the emperour according to their accord should do the like for the Clergy of Germany yet whether retained by conscience or otherwise he neither sent bishops nor embassdors finding somtimes one euasion sometimes another 23 King Ferdinand being also sollicited by the Pope and as it is credible hauing good intelligence with him he made a publike declaration that seeing neither by intreaties nor persuasions he could not diuert the French king from his resolution to disquiet the Apostolike sea he tooke it into his protection and it is likely that the emperour Maximilian had beene also wonne by these two This declaration was made at Seuile whether soone after came letters from the councell of Pisa sommoning king Ferdinand to send his Prelates Warre betâ—iâ—â— France and Spaine and embassadors thither whereof hee made no accompt whereupon he parted from Seuile and came to Burgos from whence as the Spaniards say he sent to Iohn of Albret king of Nauarre to intâ—eat him him not to beleeue the councell of the Cardinal his brother not to adhere in any sort to that false Councell of Pisa. Yet the k. of Nauarre ioined with the French king was declared a schismatike which made king Ferdinand to inuade his realm as we wil shew And being now come to open war king Ferdinand sent the whole army which he had prepared for Africk to Naples whereof he made D. Alfonso of Caruajal son to D. Diego of Caruajal Lord of Xodar general and one called Camudio Colonell of the foot In this army were 3000 foot and some 1100 horse whereof 600 were light horse During his abode at Burgos he had news that Pope Iulio was fallen daÌ„gerously sicke so as there was neither hope of life nor recouery the which held many Potentates in suspence fearing some great alteration but he recouered From Burgos he sent embassadors to Henry king of EnglaÌ„d his son in law to moue him to make war against the French king vpon his old pretensions against whom his Councel of Pisa there was a league made which had bin breeding betwixt the king D. Ferdinand the Pope the Venetians since the beginning of these quarrels vnder colour to defend the rights of the Apostolike sea to disperse the schismatical heretical councel of Pisa for the recoueries of the cities of Bolonia Ferrara the restoring of them to the church King Ferdinand did offer for this war 12 hundred men at armes one thousand light horse 10000 Spanish foot League betwixt king Ferdinand the Pope and the Venetians the Seigniory of Venice eight hundred men at armes one thousand horse and 8000 foot the Pope 400 men at armes fiue hundred light horse 6000 foot Moreouer 12 galleys for the king D. Ferdinand 14 for the Venetians making D. Raymond of Cardone viceroie of Naples generall of this warre for the entertainment of which army the Pope should furnish twenty thousand ducats a month and the Venetians as much and fourty thousand presently 1511 and this league was published at Rome in the church of Sancta Maria del populo in Octob this yeare one thousand fiue hundred and 11 into the which the king of England should be admitted if he would After which they did admonish proceed against the Cardinalls which disobeyed the Pope with the accustomed ceremonies solemnities and delaies to bring theÌ„ into the bosom of the holy mother church that is to say to the Councell assigned by the Pope at Saint Iohn de Latran which if they disobeyed they should be depriued of their dignities and liuings and punished as schismatitkes and heretikes which act was celebrated by the Pope in his pontificall habit and in a consistorie of seuen partiall Cardinals Those of the contrarie faction notwithstanding all this began to hold the councell of Pisa whereas the Florentines would not suffer 3 hundred Frenchmen at armes to enter which the Fathers and Prelates demanded for their gard being led by Gaston of Foix the kings nephew and duke of Nemours fearing least they should sease vpon that city for the French king The fathers comming to
the first session they were so mockt by the people receiued so many indignities as they were forced to transferre the councell of Pisa to Milan where they had neither more honor nor better vsage notwithstanding that they were in the French kings dominion where they held their second session the Cardinall of Saint Croix a Spaniard being president where they attended the prelates of Germany and the Emperors embassadors in vaine but they wanted not excuses These seeds of warre being cast among christians Order of the conception of Nunnes Pope Iulio doing his duâ—ty in matters of religion he confirmed the new order of the conception of Nunnes instituted in the citie of Toledo some yeares before by one of the ladies of Queene Isabell who was second wife to king Iohn the 2 her name was D. Beatrix de Silua of Portugal who being suspected by her mistresse for that by reason of her great beauty many courted her and there grew dailie quarrels among the courtiers she was put in prison where being kept three daies in teares and heauines without bread or drinke shee was moued to make a vow of chastity and for this cause they say the virgin Mary appeared vnto her in the habit which the Nunnes doe now weare that is a blew cloake and a white hood and did comfort her Being out of prison and going to Toledo with an intent to be a religious woman there appeared two Franciscane friers vnto her which sight made her think that they were sent to coÌ„fesse her then she shold be put to death but these fathers told her that she should be the mother of many daughters declaring vnto her the spirituall vnderstaÌ„ding of it that it should be of many religious women then they vanished wherfore she going on her way being come to Toledo she put herselfe into the monasterie of religious women of S. Dominike the royal where she remained 30 yeres in a secular habit liuing holily afterwards she remoued with 12 nuns to a place where now S. Foy is which in former times was called the palace of galiena being desirous to institute an order in honor of the virgin Mary and there she remained with her company by the permission of the queen D. Isabella wife to the king D. Ferdinand now raigning vntill that the habit was confirmed vnto them by Pope Innocent the eight the office of the conception vnder the rule of Cristeaux without any other new order in the which hauing coÌ„tinued some time they ioyned with the Nunnes of Saint Peter de las Duegnas of the order of Saint Benet making a medley of the rules of the Benedictins Bernardines vntill that Cardinall Francis Ximenes then prouinciall of the Franciscans and generall reformer in Spaine made them to leaue the rules of Saint Bennet and Saint Bernard and to take the habit and the Office of the conception vnder the rule of Saint Clare putting them into the monasterie which at this day is called of the Conception which was woont to bee the conuent of Franciscane Friers transported by reason of them to S. Iohn des Rois. There this yere 1511 Pope Iulio confirmed them in their own rule and order of the conception leauing that of S. Clare This yere all the coast of Affrike was terrified vpon the brute of the great preparation which had been made in Spain to inuade them The king of Tremessen sent his embassadors to king Ferdinand to offer him vassalage and a tribute of 13000 double ducats of gold payable in the citie of Oran In Spain there died D. Beatrix of Bouadilla Marquesse of Moya and soone after her husband D. Andrew de Cabrera The yeare one thousand fiue hundred and twelue following king Ferdinand hauing vndertaken the Popes defence hee commanded D. Raymond of Cardoua viceroy of Naples appointed generall of the holy league to ioyne his forces with the Popes and Venetians the which was done at Imola where they made the body of the army in the which was Legate for the Pope Cardinall Iohn of Medicis of the title of Sancta Maria in Dominica Theseforces entring into Lombardie in a manner all that the duke of Ferrara held on this side Po yeelded vnto the league without any force but La Bastie which the earle 〈◊〉 Nauarro tooke and then they camped before Bolonia but Gaston of Foix duke of Nemours a gallant young nobleman comming to releâ—ue it the army of the league was forced to retyre to Imola On the other side the Venetians tooke Bresse but not the Castle and Bergamo with other places were yeelded vnto them but the duke of Nemours comming to succour the castle of Bresâ—e hee encountred Iohn Paul Bâ—illon vpon the way with part of the Venetian army and put them to rout and then hee entred the towne and put eight thousand Venetians and inhabitants to the sword Exploits of Gaston of Foix. hee tooke Andrew Gritti their commander prisoner with Anthonie Iustinien and other men of great quality and soone after recouered Bergamo and all the places which the Venetians had taken In the meane time king Ferdinand prepared a fleet in the ports of Biscaye and Guipuscoa to assaile France vpon the coast of Guienne hauing induced the king of England to reuiue the old quarrell who at the persuasion of the Popes embassador had made an assemblie of the Prelates of his realme and promised to send to the Councell of Latran and for a greater demonstration of his hatred hee caused the French embassadors which did reside in his court to dislodge 25 During these troubles Nauarre the king D. Iohn and the Queene D. Catherine of Nauarre his wife did enioy their realme in peace since the expulsion of the earle of Lerin the Constable and of Lewis of Beaumont his sonne with others of that faction then all their care was to restore it to the ancient estate and the places reunited which were disstracted and held by the king of Castille for the which and to demaund other rights which they pretended they had sent many embassadors to king Ferdinand who had returned with good hope to obtaine what they demanded or the greater part wherefore they sent againe doctor Iohn of Iassu Seigniour of Pauierre Ladron of Monleon and the Protonotarie Martin of Iaureguisar who were of the councel with ample instructions to capitulate compound and end all their pretentions in this form That they should intreat the king of Arragon Embassage of Nauarre to king Ferdinand Regent of Castille that if he made any accord with the French king the kings of Nauarre might be comprehended That the embassadors should make great instance to king Ferdinand that the townes of Saint Vincent Sos Arcos Garde and Bernedo and moreouer the places of Sosierra held by him and the crowne of Castille might bee restored vnto them according vnto the will of the deceased Queene D. Isabella at her death as places belonging to the Crowne of Nauarre That in like maner
yeare 81 and two yeares after Domitian the second scourge of the Church of God in whose time liued Eugenius the first bishop of Toledo Disciple as they say to Denis Areopagita This Eugenius was slaine at Paris whither he was come to visit his master Of the Flauian familie from whence these emperours were issued there remained some markes and remembrances in Spaine by the denomination of many townes as Flauio Brigo Flauium Brigantium Iria Flauia Flauium Axatitanum Aquae Flauiae in Gallicia c. Domitian did prohibit by a new edict That they should not plant any more vines in Spain fearing least come should faile them A diuision of the gouernment of Spaine Vnder these Flauian emperours they number eight Romane Colonies planted in the prouince of Betica and foure places for justice which they termed Colonels at Gades Seuille Astigis and Cordoua Lusitania had fiue Romane Colonies one priuiledged citie called Olisippo and now Lisbone and three seats of iustice at Emerita Pax Augusta and Scalabis In the rest of Spain which was the quietest gouernment there were fourteene Romane Colonies thirteene priuiledged townes and seuen courts for justice At new Carthage Tarracona Sarragossa Clunia Asturica Lugo and Bracara Cocceius Nerua came vnto the Empire in the yeare 97. a prince who seemed to be called by God Anno 97. to repaire the confusion which Domitian had caused in the world vnder whom the Christians had some rest Traian a Spaniard the third persecutor of the church The Spaniards will haue him to be of their nation but it appeares not plainly But he adopted Vlpius Traian a Spaniard without all doubt borne in the towne of Italica who through errour caused the third persecution of the Church whereof being admonished by Plinius Secundus he moderated his edicts Mancius a citizen of Rome in this tempest suffered death for the confession of the Christian faith at Ebora in Lusitania vnder the gouernment of Validius By the liberalitie and bountie of Traian Spaine was inriched with many goodly buildings among the which is the bridge of Alcantara The bridge of Alcantara Traians worke vpon the riuer of Tayo where at this day are to be seene these inscriptions following Imp. Caesari Diui Neruae F. Traiano Aug. Germ. Dacico Pontif. Max. Trib. Potes VIII Imp. VI. Cos. V. P. P. Vnder the Arch is in a Table on the one side Municipiae Prouinciae Lusitaniae stipe conlata Quae opus Pontis perfecerunt Icaeditani Lancienses Oppidani Talori Interannienses Colarni Lancienses Transcudani Araui Meidubrigenses Arabrigenses Banienses Paesures There is place for three other such like Tables which haue beene taken away Ouer the dore of S. Iulians church at the end of the bridge is written that which followeth in Romane capitall letters Imp. Neruae Traiano Caesari Augusto Germanico Dacico Sacrum Templum in rupe Tagi Superis Caesare plenum Ars vbi materia vincitur ipsa sua Quis quali dederit voto fortasse requiret Cura viatorum quos noua fama iuuat Ingentem vasta Pontem quod mole peregit Sacra litaturo fecit honore Lacer Qui Pontem fecit Lacer noua Templa dicauit Illiâ— se solu Vota litant Pontem perpetui mansurum in secula mundi Fecit diuina nobilis arte Lacer Idem Romule is Templum cum Caesare Diuis Constituit foelix vtraque causa Sacri C. Iulius Lacer H. S. F. dedicauit amico Curio Lacone Icaeditano The aqueduct of Segobia is also held to be Traians worke where they may easily obserue the stately manner of building of the Romanes This emperour sent two legions of fourteene Edict to race the townes standing in the mountains which were appointed to keepe the prouinces of the empire in awe into Spaine to put his edicts in execution and to rase all the townes and castles which were situated vpon the mountaines or places of strength with commaundement to the people to build in the open country where the accesse was easie Sublantia was ruined by vertue of this decree and a towne built The citie of Leon Built which then was called Legio Germanica or Gemina according vnto some but now it is Leon a royall citie Vnder Traian Plinie the yonger had charge in Spaine Adrian who was emperour after Traian Anno 118. in the yeare of our Sauiour 118 was also borne in the towne of Italica in the prouince of Betica as Eutropius Orosus and Ser. Sulpitius doe witnesse Domitia Paulina his mother was of Gades He had some instruction or good opinion of the Christian religion Being at Tarracone where he had called a generall assemblie of all the people of Spaine he caused at his owne charge Augustus temple which went to ruine to be repaired In which towne he was in danger to haue beene slaine by a slaue that was madde who set vpon him with his sword drawne as he walked without any feare in a garden This slaue being taken A generous act of Adrian when as the emperour vnderstood that he was madde he sayd nothing but that they must put him into the Physitians hands Hauing subdued the Iewes which were rebelled in Palestina Adrian peoples Spaine with Iewes he sent a great number in exile into Spaine so as from that time this sect was setled there had their Synagogues vntil the raigne of Dom Fernando and D. Isabella in the time of our forefathers Spaine was then diuided into six gouernments two ruled by vice-Consuls appointed by the Senat which were Betica and Lusitania and foure by the emperors lieutenants which were the prouinces of Carthagene Tarracone Gallicia and Mauritania Tingitana where the strait is 28 After the decease of Adrian there succeeded in the empire Anno 139. in the yeare 139 T. Aurelius Fuluius Antonius Pius whom the Spaniards hold to be of their nation As for his successor M. Aelius Aurelius comming to the empire in the yeare 162 he was without doubt of a Spanish race for his predecessors were of the towne of Succubite in Betica Hee was the first which had a companion in the empire imparting his authoritie with Lucius Commodus Verus who was the fourth persecutor in the Christian Church L. Commodus Vorus a persecutor of the Church In the time of M. Aurelius the Moores inuaded Spaine and did infinit harme whom notwithstanding hee repulsed by his lieutenants namely by Seuerus who afterwards was emperour This prince was wise vertuous and courteous but as he was indowed with all good qualities so his sonne Commodus who raigned after him in the yeare 181 Ann. 181. was detestable and vicious He was the first of the Romane princes which through couetousnesse sold offices for money Vespasian had done it before him but through necessitie finding the commonweale charged with debts and the treasure exhausted Vnder Commodus were slaine in Gallicia Facundus and Primitius holy Christian souldiours vpon the bankes of the riuer Cea by Atticus the gouernor After him about
against the Christians by the treacherie of Iustinian who smarted for it for being defeated with most of the Grecians he was forced to saue himselfe by flight and was afterwards chased out of the imperiall seat by Leonce with great troubles throughout all the Easterne empire of the Christians whereby the Caliph had not onely meanes to recouer all that the Romanes had taken from him in Asia Romans chased out of Spaine but also to chase their Gouernours and armies out of all Africke so as there was nothing remaining of the Romane name yet his lieutenants were beaten inuading Cilicia by the care and conduct of Heraclius a Romane captaine about which time Abdimelec dyed hauing raigned ouer the Arabians one and twentie yeares Whilest hee was busie in these warres the fame of the sanctitie and justice of Abedramon who as wee haue said had built Maroc grew so great as he was held by those Westerne Arabians for Caliph and more than a Caliph and the opinion of his vertues passing into Arabia and throughout all the East it happened that dying and leauing his sonne Vlit successour of his goods and good fame all the Arabians with one generall consent chose him for their Caliph in the place of Abdimelec who dyed in the yeare seuen hundred and seuen So the race of the Maraunians raigned againe which was the posteritie of Zeineb daughter to Mahumet ingendred as some beleeue on Aissa the daughter of Ebubezer Vlit was the mightiest of all the Arabian princes Vlit Caliph of the Arabians the 90 yeare of the Arabians and the 707 of Christ. his predecessors raigning in a maner from the Western Ocean vnto the riuer Indus He gaue the gouernment of Africk to Musa with the title of Admirall and in a manner absolute power all which was subject to his empire except a small portion of the countrey which the Gothes held neere vnto the strait whereas the towne of Cepta stands the which is now called Ceuta all the rest had bin conquered by his predecessors Caliphs You must vnderstand that the Arabians entring into Africke they brought in Mahumets law their language and their maners so as the great number of Christians was much decreased but not wholly extinguished and many goodly churches came to ruine The Arabian tongue common in Africke the African tongue was in a maner lost and the Arabian was made common Yet there is at this day a certaine people found which haue preserued the Africane tongue as the Biscanes haue done the antient Spanish as some hold They dwel in the mountaines of the kingdome of Sus about Cap d' Aguer towards the Westerne Ocean and call their language Thamazel the which differs from the Arabian as much as the Biscane from the Castillan and the Moors of qualitie in that countrey learne the Arabic tongue in schools or in courts that they may be able to conuerse with them It hath also appeared since that many families haue retained the Christian religion and the holy Scriptures with some forme of Sacraments but not altogether pure Christian religion preserued in Africke for Ferdinand the third called the Holy raigning in Castille and since in the raigne of Iohn the first there were found in the citie of Maroc certaine antient families called Farfanes which retained still the name and profession of Christians aboue 680 yeares after that the Sarasins had seized vpon Africk whereof some came into Spaine to Alcala de Henares Moreouer it was seene in our daies that after that the citie of Tunis had been taken by the emperor Charles the 5 from Haradin Barberousse there were many habitations of Christians in that citie hauing retained and as it were inherited from father to sonne for the space of aboue 800 yeres the articles of our Faith not without great admiration of the diuine prouidence who liued in a suburbes without the towne at the South gate men much esteemed of their kings and valiant and hardie in the warres They had a temple seperated from the Moores Rabatines Christians in Africk who called them Rabatines and of them the gards of the kings person did consist These Rabatines were afterwards transported to Naples by the emperor that they might be instructed in the Romish religion 3 Whilest that Vlit raigned ouer the Arabians and that Musa gouerned Africk the Moors passed into Spaine The wrath of God vpon states for their 〈◊〉 as we haue said against the kingdome of the Gothes whereby there followed a lamentable desolation a nation without doubt fatall to Christendome which had shewed it selfe rebellious and to contemne so many graces it had receiued For in that age ambition and tyrannie did tread all diuine and humane lawes vnder foot and all good order was peruerted as well in Ecclesiasticall as ciuile gouernments The bishops did then contend for the Primacie Faults in the â—eads being growne insolent by the carelesnesse of princes who had referred the whole charge of affaires vnto them abandoning themselues in the meane time to pleasures and disordinat lusts with an opinion to be absolued of all their excesse in building of churches conuents and retreats for Clergie men and endowing them with great reuenewes diuiding with them the spoyles they tooke from the people who for their parts being ill instructed Faults in the people and corrupted with the superstitions and traditions of men could doe no other seruice vnto God but set vp Images and altars seeke out the bones of dead Saints and such other things little seruing to true pietie thinking the paine they tooke in these exercises a good satisfaction for all their offences To conclude there was then so great a confusion the which is not yet amended as God being justly offended gaue scope to the furie of the Arabian nation Admirable effects of the forces of the Arabians the which inuaded the Potentates of Christendome with such furie as in lesse than an hundred yeares they ouerthrew all the power and riches of the Romane empire of the Persians and of other Estates This was not a passage as that of the Gothes Hunnes Lombards and other nations of Sithia the which passed soone away as an ouerflowing deluge or if they stayed among vs they soone conformed themselues to humanitie pietie and justice but this plague was durable and did still increase for the Turkes empire at this day is nothing but a remainder of the Arabians mingled with the Hunnes from whence the Turkes are come There remaine few certaine families of that Turkish nation which came from the Caspian straits in the time of Orismada the last king of Persia who was defeated by Haumar Caliph or king of the Sarasins and the which did afterwards vanquish them and yet they grew so familiar with them as after that time the Turkes and Sarasins were reputed but one nation We haue thought it expedient for the more light of our historie to make this digression and to seeke out the beginning
to Prelates and to the Christian religion for the honouring whereof they had vndertaken it the which succeeded according to their conceits for the king beeing returned and seing that of force they would make him periured being somewhat discontented with the Queene and D. Bernard in the end he was pacified with such perswasions that it was an vnworthie thing that in an Archiepiscopall cittie and the first in dignitie in Spaine that infidels should enioy the greatest and most stately Temple there to exercise their impieties and blasphemies to the great dishonour of the king and the name of Christians and the griefe of pastors and holy Ministers of the Church Wherefore it was expedient he should aduow the fact the which was not done rashly but with great zeale and by diuine inspiration Herunto they say were added the supplications of the Moores That it would please the king to suffer things as they were and not to discontent the people and that for their parts they would willingly exercise their religion in a place of lesse shew For the Moores spake an Alfagui of their lawe whose image is to bee seene cut in stone in the great chappell of that church The seruice called Gothique of Isidorian Cothique seruice changed in Spaine for that Isidorus had brought it in and afterwards called Musarabic for the Christians liuing among the Moores had maintained it was in vse vntill that time as well at Toledo as in Castile and Leon but the King Don Alphonso desiring to shew himselfe in all things an affectionate sonne to the Romish sea would haue it changed and in stead thereof the Gregorian Seruice receiued so called of the author Gregory for which effect hee caused a Bull to be sent from the Pope then raigning commanding that the seruice of Rome should be from thence foorth celebrated in all the Churches of Spaine as they did in France by reason whereof The Metrapolitane of Languâ—doc vnder the Primate of Toledo it is called by some Spaniards Gallican This done the Archbishop new chosen went to Rome where he entred when as Vrban the 2. entred this Popedome and there tooke his oath receiued and Archbishops cloake and was confirmed Primate of Spaine and not onely of Spaine but of Gotique France as the limits of the Primacie of Toledo had beene in the time of the king of the Gothes in witnesse whereof the Spaniards write that to â—hew his rights and prerogatiues at his returne from Rome he called a Councell at Tholousa where the Archbishop of Narbone did assist with other bishops of those countries Councell at Tholousa suffragans and subiect to thè Iurisdiction of the Prelates of Toledo During his absence Richard Abbot of Saint Victor of Marseilles was Legate in Spaine being sent some yeares before by Gregory the 7. Predecessour to Vrban the 2. who tooke great paines to bring in the new Gregorian or Romish seruice and to abolish the Musarabic for which consideration and to put in execution that which had beene decreed the Arch-bishop Bernard at his returne called a nationall Councell at Toledo whereas the Clergie Knights and people of Toledo Castile Leon Asturia Galicia and Portugall were assembled or their Deputies in great numbers D. Bernard presiding the King beeing present there grew great controuersies among them the Spaniards refusing to leaue their ancient manner to receiue a new seruice so as not able to be satisfied by any allegations and reasons Controutrsies for Ecclesiasticall matters decided by armes they came to a furious and brutish manner of triall by combate which was much vsed in those times there were two knights brought to field the one for the king and others who desired alteration of the seruiâ—e the other for the knights and commons which would keepe the Musarabic for these came Iean Ruiz of the family of Matanza who vanquished him which fought for the Romane seruice whose name is vnknown Yet the importunitie of the King queen Archbishop Triall by fire in Câ—ergie matters and others of that partie was such as the businesse was referred to another kind of triall which was by fire wherefore hauing brought two bookes the one containing the seruice after the Romane vse the other the ancient and Musarbic they were both cast into a great fire whereof the Romane booke leapt presently out as they say and the other lay still and was nothing burnt Wherefore they did coniecture that either of them was pleasing vnto God and for this cause it was ordained That they should retaine the ancient manner of seruice in sixe parishes of Toledo and that in the great Cathedral church and others the new Gregorian seruice was brought in and likewise in all the rest of Don Alphonso's Kingdome the which was granted more by force to please the king and to obey the Pope who confirmed and allowed it then for any good will Yet the Musarabic Office continued long after in many Monasteries of Spaine and in the same great church of Toledo euen at this day they sing Masse all after the Musarabic euery day in a Chappell called Corpus Domini The sixe Parishes of that Cittie where as this seruice was maintained had beene held by the Christians Musarabes whilest that the Moores did raigne there which are Saint Iust Saint Luke Saint Antolin Saint Marke Saint Eulalia and Saint Sebastian That the Musarabic seruice aunciently vsed were that which they hold at this day and that it was not reformed and corrected I will not doubt for in matters of Religion it is most certaine that all things haue beene fitted to the time and to the dispositions of those which liued from age to age especially in that which concerned the eccleâ—iasticall discipline The day of the reception of this Romish seruice is quoted by the Spaniards the one and twentith of May in the yeare 1091 at the third hower Matters concerning Religion beeing ordered at Toledo Toledo called the Imperiall city Don Alphonso gaue many honourable titles dignities and priuiledges to the Cittie to their great aduantage For first of all by reason of his conquest intitling himselfe Emperour of Spaine hee would haue Toledo called and denominated the Imperiall and Monarchicke city a name which hath remained and continued vnto this day And to giue the Christians occasion to come and dwell there for the greatest part of the inhabitants were Mores he granted rights and priuiledges to the cittizens as follow beeing drawne out of the letters which are in their Registers 1 First he ordained for a priuiledge to that ctttie Priuiledges gâ—â—ted to the câ—tty of Toledo that all controuersies amongst the citizens should be iudged there according to the lawes and ordonances written in the booke called Of Iudges appointing a Councell of sixe of the most sufficient men amongst them to assist the Iudge all which together should take knowledge of the peoples causes exempting the Castilians who might decline from that seate and desire to be sent before their
Daroca by the king D. Alphonso Sarrâ—gessa taken and the Earle of Prouence who according vnto Surites the Writer of the Historie of Arragon was there with sixe hundred horse contrarie to that which the Spaniards say so as the Moores despayring of all succours beganne to parle and to treate of conditions to yeeld Some notwithstauding to do more honor to the Clergie of those times say that D. William Gaston Bishop of Pampelone generall of the souldiers of Nauarre behaued himselfe so in his quarter as hauing made a great and spacious breach he entred the towne by force the Moores making wonderfull resistance with their king Almocauen who was slaine among the ruines This great cittie was taken in December in the aforesayd yeare 1118. where the king D. Alphonso entring Episcopal seate restored to Sarragossa he lodged in the pallace of the kings of the Moores called Açuda nere vnto the Port of Toledo beginning to settle the estate thereof to make it the Capitall cittie of all the Realmes which he enioyed or that he might conquer hereafter intituling himselfe king of Sarragossa His chiefe care was to settle the Clergie and to inrich that Order which had serued him much in the seege of the towne wherefore the Mosque Maior was then consecrated for a cathedrall Church vnder the name of S. Sauueur and one Pedro de Libana was chosen Bishop confirmed by Pope Gelasius then raigning They found many Christians Musarabes in Sarragossa who had liued there among the Arabians with great liberty of their Religion the which they did exercise in a very ancient church called Nostre Dame del Pilar we reade in the Histories of Arragon and in the writings of Ierom Surita that the Lords of Bearne and the earls of Perche did long enioy very great priuiledges in the cittie of Sarragossa by the grant of D. Alphonso This king and Emperour of Spaine granted great liberties and priuiledges to this cittie to prouoke strangers to come and dwell there namely the priuiledge of gentrie and the lawes and Iustice of Arragon and in time of factions and seditions to chuse for their Councell certaine Syndics Protectors of the people As for the dignitie called Iustice of Arragon Diguitie of chiefe Iustice in Arragon which was vsed in the time of D. Pelro Ximenes it is a Magistrate the gardien and protector of the publike libertie against the violence of great men yea to suppresse the excesse and tyrannyes of Kings with soueraigne iurisdiction instrituted in the infancie and beginning of principalities and Christian Estates in Spaine after the inuasion of the Moores when as the kings not by succession of bloud and birth but by their valour and vertues were chosen to be ready and faithfull Gouernors of the affaires as well ofwarre as of Iustice according vnto certaine simple lawes and as then militarie propounded vnder the title of the court or law of Sobrarbre This Magistrate was first called Iustice maior entertained and augmented both in dignitie and authoritie from time to time by good kings There were great gifts and fees giuen also by this great king vnto the Earle of Bigorre in recompence of the good offices he had done him in this warre These things thus done hee went and layed feege before Tarrassone Tarrassone taken from the Moores the which made no great resistance seeing that the neighbour places were come into the power of the Christians Beeing yelded it receiued the ancient Episcopall seate and one D. Michel was chosen Bishop This towne which in former times had belonged to the Crowne of Nauarre by this last conquest was annexed to that of Arragon D. Alphonso continuing his conquests tooke the places and forts which were along the riuer of Xalon and in the end tooke the towne of Calatajub into the which he put a great garrison as a place which frontred vpon the Moores on the mountaines of Cuenca Molina Valencia and Castile he cleansed that which remained of the Moorish faction vpon the riuer of Xiloca vnto Daroca he repayred and peopled Montreal whereas this deuout king instituted an Order of Knights in imitation of the Templers of Ierusalem which was called S. Saluator affigning them rents and reuenues to the end they should employ themselues couragiously to roote out the Infidels in Spaine Order of knights at S. Sauuiour as he had propounded King D. Alphonso did these great exploites vnto the yeare 1120 at which time the Moores were dispossessed of all which doth now belong to Arragon But in Cattelogne there yet remained the king of Lerlda and Fraga called Aben Gama Cattâ—logee or Barcelone whose forces were not to be contemned and the which were as a thorne in the foot of the Estates of Arragon but more to Raymond Arnould Earle of Barcelone who was a good and a valiant Knight and who had receiued no small blessings from God hauing by vnexpected meanes recouered the lands which were vsurped from him during his minoritie and augmented his Estates by new successions of the Earledome of Cerdagne of the towne of Tarragone and euen newly of the County of Besalu by the decease of D. Bernand Guillen by reason of which prosperities he intitled himselfe Marquis of Spaineu Earle of Cerdagne Besal and afterwards of Prouence and Aâ—millan by the death of Gilbert his father-in law who had no other heire then D. Doulce wife to D. Raymond It is likely that by this meanes he got the Countie of Prouence whereof as a fee of the Empire he was inuested by the Emperour Henry the 5. as we haue sayd As for those lands which he held in Languedoc as Carcassone and others some Authors write that the vicious Bernard of Aton hauing vsurped them vnder a counterfeit promise to hold them of him and to do him homage hee afterwards made this acknowledgement to William Earle of Poictiers vsurper of the Contie of Tholousa but D. Raymond forced him by armes to submit himselfe vnto him In Portugall Cont Henry had defeuded his country against the Moores wisely and valiantly Portugall and had gouerned with all iustice and honor vnder the soueraigntie of the King D. Alphonso Henrques 2. Earle of Portugal or Emperour Don Alphonso vntill the yeare 1112. that he died in Galicia in the towne of Astorga and was interred at Braga in S. Maries church leauing for heire D. Alphonso Henriques his eldest sonne about eighteene yeares old D. Theresa the Countesse widow to whom the Earledome of Portugall did belong in proprietie shewing her indiscretion married soone after to a knight of a noble house called Don Bermond Paez de Transtamara with whom hauing liued some time by a disordered appetite The desestable marriage of the Countesse of Portugall or some other damnable occasion she left him and married againe with a brother of his called D. Fernando Paez of Transtamara D. Bermond beeing thus forsaken and as it were striuing with his wife who should be most incestuous hee
could finde no better nor more expedient meanes then to bring in new fects and to make some change in religion knowing that nothing doth more alter and transport the hearts of men then perswasion of religion wherefore he imployed his knowledge and eloquence to interpret Mahumets Alcaron A new â—â—ct among the Arabians of Afâ—rike after a stranger maner and neuer heard of among the Arabians not any other nations were his sactaries fitting it so well to the humors and dispositions of the people as in a short time hee was followed by the greatest part of the Affrican Moores a nation easily misled with superstition so as if before they tooke Almohadi for a holy man now they held him for a Prophet sent vndoubtedly from God Hee seeing this businesse succeed so well as hee was wellcome throughout all Affrike and admired of all men hee beganne to put forth this youngman Abdelmon giuing the people to vnderstand that he was of the true and lawfull royall race of their great Prophet Mahumet and that hee was a man sent of God endowed with such vertue as hee should subiect all the world to the Law of Mahumet that those great matters had beene diuinely fore-told him and signifyed by the starres and heauenly motions so as by his perswasions his fictions were receiued and beleeued of all men And proceeding father he presumed to speake something against King Alboals and the present Estate and Gouernment of the Almorauides and so by little and little to taxe him openly declaring with great assurance that Alboali was a tyrant whose race had by force and violence expelled out of the royal throne of the Arabians in Affrike the lawfull Princes descended from Aben-Alabecy and that the will of God reuealed and knowne vnto him by many signes from heauen was that Abdelmon should be aduanced and chosen for King hee who was sent of God and descended from the royall bloud of their great Prophet Mahumet This Impostor did so preach vnto them concurrning with the diuell to bewitch these credulous men giuen to the damnable art of dyuining as many Noblemen and Knights with an infynit number of the Affrican people desirous of Innouations according to the mutinous nature of that nation tooke armes against King Alboali beeing accompanied assisted and councelled by Abdelmon Aben-Thumert and Almohadi Whereof the King aduertised meaning to suppresse these great alterations hee raysed his forces and had diuers incounters against this new fect which carried the name of Almohades by reason of their Preacher Almohadi Wee haue sayd that some were of opinion Auicenna and other learned Arabians that the King Albo-Ali Aben Tefin was hee whom we call Auicenna or Auicenni saying that the goodly workes which are amongst vs at this daie were compiled and written by his commandement by the foure and twenty great Philosophers and published vnder the name of Auicenna For my part I rather beleeue them which haue written that Auicenne or Auicenna called also Albo Hali was an excellent man learned in Philosophy and Physicke as his rare workes written in the Arabicke tongue doe witnesse beeing translated since into Latin who liued in those daies at Cordoua in Spaine where it seemes the Moores had alwaies entertained an vniuersity of all sorts of sciences with a great concourse of learned men of their nation the which had beene alwaies well furnished the Affricans beeing people giuen to contemplation and of a subtill spirit wherefore they haue made Astrology famous and aduanced a fect of Physicke diuerse from that of the Grecians giuen wonderfully to diuination and coniuring very superstitious in matters of religion and reasonably eloquent either in verse or prose Aben Rois whom wee call Auerrois liued and frequented with him a great Commentator of Aristotle who through enuy poysoned Auicenna who finding it before it had wrought his full effect caused the poysoner to be slain as Mesua and Zoar report for hee was a man of great authority and of a Princes house Then also liued Aben-Zoar and other great and learned Arabians which haue written many goodly workes in their owne language in naturall Phylosophy Metaphisicke Physicke and Astrologie whereof part haue beene preserued and kept vnto our daies and some lost If these were Moores borne in Spaine it redoundes to the honour of the countrie but it is doubtfull whether they came out of Affrike The Moores Estate beeing thus troubled in Affrike Castile it mooued the Christian Princes to make some gallant attempt vpon them of Spaine wherefore the Emperour Alphonso beganne in the yeere of our Lord 1146. to raise a great army of his subiects of Castille Toledo Leon and other countries and to make the Christians armes of greater force hee laboured to make a peace betwixt the King of Nauarre and D. Raymond Prince of Arragon for the effecting wherof hee called them to Saint Stephano de Gormas whither beeing come hee could not obtaine any thing of them but a truce for some few daies â— There notwithstanding they treated of the warre against the Moores in the which these two Princes ayded the Emperour the King of Nauarre by land and the Earle of Barcelone by sea who hauing armed some ships and giuen the charge thereof to D. Galceran great Admiral of Cattelogne and to the Earle of Vrgel hee caused them to ioyne with the Geneuois who either for pay or voluntarily in hope of some gaine came to this warre and there did great seruice The land army was great and well furnished with good and valiant Knights the Emperour D. Alphonso and the King D. Garcia Ramires beeing there in person their entrie into Andalusia was so fearefull as approching and comming neere vnto Cordoua with a shew to besiege it that great and well peopled cittie Cordoua yeelded to the King of Castile which had beene the Queene of Spaine for so many yeares was yeelded vnto him by the Gouernour Aben Gami who presented him the keyes with great humilitie not attending either assault or batterie into the which the Christian Princes entred in armes but very peaceably in the yeare 1147. Yet the Spaniards write that for that the towne was of too great a guard and wonderfully peopled it was left in see to Aben-Gami himselfe who did homage to the King of Castile the which is very doubtfull considering the importance of the place and the consequence thereof We may beleeue that the Emperour assured himselfe after another manner and with better caution then the faith of this Mooore who they say sware vpon their Alchoran to bee his faithfull vassall from thence the armie marched towards Baeça the which beeing inuested Baesa taken from the Moores they had newes that the Moores came to succour it wherefore the Emperor going to meet them he fought with them and had the victorie and afterwards tooke the towne by composition where leauing a sufficient garrison to assure the countrey behind his armie he marched on to Almerie a towne vpon the
king Thibaud who was called the Elder to distinguish him from his sonne and successor being also of the same name of whose deedes wee haue no great instructions out of histories onely we haue gathered out of some writings and records tending to other ends 〈…〉 that which we shall relate of him He was thrice married as the Spaniards write First he had to wife a Lady of Lorraine daughter to an Earle of Metz froÌ„ whom he was diuorced by the Popes authoritie hauing no children His second wife was daughter to Guichard Lord of Beaujeu who it may be was the 3. of that name from which marriage issued Blanche who 〈◊〉 married to Iohn Duke of Brittaine surnamed thered Thirdly he married Marguerite daughter to Archembaud one of the Earles of Foix it may be there is some error in the name for there is no mention made in the Histories of that time of any Archembaud of Foix of whom he begot Thibaud and Henry who succeeded one after another in the Realme of Nauarre and one daughter called Donna Leonora and Don Pedro Lord of the house of Muruçabal which is now ruined neere vnto Mendegerria so called in the Biscaine tongue which significs a redde mountaine All these marriages or at the least the two first were before his comming to the crowne of Nauarre which was in the 33. yeare of his age The manners of this Prince are commended by the Spaniards saying That he was liberal modest a great builder louing musicke curious of matters belonging to tillage Dispâ—sion of King 〈◊〉 by reason whereof he planted his country of Nauarre with many sorts of vnknowne frutes the which he caused to bee brought out of France so as there is yet a kind of Peare of Nauarre which they call Thibuatinas or Thibaudines he was a great catholike and zealous of the Romish Religion the castell of Treuas was of his building In his time there was a great sute ended betwixt the blacke Monkes Benedictines and those of Cisteaux for that the deceased king D. Sancho would haue changed the ancient Monkes of Saint Sauueur of Leyre and placed them of the Order of Cisteaux there the which he could not effect being violently oppugned by the Benedictins who during the raigne of king Thibaud lost their cause but notwithstanding that they were condemned and dipossessed yet they gaue it not ouer vntill they were restored to their auncient possession the which was after the death of Thibaud the second Henry his brother raigning to whom they bound themselues to pay 600. charges of corne yearely vntill they had deliuered the summe of 8500. Marauidis of gold Finally to end the new instances which were daily made by the one or the other D. Sancho Archb. of Toledo Infant of Arragon and he of Tarragone hauing authority from the Apostolike sea of Rome commanded the Monkes of S. Benet to perpetuall silence and restored them of Cisteaux to the possession and after the death of the king D. Henry the Gouernor of Nauarre freed the Monks of this tribute for the discharge of the Kings conscience as an excessiue vniust Impost Thus the Cistercian Mònkes of S. Bernard remained in quiet possession of the Monastery of S. Sauuâ—ur of Leyre By reason of the contentions of these Monks there were many letters remembrances and records of this Monasterie lost the which did serue much in those times for the illustrating of matters of Nauarre The Christian affaires in Syria being ill managed Thâ—baud theâ— king 〈…〉 goes into 〈◊〉 and their estate in those parts declining much Pope Gregory the 9. cauâ—ed a Croysado to be preached throughout all Christendome by the Monkes of the Orders of S. Dominick and S. Francis wherefore many Princes and great Personages of France and other countries inrolled themselues of which expedition Thibaud king of Nauarre was the chiefe The Noblemen and Knights Christians desiring to passe their troupes by sea could not be accommodated by the Commonweales of Genoa and Pisa who were then very strong in shipping by reason of the mutuall warre they had together to the great preiudice of Christendome The Venetians in like manner troubled with the affairs of the Empire of Greece gaue them no meanes to performe this voyage Wherfore king Thibaud and his troupe were forced to take their way by land into Syria where beeing atriued at Antioch after infinit toyle hauing to incounter with hunger diseases and want of all things besides the enemy who had seazed vpon the passages in the streights of Mouâ—t Taurus he found that two parts of his souldiers which had come out of France Nauarre and the fronters of Germany were wanting beeing either dead by the way or slaine by the Turks the remainders of these poore Christians arriued at Acre which is the ancient Ptolemaide where they began to make war against the Turks with small sucâ—â—sse A litle before this expedition Vanity of the 〈◊〉 Frederâ—â—ke the 2. the Emperor Frederick the 2. had bin in Palestina and as if he had had no other occasion to make this voyage but ambitiously to seeke to ioyne the vaine tide of king of Ierusalem to the rest which he carried of many kingdomes he entred the citty of Ierusalem without any resistance hauing purchased the fauor of Corradin Sultan of Egypt and hauing caused himselfe to be crowned there he returned presently into Italy hauing made a truce with the Infidels 〈◊〉 left some Germane souldiers in those contries to supply the garrisons who had no good correspondency with the king of Nauarre nor his men neither could they euer draw any succors from them for that they held the French to be affected to the Pope with whom their Emperor had had great quarrels wherfore they were forced to make war alone And the more to crosse K. Thibauds good fortune it fell out that many Noblemen which came in his company disbanded and returned home among the which was the Duke of Brittany so as the king D. Thibaud after many vnfortunate Incounters was forced to returne by sea into the west Beeing arriued in France he made some abode there to visit his lands and then he past into Nauarre Don Thibaud king of Nauarre made not this voyage in the company of Saint Lewis the French king as some write but some yeares before beeing in the yeere 1238. where as that of S. Lewis was ten yeares after or twelue as some affirme as it appeares by the histories of France 26 In the same yeare 1238. 1238. Arragon the citty of Valencia hauing beene long beseeged by Don Iaime King of Arragon and reduced to great necessitie was yeelded vnto him by Zaen the Moore who had vsurped that Principalitie who retiring to Denia left it without men or goods Valence taken Peopling of Vaâ—ence leading with him aboue 50000. Moores who carried with them according to the composition their gold siluer armes and all their mooueables so as that citie which was held one of the richest and
of Langa During his small aboad in this place hee had newes that Queene Isabel his wife was brought in bed of a Sonne at Tordesillas who was named D. Alfonso The yeare following the King beeing at Auila hee sent for D. Lopes of Barriento Bishop of Ciqueça and Friar Gonçal of Illesca Prior of the Monastery of Guadalupe to make them of his counsell to the ende that hee might by their aduice reforme the great abuses past An. 1454. to effect the which hee resolued to rayse a power of eight thousand lances with an ordinary entertaynment and many other things Being in this discours hee felt himselfe to be much troubled with a quartaine ague which had held him some-time yet hee did not forbeare to trauell to Madrid and from thence to Vaylledolit where the Queene his wife was leauing the whole gouernment of his Realmes to the aboue named Bishop and Prior. His sicknesse increasing he made his testament and left to Queene Isabel the city of Soria Death of D. Iohn King of Castile with the townes of Madrigal and Areualo and to his sonne D. Alphonso the administration of the Maistership of Saint Iames whom hee would willingly haue made heire of his crowne and King of Castile and Leon if it had beene lawful so much he did mislike Prince Henry his eldest son for his disobedience and lightnesse To his daughter D. Isabella he gaue the towne of Cuellar with a great quantity of gold for her dowry He did not long suruiue his Constable but died of the violence of his quarten ague at Vailledolit in Iuly the same yeere 1454. hauing held the Realm 47. yeers being 49. yeeres old and fiue months his body was for that time lâ—ied in the Monastery of St. Pablo of Vailledolit to be transported to the Carthusians of Mirefleurs at Burgos as he had ordained by his testament The Constables death had reconciled the King of Nauarre vnto him and restored all the other Noblemen to fauour yea the Admiral D. Frederic who was then fled into Arragon notwithstanding hauing made to much hast to re-enter into Castile without an ample licence from the King hee had commandment to goe backe and not to returne into Castile vnlesse he were sent for vpon great penalties This King had resolued to make warre against D. Alphonso King of Portugal for the descoueries which he made vpon the Westerne coast of Affrike beyond Cap Verd towards Guinee saying these conquests did belong to the crowne of Castile but death brake of this desseigne and continued the peace of Portugal The Estate of which Realme after the death of King Edward had beene gouerned by the Infant D Pedro Portugal in quality of a Regent chosen by the Estates by reason of King Don Alphonsos yong yeeres D. Pedro had for his greatest Aduersary his brother D. Alphonso Earle of Barcellos and his sonnes the Earles of Oren and Arroyolos notwithstanding which contention King D. Alphonso beeing come to the age of sixteene yeeres married at Saint Iren with Donna Isabella daughter to the Infant D. Pedro receiuing the nuptial blessing from the hand of D. Fernand Archbishop of Braga D. Alphonso Earle of Barcellos sonne to King Iohn had obtained in the yeere 1448. of his brother D. Pedro Regent of the realme although they were in quarrell the Estate of Brangance in title of a Dutchie and the castle of Lotero by the decease of Don Gonçalo who held all those places This good turne was ill requited by the new Duke for he seeing him make no shew to giue ouer his Regency notwithstanding that the King had beene declared capable to gouerne his realme himselfe and being married he put a conceit into the Kings head that the Infant D. Pedro had caused Queene Leonora his mother to be poisoned in Castile and that he sought to doe the like to him that he might seize vpon the crowne For this cause the king did persecute D. Pedro his vncle so as he forced him to retire to Coimbra of which hee was Duke Being much incensed at this iniury hee had certaine practises with them of Lisbone to giue him entry and support in that city with his partisans and friends whereof he had many meaning to rebel against the king his Nephew These practises being discouered the king gathered together all the men he could with great secrecy to surprise D. Pedro vpon the point of the execution of his enterprise and came and incountred him as he was comming to Lisbone at a place called Aforrâ—beira Defeat and death of the Infant D. Pedro Duke of Coimbra where hauing fought with him vanquished and slaine him hee ended those troubles It may be the Infant was innocent of the death of Queene Leonora but if it be true that he caused poyson to be giuen her hee was paied with the like money for hee was slaine with a poisoned arrow There died many good knights in this battaile and amongst others D. Alâ—aro of Almada Earle of Abranches They did for a long time refuse to burie the Infants bodie in the royall Monastery of the battaile an argument of the kings great hatred and of the Duke of Bragança's against him yet they had cause to lament him for they wanted him in the Gouernment The duke of Bragance soone after demaunded the City of Porto and the towne of Guimaranes of the king the which hee gaue him Guimaranes receiued him but Porto would not in any sort for they would maintaine themselues for the king and so did Portalegre which the king had giuen vnto the Earle Don Sancho of Logrogno brother to D. Constance the Duke of Braganca's second wife being sister also to D. Pedro Archbishop of Lisbone In the yeere 1451. Marriage of the Emperor Frederic the 3 and D. Leonora of Portugal Donna Leonora the Kings sister was married to the Emperor Frederic the third duke of Austria and the betrothing was in the city of Lisbone by the Noblemen that were deputed by him hauing ful power and authority who afterwards conducted their Empresse by sea to Pisa being accompanied by the Marquis of Valencia by D. Lewis Coutin Bishop of Coimbra D. Lope of Almada Earle of Abrantes and other Noblemen of Portugal whose marriage was celebrated at Siena the yeere following 1452 In the which King Alphonso had a sonne by his wife called D. Iohn which liued little That yeere the body of the Infant D. Pedro vncle and father in law to the King was taken from Alberca where it had beene interred and transported to the castle of Abrantes or at the least his bones The coast of Affrike Descoueries of the coast of Affrikâ— by the portugals which discontented the Castillans towards the Westerne and South seas were at that time descouered by the Portugals who brought gold from Guinny whereof King D. Alphonso caused a certaine coyne to be made which hee called Croisats by reason of the Croisadoe graunted by Pope Nicholas the fifth to make warre
of the Moores contrary to the promises and capitulations made vnto those which yeelded during the warres whereof great troubles ensued The Archbishop Ximenes was at Granado to assist frier Hernand of Talauera a little before made Archbishop of Granado who laboured to procure that conuersion to bee voluntary Moores Mudeiares enforced to chaâ—g their religion without vsing constraint But hee of Toledo imagining that the other had proceeded ouer gently did beginne to presse the Moores that were inhabitants of the Albayzin after his owne humor giuing hard speeches to such as would dispute of religion with the Monkes and Curats who thought to conuert them and then comming to deeds he laid hands vpon a chiefe Moore of the familie of Zigri who was descended from the Kings of Granado and kept him so long in prison as to recouer his liberty hee said that hee was contented to beleeue in Iesus Christ and that hee had had a vision which did assure him that it was the right way of saluation Hee sent after that one of his household seruants named Sazedo with a Prouost that was very ill beloued to apprehend a woman dwelling in the same Albayzin but both of them were there slaine Diuers Moores being gathered together at the womans cries who after the deed ranne to the Archbishop of Toledos lodging to haue done as much to him but he and his people did valiantly defend themselues vntill the Earle of Tendilla the Gouernor came and freed him from them the which Earle with the Archbishop of Toledo delt in such sort as the mutinous people were appeased and their Alguasils were heard who protested that they did not rise against the King but onely to hinder the breaking of the Articles agreed vpon which were not bee enforced to change their religion This was the first attempt of the Moores conuersion with no small daunger and tumult which lasted tenne daies The King hauing notice of what was done was highly mooued against the Archbishop of Toledo but hee contented him with reasons wherewith hee was not vnfurnished and caused him to allow and approoue to haue them conuerted by force for at the report of what the Moores of Albayzin had done those of the mountaines and of the country called Alpuxarres did fall into a mutiny to chastice whom they were constrained to proceed by armes the yeere following 1500. In the same yeere Pope Alexander the sixth celebrated the tenth Iubiley at Rome whether people of sundry Nations went in great numbers and they beganne to conuert the Moores of Granado this yeere where diuers of them did mutiny neuerthelesse more then fifty thousand of that sect receiued the water of Baptisme and their Mosquees were blessed and consecrated to ceremonies and vses accustomed amongst the Christians of that age those amongst them who would not change their religion at the Kings command were constrained to doe it by force of armes and because the townes of Huescar Lanjaron and Andarrax in the country of Alpuxarras did make the greatest resistance the inhabitants being enforced were made slaues Birth of Charls of Austria who was King of Spaine and Emperor And the same yeere was borne in the city of Gaunt vnto Philip of Austria and Donna Ioane of Castile vpon Saint Mathias day a sonne named Charles who was heire to all the Kingdomes of King Fernand and Queene Isabella his grand-father and grand mother and Emperour of Almaine the fifth of that name a great and an excellent Prince It is reported that when the newes of his birth was brought to Queene Isabella his grand-mother she in a propheticall spirit of his future vniuersal succession in the great dominions of Spaine spake these words taken out of the Acts of the Apostles The lot is fallne vpon Mathias Saint Mathâ—â—s day lucky to Emperor Charles noting thereby that Don Michel of Portugal then liuing should not inherite but that it should bee hee who was borne vpon Saint Mathias day the which in deed fell out to be happy for the Emperour Charles it is the foure and twentith day of February King Fernand beeing returned from the Catholike warre of the country of Alpuxarres in the Kingdome of Granado vnto Siuill Nauarre hee was visited by Iohn d' Albret King of Nauarre whom hee welcomed with great honour and curtesie King Iohn of Nauar his â—ourney into Castile for the space of seuenteene daies that hee remained there Diuers businesses mooued this Prince to come into Castile but there were two of greatest importance for hee imagined to get againe the townes of La Garde Arcos Saint Vincent and Bermedo the castles of Toro and Herera and other places of La Sosierra which the King of Castile possessed of the antient patrimony of Nauarre hee did moreouer in the right of the late Queene Blanch of Nauarre first wife to King Iohn of Arragon and great grand-mother to Queene Catherine then reigning and by grant made in the contract of her marriage demaund the Infantasgo of Castile the Duchy of Pegnafiel and Lordship of Lara with many other lands and therewith all the sonne of 420112. florins sixe shillings eight pence of the coine of Arragon for which matters King Iohn d' Albret and Queene Catherine of Nauarre being at Pau had not long since sent two Franciscan friers in Ambassage to the Kings of Castile who were men of vnderstanding namely frier Iohn de Vadre Warden of Corella and frier Iohn de Ro warden of Tafalla with ample instructions to obtaine them but they brought away nothing but pleasing words and dilatory excuses Besides this businesse the suspition which they had of the Earle of Lerin did greatly trouble them who was newly come into Castile and was much honoured and aduanced there and it was reported to them that King Fernand had often times solicited him to make ouer vnto him all the lands goods rights and actions which he had in the Realme of Nauarre promising him treble recompence for them in Castile the which the Earle had neuerthelesse refused either for the naturall loue which he did beare to his country or else that hee did better esteeme the place which hee held almost as King of Nauarre then to bee in Castile where diuers others tooke place before him as it was fit These two chiefe occasions caused the King and Queene of Nauarre to depart from Pau whether they were goone as soone as they had newes of King Charles the eight his death and to returne into Nauarre where the Queene remained gouernesse assisted by frier Pedro Eraso Abbot of the Monastery of Oliua King Iohn d' Albret went to Siuill to bee resolued by King Fernand concerning these businesses to preuent the inconueniences which he feared and to renue the peace friendship and alliance betwixt those two Kingdomes Hee was highly honoured as hath beene said by the Kings of Castile and lodged with them in the fort of that magnificent city and the more to gratifie and reuerence him
had assured his comming to Rome were forced to put themselues in armes to warrant him and to conduct him to a place of safetie whereof there followed great hatred betwixt the Pope and the Colonnois And king Ferdinand was no lesse displeased at these violent proceedings of the Pope for he had a particular affection vnto duke Alphonso his kinsman borne of a daughter to king Ferdinand the first of Naples But to make an end of that which had beene concluded by the league that is to 〈◊〉 the French out of Italie and out of the world if they could D. Raymond of Gardona Viceroy of Naples who since the battell of Rauenna had beene in his gouernement returned this yeare with his armie about Bolonia to continue the warre But the Pope and the Venetians finding themselues seised of a good part of that which they pretended refused to furnish money for the entertainment of his armie as had beene agreed by the treatie of the league so as there grew a great mutinie in the campe among the souldiers for want of pay and the Viceroy was forced to retire with great danger of his person to Modena where he found meanes to recouer some money with the which he returned and kept his souldiers together who began to disband At that time there being a day appoynted at Mantoua to consult of the affaires of the warre the Viceroy of Naples came thither with deputies from the Pope Emperor Venetians and Suisses There it was concluded That they should put Maximilian Sforce sonne to Lewis Sforce in possession of the duchie of Milan And moreouer it was propounded to assaile the Florentines who were friends and allied to the Crowne of France as wel for this cause as to restore the familie of Medicis expelled out of that commonweale to their goods and honours the which the Pope did presse much in fauour of cardinall Iohn of Medicis his legate and others of that familie This was the Viceroyes first taske after his returne to the armie to lead it into the estate of Florence from whom he tooke the town of Prato where there were slain aboue two thousand men of the Florentines part Estate of Florence vexed by the Viceroy of Naples and many taken Whereat the citie of Florence being amazed and their Councell vnprouided of forces and meanes to resist they yeelded to the restitution of the Medicis and to whatsoeuer the Viceroy would impose vpon them For besides the summes of money which they payed for the entertainment of the Spanish armie and another summe vnto the Emperour they made a league with king Ferdinand promising to entertaine two hundred men at armes in the armie of the league and yet the people were depriued of a good part of their libertie by the cardinall of Medicis who created magistrats and officers at his pleasure These exploits being done in the Florentines countrey the Viceroy led his armie to Bresse which the Venetians did besiege so as the lord of Aubigny was out of hope to be able to keepe it this Spanish armie hauing so great a fame for that it had humbled so powerfull a commonweale as that of Florence and therefore he did capitulate with the Viceroy of Naples although the Venetians had layed the siege and yeelded it vpon condition to depart himselfe and his men free with their armes and baggage their colours flying and without artillerie After the taking of Bresse the bishop of Gurcensis embassadour for the Emperour came to Rome whereas he of Spaine laboured much to reconcile the Emperour and the Venetians there remaining no difference but onely for the citie of Vincence This embassadour did also seeke to reconcile the Pope with the Colonnois League made against the Venetians with whom he was much displeased for the duke of Ferraraes cause Yet there was a new league made betwixt the Pope and the Emperour against the Venetians approued by the Councell of Latra◠leauing a place for king Ferdinand to enter The reason of this league was for that the Venetians would not yeeld to certaine conditions which the Pope propounded vnto them King Ferdinands doubt herein was that the Venetians would joyne with the French king if they were too much prest wherfore his embassadour fauoured them what he could The comming of Maximilian Sforce to Verona caused the bishop of Gurcensis to part from Rome to establish him in the Emperours name in the duchie of Milan whither he conducted him hauing found him at Cremona with the Viceroy D. Raymond of Cardona The duke much desired by the Milanois was receiued there with great joy The cardinal of Sion presented him the keies in the Suisses name who would haue the honour of his restoring Notwithstanding the league newly made against the Venetians the Pope had a great desire to ruine the duke of Ferrara to preuent the which the embassadour of Spaine by commaundement from his king did all good offices and vsed all the meanes he could And this was one of the chiefe causes why king Ferdinand would not please the Pope and enter into the league Notwithstanding the duke shewing himselfe vngratefull no man knowes vpon what reason procured a scandalous and horrible attempt against him Iugratitude of the duke of Ferrara pretended by the Spaniards as the Spaniards write persuading D. Ferdinand of Arragon duke of Calabria sonne to king Frederic and conspiring with him to depriue him of his life There was a certaine monke who was messenger from the duke of Ferrara to him of Calabria who had also for negotiator on his part Philip Copula sonne to the earle of Sarno whose head king Ferdinand of Naples had caused to be striken off This Copula had made some voyages into France and treated with king Lewis to giue a retreat and meanes in his realme to the duke of Calabria being then in the Catholike kings Court at Logrogne and should haue saued himselfe in the French armie Conspiracie againg king Ferdinand which was about Pampelone hauing resolued first to set fire on certaine powder that was hidden in the kings lodging But God would not suffer so wicked a practise to take effect The matter being discouered Copula was quartered and D. Ferdinand duke of Calabria was sent prisoner to the castle of Xatiua neere vnto Valencia where hee remained aboue ten yeares vntill that the Emperour Charles pardoned him and set him at libertie Hereupon king Ferdinand conceiued so great a hatred against the duke of Ferrara as hee commaunded the Viceroy of Naples to ayd the Pope with his armie or any other thing hee had without any respect to the pretended pay The Venetians seeing the Pope and Emperour leagued together to annoy them and that the Emperour would not giue eare to the Catholike kings embassadour who did still persuade him to make a peace with their commonwealth and to take a summe of money in the place of Vincence they joyned with the French king who had not wholly forgotten
that yeare 1524 the computation of the yeare beginning at our Lady day was that memorable battaile of Pauia where the French were defeated and king Francis taken prisoner by the imperials whereof the chiefe were Cont Charles of Launoy viceroy of Naples Ferdinand d'Aualos Marquesse of Pescaire and Charles duke of Bourbon who forsome discontentment had left France and followed the emperours party What were the causes of this great ouerthrow and what succeeded after ye may read at large in the History of France whereunto I referre the Reader to auoid needlesse repetitions The emperor was aduertised of this defeat and prision the tenth of March the news were pleasing vnto him as wee may coniecture yet he shewed himself verie modest shewing no tokens of pride for this great successe Worthy Councel of the bishop of Osma There were two opinions debated in his councel the bishop of Osma was author of the one to suffer this great prisoner to depart freely to bind him vnto him by a frank and brotherly deliuerance the other was to keep him still and to draw from him all the profit and aduantages that might be This last aduice proceeded from D. Frederic of Toledo duke of Alua was followed by the emperor wherefore there were certaine articles drawn and sent with al speed vnto the king by the lord of Reux who reiected them as vnreasonable Hereupon the Viceroy of Naples persuaded the king not to take it in ill part if he were led into Spain 1525 to treat himself with the emperour touching his libertie assuring him that he desired it shewing him letters from his friends in court But his intention was in the meane time to led him to the castle of Naples and there to attend the opportunitie of a passage for they were not strong enough at sea for the French who had Andrew Dorias Galleys at their deuotion Neither did hee much trust his armie at land which wanting pay hee feared would mutine Besides he was iealous of the Pope Venetians and other Potentates of Italie who were discontented at the prosperitie of the emperour his maister wherefore being thus resolued he conducted the king to Genoa and from thence to Porto Fino whereas the marshall of Montmorency comming vnto him with sixe French galleys Passage of king Francis being Prisoner into Spaine without any souldiers by the commandement of the Queene Regent the kings mother he changed his aduice hauing furnished those galleys with Spanish souldiers and ioyning them to those which he had thinking that he might easily passe whilest that the French expected his going to Naples he suddenly bent his course for Spain laÌ„ded the prisoner at Barcelona before that it was known or that he had aduertised the emperor and from thence hee conducted him to Valencia But passing by Tortosa the king was in great danger among the mutyned Spaniards who pursued the Viceroy tumultuosly for their pay forcing him with their shot to escape ouer the top of his lodging the bullets flying nere vnto the kings person The emperor hearing of his arriual coÌ„manded he shold be put into the castle of Xatiua a place ordained in old time to be a prison for great men but the viceroy obtained that he might liue in certain houses of pleasure about Valencia vntil that he had commandement to conduct him to Madrid The emperor was resolued not to see him before thee had concluded for his liberty for the treating whereof besides the archbishop of Ambrun who was afterwards Cardinal of Tournon and Selua the first President of Paris he gaue a safe coÌ„duct to Marguerite of France duches of Alanson who arriued at Barcelona in September passing from thence by Saragosse shee came to Madrid whether she found the emperor was come to visit the king who had bin brought almost to deaths doore with a violent feuer This had a shew of charity to comfort him giuing hope that he should be soone set at liberty but it was rather a curiosity that he might visibly see in what estate he was fearing to lose the fruits of his prize if he should die It is said that being in consultation whether hee should see him or not hee was dissuaded by his Chauncellour who told him that if he saw him 1526 and did not set him freely at libertie the world would thinke that hee had been brought thither by couetousnesse Gouernours counsell thrust on with a mercinarie charitie and a seruile feare to loose by the prisoners death the price of his ransome a noble aduice and worthie to be obserued But the duchesse of Alansons presence was the best remedie to recouer the king where she remained almost three moneths what she effected and vpon what tearmes the king was deliuered you may read in its proper historie 23 These things past in the yeare 1526 Mariage of the Emperor Charls in the which the Emperour Charles maried D. Isabella of Portugal daughter to the king D. Manuel D. Alphonso Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo and primat of Spaine with D. Ferdinand of Arragon duke of Calabria were sent to receiue this princesse who conducted her with great state to Seuile where the mariage was celebrated Of this mariage was borne the one and twentieth day of May 1527 in the yeare 1527 D. Philip who succeeded in all the realmes lands and seigniories of the Emperour as well hereditarie as conquered A memorable yeare for that by the Emperours armie consisting for the most part of Spaniards whereof Charles duke of Bourbon was generall Rome taken sackt the citie of Rome was taken and sackt and Pope Clement with many cardinals ransomed and hardly intreated the greedie and insolent souldiers not sparing the cardinals of their owne nation prophaning by all acts of crueltie and excesse in their disordered appetites the places and persons dedicated and vowed to religion notwithstanding that the prince for whom they made warre heire of the realms of Spaine carried the title of Catholike purchased by his predecessors for the good offices they had done to Popes and to the sea of Rome The same yeare king Francis being râ—turned into his realme Mariage of king Henry of Albreâ— he caused the mariage to be accomplished betwixt D. Henrie of Albret and Marguerite of France widow to the duke of Alanson father and mother to queene Ioane heire to the realme of Nauarre King Francis being come from his imprisonment discontented he entred willingly into league with the Pope League against the Emperor the king of England the Venetians and Florentines for the libertie of Italie 〈◊〉 when as he vnderstood the cruelties vsed by the Imperiall armie at Rome he allied himselfe more strictly with the king of England vnder colour to free the Pope and the territories of the Church whereupon the lord of Lautrec was appointed to lead an armie into Italie at their common charge The Emperour being aduertised that king Francis not onely refused to
did not chase him away the which they did with the helpe which Horusco Barberousse gaue them To couer his designe which was to subdue them he counselled them to draw a nephew of the kings whom they had chased away out of prison hauing beene long kept in yrons by him and to make him king the which they had a will to effect But this tyrant seeing them to proceed slowly and hee impatient and blinded with ambition slue this young prince and sought to seise vpon the citie in despight of the inhabitants whereof he slue many of the principals which was his ruine for the dispossessed king was called home and had meanes to recouer his kingdome with the forces of Spaine which he obtained easily He pursued his aduersarie so as he forced him to flie into the mountaine of Abez vpon the confines of Bugia to shut himselfe in a castle where being besieged necessitie forced him forth to fight where he was vanquished slain and his head caried to Tremessen froÌ„ thence into Spaine to the great contentment of the Moores and Spaniards for he was a subtile and dangerous enemie Pride growing through prosperitie ruined him But Haradin gouerned himselfe more discreetly and did manage his fortune with more honour Thus we see that those which hazard themselues in daungerous enterprises doe most commonly miscarrie and make such as follow after them wise by their rashnesse to whom they haue made the way Haradin by the death of his brother remaining lord of Alger one of the best ports of all Africke he was no more held a pyrat but a prince and withall a great captaine at sea so as Sultan Solyman Emperour of Constantinople made his Bassa and his Admirall with whose incomparable forces he made himselfe a terrour to all the countries of Europe Asia and Africke which lay vpon the sea where hauing taken infinit booties and spoyled many townes in the end he made himselfe master of the citie and realme of Tunes in the yeare 1535 by this occasion A little before there had raigned in Tunes Mahomet Abdul Hedi stemme of the last king of Tunes descended from Abdul Hedi who was a Moore of Andaluzia borne at Seuile he was wise and discreet and being made by the king of Marroc gouernour of the citie of Tunes which had rebelled and had beene taken againe and punished he following the example of many others had made himselfe lord of his gouernement when as after the battell of Muradat in Spaine woon by the Christians there was a generall reuolt in Africke against the Almohades Emperours and great Miralmumins of the Moores and Alarabes at Marroc This Mahomet issued from this race had had many children by many wiues who seeing himselfe old and desirous to prouide a successor to his realme after his owne humor for certaine considerations he made choyce of the youngest of all called Hascen whom hee had by an Arabian woman called Gezia and would haue him succeed him to the Crowne It is this Muley Hascen for whose restitution the Emperour was persuaded to lead an armie into Africke This jealous prince was no sooner seated in the royall throne but he put Mamon his elder brother to death and after dispatcht all his other brethren and kinsmen these be the fruits of Polygamie in the followers of Mahomet their Prophet Arraxide onely escaped and fled to Bixacara a towne of Numidia where with the aid of certaine Xecques or lords Numidians hee gathered some forces together to inuade Muley Hascen but it was in vaine wherefore he had recourse to Haradin Barberousse king of Alger who hauing receiued him courteously aduised him to go with him to Constantinople to informe the great Turke of his misfortunes promising to present him vnto him and to doe him all fauour and good offices Being come to Solymans Court Barberousse was presently dispatcht with a good number of gallies well furnished with souldiers to come to Tunes giuing it out that hee carried backe Arraxide to make him king who notwithstanding was stayed at Constantinople Muley Hascen a paracide couetous voluptuous iniurious and a coward amazed at this great preparation of armes which came to assayle him staied not but fled to his kinsmen by the mothers side Ismael and Dorar Alarabas of the linage of Vled Aixa which are a member of Vled Yahaya of those which led a vagabond life in the plaines and desarts of Africke and Numidia a mightie people but disloyall and of no friendship Finding not such succours there as he expected he followed the aduice of a Genouois renegado called Ximaa which was to imploreayd of the Emperor Charles and this Genouois was he which made a voyage into Spaine who could so persuade the Emperour and season his request with liuelie reasons and infinit promises as he obtained that which he pretended which was To persuade the Emperor and his counsel that it was both profitable and necessarie for him to restore Muley Hascen to his realm Euery one weighing the importance of this businesse and foreseeing how it might prejudice Italie and Spaine if the Turkes which did alreadie hold many ports vpon the coast of Barbarie should set footing into Tunes a great and mightie citie fit for the situation which is neere vnto the ruines of old Carthage sometimes concurring in power with the Romans to make ordinarie and prejudiciall impressions in that State Barberousse who had found the place void of souldiers or Commander did easily seise vpon the towne castle and fort of Goulette which stands on the entrie of the lake which the Sea makes there 1535 But hee did not thinke the Christians had taken this so ill as hee found by experience and therefore hee was not so carefull to prouide all things necessarie to preserue such a conquest against the power which the emperor brought who as soone as this honorable enterprise was concluded hee did aduertise all Christian princes and inuited them to contribute men money and ships to this warre whether hee would goe in person The rendesâ—vous was appointed at the port of Cailleri in Sardynia Forces of the Emperour at his going to Tunes whether the emperour came with the galleys of Spain those of Genoua and the particular galleys of Andrew Doria D. Iohn king of Portugal sent him twenty galleys and one great gallion vnder the command of D. Lewis his Brother The Pope armed nine galleys at Genoua at his owne charge of the which Paul Iustinian had the command and Virgilio Vrsino earle of Anguilare had the leading of the soldiers that were in them And hee suffered him to leuie the tenths of the Clergie of Spaine The knights of Malta sent foure galleys All which ioyned at Cailleri where before the emperors comming there arriued the royall galleys of Naples and Sicile with many galliots and foists armed by the noblemen of Naples and Sicile at their owne charge in which the Marques of Guast was traÌ„sported with the old Spanish souldiers which
he had drawne out of the garrisons of Italie Thither also came many round and flat bottomed vessels carrying victuals munition artillerie horse and a good number of foot newly leuied to that end in Spaine Italy Germany so as there was found when this army weighed anchor three hundred and sixtie saile carrying besides the Court the traine of noblemen and many voluntaries seuen hundred men at armes two thousand light horse and 12 thousand bisoques or new souldiers fiue thousand old souldiers Spaniards and sixe thousand Italian foot seuen thousand Lansquenets men of experience These forces being not lesse than forty thousand men parted with a prosperous wind from the IslaÌ„d of Sardinia and came to land the fiue and twentieth of Iune this yere 1535 at a place called Porto Farina neere to the ruines of old Vtica about sixe leagues distant from Tunes There order was giuen by the emperour for the landing of his men the first were the old Spanish arquebuzies and the Italians that they might keepe off the Moores who had shewed themselues both horse and foot to disturbe their landing wherin the Marquesse of Guast who was general of the foot shewed great iudgement for he wold not suffer the souldiers to leaue their standings and to pursue the enemy vntill the army were landed with the victuals and munition and the quarters made and fortified with a Trench in the which they found great difficulty for that the sand was loose not fit for that purpose neither had they any bauines or other matter to binde it with all The army being lodged the emperour called a Councel Councell held by the emperour for the beseeging of Goulett where it was propounded whether they shold first assault Goulette or goe directly to fight with the enemy in Tunes which was much more easie than that of Goulette whereas attempting that fort first being strong by situation defended by valiant men commanded by iudicious captaines and hauing great store of artillery and which did most import not being able to take their succours from them neither by the lake nor by land on the east part either the action would proue desperate and they shold consume their forces there in vaine or at the least they should spend so much time there as not onely Baberousse would grow stronger in men be of greater reputation but the Christians campe being wonderfully afflicted with the violent heat of the Sunne in that region and vnder that clymat and which did more import the waters which they dranke being halfe salt in short time being corrupted would breed a great mortalitie so as they should be forced rather to seeke to saue the relikes of their army than to attempt any new enterprise But the most judicious shewing how dangerous it was to leaue such a fort as Goulette with a great garrison and so neere vnto Tunis behind that the army aduancing they should be in extreame want of victuals the which not being able to bee conducted but from the army the enemies horse being many and venturous scouring the fields continually would at the least force the Christians to keep the greatest part of their horse and of their best foot to gard their victuals which were ingaged It was therefore resolued first to attempt Goulette Goulette the fort which fort Barberousse had furnished with great care it is a great square Tower with large rampers and flankers and is set vpon the mouth or entrie of the Lake which extends from it vnto the Citie and is foure leagues broad Campana writes that it is twelue miles long and fiue miles broad The Citie of Tunes was great and well peopled but at that time the walles were weake and low hauing three suburbs open greater and farre better peopled than the towne in the which there dwelt many kindes of Merchants some of the most industrious Artisans and among them some other rich people who were delicate and idle For the gard of these places Barberousse had about eight thousand good souldiers Forces of Barberousse in Tunes whereof he had put a good part into the fort of Goulette some write they were three thousand men commanded by Sinan Cefutt of Smirna called the Iew and Nâ—aid surnamed Chasediuels The rest were with Barberousse who had also leuied great numbers of Moores and Alarabes both horse and foot whome hee sent or led himselfe continually to the warre and made continuall skirmishes to molest the emperours campe to hinder the approaches and the batterie which was planted against this fort the which they must force and take before they came vnto the citie vnlesse they would bee betwixt two enemies subiect to the great and ordinarie sallies of either of them especially of the Moores who ouerrunning the countrie which was well knowne to them might hinder the victuals surprise them that went to forrage seeking aboue all things water which is rare in that countrie and take from them the commoditie of the sea if they had gone farre and left this fort standing and so had ruined the imperiall armie Whilest they are busie at this worke and about fiue weekes after the emperours arriuall Muley Hascen creepes out of his holes and comes vnto the campe hauing had a good conuoye sent vnto him with two hundred horse or there abouts Moores ill attyred and ragged mounted vpon geldings or mares peasantlie clownes Hauing saluted the emperour and kindly receiued by him they conferred long together by truchmen but they soone discouered that this Prince had neither friends nor meanes although hee vaunted that hee had left not farre from thence sixteene thousand horse Alarabes and eight hundred camels laden with victuals and refreshings of the which they neuer saw head nor taile assuring impudently that hee had great intelligences within the Towne with the chiefe inhabitants who notwithstanding neuer made any signe that they would fauour him Thus the winde carried away all the goodly promises which his embassador had made in Spaine to the emperour for he kept not any one were it through inconstancy or impossibilitie Notwithstanding the emperor continued constant in his resolution to chase away Barberousse and to restore this exiled king to the possession of his realme for he had made no accompt to be assisted by the Moores and had beene drawne vnto this enterprise more for his owne priuate interest then for any other consideration and therefore he was come well prouided Notwithstanding all the attempts of the Barbarians Goulette was battered by land with forty peeces of ordnance planted in two batteries and by sea with aboue 200 for the galleys being put into squadrons whilest that one approached to discharge the other retired to charge their peeces and so they continued from the break of day vntill noone whilest that the two batteries at land thundred continually The which did so ruine the tower as the greatest part of it falling it couered or made most of the ordnance within it vnprofitable The ruines of the
tower had made the way easie for an assault so as the Spaniards Italians and Germanes being put in order one nation after another at their time appointed they presented themselues with ladders to the assault with so great resolution as al the defence of the moors Turkes was in vain so as a great part of them were slaine or wounded fighting neither was the slaughter lesse of them that fled a long the lake or that sought to escape by swimming for they were slain by the shot or thrust through by the Germans pikes if they came neere the shore so as it was reported there died aboue 1500 and not without the losse of some men of worth among the Christians yet Campana writes there were not aboue thirty slaine Goulette being taken it was bruted that they had taken 300 peeces of ordinance Gouletta taken by the emperour all Barberousses fleet which was in the chanel of the lake the number whereof is diuersly reported some write 20 gallies 20 galliots and fiue foysts others seuentie two and some affirme they were 107. Three daies after the taking of this fort Fernād Gonsago came vnto the camp who hauing certain vessels appointed him by the viceroy of Sicile brought many refreshings for the which but especially for his owne valour hee was ioyfully receiued by the emperour and by the whole army Ferdinand Gonzaga comes to Guolette to the emperour There grew now some diuersitie of opinions touching the continuance of the warre some cold flegmatike complections were of opiuion the emperor shold rest satisfied with the taking of Goulette which was held impregnable the which hee should fortifie and furnish with a great garrison and good prouision of victuals to liue and defend it with a designe to returne the next yere to besiege Tunes Alger and the other townes vpon that coast of Afrike Their reasons were grounded vpon the great difficulties which the army did then suffer in their drink wheras the scorching sun did cause great thirst and did force the poore souldiers to drink the pit water which was verie falt which bred many infirmities many died of it wherfore seeing the army much diminished by the former enterprises Councell of the Imperialists to continue the warre of Naples and hearing that the enemy grew daily stronger that he did shortly expect a great number of Arabiās which he had hired they persuaded the emperor that he might with his honor return into Europe prepare as we haue said for the next yere But this was contrarie to the greatnes of Caesars minde who discouered with better reasons the weakenes of his enemy hauing lost Gouletta the little confidence the Turkes had in the Arabians Moors the good disposition of the Christian army especially after so great a victory the which althoug it were diminished in numbers yet it was increased incourage and resolution so as Barberousse should haue means to furnish himself better for the next yere to obtaine greater forces from the Turk to defend his possession in Afrike the cōquest wherof which was not now vneasie hauing found the enemy in a maner vnprouided would afterwards proue vnpossible besides it was not for the dignitie of so great an army honoured with the presence of the Christian Emperour to goe away contented with the taking of a Tower The captaines of greatest resolution and experience were of the same opinion the which was mainteined by Muley Hascen with great reasons who discoursed particularly of the nature of that nation of the designes of Barberousse and of remedies for the thirst persuading them to the enterprise of Tunes and of the easinesse to take it affirming that the enemie would neuer be drawne to a battell neither had he meanes to keepe the citie many daies His reasons were beleeued and although his desire to returne into his realme with the hazard of another made him to be the lesse credited yet the authoritie and will of the emperor who was the authour of this councell did confirme it Barberousse on the other side was wonderfully grieued for the losse of Gouletta so as hee could not forbeare to complaine of Sinan the Iew who might haue escaped flying away with his men from so great a daunger in the which hee had lost many Ianisaries and other good souldiers It is written that Barberousse was once in an humour to haue slain all the Christian slaues that were found there the which for his better securitie being diuers thousands he had already imprisoned in the castle and that Sinan the Iew and others of authority had diuerted him from that wicked and cruell resolution shewing him that so foule and brutish a fact would not onely bee a perpetuall blemish to his name but also bring him into disgrace with Solyman who was a generous Prince and hated all such base and wicked actions as that would be to kil people who being in a strait prison neither had nor could offend him Being then dissuaded from these cruel imaginations which rage greefe for his former losse did suggest he began to prouide for the rest taking councell of such as were about him what was to be done for their common health with this resolution still to keepe himselfe close and to defend the citie and not to come to battell with the enemy hoping that in Autumne they should be forced to leaue that coast it might be their fleet would be beaten disperst with stormes The emperour being not freed from that feare was carefull to haue the ruines of the fort of Goulette repaired whereof he gaue the charge to Andrew Doria with his sea-forces who caused it to hee clensed from the infection of dead bodies which were found there both men and beasts and the breaches to be raised Hee tooke an Inuentorie of all the goods that were in it where were found as we haue said three hundred peeces of ordnance great and small great store of armes of all sorts with an incredible quantitie of victualls powder and all other munition Engines and implements necessarie for the defence of places The emperour seing all things in a readinesse hee commanded euerie souldier shold carrie a bottle full of water taken out of the prouision of the nauie hee marcht that way the twentieth of Iuly Comming within fiue miles of the citie they found certaine welles of fresh water which bred great disorder among the souldiers who were verie greedy to drinke so as the emperour was forced to come thither in person to stay the souldiers greedy rage who desired rather to drink and die presently as many did for that the enemy had poisoned the waters than to suffer a little to preserue themselues at the least to die fighting Hauing past this danger with no smal difficulty they discouered Barberousses armie who was come forth of the citie in shew to giue the emperour battel The number of his army is diuersly set downe Vlloa writes that he had 70000
moors and Arabians and 7000 Turkes Forces of Barberousse in Tunes whereof two thousand serued on horsebacke and Guazzo affirms that he had twelue peeces of ordinance in front others write that by the report of some Christian slaues who had seene him take view of his men two daies before he had 20000 horse and aboue 100000 foot moors and Arabians besides his Turks vpon whome hee did chiefly relie The two armies being in sight one of another and it being generally beleeued by the Christians that they should fight their captains sought to incourage them with good words notwithstanding that they were all verie ready and willing the prince of Saleme made a speech vnto the Italians Alarcon to the Spaniards and Eberstin to the Germanes and to all the nations the emperor himselfe who going among them all promised them a certain victorie and filled them all with an assured hope importunate desire to charge the enemie who stretching themselues out in length thought to terrifie disorder and put the Christians to flight Barberousse had staied within three miles of Tunes who began as soone as euer the imperiall armie approched to discharge his artillerie but without any great effect On the other side D. Fernand Gonzaga who serued that day without any charge but being among the formost charged the enemies and slue a Captaine of the Moores with his lance Battell betwixt the Christians Barberousse in Afrike making such a slaughter of the enemies as hee was that day noted aboue the rest Hee was nobly followed by others and the Spanish Harquebuziers did so gall the Barbarians with their shot as hauing scarce begun to fight they basely fled neither did Barberousse shew any courage that day who had no intent to hazard his life and state vpon a battell but to flie speedily into the Citie There was no great slaughter of the enemy in this action for that they fled presently besides the Christians horsemen could not pursue them being but weake Barberousse flies into Tunes and much lesse might the foot men do it being tyred with their march in the sand and with the extreme heat wherefore the emperour lodged his army that night vpon the place whereas Barberousse had stood in battel fortifying it with the carts of his baggage yet standing alwaies ready in armes being so neere his enemy Barberousse being returned into Tunes full of disdaine for this disgrace being a proud man he consulted what was to be done seeming verie confident to be able to defend the citie and then he entred againe into a resolution to murther the Christian slaues and he was againe dissuaded by his own people God disappointing so wicked a councel to make the Christiās victorie more easie for this pretended crueltie of Barberousse being bruted abroad it did moue two renegados to compassion Giaffer Aga and Meni the first was borne in Cataro and was called Vinsenzo the second a Spaniard Christian slaues seaze vpon the Castle of Tunes whose name was Francisco who was much fauored by Barberousse They opening the prison doores to these wretches who some write were sixe thousand some ten thousand and they hauing broken their chaines wherewith they were bound got staues and such other weapons became masters of the Castle driuing away those few Turkes that were left there in gard and with all they seazed vpon the treasure victuals armes which Barberousse had left there who being aduertised thereof posted presently thither seeking first by good words and then by threats to be let in but it was in vaine they chasing him away with reproches and the hazard of his life if he had staied All this hapned the day after the Battell the emperour preparing to drawe neere the towne when as those slaues sought to make signes vnto him to approach but the distance would not suffer them to be seene and yet the emperour finding that there was some alteration he sent two companies of horse to discouer it In the meane time Barberousse finding himselfe in bad termes and fearing the inconstancie of the Moores hee resolued to leaue the citie by the gate next the mountaine and went towards Bona being followed by seuen thousand Turkes whome hee had preserued to serue him at need The Christian army marching towards Tunes they were met vpon the way by the Embassadors of the citie who offered to yeeld vnto the emperour and to receiue what conditions he should impose so as he would secure them from sacke wherein some write that Muley Hascen intreated the emperor so as at the emperours first entrance into Tunes the souldiers carried themselues mildly But soone after as some affirme at the instigation of Muley Hascen who desired to be reuenged of the inhabitants which did not seeme to fauour him during the siege Retreat of Barberousse from Tunes the Spaniards fell to the spoile vsing all kinde of excesse and acts of hostilitie as if they had beene in a towne taken by force and assault The Germanes also slue many Moores and fell to their feeding being sorrie they found no wine in their sellers for those people drunke not any The sacke continued foure and twentie houres some write three daies together with great slaughter and then it ceased the emperour commanding euerie man vpon greeuous paines to retire vnto his quarter They say that this sacke was not much lesse than that of Rome and that euerie souldier was rich The Marquesse of Guast guided by a slaue found thirty thousand ducats buried in a caue of the castle wherewith acquainting the emperour he gaue him them The emperour lodged within the Castle which was reasonably well built and newly accommodated by Barberousse There were great numbers of slaues found whereof there were eightie and one Frenchmen all which were set at libertie Tunes taken by the emperour apparelled and sent home vpon the retreat of the army There was found in it much ancient armor guilt grauen which some thoght were the spoiles of the French armie which Saint Lewis had sometime led into that countrie where hee dyed and many of his armie of the bloudy-flix The emperour hauing remained some daies within the citie and conferred diuers times with king Muley Hascen touching his future gouernment and agreed vpon conditions according to the which these two princes and their subiects should liue traffike and conuerse together hee returned to the campe making the more hast to depart to the end that such as were fled into the mountaines might retum without feare to their houses The armie was lodged close about a village called Lude two miles from Goulette where there past a little brooke of fresh water whereof the countrie was much destitute which was the greatest discommoditie they had in all this warre from thence they went to the first lodging they had made before the taking of that sort neere vnto a Tower which they called of waters which was the common watering place of the countrie Thither came
sent by Acugna arriued happily being come the night after the 2 day of Nouember within sight of Diu foure miles off from the enemies army the commanders thought it a politike stratagem euery one to carry 4 lanthorns the which succeeded haply for the enemies thâ—nking they had bin so many ships as they saw lights and beleeuing it had bin the whole army they lay close and would not hazard to meet them so as being fauoured by the darknes of the night and the enemies feare being terrified with the former successe and the opinion they had of the army they entred happily into the riuer which made the port of the castle bringing great ioy to their friends who were in that poore estate Turks retire 〈◊〉 from Diu. The Bascha being first in doubt was now resolued to rise hauing no hope to better his condition whose rising was with such disorder and feare as it seemed a very flight Soliman leauing at land about 150 pieces of ordnance as Goez writes 1000 Turks that were wounded another thousand which were gone forth to forrage all which were slain by them of the country to reuenge the iniuries they had receiued The Portugalles got the artillery with some goods of value to repaire the losses they had sustained in those combats The Turkish army being gone from Diu in this confusion Soliman reuenged his disgrace vpon those miserable Portugalls which had bin taken in the Tower whom he had treacherously kept in prison causing them to be all murdred The new gouernor Norogna hearing that his men were freed that ther was no need to goe with an army to Diu he resolued to secure all things in the prouince in quieting the peopls minds the which was easy to effect throgh the reputatioÌ„ which the Portugals had gotten in defending themselues against the Turks forces by the hatred which they had purchased by their thefts Mamudio K of Cambaia and an accord made by him with the Portugalls He therfore made a peace with Mamudio the new K. sisters son to the deceased Badurio Vpon these conditions That the Portugalls should be masters of the fort port of Diu but the king should haue half the customs of the said port that he might raise a wall right against the fort but so farre off as it should no way annoy nor hinder it which concluded he prouided for the gard of the castell sending Iames Sosa for gouernor in Siluerioes place who required rest after so honourable a seruice he had 900 men giuen him for garrison with all fit prouisioÌ„s This yong king was not long quiet but solicited by the ambition of some and by his grandmother desirous to reuenge the death of her son he began to make warre against the Portugalls vpon a pretext to recouer Bazain whereof there had been no mention made in the last accord but it proued a war of no moment 38 After the Emperours retreat out of France Enteruiew of the Pope Emperour and French king at Nice the war being hot in Piedmont pope Paul considering how many miseries this warre brought vnto Christendome fearing and foreseeing the ruine of Italy if it continued hee procured an enteruiew of those two princes and himselfe in the towne of Nice where there was no means to reconcile them there was onely a truce concluded for ten yeares of either side the Alpes both of them holding what they had gotten the pope hoping during this long truce there would be some means found to conclude a peace The emperor returning froÌ„ Nice towards Spain he was staid by the weather about Marseilles where the king sent to intreat him to enter and to rest himselfe vntill the wind were faire for the which he gaue him thanks letting him vnderstand that he desired they might see one another At Aigues mortes Whereunto the king consented and went thither from Auignon being vpon his returne towards France Emperour and French king meet at Aiguesmortes The emperor landed and dined with the king in Aigues mortes the king entred afterwards confidently into the emperors galley where they discoursed long together but what it was few men vnderstood yet they parted with great shews of friendship This yeare one thousand fiue hundred thirtie and nine the emperour the yong prince Philippe his sonne 1539 his two daughters and the whole Court were full of sorrow and heauinesse for the death of the empresse Isabella Death of the empresse Isabella she died the first day of Maie being deliuered of a sonne which followed her soone after they were both much lamented by the young Prince who beganne to feele the heauie crosses whereunto the miserable condition of man is subiect Shee was carried from Toledo where shee died with a funerall pompe befitting so great an Empresse to bee buried in the royall Chappell of Granado which honours were afterwardes religiously reiterated in all the Cities subiect to the Emperour her husband and by King Iohn of Portugall her brother After her death the emperour Charles remained alwayes a widower during the which he had a base son by a maid whose name and family was concealed D. Iohn of Austria he was called D. Iohn of Austria whom he did not aduow vntill his death 39 The emperor being a prince of a great courage and high attempts imbraced many actions so as his reuenues could hardly supply the charge wherefore he sought to draw mony from the people towns that were subiect vnto him Impositions cause of troublâ— by diuers means by subuentions impositions loans and extraordinary beneuolences Among others he would haue the Castillans make him a present whereunto the Nobility should contribute without exemption of any hauing caused it to be propounded in an assembly of the lords noble men of the countrey giuing them to vnderstand it was for the charges of the war he made against infidells whereof the profit and honor was common to them with him Whereunto answer was by D. Iâ—igo of Velasco constable of Castille in all their names That the Nobilitie would neuer suffer their freedoms and liberties to be broken whereat the emperor was very much discontented there hapned at the same time an accident whereby he might see that the nobility of Castille were not easie to be gouerned as they pleased that councelled him and this it was There being a turney held without the city of Toledo where the court lay wheÌ„ the sport was ended the emperor desirous to return towards the citie the presse being great an Alcaide or Prouost meaning to hasten those that marched before Act of choler done by the Infantasgâ— he strucke the duke of the Infantasgos horse with a riding rod vpon the croper he being the chief of the MeÌ„dosas one of the greatest noblemen of Spain who sodenly drawing his sword struck the Alcaide on the head telling him that he shold learn to execute his charge with respect whereupon the dukes seruants
first that obtained pardon 1547 paying an hundred thousand crownes and twelue peeces of ordnance with their furniture and receiuing a garrison of ten companies of foot Ausbourg did the like and paid an hundred and fiftie thousand crownes and twelue peeces of ordnance and receiued the like garrison Diuers other townes yeelded also 1546 and in the end the duke of Wittenberg would make triall of the Emperours clemencie so as being assured of high Germanie he began to follow the Protestants armie and came to Nuremberg The Prince Elector tooke some small townes in his way bending towards Francfort to draw money as well from his friends as from the Clergie and then he turned towards his countrey his armie decreasing much for that many seeing the Emperour to prosper abandoned him He being come into Turinga and Misnia Maurice dislodged hauing put good garrisons into Leipfie and Dresda which places he onely preserued for all the rest the Electors recouered and then he retyred to Ferdinand and they both together came and ioyned with the Emperours campe at Egre vpon the confines of Bohemia The earle of Bure was come towards Francfort with commaundement to enter into the Landgraues countrey for whom many princes and among them Maurice his sonne in law did sue vnto the Emperour for his pardon but to small effect for he had a great desire to haue him thinking him alone sufficient to raise the Protestant affaires Landgraue feared by the Emperour if they were ruined Bure tooke Darmast by composition and then Francfort where they were in great feare to loose their Faires which many of their neighbours did affect Strasbourg a great and rich citie did also compound The Emperour comming with great speed to the riuer of Elbe hauing found a foord where the Spaniards did him great seruice for the passage was defended by the Protestants armie he past his troupes and pursued the Elector who sought to recouer Wittenberg the chiefe towne of his Electorat being strong and well fortified but he stayed him neere vnto the forest of Lochane the Elector hauing scarce halfe his forces Defeat of the Elector of Saxony and his â—â—king for he had not leasure to gather them together being dispersed Being thus forced to fight with disaduantage he was vanquished and taken being wounded in the face Ernest of Brunswic sonne to Philip was taken with the Elector his eldest sonne recouered Wittenberg being hurt whither many others escaped from this conflict The Emperour hauing this prince his prisoner vsed him roughly in speech and king Ferdinand more He was giuen in gard to the duke of Alua who committed him to Alphonso Viues to keepe safely Within few dayes the Emperour gaue sentence of death against him the which notwithstanding was reuoked at the suit of the marquesse of Brandebourg but to redeem his life he was forced to vndergo hard conditions Among others he did quit the dignitie of Elector Conditions imposed vpon the Elector of Saxonie which was giuen to Maurice with all his lands by the Emperor who did confiscat them as being guiltie of high treason he and his children promising to obey the Imperiall chamber such as the Emperour should erect and for his entertainment Maurice was charged to pay him a yearely pention of fiftie thousand crownes The towne of Wittenberg and the castle of Goth were deliuered to Maurice leauing it to his discretion to suffer Frederics children to dwell in Goth and as for himselfe hee should remaine the Emperours prisoner There were many other sharpe conditions imposed vpon him all which he signed and refused but one article which was a promise to obey the decrees of the Councell of Trent the which hee constantly reiected saying That he had rather die than yeeld to it Constancie of the Elector Frederic wherefore the Emperour caused it to be rased out Duke Maurice being now Elector and hauing ioyned to his owne patrimonie the inheritance of prince Frederic of Saxonie he began to be a suitor for the Landgraue of Heâ—â—e his father in law imploying all his friends as the marquesse of Brandebourg did in like maner who in the end obtained a promise from the Emperour to pardon his life Conditions propounded by the Emperor to the Landgraue to remit all other punishments due to rebels to leaue him his country with one fort furnished with artillerie so as he did renounce all leagues to the preiudice of him or his brother Ferdinand obey the Imperial Chamber which the Emperor should establish giue him all the rest of his ordnance pay him within foure moneths 150000 crownes for the charges of the warre to deliuer the prisoners which he held and come and craue pardon of the Emperour The Landgraue hauing accepted these conditions by the aduice of his counsellors considering the present danger he came to Hale in Saxonie to the Emperor on the eight and twentieth of Iune where before he presented himselfe vnto him they brought him the former articles to signe but for that they had added many things which were not contained in those which the marquesse of Brandebourg and duke Maurice had sent him he would not doe any thing 1547 for the which there was great question betwixt betwixt him and the bishop of Arras who would needs haue him signe it Among other things they had added That the Emperour did reserue vnto himselfe the interpretation of euerie article and that the Landgraue did submit himselfe to the decrees of the Councell of Trent for the which he should giue caution The Landgraue being prest and threatened remembring that Brandebourg and the new Elector had promised to maintaine the confession of Ausbourg he signed That he would obey the decrees of a holy free and generall Councell where both head and members should be reformed as Maurice and Braâ—debourg would doe This done they led him into a hall Submission of the Landgraue whereas the Emperour was set vpon a throne where kneeling downe before him and confessing That he had offended his Maiestie and deserued punishment he craued pardon and implored his clemencie The Emperour made answer by George Selde That although he had deserued grieuous punishment yet vsing his clemencie and yeelding to the intreaties of many princes and noblemen whom he desired to gratifie he remitted the punishment which he had deserued either by losse of life and goods or by perpetuall imprisonment Which done the Landgraue was carried backe to the duke of Aluaes lodging where he supt where hauing plaied late at dice he was amazed when as offering to goe away he was staied and had a gard giuen him whereat the marquesse of Brandebourg and Maurice were much discontented but there was no remedie the duke of Alba and the bishop of Arâ—â—s saying That it was the Emperours pleasure This proceeding which the Emperour sought to justifie by glosses depriued him of the fruit which he pretended of his enterprises so easily are mans designes and imaginations ouerthrowne 3 We
him into Spain by the first wind as an vnprofitable person yea prejudicial to the quiet of the coūtry that he might giue an accōpt to the emperor of his actions but the violence of the rebels of their commander Gonsaluo was such after this restraint of the Gouernour they of the Councell disagreeing among themselues as they were forced with all speede to deliuer him to gouerne this warre the which prooued difficult for Picarro being assisted by Francis of Caruaial a great Captaine and an old experienced Souldier hee then declared himselfe openly against the Emperour and contended for the Soueraigntie of Peru hauing made the Towne of Cusco the chiefe of that countrie his store-house for the warre Vasco Nugnes striuing to resist them somewhat rashlie Death of the gouernour Vasco Nugnes was slaine in an Incounter neere vnto the towne of Quitoa and his head was carried to Cusco and there made a publike spectacle and scorne to all men a brother of his called Vela Nugnes being then a prisoner who had no better fortune afterwards To bee reunnged of this rout Iohn Aluares Iames de Silua and Iames de Ceuton remaining heads of the emperours part vntill there were some other order taken gathered all the souldiers they could together but they were also defeated by Francis Caruaiall so as they had great difficultie to mainteine their masters authoritie vnto the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fortie and sixe that the Emperour after long deliberation D. Pedro Guasca gouernour at Peru. and by the aduise and choise of his Councell sent D. Pedro Guasca thether a clergie man and of the Councell of the Inquisition a graue wise and discreet man to whome hee gaue a more ample power than to any of the precedent Gouernours with the title of President of the royall audience of Peru parting from Seuile that yeare he came to Nombre de Dios notwithstanding that he vnderstood that there was there in garrison Ferdinand Mexia de Gusman vnder Pedro Alfonso Hinoiosa Gouernour in that Countrie for the party of Gonsaluo Piarro who had a little before put Melchior Verdugo one of the emperours Captaines to rout and chased him as farre as the fort of Carthagena which is vpon the North Sea Hinoiosa remaine at Panama which is opposit vpon the South sea It is the narrowest place of all the firme land of the Indies betwixt the two Seas D. Pedro Guasca did in this action shew a great resolution for hee had beene aduertised at the neere Islands of this rout and that the port of Carthagena was the onely landing place for him yet hee would needs cast anchor neere vnto Nombre de Dios which place was held by the said Mexia with a garrison of eighteene hundred Spaniards where hee sent Alfonso Aluaredo to land in ioyning him to aduertise Mexia of his comming and to found him how hee stood affected Dexteritie of Guasca to win the rebels at Peru. The which Aluaredo performed so well as Mexia and hee parted good friends in effect though they made shew to the contrarie For some daies after the President Guasca was receiued honourably into that place yea with ioy and content of the whole garrison Thus this religious man being politike and modest did for the first fruits of his comming winne this fort and them that held it without any tumult or blowes who thinking himselfe well fortified began with grauitie and authoritie to sollicit the rebels and their leaders that they should acknowledge their errors to repaire the which hee gaue to vnderstand that they had nothing to doe but to imbrace the emperors clemency and the grace and pardon which hee offered them Hinoiosa who was at Panama vpon the South sea had beene aduertised of the presidents arriuall and although he were none of the most obstinate rebels yet would hee see how hee would carrie himselfe at his first entrie into his gouernment being somewhat discontented that Mexia had spoken with him without his leaue and priuitie writing in choller vnto him but Mexia was nothing amazed thereat but by the Presidents aduice went freely to Panama to Hinioiosa what discourse they had the euents did shew for Mexia returned as freely as hee went and presently the President departed and went towards Panama where wrought so with good words persuasions and promises as he drew Pedro Alfonso of Hinoiosa and all them that were with him to the emperours obedience They say that the greatest motiue to make them resolue was that they saw with the President the Marshall Alfonso of Aluaredo who had bin a dear friend to Francisco Pizarro These things succeeding thus happely the president holding it a great aduantage to haue won Hinoiosa hee thought it now time to presse Goncaluo Pizarro to come vnto himselfe and to acknowledge his master He gaue him hope of good vsage if he did obey if not he protested his vtter ruine writing vnto him and sending him letters in the Emperors name from whom he had brought many blanks signed the bearer whereof was Ferdinand Pauiaguada borne at Placentia in Spaine The emperors letters were dated at Venloo in Guelderland the 17 of February 1546 the Presidents the 26 of September following Gonsaluo was at the time of this dispatch in the citie of Kings so called for that the first foundations thereof were laid the day before the feast of Kings which wee call Twelfe day where hauing some intelligence of the Presidents comming hee had called all the heads of his party vnto him to consult what was to be done in the end they resolued to send vnto the emperour and to informe him of the causes of their rising and to iustifie themselues for the death of the gouernour Nugnes and it was concluded that the Deputies should carry letters from all the townes in Peru and that they should demand the generall gouernement for Gonsaluo Pizarro That in passing by Panama they should informe themselues of the president Guascas authority and should acquaint him with the cause of their voyage with protestation that if hee attempted any thing or did presume to enter into the Countrey of Peru in armes before their returne and the Emperours answer they would resist him by armes The deputies were Ierosme Loyosa Archbishop of the city of Kings Laurence of Aldana who commanded the garrison there Thomas of saint Martin prouinciall of the order of saint Dominicke at Peru and Gomes de Soli◠de Carceres some of which being suspect to Pizarro namely the prouinciall he was glad to be rid of him and to estrange him from his designes procuring the bishop of Sancta Martha to goe the voiage with them Thus the deputies being dispatcht they imbarked in diuers ships and sailed towards Panama causing Laurence Aldana to aduance and aduertise them what was done there In the meane time there was a conspiracie discouered against the person of Gonsaluo which had beene practised as they said by Vela Nugnes the deceased gouernors brother who
Prouinces of the west Indies From thence hee sent Hinoiosa to Caxamalcan to commaund the troups which were there assembled and himselfe came with the armie to Truxillo appoynting them all a time to come in the valley of Sansaua Gonsaluo Pizarro beeing come to Arequipa hee found not any creature there for all were gone to ioyne with Ceutons troupes who aduanced to fight with him the which hee did Victorie of Pizarro but to his owne losse for hee was defeated and forced to flie hauing three hundred and foure score souldiers slaine vpon the place with some captaines and almost as many taken prisoners with which Pizarro fortified his army distributing them among his bands and of his part there were onely one hundred men slaine By this good successe some others were induced to runne the same fortune with him he promising them great recompences so as holding his forces to be sufficient hee returned towards Cusco with an intent to fight with the imperiall army wheresoeuer hee should find it Army imperiall pursuing Pizarro the which beeing assembled in the valley of Sansaua there were found to be sixteene hundred harquebuziers fiue hundred pikes and seuen hundred horse Spaniards whereof the captaines were Peter Alphonso of Hinoiosa commaunding in qualitie of Generall Aluaredes marshall of the campe Doctor Caruaial Pedro of Vlloa and other Captaines Gabriel de Roias was master of the artillerie The leaders of the horsemen were Pedro Cabrera Gomes of Aluarado Iohn Sauedra Iames Mora Ferdinand Mexia Roderigo Salezar and Alphonso Mendosa all which had reuolted from Pizarro The President had for his councell the Archbishop of the towne of Kings Thomas S. Martin prouinciall of the preaching friers with many others Peter Valduuia gouernour of the Prouince of Chiliane came and ioyned with his armie a man of great experience in matters of warre worthie to be opposed against Francis Caruaial who was the most redoubted captaine the enemy had and in the end vnfortunate Ceuton came and ioyned with them with about fortie horse Being all together they marched towards Cusco whither they vnderstood that Gonsaluo Pizarro was come with his army The Countrey by the which the imperialls did march was rough desart and without victualles so as they suffered much vntill they came to Andaguara where the Countrey is peopled and furnished with victualles and other commodities wherefore they stayed long there for that they would not be consumed with trauell and the tediousnesse of the winter if the enemie should seeke to prolong the warre the which he might easily doe hauing the towne of Cusco and the riuer which passeth by the valley of Seguisagrane at his deuotion In the Spring time of the yeare one thousand fiue hundred fortie and eight the President caused his army to dislodge from Andaguara and crossed many narrow passages of the mountaines without any difficultie and many riuers whereas Pizarro might haue annoyed them much if hee had not beene negligent and then came and lodged vpon the declining of the hilles in a discommodious place aboue the valley of Seguisagrane in the which Pizarro was camped who wanted not any thing hauing the towne and riuer behind him at his commaundement whereas the imperialls suffered much hunger cold and other discommoditities yet notwithstanding the President did forbeare to fight being aduertised that a good number of the Spaniards that were with Pizarro did but watch an oportunitie to abandon him and to reuolt which he desired might be before they did fight that he might haue the weaker opposition But they could not temporize long in that bad lodging whereas the cold which was great in that season did so benumme the souldiers as they could scarce hold their armes and also for the neerenesse of the two armies which were daily in skirmish so as they were forced to come to a generall battell the which was soone ended For the ordnance was scarce discharged but many of Pizarros armie disbanded openly Defeat of Pizarro among which were Doctor Câ—peda Garci Lazo de la Vega and Alphonso Peres Hita captaines and all the souldiers which remained at the rout of Ceuton went away in one squadron to the imperialls which made the rest retire and to flie the battell some going towards the citie of Cusco which was fiue leagues off and others to other places they that were most affected to Gonsaluo and most guiltie remained about him who being foure in number were of opinion to cast themselues into their enemâ—es troups and to die fighting valiantly rather than to be led bound to an ignomimious death but Gonsaluo told them that seeing Fortune had turned her backe it were better to die Christianlike acknowledging their faults than to perish like pagans in such vanities Being then enuironed by the imperiall horsemen he yielded his armes to Pedro de Vlloa great Prouost of the armie who led him before the President by whom hee was much blamed for his obstinacie yet hee shewed himselfe nothing deiected but answered resolutely to whatsoeuer was demaunded Being giuen in gard to Iames de Ceuton he was for some daies well and modestly intreated not suffering any one to disquiet him either in word or deed All the other Commaunders were in a manner taken that day either with Gonsaluo or in the pursuite except Francis Caruaial who was afterwards found and deliuered by his owne souldiers being hidden among the reeds in a moore thinking to renue the warre if hee might escape All the rest were somewhat lamented but not hee for hee was exceeding cruell and the chiefe author of Pizarros â—rebellion and it was said that by his inhumane councell Pizarro had caused aboue sixe hundred gentlement to be murthered and thrice as many good souldiers Spaniards with an infinite number of Indians and that he neuer was at the death of anie one but he did reuile him with all the opprobrious words he could inuent The rebelles campe remained a prey to the imperialls whereby they were greatly enriched and to preserue the citie of Cusco from sacke and to containe euery one in his duetie and to preuent reuenges which do commonly follow ciuill victories Ferdinand Mexia and Martin Robles were sent thither with two companies Afterwards the prisoners processes were formally made The chiefe of the rebellion were condemned to die as guiltie of treason Gonsaluo Pizarro had his head cut off the which was for a time set in the market place in the citie of Kings Death of Gonsaluo Pizarro for a publike spectacle with this Inscription This is the head of the Traitor and Tyrant Gonsaluo Pizarro who being rebelled and hauing taken armes in the realme of Peru against the most mightie Emperour Charles the fift his prince was vanquished fighting against the standard royall in the valley of Saguisagrane and hath beene thus worthily punished All his goods were forfeited his proud palace which hee had built in the citie of Cusco was ruined the soile sowed with salt and a pillar erected with
a table containing the sentence of his condemnation He died coÌ„stantly retaining his accustomed proud looke he was royally attired in silke imbrodered with gold and pearle which the executioner had His bodie put into a coffin was honestly buried in Cusco Francis Caruaial was executed in like manner with nine other captaines but their bodies were quartered and hung in the high wayes Many also of the most seditious were hung vpon trees on the high wayes The President hauing thus punished the chiefe mutines and rebelles hee caused a generall pardon to be published in Cusco to all the rest forbidding any one to reproach the fault hereafter vpon paine of death This victorie was wonne the ninth day of Aprill one thousand fiue hundred fortie and eight happie doubtlesse for the Emperour for if Pizarro had wonne it Peru had bin lost for him and Spaine depriued of the treasures of that Countrey which are great and incredible The President found himselfe much troubled when hee came to reward such as hee had drawne from Pizarros faction to whom he had made great promises for there was not any common souldier but he held himselfe worthy of a gouernement and he could not please them all but he supplied this defect with store of ducars which abound in that golden region Then hee beganne to settle some order in regard of the Spaniards which were feudatarie Lords ouer the Indians how they should carrie themselues to the Indians their subiects He erected a Parliament or royall Audience in the city of Kings to the which any man that was grieued might appeale and giuing hope to them that remayned at Peru by the aduertisement he saied he had receiued from the Emperour to haue a Viceroy very soone hee bad them farewell and went away in December one thousand fiue hundred forty and nine carrying with him about two millions of gold for the Emperors part He came from the city of Kings to Panama where hauing rested some dayes hee went by land with his baggage to Nombre de Dios vpon the north sea where he arriued happily For had hee staied alittle longer at Panama hee had beene in danger neuer to haue seene Spaine more For that certaine other rebelles led by Fernand and Pedro Contreras whose father was Viceroy of Nicaragna came and seazed vpon Panama thinking the President had beene there and spoyled it and missing him they pursued him thinking to finde him vpon the way and to strippe him of his treasure making an attempt to enter into Nombre de Dios but they were repulsed by the garrison and the Inhabitants The gouernors and garrisons that were neere made a head and went to field and dispersed them in some incounters in one of the which one of the Contreras was slaine Contreras other rebells and the other lost so as hee was neuer more heard of This second reuolt did somewhat stay the voyage of the President D. Pedro Guasca who embarqued in Iuly 1550 hauing suppressed two importaunt rebellions at the West Indies beeing followed by a great number of noblemen Spaniards who were rich in gold and siluer of the spoiles which they had taken or for recompences in these seditions he arriued happily at Saint Lucar of Barameda and from thence went to Seuile where hauing rested some dayes hee passed into Germanie to the emperour whom hee found at Ausbourg by whom hee was graciously receiued and honoured for his good seruices who in reward thereof some moneths after made him Bishop of Valencia which fell void But let vs returne to that princes affaires in Germanie and what hee had to treat of at Ausbourg whereas all things did succeed according to his desire the negotâ—ations of great Kings being like vnto other mens seasoned with sweet and sower by him that gouerns the whole world and for the good of men who else would forget him if they should alwayes prosper This mightie Emperour a Conquerour and wife according to the world and the common opinion of all men finding after much toile by a hard and preiudiciall experience that hee was farre from that which hee pretended to doe for the good of his house by armes and force against the libertie of the Electors and the Estates of the empire Emperour solicites D. Ferdinand to resigne the dignitâ—e of king of Romans to his son Philippe hee sought to attaine vnto it by the meanes of some conuention and therefore hee did presse his brother Ferdinand to resigne vnto prince Philip his sonne his right and dignitie of King of Romans whereupon they grew to a great quarrel to pacifie the which Mary Queene of Hungarie their sister was forced to returne to Ausbourg from whence shee parted alittle before he pursued this resignation by all the meanes and policie hee could for that it was the next infallible steppe to bring D. Philippe to the empire but Ferdinand would neuer yeelde to it thinking that if hee made this daungerous alienation all his sonnes hauing a good number should remayne without estates and meanes Returne of prince Philip into Spaine wherein hee had reason Hee had sent into Spaine for Maximilian his sonne to come to the diet beeing a milde and courteous prince and very pleasing to all Germanie D. Philippe hauing fayled to be king of Romans parted from Ausbourgh and tooke his way towardes Genoua to returne into Spaine to gouerne it Peter Lewis Farnese Duke of Placentia and Parma hauing beene slaine the yere before by his owne subiects some thought by the Emperours procurement for that Fernand Gonzague gouernour of Milan did instantly â—eaze vpon the towne of Placentia Octauio Farnese his sonne distrusting the Emperour his father in lawe hauing married his base daughter and seeing himselfe contemned by the new Pope hee sought support and protection from the French whereat pope Iulio was so offended as hee thundered out a sentence of Excommunication against him by the which hee declared him fallen from his estate giuing it in prey to the Emperour Octauio Farnâ—se excommunicated the cause of new warre whereupon D. Fernand Gonzague spoyled the territorie of Parma and the French sent succours to Duke Octauio which caused a new warre betwixt the Emperour and the French king 1551 This warre beganne in the yeare of our Lord God Extortions of the emperor vpon the Germanâ— one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and one by meanes whereof the Germanes freed themselues from manie violences which had beene offered them both in generall and in particular by the Emperour beeing made proud with his victories which hee sought to make all men feele as well Catholikes as Protestants vnder diuers pretexts of some to be satisfied for the charges of the warre which hee saied hee had made for the libertie of Germanie of others by the waie of chasticement for that they had reuolted wherein hee saied that he proceeded mildely quitting much of his right to ease and spare them By this meanes there was neyther towne nor countrey estate
Francis of Lorraine Duke of Guise into Italie as the Popes souldier with whom and with the Duke of Ferrara hee had made certaine conuentions for the entertainment and safetie of the armie consisting of twelue thousand foot French Suisses and Grisons and two thousand horse with the which he passed the Alpes in the heart of winter About this time D. Iohn de Luna was in Flaunders who as wee haue said had been called thither touching Fernand Gonzague Iohn de Luna flies into Frāce hee seeing himselfe very seuerely handled by the Kings ministers in that businesse seeking a strict accompt of him of the munition of the castle of Milan being accused to haue imployed it to his owne priuate vse hee resolued to flie from Brussels who comming into Fraunce was graciously receiued by the Christian king and an honourable pension giuen him for his maintenaunce Hee wrote from thence to his sonne Diego that hee should deliuer the castle of Milan where he remained in his fathers place to whomsoeuer his king should commit it and that neither hee nor his brethren should euer swarue from his seruice And so it was deliuered by way of prouision to Alonso Pescioni by order from the catholike King and afterwards to Alonso Figueroa who was sent Castellan thither fearing the danger The Emperour Charles hauing the last yeare made a resignation of all his realmes and dominions shewing a rare President of his fatherlie loue and of a wise and temperat mind hee resolued also to write vnto his brother touching the gouernement of the Empire and leauing the gouernement of his states more free vnto his sonne retire himselfe and spend the remainder of his life in a free and quiet contemplation Wherefore on the seuenth day of September this yeare one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and sixe he sent doctor Saler into Germany to his brother Ferdinand with a resignation of the gouernement of the empire with the Crowne Charles resignes the empire to his brother Scepter and other Ornaments pretending that being vnable to vndergoe that burthen by reason of his age and the infirmities which did afflict him extraordinarily hee persuaded the Electors to confirme the said Ferdinand in his place being yonger stronger and more apt to beare the burthen of such an empire to whom there was giuē by the prouidence of God for a naturall enemy the Turk who was mighty alwais watchful the which was now most to be feared for that he heard he was making a great preparation for war He did write particularly to euery one of the electors touching that busines a very familiar letter vnto his brother recommending his son vnto him that he would direct and assist him in all occasions with his councel help On the 14 day of the moneth he went from Gaand into Zeland his ships attending him at Flessingue but for that the wind was contrary hee was forced to staie many daies at Zuytbourg a village betwixt Flessingue and Middelbourg Charles the fifth passeth into Spaine to a solitary life which turning faire hauing taken his leaue of his sonne and giuen him his blessing and imbraced all the Princes and Noblemen he tooke shipping with his two sisters Mary widow to Lewis King of Hongary and Leonora first widow of Portugal and then of France who would needs accompany him in this voiage He came in a eleuen daies to the coast of Spaine and landed at Laredo in Biscay where before that he receiued any of those Noblemen that came to doe their duties to him hee kneeled downe and gaue God thankes for that in the last yeeres of his life hee had suffred him to come and die in that country which had alwaies beene most deere vnto him and by whose meanes he knew he was come to the hight of that honour and greatnesse And then imbracing those Noblemen and Grandos of Spaine very louingly he past by Bourgos to Vailledolit whereas his Nephew Don Carlo was to whom he gaue many good instructions putting him chiefly in mind of religion and Iustice where resting some daies and leauing his sisters there that he might haue no let to attend the life which hee had propounded he retired himselfe to the Monastery of Saint Iust of the Order of Saint Ierosme de la Vera neere to Placentia a desart place in the Prouince of Estremadura Here with foure seruants onely to serue him in his necessity hee past his life in continuall contemplation giuing great almes and doing other good deeds of charity for the which hee had reserued a hundred thousand ducats yeerely out of his great possessions Pope Paul the fourth hearing of his resignation was much troubled thinking that the Emperor could not doe it seeing it was necessary that beeing desirous to leaue off that degree whereunto hee had beene aduanced by the Popes authority hee should resigne it into the Popes hands whose office it then was to write vnto the Electors to prouide one that were worthy of that dignity who was to obtaine the ordinary confirmation from him wherein Ferdinand afterwards found some difficulty Queene Leonora being in Castille shee had a great desire to see the Infanta Enterview betwixt the mother and the daughter D. Maria of Portugall her daughter who remained at Lisbone wherein there was some difficulty vpon the point of honour and conuenience whether the mother should goe into Portugal or the daughter into Castille so as the Emperour was forced to write somewhat sharply vnto the king D. Iohn In the end the daughter came to see the mother in the city of Badajos which was the last time of their meeting The king of Algier with the helpe of an army at sea of Turkes Oran beseeged and valiantly defended of two and forty gallies and many Moores at land did much annoy the coast of Afrike and in the end came to Oran thinking to take that towne from the Spaniards Being incamped there the seuenth day of August and viewed it where they might plant their battery they beganne to cast vp trenches about the wall planting some peeces to batter the castle of Alchaizer but it was very indiscreetly done for they lay open both to the artillery of the fort and to that of the port Tremisene so as very many of them were slaine Whereupon they were forced to make new rampars and to find out a better seat for their lodgings the which were on euery side discouered their army being great for besides 12000. Turkes there was an infinite number of Moores both horse and foote They staied there some daies before they resolued to batter it for that they could not find a conuenient place but that they should be wonderfully annoyed by the ordnance from the fort which standing high discouered the country round about and shot into their trenches In the meane time the beseeged sallied forth dayly to skirmish and carried away the honour in a manner alwaies and although there were not aboue two thousand souldiers
of all Spaine they passed the Pyrenees presuming to deuoure France Euery man knowes that in two memorable victories which he obtained against them the one in Touraine the other in Languedoc he shew aboue 400000 by which routs they were so weakened as the petie Kings of Spaine who had begunne to lay the weake foundations of the realmes of Ouiedo Leon Arragon and Nauarre in the mountaines had some leisure to fortifie themselues The same Martel did not he keepe the country of Cattelogne with the forces of France whereof he made a bulwarke against the Sarazins of Saragosse Valencia those that were lodged in the neere countrie of Nauarre They would gladly deface the memorie of so many painfull voyages and worthy exploits done for them by the French during the raignes of Charlemaine and his sonne Lewis who did so long keep the Moores on this side the riuer of Ebro that the Asturians and Castillans might on their side aduance against the Barbarians for that it may be they would blush at the report of these things whereof we cannot speake but to their great dishonour They should remember can not dissemble it that D. Alphonso 2 of that name king of Leon and Ouiedo surnamed the Chast for that although he were married he would not haue any children seeming to haue a desire to recompence Charles the great for so many good offices which hee had receiued inuited him to come into Spaine vpon a voluntary promise that he would cause him to be acknowledged by his subiects for the lawfull successor of his estates then hauing lightly changed his opinion by the persuasion of his courtiers hee did forget both Gods honor and his owne Treachberie and ingratitude of the Spaniards to the French making a league without any scruple with the Moores whom hee did arme against the French beeing vpon the way for that said the Spaniards they would not subiect themselues to a stranger This was the cause that the French armie receiued a notable rout in their retreat The French being incensed at this bad vsage beganne to neglect the affaires of Spaine for a time which gaue meanes to the Moores to increase their power and to settle themselues for many yeeres God letting them know by this seuere and long punishment how much he was displeased with their treacherie ingratitude the which shewed a manifest contempt of religion Notwithstanding the French did not forbeare to succour the Spaniards many times at their great neede Generositie of the French to the Spaniards Read the Annales of Spaine you shal find that King D. Alphonso the first of that name in Castille and the 6 of Leon it is he which took â—oledo from the Moores and vnited it to Castille was vertuously assisted by great troups of French led by the Earles Raymond of Burgundie Henry of Bezanson and Raymond of Tolousa who purchased him the surname of Braue by reason of many goodlie victories obtained against the Moores attributed to this king although that most were done by the French and their commanders to whom he was not vnthankfull For in requitall of their vertues he married all three to his owne daughters Raymond of Bourgundie left vnto his sonne D. Alphonso Raymond the Royall scepter of Castille by the right of his wife D. Vrraca and Henrie of Bezanson was the stemme of the royall house of Portugall The same Spanish Histories make mention that at the siege of Saragosse in the yeere of our Lord 1118 being held by the Moores D. Alphonso the seuenth who called himselfe Emperour of Spaine for that he held all the Christian Realmes in that country had in his armie the earles William of Poitiers Rotron of Perche with them of Cominges and Bigorre the vicount of Lauedan the bishop of Lescar with many other French noblemen and knights by whose valour the citie was taken made the chiefe of Arragon and many routs giuen vnto the Infidelles It was not by the sole forces of the Spaniards although they were all vnited that the famous battel of Muradal was won it were too great ingratitude or senslesse malice not to acknowledge it the which their owne Writers doe witnesse that in the army of king D. Alphonso the fourth of that name in Castille there were aboue 100000 straÌ„gers most French and in like maner at the battell of Salado at the siege of Algezires and such like actions it is most certaine that the Kings of Fraunce and they of Nauarre who then came from the French neither sparedmen nor treasure no not their persons witnesse Philip of Eureux king of Nauarre who died at Seuile or Xeres They did confesse that the Spaniards predecessours had fought valiantly against the Moores according to their meanes but it was for themselues and their owne priuate commodities and to return into their houses the which did not much concerne the profit of other christian people Whereas the French without any priuate designe moued with the only zeale of religion at the simple persuasion of Popes and at such time as they did assist the Spaniards haue enterprized most holy and difficult warres against all the forces of the East drawing vpon them the warrelike nations of the Turks Enter prises of the French for the publike good of Christendome Arabians Chaldeans Egiptians and others of Mahumets sect from whom they took the city of Ierusalem all Palesâ—ina and Syria towards the sea erecting a realme there which they held and defended valiantly to the good of all Christendome wherein the Spaniards cannot say that they gaue any aide and yet they intitle themselues Kings of Ierusalem and aspire to the Empire of Constantinople which estates haue cost Fraunce so much bloud so as they haue no reason to quit their rights beeing grounded vpon a donation and inuestiture of the Empire of Constantinople made by Pope Leo the tenth to King Francis the first and to his successors when these Potentates had enteruiew at Bolonia Experience doth teach vs daily to what vse the forces and treasure of the Kings of Spaine are imployed and of what import they be to the state of Christendome The nauigation of the west Indies and the possession of those great and vast desarts seeme verie honourable and fruitfull vnto them and they make great oftentation of the gold siluer and pearle that comes from thence These things which are not worthie to bee put in the ranke of things to be wished for by vertuous men seeme to giue content and to bring some ease to this common life the which we passed more sincerely and it may bee more commodiously before the discoueâ—ie of these countries In one respect they are verie auaileable for the Spaniards and their kings for they are as it were sinkes and common sewers to draine away and confine all their banished men bad husbands bankrupts infamous persons and finally all men that are hurtfull to their other subiects for with such men the west Indies are for the
France haue bin alwayes ready defenders of the church of Rome benefactors and deliuerers of Popes and their sole and safest refuge in all afflictions And therefore they do rightly carry the surname of Most Christian Tule of Most christian since the time of king Clouis yea of the eldest son of the eldest son of the catholike church the which can not be disputed but by inconsiderate rashnes nor supprest but by ignorance or malice That the Spaniards did not defend his Holines predecessors from the insolencies of the six gouernors lieutenants to the emperors of Constantinople in Italie nor from the violences of the Kings of Lombardy It is not by any benefit of the kings of Spaine that they are lords of the citie of Rome that they enioy so great a country and so many faire townes That they are not the forces of Spaine which haue chased the Sarazins out of Sicile and Calabria That the goodlie realms of Naples Sicile are not come vnto the church by the bounty of the kings of Spaine but the French made them these rich presents and haue maintained theÌ„ in it That it was princesse of the blood of France which gaue vnto the popes that which they hold in Prouence That Spaniards hands are more accustomed to ransome Popes cardinals and to spoile burne destroy the patrimony of S. Peter Finally the church of Rome must acknowledge all her bountie vpon earth to come from the French nation and from their kings ground vpon these new vndoubted titles the rights possessions of her lands and seigniories not colour them with a donation from Constantine nor froÌ„ the fauour of such a mediator as Ozius bishop of Cordoua might be the which haue no ground but vpon Spanish reports which are not autentike By these benefits by the continuall obedience by the ready succors so often tried the dignity and preheminence of the crowne of France should be maintained at Rome in the Councel in all places so much the more iustly necessarily for that by long acquaintance it hath bin made as it were essentiall substantiall with the Popes dignitie so as for the support thereof they haue no need but of the crown of France to resist the attempts of her bad children which are frequent dangerous Moreouer if they should presume to put the kings of Fraunce from their ranke it could not be done but very difficulty by a forgetfull very hatefull ingratitude which doth not befit the holie Sea could not in their opinions fall into the Popes thought Office of Popes wherein it consists who did then preside Concluding that for the best and most wholesome expedient for Christendome he should containe himselfe in his pastorall office which is to iudge of causes concerning the faith religion the discipline of the church to abstain specially during the general assembly to enter into knowledge of a controuersie which is meerly temporal in the which soueraigne princes doe not willingly acknowledge any other Iudge but their owne swords so leauing euery one in his possession to admonish the king of Spaine to giue peace vnto the Church and not to trouble the Councell not the publike peace Thus did the French maintaine the precedence of their king Question of precedence vnâ—ecided at Rome with their naturall freedome and vehemencie against the pretensions of the Spaniards their partisans but the Pope to whom this controuersie was sent would not take vpon him to iudge it but left it vndecided as it is at this day which made the impatient spirits of the Spaniards to pursue this question to maintaine their pretended rights of prioritie by writing wherof there are great volumes printed with priuiledge from their kings which the French doe not trouble themselues to answer The yeare following 1564 the Acts of the Councell were confirmed by the Pope at Rome 1564 in the open Consistorie of Cardinalles yet against the aduice of some fathers who held this confirmation to be needlesse and all Christian princes were commaunded to cause the Decrees thereof to be published and obserued At these last Sessions of the Councell D. Claudio Ferdinand of Quignones Earle of Luna was embassador for the king of Spaine to whom by reason of this difference there was a place appointed apart out of ranke by prouision and without preiudice This yeare D. Iohn de Benauides marshall of Nauarre died Nauarre and at the same time there died also D. Francis of Nauarre Bishop of Valentia who was brother to D. Pedro of Nauarre that last marshall of the bloud royall descended from D. Lyonell The interest to this Realme remained in Queene Ioane of Albret widow to Anthonie of Bourbon by whom she had two children Henry and Katherine In the meane time there were Viceroyes or Lieutenants for the King of Spaine to gouerne it and about that time D. Gabriell de la Cueua left the gouernement of Nauarre to the Licentiat D. Michel Ruis of Otalora Regent or President of the Iustice in that Countrie and passed into Italy to gouerne the estate of Milan but D. Alphonso of Cordoua and Velasco Earle of Alcaudete who had beene gouernor of Oran and had defended against the Turkes which held Alger and the Moores was sent thither for viceroy where at the end of 3 months he died yet hee caused an assemblie of the estates to be held at Tudele where it was concluded to make an Vniuersitie in that towne Vniuersitie at Tudele in Nauarre that the Nauarrois might haue meanes to studie and not goe out of the Country After the Earles death D. Ioseph of Gueuara came to gouerne the Realme of Nauarâ—e And in the yeare 1565 D. Lewis last earle of Lerin of the house of Beaumont and Constable of Nauarre died leauing one onely daughter and heire called D. Brianda de Beaumont who was maried to D. Diego de Toledo sonne to D. Ferdinand Aluarez de Toledo duke of Alba who in her right was Erle of Lerin and Constable of Nauarre D. Ieronima of Nauarre widow to the marshall of Benauides being married againe to D. Martin of Cordoua and Velasco brother to the Earle of Alcaudette she brought him the title of Marquesse of Corces and the estate of Marshall of Nauarre The Pope hauing delayed during the Councell to satisfie the king of Spaines demaund Clergie of Spain help the king with money touching a subuention from his Clergie toward the maintenance of his war the king sent Lewis d Auila great Commander of Alcantara to Rome to solicite the dispatch of this supplie from the Clergie towards his preparation which was graunted to be 400 thousand ducats yearely for fiue yeares onely giuing him hope that if they might see anie good effects they would continue to assist him And the king hearing in what estate they stood for matters of religion in Fraunce and Flanders fearing some alteration also in the
20 D. Antonio layes aside armes and retires himselfe 21 Articles graunted by the King D. Philip to the Estates and realme of Portugall 22 D. Philip receiued and acknowledged for King at Lisbone 23 Terceres Ilands their conquest and the rout of the French armie 24 D. Philips sonne Prince of Spaine acknowledged and sworne at Lisbone 25 Absolute conquest of the Terceres by the defeat of Emanuel de Silua and of Monsieur de Chattes ¶ All the Realmes of Spaine vnited to the Crowne of Castille vnder D. Philip the second 1575 DOn Lewis de Requesens great Commander of Castille was sent to succeed the D. of Alba in the gouernment of the Low Countries after that the duke of Medina Celi had refused it He was a man approching somewhat in disposition to his predecessor Great Commander of Castille sent gouernour into the Law Countries He had accompanied D. Iohn of Austria in his sea-army whenas he fought with the Turke at Lepanto as his chiefe Councellor and after his returne into Sicile the King D. Philip had made him gouernour of Milan where hee remained not long the King thinking him fit to calme that which the Duke of Alba had left in trouble in Holland and Zeland into which prouinces it seemed that the whole warre was reduced Among other disorders he found the Spanish souldiers discontented and cursing the Duke who owed them foure and thirtie moneths pay whom he was forced for the first triall of his wisedome to seeke meanes to pacifie the which he did in some sort but when he beganne to enter into the managing of affaires he fell grossely into an inconuenience which did preiudice the rest of his gouernement What his actions were during his charge there you may reade at large in that Country historie He liued not long there but died of a pestilent feuer in the yere one thousand fiue hundred seuentie and sixe leauing those Countries in greater confusion than the Duke of Alba his predecessor had done In the yeare 1574 it was found that king Philip was indebted to the merchants of Genoua and Spaine in 37 millions of ducats King of Spaine reuokes his â—ssignations and bâ—eakes with the Genâ—uois for the which hee gaue them assignements out of his royall reuenues whereupon for the relieuing of his necessities and to free the king from the Genouois the Deputies of the chiefe Cities and Townes were called to Madrid to consult how to relieue the king in these great wants Among other there was one in Court whose name was Francisco Brauo who told the king that the contractions which he had made with the merchants were in respect of them against all law and equitie the which if he did not remedie within a yeare hee would not haue any meanes to free himselfe telling him moreouer that he had beene fraudulently circumuented by them in very great summes contrarie to all diuine and humane lawe Whereupon in the yeare 1575 the king of Spaine made a decree touching the losse and preiudice which his royall reuenues had receiued by the coÌ„trectations which he had made with the Genouois and others making a staie of all the said contrectations and assignements the which did much trouble the Genouois and others to whom the king was indebted for by reason of this suspension they could not giue satisfaction vnto their creditours which made them to present an answer to this decree vnto the King shewing that it would bee a blemish to his honour and verie preiudiciall to his seruice yet could they not get it reuoked but were forced to make a new composition The citie of Genoua was diuided into two factions Genoua diuided into factioÌ„s the old which were the noble men and gentlemen and the new who were some gentlemen supported by the common people D. Iohn Idiaques as embassadour for the Catholike King had labored much to quench this fire which beganne to kindle and had persuaded them to lay aside armes but this yeere the furious multitude little respecting the promise of the wiser citizens to disarme and to treate an accord with the liking and authoritie of the Catholike King for whom Idiaques was imployed in that action matters were brought to despaire the faction of the new offering by force to reforme the publique gouernement after their owne manner and to abate the power of the nobles who were called the old who not suffering so great an indignitie went most of them out of Genoua Iohn Andrew Doria beeing as it were their head The Pope sent Cardinall Morone thither but the Genouois would not treat with him alone vnlesse the Catholike kings Embassadour were called he being the chiefe protector of that common weale The matter was found so difficult as the faction of the old despayring were come with good forces some to Final and some to Aqui resoluing to recouer their countrie and dignitie by armes choosing Iohn Andrew Doria for their Generall in that warre who refused that charge vntill he had leaue from the king of Spaine whom he serued In the meane time they had newes that the king was ready to send another Embassadour to adde authority and counsell to the other two which was the Duke of Gandie but D. Iohn d' Austria came first with a nauie vpon that coast to see that no Prince by means of this tumult should enter into Genoua and make himselfe master thereof and therefore they made prouision of souldiers drawing into the duchie of Milan two regiments of Germans and leuying some Italians The people of Genoua grewe iealous that D. Iohn meant to seize vpon their citie but he according to the order he had from his brother hauing conferred with Prince Doria and the gouernour of Milan at Spetie they concluded onely that there should be all meanes attempted to quiet that citie and if the people should continue in their obstinacie the faction of the Old should haue leaue to recouer their countrie with their auncient rights and dignities and the rather for that they offered to make warre at their owne charge requiring nothing of his Maiestie but Dorias person and the gallies wherewith hee serued the king The Emperour and the French king sent their Embassadours to pacifie this tumult but they could not effect any thing especially he of France whom for that they would not breed a iealousie in the king of Spaine they dismist with good words They without the citie finding by the treatie that there was no hope of any pacification were readie to goe to armes when as Charles Borgia Duke of Gandie arriued but hoping that his authority and the priuat instructions of the catholike king would preuaile much they staied but yet the mischiefe could not be thus cured Soone after the Secretarie Escouedo hauing beene sent by D. Iohn returned from Spaine who brought order from the king that all the resolution of that businesse for that which concerned his Maiestie was referred to D. Iohn who was then at Naples whither
death of the king of Spaine after whom followed a troupe of courteors on horsebacke then two other companies of horse sent from the Pope to receiue the Queene followed by such as serued the Cardinals and other noblemen After whom came a great number of gentlemen and noblemen verie gallantly appointed Such as carried maces of siluer which is the marke of a Cardinall being mounted vpon mules with solemne ornaments marcht before the companie of Cardinals who were attired in violet which is their accustomed habit to mourne in The Queene went betwixt the two Cardinals Sforce and Montalto hauing her Dutch gards about her and her mother with the Archduke Albertus following her After whom followed the great Constable gouernour of Milan the duke of Aumale the prince of Orange the earles of Egmont Gand Barlamont and Ligny with many other lords and ladies of great state and a great number of carroches and coaches full of ladies and gentwolemen In this order they came to the Emperours embassadours lodging passing vnder many triumphant Arches that were set vp in euerie street The king of Spaines spouse being come vnto the palace Entrie of the Queene of Spaine into the Popes Palace shee mounted vp betwixt two images of the two Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul princes of the Church which were set at the staires foot and then she retired her selfe into a chamber joyning vnto the which was the sacred Consistorie where the Pope was set in his Pontificall throne with his whole colledge of Cardinals where she stayed vntill the Oration was ended which was pronounced by Bernardin Lescot of Milan in prayse of the house of Austria and of the happie arriuall of the said future Queene After which she with her mother and the Archduke were brought in and suffered to kisse his Holinesse feet who receiued them graciously and gaue them his blessing After which the said future Queene was conducted to her cabinet which was prepared for her after a royall maner The next day hauing assisted at a Masse which the Pope himselfe did say the Queene her mother and the Archduke were feasted at the Popes owne table But the Sunday being the fifteenth of Nouember was the day appointed for the celebration of the mariage at which time they all left off their mourning weeds which they had worne for the death of the king of Spaine Mariage of the King of Spaine and put on their nuptiall robes where both princes and princesses and the whole Court shewed themselues so rich and sumptuous euerie one seeking to note his familie by the inuention of his liueries as the like had neuer been seene in Ferrara On the day appointed for this great ceremonie the Pope went before to the Cathedrall church being set in his throne with his Pontificall robes and diadem readie to say Masse The Queen being attired all in white after a royall manner and glistering with pearles and pretious stones of inestimable value being followed by her mother the Archduke and all the princes noblemen and ladies was so conducted as a bride vnto the same church by the Cardinals of Santiquatro and Farnese the which glistered being hung with cloth of siluer The Queene being set in a throne of cloth of gold vnder a cloth of Estate of the same and her mother with her the Archduke being also set in one of the same the Pope began the Masse After the Canticle had beene song the Queene was conducted neere vnto the Pope by the said Cardinals with her mother and a great troupe of ladies and in like manner the Archduke approached being followed by the princes and noblemen The king of Spaines procuration directed to the Archduke being read the Pope did consummate the mariage betwixt Philip the third king of Spaine in the person of Albert his vncle deputed by him to that end and appearing in his name on the one part and Queene Margâ—erite being present on the other She being conducted backe vnto the throne there was an acclamation of all the princes congratulating the mariage with wishes of all happinesse The Archduke staied still before the Pope 1599 vntill that the duke of Sessa came with the like procuration from the Infanta D. Isabella Clara Eugenia 〈…〉 which commission being read the said Infanta was maried by her Proctor to the Archduke Albert by the Popes hands Masse being ended the Pope caused the maried queene to approach neere the altar to whom he presented a consecrated rose all of gold the which his Holinesse doth commonly giue to queenes and princesses as a sword and a hat hath beene vsually sent by Popes to the chiefe princes of Christendome After which all the citie of Ferrara was full of feasts and joy for the solemnization of this mariage All places streets waies and houses both publike and priuat did ring with acclamations of joy the citie was full of maskes and dauncings and there was nothing omitted that might in any sort giue delight and contentment Hauing passed those few dayes which they remained at Ferrara in great joy and feasting they made preparation to goe to Mantoua The duke attended them at Rouere hauing sent foure companies of men at armes before who conducted the queene to Gouberne which is a castle situated vpon the riuer of Mince The queene of Spaines entrie into Mantoua there the queene going into the Bucentaure which was a verie stately gallie she was carried downe the riuer within a mile of Mantoua where landing she was entertained by the princes and then entred the citie in a Carrosse with her mother being honoured with pleasing sights in all places as she past The palace wherein she was to lodge was royally appointed but the Sunday after her arriuall there was a tragicall commedie represented vnto her beyond all admiration The duke of Mantoua entertained the queene so royally as besides the rich presents which he gaue he defraied 5000 foot and 4000 horse for the space of nine daies together The queene Entrie into Milan her mother and the Archduke going from Mantoua past by Cremona to Milan It were tedious to make repetitions of all the honours that were there done vnto the queene And for that Milan is now held by the king of Spaine they resolued to stay there and to attend the kings good pleasure being vnfit to passe into Spaine during the Winter season where the duke of Sauoy came to visit the queene with a gallant traine The greatest Monarches of the world are forced to giue time to time and to refer vnto it the accomplishment of their desires Their power be it neuer so absolute cannot make the seasons subiect to their wils neither aduance nor keepe them backe according to the commoditie of their designes If this could haue beene effected the queene of Spaine had not staied so long in Italie Queene of Spaine imbarks for Spaine the desire she had to see the king D. Philip 3 would haue giuen her wings to flie from
Inuention of Saint Iames Sepulcher 179 Indiscretion of D. Guttiere Fernandes 308 Interest of the French king to the crowne of Castile 352 Inhabitants of Pampelona refuse to doe homage to the king of Castile 387 Iniustice of D. Pedro king of Arragon to his brother 419 Insolencies of the French in Sicile ibid. Inuasion of Castile by the king of Granado 442 Integrity of D. Iohn Ramires of Areillan 573 Integrity of Leonora Queene of Castile 601 Intercession for D. Henry Infant of Arragon 684 Infants of Arragon loose all their land in Castile 704 Insolencies of the Constable of Castile made knowne vnto the king 716 Insolency of the commons punished 725 Ingratitude of Pope Calixtus 755 Insolency of the confederats in Castile against the Popes Legat. 800 Insolency of the Master of Saint Iames. 829 Inquisition in Spaine against Iewes and Moores and the fruits thereof 870 Integrity of king Fernand and Queene Isabel. 899 Inquisition in Arragon 927 Iniury don to the kings Receiuers 931 Indians gentle and tractable 946 Inuectiue made by the Constable Velasco against Cardinal Ximenes 926 Intreaty of the Infant D. Fernand to Cardinal Ximenes 954 Insolency against the kings Officers 961 Inigo of Loycla and his family 962 Inquisition of Spaine attempted at Mylan 1111 Inquisition reiected by the Arragonois 1120 Inquisitors what they be ibid. Imprisonment of the Prince of Spaine 1130 Inquisitors sharpe persecutors of Prince Charles 1134. they are chiefe of the councel of Spaine 1135 Insolency of the Spanish soldiers in Granado 1141 Insolency of the Spaniards makes the Moores reuolt 1149 Ioseph king of Granado poisoned 655 Ioane Queene of Nauar punished by the hand of God 764 Ioane Queene of Castile deliuered of a daughter vnlawfully begotten 767 Ioane Infanta of Castile newly borne declared heire of the realme 768 Ioane borne in Adultery the subiect of all the troubles in Castile 778. she is made sure to the king of Portugal 850 Ioane wife to the Archduke Philip heire to Castile and Arragon 963. toucht in her sences 882 D. Iohn of Austria opposite to Prince Charles 1134 he comes to Granado against the Moores 1146. his speech to the army at Lepanto 1168 Irone a chast Virgin 148 Saint Iren taken from the Moores 297 Ismael king of Granado slaine by his subiects 471 Isabel Queene of Castile fauors the Lords against the Constable 743 Isabella sister to king Henry reiects the title of Queene of Castile 805. shee procures a peace in Castile ibid. she is declared heire of the realme 806. she marries with Fernand of Arragon 817. her magnanimity 852. shee is sworne heire to the crowne of Castile 860. she is carefull to doe Iustice 867. she poursueth the rebels in Estremadura 875 Iulian an Earle brings the Moores into Spaine 153 Iudges chosen in Castile 196 Iustice and treasor the chiefe members of an Estate 846 Iustice established in Galicia 884 Iudgement of the Inquisitors against the Prince of Spaine 1131 D. Iohn affects to bee king of Tunes 1174. hee is made gouernor of the Netherlands 1180. he aspires to the crown of Eng. ibid. his death 1181 K KIngs of Spaine at the first what they were 7 Kingdomes erected in Spaine by the Arabians and Christians 24 1. Kings in the battaile whereas Attila was defeated 134 1. King forced by his children to leaue his crowne 191 1. King dispossest becomes his sons Lieutenant ibi 2 Knights of the Lilly in Nauar. 235 1. Kings of Spaine doe not acknowledge the Emperor 240 2. Knights Christians in pay with the Moores 247 1. Kings of Castile and Arragon spoile the heire of Nauar of his kingdome 249 2. Knights of Calatraua first instituted 304 1. Kings of Leon and Castile in quarrel 321 1. Kings of Nauar and Leon inuade Castile 330 1. King of Castile inuades Nauar. 335 1. King of Castile being young deliuered into the hands of them of Lara 350 1. King of Leon enters Castile with an army against his owne sonne 354 1. King of Seuile a Moore tributary to the king of Castile 363 1. King of Arragon asketh pardon of the Pope 370 1. King of Nauar confesseth himselfe vassal to him of Castile 387 1. Kings of Moores dispossest and chased out of Spaine 388 1. Kingdome of Tremissen 408 1. King of Maroc passeth into Spaine 409 King of Maiorca dispossest by his brother 422 King of Arragon set the Infants of Cerde at liberty 434 King of Granado deposed 455 King of Arragon makes warre against the Moores of Affrike 482 King of Castile inuades Portugal with an army 505 Knights in Castile executed 553 King of Nauarre sends for his wife 643 King of Castile beseeged by his own subiects 683 King of Nauarres lands in Castile for feited and giuen away 696 King of Arragon defeated and taken prisoner at sea by the Geneuois 709 Kings of Castile and Nauarre visit the Constable 724 King of Castile puts the Constable to death more through base feare then for the loue of Iustice. 745 King of Nauarre and the Lords pacified and reconciled to the new king of Castile 750 King of Castile contemned of his subiects 753 King of Castile makes warre against Nauarre 766 King of Castile reproched with the adulterat birth of his supposed daughter 781 King of Portugal abandons Zamorra 854 his base courage 864. he despaires 865 King of Manicongo becomes a Christian. 950 Kings of France and Arragon diuide the realme of Naples and dispossesse Frederic 966 King of Nauar and his wife in factions 885 King of Tremessen defeated by the Spaniards 1009 King of Tunes taken by his sonne 1010 King of Tunes expelled by Vluccialy 1160 King of Fez defeated by the Xeriffes 1185 King of Fez and Marocat warre 1187 King of Fez defeated and taken 1188. he is set at liberty ibid. Kings of Maroc electiue 1195 L LAnguage of the Spaniards at this day 30 Lauron taken by Sertorius in the view of Pompey 110 Lawes of king Sisebuth 146 Law made by the Gothes not to marry the kings widow 151 Law of defying a towne 246 Laurence Suarez betraies king Aben Hut who had entertained him in his exile 371 Lands called Beetries in Biscay c. 533 Lands of the crowne giuen in recompence of seruice 622 Lands confiscated being giuen away hinder the peace 715 Lamentation of Isabella of Castile 942 Landgraue of Hessen feared by the Emperour 1116 Lebrissa and the beginning 8 Leon taken by the Christians 171 League of Christian Princes and Moores in Spain against the French 181 Leon the Christians chiefe city taken by the Arabians 213 League betwixt the king of Castile and Prince of Arragon against Nauar. 289 Leira taken by the Moores 292 League against Nauar. 320 League against Castile made by Arragon Leon and Portugal 327 League betwixt the king of Arragon and the widow Queene of Nauarre 385 Lewis the French king quits his right to Castile 395 League and marriage betwixt Nauar and Arragon 491 Leonora de Guzman mistresse to the king
arriued at Gelbes with some ships and Spanish souldiers the which hee ioyned to the army of D. Pedro Nauarro D. Garcia was eldest sonne to D. Frederic of Toledo duke of Alua a gallant knight but vnfortunate in this expedition for hauing landed in that countrie with his troopes D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo slaine by the Arabians hee was fought with all vanquished and slaine vpon the place by the Arabians and could not bee relieued by the earles army which was at sea his men before they came to fight with the enemy being almost dead with thirst which they had endured in that drie and barren countrie Some did taxe the earle D. Pedro Nauarro for this rout of D. Gancia saying that hee would not succour him as he might being discontented and iealous of his comming in qualitie of generall of that lamentable enterprise 21 At the west Indies Diego of Nicuesa had not much better successe in his Colonie of Nombre de Dios Behauiour of the Spaniards at the West Indies Seditions among them which was built vpon the firme land Those also that were in the Colonie of the Antique of Darien were also in mutinies seditions among themselues raised by a great souldier but verie mutinous called Vasco Nugnes of Balboa borne at Badajos who had incensed some of the people against the bacheler Martin Hernandes of Enciso who was appointed gouernour in that place by the king but the Bachelers Letters were vnfortunately lost whenas hauing caused Francisco Picaro and the companions of Hoieda to returne with him the ship wherein hee was was cast away at his comming to Vraba wherefore Vasco Nugnes hauing quarreled with him saying that such charges did not belong to Bachelers and hee opposing to the contrarie that he had receiued it froÌ„ the king he could not shew it so as there was great long contention betwixt them vntil the comming of Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares with two carauels laden with victuals and prouisions and 70 men who went from the port of Beata of S. Domingo to seeke out Hoiedas companions He being come to a place called Garia had landed with fifty Spaniards to fetch water but they were instantly charged by a great number of Indian archers who slue 47 and tooke the rest aliue and then they eate them all whereupon Roderigo dislodging he entred into the gulph of Vraba where he found some steps and marks of the Spaniards landing wherefore he shot off certain peeces of ordenance and made a great smoake to giue aduertisment that he was on shoare to end that if there were any Spaniards they should answere him Those of the Antique of Darien perceiuing the smoake and hearing the shot made answere in like maner wherefore Colmenares directed his course that way 1510 where he was receiued with great ioy The Spaniards were relieued by him of their miseries pouertie for had he not arriued they had been cut in peeces or perished for hunger Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares labored in such sort as he did pacifie these mutines of the Antique of Darien making them al consent except Vasco Nugnes of Balboa and the Bacheler Martin Hernandes of Enciso who were the heads of the factions that the superintendency authority should bee giuen to Diego Nicuesa as to him who had order from the king to coÌ„mand And then Colmenares set saile towards the fort of Nombre de Dios with one ship a brigaÌ„tin hauing found Diego Nicuesa there poor he did coÌ„fort him with good news of his election so as after much discourse of his misfortunes he imbarked him 60 with of his companions to carry him to the Antique of Darien Arrogancy of Nicuesa makes him lose the gouernment of the fâ—rme land at the Indies but Nicuesa being an indiscreet man ful of arrogancy he began in his voyage to braue threaten them which had not yet receiued him for their magistrate saying he would teach Balboa and Enciso the authors of these factions to hazard the affairs of the king their master by their diuisioÌ„s that he would punish them seuerely and put others in their places that he would take away their gold doe many other wonders which words proceeding as from a mad man displeased Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares and others of his company who failed not to make report therof to them of the Antique yea to the 2 heads of the factions who receiued Nicuesa with 1000 scoffes iniuries making him to take another course with his 60 companions This wretch directing his voyage to the Iland of Hispaniola with an intent to accuse the bacheler Enciso Vasco Nugnes of Balboa before the admiral D. Diego Colombus eldest sonne to Christopher Columbus then lieutenant general or viceroy in those countries in the place of the commander Nicholas of OuaÌ„to he perished at sea with all his coÌ„pany The dissention betwixt Enciso Balboa coÌ„tinuing Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares did adhere to Vasco Nugnes of Balboa who shewed himself so proud rash as he not only atteÌ„pted to put the bacheler Martin into prison to confiscate his goods but if some had not staied him he was resolued to do him a publike shame which he himselfe did better deserue The yere 1511 being come 1511 in the which king Ferdinand after the assembly of MoÌ„son being returned to Madrid grieuing for the death of D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo and of his men at Gelbes he caused a great fleet to be made ready in the ports of Malaga Gibaltar Calis being resolued to go in person into Afrike to make war against the Infidels from the which he was diuerted by the intreaties of the estates of his realms shewing him the inconueniences which were to be feared if his person should miscarie beseeching him to giue the charge of that war to his captains The hatred betwixt the Pope and French king was very great the Pope did besiege MiraÌ„dola with such vehemency being himself at the siege in person against the aduice of the colledge the dignity of his papal estate that he took it and hauing put 500 Spaniards 300 ItaliaÌ„s there in garrison he took the way to Bolonia the princes seeking to quench this fire by all good means yea the king D. Ferdinand by his embassadors D. Ierosme Vich of ValeÌ„cia in the court of Rome D. Pedro of Vrrea in that of the emperor whom he desired to reconcile with the Venetians hoping that the French king would afterwards yeeld vnto it intreating them all to giue him this coÌ„tentment to see Christendom at peace that he might with more liberty atteÌ„d the war of Africke an enterprise which by reason should please and be fauoured by all Christian Princes but he labored particularly to diuert the emperour from proceeding to an assembly or conuocation of the Prelates of Germany King Ferdinand opposeth against the calling of a Councell concerning a Councell the which hee did