and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles
the sixt is learned that in the same Cyrcle as by the subiect is both the length of the whole earth and perticular places standing in diuers parts of the earth considered and measured For according to the exact doctrine of the sphericall tryangles the longitude or length of places and the difference of longitudes is alwaies the Equinoctiall Arke and not any Parallell By it also the declination of any degrée of the Zodiacke is knowne which being had in any day at noone the sun then shining cleare forth the Northerly latitude or eleuation of the Pole of any Towne may artificially be knowne It is besides the measure of time in that a naturall day is perfourmed by one whole returne of the Equinoctiall with an adition or inerease to that parte of the Ecclipticke which the sun in the meane whiles accomplisheth by his proper motion against the motion of the first mouer 7 By the seuenth it much auaileth and helpeth the doctrine of astrology in that by the guide and leading of the same are the beginnings of the twelue houses of heauen found when astrologiall figures are erected and fashioned to prognosticate or iudge by which can neuer so perfectly be searched and found without the Equatoure and this through the vnlike motion and ascention of the parts or signes of the Zodiacke By it also are all Townes according to their longitude and latitude easily placed and found in the earthly Globe so that by it a man may readily know which Townes are Northerly and which Southerly It hath besides a most great vse in Geography vnto finding the distances of places and vnto placing of Cities in the earthly globe in hauing the true longitude and latitude of them 8 The eight instruction that by it a man may attaine the knowledge of all the celestiall Parallell cyrcles and the earthly Zones lying vnder them As by this example the Parallel streached along by Rodes cannot otherwise be knowne but by his distance from the Equinoctial as by his principall fore noted Parallell which a man may learne and know to bée from the Equatoure toward the North 36. degrées The same knowledge may aptly be had of all the other Parallell cyrcles rightly knowne so that none otherwise can bee prompt and saillfull in Geographicall matters Cleonedes affirmeth prima Meteor that it afterwards behoueth to know how to discribe each turning about of the fixed stars with the first mouer about his Center cyrcle as that all the Parallell cyrcles are knowne Séeing among those cyrcles the Equinoctiall is greatest and those Parallell cyrcles least which are drawne about the Poles of the worlde euen the like are those the greater cyrcles according to proportion from them which are described vnto the Equinoctiall 9 The niuth sheweth that no description of the earth although in platefourme can bee expressed neither by straight nor crooked lines without the knowledge of the Equatoure 10 By the tenth appeareth what commodity of the same hath and serueth in the iudging of genitures is here by silence ouerpassed séeing with breuity it cannot bée vttered The description names and offices of the Zodiacke and Ecclipticke line or way of the Sunne AFter the ancient Astronomers had deuided heauen into twoe equall halfes by the Equinoctiall and diligently obserued and noted the thwart drawing and standing of the Zodiacke and a like forme of a larger Zone the diuers courses motions and wandrings both of the sun moone and other Planets which being drawne about with the first moouer kept no equall spaces in them selues agréeing to the first moouer nor a like distaunt in their motions from the Equatoure but that whiles they were dayly drawn by a contrary motion of the first moouer into the East they in the meane time wandered one whiles into the North and anotherwhiles into the South vnto a certaine elongation and distiance and so returned vnto that cyrcle They abserued also that the Planets kept alwaies one maner of iourney and way and that way cutting or cressing heauen and the Equinoctiall by a thwart manner the same of these they named the Zodiacke This cyrcle of the 12 signes commonly called the Zodiacke which also is a greater cyrcle and thwart lying hauing a latitude moueable vnto the motion of the sphere to which it fasteneth and euery where is a like vnder which the Planettes by a continuall motion are drawne and run This cyrcle also doe the Latines name thwart through the thwart standing of it for the Equatour doth compasse the sphere of the worlde by the iust middle space betwéen either Pole but the Zodiacke is thwartly drawn both to the sphere of the worlde and to the Equatoure so that in some partes it is nearer to the Poles of the same and in some parts further distance from it It is crossed also of the Equatoure into two eqnall halfe cyrcles of which the one is called the Boreall or Northerly halfe cyrcle and the other the Meridionall or Southerly halfe cyrcle therefore by the continuall turning of heauen drawne about vnto any right and thwart Horizont inclined according to the thwart Angles it doeth both chaunge and varie those Angles by the continuall motion and turning about For to certaine Arks it figureth and formeth righter and to certaine others thwarter Angels through that diuers inclination vnto the Horizont which ensueth after the standing of it And the diuersitie of the inclination of it vnto the Horizont doth also cause a varietie in the motion For those doe slower arise which make right Angles with the Horizont and those are sooner drawne vp and appeare which doe cause thwart Angles In the thwart Sphere with that thwartnesse of the Sphere and the Angles which the Horizont and Zodiack performe is the thwartnesse encreased What the names are of this Circle _1 THis Cyrcle is named the Zodiacke of this Gréeke worde zoes that is in English Life in that it is the path or the comming and going of the sun which is called the author of life causer of generations as Aristotle writeth Or of the Gréeke name zódion which in English is the figures of Beastes with the which this cyrcle is imagined to be formed by the concourse of stars 2 This Cyrcle is named thwart or bowing in that it crosseth thwartly the Equinoctiall and first moouer and doth appeare thwart in respect of the Poles of the worlde from which it is not equally distant Or for that it maketh not right but thwart Angles with the Equinoctiall and Colures or Tropickes Or for that it doeth not regularly ascend and discend according to his partes like as the Equinoctiall doth but that certaine parts or signes of the same doe righter and slower and certaine thwarter and swifter arise in either Sphere But the Zodiacke is not named thwart compared vnto the proper Poles séeing from them it is equidistant according to each parte as the Equinoctiall from the Poles of the world Yet compared vnto the Poles of the world in that the
is the arke of the meridian from the Horizont vnto the Pole raysed on high from the plaine of the Horizont The latitude of a place is the arke of the same meridian placed betweene the equinoctiall and verticiall point To conclude the latitude of a place and eleuation of the pole do not differ in the magnitude or largenes but in standing onely By the former figure appeareth that the Arke of the longitude of places or citties known is forthwith offered at the first sight as the arke E. P. or P. O. or O. N. c. And séeing the equatour being in compasse about 360. degrées doeth wholy ascend in 24. houres aboue the Horizont regularly of this it commeth to passe whiles in ech houre 15. degrées of the equatour doe ascend that through the longitude of cities it is easily knowne the hourely distance of one place vnto an other séeing the sun commeth later to the meridian to them which are nearer to the East then to them in the West whereof if a citty shall be situated in L. and an other in K. the arke L. K. shall be of 30. degrées then shall the sun come sooner vnto the Easterlier meridian K. by two houres then vnto the Westerly But if one citty shall bee in P. and the other in Z. then in latitude onely shall they differ and shall be vnder one meridian which is declared in the last part of the description of the meridian What the offices and vtilities of the Meridiane are 1 THe vtilities and vses of this circle are many of which the first is that it distinguisheth the dayes and nightes into vnequal spaces it determineth the forenoone time or morning and the after noone or euening time of the artificiall day the like of the night into houres which are before night and those which follow vnto morning Many of the astronomers accompt their beginning of the naturall day from this cyrcle It doth besides represent without the equinâ—â—tiall the Horizont of the right sphere and in euery habitude of the sphere it doeth represent the right Horizont and sheweth the points of the midday and midnight 2 This cyrcle in the thwart sphere giueth and suprlyeth the office of the right Horizont for to euery thwart Horizont it leaueth or stayeth at right angles So that the astronomer maketh or accompteth not his day from the rising or setting of the sun through the thwartnesse of the Horizont which causeth the variety notable difference of the inclination of the Zodiacke vnto the horizont of the angles and largenesse of the rising But they begin to accompt from noone or midnight the sun then occupying the Meridian through the Sunne which congruence all the meridianes haue with the right horizont And that a lesser variety of the inclination of the Zodiacke hapneth vnto the meridiane and angles which it maketh with the meridiane Also in this cyrcle is the Zenith or direct point noted from which the distances of the stars and Parallel cyrcles are gathered 4 In the meridianes as in the subiect the distances of the stars from the equatoure the latitudes of places and the eleuations of the Pole are accompted For the studious and skillfull practisioners obserue the latitudes of places and the eleuations of the pole not to differ in the quantity but in the standing onely For the eleuation of the pole is the arke of the meridiane from the horizont raised vnto the pole The latitude of the place is the arke of the same meridian contained betwéen the equatour and verticiall point so that it is manifest that these arks differing in the standing doe agrée in magnitude whose verticiall points one meridiane containeth but not one Parallell by an equall space from the west be vnequall distant from the equatour and are then said to differ in the latitude only Contrariwise to whose tops one and the same Parallell and not one meridian but each place proper those by like spaces from the equatour be distant by vnlike spaces from the fortunate Iles and are said to differ in the longitude onely So that in both they are saide to differ to whome the Parallell only serueth and they to whome the proper meridiane serueth for they haue their spaces vnequall to either bound Therfore the difference of latitude is the arke of the meridiane contained betwéene the Parallelles of the two places distant from the equatour The quantity of the same is thus knowne if from the halfe Equatour toward either pole of the places standing the lesser latitude of the nearer bee abated from the greater latitude more further off if from the halfe equatour the places be deuided vnder that the one half leaneth into the North and the other into the South by the latitudes of both ioyned whether one or both ly vnder one meridian or diuers meridians For it forceth not in the meridian of both that the latitudes bee ioyned togither séeing all meridians are alike in the sphere The difference of the longitude is the arke of the equinoctiall or Parallell inclosed betwéene the meridianes of the twoe places distaunt from the fortunate Iles and in themselues by which the longitude of one place excéedeth the longitude of another The same longitude is the arcke of the equinoctial séeing the places be vnder the equatour For in the only longitude the places the common Parallelles and tops of both bended doe differ in that the Parallelles from the equatour toward the opposite quarters of the equall Parallelles as places to which they be right ouer doe likewise differ The meridians as is afore declared are the greatest cyrcles of the sphere of the worlde bended by the verticiall points of all places but drawn to the equatoure as by the Poles of which they passe vnto right angles and by a mutuall consent make angles in the Poles of the world which the arks of the equatour being placed betwéene those meridians are measured that by so much as a quarter of the cyrcle they bee distant from them euen so the equatoure from his Poles is on either part distant by a quarter of the greatest cyrcle Those arks doe containe the difference of longitude by which one of the meridianes is further distant into the East then the other so that the angles vnto the Poles betwéene the meridianes are rightly named the angles of the difference of longitude and by the arks of the equatour those also come into knowledge for there is a mutuall relation betweene the angles and arkes each one of them towards another which doe measure the angles The latitude of places is the distance of the verticiall points from the equatour gathered in the meridian If then from the whole quarters of the meridians which to the equatoure and Pole of the world toward which the places decline the equall arkes bee stretched to the latitudes then the seates of the places giuen or the verticiall points of them shall be found And the other arks from these points vnto the Pole
which by a mutuall section doe make an angle the complements of the latitudes be known by the degrées abated from 90. in the degrées of the latitudes Further by the suns meridian had and found you may easily conceiue the eleuation of the pole and habitude of the sphere For the whole quarter is of 90. degrées Séeing the suns meridian altitude in the equinoctiall must be subtracted from 90. degrées the rest shew the eleuation of the Pole As for example the suns meridian altitude of Viteberge in Germanie in the time of the equinoctiall is of 38. degrées and 10. minutes the rest of the degrées of the quarter shall appeare to bee 51. degrées and 50. minutes which eleuation of the pole neer agréeth to London So that by so many degrées is the Pole there eleuated aboue the Horizont And as the quadrant is from the pole vnto the equinoctial euen so is the quadrant from the Zenith vnto the Horizont If therefore in the time of the Equinoctiall the distance of the Horizont vnto the suns altitude be of 38. degrées and 10. minutes which is not the halfe part of the quarter the same yet being subtracted frō the whole quarter doeth shew that the rest shall bee more then halfe part of the quarter that is 51. degrées and 51. minutes For those spaces which are from the pole vnto the Equinoctiall and from the Zenith vnto the Horizont are alike what the distance of the Zenith is from the equinoctiall the same likewise is the Horizont vnto the Pole that is the latitude of the place is equall to the eleuation of the pole To declare that the latitude of a place is equall to the eleuation of the pole these foure propositions are to be conceiued First the quarters of one and the same cyrcle any where taken are equall one to the other Secondly the poles by the quarter that is 90. degrées bee distant from their cyrcle Thirdly the Zenith is the pole of the Horizont Fourthly and last the equals abated from the equals the equals still remaine So that two quarters of the meridian taken as that which is from the equinoctiall vnto the pole and that which is from the Zenith vnto the Horizont which séeing they are quarters of one and the same cyrcle therefore are they likewise equall one to the other that is either containeth 90. degrées when frō these two quarters the common arke is abated which is betwéene the Zenith and Pole of the worlde and the rest of the equals remaine as the arke which is from the equinoctiall vnto the Zenith and called the latitude of the place and the arke which is from the Pole of the world vnto the Horizont also called the eleuation of the Pole as may be vnderstanded of the former Viteberge that is of 51. degrées and 50. minutes Yet that you may easilier finde and knowe the eleuation of the Pole of your City or Towne you must first obtaine and haue the suns meridian altitude which workemanly may be had and obserued by the shadow As when the suns altitude in the time of the equinoctiall is precisely of 45. degrees the shadowe then is like to the Gnomone which is at Venice as Plinie writeth also of Milaine and Lions for the sun to them is in the time of the equinoctial in the middle of the quarter But when the suns altitude excéedeth 45. degrées then is the shadow caused lesser as of Rome where the sunnes meridian altitude in the equinoctiall is of 42. degrées and 10. minutes so that the shadowe is there shorter Also Plinie writeth of Rome that the ninth part of the Gnomon in the equinoctiall doth lack of the noone shadow But when the suns altitude is lesser then 45. degrées the shadow of the Gnomon is caused longer The like is with vs through all winter and the time of the equinoctiall for we sée the shadowes of mens bodies to be longer for that the suns altitude in that time is neuer 45. degrées For how much the shadow is longer then the halfe part of the quarter so much the lesser is the suns altitude then 45. degrées As of Viteberge in the 10. day of September the suns meridian altitude is then of 39. degrees and 21. minutes but when the sun is further distant by the 45 degrée of the quarter or by the halfe of the quarter then ensueth that the shadow is so much longer then the Gnomon or 45 degrées For the Noone shadow in the 10. day of September is the like vnto the Gnomon as the 50. degrées and 39. minutes are vnto 45. degrées Heere you sée how by the meridian shadowe you may finde the suns altitude which obtained you shall easily find the altitude or eleuation of the Pole especially in the time of the equinoctiall For the suns altitude then from the whole quarter that is from 90. degrées must be subtracted and the eleuation of the pole shall remaine and appeare to be as is aboue taught Seeing it is somewhat harde to finde the height of the Pole vnto any day prescribed that the same may more easily and surer be attained and founde you shall vse this table here following by the helpe of which you may without great labour finde and know the eleuation of the pole For to procéede and worke by this manner seeke first the suns meridian altitude at the day offered either by an astrolaby or quadrant but rather by the instrument named the quadrant in whose bordure are 90. degrées drown or written expressed by reason of the Gnomon and shadowe vpwarde After séeke the degrée of the Ecclipticke by the Ephemerides which the sun obtaineth at noone of the day offered next by the table folowing take the declination of the degrée founde by meane of the equinoctiall if the sun then shall bee in Northerly signes abate or subtract from the suns altitude afore found but if in Southerly signes then adde vnto the suns altitude The produce or rest is the eleuation of the equinoctiall which abstracted or abated from the whole quarter that is from 90. degrées leaueth sheweth the eleuation of the pole as in the 10. day of September the suns altitude in the twelfe houre or at noone is of 39. degrées and 21. minutes To finde this eleuation of the pole I enter the table following where I finde and sée the 27. degrée of Virgo to haue the declination of one degrée and 11. minutes which degrée and minutes séeing they are in the Northerly part of the worlde are to be subtracted frō the suns altitude that day and the degrées which remaine are 38. and 10. minutes The altitude of the equinoctial that day which subtracted or abated from the whole quarter that is from 90. degrées the eleuation of the pole which remaineth is 51. degrées and 50. minutes This Table of the Suns declinations containeth the number of the degrees of the Zodiacke increasing in descending on the left hand and increasing by ascending on the right
and Orchades that be into the North and East which is distant from the furthest bound of Scotland but thrée dayes sayling if prosperous windes bée their helpe At this day men haue found beyond Thylen but somwhat into the East and most large bounds stretched and found beyond the articke or Northerly cyrcle these are whole without breaking of any sea betwéene and containe Suetia Norway Iseland Grunland and Lapeland The kingdome of Suetia appeareth most large and containeth sundry nations and people among which they are of most account the East and West Gutland people inhabiting neare to Norway And vnder the King of Suetia are the Lapeland people as the Finelapons and Dikilapons where are a wild and fierce people dwelling almost vnder the pole articke especially the Lapeland people to whome the sun neuer setteth in the summer for 40. dayes space Aboue these inhabit a people of a cubite long or high hauing small and crooked bodies named of some Pigmalions that liue vnder a very darke and bitter cold ayre or sky And aboue Scania néere to the West boundes of Suetia doeth Norway stretch into the North whose vttermost limit extendeth vnto the 71. degrée almost of the Northerly latitude Aboue this is the country named Iseland by reason of the frozen waters and sea where throughout the yeare it so bitterly fréezeth that through the ycie seas there thicke frozen it permitteth no ships to come vnto thē except in the thrée hottest months of the yeare It aboundeth with brimstone and burneth in many places through the sulphure brimstone veines Plinie writeth that the Occean sea in North is very large which in these our dayes is well knowne This also was learned of certaine skillfull sailers which inhabited and very much had traualed this coast that they knew not the limits or bounds of this sea toward the North but supposed that this sea did compasse the whole earth By this sea dwell many and mighty people as the Danes the Swedens Norwaies Gotelandes Finelands Russians and Pruchenians and vnder the pole artick the Laplands The reason why in these places such force of moysture aboundeth is for that a dayly and continuall cold of these places gathereth and thickneth the ayre and by a continual working resolueth into water For when the ayre is not throughly purged by the suns beames then the weaknes of them and far distance of the sun from these places must of necessity bee continually thicke and darke which afterwardes yéeldeth and giueth plentifull floodes by deawes and raines Albert mag in his booke de natura loci and 8. chapter assigneth a witty and laudable reason why the Northerly be inhabitable The cause he setteth downe in that sundry skillfull Mariners affirme that haue many times sailed into the Northerly partes of the Ocean sea that in those places is a continuall darknesse which when men sawe they returned for feare supposing nay rather doubting that none coulde saile any further in that quarter of the worlde through the darknesse and thicke mist which hindreth the direction of their iourney So that the nature of those places cannot bee sufficiently knowne to vs séeing no man as the learned report hath attempted thither through extremitie of colde their bearing sway And for that excéeding cold is a mortifying quality therefore a man may coniecture that few liuing creatures and beasts can there liue c. Yet the part of the Northerly Occean vnto the Easterly side is sufficiently knowne to many trauailers Although the vttermost boundes of the earth are not wholy knowne yet the nearest aprroaching to them shall here bee applied as the longitude of the earth distaunt betwéene Peru the Realme of America and Cathaya to expresse 315. degrées or if any minde to accompt the longitude from the fortunate Iles they may by a whole cyrcle containe them euen as the whole Orbe about in a maner doth partly giue place to the water and are partly dwellings for men beasts and other liuing creatures although some places of the earth bee more inhabited then others But as touching the latitude if towarde the North in the country of Lapous the south toward the vtmost coast of America shal end seing y ◠vtmost distance of the earth hath very litle béene noted of this shall small errour be caused If two places offered or giuen be placed vnder the Equatour of which the space is sought then the arke of the difference of latitude is the same with the arke of the distance neither doth the verticiall cyrcle differ from the Equatour For the equatour of either place doeth containe the verticiall points as may appeare in this tryangle noted with A. B. C. Of which if 15. germain miles be wrought into parts of the difference of longitude and any scruples after remaine deuide those by 4. For by so many minutes of a degrée doth a Germain mile answere that the distance shall make As Ptholomie writeth of the places vnder the Equatour The high lande or mountaine of the Satyres in the country of Syna whose longitude is of 175 degrées and no minutes nor hath any latitude Myrica an Ile of Ethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 85. degrées the angle of the difference of longitude betwéene the meridians of these places is straight or right and containeth a whole quarter or 60. degrées The like are these places standing vnder the equatour Colipolis a citty of India beyond the riuer Ganges which hath the longitude 194. degrées and 20. minutes Essina the greate Mart-towne of Aethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 70. degrées and 3. minutes The angle of the differēce of longitude which the meridians of these compasse is blunte and containeth 94. degrées and 17. minutes Againe the same or the like meridians containe and make a sharpe angle of 43 degrées as of the citty Nubarta of Taprobane which at this day is Sumatra and Colipolis of Inde beyond or aboue Ganges for it is distant from the west 122. degrées and 20. minutes and this containeth 164. degrées and 20. minutes If two places be giuen the one standing vnder the Equatour and the other distant toward any other quarter from it The first that the angle of the difference of longitude is straight to these here placed In that if two places giuen the one shall be vnder the equatoure but the other distant from the same toward some quarter thē must the angle of the difference of longitude bee considered If the same shal be right then shal the distance of either place be the quadrant of the greatest cyrcle As in this tryangle A. B. C. where the letter A. representeth the Pole of the equatour and the places giuen that the one be standing in the point B. vnder the equatour and the arke A. B. be the quadrant and that the other consisteth in the letter C. the angle then of the difference of longitude being C. A. B. is right By Regio a montano de trangulis appeareth
that C. B. the ark of the distance of places which reacheth out right is a quarter of the greatest cyrcle Wherefore if the degrées bee multiplied by 15. and the minutes deuided by 4. the distance then shal be knowne As for example Nubarta of Taprobone hath the longitude 121. degrées and 20. minutes but no latitude the city Pyse of the Tuscanes in Italie hath the longitude 31. degrées and 20. minutes almost the latitude of 42. degrées and 11. minutes then the angle of the difference of longitude is right for the difference is of 90. degrées or a whole quadrant These then multiplied by 15. do procreate or bring forth the distance to be of 13 50. Germaine miles Essina a Mart-towne or principal â—itty of Aethiope vnder the gouernment of Aegipt hath the longitude of 70. degrées and 3. minutes but it hath no latitude The Ile of Tyrus hath the longitude of 67. degrées and no minutes the latitude of 33. degrées and 20. minutes The difference of longitude betweene the one and the other is of 3. degrées and 3. minutes The complement of the difference of longitude is of 86. degrées and 57. minutes of the latitude of the place not standing vnder the equatour the complement is 56. degrées and 40. minutes The royall citty Colipolis of Inde aboue the riuer Ganges hath the longitude of 164. degrées and 20. minutes but no latitude knowne The longitude of Tyrus is of 67. degrées and no minutes the latitude hath 33 degrées 20. minutes The difference of longitude greater then the quadrant is of 97. degrées and 20. minutes The quadrant being abated there remaineth 7. degrées and 20. minutes The complement of the latitude of Tyrus is of 56. degrées and 40. minutes If of two places giuen either standeth without the Equatoure toward some one of the opposite quarters and the other vnder the equatoure then is the reason of the standing considered and the angle of the difference of longitude For the one differeth either by like spaces from each bound and is nearer to the Pole the other to the Equatoure The same appeareth by the compared latitudes which like toppes of either place containe the same Parallel the vnlike being distant and the Parallell by a space seperated toward each place doe argue peculiar and proper tops But the angle of the difference of longitude either it is right blunt or sharpe This of the placing and diuersitie of the angles doeth much varie or alter the reason methode of the searching of these If two places giuen haue equall arks of the latitudes and from the middle or halfe of the equatoure bee alike distant and how much so euer the angle of the difference of longitude be as here vnder the difference of longitude is in the first of the example taught yet are the arkes of the latitudes agréeing and equally founde so that in this example appeareth no difference but in the only longitudes of the places offered As for example The longitude of Danske is of 39. degrées and twoe scruples or minutes the latitude of the same hath 54 degrées and 48. minutes The longitude of Lubecke is of 28. degrées and 20. scruples the latitude hath 54. degrées and 48. scruples The difference of longitude consisteth of 10. degrées and 42. minutes The halfe difference is of 5. degrées and 21. scruples The distance on earth betwéene Danske and Lubecke is of 92 Germaine miles and a halfe The great citie Alexandria vnder the Turke after Ptolomie hath the longitude of 122. degrées the latitude of the same is of 41. degrées That famous Toletum or Toledo of Spaine hath a longitude to the same of 10. degrées the latitude of the same is of 41. degrees The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 102. degrées The halfe difference hath 51. degrées The complement of the equall latitudes of either is of 49. degrées The whole distance betwéen both appeareth to containe 1077. Germaine miles and a halfe If of two places giuen the one bee further distant from the equatour then the other and the greatnesse of the complements of either latitude differing as that the arkes of the latitudes be vnequall so that the diuersity of the angle included with the arks of the complements shal varie the methode or reason of the search for that the one giueth and formeth a right angle another a sharpe another a blunt angle yet to these the angle of the difference of longitude is right The example of two places differing alike both in the longitude and latitude here appeareth The citty Tacola which at this day is called Malchaia or Magna a place of much resort of Marchants This from the West hath the longitude of 160. degrées and 30. minutes of latitude from the equatour it is 4. degrées and 15. scruples distant The other city and place in the countrey of Pontus named Trapezus being a head city of Cappadocia and was the auncient seat of the Emperours This hath the longitude of 70. degrées and 30. minutes and the latitude of the same is of 43. degrées and 5. scruples The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 90. degrées The arke of distance betwéene both places is of 87. degrées and 6. minutes to which 1306. a halfe Germaine miles answere If the vnequall arkes of the latitudes and angle of the difference of longitude be lesser then the right it canseth a diuers reason of the search by which the arke of the complement of the greater latitude doth varie thrée waies as it is greater or lesser and as with the arke by the second in quisition surely knowne and beeing ioyned forme either more or lesse a quarter of the cyrcle Or thus that the angle which the vnequall complements of the vnequall latitudes include be sharpe that is and if the arks of the latitudes of either place be vnequall and the difference of longitude bee lesser then the quadrant As in this example more plainer appeareth of twoe places beeing of sundry longitudes That worthie citty Trapezus of Cappadocia whose longitude is of 70. degrées and 30. minutes the latitude 43. degrées and 5. minutes The longitude of that well knowne city of Rome hath 39. degrées and 8. scruples the latitude 41. degrées and 8. minutes The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 33. degrées and 22. minutes Another example not vnlike the former and not much varying from the former as the longitude of Ierusalem which is of 66. degrées and no minutes the latitude of 31. degrées and 40. scruples The longitude of Viteberge being of 30. degrées and 30. minutes the latitude 51. degrées and 50. scruples The difference betwéene the one and the other of longitude is of 35. degrées and 50. scruples If in places vnequally distant from the equatoure the angle of the difference of longitude shalbe blunt by which the difference of longitude shall appeare greater than the quadrant Or thus that
the angle of the difference of longitude be blunt séeing the places are further distant then a whole quarter and thereby causeth a diuers reason and way of serch from the former which semblably the diuers quantity of the complement of the greater latitude doeth thrée manner of waies varie as in the same arke which perfectly knowne by the second is either greater or lesser The example of this appeareth of these two places the noble city Antiochia in Syria which was after caled Seleucia hath the longitude of 106. degrées and no minutes the latitude is of 40. degrées and 40. scruples The other of Toletum whose longitude is of 7. degrées and 4. scruples the latitude hath 37. degrées and 50. minutes The difference of longitude is of 98. degrées and 56. scruples which deducted from the halfe cyrcle or 180. degrées the difference that remaineth vnto the halfe cyrcle is of 81. degrées and 4. minutes The like example not much varying from the former of these two places as the noble city of Portugale named Lysebone whose longitude is of 4. degrées and 18. scruples the latitude hath 39. degrées and 38. scruples The other named Calecute although the latitude differeth hath the longitude of 112. degrées and no minutes the latitude is of 5. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude containeth 107. degrées and 42. scruples more then the quadrant The same deducted from the halfe cyrcle doth expresse the difference remaining vnto the halfe cyrcle to bee of 72. degrées and 18. minutes The complement of the greater latitude is of 50. degrées and 22. scruples The complement of the lesser latitude is of 85. degrées and no scruples Another example of two places distant from the Equatour of which the one is distant from the middle of the Equatour into the North and the other into the South as this example further instructeth the one beeing the Ile of Thilen which in Ptholomies â—â—me was the vttermost bond of the earth knowne Northward that hath the longitude of 33. degrées the latitude Northerly of 63. degrees The other called the Ile of S. Thomas hath the longitude of 27 degrées and 20. minutes the latitude Southerly of 16. degrées The difference of longitude is of 5â— degrées â—nd 40. minutes The complement of the latitude Northerly is of 26. degrées A third example of the difference of other two places as Basâ—a of Taprobane which Ptholomie affirmeth to bee in longitude 126. degrées and in latitude toward the South 6. degrées and 30. scruples The other named Stocholma in the Realme of Suecia hath the longitude of 42. degrées and 38. scruples and the latitude of 60. degrées 30. scruples The complement of the latitude Boreal is 29. degrées and 30. minutes The common way of measuring of places with their spaces by the rules of longitudes and latitudes HEre before I haue somewhat written of sundry habitable places on the earth whose sundry points differ betwéene the one and the other either in the onely longitude or in the onely latitude or in the longitude and latitude both together Those places which do differ in the onely longitude be distant by equal spaces from the equatoure toward either of the Poles of the worlde the verticiall pointes of those places ended by the same Parallell ioyning next the same space betwéene yet each haue their owne proper meridians being not distant by a like space from the Westerly bounde The distance of these is alwaies gathered and noted in the same Parallel which commonly belongeth to either place standing or hanging right ouer the tops of them Those places which doe differ in the onely latitude are standing â—â—der the same meridiane but they haue diuers Parallels â—â—d each proper and those continually distant vnequally either towarde one pole from the middle of the Equatour if either place declineth vnto one and the same quarter or otherwise from the middle of the equatoure seuered and distant into the contrary quarters by equall or vnequall spaces If that one of the places looke into the South and the other into the North the distance of these is alwaies accompted in the common meridian Those places which do differ both in the longitude and latitude togither or both decline towarde one Pole of the world or seperated and distant from the midst of the equatoure towarde the opposite Poles as the one looking into y â— North and the other into the south or els by equal Parallels distant from the equatour of which two onely are in the Sphere If they bee reduced and applied vnto one great cyrcle per 3. secundi Theodosij or els bee vnder by vnequall Parallels and by an vnequall space The difference of the longitude of those which either bee towarde them or toward the Poles equally distant is alway gathered in the middle Parallell betwéen either of the bonds by arithmeticall proportion as afore taught But in those places which haue equall Parallels and equally dastant vnto the opposite quarters the difference of longitude is imagined noted in eithâ—â— of the equall Parallels Therefore the arke hath the distance of the places standing by the next space drawne ouerthwart by the pointes of those places which with the arks of the differeÌ„ce of either both of the longitude and latitude doth forme and make a sphericall tryangle right cornered alwaies in the vpper face of the Globe If that two meridianes méete and ende at the poles of the worlde and beeing cut by the ouerthwart cyrcumferences of the Parallels doe make with the included arkes of them right cornered tryangles through the foure right lesser angles but the angles beeing not right the arke of the distance of the places doth deuide them into two right cornered tryangles One of those tryangles is vsed in the coÌ„mon accompt for the right cornered because in places not farre distant from the equatoure the angles contained betwéene the mutuall sections of the meridians and Parallelles doe not so much varie from the right angles but in places far distant from the equatour they varie very much Now the rules for the diuers standing of places shall be taught in an easie and common maner If places doe differ in the onely longitude TO the searching and knowing of this like as in the former are the longitudes and latitudes of places giuen required by which they being founde séeing in the latitude there is no diuersity the difference of longitude is onely to be considered by deducting the lesser longitude out of the greater and then howemany miles by proportion of the Parallell vnder which the places stand or lie to the equatoure answere to one degrée of the same The same doth that rule set forth in the fourme of a table here following declare beeing drawne and made vnto this vse by the learned in which the miles that answere to one degrée of each Parallell are there founde and noted vnto one degrée of the distance of the Parallell from the equatour If to the whole
degrées of the distance of the Parallels doe minutes depend then from the difference of the two next numbers to one degrée may the proportionall part be deducted or drawne which from the number of the miles expressed vnto a whole degrée is abated that the Parallels succéeding may be litle litle be caused to streach appeare narower To be briefe the miles with the scruples or quarters if any bee adioyned let them bee reduced into the whole arke of the difference of longitude which then shall manifestly shewe and expresse the measured space by the Germaine miles Ptholomie when he had learned the longitudes and latitudes of certaine notable places he could extract and gather by them the other vnknowne places by the distances truly learned from trauailers For by the longitudes and latitudes knowne of two cyrcles and the distance also of them from any third place there is then offered and giuen to know as well the longitude as the latitude of the third place Further in any two places lying and being in the vpper face of the earth are fiue notes commonly learned The distance of them conuerted into degrées the latitude of the one and the latitude of the other the difference of longitudes the angle vnder the circumferencial distance and the meridians contained by the other Of the which fiue if thrée onely be knowne it is certaine that the other two may easily come to knowledge by the practise and skil of the sphericall tryangles An example of these former words as touching the difference of longitude of two places the latitudes beeing alike As the city Byzantium nowe called Constantinople whose longitude is 55. degrées and no minutes the latitude hath 43. degrées and 5. minutes The other city Trapezus hath the longitude of 70. degrées and 50. minutes the latitude of 43. degrées and 5. minutes The difference of longitude is of 15. degrées and 50. minutes to one degrée of the common Parallell and to each place doe 10. Germaine miles with 29 30. answere or agrée These now brought into the difference of longitude doe cause make 174. Germaine miles almost The like example to the former is Arbela of Assiria which hath the longitude of 80 and no minutes the latitude of 37. and 15. minutes The other Athens whose longitude is of 52. degrées and 15. minutes the latitude 37. degrées and 15. minutes The difference is of 27. degrées and 45. minutes Other briefe examples  Lon. Lati. Areca in Comagena being a part of Syria 70. 10. 37. 15. Megara the country of Euclide 52. 0. 37. 15. The difference is of 18. 10.  Lon. Lat. Philippi a city in Thracia or country of Alexandria 50. 45. 41. 50. The royall city of Roome 36. 20. 41. 50. The difference is of 14. 25. longitude Lipsia 29. 58. 51. 24. The difference of loÌ„g is 9. degr 42. min. The difference of loÌ„g is 6. degrées 4. min. Antwarpe 20. 16. 51. 28. Vratislauia 34. 34 51. 10. Erphordia 28. 30. 51. 10. If places doe differ in the onely latitude or that both be placed toward one pole or either distant from the middle of the equatour so that in the onele latitude the places differ when the longitudes be like the standing of the places is to bee considered towarde either Pole whether either place declineth toward one Pole or that the one be Southerly and the other Northerly If they decline vnto one place and quarter then deduct the lesser latitude out of the more and the difference of latitude shall appeare If eyther be distant from the middle of the equatoure the latitudes ioyned doe shew the difference The degrées of the difference wrought by 15. and the scruples deuided by 4. shall offer giue the estimate distance in Germaine miles As in this example the city of Noriberge hath 28. degrées and 20. minutes of loÌ„gitude the latitude is of 49. degrées and 24. minutes The other is Mylayne whose longitude is of 28. degrées and 20. minutes the latitude hath 45. degrées and 6. minutes The difference of latitude is of 4. degrées and 18. minutes the space betwéene is 64. miles and a halfe Like examples are these Trapezus 70. 15. 43. 5. The difference of latit is 5. degrees 45. min. The difference of latit is 6. degrées 44. min. Antioch 70. 15. 37. 20. Padua 31. 50. 51. 0. Budissina 31. 50. 44. 16. If two differ together in the longitude and latitude and that either declineth towarde one Pole then in either toward the places differing as in the longitude and latitude are the differences of the spaces from either bounde of the latitude and longitude gathered The halfe difference of the latitude added to the lesser altitude shall shew the Parallell in which the difference of longitude is accompted With that Parallell by this rule are the miles gathered and knowne which answere or agrée to one degrée These founde reduce into the whole difference of the longitude and that which procéedeth agréeably of the same that is multiplied in it selfe or arising of the multiplication kéepe After the degrées of the difference of longitude reduce into 15. and the minutes annexed if any such be distribute or deuide by foure that which ariseth of either working reduce ioyntly one to the other and adde to the number kept afore For of the whole gathered may the square roote be attained which sheweth the distaunce of places As by a like example the city of Witeberge hath the longitude of 30. degrees and 30. minutes the latitude of 51. degrées and 50. minutes The other being Ierusalem hath 66. degrées of longitude and no minutes the latitude is of 31. degrées and 55. minutes The difference of longitude is of 35. degrées and 30. minutes the difference of latitude is of 19. degrées and 55. minutes The middle Parallel in which the difference of longitude is accompted doth differ or is distant from the equatour 41 degrées and 52. minutes to one degrée of the same doe 11. miles and 10. scruples of a Germaine mile answere which reduced into the difference of longitude doe procreate or bring foorth 396. Germaine miles these wrought together make 156816. The degrées of the difference of latitude beeing wrought by 15. the scruples deuided by foure doe make 266. Germaine miles which multiplied one in the other do performe and make 89401. Either of these square numbers ioyned and the roote extracted the distance shall appeare to be 4â—5 miles The finding of the distances of places or citties in a more easier maner THat you may knowe howe by the longitudes and latitudes of twoe places or citties the distaunce of them may be found thus do when two cities be offered whose largenesse is to you vnknowne séeâ— the longitude and latitude of both by the Cosmographie of Apian or Pto lomies Geography which being found write downe the longitude of the one vnder the longitude of the other and the latitude of the one vnder the
latitude of the other as the former examples shew in such sort that the degrées of the other and likwise the minutes vnder the minutes After séeke the difference as well of the longitudes and latitudes in this maner subtract the lesser longitude from the greater the remainer is called the difference of the longitudes After deduct the lesser latitude out of the more and the difference of the latitudes shall remaine By the differences of the longitudes and latitudes shall the distance of cities giuen be gathered But in that there is thrée maner difference of places as that there be certaine places which differ in the onely latitude that is vnder one meridiane and yet lie vnder diuers Parallels and certaine that differ in the onely longitude that is vnder one Parallell yet are diuers meridians and certaine that do differ both in the longitude and latitude that is they lie vnder diuers meridians and Parallels thrée rules also of the searching of distances betwéene two places are taught of the Geographers The first rule WHen two cities hauing one longitude are offered but hauing sundry latitudes deducte the lesser out of the more the rest of degrées in that they be the degrées of the great cyrcle multiply by 15. for that 15. Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle and then shall you haue the distance of the cities But if minutes depend to the degrées of difference theÌ„ deuide them by foure the quotient adde to the fore number of the miles For séeing one degrée or 60. minutes do make 15. Germaine miles it ensueth that foure minutes make one Germaine mile c. An Example MAdeburge and Egra agrée only in longitude that is they bee equally distant from the West or from the meridian which is drawne or stretched by the fortunate Iles. For the longitude of either towne is of 29. degrées the latitude of Madeburge is of 52. and 20. minutes the latitude of Egra is of 50. degrées and 5. minutes therefore is Egra more Southerly then Madeburge The difference of the latitudes is 2. degrées 15. minutes that is 33. Germaine miles stith a halfe a quarter of a Germain mile Another TThe longitude of Trydent is of 30. degrées and 30. minutes The longitude of Viteberge is asmuch The latitude of Trydent is of 45. degrées 14. minutes The latitude of Viteberge is of 51. degrées and 50. minutes These now differ in the onely latitude which difference of the latitude is of 6. degrees and 36. minutes that is 99. Germaine miles So much is the distance almost between Trydent and Viteberge Another THe longitude of Thunis is of â—6 degrées and 50. minutes the longitude of Salerne in a maner the same The latitude of Thunis is of 32. degrées and 30. minutes The latitude of Salerne is of 40. degrées and 30. minutes The difference of latitude is of 〈◊〉 degrees 〈◊〉 minutes that is 120. miles And somuch is the distance betwéene Thunis and Salerne Another THe City of Yorke and the Towne of Barwicke agrée in longitude for the longitude of either place is of 17. degrées and no minutes But they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Yorke is of 54. degrées no minutes the latitude of Barwicke is of 56. degrées 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 2. degrées and 50. minutes that is 210. English miles So much in a manner is the distaunce betwéene the City of Yorke and Barwicke Another THe City of London and Northampton in a maner is of like longitude For the longitude of London is of 16. degrées and 30. minutes approued But they differ in latitude in that London hath the latitude of 51. degrées and 34. minutes the latitude of Northampton is of 52. degrées and 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 1. degrée and 16. minutes that is 7â— English miles So much in a maner is the distance betwéene London and Northampton Another THis example differeth both in the longitude and latitude somewhat For the longitude of Colchester is 18. degrées and 30. minutes the longitude of Oxeforde hath 15. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 3. degrees 38 minutes that is 109. English miles The latitude of Colchester hath 51. degrees and 59. minutes The difference of latitude is no degrées and 16. minutes So that 16. English miles is the distaunce betwéene the one and the other after their standing Northward Another CYgnea and Ratisbone agrée in longitude for either is of 29. degrées and 51. minutes but they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Cygnea hath 50. degrées and 46. minutes the latitude of Ratisbone of 48. degrées and 56. minutes The difference of latitude betwéene the one and the other is 1. degrée and 50. minutes which make 27. and a halfe Germaine miles The second rule BEfore the second rule be here taught it behoueth that you know howe many Germaine miles aunswere to each degrée of the parallel passing by the Zenith of Cities offered Here conceiue that not as in the former rule to euery degrée of each parallell but to each degrées onely of the parallell Cyrcle which streacheth and is vnder the Equinoctiall and as principall of all the parallels deuideth the whole earth into twoe equall halues to which are 15. Germaine miles attributed as to a degrée of it Where the other cyrcles as afore written be not of the same bignesse but how much nearer they be to the poles so much the lesser they are and how furder of they be froÌ„ the â—nâ—â—s so much the greater they are Whereof it is manifeâ—e mile aswell the greater as the lesse Cyrcle of the parallels â—â—tes stributed or deuided into 360. degrées and that those degrées according to the distance of those parallels from the poles be greater or lesser For the same cause shall you here finde in the table following how many Germaine miles answere in each eleuations to the degrées of the parallels A Table containing the degrees of the differences of each Paralels from the Equator vnto the proper Pole by whole degrees of the Latitudes conuerted into Myles Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples 1 14 59 19 14 11 37 11 59 55 8 30 73 4 23 2 14 59 20 14 6 38 11 49 56 8 23 74 4 8 3 14 58 21 14 0 39 11 39 57 8 10 75 3 53 4 14 58 22 13 54 40 11 29 58 7 57 76 3 38 5 14 56 23 13 48 41 11 19 59 7 43 77 3 22 6 14 55 24 13 42 42 11 9 60 7 30 78 3 7 7 14 53 25 13 36 43 10 58 61 7 16 79 2 52 8 14 51 26 13 29 44 10 47 62 7 2 80 2 36 9 14 48 27 13 22 45 10 36 63 6 48 81 2 21 10 14 46 28 13 15 46 10 25 64 6 34 82 2 5 11
14 43 29 13 7 47 10 14 65 6 20 83 1 50 12 14 â—â— â—0 12 59 48 10 2 66 6 6 84 1 34 13 â—â— â—â— 31 12 51 40 9 50 67 5 52 85 1 18 14 â—4 33 32 12 43 50 9 38 68 5 37 86 1 3 15 14 29 33 12 35 51 9 26 69 5 23 87 0 47 16 14 25 34 12 26 52 9 â—4 70 5 8 88 0 31 17 14 21 35 12 17 53 9 12 71 4 53 89 0 16 18 14 26 36 12 8 54 8 49 72 4 38 90 0 0 An Example for the vse of this Table LVneburgum and Stetinum haue the eleuation of the Pole precisely of 54. degrées to knowe howe many Germaine miles aunswere to one degree of the Parallell passing by the Zenith of either Citty enter your Table and there diligently looking you shall finde by the degrée of that latitude 54. noted eight miles and 49. scruples of a mile For so many miles in that Parallell answere to a degrée that is eight a halfe and the third parte almost of a Germaine mile And this is easily found if the eleuation doth onely consist in whole degrées For in each eleuation are certaine miles and the scruples of a mile answering to each degrée assigned But if the place or city haue minutes depending to the latitude as Viteberge whose latitude is of 51. degrées and 50. minutes then séeke in this table how many miles and scruples of a mile are atributed to the whole degrées and you shal finde by the degrée of the latitude of 51. noted 9. miles and 26. scruples of a Germaine mile After séeke the miles and minutes that nexte ioyne to the eleuation following being 52. and you shal find right against 9. miles and 14. scruples of a mile which so set down or placed y â— the miles bee vnder the miles and the minutes vnder the minutes after this maner miles minutes 9. 26. 9. 14. Subtract the lesser number out of the more and vpper written and there will remaine 12. minutes of this rest that is of the 12. minutes séeke the number proportional according to the proportion of one degrée or 60. minutes vnto the minutes depending to the latitude offered as of the latitude of Viteberge to the whole degrées do 50. scruples depend Of which so place the numbers by the Rule of thrée working and saying on this wise 12 Z 50 60 10 that if one degrée or 60. minutes of the degrée doe giue 28. minutes of a mile how many scruples of a Germaine mile doe 12. minutes of a degrée giue To know this multiply the first by the second that is 12. by 50. the increase shalbe 600. this product diuide by the thirde number which is 60. and the part proportional shalbe 10. This proportional part found substract out of the miles and minutes of the former eleuation that is from the 9. miles and 26. minutes deduct the 10. and there will remaine 9. miles and 16. scruples precisely answering to one degree of the Parallell passing by Viteberge Here the second rule followeth which is easie to conceiue if you worke according to the former taught The second Rule IF two Citties be offered which differ in the only longitude first séeke by the instruction aboue taught y e miles and minutes of a mile answering to one degrée of the Parallel passing by the Zenith of those Citties After séeke the difference of longitudes in the degrées and minutes then multiply the difference of longitudes with y e miles and scruples of the miles and the distance shall appeare of the Cities giuen An Example VIteberge and Westphalia agrée in latitude that is they be both standing vnder one Parallell For the latitude of Viteberge is 51. degrées and 50. scruples and excéedeth the latitude of Westphalia by certaine minutes which here we passe but they differ in longitude in that Westphalia lies more to the West The longitude of Vite berge is 30. degrées and 30. scruples the longitudes of Westphalia is 24. deg no min. To find the distance see how many miles answere to one degrée of longitude in y â— parallel passing by the Zenith of the Citties giuen Before was taught that in the Parallel of Viteberge 9. miles and 16. scruples do answere to one degree wherefore seek the difference of longitudes of the two Cities and deduct the lesser number out of the more that is let the 24. degrées and no minutes bee deducted from the 30. degrées 30. scruples the difference resting shall be of 6. degrées and 30. scruples Last multiply the 6. miles and 16. scruples with the difference of longitude that is with 6. degrées and 30. minutes and you shall haue the distance of the twoe Cities But here obserue and note diligently in the multiplicatioÌ„ of the degrées miles and minutes what procéedeth and commeth of the same For the miles multiplied by the degrées doe bring foorth the miles and the miles multiplied by the minutes of the degrées doe bring forth the scruples of the miles The minutes of the miles multiplied by the degrées doe produce or bring foorth the minutes of the miles And last the minutes of the miles multiplied by the minutes of the degrees doe produce the seconds of the miles But that this may the readier be conceiued vse this example the former Westphalia and Viteberge where the 9 miles and 16. scruples are to bee multiplied by the 6. degrees 30. minutes on this wise Multiply the 9. whole miles by the 6. whole degrees thus as sixe time 6. bringeth out 54. miles Multiply after that the whole miles by the minutes of the degrees thus that 9. times 30. doe make 270. minutes of miles After multiply the minutes of the miles by the whole degrees and by the minutes of the degrees as the 16. minutes of the miles multiplied by the 6. degrees doe make 99. minutes of miles After this the 16. minutes of the miles multiplied by 30. minutes of the degrees doe make 480. secondes of miles which minutes and seconds gather into whole miles in this maner First deuide the 480. seconds by 60. and the quotient shall be 8. minutes For that one minute containeth 60. seconds as one degrée doth coÌ„taine 60. minutes These 8. minutes adde to the minutes procéeded of the former or vpper working that is the 270. and the 96. you shall haue 374. scruples of miles which deuided by 60. the quotient will be 6. whole miles and 14. scruples that is almost the fourth part of a Germaine mile These miles gathered of the seconds and minutes of the miles adde to the 54. miles gathered afore by the multiplication of the degrées and miles and you shall haue the true distaunce betwéene Viteberge and the Monasterie of Vestphalia that is 60. Germaine miles and almost a quarter This maner of working in searching the distance of places which differ in the onely longitude obserue in the other examples following in which you shal finde
their distance by hauing their longitudes and latitudes Here folowing shall be sundrie examples in which the young students and practisers may excercise them according to rule An Example COleine and Marburge do differ in the only longitude for the longitude of Coleyne is of 23. degrées and 28. scruples the longitude of Margburge hath 25. degrées and 45. minutes The latitude of either which agrée is of 51. degrees and no minutes The difference of longitudes is of 2. degrées and 17. minutes The miles answering to one degrée drawn in that Parallell by the Zenith of the Cities giuen are 9. miles and 26. scruples as may appeare in the former table But séeing no minutes depend to the latitude the 9. miles and 26. minutes are to bee multiplied by the difference of the longitudes that is the 2. degrées and 17. minutes in this manner saying twice 9. doe make 18. miles twice 29. are 52. minutes of miles nine times 28. doe make 152. minutes of miles and seauentéene times 26. are 442. secondes of miles which secondes and minutes deuided by 60. doe make thrée miles 32. minutes and 22. seconds These added vnto the 18. miles declare the distance of Coleyne and Margburge to bee of 21. Germaine miles and a halfe Another THe longitude of Franckeforde is of 25. degrées and 38. minutes Hasforde is of longitude 37. degrées and 52. scruples The latitude of either is of 50. degrees and 12. minutes Nowe they differ in the onely longitude for that the difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrées and 14. scruples that is Franckeforde by twoe degrées and 14. minutes is more towarde the West than Hasforde The miles according to latitude 50. are 9. and 38. minutes and the miles according to the latitude following as 51. are 9. and 26. minutes The difference of these twoe manner of miles and minutes is 12. minutes the parte proportionall subtracted is twoe The miles answering to one degree in the Parallell drawne by the Zenith of Franckeforde and Hasphorde are 9. and 36. minutes Nowe as aboue these miles and minutes with the difference of the longitude that is twoe degrées and fouretéene minutes multiplied you shal haue the distance in Germaine miles that is twenty and two and almost a halfe Another The longitude of Gawnt the natiue towne of Charles the first Emperour of 19. degrées and 8. minutes The longitude of Lipsia of 29. degrées and 28. minutes The latitude of either is of 51. degrées and 24. minutes The difference of longitudes is of 10. degrées and 50. minutes The miles according to the eleuation 51. are 9. and 26 minutes the miles ensuing the eleuation assigned are 9. and 14. minutes The difference of these two manner of miles and minutes is 12 minutes the part proportional subtracted is 4. minutes The miles answering to one degrée in the Parallell to Gaunt or Lipsia are 9. and 22. minutes These miles and minutes multiplied with the difference of the longitudes do offer and shew the distance betwéen Gawnt and Lipsia that is 101. Germaine miles and almost a halfe Another THe longitude of Straseborow is of 24. degrées and 30. minutes the longitude of Landunum of Bauier is of 30. degrées and 25. minutes The latitude of either is of 48. degrées and 45. minutes The difference of longitude is 5. degrées and 55. minutes c. Another THe longitude of Direpsa is of 130. degrées and no minutes the longitude of Danaba of 104. degrées and no minutes neither The latitude of either is of 45. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude is 26. degrées and no minutes An easier working IF this curiâ—sity in obseruing minutes trouble you you may then with lesser paine and errour leaue them especially in places beeing not far distant a sunder where the minutes omitted doe litle force or hinder howe neare soeuer you finde the true distance And by this meanes the second rule is of no difficulty for that euery painefull labor doth especially consist in the multiplying of the diffeence of longitudes with the whole miles offered by the former Table acording to the degrée of latitude of the Cities giuen An Example AMsterdame and Brandenburge which as vnto whole degrées appartaineth agree in latitude for the latitude of either place in whole degrées is 52. degrees But they differ in longitude in that the longitude of Amsterdame is 21. degrees and 4. minutes the longitude of Bradenburge of 30. degrees and 35. minutes They differ in longitude 9. degrees that is Amsterdame is nearer to the West then Bradenburge by 9. degrees as the former table teacheth in the Parallell of the latitude 52. which containeth 9. miles Now by so many miles is Bradenburge distant from Amsterdame Another NOrdlinga and Nicostadium agree in latitude for the eleuation of the Pole or latitude of either is of 48. degrees But they agree not in longitude in that the longitude of Nordlinga is of 27. degrees and 54. minutes the longitude of Nicostadium of 29. degrees 32. minutes so that they differ 2. degrees which make 20. Germaine miles as may appeare by the fourmer table where 10. miles are assigned to the latitude 48. Now you shall vnderstand that the distance of Nordlinga and Nicostadium is of 20. Germaine miles almost Another THe longitude of the City of Venice is of 32. degrées and 30. minutes the longitude of Spoletum is of 36. degrées and 30. minutes The latitude of either is of 44. degrées The difference of the longitude is of 4. degrées And 10. miles doe answere to one degrée in the Parallel of the latitude 44. The miles being multiplied by the difference of the longitudes that is by foure degrées doe declare the distaunce of Venice and Spolâ—tum to bee of forty miles If of two places the one being Southerly and the other Northerly IF of twoe places giuen the one hath a latitude Northerly and the other a latitude Southerly séek the difference of either space of the longitude after subtract the lesser longitude out of the greater but of the latitude Northerly and Southerly according to the latitudes ioyned of either place In the second place the standing must bee cosidered whether they be scituated vnder equall Parallelles and both distaunt by a like space from the Equatoure or else otherwise seperated by vnequall Parallelles and by an vnlike space For if the Paralles of the places giuen shall bee equall then must the difference of longitude be accompted in either alike but if vnequall and that both shall bee distant by an vnlike space then the halfe of the greater latitude applied to the lesser latitude shall demonstrate and shewe the Parallell apte and méete to this instruction with the same Parallell are the degrées answering to each degree declared by the former rule and the other is taught shewed as in the precedent place is declared Meroe a Region of Aethiopia vnder Aegypt hath the longitude of 91. degrées and 30. minutes the latitude of 16. degrées
subtracted from the miles and minutes of the former eleuation there doe 9. minutes remaine These thus founde and knowne séeke the proportional part to bee subtracted in saying if one degrée or 60. minutes in this Parallel doe yéeld 9. minutes of a Germaine mile howe many minutes of a mile doe 45. minutes yéelde or make which depende to the degrées of the middle latitude To know this multiply 45. by 9. and the product deuide by 60. then will 9. minutes remaine in the quotient The part proportionall must also bee subtracted which deducted from the miles and minutes assigned to the latitude 36 as from the 12. miles and 8. minutes doe 12. miles and 2. minutes remaine By which appeareth that so many miles and minutes do answere to one degrée in the Parallell of the middle latitude This now is as a preparation and entrance vnto the second working To haue therefore the distance of the fore saide citties multiply first the 12. miles and minutes with the difference of the longitudes 29. degrees and 40. minutes and they shall bring foorth 356. Germaine miles and â—9 minutes which 356. miles that may bee wrought togither with the minutes 59 are to be resolued into minutes the same is performed if they bee multiplied by 60. To the same product being 21369. adde the 59. minutes and they make 21419. These minutes againe multiplied in theÌ„selues do offer the first quadrate that is 458773561. Thus you haue the vnderstanding and knowledge of the working of the first place After this multiply the 10. degrées of the difference of the latitude by 15. and you shall readily haue the miles 150. to which ad for the 10. minutes depending 2 miles and a halfe of a Germaine mile and you shall haue in this second part of the working 152. miles and a halfe or 30. scruples of a Germaine mile Which miles as they may with the minutes bee multiplied togither in themselues so are they to bee resolued by that 60. multiplied into minutes which then bring foorth 9120. to which adde the halfe or 30. miles and you shall then haue the whole to be 9150. minutes which againe multiplied in themselues doe make the later quadrate to be 8372â—500 Nowe vnto the last conioyne these two quadrates and the whole summe shall bee 542496061. minutes The roote of this nuÌ„ber that is 23299. séeing it representeth the minutes of miles deuided by 50. doth then shew the space which is betwéene Icrusalem and Roome in Germaine miles to be 388. with a third part almost of a mile Another THe longitude of Hamburge is of 37. degrées only the latitude hath 45. degrées and 24. minutes The longitude of Magdeburge hath 29. degrées and 38. minutes the latitude is of 52. degrées and 20. minutes The difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrées and 38. minutes The difference of the latitudes is of 2. degrées and 4. minutes The halfe of the difference of the latitudes is one degrée and 2. minutes The middle latitude is of 53. degrées and 22. minutes The miles assigned to the eleuation 53. are 9. and 2. minutes The miles assigned to the degrées of the eleuation following beeing 54. are 8. and 49. minutes The difference now of these two manner of miles and minutes hath 13. minutes The proportionall parte subtracted is of 4. minutes which minutes let foure be deducted out of the 9. miles and 2. minutes assigned to the eleuation 53. there will then remaine 8. miles and 58. minutes Therefore so many miles and minutes doe answere to one degrée in the Parallel of the middle latitude These miles and minutes now found multiplied with the difference of the longitudes doe bring foorth 23. miles and 36. scruples And these 23. miles wrought togither with the minutes that is multipled in it selfe and that resolued into minutes to the producte also adde the minutes 36. and the whole then shall appeare 1416. minutes This number againe wrought into it selfe doth offer the first quadrate which is 2005056 minutes After multiply the difference of the latitudes by 15. miles and the increase shall be 31. miles These miles againe resolued doe yéeld or giue 1860. minutes which multiplied againe in themselues doe offer the later quadrante which containeth 3459600. minutes The whole summe that is the numbers increased of these two quadrats are 5464656. The roote of the minutes which is of 2337. minutes deuided by 60. doth declare the distance which is betwéene Hamburge and Magdeburge to bee 39. Germaine miles almost An easier working and lesse curious THis great labour perhaps after the kind may feare some from the practise of these and the rather in that this curious or diligent multiplication of the minutes néedeth not in all or at all times especially if the space of the two cities doeth not containe many miles or that the cities offered be but alitle space distant one from the other For where the distance is great as of Viteberge Frankforde Noriberge and Roome c. The minutes then neglected do cause great errour But if the space be small betwéene the cities giuen without the acompt also of the minutes for that seldome in the onely minutes as are the neare places togither doe they onely differ the distaunce then by the onely degrées miles whole cannot be found But if any be minded not so curiously to search the distances of places then let him or them omit the minutes depending aswell to the degrées of the longitudes and latitudes as the miles and according to the instruction of the third rule the minutes beeing neglected or omitted you shall then finde without any difficulty the distance of places giuen An Example THe longitude of Franckeforde is of 25. degrées the latitude is of 53. degrees The longitude of Viteberge is of 30. degrees the latitude hath 51 degrees The difference of the longitudes is of 5. degrees The difference of the latitudes is 1. degree The halfe of the difference of the latitudes in whole degrées is nothing wherefore the middle latitude is the like nothing The miles assigned to the lesser latitude as to the 51. degrées are 9 multiply nowe these 9. miles with the difference of the longitudes with 5. degrées and the increase shall be 46. which multiplied in it selfe doe offer the first quadrate that is 2025. After multiply the difference of the latitudes that is one degrée with 15. miles which 15 miles multiplied againe in it selfe do produce or bring forth 225. which is the later quadrate These two quadrates conioyne and of the increase séek the root which then declareth the distance betwéene Franckforde and Viteberge to bee of Germaine miles about 74. Another THe longitude of Brunsweeke is of 28. degrees the latitude of 52. degrees The longitude of Viteberge is 30. degrees the latitude of 51. degrees The difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrees The difference of the latitudes is 1. degrée The miles assigned to the lesser latitude are 9. The difference of the
longitude multiplied by 9. miles doeth produce 18. miles which multiplied againe in it selfe doe produce 324. that is the first quadrate The difference of the latitude being one degrée doth make containe 15. miles which also wrought againe in themselues doe offer the later quadrate which containeth 225. Now of these two quadrates conioyned the roote is of 23. which number is almost the distance of Viteberge in germaine miles from Brunsweeke Another THe longitude of Danske hath 39. degrées the latitude of 62. degrées The longitude of Noriberge hath 28. degrées the latitude is of 49. degrées The difference of the longitudes is of 11. degrées The difference of the latitudes is of 5. degrées The middle latitude is of 51. degrées The miles answering to one degrée in latitude are 9. The difference of the longitudes that is multiplied with the 9. doth yéeld 99. miles which againe multiplied in themselues do produce the first quadrate which containeth 9801. The difference of the latitudes being 5. degrées multiplied by the 15. doeth then produce 75. miles which wrought againe in themselues do offer the later quadrate which containeth 5625. The increase now of the two quadrates comprehendeth 15426. The root containeth 124. And so many are the miles almost betwéene Danske and Noriberge Another THe longitude of Ierusalem hath 66. degrées the latitude is of 31. degrées The longitude of Nazareth hath 67. degrées the latitude is of 32. degrées The difference of the longitudes is 1. degrée The difference of the latitudes is the like one degree The miles assigned to 1. degree in the Parallel of the lesser latitude are 12. The first quadrate doth containe 144. The miles answering to one degree of the difference of the latitude are 15. The later quadrate comprehendeth 225. The increase of the quadrates containeth 369. The root containeth 16. miles Now the distance in a maner is so much betweene Ierusalem and Nazareth And thus by other examples may young practisioners excercise without labour tediousnes and paine to finde the spaces of places giuen by the degrees of the longitudes and latitudes A demonstration of the third rule THe demonstration of this working or instruction is taken out of the last proposition of the first book of Euclide where hee doeth teach and demonstrate that in the tryangle right cornered the quadrate which by the line or side drawne and stretching to maketh a right angle that is equall in the two squares which are caused by the sides containing the right angle Which that you may easier conceaue and vnderstand in the page going before is placed an apte figure to this matter by which a reason not onely of the third but also of the rules of the first second may be practised and declared Also there is repeated those thinges which afore were declared of the Theoricke of the longitudes and latitudes that the yonger practisers may the readier and easier conceaue the rules hereafter taught The line E. F. doeth represent the Equinoctiall on earth lying vnder the celestial Equinoctial cyrcle The line B. C. doth represent the Parallell that is the cyrcle equâ—ich â—unt to the Equinoctiall cyrcle drawne ouer the head or Zenith of the city C. The line A. D. doth represent the Parallel yea equidistant to that Equinoctiall drawne by the Zenith of the cities A. and D. The line A. B. E. doeth represent the meridian of the proper city or place A. The line D. CF. doth represent the meridian of the cities C. and D. The declaration of the first rule THe two Cities C. and D. agrée in longitude in that they are vnder one meridian that is they bee distant by like spaces from the West But they haue not alike latitude for that the City C. is nearer to the Equinoctiall than the City D. by thrée degrées To haue therefore the distance or that space betwéene you shall easily finde the same by the degrées of the meridian The declaration of the second rule THe two Cities A. and D. agrée in the latitude or they haue one like eleuation of the Pole in that they are vnder one Parallel and the Zenith of both is by fiue degrées distant from the Equinoctiall But the longitude of them is not alike that is they be not equally distant from the West for the city A. is more Westerly then the citty D. by foure degrées So that the distance is to bee gathered and learned by those degrées betwéene in that Parallell The declaration of the third rule THe two Cities A. anâ— â— be distant by vnlike spaces aswell from the 〈◊〉 from the Equinoctiall For they be vnder diuers meridians and Parallels The city A. is nearer to the West than the city C. by foure degrées and it is further distant from the Equinoctiall than C by thrée degrées Wherefore by those degrées in which it is nearer to the West and furthest distaunt from the Equinoctiall must the distance of the two cities A. and C. be sought For that the space betwéene the meridiane A. B. passing by the Zenith of the City A. and meridiane C. D. stretching by the Zenith of the city C. containeth foure degrées yet those degrées are not in the great cyrcle in that those two Parallels doe not deuide the earth into two iust halues but into vnequall halues so that of necessity it must follow that the degrées of diuers Parallels haue vnequall spaces Wherfore in the third rule are not the miles answering to the degrées of the lesser eleuation taken except the difference of the latitudes bee small nor the miles taken answering to the degrées of the greater eleuation but the miles are taken answering to the degrées of the middle latitude for that it lacketh in one part may be restored in the other Of the same may the distance in miles be sought according to the longitude After this in that the space betwéene the Parallel A. C. passing by the Zenith of the city A. and the parallel B. C. reaching by the zenith of the city C. containeth thrée degrées and these are the degrées of the meridian that is of the great Cyrcle where to one degrée doe alwaies and euery where fiftéene Germaine miles answere So that the distance of those Cities are easily found according to their latitude And in the same by that multiplication of the miles and degrées the adding of the product by the increase and extraction of the root that the distance of the Cities may necessarily and surely be gathered is thus demonstrated That in euery tryangle right cornered the square which is made by the side is drawne against a right angle and is equall to the two squares which are made by the sides containing a right angle As the quadrate which is made by the drawing of the line A. C. into it selfe that is equall to the squares which are caused by the drawing of the line A. B. into it selfe and B. C. into it selfe which by Arithmeticall practise may more readier and better bee
Tropicks all heauen into fiue parts or Regions which they call zones The descriptions names qualities and vtilities of the Zones THe foure lesser cyrcles called Parallels that were afore described doe deuide the whole heauen towarde the Poles into fiue spaces which that heauen might bee compassed aboute with these larger swathes the astronomers of the same called them Zones or otherwise of the Latines Gerdils The Cosmographers by the same imagination applied doe also dispose and distribute the whole Globe of the earth into fiue roomes or spaces lying directly vnder and agréeable in proportion to them in heauen Wherefore a zone after the minde of the Gréekes is a portion tract or space of heauen or earth betwéene the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles being nighest equidistant or contained betwéene the roome equidistaunt and Pole of the world and gyrdeth or compasseth as it were the heauen or earth Or thus a zone is a space of earth like to the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles aboue which the astronomers imagine to run on the vpper face of the sphere And as the whole portion included by the two Tropicks called the burning zone doth compasse heauen as a gyrdle euen so imagine the roome of the earth lying right vnder the Tropicks The zones haue sundry names for of the Gréekes they be called zóne and of the Latines by a borowed word Zona as may appeare by Iulius Firmicus Macrobius Virgilius Ouide and other Latines That heauen or earth is imagined to bee gyrded about with these Martianus nameth them swathes Tully and Macrobius nameth them by the like reason gyrdles Ouide nameth them plagues that is roomes or spaces And how many zones they bee may easily appeare in that the astrologians Geographers Phisitions and Poets do deuide as well the heauen as earth into siue roomes or spaces by the foure Parallels or lesser cyrcles of which there bee two maner of zones the celestiall and the earthlie The celestiall are the cause of the earthly in that the earthly lie directly vnder them And of the zones the celestiall bee they which the astronomers by imagination describe and distribute in the hollow of heauen the earthly be they which lie perpendicularly vnder And both also be temperate and vntemperate zones The celestiall zones in that they haue nothing of the elementary qualities therefore doe they not by heat burne and scorch nor by cold make stiffe nor cause a temperate mixture of qualities or temperatnesse yet are they noted and descerned by the names of the qualities as the earthly zones which being the author of the sun and fountaine both of light and heate and running continually in the middle zone of heauen is diuersly felt according to the maner of the distance Or thus there are no qualities formally attributed to the celestiall zones but to them onely vertually which is on this wise to be vnderstoode as that the celestiall zones of themselues be neither cold hot nor temperate but are so called through the suns declination from the equatour as well into the North as into the South quarter of the world In the which declination is the like matter felte as well in the suns right sending downe of beames as in the thwart proiection of thē on the vpper face of the earth which diuersly changeth the heat 〈◊〉 The scorching or vntemperate middle Zone which through the heat and burning beames the sun there causeth when he is ouer the head or in the Noonestéed place is contained betwéene the boundes of the sunnes iourney which the two Tropicks make and includeth 47. degrées of heauen For the two Tropicks are on either side the equatoure so that it vseth the middle roome in the burning zone from which the sun towarde the North and South neuer declineth aboue 23. degrées and 29. minutes By which appeareth that it is there as hot in the middle of winter as it is in Spaine in the middle of summer and therefore not disagréeing to that which the auncient Cosmographers wrote that the countries lying vnder this space or rather vnder the equatour is vnhabited through the burning heate and of them for this cause named the burning or scorching zone But of later yeares it is found contrary in that at Molucca Good-hope Calicute and Samatra rich drugges and other fine spices haue beene there gotten by the Spantards and Portingals and yéerly haunted by them as at this day the same is throughly known to many which also confesse that the places vnder the Equinoctiall and the rich City Calecute being by the sea coast of Inde standing betwéene the equatour and our Tropicke of Cancer and vnto the other Tropicke South vnder the Burning zone that the places is habitable and peopled although very cumbersome with extremity of heat Also that space on earth containeth 685. Germaine miles or 23500. furlongs Ptholomie and Auicen affirme that the places betwéen the equatour and summer Tropicke is habitable and that many Cities bee there although the sunne in those places through his direct beames and especially vnder the equatour doth by the ouer much heat and continual heat burn and mightily scorch The like doe sundry others affirme which write that those places is conuenient for the life of creatures in that vnder the equatour there bee many waters which although resolued and run through the heate yet doe they breath and send vpward colde vapors which the sun continually maintaineth in drawing vp through his vehement heat and sending down mighty showers of raine which vapors in the night through the suns furthest distance vnder the earth and especially at midnight cause a mighty cold and chilling ayre which the sun after his rising vntill he be somewhat ascended aboue the earth cannot sodainly ouercome and put away that cold impression of the ayre So that the people there inhabiting bee monstrous of forme and haue rude wits wondrous wild and terible conditions like to wilde and furious beasts The countries which lie vnder the Southerly Parallels as those which are described by the Equinoctiall line vnto the summer Tropicke where the sun is drawne and runneth ouer the tops of them there through the aboundance of vapors rayne and night colde is the suns heate repressed mitigated and dulled so that the heades of the Ethiopians or Moores be litle hauing but litle and withered braines their bodies short hauing thicke crisped haire on their heades grosse and dull of senses blacke scorched or burned bodies withred or wrinckled faces crooked of stature being in a maner hot by nature and cruell condicions through the mightinesse of heat in those places And the constitution also of the ayre is there such that al liuing and cresent things on that earth are found and known to agrée with them Further it is to be noted and vnderstood that any there trauailing from the Northerly places the further they goe towarde the South somuch the stronger heat or burning they shalbe annoyed with The two temperate zones be next adioining to the burning zone the