Selected quad for the lemma: city_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	degree_n	latitude_n	minute_n	5,056	4	11.5868	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58175	Observations topographical, moral, & physiological made in a journey through part of the low-countries, Germany, Italy, and France with a catalogue of plants not native of England, found spontaneously growing in those parts, and their virtues / by John Ray ... ; whereunto is added a brief account of Francis Willughby, Esq., his voyage through a great part of Spain.	Ray, John, 1627-1705.; Willughby, Francis, 1635-1672. Catalogus stirpium in exteris regionibus.	1673 (1673)	Wing R399; ESTC R5715	378,219	735

All the ground of this fancy as I conceive is because this fish hath a bunch of cirri somewhat resembling a tuft of Feathers or the tail a Bird which it sometimes puts out into the water and draws back again We were much surprised to find of this shell-fish in these Seas so southernly and far from the scene of the Bernaclefable I shall now set down what plants we found about Catania and Syracusa About Catania Scammonea Monspeliacoe affinis Park Plumbago Plinii Aganus castus which two we observed also in many other places Cruciata marina Anonis marina procumbens flore luteo jam descripta Sedum minimum non acre totum rubrum flore hexaphyllo purpureo Upon Mount Aetua we found Tragacantha C. B. Towards the top of the Mountain we observed Barberry-trees growing plentifully which is a rare shrub in hot Countreys and which we found no where else in Italy or Sicily At Messina they shewed us for a rare plant the common Goose-berry bush About Syracusa Thymum Creticum Ger. Origanum flore albo capitulis squammatis rotundis Verbascum 4 Matthioli The same kind of Melissa we found about Messina and have already described Teucrium Baeticum Jacea lutea capitulis spinosis Lagopus quaedam procumbens spicâ longiore Anonis purpurea minima supina non spinosa Many others we might doubtless have found had it been safe for us to have searched the Rocks near this City OF MALTA THE Island of Malta is 20 miles long 12 miles broad and 60 miles in circuit distant from the primo terreno or nearest part of Sicily 60 miles from the Cape of Calipia anciently called Promontorium Mercurii the nearest point of the Continent of Africa 200 miles as divers of the most skilful and experienced Pilots did affirm to Abela for an undoubted truth from the Cape of Spartivento in Italy but 190. So that upon account of vicinity it is rather to be attributed to Europe than Africa especially if we allow Sicily to have been of old time united to and so part of the Continent The reason why others make it a member of Africa is because the present Inhabitants of the Countrey speak a kind of Moresco or Arabic The old City called Città notabile situate about the middle of the Island hath 35 degrees 15 minutes of Northern latitude and the longest day there is of 14 hours 52 minutes I am not ignorant that Heylin and others who reckon this among the Isles of Africa place it nearer the Coast of Barbary assign it less latitude and allow the longest day no more then 14 hours but I do in these and other particulars follow the more accurate observations of Johannes Franciscus Abela a learned man and native of this Island in his Malta illustrata written in Italian and published in Malta Anno 1646. in folio The whole Island from the shallowness of its soil there being in few places above two foot depth of of earth before you come to firm stone and from the lowness of its situation not much elevated above the level of the water and having no considerable hill in it seems to have been in the most ancient times nothing else but a great Rock wholly overwhelmed and covered with the Sea especially if we consider the multitude of Sea shells of all sorts Sharks teeth vertebres of Thornbacks and other fish bones petrified found all over the Island even in the highest parts of it and most remote from the shore For that these were formed by some plastick power in the stone-quarries being nothing else but the effects or productions of nature sporting her self in imitation of the parts and shells of these animals I can hardly be induced to believe nature which indeed is nothing else but the ordinary power of God not being so wanton and toyish as to form such elegant figures without further end of design than her own pastime and diversion But a very likely thing it is that the Sea being shallow above this Rock for some ages before it came to be uncovered there should great beds of Shell-fish harbour and breed in so convenient a place and the water leaving them their shells remain and petrifie I confess its hard to imagine how the carcasses of so many Sharks should come to be lodged heer as by the multitude of teeth that have been for so many years past and are still daily digg'd up we must needs grant unless perchance they remain of the heads of such Sharks as were caught and eaten by the Fisher-men who it is likely after the discovery of this Rock frequented heer and made it a station for fishing before it came to be inhabited To this difficulty Mr. Steno returns answer in these particulars 1. That such Sharks or Sea dogs have each of them 60 teeth and more and that all the time they live they breed new teeth 2. That the Sea agitated by the winds is wont of protrude thosebobodies it meets with towards some one place and there heap them together 3. That Sharks swim in great troops or sholes and consequently that the teeth of many of them may have been left in one place 4. That in the Malta earth besides these Sharks teeth are found also sundry Cochle-shells so that if the number of teeth should encline a man to ascribe their production to the earth on the other hand the make of the same teeth and the abundance of them in every animal and the earth like the bottom of the Sea and other marine bodies found in the same place do favour the contrary opinion The soil notwithstanding the rockiness and shallowness of it hath been by the Ancients celebrated for fertility Fertilis est Melite sterili vicina Cosyroe Insula Ovid. Fast But undeservedly if we understand it of Corn for there is not much Wheat sown heer and that we saw upon the grounds was but thin and slight And though Barley be their chief crop and of which the Countrey people make their bread yet have they not near enough of that to serve the ordinary uses of the Inhabitants so that they are forc'd to fetch most of their Bread-corn out of Sicily The main commodities which the Island yields wherewith the Inhabitants drive a good trade and inrich themselves are 1. Cumin-seed which they call Cumino agro or sharp Cumin of which are gathered about 3000 Cantares yearly one Cantare being equal to 116 pound weight English 2. Annise-seed which they call Sweet-cumin of which are gathered and transmitted into Foreign parts 1000 Cantares yearly These seeds are sold at 7 8 or 9 crowns the Cantare and we were told that the year before our being there Ann. 1663. were vended 7000 Cantares of both sorts 3. Cotton-wool called in Latine Xylon or Gossipium of which they send abroad yearly 14000 Cantares in the husk They have of late begun to plant Indigo which my Author saith agrees with the soil and likes and thrives there very

in the publick Schools but all the Students are covered both at Lectures and Disputations not only in the University but in all the Universities we have been at beyond the Seas If an desire to be admitted of the University they go to the Rector magnificus who gives them each a Seal and then they are freed from paying Exeise The Students usually list themselves under some Professor who reads to them in private running through a whole Faculty which they call Collegium instituere and for this they give a Gratuity to the Professor In conferring Degrees here is no Respect had to Standing When any one intends to commence in any Faculty he makes Theses upon the Subject he intends to answer which Theses are printed and these he is obliged to defend against all Opponents The Respondent hath his Seat under the Prosessors as in our Schools for the Opponents there is no particular Seat but in any part of the Schools where they happen to be they arise and there stand and oppose first asking leave of the Professor that presides at the Act. Any one that pleases may oppose with the Professors leave Liberalium Artium Magister and Doctor are the only Degrees conferred here Each of the Professors have 200 or 300 l. per an stipend allowed them by the States The chief Trade of this City is Clothing The Roofs of the Houses are more steep than ordinary made so on purpose to cast the Rain-Water into a Chanel or Trough which conveys it into a large Cistern where it is kept for the uses of the House Great Chanels of Water pass through many of the Streets On the Tower of the Stadthouse stands a Watchman who blows a Trumpet every hour and if any Fire happens he sounds an Alarm Below stands a Guard of thirty armed Soldiers and at each Port ten Every hour of the night a man goes about the Streets and making a noise with a Rapper tells with a loud voice what of the Clock it is In the Anatomical Theater are preserved many Sceletons of Men and Beasts Skins of Beasts parts of exotic Animals and other Rarities We noted a horned Beetle from the East-Indies an Armadillo petrified Mushromes Lapis ceraunias Caput porci fluviatilis è Brasiliâ Ala Hirundinis marinae ex Oceano Orientali Gammari Aethiopici Thus fossile Moravicum Capsula Chinensis cum capite animalis partim cervinam partim porcinam naturam repraesentante ex insulâ Celebes Indiae Orientalis Niduli crustacei ex cautibus regni Jehovae quae à Chinensibus in deliciis habentur these we saw afterwards in Kircher's Musaeum at Rome and elsewhere Folium Betle sive Siri it resembles the great Satyrion Leaf Of these Leaves and the Fruit of the Tree Arek mingled with a little Chalk is made the Indian Betle which is very stomachical and a great Regale at visits Faba Aegyptia sive Bonamicia Elephants Skulls Guandur formicas vorans or the Ant-Bear Myrenceter bigger than an Otter having a very long Snout long crooked Claws coarse bristly Hair and a long brush Tail Grallae sive Calopodia Norvegica a Fish with two Feet Capriscus Rondeletii Tigris capta in Jacatra regno In the publick Library are preserved the Manuscripts of Joseph Scaliger and Libri Orientales quos Vir Cl. Jacobus Golius impensis publicis ex Oriente huc advexit This Town is well walled and trencht about encompassed with pleasant Walks of Lime-Trees He that desires more particular Information concerning the University and publick Buildings of the City c. may consult Meursius his Athenae Batavae and Hegenitius his Itinerarium Hollandiae Before we left Leyden we made a by-Journey to Sevenhuys a Village about four leagues distant to see a remarkable Grove where in time of year several sorts of Wild-Fowl build and breed We observed there in great numbers 1. Scholfers i. e. Gracculi palmipedes in England we call them Shags they are very like to Cormorants only less We were much surprised to see them being a whole-footed Bird alight and build upon Trees 2. Lepelaers called by Gesner Plateoe sive Pelecani by Aldrovandus Albardeolae we may term them in English Spoon-Bills 3. Quacks or Ardeae cinereae minores the Germans call this Bird the Night-raven because it makes a noise in the Night Nocte clamat voce absonâ tanquam vomiturientis Gesner 4. Reyers or Herons Each sort of Fowl hath its several Quarter When the young are ripe they who farm the Grove with an Iron Hook fastned to the end of a long Pole lay hold on the Bough on which the Nest is built aud shake the young ones out and sometimes Nest and all down to the ground Besides the fore-mentioned Birds there build also in this Wood Ravens Wood-Pigeons and Turtle-Doves This place is rented for 3000 Gilders per Annum of the Baron of Pelemberg who lives at Lovain only for the Birds and Grass By the way to this Place we observed in the Ditches Lysimachia lutea flore globoso and Arum sive Dracunculus aquaticus All the Countrey about Sevenhuys towards Leyden is a flat or fenny Level full of shallow Pools of Water there we observed their manner of making Turf They rake or fish up Mud from the bottom of the Water with a Net like a Hoop-Net fastned to the end of a Pole and fill therewith a flat-bottomed Boat Out of the Boat they throw this Mud with a long Shovel or Scoop on an even piece of ground making of it a Bed of an equal thickness so near as they can there it lies to drain and dry After a while they tread it with broad Boards fastned under their feet to make it close and smooth When it is moderately dry they cut the whole Bed with a kind of Spade into pieces of the bigness of a Brick These they pile up in small conical Stacks or long Ranks laying the Turves so that a man may see through the Stacks and the Wind blow through them to be further dried At last they house them in Barns that are thatcht the sides not walled up close but made of wooden Bars set at a little distance one from another June 6. we took Boat for Haerlem where we arrived at four hours end This is a large populous and pleasant City strongly wall'd and entrenched Water is brought through many of the Streets Without the Walls towards Leyden are pleasant Groves In the Summer-House in the Garden of the Princes Court here is a Picture of Laurentius Costerus in a furr'd Gown holding the Letter A in his Hand and this Inscription over it M. S. Viro Consulari Laurentio Costero Harlemensi alteri Cadmo Artis Typographicae circa Annum Domini MCCCCXXXX Inventori primo His Statue and the Inscription on his House in the Market-place mentioned by Hegenitius we could not find being as we were told lately bought and removed thence The Butchery of this Town is a handsome Building and covered with Lead which we

go up from the City to the Cloyster of the Camaldulenses Martagon Chymistarum Lob. Aristolochiarotunda Orobus sylvaticus Viciae foliis C. B. Laurus Chrysanthemum Bellidis folio Digitalis lutea vel pallida parvo flore C. B. Hemionitis multifida Horminum luteum glutinosum sive Colus Jovis Trifolium bituminosum quo nihil frequentius per totam Italiam Siciliam Cytisus hirsutus J. B. Whole woods of Chesnut Genista Hispanica Colutea tum vesicaria tum scorpioides Ferula Lob. Genista tinctoria Hispanica Vicia floribus pallidè luteis amplissimis After montanus lutens Salicis glabro folio Millefolium odoratum Hesperis sylvestris latifolia flo albo parvo Park Androsaemum foetidum sive Tragium Speculum veneris majus Pancratium Lob. In litore Neopolitano Lotus corniculata siliquis singularibus vel binis tenuis J. B. Tribulus terrestris copiosissimè Hyoscyamus albus Juncus cyperoides Maritimus Ad. Lob. In arenosis maritimis Italiae Siciliae frequens Mala insana Italis Melongena Neapoli in foro olitorio venalia Cucumis flexuosus anguinus Lob. ibidem Cucumeres Italis dicuntur Citrulli Melones aquatici cucumere Cucurbita anguina Lob. Malus Limonia fructu parvo Limoncelles dicto Neapoli Messinae Fructus nucleis caret hoc est raros nucleos habet In the night time we saw many Fisher-boats out at Sea with a light at one end of them to invite the Fish to follow the Boat where stands a fellow with an instrument in his hand like a mole-spear ready to strike them In the same Vessel which brought us to Naples we began our voyage to Messina in Sicily where we arrived May 2. We sailed in sight of the Aeolides or Vulcaniae insulae two of which viz. Stromboli and Vulcano do still burn and Stromboli with that rage sometimes that no man dares live upon it As we passed by in the night-time we saw it flame It is difficult to enter in at the mouth of the strait by the Faro of Messina because of the current which runs heer violently sometimes towards Calabria sometimes toward Sicily so that Mariners who have not often sailed this strait are forced to hire a Pilot of Messina to conduct them in who for the most part when they see any Vessel coming go out in boats to meet it and offer their service to guide it into the Harbour for which they will be well paid our Captain being forced to give ten pieces of Eight The Haven of Messina is very commodious and secure compassed almost round with the City on one side and a narrow languet or neck of land on the other resembling a large Fishpond The City makes a goodly show as one comes to it by Sea the houses all along the shore being built of Free-stone tall and uniform and having a fair broad Key before them But the streets within are narrow not well paved nor the houses near so fair So that it is a Proverb A Mess●na Assai polvere pulce putane At Messina you have dust fleas and whores store This City pretends to be the principal and metropolis of Sicily Regni caput and will be no means give place to Palermo The Vice-roy is obliged to reside 18 months heer and 18 at Palermo They stand much upon their privileges granted them by Charles the fifth Emperor and one privilege they have not to shew their privileges They contend earnestly to have the staple or monopoly of Silk heer and had lately obtained a grant thereof from Spain but the Palermitans seeing how much this would redound to their prejudice have got it reversed It seems formerly all the Silk made in Sicily was vended at Messina but by degrees Palermo hath got part of this trade to its self and now pleads prescription for it There is a great emulation and enmity between the Palermitans and Messanese which involves the whole Island some Cities taking part with one and some with the other The titles the Messanese give their City in their public instruments and writings are the Noble and Exemplary City of Messina The Inhabitants are none of the most civil but extraordinarily proud and ready to expel the Vice-roy if he displeases them The King of Spain hath 4 Castles in and about this City and the Citizens as many in their hands The City Gates stand open all night so that its free for any man to enter in and go out at pleasure Their government among themselves is by six Jurats four of the Gentry and two of the Citizens They are chosen after this manner Every year there is a certain number who do ambire magistratum or as they phrase it concur to come in cap sometimes more sometimes fewer The Gentlemen chuse by themselves and the Citizens by themselves The names of all the Gentlemen of aboue 25 years of age and likewise of all the Artisans and Tradesmen are written in little scrolls of paper and those rolled up and cast upon a table Then comes in the Kings delegate and takes up of each heap of these scrolls to the number of 36 and those are the Electors These Electors are brought into a room where are boxes set according to the number of Competitors and have balls given them blue and white the blue affirmative and the white negative and they give to every one of the Candidates their suffrages as they please Those eight of the Noblemen and four of the Citizens which have most suffrages are elected and come in cap. Now on the first of May these 12 have their names written in little scrolls of paper put in a cap and a little boy puts his hand in and takes out one by one to the number of six and those six are the Jurats for that year The Jurats for the Nobility though they be the greater number yet can they do nothing without the consent of one of the Jurats for the Citizens After all this stir these Jurats have but little power nothing to do either in civil or criminal causes of any moment Of Plants we found heer on the baich or languet of land between the Haven of Messina and the Fretum Siculum Peucedanum majus Italicum Linaria angustifolia flore luteo vulgapersimilis Sideritis verticillis spinosis J. B. Faenugraeco sylvestri Tragi in quibusdam accedens planta J. B. Some call this plant Vicia Sesamacea Apula I think it might be fitly titled Glaux peregrina annua Vicia maritima multiflora alba Messanensis nobis dicta Spina Solstitialis flore connivente capitulis sessilibus An Solstitialis mitior Apula Col Thlaspi clypeatum hieracifolium majus Park Trifolium stellatum C. B. Polygonum niveum Securidaca siliquis planis dentatis Ger. Trifolium capitulis globosis sine pediculis caulibus adnexis In Anglia hanc speciem nupet invenimus Gramen tremulum maximum Melilotus Messanensis procumbens folliculis flavicantibus per maturitatem rugosis sublongis spicâ florum breviore verùm seminibus grandioribus