Selected quad for the lemma: city_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	degree_n	latitude_n	minute_n	5,056	4	11.5868	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28143	A voyage of the late King of Sweden and another of mathematicians sent by him : in which are discover'd the refraction of the sun which sets not in the northern parts at the time of the solstice, varition [sic] of the needle, latitudes of places, seasons &c. of those countries : by command of the most serene and most mighty Prince, Charles XI, King of Swedes, Goths and Vandals / faithfully render'd into English.; Midnats solens rätta och synlige rum uti Norrlanded effter. English	Bilberg, John, 1646-1717.	1698 (1698)	Wing B2889; ESTC R30235	33,096	118

Maritine Places for besides that the Horizon seen upon the Waters is even being hinder'd by no Inequalities which at Land the Mountains or Trees use to make I also think that Reflection comes nearest to Refraction which being joined in a double manner represents the Species of the Solar Body no otherwise than happens in Looking-Glasses where the first Reflection without Refraction is made in the polished Superficies of the Glass but the other in the bottom of it in its filed bottom but with Refraction which Composition except you take heed shows to you one thing sometimes falsly under a double Image or somewhat greater than it shou'd be and further many things may be Objected about the Maritine Observations of Peasants and we very often want the Confirmation of Fishermens Sayings who being accustomed to spread Probabilities for Certainties sometimes both egregiously deceive and are deceived yet we will admire it the less because Mathematicians as well in their Coelestial as Terrestrial Observations have something that is Human in them In the Frigid Zone and its Neighbourhood the stay of the Sun above the Horizon brings this Advantage to the Inhabitants that the Corn in those Places ripens in a short time for as we have heard from the Husbandmen in fertile and fruitful Years not above six or seven Weeks are required amongst them from the time of Sowing their Corn until Harvest we made no difficulty to suffer our selves to be perswaded of it when the first Sower as we went was in the City Torneo and the Barley sown in the beginning of June or the 16th Day of the same Month was grown beyond Expectation and the Grass which as we passed by some places of Western Bothnia in the beginning of June had scarcely come out of its Stalk at our return after four Weeks was Mowed But this Advantage is followed by another Disadvantage for the Corn is liable to much danger from the Cold in this so short a space of time for if it do but happen about the time when it ripens or when they hope it shou'd ripen that the Dew or Frost falls upon it in the Morning it hurts the Grain and wholly destroys it which Mischief they cannot otherwise prevent than by cutting the Corn unripe before it so suffer Even then they did conjecture that they shou'd experience this Year the same Damage not without the greatest prejudice to them and the event showed that they were not False Prophets for altho' they saw the Cold to be near yet the Corn was not then come to that Maturity as it cou'd be exposed to any inconvenience by the violence of the Cold Weather But here is one thing which I wou'd have my Courteous Reader to observe that the Nature of these Northern Countries is not altogether to be estimated from the Intemperateness of this Year for the present Year exceeds all others that are past in the Memory of Man for the severity of the Season and there are very long lived Men in those Places who sometimes live to an Hundred and more Years but not one to be found amongst them who cou'd testifie that Thunder is so much as once heard in the Year and especially in the middle of April which now happened and seemed to presage something unusual And it is very remarkable that when our most Serene King went to see these Places the Year before the Inhabitants never saw a more pleasant Time as if the Countenance of Heaven was composed for Mirth the Lord of the Country being present As for what concerns the Islands of the Bothnick Sea they underwent a different Fortune for as we went from Torneo to the Parish Calix in our Voyage on the 19th of June at our Arrival at some little Islands we there perceived that the Soil was not yet freed from Cold nor did the Birch-Trees which are very many in that place show any sing of Greenness when yet in other Places beyond Sea they abounded with their ripe and full grown Leaves and we know that this is not also unusual in other Countries since in Japan whilst the sharpest Winter continues and the Snows and Rains continually fall other Countries of Asia and Europe situated under the same Climate are not sensible of the same hardness of Winter And Nova Albion being situated about Forty Two Degrees North Latitude when Drake the English-Man first Arrived there he found the Mountains covered with Snow and the English were so troubled with Cold in the Month of June that they were forced to go from it Other Islands also lying in the Ocean are reported to be liable to these Inconveniencies At Night between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Day we saw the Sun setting in Calix at Eleven a Clock and Twelve Minutes tho' the Horizontal Plane by reason of that unequal part in which it looks to the North scarcely permitted us to determine its true setting We tryed the next Day to take the heighth of the Sun but this hope vanish'd amongst the Clouds As much as we can judge from our Journey and the Sun 's setting the Latitude of that place can differ but little from Torneo since the Church in Calix where the Observation was taken seems to be situate directly to the Westward of it CHAP. VI. The Latitudes of Places observed in our Return ON the 21st we observed in the Old Town Luhlea the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and thence gathered the Latitude of the Place to be 65 Degrees and 25 Minutes And the Declination of the Magnet from the North to the West to be about Six Degrees That City was founded in the Year M DC XX II. where there is still an Old Church yielding to none in that Country for Structure and Largeness but for a more convenient Situation New Luhlea was Built nearer to the Sea in the Year M DC XL II. but by the Carelesness of the Laplanders kindling a Fire in the Neighbouring Wood was Five Years after together with the Wood destroyed by Fire nor was it Rebuilt more Fortunately after for in the Year MDCLIII it was again ruin'd by an accidental Fire and from those Ruines became such an one as we now see it On the 24th in the Old City Bithea we in vain hunted after the Meridian Altitude of the Sun the Sky being thick set with Clouds wholly hindering our Design and therefore we went the next Day into the Neighbourhood to search for it This Old City was Built in the Year M DC XX I. but after it was casually by Fire reduced into Ashes in the Year M DC LX VI. for some time the Rebuilding of it was deferred until some fresh Privileges and Immunities being granted by His Most Serene Royal Majesty they might undertake the Business But the New City then beginning to be Built is distant half a Mile from the Old being situated nearer to the Sea for a more convenient Port and convenience of exporting Merchandizes The next Day in the Parish of Schelefta near to the Church

being as yet not well beaten wherein being tossed by divers Fortunes at length we happily arrived at Torneo on the 6th of June having made a most hazardous Voyage in sixteen Days in Charriots Boats or on Horses and a-foot by turns The City Torneo is situated by the River Torneo rising in Lapland a very pleasant Place which the River makes by parting it self into two Arms and joining again where it discharges it self into the Sea from which Island the Citizens assert the City to have received its Name at the time of its Building But it was founded in this Island in the Year of our Lord M DC XX. when before it was the Seat of Inhabitants who dwelt some Furlongs from it to the South where there is still an old Stone-Church for they have a wooden one in that City and that curiously built as generally is usual in other Cities of that Country not long rebuilded This City trades chiefly with the Finns and Laplanders whose Language the Citizens understand well In the Winter they likewise give them a Visit with their Ram Deer and for the Merchandize which they carry with them receive others from the Laplanders of equal Value They have also no inconsiderable Commerce with the Moscovites who yearly sell their Goods to them and part with them at a very reasonable Price since those which are brought out of the City Archangel lie them in less when the Concourse of the Hollanders is the greatest The same Evening that we came to Torneo we observ'd the Sun above the Horizon noting the Time by the going of a most exact Clock which shew'd Minutes and Seconds which I had for that use by the Favour of the most excellent Count and Royal Senator Nicolas Gyldenstolp by this at 11 h. 15′ 45″ the Sun was hidden in a little Cloud passing over it and appeared that Night no more to us On the 7th of June we sound the Altitude of the Sun by two Brass Astrolabes exactly divided into Deg. and Min. One of which we wou'd have to be loose and the other fixed with the Perpendicular by which the Errors which arise by the Disposition might be the more easily detected and by this Means we took Care that the very least difference of them shou'd not escape us nor was any Calculation made by us except the Instruments agreed most exactly The same day in our first Observation we found the greatest Altitude of the Sun to be 47° 48′ On the 8th Day we found the Meridian Altitude to be 47° 49′ The 9th Day was Cloudy On the 10th it was 47° 50′ from which repeated Observations and another more made in the same place at our return on the 18th of June when the Suns Meridian heighth had decreased to 47° 45′ we gathered by an Astronomical Calculation the true Motion of the Sun being consider'd and the just Parallax added that the Elevation of the Pole in that City is not so much as is laid down in some Geographical Tables especially those of Foreigners being but 65° 43′ but no account ought to be had of the Refraction in these Observations the Body of the Sun being elevated beyond that degree where they cease we desired truly to confirm these Diurnal Observations by the fixed Stars because to those who observe by the Circumpolar Stars the Altitude of the Pole uses to come out less and the Winter and Summer Declinations of the Sun being otherwise equal the Hypothesis of the fixed Obliquity of the Ecliptick being granted but amongst the more Northerly at several Times are render'd inequal by reason of their Refractions but at that time the Light of the Sun and its continual Presence saved us that trouble The Latitude of Torneo being found we were solicitous to find out the true Longitude of it but seeing that cou'd not be Astronomically obtain'd by any direct Journey by reason of the Situation of Places we were forced to be satisfied with the Reports of the Land-Surveyers who have so exactly describ'd the Measures of the Ways and the Situation of all the Countries and Counties by the Command of His most Serene Royal Majesty and because amongst the several Ways of finding out the Longitude of Places especially at Sea for which the States of the United Provinces promised so great a Reward to the finder of it all Eyes being intent upon this Victory which is not as yet obtain'd I say amongst so many ways no Invention hath yet appeared more excellent than that which is performed by the help of a Pendulum of which that Noble Hollander Christianus Con-stantine Huygens was the Inventer and Author a Person as well for his other Famous Works as for the sake of this most worthy of Immortality And here it came into our Heads to admire the great Constancy of these Portable Clocks made after that Example two of which I brought with me from home accurately distinguished with an Horizontal Pendulum and divided into Minutes but the Third having also Seconds was added to them at Stockholm Before our departure I so dispos'd these Two for three Weeks together to the Motion and Measure of a most correct exact Pendulum of three Foot which was such a Rule for me that I cou'd scarce doubt of their Exactness since in the whole Journey they went so equally that they did not differ from one another so much as one Minute at the same time But it moved me more than I can express in the first Observation at Torneo when the Suns greatest Altitude and from thence the true place of the South was known to us all these Three Clocks wanted only 18 Minutes of this Point to wit the Automaton shewed the Hour of the Day of the Meridian from whence I came and to which I was joined when I departed at Twelve a Clock and yet cou'd not rightly show us the Meridian of Torneo or to agree with it because that City is judged to be some Degrees more Easterly than Stockholm For of the Mapps which I now have one of them which Aegidius Valkenier put forth in a lesser Form makes the Longitude of Stockholm 35 Degrees and 30 Minutes but of Torneo 40° 0′ this difference of the Meridians 4° 30′ gives the Intervals of Time 18′ Astronomically computed The other of Fred. de Witt makes the Longitude of Stockholm 36° 20′ but of Torneo 41° 10′ This difference of the Meridians 4° 50′ makes the measure of Time betwixt them 19′ 20″ A third of Scandinavia by the same De Witt makes the Longitude of Stockholm 39° 00. but that of Torneo precisely 44° 00. which is the greatest and produces the difference of the Meridians of five Degrees whence also in Time the difference of Meridians is given 20 Minutes But which of these two Tables is the latter and truer is not certain for in Maps and Clocks the Age of them is not expressed on purpose that so they may always seem to be New but howsoever it was these three Maps did not