at a great distance too which made them believe he was dead For they are oblig'd by Custom to shew themselves to the people three times in a week or in fifteen days at most Cha-Jehan had six Children four Sons and two Daughters The Name of the eldest was Dara-Cha the second was call'd Sultan Sujah the third Aureng-zeb and the fourth Morad-Bakche The eldest of his two Daughters was call'd Begum-Saheb and the name of the second was Rauchenara Begum Cha-jehan lov'd all his four Sons alike and had made them Governours or Vice-Roys of four of his principal Provinces or Kingdoms Dara-Cha who was the eldest stay'd with his Father in Dehly and had the Government of the Kingdom of Sandi into which he put a Deputy Sultan Sujah had for his share the Government of Bengala Aureng-zeb was Vice-Roy of the Kingdom of Decan and Morad-Bakche of the Kingdom of Guzerat But though Cha-jehan endeavour'd to give equal content to his four Sons their Ambition was not satisfi'd with this division but ruin'd all the good designs which so kind a Father had lay'd to preserve peace among his Children Cha-jehan being thus sick and retir'd into the Womens quarter without shewing himself for many days the report ran that he was dead and that Dara-Cha conceal'd his death to gain time to provide for himself and to secure the Empire True it is that the King believing he should dye commanded Dara-Cha to call together all the Omrahs or Lords and to seat himself upon the Throne which belong'd to him as the eldest of his Brothers He also testifi'd the desire he had to see him quietly setled in the peaceable possession of the Empire And this intention of his was look'd upon as the more just in regard the other three Brothers had been for some time observ'd to have less respect for their Father than Dara-Cha Dara-Cha who honour'd and respected the King with a real tenderness made answer to the King that he desir'd of Heaven nothing more than the preservation of his Majesties life and that so long as Heaven should continue that preservation he should take it to be a greater honour to continue himself a Subject than to ascend the Throne And indeed he was never absent from his Father that he might be the better able to serve him in his sickness and because he would be present upon all occasions he lay by his Fathers Bed-side upon a Tapestry spread upon the ground During the false report of the death of Cha-jehan his three other Sons immediately rebell'd every one laying claim to their Fathers Crown Morat-Bakche the youngest who had the Government of Guzerat sent away Forces immediately to besiege Surat the most considerable Port and most frequented of any other all over India The City made no resistance for the Walls are very weak and broken down in several places But they defended the Cittadel where the Treasure was very stoutly though the young Ambitious Prince did all he could to make himself Master of it Chabas-Kan one of his Eunuchs who was General of his Army an industrious and active person and who carri'd on the Siege with all the experience of an old Captain when he saw he could not carry the Castle by main force caus'd it to be undermin'd in two places by the assistance of an European Engineer which took effect so that upon the twenty-ninth of December 1659 he threw down a good part of the Walls and fill'd up the Moat which very much terrifi'd the besieg'd But they presently recover'd their courage and though they were but a small number they defended themselves for above forty days to the great dammage and slaughter of Morat-Bakche's Army Chabas-Kan provok'd at such a vigorous resistance sought for all the Wives and Children Parents and Kindred of the Canoneers that were within the Castle to place them at the head of his men when they made their approaches He also sent one of the Brothers of the Governor of the place to offer him advantageous conditions But the Governor being a very loyal person and uncertain of the Kings death rejected all his offers The Eunuch perceiving the Resolution of the Governour threaten'd the besieged to kill all their Wives and Children Parents and Kindred if they did not surrender the place the next day But neither did any of those considerations prevail till at length the breach being made wider and the number of defendants decreasing the Governor surrender'd upon honourable conditions which were punctually perform'd by Chabas-Kan who seiz'd upon all the Treasure and carried it to Amadabat where Morat-Bakche was busily employ'd in squeezing the people to get Money The news of the taking Surat being brought to this Prince he presently provided himself a Throne and sitting upon it on the day which was appointed for the Ceremony he caus'd himself to be declared King not only of Guzerat but of all the Dominions of Cha-jehan his Father At the same time he also coin'd Money and sent new Governors into all the Cities But his tottering Throne not being well fix'd fell soon to the Ground and the youngest of all the Brothers for having usurp'd a Scepter that no ways appertain'd to him was confin'd to a severe imprisonment Prince Dara-Cha fain would have reliev'd Surat but it was impossible For besides that he was busied in the assistance of his Father the King his second Brother Sultan-Sujah more powerful than Morat-Bakche found him far more work to do He was already advanc'd into the Kingdom of Lahor having absolutely reduc'd the Kingdom of Bengala All that Dara-Cha could do was to send Soliman Checour his eldest Son with an Army against Sultan Sujah The young Prince having defeated his Uncle and driven him back into Bengala the Frontiers whereof he secur'd with good Garrisons return'd to Dara-Cha his Father In the mean time Morat-Bakche acknowledg'd for King in the Kingdom of Guzerat bends all his Force and Counsels to make himself Emperor of the Indies to destroy his Brothers and to fix his Throne either in Agra or Jehanabat Whiles these things pass'd Aureng-zeb as ambitious but more crafty than his Brothers lets them alone to kindle the first Fires and conceals his own designs which afterwards appear'd so much to the damage of the rest At first he feign'd to lay no claim to the Empire but liv'd a private life like a Dervich or Religious Hermit And the better to act his part he declar'd to his younger Brother Morat-Bakche whom he saw to be so ambitious how willing he should be to assist him in his designs telling him that because he merited the Empire by his Valour he would aid him with his Money and his Forces to overthrow Dara-Cha who only stood in his way The young Prince blinded with the hopes of his good Fortune easily believ'd Aureng-zeb And so joining Forces together he advances towards Agra to make himself Master of that City Dara-Cha marches to meet them but the Battel was as imprudently manag'd
ordinary Diet of the Persians 241 Chap. XVIII Of the Marriages of the Persians 243 Chap. XIX Of the Death and Burial of the Persians 244 Chap. XX. The Author departs from Ispahan to Ormus and describes the Road to Schiras 245 Chap. XXI Of the City of Schiras 247 Chap. XXII A Continuation of the Road from Ispahan to Ormus from Schiras to Bander-Abassi 251 Chap. XXIII Of the Island of Ormus and of Bander-Abassi 225 Chap. XXIV Of the Roads by Land from Casbin to Ispahan to the Frontiers of the Territories of the Great Mogul through Candahar 257 THE CONTENTS OF THE Indian Travels The Figures of the Pieces of Gold Silver and Copper and of the sorts of Shells and Almonds that pass for Money over all Asia THe Money of Arabia Pag. 1 The Money currant under the Dominions of the Great Mogul 2 The Money of a King and two Raja's all three Tributaries to the Great Mogul 3 Pieces of Gold call'd Pagods which are currant in the Territories of the King of Golconda the King of Visapour the Great Raja of Carnatica the Raja of Velouche and at the Diamond Mines 4 The Money which the English and Hollanders Coyn in the Indies 5 The Money of the King of Cheda and Pera. 6 The Money of Gold and Tin of the King of Achen with the Money in Gold Coyn'd by the King of Macassar and the Celebes And the Silver and Copper Money of the King of Camboya 7 The Money in Gold Silver and Copper of the King of Siam Ibid. The Gold and Silver Money of the King of Asem Tipoura Arakin and Pegu. 8 Lumps or Pieces of Gold and Silver which go for Money in the Kingdom of China and the Kingdom of Tunquin Ibid. The Gold and Silver Money of Japon 9 The Portraiture of the Silver Ingots of Japon which go for Money Ibid. Money that represents the Figures of the twelve Signs and which were Coyn'd during the twenty four hours that Jehan-Guir King of the Indies permitted Queen Nourmahall his Wife to Reign in his stead 10 The Gold Silver and Copper Money which the Portugals Coyn in the East-Indies 12 The Gold and Silver Money of Muscovy 13 The First BOOK of the INDIAN Travels What Roads to take in Travelling from Ispahan to Agra from Agra to Dehly and Gehanabat where the Great Mogul resides at present And how to Travel also to the Court of the King of Golconda to the King of Visapour and to many other places in the Indies Chap. I. THe Road from Ispahan to Agra through Gomron where is particularly describ'd the manner of Sailing from Ormus to Surat Pag. 15 Chap. II. Of the Customs Money Exchange Weight and Measures of the Indians 17 Chap. III. Of their Carriages and the manner of travelling in India 27 Chap. IV. The Road from Surat to Agra through Brampour and Seronge 30 Chap. V. The Road from Surat to Agra through Amadabat 36 Chap. VI. The Road from Ispahan to Agra through Candahar 43 Chap. VII The continuance of the same Road from Dehly to Agra 48 Chap. VIII The Road from Agra to Patna and Daca Cities in the Province of Bengala and of the quarrel which the Author had with Cha-Est-Kan the King's Uncle 51 Chap. IX The Road from Surat to Golconda 60 Chap. X. Of the Kingdom of Golconda and the Wars which it has maintain'd for some few years last past 63 Chap. XI The Road from Golconda to Maslipatan or Masalipatan 69 Chap. XII The Road from Surat to Goa and from Goa to Golconda through Visapour 71 Chap. XIII Observations upon the present State of the City of Goa 74 Chap. XIV What the Author did during his stay at Goa the last time he went thither in the year 1648. 78 Chap. XV. The Story of Father Ephraim and how he was put into the Inquisition at Goa by a surprisal 85 Chap. XVI The Road from Goa to Maslipatan through Cochin here describ'd in the Story of the taking of that City by the Hollanders 88 Chap. XVII The passage by Sea from Ormus to Maslipatan 90 Chap. XVIII The Road from Maslipatan to Gondicot a City and Garrison in the Province of Carnatica and of the dealings which the Author had with Mirgimola who commanded the King of Golconda's Army With a discourse at large concerning Elephants 91 Chap. XIX The Road from Gondicot to Golconda 100 Chap. XX. The Author's return from Surat to Ormus 105 The Second BOOK of the INDIAN Travels Containing an Historical and Political Description of the Empire of the Great Mogul Chap. I. A Relation of the last Wars of Indostan which gives an insight into the present Estate of the Empire and Court of the Moguls 106 Chap. II. Of the Sickness and supposed Death of Cha-Jehan King of India and the Rebellion of the Princes his Sons Pag. 108 Chap. III. Of the Imprisonment of Cha-Jehan and how he was punish'd by Aurenge-Zebe his third Son for the injustice he had done Prince Boulaki his Nephew the Grand child of Jehan-Guir to whom as to the Son of the Eldest Son the Empire of the Mogul belong'd 111 Chap. IV. Of the flight of Dara-Cha to the Kingdom of Scindi and Guzerat of the second battle which he fought against Aurenge-Zebe his being tak'n Prisoner and Death 114 Chap. V. How Aurenge-Zebe caus'd himself to be declar'd King and of the flight of Sultan-Sujah 116 Chap. VI. Of the Imprisonment of Sultan-Mahomed Aurenge-Zebe's Eldest Son and of Sultan Soliman-Chekour Eldest Son of Dara-Cha 117 Chap. VII Of the beginning of Aurenge-Zebe's Reign and the Death of Cha-Jehan his Father 120 Chap. VIII Of the preparations against the Feast of the Great Mogul when he is weigh'd solemnly every year Of the Richness of his Thrones and the magnificence of his Court 122 Chap. IX Some other observations upon the Court of the Great Mogul 124 Chap. X. Of the Commodities which are brought as well out of the Dominions of the Great Mogul as out of the Kingdoms of Golconda and Visapour and other Neighbouring Territories 126 Chap. XI Of Diamonds and the Mines and Rivers where they are found and first of the Author's Journey to the Mines of Raolconda 134 Chap. XII The Author's Journey to the other Mines and how they find the Diamonds there 137 Chap. XIII A Continuation of the Author's Travels to the Diamond Mines 139 Chap. XIV Of the diversity of Weights us'd at the Diamond Mines of the pieces of Gold and Silver there currant and the Rule which they observe to know the price of Diamonds 140 Chap. XV. The Rule to know the just price and value of a Diamond of what weight soever from three to a hundred and upwards a Secret known to very few people in Europe 142 Chap. XVI Of Colour'd Stones and the places where they are found 137 Chap. XVII Of Pearls and the places where they fish for them 145 Chap. XVIII How the Pearls are bred in the Oysters and how they fish for them and at what
Foot square the Bars whereof are round and knob'd in those places where they cross each other it is lighted by several Lamps of Gold and Silver which altogether is very pleasing to the Eye The inside of the Mosquee to the elevation of the Angles that support the Duomo is compos'd of square Tiles varnish'd over with divers Colours and the Cupola of the Duomo as also the Vault of the Portico of the Mosquee is a Moresco piece of Painting in Or and Azure Upon each side of the Mosquee and near the side where the Tomb of Sidi-Fatima stands appears a great Hall where the Royal Alms are distributed to the Poor which consist of Pilaw and other diet very well drest From this Tomb you turn to the left hand toward an Ascent distant five and twenty or thirty Paces and at the top of this Ascent is a Door over which there an is Inscription in Honour of Sha-Abas the Second The Door being open'd shews you the place where the Body of that King reposes and through another Door with a Grate in it you may discover under a small Duomo the Tomb of Sha-Sefi his Father which is cover'd with a Carpet of Cloth of Gold They were continually at work upon the Tomb of Sha-Abas which they said they would make very famous I had not been two hours in Kom but a multitude of People ran by the Inn Gate all in extraordinary hast Asking what the matter was they answer'd me that it had been a day long design'd for the two Prophets to fight Thereupon I went to the Piazza which was so crowded that I had much ado to get to see In the first place a sufficient number of Tumblers and Puppet-players divided into two Bands kept the middle of the Piazza and made a sufficient Ring for the Combat Each Band held a Bull by the Horns one of which they call'd Mahomet and the other Haly and whether it were by accident or by the cunning of the Bull-Masters after an obstinate Combat wherein the Beasts foam'd again with heat and rage Mahomet at length quit the Field and yielded Haly the Victory Then all the People shouted for joy and all the Piazza was fill'd with the noise of Flutes and Hautboys and every one coming as if it were to adore Haly cry'd out Behold the Works of God that Haly has made At length they bring the Bull Haly under a Gate with his Head turn'd toward the People where after they have rub'd him to refresh him after a Combat so courageously maintain'd every one sends him Presents which are all the Tumblers profit The Kan or Governour of Kom who was present with a hundred Horses richly trap'd to behold the Sight sent the Bull a Present of 50 Tomans or 750 Crowns They who accompany'd him and the chief Inhabitants of Kom gave him some a Garment others a Girdle Neither did the meanest of the People spare to send or carry him Fruits or other things according to their abilities The Kan was a Lord who was very civil and there was no Stranger that did not commend his behaviour in regard he was so obliging So soon as I came to the place whether it was that he perceiv'd me with a Dutchman that I had brought along from Constantinople or whether any one had inform'd him that there were Strangers near him he sent for us and after he had ask'd us some Questions concerning the occasion of our Travelling he sent for a Seat and caus'd us to sit down Then he ask'd us whence we came and what we did at Ispahan to which when we had answer'd him that we went to wait upon the King he approv'd our Intention complaining that we had not given him advice of our Arrival In the Evening he sent us several Delicacies among the rest six fair Melons and four Bottles of excellent Wine He appear'd to me so brave and generous a Person that I was very much troubled afterwards for his being in dis-favour with the King and his death which ensu'd For this Kan finding the Walls of the City which were only of Earth and the Bridge over the River to be out of repair without writing to the King of his own head laid a slight Imposition upon every Basket of Fruit that was brought into the City Now there are in all the Cities of Persia persons who are hir'd to take an account every Week what the Commodities may be worth and to take care that no more than such a Toll be laid upon any thing which they tax among themselves and when they have set the Rate they cause it to be cry'd at the beginning of every Week Sha-Sefi then reign'd it being the year 1632. The King being inform'd by these people of the Impost which the Kan had set upon Fruit without his knowledge was so enrag'd against him that he caus'd him to be brought in Chains to Ispahan where he us'd him with a strange severity For at that time the Son of the Kan stood at the King's Elbow it being his Office to give him his Pipe and his Tobacco which is a very honourable Employment in Persia. When the Kan came the King caus'd him to be carry'd to the Gate of the Palace in the presence of all the People and then commanded his Son to pull the Hair of his Father's Mustaches by the roots from his Skin After that he commanded him to cut off his Nose and his Ears after that to put out his Eyes and lastly to cut off his Head When he had done the Execution according to the King's pleasure he commanded him to go and take possession of his Father's Government and allowing him an experienc'd Old Man for his Lieutenant he sent him to Kom with these words If thou govern'st no better than this dead Dog has done I will put thee to a more cruel death than this Leaving Kom for four hours you travel over a fair Champain Country after which you come to a fair Village with five or six Inns in it Beyond that is nothing but Sand till you come to a place call'd Abschirim or Fresh-water where there are three Inns at a distance from any Villages From Abschirim to Cachan is six hours journey through a Corn Country and stor'd with great Villages Cachan is a large City well peopl'd and furnish'd with all things necessary for humane subsistance There is an old Wall about it which is faln down in many places so that there is no need of seeking for Gates to get into the City On that side which looks toward Ispahan the Soil is good and produces great store of Fruit and Wine which the Jews take care to make It is reckon'd that there are in Cachan a thousand Families of Jews in Ispahan about six hundred but in Kom there are not above nine or ten Not but that there are many Jews in Persia but those that live in Ispahan Cachan and Kom boast themselves particularly of the Tribe of Judah
and usually there are about three thousand in the City and the Towns adjoyning The Keys of the Gates of the City and the Bridge-Gate are in the custody of another Aga who has under him two hundred Janizaries There are also six hundred Foot-men who have their particular Aga and about sixty Cannoneers who were at that time commanded by an expert Artist that went by the name of Signor Michaël who pass'd for a Turk though he were born in Candy He put himself into the Grand Signor's service when he went to besiege Bagdat in the year 1638. Though the Turk had the good fortune to carry the City in a small time not so much by virtue of the Breach which Signor Michaël had made in the Wall as the Sedition and Revolt that happen'd at the same instant the Story whereof was thus in short The Kan that sustain'd the brunt of the Siege at first was originally an Armenian and his name was Sefi-couli-Kan He had commanded the City a long time and had defended it twice from the Army of the Turks who were not able to take it before But the King of Persia having sent one of his Favourites to command in his room who had enter'd upon his Command before the Cannon had made the Breach the old Kan finding himself displac'd by the Commission of the new Governour rather chose to dye than survive the Affront which was put upon him To which purpose he sent for his Servants the Officers of the Army his Wife and Son and taking three Cups of Poyson in his Hand he commanded his Wife if ever she lov'd him now to shew the marks of her affection by generously dying with him He gave the same exhortation to his Son and so all three together drank up the Poyson which procur'd their speedy death The Souldiers who had a great love for their Governour having beheld so dismal a Spectacle and knowing the Grand Signor was preparing for a general Assault would not obey their new Kan but began to act like Revolter's and to that purpose they agreed to deliver up the City upon condition they might march away with their Arms and Baggage but the Turks did not keep their words For so soon as the Turks were got into the City the Basha's told the Grand Signor that to weak'n the force of the Persian it was necessary for him to put to the Sword all the Souldiers that were in the City and thereupon there were above twenty thousand massacr'd in cold Blood The Turks had seiz'd upon the Capuchins Mansion but Signor Michaël chief of the Canoneers got it to be restor'd them again As to the Civil Government of Bagdat there is none but a Cady who does all acting even the Mufti with a Shiekelaslon or Tefterdar who receives the Revenues of the Grand Signor There are in it five Mosquees of which two are indifferently well built and adorn'd with Duomo's cover'd with varnish'd Tiles of different colours There are also ten Inns all ill built except two which are reasonably convenient In general the City is ill built there being nothing of beauty in it but the Bazars which are all arch'd else the Merchants would not be able to endure the heats They must also be water'd three or four times a day for which office several poor people are hir'd upon the publick charge The City is full of Trade but not so full as it was when in the hands of the King of Persia for when the Turk took it he kill'd most of the richest Merchants However there is a great confluence thither from all Parts whither for Trade or for Devotions sake I cannot tell because they that follow the Sect of Haly do believe that Haly liv'd at Bagdat Besides all they that are desirous to go to Mecca by Land must pass through Bagdat where every Pilgrim is forc'd to pay four Piasters to the Basha You must take notice that there are in Bagdat two sorts of Mahometans the first are call'd Rafedi's or Hereticks the second Observers of the Law in all things like those at Constantinople The Rafedi's will by no means eat or drink with a Christian and very hardly with the rest of the Mahometans or if they do happ'n to drink out of the same Cup or to touch them they presently wash themselves as believing themselves unclean The others are not so scrupulous but eat and drink and converse with all the World In the year 1639 after the Grand Signor had tak'n Bagdat a Rafedi who was a Carrier of Water not only refus'd to give a Jew to drink who desir'd it of him in the Market-place but abus'd him also in words Thereupon the Jew complain'd to the Cady who immediately sent for him and caus'd his Boracho and his Cup to be brought along with him when he came before him he ask'd for his Cup and gave the Jew to drink and then made the Porter drink also out of the same Cup After that he order'd the Rafedi to be Bastinado'd and this Lesson to be taught him while he was chastising That we are all God's Creatures as well Mahometans as Christians and Jews This has made them less zealous in their Superstition though they are the chiefest part of the Inhabitants of the City As to their Funerals I have particularly observ'd that when the Husband dyes the Wife pulls off all her Head-gear and lets her Hair fall about her Ears then she all besmears her Face with the Soot of a Kettle and having so done frisks and leaps about after such a ridiculous manner as from others would rather produce laughter than tears All the kindred friends and neighbours meet at the House of the deceas'd and stay for the Celebration of the Funeral At what time the Women strive to out-vie one another in a thousand Apish tricks clapping their Cheoks yelling like mad people and then of a sudden setting themselves to dance to the sound of two Drums like those which the Tabor-and-Pipe-Men carry upon which the Women beat for a quarter of an hour Among them there is one more accustom'd to this fool'ry than the rest that fills your Ears with mournful Dinns to which other Women make answer by redoubling their Cries which may be heard at a great distance It would then be a vain thing to seek to comfort the Children of the deceas'd for they seem to be so much beside themselves that they are not in a condition to hear any thing And they are oblig'd to carry themselves in that manner unless they intend to run the reproach of not having any kindness for their Parents When the Corps is carry'd to the Grave abundunce of poor people go before with Banners and Crescents at the ends of Sticks singing most dismal Dirges all the way The Women are not to be at the Interrment who are not to go abroad but only upon Thursdays when they go to the Sepulchers to Pray for the Dead And because that by their Law the
are a great number of Boys and Servants to guide the Ships of the Sun and Moon Besides they have the Picture of a Barque which they say belong'd to the Angel Becan whom God sends to visit the Sun and Moon to see whither they move right or no and keep close to their duty In reference to the other World and life to come they believe there is no other World but where Angels and Devils the Souls of good and bad reside That in that World there are Cities Houses and Churches and that the Evil Spirits have also Churches where they pray singing and rejoycing upon Instruments and Feasting as in this World That when any one lies at the point of death three hundred and sixty Demons come and carry his Soul to a place full of Serpents Dogs Lyons Tygres and Devils who if it be the Soul of a wicked man tear it in pieces but being the Soul of a just man it creeps under the bellies of those Creatures into the presence of God who sits in his seat of Majesty to judge the World That there are Angels also that weigh the Souls of Men in a Ballance who being thought worthy are admitted immediately into Glory That the Angels and Devils are Male and Female and beget Children That the Angel Gabriel is the Son of God engender'd upon Light and that he has a Daughter call'd Souret who has two Sons That the Angel Gabriel has several Legions of Demons under him who are instead of Souldiers and others that are his Officers of justice whom he sends from Town to Town and from City to City to punish the wicked In reference to Saints they hold that Christ left twelve Apostles to Preach to the Nations That the Virgin Mary is not dead but that she lives somewhere in the World though there be no person that can tell where she is That next to her St. John is the chiefest Saint in Heaven and next to them Zacharias and Elizabeth of whom they recompt several miracles and Apocryphal tales For they believe that they two begat St. John only by embracing that when he came to be of age they Marry'd him and that he had four Sons which he begat upon the waters of Jordan That when St. John desir'd a Son he pray'd to God who drew him one out of the water so that St. John had no more to do with his Wife but only to give her the Child to bring up That he dy'd a natural death but that he commanded his Disciples to Crucifie him after his death that he might be like Christ. Lastly that he dy'd in the City of Fuster and that he was bury'd in a Chrystal Tomb brought by miracle to the City and that this Sepulchre was in a certain House near the River Jordan They highly honour the Cross and sign themselves with it but they are very careful of letting the Turks observe them and during their Ceremonies they set a Watch at their Church doors for fear the Turks should enter and lay some unjust Fine upon them When they have ador'd the Cross they take it in two pieces which they never put together again 'till their Service rebegins The reason why they so adore the Cross is drawn out of a Book which they have Entitul'd The Divan Where it is written that every day early in the Morning the Angels take the Cross and put it in the middle of the Sun which receives his light from it as the Moon also doth hers They add that in the same Book are Pictur'd two Ships one of which is nam'd the Sun the other the Moon and thaâ— in every one of these Ships there is a Cross full of Bells And moreover that if there were not a Cross in those two Ships the Sun and Moon would be depriv'd of Light and the Ships would suffer Shipwrack Their chief Festivals are three The one in Winter that lasts three days in memory of our first Parent and the Creation of the World The other in the Month of August that also lasts three days which is call'd the Feast of St. John The third which lasts five days in June during which time they are all re-baptiz'd They observe Sunday doing no work upon that day They neither Fast nor do any penance They have no Canonical Books but a great number of others that treat of nothing but Witchcraft in which they believe their Priests to be very crafty and that the Devils are at their beck They hold all Women to be unclean and that it is not at all available for them to come to the Church They have one Ceremony which they call the Ceremony of the Hen of which they make great Accompt which is not lawful for any to perform but a Priest Born of a Virgin at the time of her Marriage When a hen is to be kill'd the Priest puts off his ordinary habit and puts on a Linnen Cloth girding his waste with a second and throwing a third about his shoulders like a Stole Then he takes the Fowl and plunges it in the water to make it clean after which he turns toward the East and cuts off the head holding the Body in his hand 'till it has bled out all the blood While the Hen bleeds with his Eyes lifted up to Heaven as if he were in an extasie he repeats in his own Language these words following In the name of God may this flesh be profitable to all that eat of it They observe the same ceremony when they kill Sheep For first they cleanse the place very carefully where the Sheep is to be kill'd washing it with water and strewing it with boughs nor is the number of people small that assists at this Ceremony as if it were at some solemn Sacrifice If you ask them why it is not lawful for the Laity to kill Fowls They answer that it is no more lawful for them to kill than to consecrate them and that is all the reason which they bring They eat of nothing drest by the Turks and if a Turk ask them for drink so soon as he has drank they break the Cup. And to make the Turks more hateful they Picture Mahomet like a great Gyant shut up in Prison in Hell with four more of his Parents and they say that all the Turks are carry'd into the same place full of wild Beasts to be there devour'd They pretend all to Salvation For say they after the Angel Gabriel had fram'd the World by the command of God he thus discours'd him Lord God said he behold I have built the World as thou didst command me It has put me to a great deal of trouble and my Brethren also to raise such high Mountains that seem to sustain Heaven And who indeed was able to make way for Rivers through Mountains without vast labour and to give every thing its proper place Moreover great God by the aid of thy powerfull Arm we have brought the World to so much perfection that
Turkish Adrianople Edrené Burse Brousa Belgrade Beligrade Buda Boudim Grand Caire Mesr. Alexandretta in Egypt Iskendrié Mecca Meqquie Balsara Basra Babylon Bagdat Nineveh Moussoul Nisibis Nisbin Edessa Ourfa Tiqueranger Diarbequir Eva-togea Tokat Teve Toupolis Erzerom Shamiramager Van. Jerusalem Koutsheriff Damas Cam. Tripoli in Syria Cam Taraboulous Aleppo Haleb. Tripoli in Barbary Taraboulous Tunis Tunis Algier Gezaiir Candy Guirir Rhodes Rodes Cyprus Kebres Chio Sakes Methelin Medilli Smyrna Izmir Troy Eski Istamboul Lemnos Limio Tenedos Bogge-adasi Negropont Eghirbos The Dardanels Bogaz-ki Athens Atina Barut Biroult Seyde Saida Tyre Sour St. John of Dacres Acra Antioch Antexia Trebizond Tarabozan Sinopus Sinap In the Fortress of Sinopus at the lower part of the Wall there is a Stone to be seen where there is an Inscription in Latin abbreviated with the word Rome in it whence some conjecture may be made that the Romans built it The Mediterranean Sea Akdeniis The Ocean Derijay Mouhiit The Black Sea Kara-Deniis CHAP. VIII Remarks upon the Trade of the Island of Candy and the principal Isles of the Archipelago as also upon some of the Cities of Greece adjoyning with a particular Relation of the present Condition of the Grand Signor's Galleys belonging as well to the Isles as to the Continent Of the ISLAND of CANDY OUT of the Island of Candy Strangers export great store of Wheat and Sallet-Oyl all sorts of Pulse Cheese yellow Wax Cottons Silks but more especially Malmsey wherein consists its chiefest Trade When Vintage draws near the Country-people that are to gather the Grapes wrap their Feet in a piece of a Boar's Skin which they tye together upon the upper part of the Foot with a piece of Pack-thred to preserve their Feet from the violent heat of the Rocks upon which they are to tread Those Skins are brought out of Russia by the Russes that bring Botargo and Caviare to Constantinople where they have a vast vent for it all over Turkie Persia and Ethiopia where they that follow the Greek and Armenian Church eat little or nothing else all the Lent By the way take notice that the Turks make a certain Glew out of Sturgeon which is the best in the World so that whatever is fasten'd with it will rather break in another place than where it is glew'd They make it thus When they have caught a Sturgeon they pull out his Guts and then there remains a Skin that covers the Flesh this Skin they take off from the head to the belly It is very clammy and about the thickness of two Sheets of Paper which they roll as thick as a Man's Arm and let it dry in the Sun When they use it they beat it with a Mallet and when it is well beat'n they break it into pieces and steep it in Water for half an hour in a little Pot. When the Venetians were Masters of Candy they that had committed any Crime which deserv'd Death if they could get out of the Island before they were apprehended went directly to Constantinopole to beg their pardon For you must know that no person but the Ambassador of the Commonwealth of Venice had the Priviledge to pardon Crimes committed in Candy For example when Signor Dervisano was Ambassador for the Commonwealth of Venice at Constantinople a Candiot having a desire to lye with a Woman by force she told him she would sooner eat her Child's Liver than yield to his Lust. Whereupon the Villain enrag'd he could not compass his design took his opportunity kill'd the Child cut out the Liver and made the Mother eat it and then slew the Mother also Upon this he fled to Constantinople to beg pardon of the Ambassador and obtain'd it there But the Ambassador at the same time wrote word to the Governour of Candy to put him to death at his return having only granted him his Pardon to preserve his Priviledge And indeed to speak truth the Candiots are the most wretched people under Heaven Of the ISLAND of CHIO THE City of Chio which gives the Island its Name contains about thirty thousand Inhabitants where there are little less than fifteen thousand Greeks eight thousand Latins and six thousand Turks Among the several Greek and Latin Churches the last of which hath continu'd ever since the time that the Genoeses possess'd the Island there are some indifferent handsom Structures The five principal Latin Churches are the Cathedral and the Churches belonging to the Escolantines the Dominicans the Jesuites and the Capuchins The Turks have also their Mosquees and the Jews their Synagogue Four Miles from the City near to the Sea-side is to be seen a vast Stone which was cut out of some Rock it is almost all round only the upper part which is flat and somewhat hollow round about the upper part and in the middle are places like Seats cut into the same Stone of which there is one higher than the rest like a School-master's Chair and Tradition reports that this was Homer's School where he taught his Scholars In this Island there is such an infinite number of Partridges that the like is not to be found in any part of the World But that which is a greater Rarity is this that the Natives breed them up as we do our Poultry but after a more pleasant manners for they let them go in the fields all the day long and at night every Country-man calls his own sevèrally home to Roost by a particular Note whither they return like a Flock of so many Geese There are great quantities of Damasks and Fustians wrought in the Island of Chio which are transported to Grand Cairo and to all the Cities upon the Coast of Barbary Natolia and particularly to Constantinople Three Leagues from the Island of Chio upon a Mountain to the South there grows a peculiar sort of Trees the Leaves are somewhat like a Myrtle their Branches so long that they creep upon the ground but which is more wonderful that when they are down they rise again of themselves From the beginning of May to the end of June the Inhabitants take great care to keep the Earth under the Tree very clean for during those two Months there issues out a certain Gum from the joynts of the Branches which drops upon the ground this is that which we call Mastick and the Turks Sakes according to the Name which they give the Island The Island produces great store of this Mastick which is spent in the Seraglio of Constantinople where the Women continually chew it to cleanse and keep their Teeth white When the Mastick Season draws near the Grand Signor every year sends a certain number of Bestangi's to take care that it be not exported but be preserv'd for the use of the Seraglio If it be a plentiful year for Mastick the Bestangi's that cull out the lesser sort to sell put it into little Bags and seal it up which Bags being so seal'd are never question'd by the Custom-house Officers The Island also
72 deg 32 min. Long. 34 deg 40 min. Lat. At this day almost ruin'd Hawas 75 deg 40 min. Long. 33 deg 15 min. Lat. Heaye 74 deg 35 min. Long. 31 deg 50 min. Lat. Helaverde 91 deg 30 min. Long. 35 deg 15. min. Lat. Built by Abdalla before mention'd Herat 85 deg 30 min. Long. 36 deg 56 min. Lat. A City in the Province of Carassan where Sultan Heussein-Mirza founded several Colledges for Youth Hesn-Medi 78 deg 45 min. Long. 32 deg 5 min. Lat. Hessne Ebneamadé 70 deg 45 min. Long. 26 deg 20 min. Lat. Hurman 85 deg 15 min. Long. 32 deg 30 min. Lat. A small City in a bad Air. I. Jemnon 78 deg 15 min. Long. 36 deg 40 min. Lat. The Trade of it is in Copper Manufactures Jend-Babour 75 deg 5 min. Long. 31 deg 15 min. Lat. A very strong place famous for the Tomb of Melek-Yakoub-Sha King of Schiras Irson 80 deg 35 min. Long. 36 deg 50 min. Lat. Ispahan or Hispahan 86 deg 40 min. Long. 32 deg 40 min. Lat. K. Kaar 78 deg 40 min. Long. 42 deg 32 min. Lat. Kashan 76 deg 15 min. Long. 34 deg 40 min. Lat. Kafre-Chirin 71 deg 50 min. Long. 34 deg 40 min. Lat. Built by Noushirevon-Aadel surnamed the Just and upon the acts and deeds of this King is all the Morality of the Persians founded Kaien 83 deg 20 min. Long. 36 deg 32 min. Lat. Said to breed the choicest Wits of all Persia. Kalaar 76 deg 25 min. Long. 37 deg 25 min. Lat. One of the chiefest Cities in Guilan Kalin 87 deg 5 min. Long. 35 deg 35 min. Lat. In an excellent Soil for Cattel and Fruit. Karkoub 74 deg 45 min. Long. 32 deg 15 min. Lat. Kasbin 75 deg 40 min. Long. 36 deg 15 min. Lat. Kasre-le-lehous or Kengavat 76 deg 20 min. Long. 33 deg 35 min. Lat. Kazeron 88 deg 30 min. Long. 28 deg 30 min. Lat. The Country about produces Oranges Limons and Cypress-trees Kerah 86 deg 40 min. Long. 34 deg 15 min. Lat. Kerman or Kirman 81 deg 15 min. Long. 29 deg 50 min. Lat. Kervak 87 deg 32 min. Long. 34 deg 15 min. Lat. Kirmonsha 63 deg 45 min. Long. 34 deg 37 min. Lat. Kom 75 deg 40 min. Long. 35 deg 35 min. Lat. Kouh de Mavend 74 deg 15 min. Long. 36 deg 15 min. Lat. the smallest now which was once the largest City in Persia. Koucht 83 deg 40 min. Long. 33 deg 20 min. Lat. In a soyl excellent for Corn and good Fruits Koy 60 deg 40 min. Long. 37 deg 40 min. Lat. Kevachir or Verdechir 80 deg 30 min. Long. 28 deg 15 min. Lat. L. Lahijon 74 deg 25 min. Long. 37 deg 15 min. Lat. The Trade of the Town consists in Stuffs half Silk half Cotton call'd Teftile Loussek see Toussea M. Maameter or Barfrouche 77 deg 35. min. Long. 36 deg 50 min. Lat. Mehrouyon or Behbehon 75 deg 15 min. Long. 39 deg 35 min. Lat. Meraqué 71 deg 20 min. Long. 37 deg 40 min. Lat. It stands in one of the Gardens of Persia. Merend 63 deg 15. min. Long. 37 deg 37 min. Lat. Mervasaé 87 deg 32 min. Long. 34 deg 15 min. Lat. in a fertile Country for Corn and Fruit. Merverond 88 deg 40 min. Long. 34 deg 30 min. Lat. in a fertile Country Mesched look Touss Moukon or Derbent 20 Leagues from the Caspian Sea 63 deg 15 min. Long. 37 deg 40 min. Lat. Mourjan 84 deg 15 min. Long. 37 deg 15 min. Lat. A City well peopl'd wherein there are several Mosquées and fair Piazza's N. Nacksivan or Nachevan 61 deg 32 min. Long. 39 deg 40 min. Lat. Natel 77 deg 40 min. Long. 36 deg 7 min. Lat. in a fertile Country for Pasturage Nehavend or Nahoüand 73 deg 45 min. Long. 34 deg 20 min. Lat. The Country people aver this City built before the Loufon or the Flood Neher-Terij 75 deg 00 min. Long. 32 deg 40 min. Lat. Nessah 84 deg 45 min. Long. 38 deg 40 min. Lat. Nichabar 80 deg 55 min. Long. 36 deg 20 min. Lat. O. Oujon 61 deg 35 min. Long. 32 deg 24 min. Lat. To this City finely seated belongs a fair Castle R. Rachmikdon 87 deg 34 min. Long. 35 deg 15 min. Lat. Rem-hormous 74 deg 45 min. Long. 31 deg 45 min. Lat. In this City Selmon Haly's Foster Father was born Rey 76 deg 20 min. Long. 35 deg 35 min Lat. In the best Soil of all Persia for Wheat Fruit and Pasturage Roudbar 75 deg 37 min. Long. 37 deg 21 min. Lat. in the Province of Guilan Royon 71 deg 36 min. Long. 36 deg 15 min. Lat. in the Province of Mazandran S. Saassour 86 deg 20 min. Long. 35 deg 15 min. Lat. Saron 76 deg 20 min. Long. 36 deg 15 min. Lat. In the Province of Guilan Sary 78 deg 15 min. Long. 36 deg 40 min. Lat. Seated among the Copper-Mines Sebzevoar 81 deg 5 min. Long. 36 deg 15 min. Lat. Near this City the people gather great quantities of Manna Semiron 71 deg 30 min. Long. 34 deg 40 min. Lat. A pleasant City stor'd with good Water and Fruits Serijr-el-lan 63 deg 15 min. Long. 45 deg 50 min. Lat. Serkess or Serakas 85 deg 35 min. Long. 36 deg 15 min. Lat. A pleasant City for Scituation and plenty of Waters Sermeghon 87 deg 37 min. Long. 37 deg 32 min. Lat. In a fertile Soil yet not very plentiful Serveston 78 deg 15 min. Long. 29 deg 15 min. Lat. In a Soil abounding with Gardens Servon 79 deg 15 min. Long. 32 deg 15 min. Lat. In a Soil abounding with Wine and Dates Surjon 74 deg 40 min. Long. 30 deg 20 min. Lat. Where the best Persian Carpets are made and Shaads or Girdles of Goats Hair curiously wrought Sohreverede 73 deg 36 min. Long. 36 deg 5 min. Lat. Ssouss 73 deg 45 min. Long. 32 deg 15 min. Lat. Sultanie 76 deg 15 min. Long. 39 deg 40 min. Lat. Where the Mornings and Evenings are very cold all the rest of the day very hot T. Taberon 80 deg 34 min. Long. 35 deg 20 min. Lat. Talikon 88 deg 15 min. Long. 36 deg 32 min. Lat. In a Country plentiful in Corn Fruit and good Water Tauris otherwise call'd Ssernerdehi 63 deg 15 min. Long. 39 deg 10 min. Lat. Tebess 80 deg 40 min. Long. 38 deg 15 min. Lat. Teflis 60 deg 15 min. Long. 43 deg 15 min. Lat. Toukon 82 deg 45 min. Long. 38 deg 40 min. Lat. Touss or Meshed 82 deg 30 min. Long. 38 deg 40 min. Lat. Toussea otherwise call'd Loussek 85 deg 40 min. Long. 37 deg 50 min. Lat. Y. Yesd 79 deg 15 min. Long. 32 deg 15 min. Lat. Yevin see Azadkar Z. Zemma 89 deg 14 min. Long. 38 deg 35
good fellowship met with certain Persians with whom he happen'd to quarrel and being well beaten for his pains thought it not convenient to stay any longer where he had bin so ill entertain'd Thereupon the Dutch Interpreter went and complain'd to the Athemadoulet who inform'd the King The King immediately sent for the people that had beaten the Hollander and ask'd them why they abus'd a stranger To which the others made answer that they saw no stranger but only a man clad after the Persian garb Whereupon the King told the Interpreter that if the Dutch-man had worn his own Country habit his Subjects durst not have abus'd him but as the case stood he had no reason to punish ' em One day it happen'd that there was a great hubbub in one of those houses of debauchery where the woman had prostituted her own Daughter The King inform'd of it commanded the Mother to be thrown headlong from a Tower and that the Daughter should be torn a pieces by his doggs which he keeps a purpose for such chastisements Above all things there is an extraordinary care taken for the security of the High-ways For which purpose guards are set at convenient distances who are ready to pursue upon the least noise of a Robbery and who examin people whence they come and whither they go If they answer not as they should or trip in their Answers they carry them before the next Governor Those Radars are so posted over all Persia that you need no more then send to the places where they keep station to know what is become of any person that has committed a crime For it is impossible to scape all the Passes are so well guarded If any one endeavours to travel through the Mountains or unfrequented roads then the Radars who are in all places seize such persons upon suspition for not taking the direct road As the Caravan was one day setting out from Tauris for Ispahan a poor fellow took an occasion to rob a Cloak-bag during the hurly-burly of packing up and fled cross the fields not knowing his way the Merchant missing his goods complain'd to the Governour who having sought for him in vain sent order to the Guards of the High-ways to make a strict examination and to send the person to him so soon as they had seiz'd him In a short time the Thief was constrain'd to forsake his Cloak-bag and to come a thwart the fields for water Who being examin'd by the Radars why he came alone by such a by way and not knowing what to answer was carri'd to the Governour He was soon convicted and condemn'd to death for Thieves find no mercy in Persia. Only they are variously put to death For sometimes they are ty'd to a Camels tayl by the feet and their bellies rip 't open Sometimes they are buried alive all but their heads and starv'd to death in which torment they will sometimes desire a Passenger to cut off their heads though it be a kindness forbidden by the Law But the most cruel punishment of all is when they set the Thief a Horse-back with his extended Arms fasten'd to a long stick behind then larding him with lighted Candles they suffer the Candles to burn into his very bowels Another and I met two in this misery who desir'd us to hasten their deaths which we durst not do only we gave them a Pipe of Tobacco according to their desire As for those that steal in Cities they tye them by the heels to the tayl of a Camel and rip up their bellies and then as the Camel drags the poor creature along the streets while one goes before him crying The King has punish'd him for such a crime If yet he be not dead they hang him upon the next tree The Radars have little wages which makes them use their Rhetoric to get what honestly they can out of the Travellers to whom they tell long stories of their care for the security of the high-ways If it happen that a Merchant be rob'd the Governour of the Province is to make good to the Merchant whatever he has lost according as he shall make out by his Oath or his Book Nor dare the Governors deny satisfaction fearing a complaint at Ispahan I my self was rob'd of two Bales of goods between Lar and Schiras to the value of 1400 Piasters but upon complaint to the Governour upon my own oath and shewing him my Book he pay'd me all my loss in gold and gave me a present in wine besides The Posts or Shappars are those that carry the Kings dispatches to the Governours of Provinces When they are sent any whither the Kings Esquire finds them a Horse and a man that runs to the end of the Stage to bring him back again If these Curriers meet a Horseman upon the road they have power to dismount him if their own be not so good or be tyr'd and the Horseman must either run after his Horse or send some body to the end of the Stage Sometimes these Curriers abusing their power within a quarter of an hour after they have chang'd their Horse if they meet another better mounted they will take away his Horse too Nor dares the Horseman resist though he be never so much too strong for there is no pardon for them that lay so much as a finger upon one of these Shappars at other times they will pretend to take away a mans Horse only to get money But they are forbid to deal so by the Franks and I have pass'd by them when they have said nothing to me Their Government in relation to Belly-timber is the best in the world For there is a Mohteseb who is the chief of the Government whose business it is to set a rate upon all sorts of Provision being assisted by three or four more Assessors Every first day of the week there is a public Proclamation of taxe upon the weight of every thing Which Assessors in the evening advize together against the next day whether to raise or abate the price before set This order was establish'd by the great Sha Abbas and was in his raign more punctually observ'd then it has been since By the by observe that all provisions of belly-timber are sold by weight and not by measure so that you may send a Child to Market for if the Commodity be not weight 't is well if the buyer be satisfy'd with having his money again For if the seller be discover'd to sell by false weights they are led about the streets with a Taktekolas or a Bonnet like a Bee-hive upon their heads and a Bell about their necks to expose'em first to the laughter of the people after that they are fin'd and receive so many drubs upon the soles of their feet If this good order were not observ'd in Persia the poor would suffer very much For the handicraft tradesmen that work all day in shops remote from their houses where their wives are continually shut up eat
BAPTISTA TAVERNIER BARON of AUBONNE THROUGH Turky and Persia TO THE INDIES During the space of Forty years Giving an Account of the present State of those Countries viz. of their RELIGION GOVERNMENT CUSTOMS and COMMERCE AS ALSO The Figures Weights and Value of the MONEY and COINS severally currant therein The Second Part DESCRIBING INDIA and the ISLES Adjacent Made English by J. P. LONDON Printed in the Year 1678. THE INDEX TO THE Persian Travels A. ACcident that befell the Author at Balsara 64 65. Aleppo describ'd 57. Alexandretta 55. The road dangerous for Ships ib. Ali-Kouli-Kan his Story 218 219. Allachars vid. Philadelphia Almanack Persian 234. Almerdan-Kan delivers up Candahar to the Mogul 198. His answer to the Mogul ib. Amadan describ'd 75. Amadie 108. Amasia 4. Anna 111. Antioch 56. Aphian Carassar 37. Arabian Princes exact from the Caravans 59 61 63. Aras anciently Araxes 9. Arbele Plun 73. Arch-Bishop of Armenia 16. Ardevol describ'd 24. Armenians their behaviour at Church 13. Remov'd by Sha-Abbas 16. Their Religion ib. Their custom before meals 18. Great Traders 159. Their Languages ib. Their Marriages 172. Their Christnings 171 c. Their Burials 173. Artaxate 13. Asiaticks idle Asparagus wild 8. Assaque 114. Astracan 116. Astrology admir'd by the Persians 234. Athemadoulet vid. Officers Athens 121. Aydar 195. B. BAgdat describ'd pag. 84. Balsara 88. Baker how punish'd 234. Bandee-Abassi 255. Bannians expell'd by Sha-Abas 202. Baptism of the Armenians 171. St. Bartholomew 16 17. Basha of Cyprus 81. Bedovins what and how they live 66. Beauty among the Arabs 112. Betlis 105. Bey what 105 106. Bishop Armenian buri'd 18. Books Persian 227 229. Bread how made in the Desert 62. Bufalo's fighting of Bufalo's an Armenian sport 12. C. CAchan pag. 30. Calaat how receiv'd by the Kans 236. Camels their breeding nature and several sorts Camel-drivers a rude sort of people 48. One kill'd by a Cafer ib. Great cheats 50. Candahar describ'd 258. Caudy remarks upon the Trade of it 118. Carriage what 11. Where paid 38. Caravans where they set out 2. Constrain'd to stop 8 9 11. Caravanseras the order among them 45. Casbin 26. Cazerom 65. Ceremony of the Taper among the Armenians and the occasion 12. At the Enthronement of the King 200 c. Chamber of the King's Accounts 227. Charkliquen describ'd 6. Children of the King 's of Persia how bred 196. Chimneys how made in Persia 238. Chio 119. Christians of St. John and their opinions 90 c. Chrysostom's Rock 6. Churches the three Churches 10 11. The richness of the Armenian Churches 12 13. Circastia 126. Customs of the people 129. Civility of two Arabians very remarkable 111. Coffee-houses inspected by Sha-Abas 154. Colledges Persian 227 Comania 126. Customs of the people 129. Combat between two Bulls one call'd Ali the other Mahomet 29. Comouks their Customs and Feasts 128 c. Constancy of the Armenians in defending their Religion 174. Corgia Petrus his Wealth 159. Corinth 121. Coron ib. Corou 31. Covents Armenian 16. Courriers Arabian use Dromedaries for speed 61. Coins of Persia 50 c. Curtisrns how distinguish'd 86. Customers of Bagdat 83. Curdes a strange sort of Arabs 106. Customs of Persia 234. Cyclades Islands 120. Byprian Birds 80. Cyprus describ'd 79. D. DAnger of leaving the Caravan pag. 6. Darius 73. Debauchery punish'd 232. Dengbe 26. Dervichs the strange reverence they gave to Sultan Amurat 60. Desert describ'd 61. Diarbeguir describ'd 104. Diet of the Persians 241. Diseafes of Persia 239. Their Cure 240. Disposition of the Persians 235. Domenico Santis the story of him 72 c. Dromedaries see Courrier Duties where paid 9 10 14 18 20 59 106 107 112 115 116. E. ECclisia 17. Embassadors expences born in Persia 14. Embassador Indian the story of him 65. Emirs of Arabia 63 64. Ephesus 34. Erivan describ'd 13. Betraid retaken by the Persian 14. Erzerome describ'd 8. Euphrates 8 58. 71. Exchequer Persian 227. Ezekiel the Prophet his Sepul 86. F. FEast of Hozen and Hussein 161. St. Francis of Paolo's Miracle 113. Franks in Alexander's Army 14. Seat themselves near Erivan ib. Funerals at Bagdat describ'd 85 86. Inconvenient to the poor ib. Funerals of the Persians 244. G. GAlleys of the Grand Signior their demands when out at Sea 54. Their present condition 122. Gaming not allowd 236. Gaures their Religion and present condition 163. Their Origiual and Prophets 164. Their Books 165. Their Baptism Marriages Feasts Fasts and Funerals 166. Their adoration of Fire 167. their manners and customs ib. Beasts which they love or hate 168. Genealogy of the Persian Kings 195. Georgia the present state of it 123. Gezire 108. Godfrey of Bologne's Arms 55. Gorno Fortress 68. Government of Persia 219. Grand Signior's power over his Bashas 8. Gregory St. martyr'd 13. Gulph Persian 95. Guni 114. H. HAbit of the Persians 237. Halicarcara 10. Haly not much resorted to by the Persian Pilgrims and why 62. St. Helena 22. Hizargerib the fairest Garden of Persia 157. High-ways how secur'd in Persia 233. Strangers bound to hire Horses from Alexandretta to Aleppo 55. Horses Arabian 65. I. JAfer-Kan the Story of him 210. Janizary strikes out an Armenian Bishop's eye 10. Jasque the Prince there of Rebels Jealousie of the Persians 239. Iman-Kouli-Kan the story of his death 204 c. Jonas Whale 54. Ispahan fully describ'd 148 c. St. Jude 86. Justice of the Persians 232. K. KAffa the City 113. Kaguisgan Fort 10. Kalmouchs what sort of people 127. Kans of Persia 14. Civil to strangers ib. 225. Kan of Erivan betrays the Town and teaches the Grand Signior to drink 14. The Kan of Kerman kind to the Author 41. Kan of Kan his sad end 30. Kars describ'd 9. Keckmish 49. Besieg'd by the Hollander ib. Kerman describ'd 41. Kilet 82. King of Persia's favours 236. Kom describ'd 28. L. LAke of Antioch 56. Lance that pierc'd the side of Christ 13. Languages us'd in Persia 229. Lar describ'd 253. Latitudes of the chiefest Cities of Persia 135. Locusts 65 81. Longitudes of the principal Cities of Persia 135 c. M. MAhomet-Ali-beg the story of him 42 c. He punishes his own Son 44. Mahomet-beg his misfortune 212. Revengeful 212 c. Malta the great Ceremony of the grand Muster upon Lady-day 78. Manners of Persia. See Customs Marante 20. Market-price how settl'd 55 234. Marriages of the Persians 243. Meal the strange nature of Persian meal 27. Mengrelia the present State of it 125. Messina describ'd 2. Milo Island 120. Mirza-Ibrahim 23. Mirza-Take his story 197. Modon 121. Money of Persia. See Coins Monuments Turkish 3 4 24 25. Mother kills her own Son instead of a Bannian 202. Moulla's 226. Moussal describ'd 71. Murder committed in the Desert 112. Punish'd in Persia 232. N. NAcksivan describ'd 16. Names and Employments of the Officers of the King's House 221 c. Of the Military Officers 223. Naxis 120. Nazar vid. Officers Nemrod or the supposed Tower of Babel 86. Nibia
to Asouf-Kan his Generalissimo and prime Minister of State who was Protector of the Empire He commanded also all the Officers of the Army to acknowledg him for King as being the lawful Heir declaring Sultan Komrom a Rebel and incapable of the Succession Moreover he made Asouf-Kan to swear in particular that he would never suffer Boulaki to be put to death which way soever affairs went which Asouf-Kan sware upon his Thigh and as religiously observ'd as to the Article of not putting him to death but not as to that of helping him to the Crown which he design'd for Cha-jehan who had married his eldest Daughter the Mother of four Princes and two Princesses The news of the Kings death being known at Court caus'd a general lamentation And presently all the Grandees of the Kingdom set themselves to execute the Kings Will and Testament acknowledging Sultan Boulaki for Emperor who was very young That Prince had two Cousin-Germans who were both of them by the Kings consent turn'd Christians and made publick profession thereof Those two young Princes being very apprehensive perceiv'd that Asouf-Kan Father-in-Law to Cha-jehan and Father of Cha-Est-Kan had no good intentions toward the young King and gave him notice of it which cost them their lives and the King the loss of his Dominions For the young King having no more with than was agreeable to his age openly declar'd to Asouf-Kan what his Cousins had reveal'd to him in private and ask'd the General whether it were true that he had a design to set up his Uncle against him or no. Asuof-Kan immediately accus'd the Reporters of salsity and impudence and protested his fidelity to his King and vow'd to spend the last drop of his blood to preserve him in the possession of the Empire However seeing his Conspiracy discover'd he resolv'd to prevent the punishment to which end having got the two Princes into his possession he put them both to death But before that in regard of his power in the Army and in the Empire he had already brought over to Cha-jehans party the greatest part of the Commanders and Lords of the Court and the better to play his game and deceive the young King he rais'd a report that Cha-jehan was dead and because he had desir'd to be buried near his Father Gehan-guir the body was to be brought to Agra This Stratagem being cunningly manag'd Asouf-Kan himself gave advice of the feign'd death to the King telling the King withall that it would be but a common civility for him to go and meet the Corps when it came within a League or two of the City being an Honour due to a Prince of the Blood of the Moguls All this while Cha-jehan kept himself incognito till coming within sight of the Army that lay about Agra he caus'd himself to be put into a Coffin wherein there was only a hole left for him to breath at This Coffin being carri'd under a moving Tent all the principal Officers who were of the plot with Asouf-Kan came to perform the usual Ceremonies of State to the body of the deceas'd Prince while the young King was upon the way to meet the body But then Asouf-Kan finding it seasonable to execute his design caus'd the Coffin to be open'd and Cha-jehan rising up and shewing himself to the eyes of all the Army was saluted Emperor by all the Generals and other principal Officers who had their Cue ready so that the name of Cha-jehan running in a moment from one mans mouth to another the Acclamation became publick and the Empire was setled upon him The young King hearing the news by the way was so surpriz'd that he thought of nothing but how to save himself by flight being upon a sudden forsaken by all his followers And Cha-jehan not believing it any way necessary to pursue him suffer'd him to wander a long time in India like a Fakir At length he retir'd into Persia where he was magnificently receiv'd by Cha-Sefi who allow'd him a pension fit for so great a Prince which he still enjoys Cha-jehan having thus usurp'd the Crown the better to secure himself and to stifle all Factions that might arise during the life of the lawful Prince whom he had so unjustly despoiled of his right by degrees put to death all those that had shew'n any kindness to his Nephew So that the first part of his Reign was noted for many acts of cruelty that blemish'd his reputation No less unfortunate was the end of his Reign For as he had unjustly depriv'd the lawful Heir of the Empire which belong'd to him he was himself while he yet liv'd depriv'd of his Crown by Aureng-zeb his own Son who kept him Prisoner in the Fortress of Agra For after Dara-Cha had lost the Battel against his two Brothers Aureng-zeb and Morat-Bakche in the Plain of Samonguir and was treacherously abandoned by the principal Officers of the Army he retir'd into the Kingdom of Lahor with all the Treasure which the confusion of his affairs would suffer him to get together In the King to resist the violence of his victorious Sons shut himself up in the Castle of Agra to the end he might not be surpriz'd but have time and leisure to observe how far the insolence of his children would transport them As for Aurengzeb who had Morat Bakche safe enough he enters Agra feigning to believe a report that Cha-jehan was dead that he might have liberty to get into the Fortress where he said one of the Omra's would make it out The more he reported the death of Cha-jehan the more did the King endeavour to let the people know he was alive But finding both Power and Fortune had taken Aureng-zeb's party and being also in great necessity for want of water he sent Fazel-Kan grand Master of his Houshold to assure his Son that he was alive and withal to tell him that it was the King's command that he should retire to his Vice-Roy-ship in Decan without putting him to any more vexation and that upon his obedience he would forgive whatever had past Aurengzeb firm in his resolution return'd for answer to Fazel-Kan that he was certain that the King his Father was dead and that upon that account he had only taken Arms to secure the Crown to himself which he thought he deserv'd as well as the rest of his Brothers That if his Father were living he had too great a respect for him to undertake the least enterprize that should displease him and therefore that he might be certain he was not dead he desir'd to see him and to kiss his feet and having so done he would retire to his Government and punctually obey his Commands Fazel-Kan return'd this answer to the King who declar'd that he should be glad to see his Son and sent back Fazel-Kan to tell him he should be welcome But Aureng-zeb more cunning than Cha-jehan assur'd Fazel-Kan that he would not set his foot in the Castle till the Garrison
serve his occasions after death but that it was to him a thing indifferent whether he buried his Cup or his Money In my last Voyage I bought of one of these Idolaters sixty-two Diamonds of about six grains a-piece and while I was wondring to see so fair a parcel he told me I needed not to wonder for he had been fifty years getting them together to serve him after his death but that having occasion for Money he was forc'd to part with them This buried treasure stood the Raja Seva-Gi in great stead when he took Arms against the Great Mogul and the King of Visapour For that Raja having taken Callian Biondi a small City in the Kingdom of Visapour by the advice of the Bramins who assur'd him he should find great store of treasure buri'd caus'd the greatest part thereof to be demolish'd and found so much wealth as to maintain his Army which was above thirty-thousand Men. It is impossible to convince these poor Idolaters of their errors in regard they will hear no reason but submit themselves altogether to their old forms and customs CHAP. VIII Of the Custom among the Idolaters to burn the Bodies of their Dead THE custom of burning the Bodies of the dead is very ancient among the Gentiles which Ceremony they most commonly perform by the banks of Rivers where they wash the dead which is the last purgation of them from their sins Nay their superstition is so great sometimes that they will carry the sick person death approaching to the bank of some River or Pond and put his feet in the water As nature fails they dip him deeper and deeper till at length they hold him expiring up to the chin in the River to the end that at the same time that the Soul departs out of the Body both Body and Soul may be cleans'd from all defilement and then plunging the newly dead Body over head and ears they bring it out and burn it in the place appointed which is generally neer some Pagod There are some persons that make it their business to fetch Wood and agree what they shall have for their pains An Idolater being dead all those of his Caste or Tribe assemble together at the House of the deceas'd and laying the Body upon a Beer cover'd with clean fine Linnen according to his Quality and Estate they follow the Beer which is carri'd by such as are appointed for that purpose to the place where the Body is to be burn'd As they go along they sing certain Prayers to their God pronouncing several times the words Ram Ram while another going before the Beer sounds a little Bell to advertize the living to pray for the dead The Body being set down by the bank of the River or Pond they first plunge it into the water and then they burn it According to the quality of the deceas'd they also mingle with the ordinary wood Sandal-wood and other Sweet-woods But the Idolaters do not only burn the Bodies of the dead but the Bodies of the living They scruple to kill a serpent or a louse but account it a meritorious thing to burn a living Wife with the Body of the deceas'd Husband CHAP. X. How the Wives are burnt in India with the Bodies of their deceas'd Husbands IT is also an ancient custom among the Indians that the Husband happening to dye the Wife can never marry again So that as soon as the Man is dead the Wife retires to bewail her Husband some days after that they shave off her hair she lays aside all the ornaments of her apparel she takes off from her arms and legs the Bracelets which her Husband put on when he espous'd her in token of her submission and her being chain'd to him and all the rest of her life she lives slighted and despis'd and in a worse condition than a Slave in the very House where she was Mistress before This unfortunate condition causes them to hate life so that they rather choose to be buri'd alive with the body of their deceas'd Husbands then to live the scorn and contempt of all the World Besides that the Bramins make them believe that in dying after that manner they shall revive again with him in another World with more honour and more advantages than they enjoy'd before These are the motives that perswade the Women to burn with their Husbands besides that the Priests flatter them with a hope that while they are in the midst of the flames before they expire Ram will appear and reveal wonderful visions to them and that after their Souls have transmigrated into various Bodies they shall at length obtain a high degree of Honour to eternity However there is no Woman that can burn with her Husband's body till she has the leave of the Governor of the place where she inhabits who being a Mahumetan and abhorring that execrable custom of Self-murder is very shy to permit them Besides there are none but Widows that have no children that lye under the reproach that forces them to violent death For as for the Widows that have children they are by no means permitted to burn themselves but quite the contrary they are commanded to live for the education of the children Those Women whom the Governour will not permit to burn themselves spend the rest of their lives in doing Penance and performing works of Charity Some make it their business to sit upon the Road to boyl certain Pulse in water and to give the liquor to Travellers to drink Others sit with fire always ready for them to light their Tobacco Others make vows to eat nothing but the undigested grains which they find in Cow-dung The Governour finding no perswasions will alter the Woman's resolution but more especially perceiving by the sign which his Secretary makes him that he has receiv'd the Coin in a surly manner gives the Woman leave bidding the Devil take her and all her kindred When they have got this leave their Musick begins to strike up and away they ding to the House of the deceas'd with Drums beating and Flutes playing before them and in that manner they accompany the person that is to be burnt to the place appointed All the kindred and friends of the Widow that is to dye come to her and congratulate her for the happiness she is to enjoy in the other World and for the honour which the Caste she is of receives by her generous resolution she dresses her self as she were going to be marri'd and she is conducted in triumph to the place of execution For the noise is loud of Musical Instruments and Womens Voices that follow her singing Songs in honour of the miserable creature that is going to dye The Bramins that accompany her exhort her to give publick testimonies of her constancy and courage and many of our Europeans are of opinion that to take away the fears of death which naturally terrifies humanity the Priests do give her a certain Beverage to stupify and
when he is weigh'd 122. G. GAnges pag. 51 an ordinary River ib. and bad water 52. Gani see Coulour Gate what manner of place 34. Gehanabad 45 the Mogul's Palace there 45 46 47. Gehanguir ninth King of the Indians He permits Nourmahal his Wise to Reign in his stead He put out his Eldest Son's eyes 111. He prefers his Grandchild to the Throne ib. Dies ib. Gion-Kan a Traytor his death 115. Goa the present State of it 74. Golconda describ'd 61. The Policy and Government of the City 64. Gold where found 156 c. Gomron Road heat excessive injures the Ships 90. Gondicot taken by Mirgimola 98. Describ'd ib. Govaleor 35. The Prison for the Indian Grandees ib. Guards how reliev'd at Golconda 64. H. HAlabas pag. 52. The Governor a great Person ib. The cruelty of his Physitian ib. Hameth-Sheck 107. I. JAva the King thereof pag. 202. Javaniers good Souldiers 203. Jessom-seing betrays Dara-Sha 114. Idolaters belief touching a Deity 164. Of the state of the Soul after death 167. Of their burning their dead 168. Their several customs 179. Idolatrous Princes of Asia 163. Indians cunninger then the Jews 23. Their manner of crossing Rivers 100 102. Their Superstition 97. The Penance of the Women ib. Their Alms ib. Their Pilgrimages 101. Their craftiness 102. Their Physick 102. Their honesty 136 137. Their manner of driving bargains ib. Their Penances 181. Indigo where made 36 37 43. Indolstan bounded 106. Iron of Golconda the best 65. Island of St. Helens describ'd Ivory the best 96. Justice in India quick 99 100. K. Kemerouf a City pag. 188. L. LAhor pag. 45. Letter-Carriers 110. Lions how tam'd 40. M. MAcassar a Kingdom describ'd 191. The King shoots an English Malefactor with a poison'd Arrow 191. His difference with the Hollanders 192. Maldives Islands 90. Malvares Indian Pyrats 71 182. Mascate 16. Maslipatan 70. Matura one of the chiefest Pagods of the Indians 48. Measures Indian 27. Mingrela 73. A Miracle done by a Bramin 101 102. Miram-Sha 107. Mirda 43. Mirgimola the King of Golconda's General 67. He is suspected by the King ib. He revolts 68. He joyns with Aurengzeb ib. besieges the King ib. and cunningly settles a new Peace ib. entertains the Author at Gondicot 98 99. How he dispatch'd business 99. He conquers Asem 187. Mirza-Abdoul-Cofing marries the King of Golconda's third Daughter 69. Mirza Mahomed 68. See Check of Mecca Moguls why so call'd 106. Money the force of it in India 19. What most proper to be carri'd into India 18 21. Monuments Indian their sumptuousness 49 50 52 61. Morad-Backshe 108 Vice-Roy of Guzerat ib. He rebels against his Father 109 besieges Surat ib. proclaims himself King ib. He gives credit to Aurengzeb's fallacies ib. joyns with him 110 and defeats Dara-Sha ib. wounded ib. He sees his error is betraid and sent to Govaleor ib. Mountebanks Indian 36. Multan 43. Musk 153. Its adulterations ib. N. NAder pag. 35. Nahab what it signifies 53. Navapoura 30 famous for Rice ib. Nava-Sevagi revolts from the King of Visapour 73. Nourmahal Queen of India her Extraction 11 12. O. OBservations particular upon the Mogul's Court pag. 124 125. Omrahs their duty 122. Ormus the manner of Sailing from Ormus to Surat 15. Outemeda 97. P. PAgods Indian describ'd 92 93 94 97 102. The most celebrated among the Indians 173 c. Palicat 93. Passage by Sea from Ormus to Maslipatan 90. Passes where requir'd 44 52. Patna 53. Peacocks plentiful 37. How caught ib. Pearls and where fish'd for 145. How bred how fish'd for and at what time 146 c. Perca a petty Indian King 89. Physitians none in India but such as attend Princes 102. Pilgrimages of the Indians 179. Ponte Galle 194. Portugals their power in Goa 74 75. Their excessive proneness to revenge ib. discover a strange Countrey 83 84. Priests Indian how maintain'd Presents given by the Author at the Great Mogul's Court 59. R. RAge-Mehide 54. Raolconda Diamond-Mine 134. Rauchenara-Begum 108 always a friend to Aurengzeb His kindness to her their falling out 121. Religion of the Mahumetans in the Indies 159 c. Of the Idolatrous Indians 161. Roads from Ispahan to Agra through Gomron 15 from Surat to Agra through Brampour and Seronge 30 through Amadabat 36. From Ispahan to Agra through Candahar 43. From Dehly to Agra 48. From Agra to Patna and Daca 51. From Surat to Golconda 60. From Golconda to Maslipatan 69. From Surat to Goa from Goa to Golconda through Visapour 71. From Goa to Maslipatan through Cochin 88. From Maslipatan to Gandicot 91. From Gandicot to Golconda 100 to the Mines 137 139 141. Rodas the Fortress 139. Roupies the difference of them 20. Rubies the forms of several 149 150. Rule to know the price of Diamonds 142 143. S. SAltpeter where refin'd 53. Samarin an Indian King 89. Saseron 53. Say-pieces Indian 25 26. Sepper chekour 115 sent to Govaleor 116. Sera the signification of the word 32. Seronge 33. Serpents their vast bulk and deadly venom 34. Seva-gi continues the revolt 73. He finds vast Treasures ib. Sha-Est-Kan 20 24 56 buys the Authors Jewels 104 his kindness to the Author ib. revolts to Aurengzeb 110. Sha-Jehan first call'd Sha-Bedin-Mahomet 107. His good Government 108. He marries a young Lady ib. His children ib. His love to his children ib. He rebels against his Father is disinherited 111. He is advanc'd to the Throne 112. His cruelty ib. He is kept Prisoner by Aurengzeb and dies 113. Siam a Kingdom the King of it 119 c. Siren 143. Sodomy abominated by the Indians 54. Solyman Chekour defeats his Unckle 109 Betraid by Raja Roup flies to Nactiran 114. Is deliver'd up by him 119. Sent Pris'ner to Govaleor Soumelpour 139. Stones colour'd where found 143. Stones medicinal and their effects 154 155. Stories of the man that lost his child in Swimming 38. Of the Merchant's Wife that desir'd a child 39. Of the Merchant that ne'r told lye ib. The Story of Monsieur Belloy 79. Of the rich Leaper in Goa ib. Of St. Amant and John de Rose and the Sieur Marests ib. 80 81 c. Of Father Ephraim 85 86 87. Sultan Abousaid-Mirza 107. Sultan Babur 107. Sultan Boulaki preferr'd by Sha-Jehan 111. Betraid by Asouf-Kan 112. Retires into Persia ib. Sultan Kourom 107. See Sha-Jehan Sultan Mahomed Mogul 107. Sultan Mahomed Aurengzeb s Son marries the second Daughter of the King of Golconda 69. He flies to his Unckle 117. Is betraid by Emir-Jemla and imprison'd 118 119. Sultan Selim alias Jehanguir Patska 107. Sultan Soujah 108. Rebels 109. He flies to the King of Arakan marries his Daughter 119. Plots against him ib. His death 120. Sumbaco King of Macassar 192. Surat 15. T. TAmurleng 106. Tari what 65. Tavernier abus'd at the Mogul's Court 57 58. Tenara a sweet place 69. Thrones the description of the Mogul's Thrones 122 c. Thunderbolts three at a time 91. Tipra a Kingdom 186. Travelling the manner in India 27 29.