the people oft to counsaill and tolde them there that they must nedes call home Marcellus and appoint some other to take charge of the army for as for him sayd he bicause he hath fought a litle with Hanniball and as a man might say wrestled a litle with him he is now gotten to the bathes to solace him selfe But Marcellus hearing this left his Lieutenantes in the campe and went him selfe to ROME to aunswer to the vntrue accusations layd against him and there he perceiued at his comming how they intended to prosecute the matter against him apon these informations So a day of hearinge was appointed for his matter the parties came before the people assembled in counsaill in the great listes or show place called Circus Flaminius to giue iudgement There Publius Bibulus the Tribune sitting in his chayer layd open his accusation with great circumstance and Marcellus when Bibulus had tolde his tale aunswered him in few wordes and very discretely only touchinge his purgation But the noble and chiefest men of the citie rose vppe and spake on Marcellus behalfe telling the people plainely that they did Marcellus wrong to recken worse of his valliantnes then their enemy did and to iudge of him as a coward considering Hanniball only fled from him of all other Captaines and would by no meanes fight with him neuer refusinge to fight with any other whatsoeuer These perswasions tooke such effect as where Marcellus accuser looked for his condēnation Marcellus to the contrary was not only cleared of his accusation but furthermore they chose him Consull againe the fift time So beinge entred into his office he went first into THVSCAN where visiting the good cities one after an other and quietinge them he pacified a great sedition in the contry when they were all ready to rise and rebell Afterwards at his returne he thought to consecrate the temple of honor vertue which he had built with the spoyles he gotte in the warres of SICILE But the Priestes were against it saying two goddes might not be in one church Thereupon he built an other temple and ioyned it to the first being very angry the Priestes denied so his consecration and he did take it for an euill token besides diuerse other signes in the element that afterwards appeared and troubled him much For there were many temples set a fire with lightening at one time and the rattes and mise did knawe the golde that was in the chappell of Iupiter Capitoline And it is reported also that an oxe did speake and a childe came out of the heade of an Elephant and that the child was aliue Furthermore the Priestes and Soothsayers sacrificing to the goddes to withdraw this euill from them these sinister tokens did threaten they could neuer finde any fauorable signes in their sacrifices Whereuppon they sought to keepe Marcellus still at ROME who had a maruelous earnest desire to be gone with speede to the warres for neuer man longed for any thing so much as Marcellus did to fight with Hanniball Insomuch he neuer dreamed other thing in the night nor spake of any matter els in the day to his frendes and companions nor prayed to the goddes for any other thinge but that he might fight with Hanniball in the fielde and I thincke he woulde willingliest haue fought a priuate combat with him in some walled city or inclosed lystes for the combat And had it not bene that he had already wonne him selfe great fame and shewed him selfe to the worlde by sundry great proofes experience of his doings a graue skilfull and a valliant Captaine as any man of his time I would haue said it had bene a pange of youth and a more ambitious desire then became a man of his age who was three score yere old at that time whē they made him Consul againe the fift time Neuertheles after he had ended all his propitiatory sacrifices and purifications such as the Soothsayers had appointed he departed from ROME with his fellow Consul Quintus Crispinus to the warres He found Hanniball lying betwene the cities of BANCIA and VANOVSA and sought all the meanes he could to procure him to fight but he could neuer get him to it Howbeit Hanniball being aduertised by spyalles that the Consulls sent an army to besiege the city of the LOCRIANS surnamed EPIZEPHYRIANS as ye would say the occidentals bicause the GREECIANS in respect of the ITALIANS are called the orientals he layd an ambush for them that went vnder the hill of PETELIVM which was directly in their way where he slew about two thowsand fiue hundred ROMAINES That ouerthrow did sette Marcellus on fire and made him more desirous of battell whereupon he remoued his campe from the place he lay in and marched nearer to his enemy Betwene their two campes there was a prety litle hill strong of scituacion a wilde thing ouergrowen with wod and there were high hillocks Frō whēce they might discerne a great way both the one the others campe at the foote of the same ranne prety springs Insomuch as the ROMAINES wondered that Hannibal comminge thither first did not take that place but had left it to his enemies Howbeit Hannibal was crafty enough leauing it of purpose for as it was commodious to lodge his campe in so it serued his turne better for an ambush So he filled the wodde the hollow places and the valleys there about with store of shot and spearemen assuringe him selfe that the place woulde intyse the ROMAINES thither and in deede he gessed rightly for so fell it out Straight there flew a rumor abroade in the ROMAINES campe that there was a passing place to lodge in and euery man tooke apon him like a skilfull souldier to tell what vantage they should haue apon their enemies by taking that place and specially if they did lodge there of otherwise built a fort vpon it Whereupon Marcellus determined to goe see the place him selfe taking a few horsemen with him Notwithstanding before he would take horse he called for his Soothsayer to sacrifice to the goddes The first beast that was sacrificed the Soothsayer shewed Marcellus the liuer of it without a head The second beast sacrificed had a sayer great head of a liuer and all the other partes were also sounde and very newe that by them it appeared al the feare of the first ill signes and tokens were taken away Yet the Soothsayers on the other side sayd it did make them worse afraid then before for these so fauourable and lucky tokens of the sacrifice followinge immediatly after the first fowle and nawghty signes made them doubt them much by reason of so straunge and sodaine an alteracion But as the Poet Pindarus sayth Nor force of burning fire nor vvall of steele nor stone nor vvhatsoeuer other thing is here this earth vpon Can kepe abacke the course of fatall desteny nor yet resist the due decrees vvhich come from heauen
plainely discerne all the ROMAINES campe and sawe howe they dyd range their men in order of battell Nowe one Giscon a man of like state and nobilitie as him selfe being with him at that time tolde him that the enemies seemed a farre of to be a maruelous number But Hannibal rubbing his forehead aunswered him Yea sayed he but there is another thing more to be wondered at then you thinke of Giscon Giscon straight asked him What mary sayeth he this that of all the great number of souldiers you see yonder there is not a man of them called Giscon as you are This mery aunswer deliuered contrarie to their expectation that were with him looking for some great waightie matter made them all laughe a good So downe the hill they came laughing alowde and tolde this prety leaste to all they met as they rode which straight from one to another ranne ouer all the campe in so much as Hannibal him selfe could not holde from laughing The CARTHAGINIAN souldiers perceyuing this beganne to be of a good corage imagining that their generall would not be so merylie disposed as to fall a laughing being so neere daunger if he had not perceyued him selfe a great deale to be the stronger and that he had good cause also to make no reckoning of his enemies Furthermore he shewed two policies of a skilfull captaine in the battell The first was the situation of the place where he put his men in order of battell so as they had the winde on their backes which raging like a burning lightning raised a sharpe dust out of the open sandy valley and passing ouer the CARTHAGINIANS squadron blewe full in the ROMAINES faces with such a violence that they were compelled to turne their faces to trouble their owne rankes The seconde policie was the forme and order of his battell For he placed on either side of his winges the best and valliantest souldiers he had in all his armie and dyd fill vp the middest of his battell with the worste of his men which he made like a pointe and was farder out by a great deale then the two winges of the fronte of his battell So he commaunded those of the winges that when the ROMAINES had broken his first fronte and followed those that gaue backe whereby the middest of his battell should leaue an hollowe place and the enemies should come in still increasing within the compasse of the two winges that then they should set vpon them on both sides and charge their flanks immediatly and so inclose them in behind And this was cause of a greater slaughter For when the midle battell beganne to geue backe and to receyue the ROMAINES within it who pursued the other very whotly Hannibals battell chaunged her forme where at the beginning it was like a pointe it became nowe in the middest like a cressant or halfe moone Then the captaines of the chosen bandes that laye out in both the winges made their men to turne some on the left hand and some on the right and charged the ROMAINES on the flankes and behinde where they were all naked so they killed all those that could not saue them selues by flying before they were enuironned They saye also that there fell out another mischief by misfortune vnto the horsemen of the ROMAINES and by this occasion The horse of Paulus AEmilius the Consul being hurte dyd throwe his master on the grounde whereupon those that were next him dyd light from their horse backs to helpe him The residue of the horsemen that were a great waye behinde him seeing them light thought they had bene all commaunded to light hereupon euery man forsooke their horse and fought it out a foote Hannibal when he sawe that sayed yea marie I had rather haue them so then deliuered me bounde hande and foote But for those matters the historiographers doe dilate more at large Furthermore of the two Cōsuls Varro saued him selfe by his horse with a fewe following him within the cittie of VENVSA Paulus being in the middest of the throng of all the armie his bodie full of arrowes that stucke fast in his woundes and his harte sore loden with grieuous sorowe and anguishe to see the ouerthrowe of his men was set downe by a rocke looking for some of his enemies to come and ryd him out of his payne But fewe could knowe him his head and face was of such a gore bloude insomuch as his friends and seruants also passed by him and knewe him not And there was but one young gentleman of a noble house of the Patricians called Cornelius Lentulus that knewe him who dyd his best endeuour to saue him For he lighted a foote presently brought him his horse praying him to get vp vpon him to proue if he could saue him selfe for the necessitie of his countrie which nowe more then euer had neede of a good and wise captaine But he refused the gentlemans offer and his intreatie and compelled him to take his horse backe againe though the teares ranne downe his chekes for pittie and raising him selfe vp to take him by the hande he sayed vnto him I pray you tell Fabius Maximus from me and witnesse with me that Paulus AEmilius euen to his last hower hath followed his counsaill and dyd neuer swarue from the promise he made him but that first he was forced to it by Varro and afterwardes by Hannibal When he had deliuered these wordes he bad Lentulus farewell and ronning againe into the furie of the slaughter there he dyed among his slaine companions It is thought there were slaine at this battell fiftie thousand ROMAINES foure thousand taken prisoners and other tenne thousand that were taken prisoners in two campes after the battell When this noble victorie was gotten Hannibals friendes gaue him counsaill to followe his good fortune and to enter ROME after the scattered number that fled thither so as within fewe dayes following he might suppe in their capitoll A man cannot easely gesse what was the cause that stayed him that he went not vnles it was as I thinke some good fortune or fauorable God toward the ROMAINES that withstoode him and made him afeard and glad to retire Whereupon they saye that one Barca a CARTHAGINIAN in his anger sayed to Hannibal Syr you haue the waye to ouercome but you cannot vse victorie Notwithstanding this victorie made a maruelous chaunge for him For hereupon all ITALY in manner came in to submit them selues to him where before he had no towne at cōmaundemēt nor any storehouse or porte through all ITALIE yea he did maruelous hardly with much a doe vittell his armie with that he could daylie robbe spoyle hauing no certē place to retire vnto nor groūded hope to entertain these warres but kept the field with his armie remouing from place to place as they had bene a great number of murderers theeues together For the most parte of the coūtrie dyd yeld immediatly vnto
caused thē to be taken which afterwards were put to death with all kind of tormēts That done they burnt Philopoemenes body and did put his ashes into a pot Then they straight departed from MESSINA not in disorder one apon an others necke as euery man listed but in such an order and ray that in the middest of these funeralles they did make a triumphe of victorie For the souldiers were all crowned with garlandes of lawrell in token of victory notwithstanding the teares ranne downe their cheekes in token of sorowe and they led their enemies prisoners shackled and chained The funerall pot in the which were Philopoemenes ashes was so couered with garlandes of flowers nosegaies and laces that it could scant be seene or discerned and was caried by one Polybius a young man the sonne of Lycortas that was Generall at that time to the ACHAIANS about whom there marched all the noblest and chiefest of the ACHAIANS and after them also followed all the souldiers armed and their horses very well furnished The rest they were not so sorowfull in their countenance as they are commonly which haue great cause of sorow nor yet so ioyful as those that came conquerers from so great a victory Those of the cities townes and villages in their way as they past came and presented them selues vnto them to touche the funerall pot of his ashes euen as they were wont to take him by the hande and to make much of him when he was returned from the warres and did accompany his conuoy vnto the city of MEGALIPOLIS At the gates whereof were olde men women and children which thrustinge them selues amongest the souldiers did renewe the teares sorowes and lamentacions of all the miserable and vnfortunate city who tooke it that they had lost with their citizen the first and chiefest place of honor among the ACHAIANS So he was buried very honorably as appertained vnto him and the other prisoners of MESSINA were all stoned to death about his sepulchre All the other cities of ACHAIA besides many other honors they did vnto him did set vp statues and as like to him as could be counterfeated Afterwards in the vnfortunate time of GREECE when the city of CORINTHE was burnt and destroied by the ROMAINES there was a malicious ROMAINE that did what he could to haue the same pulled downe againe by burdening accusing Philopoemen as if he had bene aliue that he was alwaies enemy to the ROMAINES and enuied much their prosperity and victories But after Polybius had aunswered him neither the Consul Mummius nor his counsellers nor lieutenaunts would suffer them to deface take away the honors done in memory of so famous worthy a mā although he had many waies done much hurt vnto Titus Quintius Flaminius vnto Manius So these good men then made a differēce betwene duety profit did thinke honesty profit two distinct things and so separated one from the other according to reason and iustice Moreouer they were perswaded that like as men receiue curtesie and goodnes of any so are they bound to require them againe with kindenes and duety And as men vse to acknowledge the same euen so ought men to honor and reuerence vertue And thus much for the life of Philopoemen The ende of Philopoemenes life THE LIFE OF Titus Quintius Flaminius IT is easie to see Titus Quintius Flaminius forme and stature by Philopoemenes statue of brasse to whome we compare him the which is now set vppe at ROME neere to great Apollo that was brought from CARTHAGE and is placed right against the comming in to the show place vnder which there is an inscription in Greeke letters But for his nature and conditions they say of him thus he would quickely be angry and yet very ready to pleasure men againe For if he did punish any man that had angered him he would do it gently but his anger did not long continew with him He did good also to many and euer loued them whom he had once pleasured as if they had done him some pleasure was ready to do for them still whom he founde thankefull bicause he would euer make them beholding to him and thought that as honorable a thinge as he could purchase to him selfe Bicause he greatly sought honor aboue all thinges when any notable seruice was to be done he would do it him selfe and no man should take it out of his hand He would euer be rather with them that needed his helpe then with those that could helpe him or do him good For the first he esteemed as a meane to exercise his vertue with the other he tooke them as his fellowes and followers of honor with him He came to mans state when the citie of ROME had greatest warres and trouble At that time all the youth of ROME which were of age to cary weapon were sent to the warres to learne to traile the pyke and how to become good Captaines Thus was he entred into marshall affaires and the first charge he tooke was in the warre against Hanniball of CARTHAGE where he was made Colonell of a thousande footemen vnder Martellus the consull who being slaine by an ambush Hanniball had layed for him betwene the cities of BANOIA and VENVSA then they did choose Titus Quintius Flaminius gouernor of the prouince and city of TARENTVM which was now taken againe the seconde time In this gouernment of his he wanne the reputacion as much of a good and iust man as he did of an expert and skilfull Captaine By reason whereof when the ROMAINES were requested to send men to inhabite the cities of NARNIA COSSA he was appointed the chiefe leader of them which chiefely gaue him hart and corage to aspire at the first to the Consulshippe passinge ouer all other meane offices as to be AEdile Tribune or Praetor by which as by degrees other younge men were wont to attaine the Consulshippe Therefore when the time came that the Consulls should be elected he did present him selfe amonge other accompanied with a great number of those he hadde brought with him to inhabite the two newe townes who did make earnest sute for him But the two Tribunes Fuluius and Manlius spake against him and sayed it was out of all reason that so younge a man should in such manner prease to haue the office of the highest dignitie against the vse and custome of ROME before he hadde passed through the inferior offices of the commonwealth Neuertheless the Senate preferred it wholly to the voyces of the people who presently pronounced him Consull openly with Sextius AElius although he was not yet thirtie yeare olde Afterwardes AElius and he deuidinge the offices of the state by lotte it fell apon T. Quintius to make warre with Philip kinge of MACEDON In the which me thinkes fortune greatly fauored the ROMAINES affaires that made such a man Generall of these warres for to haue pointed a Generall that by force and violence woulde haue
Cleandrides corrupted by Pericles Gylippus ouercame the Athenians at Syracusa in Sicile Gylippus robbed parte of the treasure Lysander sent him withall to Sparta Pericles wise pollicy in forrein entertainement Pericles asta in Evboea Pericles maketh warre with the Samians Aspasia a passing wise woman The description of Aspasia Thargelia Callias the riche Pericles maried Aspasia the famous â—â—â—tisan Pissuthnes the Persian A good proofe that Pericles was not câ—â—etous Pericles victorie againe of the SamiaÌ„s Melissus a philosopher generall of the Samians The owle the stampe of the coine at Athens Samana a kinde of a shippe The wittie saying of Aristophanes of the Samians Artemon Periphoretos a timerous â—â—â—â— The Samians doe yeld to Pericles Elpinieâ—â— Pericles â—aunte to an olde woman CimoÌ„s sonnes The Athenians accused as LacedaemoÌ„ Pericles author of the warres against PelopoÌ„nesus Pericles malice against the Megarians Phidias the image maker Aspasia accused Prytani treasorers of the common fines The Lacedaemonians inuade Attica An excellent comparison to staye the souldiers desier to fight Cleon accuseth Pericles Note Pericles pollicie to pacifie the peoples anger AEgina woÌ„ne by the Athenians Plague at Athens Accusations against Pericles An eclypse of the sunne Pericles hard fortune Pericles depriued of his charge Pericles home troubles Pericles constancy A lawe as Athens for base borne childreÌ„ Pericles the base borne put to death Pericles sicknes A philosophicall question touching change of mens maÌ„ners by misfortunes Pericles death A notable saying of Pericles on his death Pericles deseruedly called Olympius The Athenians Lamented the losse of Pericles being dead Fabius Rullus Maximus Fabius Maximus called Verrucosus Ouicula Fabius fiue times Consul Hanâ—nibal destroyeth the countrie of Thuscan VVonders Flaminius rashenes Fabius wise counsell The Romaines slaine by the Lake of Thrasimena Flaminius the Consul slaine Fabius Dictator The Dictator might not ride in the warres The maiestie of Fabius the Dictator Fabius religion The Sibylles bookes of prophecies Fabius vowe Fabius doings against Hannibal Minutius generall of the horsemen dispised Fabius counsell Hannibal fell into great errour Casilinum a cittie Vulturnus fl Hannibal set vpon by Fabius Hannibals stratageame Hannibals craftines against Fabius Fabius chaâ—geth prisoners with HaÌ„nibal Fabius redemeth the prisoners with his money Fabius leaueth Minutius his lâ—â—f tenant in the field Minutius rashenes Fabius accused of treason by Mosellus the Tribune The crueltie of Manlius Torquatus to his sonne after his victorie The Dictator and generall of the horsemen made equall in authoritie Diogenes wordes Minutius pride Hannibal layed ambush for Minutius Fabius foresight in the worre Fabius rescueth Minutius generall of the horsemen The great modestie of Fabius Minutius orations to his souldiers The wisedom of Minutius acknowledging his fault Minutius wordes to Fabius The rashnes of Terentius Varro Terentius Varro Paulus AEmilius Consuls The Romaines caÌ„pe vnder Terentius Varro 88000 men Fabius counsell to Paulus AEmilius Ausidius st Hannibals strategemes as the battell of Cannes Hannibals order of battell as Cannes The slaughter of the Romaines as the battell of Cannes Paulus AEmillius slaine at the battell of Cannes 50000. Romaines slaine at the battell of Cannes All Italy rouolted and submitted theÌ„ selues to HaÌ„nibal Fabius constancie after the ouerthrow at Cannes Fabius order for mourning The magnanimitie of the Romaines after the ouerthrowe at Cannes Fabius Maximus and Claudius Marcellus generalles Possidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Marcellus slaine by an ambushe of Hannibals Hannibals ambush layed for Fabius Fabius lenitie in correcting of faultes Note how Fabius reclaimed and euill souldier Necessarie rules for a captaine How Fabius wanne TareÌ„tum againe Tarentum wonne by a womans meaâ— Fabius tooke the cittie of Tarentum Fabius ambition cause of fowle murder Fabius secoÌ„de triumphe Fabius wittie aunswer A straunge coÌ„maundemeÌ„t of the sonne to the father The father obeyeth his sonnes authoritie commendeth him Scipio Consul Fabius was against the counsell and deuise of Scipio African Crassus highe bishoppe of Rome The famous actes done in Africke by Scipio Africanus The death of Fabius Max. The funeralls of Epaminondâ—â— The gifte of a good generall The faultes of generalles The comparison betwene Pericles and Fabius for civill government Fabius reuenue The buildings of Rome nothing comparable to Pericles workes Alcibiades stocke Alcibiades tutours The mothers of famous meÌ„ neuer knowen what they were Alcibiades beawtie Alcibiades lisped by nature * The equinocatioÌ„ of these two Greeke wordes Kopâ— and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is harde to be expressed in Inglishe in stead whereof I haue seâ— flatling blowes for flattering browes observing the grace of lisping as neere as I could like to the Latin and French translations likewise Theolus for Theorus Alcibiades ambitious Alcibiades studies A vila thing to playe of a flute Socrates loue to Alcibiades Alcibiades insoâ—ecie vnto Anytus Alcibiades liberall facte Alcibiades ranne from Socrates Alcibiades geueÌ„ to pleasure Alcibiades strake a schoolemaster bicause he had not Homer in his choole Alcibiades first souldier fare with Socrates Alcibiades saued by Socrates Alcibiades saued Socrates life after the ouerthrow at the battaill of Delion Alcibiades maried Hipparete sueth to be diuorced from Alcibiades Alcibiades great dogge Alcibiades largesse Alcibiades comming into the common-wealth Alcibiades maruelous eloquent Alcibiades witte and imperfection Alcibiades victorie at the games Olympicall Alcibiades a breaker of promise Alcibiades aduersaries in the commoÌ„wealth when he came to pleade Phaeax lacked eloquence Hyperbolus banished for 10. yeres The manner of the punishment of the Ostracismon Nicias peach Alcibiades by breaketh the peace of the Gracians Alcibiades beguileth the Lacedaemonians Alcibiades chosen general The walles brought to the sea by the Argiues Alcibiades vyâ—â— Alcibiades dishonestie wantoÌ„nes Archestratus saying Alcibiades the author of the warres in Sicilia The diuination of Socrates Meton Images heweÌ„ and mangled at Athens Alcibiades accused for prophening the holy mysteries The crafte of Alcibiades enemies Alcibiades iorney into Sicile Phrynicus the Comicall poet Andocides the orator cast into prison Alcibiades sent for to auÌ„swer to his accusation Alcibiades accusation Alcibiades condemned being absent Alcibiades flyeth to Sparta Alcibiades more chaungeable then the Camelion Alcibiades get Timaea king Agis wife with childe Leotychides Alcibiades bastarde The Lacedaemonians practise to kill Alcibiades Alcibiades flying the Lacedaemonians goeth to Tisaphernes Alcibiades called a pleasaunt place and goodly prospect The inconstancie of theÌ„ coÌ„mon people The murder of Phrynichus and his condemnation Alcibiades called home from exile Thrasibulus is man of the biggest voyce of all the Athenians The cittizens of AtheÌ„s sent for Alcibiades to return Battell by sea before the cittie of Abydos betweene the AtheniaÌ„s and Lacedaemonians Alcibiades victorie of the Lacedaemonians by sea Alcibiades taken prisoner at Sardis flyeth from Tisaphernes Alcibiades victorie at Cyzicum Alcibiades victorie at Chalcedonia Alcibiades tooke the cittie of Selybrea The present wit of Alcibiades The Chalcedonians rescyue the Athenians Alcibiades stratageame at Bizantium Alcibiades
tombe built in the market place The coÌ„parison of Timoleon and Paulus AEmylius for the vvarres The woÌ„derful continencie of AEmylius from bribes Not to take giftes commended for a singular vertue AEmylius Constancie for exceeded Timoleons To be so bold veÌ„turous is not good The aunswere of a souldierâ— to king Antigonus Diuers opinions of life death why the Greecians do punish him that casteth away his target Iphicrates comparison of an armie of men A lieutenant of an armie must be careful to saue him selfe Timotheus saying Pelopidas Marcellus lost both their liues by to much venturing Pelopidas stock liberalitie Aristotles saying of rich men Pelopidas saying for the necessitie of monie The persit frendshippe betwixt Pelopidas Epaminondas The true cause of frendshippe Agesipolis king of the Lacedaemonians Cadmea the castel of Thebes taken by Phebidas captaine of the Lacedaemonians Ismenias death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas banished from Thebes Archias and Leontidas gouerners of Thebes vnder the Lacedaemonians Androclidas slayne The thanckfulnes of the Athenians vnto the Thebans Pelopidas counsel for the libertie of the Thebans Conspiracie against the Lacedaemonians for the libertie of Thebes Charon kept promise with daunger of life Pelopidas coÌ„meth into Thebes disgised in cloynes apparel Philidas secretary to the tyrans Pelopidas daunger Archias Bishop of AtheÌ„s bewraieth the treason to Archias in a letter VVeighty matters to morrow Prou. Pelopidas killeth the tyrans The Liberty of the Thebans restored Pelopidas receiueth the Castell of Cadmea by Composition Pelopidas ouerthrewe the seigniorie of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas policy to make the Athenians fall out againe with the Lacedaemonians The Thebans exercise in armes Antalcidas saying to king Agesilaus The victory of Thebans against the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas victory of the Lacedaemonians at the battlle of Tegyra Melas ft. Latona brought to bed betwene two springes called the Palme and the Oliue Pelopidas victorie What enemies are moste terrible to be feared The first institution of the holie bande Men louing together fight desperately against their enemies Hercules Iolaus loue Platoes saying of a louer The Goddesse Harmonia Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas princely aunsweare Se what plagues folowe where iustice is denied Pelopidas dreame vision in the fieldes of Leuetrea Agesileus dreame Godly sayings concerning God. Gods prouidence and sodaine ayde The filly slaine sacrificed The battell at Leuctres The cause of the ouerthrow of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas and Epaminondas victorie at the battaile of Leuctres Pelopidas Epaminondas iorney into Peloponesus being both gouernors of Boeotia Apenall lawe at Thebes for resigning vp of offices at the yeers end Pelopidas Epaminondas went ouer the riuer of Eurotas with 70. thousand meÌ„ The ingratitude of the Thebans toward Pelopidas and Epaminondas The Lawe Boucation Epaminondas patience Pelopidas coÌ„demneth Meneclidas a seditious orator and accuser The practise of spitefull men Our forefathers did paint and set forth their battailes Alexander the tyran of Pheres Larissa a city Philip of Macedon deliuered for ostage vnto Pelopidas Pelopidas taken prisonner by the tyran Alexander at Pharsale Pelopidas stoutnes Thebe the wife of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas sent into Thessalie with an army The brutishe cruelty of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas deliuered Pelopidas out of prison Artaxerxes king of Persia Pelopidas sent Ambassador to the king of Persia Pelopidas greatly honored of the king of Persia. Pelopidas refused the great giftes of the kinge Artaxerxes Timagoras Ambassador for the Athenians put to death for taking great giftes of the kinge of Persia Pelopidas second iourney against the tyran AlexaÌ„der of Pheres The eclipse of the sunne made the Thebans afraid Battaâ—ll geuen by the temple of Thetis vnto the tyran Alexander Pelopidas slaine The great lamentacion mourning for Pelopidas death The oration of the ThessaliaÌ„s to the Thebans The strange manner of sorowe of Alexander the great for the death of Ephestion Pelopidas happines Esops sayinge of the happines of the dead Death a blessed thing The Thebans reuenged Pelopidas death Alexander the tyran of Pheres slaine by his wife Alexander the tyran of Pheres was the first tyran that was slaine by his wife Marcellus kinred Marcellus condicions The Romaines troubled with warres Marcellus saved his brother Octacilius Marcellus chosen AEdilis and Augure Marcellus accuseth Capitolinus The Romaines had warres with the Carthaginians two twenty yeres together The warre of the Gaules Gessates mercenary Gaules A lawe to exempt ecclesiasticall persone froÌ„ the warr The Romaines did feare the warre of the Gaules Men and women buried aliue Flaminius P. Furius Consulls Newes brought to Rome of strange things seene in Romania Flaminius ouercome the Gaules in battayle The great religion of the Romaines An ordinance for publike sacrifice Marcellus Cneus Cornelius Consulls The Gaules Gessates make warres with Rome and come ouer the Alpes Acerres a city apon the riuer of Po. Clastidium a village or this side the mountaines The maner of the Romaines when they worship The combat a horsebacke betwixt Britomarus king of the Gaules and Marcellus Marcellus slue king Britomaerus as Clastidium Marcellus prayer vnto Iupiter Feretrian The Gaule ouercome by Marcellus Marcellus wanne the city of Millaine Marcellus triumphe Marcellus offeringe up of his rich spoiles The three persones that offered vp Spolia opima in Rome Romulus Cossus Marceâ—us Iupiter Feretrian why so called Spolia opima what they be Marcellus sent into Sicile with an army Posidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Lucius Bandius of Nola a valliant man. Marcellus gentlenes Reward made Bandius a true subiect Marcellus victorie of Hanniball at Nola. Marcellus proconsull Certaine Spanyards and Numidians are reuolted from Hannibal Marcellus the third time Consull sent into Sicile The seuerity of the Romaines to cowardly souldiers Cowardes detested of the Romaines Hippocrates generall of the Syracusans Marcellus wanne the city of the Leontines Marcellus besiegeth Syracusa Archimedes a notable mathematician Architas and Eudoxus famous Mathematicians VVhy Plato reproued Eudoxus and Architas Archimedes with an engine drew one of the greatest hackes Hieron the king had a shore The woÌ„derful force of Archimedes engines as Marcellus siege of Syrcusa Marcellus Sambuca Marcellus wondred as Archimedes engynes Archimedes profowndely learned Archimedes Siren. Archimedes demonstracion of the Cylinder Marcellus victories in Sicile Danippus a LacedaemoniaÌ„ Captaine taken prisoner Marcellus winneth Syracusa Acradina Marcellus gentlenes Rich spoyled at Syracusa Archimedes mathematiciaÌ„ slaine in his study Marcellus clemency Engyivm a city in Sicile Nicias craft Marcellus the first that brought in finenes curious tables and pictures into Rome of the spoyles of Syracusa Marcellus entreth into Rome with Ouation triumphe VVhos the Ouation triumphe is Ouation whereof it is called The sacrifices of the quiet triumphe The sacrifices of the litle triumphe Ouation The differeÌ„ces betwixt the Spartans and Romaines in their sacrifices for victorie The Syracusans accuse Marcellus Marcellus being Consull aunswered the Syracusans accusations as a
priuate man. Marcellus constancy Marcellus curtesie to the Syracusans Marcellus actes against Hanniball in his fourth Consullship Cneus Fuluius viceconsull slaine in Apulia by Hanniball Marcellus fought a battell with Hanniball at Numistron in Apulia The Dictator chosen by the Consull or Praetor not by the people nor Senate VVhereof Dictator commeth Quintus Fuluius chosen Dictator by the people Marcellus Proconsull Hannibals oration to his souldiers Marcellus stratageame Marcellus ouercome in battell by Hanniball Marcellus had wordes vnto his souldiers Hannibals wordes of Marcellus Battell betwixt Hanniball and Marcellus The worthy act of Flauius Tribunus milium Marcellus victory of Hannibal Hanniball lay in garrison in the city of Sinuesse in Campania P. Bibulus Tribune of the people accuseth Marcellus Circus Flaminius Marcellus chosen Consul the fift time The temples of honor and vertue built by Marcellus VVonderfull signes were seene in Rome vnfortunate to Marcellus Marcellus three score yeare olde beinge chosen Consull the fift time Q. Crispinus Consull Hanniball lay betwixt the cities of Bancia and Venousa Mons Petelium An ambush layd by Hanniball Ill signes to Marcellus Quintus Crispinus fellowe Consull with Marcellus Marcellus slaine in an ambush at the hill of Pâ—â—elie The Consull Crispinus slaine Marcellus funerall honored by Hanniball Marcellus monuments Marcellus posterity Pelopidas Marcellus actes in wars Marcellus actes preferred before Pelopidas The maner of Marcellus Pelopidas deedes Marcellus made the Romaines coragious Rashneâ— in a Captaine deserueth blame The valliantnes and obedience of Chrysantas a souldier Plutarch excuseth his free speech and Iudgement of these famous men Pelopidas Marcellus funeralls vnlike Aristides wealth Good men may take giftes but after a sorie Damon banished bicause he was to wise Socrates was not poore Aristocratia what it signifieth Aristides and Themistocles enemies in the common wealth Themistocles disposition Aristides nature Themistocles saying for partiality Aristides maner of dealing in the common wealth Barathrum a prison or dungeon Aristides constancy Aristides iustice Aristides wise saying Aristides chosen treasorer Themistocles couetously geuen Aristides accused condemned for abusing his office Aristides fine released and he made treasorer againe Aristides openly reproueth close theeues in the coÌ„mon wealth and detesteth their praise Miltiades chiefe of the ten Captaines that went against Dathis the king of Persiaes Lieutenant Miltiades victory of the Parsians The wicked parte of Callias the torche bearer Aristides chosen prouost of Athens Aristides called the Iust. The praise of iustice Authority would be with out corruptioÌ„ Themistocles enuieth Aristides iustice Aristides banished with the Ostracismon The nature of the Ostracismon Hyperbolus the last man banished with the Ostracismon The cause of Hyperbolus banishment A description of the Ostracismon A tale of a plaine man that came to Aristides with his shell to pray him to write Aristides name in it Aristides called from exile Aristides acts and councells against kinge Xerxes Aristides wordes of Themistocles Aristides victory as Psyttalea Aristides wise counsell for Xerxes flying out of Greece A stratageame of Themistocles Xerxes left Mardonius his Lieutenant in Greece with 300000. men The noble minde of the Athenians Aristides Lieutenant generall of the AtheniaÌ„s against Mardonius Pausanias king of Lacedaemon generall of all Greece Asopus flu Oracles of the victory of Plateas The Nymphes Sphragitides Arymnestus dreame The magnanimity of the Plataeians Alexander the great doth honor the Plateians for their noble mindes Strife betwene the Athenians Tegeates Aristides wisely pacifieth the mutinie The conspiracy of the rich noble men of Athens Mount Cithaeron Masistius generall of the horsemen of the Persians Masistius slaine by the Athenians Alexander kinge of Macedon reuealeth the Persian secrete counsell vnto Aristides The treason of the Thebans The stubbornnes of Amompharetus Captaine of the Lacedaemonians The battell of the GreeciaÌ„s with the Persians at the city of Plataees Callicrates slaine without fighting Note the obedience of the Spartan souldiers vnto death Barteâ—â—l betwixt the Greecians Persians The Greecian victorie of the Persians as Platees Mardonius slaine of Arimnestus a Spartan with a blow of a stone Two hundred and three score thousand Persians slain A thowsande three hundred three score Greecians slaine Strife betwixt the AtheniaÌ„s and Lacedaemonians for honor of the victory Corinthe the third city of estimacion in Greece Sparta Athens Corinthe The Greecians graâ—â—nt the honor of the victory vnto the Plataeians The wonderfull speede of Euchidas the Plataeian a foâ—â—e Diana Euclia Euchidas death A generall counsell holden at the city of Plataees Solemne sacrifices and funeralls kepe by the Plataeians yerely for the Greecians that were slaine as the battaill of Plataees Aristides preferreth the popular state A wicked deuise of Themistocles Aristides sentence apon Themistocles deuise The iustice of the AtheniaÌ„s Aristides and Cimon generalls of the Athenians against the barbarous people Aristides iustice and vertue tooke from the Lacedaemonians all their rule and authority in Greece Pausanias proude and couetous Pausanias cruell punishing of his souldiers Aristides fine triall of traytors The rebellious act of Vliades and Antagoras against Pausanias The temperance of the Lacedaemonians Aristides did sesse the cities of GREECE Aristides a true cesser Tauntes betwixt Themistocles and Aristides Aristides preferred necessity of time before law reason Aristides gloried in his pouerty A hard thing to away with pouerty VVho may be ashamed of pouerty Aristides coÌ„mended of Plato Aristides temperance vnto Themistocles Aristides death Aristides coÌ„demned for extorcion Aristides tombe The Athenians thankefulnes vnto Aristides children Myrto Aristides daughters daughter maried vnto Socrates The Athenians commended for their liberality Cato called an vpstare The definition of this worde Cato Catoes maners and life Cato an excellent orator Cato a souldier at 17. yeares of age A grimme looke geueth terror to the enemy This Manius Curius ouerthrew kinge Pyrrus being generall of the Tarâ—â—inas Cato the elder wondered as the thrifâ—nes of Manius Curius The moderacion of Manius Curius Nearchus the Pythagorian Philosopher Caenes scholemaister Platâ—â—s opinion of pleasure Cato learned the Greeke tongue in his olde age Cato profited most by Demosthenes eloquence Valerius Flaccus a great wise man. Catoes strauÌ„ge life Cato goeth to Rome by Valerius Flaccus perswasion Cato chosen Tribunus militum Catoes offices in the Senate Cato followed Fabius Maximus Catoes emulacion with Scipio the great Cato beinge treasorer vnder Scipio Afrikan reproued him for his wastfull expences Cato accuseth Scipio of riot Catoes eloquence his continent life and extreame paynes Catoes wonderfull thrift Catoes sharpnes Gentlenesse goeth further then iustice Gentlenesse to be vsed vnto brute beastes A gentle lawe made by the Athenians in fauer of their laboringe moyles Xanthippus buried his dogge that swame by his gallyes side from Athens to Salamina and dyed wheÌ„ he landed Catoes straight life Cato Praetor in Sardinia Catoes neerenes in his circuite Catoes seuerity Catoes speech and writing Catoes sayinges Themistocles saying Honor nourisheth â—â—ie Cato
curiositie then offend or mislike them for their falsehood Nowe after he had founded his cittie he first and foremost dyd diuide in two coÌ„panies all those that were of age to carie armour In euery one of these companies there were three thousand footemen and three hundred horsemen and they were called Legions bicause they were sorted of the chosen men that were pyckt out amongest all the rest for to fight The remaine after these was called Populus which signifieth the people After this he made a hundred counsellers of the best and honestest men of the cittie which he called Patricians and the whole company of them together he called Senatus as one would saye the counsell of the auncients So they were called Patricians as some will saye the counsaill of the fathers lawfull children which fewe of the first inhabitants could shewe It may be some will saye this name was geuen them of Patrocinium as growing of the protection they had by the sanctuarie of their cittie which worde they vse at this daye in the selfe same signification as one that followed Euander into ITALIE was called Patron bicause he was pitiefull and relieued the poore and litle children and so got him selfe a name for his pitie and humanitie But me thinckes it were more like the trothe to saye that Romulus dyd call them so bicause he thought the chiefest men should haue a fatherly care of the meaner sorte considering also it was to teache the meaner sorte that they should not feare th' authoritie of the greater nor enuie at their honours they had but rather in all their causes should vse their fauour and good will by taking them as their fathers For euen at this present straungers call those of the Senate lordes or captaines but the naturall ROMAINES call them Patres Conscripti which is a name of fatherhed and dignitie without enuie It is true that the beginning they were only called Patres but sithence bicause they were many ioyned vnto the first they haue bene named Patres Conscripti as a man should saye fathers of recorde together which is the honorablest name he could haue deuised to make a difference betwext the Senatours and the people Furthermore he made a difference betweene the chiefer cittizens and the baser people by calling the better sorte Patroni as muche to saye as defenders and the meaner sorte Clientes as you would saye followers or men protected This dyd breede a marueilous great loue and good wil lamong them making the one much beholding to the other by many mutuall curtesies and pleasures for the Patrons dyd helpe the clients to their right defended their causes in iudgement dyd geue vnto them counsaill and dyd take all their matters in hande The clients againe enterchaungeably humbled them selues to their patrons not onely in outwarde honour and reuerence towardes them but otherwise dyd helpe them with money to marrie and aduance their daughters or els to paye their dettes and credit if they were poore or decayed There was no lawe nor magistrate that could compell the patron to be a witnes against his client nor yet the client to witnesse against his patron So they increased and continued all other rights and offices of amitie and friendshippe together sauing afterwards they thought it a great shame and reproache for the better and richer to take rewarde of the meaner and poorer And thus of this matter we haue spoken sufficieÌ„tly Moreouer foure moneths after the foundation of the cittie was layed Fabius writeth there was a great rauishement of women There are some which laye it vpon Romulus who being then of nature warlike and geuen to prophecies and aunswers of the goddes foretolde that his cittie should become very great and mightie so as he raysed it by warres and increased it by armes and he sought out this culler to doe mischief and to make warre vpon the SABYNES To proue this true some saye he caused certaine of their maydes by force to be taken awaye but not past thirtie in number as one that rather sought cause of warres then dyd it for neede of mariages which me thinckes was not likely to be true but rather I iudge the contrarie For seeing his cittie was incontinently repleanished with people of all sortes whereof there were very fewe that had wiues and that they were men gathered out of all countryes and the most parte of them poore and needâ—e so as their neighbours disdayned them much and dyd not looke they would longe dwell together Romulus hoping by this violent taking of their maydes and rauishing them to haue an entrie into alliance with the SABYNES and to entise them further to ioyne with them in mariage if they dyd gentely intreate these wiues they had gotten enterprised this violent taking of their maydes and rauishing of them in suche a sorte First he made it to be commonly bruited abroade in euery place that he had founde the altar of a god hidden in the grounde and he called the name of the god Consus either bicause he was a god of counsaill wherupon the ROMAINES at this daye in their tongue call Consilium which we call counsell and the chief magistrates of their cittie Consules as we saye counsellers Other saye it was the altar of the god Neptune surnamed the patron of horses For this altar is yet at this daye within the great listes of the cittie and euer couered and hidden but when they vse the running games of their horse race Other saye bicause counsell euer must be kept close and secret they had good reason to kepe the altar of this god Consus hidden in the grounde Nowe other write when it was opened Romulus made a sacrifice of wonderfull ioye and afterwardes proclaymed it openly in diuers places that at suche a daye there should be common playes in ROME and a solemne feast kept of the god Consus where all that were disposed to come should be welcome Great numbers of people repaired thither from all partes He him selfe was set in the chiefest seate of the showe place apparelled fayer in purple and accompanied with the chiefe of his cittie about him And there hauing purposed this rauishement you haue heard of he had geuen the signe before that the same should beginne when he should rise vp and folde a playte of his gowne and vnfolde the same againe Hereupon his men stoode attending with their swordes who so sone as they perceyued the signe was geuen with their swordes drawen in hande and with great showtes and cryes ranne violently on the maydes and daughters of the SABYNES to take them awaye and rauishe them and suffered the men to ronne awaye without doing them any hurte or violence So some saye there were but thirtie rauished after whose names were called the thirtie linages of the people of ROME Howbeit Valerius Antias writeth that there were fiue hundred and seuen and twentie and Iuba sixe hundred foure
Iupiter Olympian only remained vnperfect so the wisdome of Plato amongest many goodly matters of his that haue come abroade left none of them vnperfect but the only tale of the Iles ATLANTIDES Solon liued long time after Pisistratus had vsurped the tyrannie as Heraclides Ponticus writeth Howbeit Phanias Ephesian writeth that he liued not aboue two yeres after For Pisistratus vsurped tyrannicall power in the yere that Comias was chief gouernour in ATHENS And Phanias writeth that Solon dyed in the yere that Hegestratus was gouernour which was the next yere after that And where some saye the ashes of his bodie were after his death strawed abroade through the I le of SALAMINA that seemeth to be but a fable and altogether vntrue Neuertheles it hath bene written by many notable authours and amongest others by Aristotle the philosopher The ende of Solons life THE LIFE OF PVBLIVS Valerius Publicola NOWE we haue declared what Solon was we haue thought good to compare him with Publicola to whom the ROMAINE people for an honour gaue that surname for he was called before Publius Valerius descended from that auncient Valerius who was one of the chiefest worckers and meanes to bring the ROMAINES and the SABYNES that were mortall enemies to ioyne together as one people For it was he that most moued the two Kings to agree and ioyne together Publicola being descended of him whilest the Kings dyd rule yet at ROME was in very great estimation aswell for his eloquence as for his riches vsing the one rightly and freely for the maintenaunce of iustice and the other liberally and curteously for the relief of the poore So that it was manifest if the Realme came to be conuerted into a publicke state he should be one of the chiefest men of the same It chaunced that king Tarquine surnamed the prowde being come to the crowne by no good lawfull meane but contrary lie by indirect and wicked wayes and behauing him selfe not like a King but like a cruell tyrante the people much hated and detested him by reason of the death of Lucretia which killed her selfe for that she was forcibly rauished by him so the whole cittie rose and rebelled against him Lucius Brutus taking vpon him to be the head and captaine of this insurrection and rebellion dyd ioyne first with this Valerius who dyd greately fauour and assist his enterprise and did helpe him to driue out king Tarquine with all his house familie Nowe whilest they were thincking that the people would chuse some one alone to be chief ruler ouer them in stead of a King Valerius kept him selfe quiet as yelding willingly vnto Brutus the first place who was meetest for it hauing bene the chief authour and worcker of their recouered libertie But when they sawe the name of Monarchie as much to saye as soueraintie alone was displeasaunt to the people and that they would like better to haue the rule deuided vnto two and how for this cause they would rather choose two Consuls Valerius then begāne to hope he should be the seconde persone with Brutus Howbeit this hope fayled him For against Brutus will Tarquinius Collatinus the husband of Lucretia was chosen Cōsul with him not bicause he was a man of greater vertue or of better estimation than Valerius But the noble men of the cittie fearing the practises of the Kings abroade which sought by all the fayer flattering meanes they could to returne againe into the cittie dyd determine to make such an one Consul whom occasion forced to be their hard and heauy enemie persuading them selues that Tarquinius Collatinus would for no respect yeld vnto them Valerius tooke this matter greuously but they had a mistrust in him as if he would not doe any thing he could for the benefit of his countrie notwithstanding he had neuer any priuate iniurie offered him by the tyrannes Wherfore he repaired no more vnto the Senate to pleade for priuate men and wholy gaue vp to medle in matters of state insomuch as he gaue many occasion to thincke of his absence and it troubled some men much who feared least vpon this his misliking and withdrawing he would fall to the Kings side and so bring all the cittie in an vprore considering it stoode then but in very tickle termes But when Brutus who stoode in iealousie of some would by othe be assured of the Senate had appointed them a daye solemnely to take their othes vpon the sacrifices Valerius then with a good cheerefull countenaunce came into the market place and was the first that tooke his othe he would leaue nothing vndone that might preiudice the Tarquines but with all his able power he would fight against them and defend the libertie of the cittie This othe of his maruelously reioyced the Senate gaue great assuraunce also to the Consuls but specially bicause his dedes dyd shortly after performe his wordes For there came ambassadours to ROME which brought letters from king Tarquine full of sweete lowly speaches to winne the fauour of the people with commission to vse all the mildest meanes they could to dulce and soften the hardened harts of the multitude who declared how the King had left all pryde and crueltie ment to aske nought but reasonable things The Consuls thought best to geue them open audience and to suffer them to speake to the people But Valerius was against it declaring it might perill the state much and deliuer occasion of new sturre vnto a multitude of poore people which were more affrayed of warres then of tyrannie After that there came other ambassadours also which sayed that Tarquine would from thenceforth for euer geue ouer and renounce his title to the Kingdome and to make any more warres but besought them only that they would at the least deliuer him and his friends their money and goods that they might haue wherewithall to keepe them in their banishment Many came on a pace and were very ready to yeld to this request and specially Collatinus one of the Consuls who dyd fauour their motion But Brutus that was a fast and resolute man and very fierce in his harte ranne immediately into the market place crying out that his fellowe Consul was a traytour and contented to graunt the tyrannes matter and meanes to make warre vpon the cittie where in deede they deserued not so much as to be relieued in their exile Hereupon the people assembled together and the first that spake in this assembly was a priuate man called Gaius Minutius who speaking vnto Brutus to the whole assembly sayed vnto them O noble Consul Senate handle so the matter that the tyrannes goods be rather in your custodie to make warre with them than in theirs to bring warre vpon your selues Notwithstāding the ROMAINES were of opinion that hauing gotten the liberty for which they fought with the tyrannes they should not disapoint the offered peace with keeping backe their goodes but rather
layed flat on the grounde and both their heads striken of with an axe before him When they were executed Brutus rose from the benche and left the execution of the rest vnto his fellowe Consul This was such an acte as men cannot sufficiently prayse nor reproue enough For either it was his excellent vertue that made his minde so quiet or els the greatnes of his miserie that tooke awaye the feeling of his sorowe whereof neither the one nor the other was any small matter but passing the common nature of man that hath in it both diuinenes and somtime beastly brutishnes But it is better the iudgement of men should commend his fame then that the affection of men by their iudgemēts should diminishe his vertue For the ROMAINES holde opinion it was not so great an acte done of Romulus first to build ROME as it was for Brutus to recouer ROME and the best libertie thereof and to renewe the auncient gouernment of the same When Brutus was gone all the people in the market place remained as they had bene in a maze full of feare and wounder and a great while without speaking to see what was done The Aquilians straight grew bold for that they sawe the other Consull Collatinus proceede gently and mildly against them and so made petition they might haue time geuen them to aunswer to the articles they were accused of and that they might haue their slaue and bondman Vindicius deliuered into their handes bicause there was no reason he should remaine with their accusers The Consul seemed willing to yeld thereto and was ready to breake vp the assembly thereupon But Valerius sayed he would not deliuer Vindicius who was among the assembly that attended vpon his persone and stayed the people besides for departing awaye least they should negligently let those escape that had so wickedly sought to betraye their countrie Vntill he him selfe had layed handes vpon them calling vpon Brutus to assist him with open exclamation against Collatinus that he dyd not behaue him selfe like a iust and true man seeing his fellowe Brutus was forced for iustice sake to see his owne sonnes put to death and he in contrary manner to please a fewe women fought to let goe manifest traitours and open enemies to their countrie The Consul being offended herewith commaunded they should bring awaye the bondman Vindicius So the sergeants making waye through the prease layed handes vpon him to bring him awaye with them and beganne to strike at them which offered to resist them But Valerius friends stept out before them and put them by The people showted straight cried out for Brutus who with this noyse returned againe into the market place and after silence made him he spake in this wise For mine own children I alone haue bene their sufficiēt iudg to see them haue the law according to their deseruings the rest I haue left freely to the iudgment of the people Wherefore sayed he if any man be disposed to speake let him stand vp and persuade the people as he thinketh best Then there needed no more wordes but only to hearken what the people cried who with one voyce consent condemned them cried execution accordingly they had their heades striken of Now was Consull Collatinus long before had in some suspition as allied to the Kings and disliked for his surname bicause he was called Tarquinius who perceyuing him selfe in this case much hated and mistrusted of the people voluntarely yelded vp his Consulshippe and departed the cittie The people assembling then them selues to place a successour in his roome they chose Valerius in his roome without the contradiction of any for his faithfull trauaill and diligence bestowed in this great matter Then Valerius iudging that Vindicius the bondman had well deserued also some recompence caused him not only to be manumised by the whole graunte of the people but made him a free man of the cittie besides and he was the first bondman manumised that was made cittizen of ROME with permission also to geue his voyce in all elections of officers in any company or tribe he would be enrolled in Long time after that and very lately Appius to currie fauour with the common people made it lawfull for bondmen manumised to geue their voyce also in elections as other citizens dyd and vnto this daye the perfect manumising and freeing of bondmen is called Vindicta after the name of this Vindicius that was then made a free man These things thus passed ouer the goodes of the Kings were geuen to the spoyle of the people and their palaces were rased and ouerthrowen Nowe amongest other lands the goodliest parte of the field of Mars was belōging vnto king Tarquine the same they consecrated forthwith vnto the god Mars not long before they had cut downe the wheat thereof The sheaues being yet in shocks in the field they thought they might not grinde the wheate nor make any commoditie of the profit thereof wherefore they threwe both corne sheaues into the riuer trees also which they had hewen downe rooted vp to the end that the field being dedicated to the god Mars should be left bare without bearing any fruite at all These sheaues thus throwē into the riuer were caried down by the streame not farre from thence vnto a forde and shallowe place of the water where they first dyd staye and dyd let the other which came after that it could goe no further there these heapes gathered together and laye so close one to another that they beganne to sincke and settle fast in the water Afterwards the streame of the riuer brought downe continually such mudde grauell that it euer increased the heape of corne more and more in suche sorte that the force of the water could no more remoue it from thence but rather softly pressing and driuing it together dyd firme and harden it and made it growe so to lande Thus 〈…〉 heape rising still in greatnes and firmenes by reason that all that came downe the riu 〈…〉 there it grewe in the ende and by time to spread so farre that at this daye it is called 〈…〉 oly Ilande in ROME in which are many goodly temples of diuers goddes and sundry walkes about it and they call it in Latine Inter duos pontes in our tongue betweene the two bridges Yet some write that this thing fell not out at that time when the field of the Tarquines was consecrated vnto Mars but that it happened afterwardes when one of the Vestall Nunnes called Tarquinia gaue a field of hers vnto the people which was hard adioyning vnto Tarquines field For which liberalitie and bowntie of hers they dyd graunte her in recompēse many priuiledges and dyd her great honour besides As amongest others it was ordeined that her word witnes should stand good be allowed in matters iudiciall which priuiledge neuer womā besides her self dyd enioye By speciall grace of
great foughten battell wherein he lost his sonne that was slaine by Brutus in fighting together hande to hande went to the citie of CLVSIVM vnto king Claras Porsena the mightiest prince that raigned at that time in all ITALIE and was both noble and a curteous prince Porsena promised him ayde first of all sent to ROME to summone the cittizens to receiue their King againe But the ROMAINES refusing the summones he sent forthwith an Heraulde to proclaime open warres against them and to tell them where and when he would meete them and then marched thitherwardes immediatly with a great armie Publicola nowe being absent was chosen Consul the second time and Titus Lucretius with him When he was returned home againe to ROME bicause he would exceede king Porsena in greatnes of minde he begāne to buyld a cittie called SIGLIVRIA euen when the King with all his armie was not farre frō ROME hauing walled it about to his maruelous charge he sent thither seuen hundred cittizens to dwell there to shewe that he made litle accompt of this warre Howbeit Porsena at his coming dyd geue suche a lustie assault to the mount Ianiculum that they draue out the souldiers which kept the same who flying towards ROME were pursued so harde with the enemies that with them they had entered the towne had not Publicola made a saly out to resist them Who beganne a hotte skirmishe harde by the riuer of Tyber there sought to haue stayed the enemies to follow any further which being the greater number dyd ouerlaye the ROMAINES dyd hurte Publicola very sore in this skirmishe so as he was caried away into the cittie in his souldiers armes And euē so was the other Cōsul Lucretius hurte in like case which so discoraged frayed the ROMAINES that they all tooke thē to their legges fled towards the cittie The enemies pursued them at their heeles as farre as the wodden bridge so that the cittie was in maruelous hazarde of taking vpon the sodaine But Horatius Cocles Herminius and Lucretius two other of the chiefest noble young men of the cittie stood with them to the defence of the bridge made head against the enemie This Horatius was surnamed Cocles as much to saye as one eye bicause he had lost one of them in the warres Howbeit other writers saye it was bicause of his flat nose which was so soncke into his head that they sawe nothing to parte his eyes but that the eye browes dyd meete together by reason whereof the people thinking to surname him Cyclops by corruption of the tōgue they called him as they saye Cocles But howsoeuer it was this Horatius Cocles had the courage to shew his face against the enemie to kepe the bridge vntill such time as they had cut broken it vp behind him When he saw they had done that armed as he was hurte in the hippe with a pike of the THVSCANS he leaped into the riuer of Tyber and saued him selfe by swimming vnto the other side Publicola woundring at this manly acte of his persuaded the ROMAINES straight euery one according to his abilitie to giue him so much as he spent in a daye afterwards also he caused the common treasury to geue him as much lande as he could compasse about with his plowe in a daye Furthermore he made his image of brasse to be set vp in the temple of Vulcane comforting by this honour his wounded hippe whereof he was lame euer after Nowe whilest king Porsena was hottely bent very straightly to besiege ROME there beganne a famine among the ROMAINES to encrease the daunger there came a newe armie out of THVSCANE which ouerranne burnt and made waste all the territorie of ROME Whereupon Publicola being chosen Consul then the third time thought he should neede to doe no more to resist Porsena brauely but to be quiet only to looke well to the safe keeping of the cittie Howbeit spying his oportunity he secretly stole out of ROME with a power did set vpon the THVSCANS that destroyed the countrie about ouerthrew slue of them fiue thousand men As for the historie of Mutius many doe diuersely reporte it but I will write it in such sorte as I thincke shall best agree with the trothe This Mutius was a worthie man in all respects but specially for the warres He deuising howe he might come to kill king Porsena disguised him selfe in THVSCANS apparell and speaking Thuscan very perfectly went into his campe and came to the Kings chayer in the which he gaue audience and not knowing him perfectly he durst not aske which was he least he should be discouered but drue his sworde at aduenture slewe him whom he tooke to be king Vpon that they layed holde on him examined him And a panne full of fire being brought for the King that entēded to doe sacrifice vnto the goddes Mutius held out his right hand ouer the fire and boldly looking the King full in his face whilest the flesh of his hand dyd frye of he neuer chaunged hewe nor contenaunce the King woundering to see so straunge a sight called to them to withdraw the fire and he him selfe dyd deliver him his sworde againe Mutius tooke it of him with his lost hand whereupon they saye afterwardes he had geuen him the surname of Scaeuola as much to saye as left handed and told him in taking of it Thou couldest not Porsena for feare haue ouercomed me but nowe through curtesy thou hast wonne me Therefore for goodwill I will reueale that vnto thee which no force nor extremitie could haue make me vtter There are three hundred ROMAINES dispersed through thy campe all which are prepared with like mindes to followe that I haue begonne only gaping for oportunitie to put it in practise The lot sell on me to be the first to breake the Ise of this enterprise yet I am not sorie my hande sayled to kill so worthie a man that deserueth rather to be a friend then an enemie vnto the ROMAINES Porsena hearing this did beleeue it euer after he gaue the more willing eare to those that treated with him of peace not so much in my opinion for that he feared the three hundred lying in waite to kill him as for the admiration of the ROMAINES noble minde and great corage All other writers call this man Matius Scaeuola howbeit Athenodorus surnamed Sandon in a booke he wrote vnto Octauia Augustus sister sayeth that he was also called Opsig onus But Publicola taking king Porsena not to be so daūgerous and enemie to ROME as he should be a profitable friēd allie to the same let him understand that he was cōtēted to make him iudge of the controuersie between them Tarquine Whom he dyd many times prouoke to come haue his cause heard before king Porsena where he would iustifie to his face that he was the naughtiest most wicked
man of the world that he was iustly driuen out of his countrie Tarquine sharpely aunswered that he would make no man his iudge and Porsena least of all other for that hauing promised him to put him againe in his Kingdome he was nowe gone from his worde and had chaunged his minde Porsena was very angrie with this aunswer iudging this a manifest token that his cause was ill Wherefore Porsena being solicited againe by his owne sonne Aruns who loued the ROMAINES dyd easely graunte them peace vpon condition that they should redeliuer backe againe to him the lands they had gotten before within the countrie of THVSCAN with the prisoners also which they had taken in this warre in liew thereof he offered to deliuer to them againe the ROMAINES that had fled from them vnto him To confirme this peace the ROMAINES deliuered him ostages tenne of the noblest mens sonnes of the cittie so many of their daughters emōg which was Valeria Publicolaes owne daughter Peace being thus concluded Porsena brake his armie withdrewe his strength trusting to the peace cōcluded The ROMAINES daughters deliuered for ostages came downe to the riuers side to washe them in a quiet place where the streame ranne but gently without any force or swiftnes at all When they were there and saw they had no garde about them nor any came that waye nor yet any botes going vp nor down the streame they had a desire to swime ouer the riuer which rāne with a swift streame was maruelous deepe Some saye that one Claelia swamme the riuer vpon her horse backe that she did imbolden incorage the other to swimme hard by her horse side recouering the other bancke and being past all daunger they went presented themselues before Publicola the Consul Who neither commended them nor liked the parte they had played but was maruelous sorie fearing least men would iudge him lesse carefull to keepe his faith then was king Porsena that he might suspect the boldnes of these maidens was but a crafty slight deuised of the ROMAINES Therefore he tooke them all againe sent them immediatly vnto king Porsena Whereof Tarquine hauing intelligence he layed an ambushe for them that had the conduction of them Who so soone as they were paste the riuer did shew them selues brake vpon the ROMAINES they being farre fewer in number that the other did yet very stowtely defend them selues Now whilest they were in earnest fight together Valeria Publicolaes daughter and three of her fathers seruants escaped through the middest of them and saued them selues The residue of the virgines remained in the middest among their swordes in great daunger of their liues Aruns king Porsenas sonne aduertised hereof ranne thither incōtinently to the rescue but when he came the enemies fled and the ROMAINES held on their iorney to redeliuer their ostages Porsena seeing them againe asked which of them it was that beganne first to passe the riuer and had encouraged the other to followe her One pointed him vnto her and told him her name was Claelia He looked vpon her very earnestly and with a pleasaunt countenaunce and commaunded they should bring him one of his best horse in the stable and the richest furniture he had for the same and so he gaue it vnto her Those which holde opinion that none but Claelia passed the riuer a horse backe doe alledge this to proue their opinion true Other doe denie it saying that this THVSCAN king did onely honour her noble courage Howsoeuer it was they see her image a horse backe in the holy streete as they goe to the palace some saye it is the statue of Valeria other of Claelia After Porsena had made peace with the ROMAINES in breaking vp his campe he shewed his noble minde vnto them in many other things and specially in that he commaunded his souldiers they should carie nothing but their armour and weapon only leauing his campe full of corne vittells and other kynde of goodes From whence this custome came that at this daye when they make open sale of any thing belonging to the common weale the sergeant or common crier crieth that they are king Porsenas goodes and taken of thankefullnes and perpetuall memorie of his bowntie and liberalitie towards them Further Porsenas image standeth adioyning to the palace where the Senate is vsed to be kept which is made of great antike worke Afterwardes the SABYNES inuading the ROMAINES territorie with a great force Marcus Valerius Publicolaes brother was then chosen Consul with one Posthumius Tubertus Howbeit all matters of weight and importaunce passed by Publicolaes counsell and authoritie who was present at any thing that was done and by whose meanes Marcus his brother wanne two great battells in the last whereof he slewe thirteene thousand of his enemies not losing one of his owne men For which his victories besides the honour of triumphe he had the people also at their owne charges built him a house in the streete of mounte Palatine and graunted him moreouer that his doore should open outwards into the streete where all others mens doores dyd open inwards into their house signifying by graunte of this honour and priuiledge that he should allwayes haue benefit by the common weale It is reported that the GRECIANS doores of their houses in olde time dyd all open outwards after that facion they doe cōiecture it by the comedies that are played Where those that would goe out of their houses dyd first knocke at their doores and make a noyse within the house least in opening their doore vpon a sodaine they might ouerthrowe or hurte him that taried at the streete doore or passed by the waye who hearing the noyse had warning straight to auoyde the daunger The next yere after that Publicola was chosen Consul the fourth time bicause they stoode in great doubt that the SABYNES and LATINES would ioyne together to make warres vpon them besides all this there was a certaine superstitious feare ranne through the cittie of some ill happe toward it bicause most parte of the women with childe were deliuered of vnperfect children lacking some one limme or other all of them came before their time Wherfore Publicola looking in some of Sybillaes books made priuate sacrifice vnto Pluto did set vp againe some feastes solemne games that were left of had bene commaunded before time to be kept by the oracle of Apollo These meanes hauing a litle reioyced the cittie with good hope bicause they thought that the anger of the goddes had bene appeased Publicola then begāne to prouide for the daūgers that they were threatned withall by men for that newes was brought him that their enemies were vp in all places made great preparation to inuade them Nowe there was at that time amongest the SABYNES a great riche man called Appius Clausus very strong and actiue of bodie otherwise a man of great reputation eloquence
aboue all the rest of his countrie men but notwithstāding he was much enuied and could not auoyde it being a thing common to great men He went about to staye those intended warres against the ROMAINES Whereupon many which before tooke occasion to murmure against him dyd nowe much more increase the same with saying he sought to mainteine the power of the ROMAINES that afterwards by their ayde he might make him selfe tyranne King of the countrie The common people gaue easy eare vnto such speaches Appius perceyuing well enough how the souldiers hated him deadly he feared they would complaine accuse him Wherefore being well backed stoode to by his kynsemen friends and followers he practised to make a sturre among the SABYNES which was the cause of staying the warres against the ROMAINES Publicola also for his parte was very diligēt not only to vnderstād the originall cause of his sedition but to feede on further increase the same hauing gotten men meete for the purpose which caried Appius such a message from him That Publicola knewe very well he was a iust man and one that would not be reuenged of his cittizens to the generall hurte of his countrie although the iniuries he receyued at their hands deliuered him iust occasion to doe it neuertheles if he had any desire to prouide for his safety and to repaire to ROME learning them which causeles wished him so muche euill they would both openly and priuately receyue him with that due honour which his vertue deserued and the worthines of the ROMAINE people required Clausus hauing long and many times considered this matter with him selfe resolued that it was the best waye he could take making vertue of necessitie therefore being determined to doe it he dyd procure his friends to doe as he dyd they got other also vnto them so that he brought awaye with him out of the countrie of the SABYNES fiue thousand families with their wiues and children of the quietest and most peacible people among the SABYNES to dwel at ROME Publicola being aduertised thereof before they came dyd receyue them at their comming to ROME with great ioye and all manner of good curteous enterteinment For at their first coming he made them all and their families free cittizens assigned vnto euery persone of them two ingera of lande which cōteined one acre one roode eleuen pole 69. partes of a pole by the riuer of Tyber vnto Appius self he gaue him 25. iugera to wit 16. acres 4. pole 16. acres a halfe 4. pole 76. partes of apole receiued him into the nūber of the Senatours And thus came he first vnto the gouernment of the common weale in ROME where he did so wisely behaue him self that in the end he came to be the chiefest man of dignitie authoritie in ROME so long as he liued After his death he left behind him the familie of the Claudians descēding frō him which for honour and worthines gaue no place to the noblest familie in ROME But nowe the sedition amongest the SABYNES being pacified by the departure of those that were gone to ROME the seditious gouernours would not suffer those that remained to liue in peace but still cried out it were to much shame for them that Clausus being a fugitiue and become an enemie should honour their enemies abroade that being present durst not shewe so much at home and that the ROMAINES should scape vnreuenged who had done them such apparant wronges So they raised great force and power and went and encamped with their armie neere the cittie of FIDENES and layed an ambushe harde by ROME in certen hidden and hollowe places where they put a two thousand choyce footemen very well armed and dyd appoint the next morning to send certaine light horse men to runne and praye to ROME gates commaunding them that when the ROMAINES came out of the cittie to charge them they should seeme leysurely to retire vntill they had drawen them within daunger of their ambush Publicola receyuing full intelligence of all their intention by a traytour that fled from them vnto him made due preparation to encounter with their priuie ambushe and so deuided his armie in two partes for he gaue his sonne in lawe Posthumius Balbus three thousand footemen whom he sent awaye by night commaunding them the same night to take the hilles in the bottome whereof the SABYNES were layed in ambushe Lucretius fellowe Consull with Publicola hauing the lightest and lustiest men of the cittie was appointed to make head against the vaūtcurriers of the SABYNES that minded to approche the gates And Publicola with the rest of the armie marched a great compasse about to inclose his enemies behinde The next morning betimes by chaunce it was a thick miste at that present time Posthumius coming down from the hilles with great showtes charged them that laye in ambush Lucretius on the other side set vpon the light horsemen of the SABYNES Publicola fell vpon thier campe So that of all sides the SABYNES enterprise had very ill successe for they had the worst in euery place the ROMAINES killed them flying without any turning againe to make resistance Thus the place which gaue them hope of best safety turned most to their deadly ouerthrowe For euery one of their companies supposing the other had bene whole vnbroken when a charge was geuen vpon them dyd straight breake neuer a company of them turned head toward their enemie For they that were in the campe ranne toward them which laye in ambushe those which were in ambushe on the contrarie side ranne towards them that were in cāpe So that in flying the one met with the other and founde those towards whom they were flying to haue bene safe to stand in as much neede of helpe as them selues That which saued some that were not slaine was the cittie of FIDENES which was neere the campe and specially saued those which fled thither But such as came shorte of the cittie and could not in time recouer it were all slaine in the fielde or taken prisoners As for the glorie of this honorable victorie albeit the ROMAINES were wonte to ascribe all suche great notable matters to the speciall prouidence and grace of the goddes yet at that time notwithstanding they dyd iudge that this happy successe fell out by the wise foresight and valliantnes of the captaine For euery man that had serued in this iorney had no other talke in his mouth but that Publicola had deliuered their enemies into their handes lame and blinde and as a man might save bounde hande and feete to kill them at their pleasure The people were maruelously enriched by this victorie aswell for the spoile as for the ransome of the prisoners that they had gotten Nowe Publicola after he had triumphed and left the gouernment of the cittie to those which were chosen Consuls for the yere following dyed
and to let them in any case from putting their men in order of battell and he at the breake of daye came downe into the plaine and dyd set his other men being well armed in good arraye which were a great number and lustie fellowes and were not as the barbarous people thought fewe and fearefull This at the very first discoraged the hartes of the GAVLES maruelously bicause they thought them selues dishonored that the ROMAINES should charge vpon them first Afterwardes also Camillus vantgarde dyd set vpon the GAVLES and that on a sodaine before they had leysure to put them selues in battell or to order their troupes compelling them to fight without order as they met out of order by chaunce In the ende also Camillus came vpon the neckes of them with all his whole force and army together against whom they ranne notwithstanding holding vp their naked swordes alofte in their handes But the ROMAINES thrusting with their armed iauelinges receaued their enemies blowes vpon them and thereby so rebated the edges of their swordes their blades being very sharpe and thinne grounde and of so softe a temper that they bowed againe and stoode crooked vnreasonably and furthermore hauing persed their shieldes through with their punchingstaues the GAVLES armes were so clogd and wearied with them the ROMAINES plucking them backe to them againe that they threw away their swordes and shieldes and flying in closed with the ROMAINES and caught holde of their iauelines thincking by plaine force to haue wrested them out of their handes Howbeit they perceauing then the GAVLES were naked fell straight to their swordes and so was the slaughter of their first ranckes very great The other fled scatteringly here and there all about the plaine bicause Camillus had caused all the hilles and mountaines about them to be occupied and possessed Neither dyd they retire towardes their campe for that it was vnfortified and also knewe well enough it would be easely taken This battell as they saye was thirteene yeres after their taking of ROME before But after that fielde the ROMAINES corages were good enough against these barbarous GAVLES whom they stoode in feare of before thincking the first time they came that they had not ouercomed them by force but by reason of the plague that fell amongest them or through some other straunge chaunce For they dyd so feare them at that time that they made a lawe howe their priestes should be exempted from warres so it were not against the GAVLES This ouerthrowe was the last marshall acte Camillus dyd in the warres For the taking of the cittie of VELITRES was an accident depending vpon this iorney bicause they yelded straight vnto him without striking any stroke But the seditiousnes of the people of ROME about gouernment and the choosing of the yere Consuls was the hardest matter he euer had in hande For they returning home to ROME stronge and of greate power by their late obteined victorie woulde in any case haue one of the Consuls to be chosen of a commoner which was directly against their auncient custome But the Senate stowtely withstoode it and would not suffer Camillus to be put out of office hoping the better by meanes of his authoritie which was greate then that they should mainteine and continue their auncient dignitie and prerogatiue of their nobilitie But as Camillus was set in his chayer in the market place where he hearde and dispatched causes there came a sergeante to him sent from the Tribunes of the people who commaunded him to followe him and there withall layed violent handes vpon him as he woulde haue caried him awaye by force This made suche a terrible tumulte and vprore that the like was neuer seene before in the market place For Camillus friendes draue the sergeaunte backe behinde the chayer The common people cried out againe to the sergeant from beneath pull him out of his chayer This so amazed Camillus that he knew not well what to saye to the matter Notwithstanding he would not resigne vp his office but taking those Senatours he had about him he went vnto the place where the Senate was wont to be kept And there before he would goe into it he returned backe againe vnto the Capitoll made his prayer vnto the goddes that it would please them to bring his troubles againe to a quiet and so made a solemne vowe and promise if these tumultes and troubles might be pacified that he woulde builde a temple of Concorde When this matter came to debating before the Senate there fell great contention and diuersitie of opinions among them yet in the ende the easiest waye dyd carie it and that was to graunt the common peoples desire that a commoner should be chosen Consul with a noble man. The Dictator hauing openly published to the people the Senates decree confirming their desire the common people were so ioyfull that at that presence they let fall all their malice against the Nobilitie and Senate and brought Camillus home to his house with greate showtes of ioye and clapping of handes The next morning all the people being assembled together in the market place it was there decreed that the temple of concorde should be built at the common wealthes charge according to the vowe Camillus had made in such a place as it might be seene from the market place selfe where all the assemblies for matters of counsell were made And further it was ordered that one daye more should be added to the feastes of the LATINES that from thenceforth they should solemnise foure festiuall dayes should presently make generall sacrifices vnto the goddes in euerie temple of the cittie to geue them thanckes and in token of ioye they should all weare garlands vpon their heades for this reconciliation So Camillus proceeding to election there were chosen two Consuls Marcus AEmilius of the noble Patricians and Lucius Sextus of the Plebeians or commoners And this was the laste acte that euer Camillus dyd For the next yere after the plague was in ROME and tooke awaye an infinite number of people that dyed besides many magistrates and officers of the citie that departed among whom Camillus also left his life Who notwithstanding he had liued a long time and had ended a reasonable course of life yet he was as ready to dye and as paciently tooke his death as any man liuing could haue done Moreouer the ROMAINES made more mone and lamentation for his deathe alone then for all the rest the plague had already consumed The ende of Furius Camillus life THE LIFE OF Pericles CAESAR seeing in ROME one daye certen riche wealthy straūgers hauing litle dogges and munkeyes in their armes and that they made maruelous much of them he asked them if the women in their country had no children wisely reprouing them by his question for that they bestowed their naturall loue affection vpon brute beasts which they should with all kindnes and loue bestowe vpon creatures
him as the cittie of CAPVA being the chiefest and greatest cittie of all ITALIE but ROME and dyd receyue Hannibal and were at his deuotion Thus we maye plainely see that as the poet Euripides sayeth it is a great mischief not onely to be driuen to make triall of friendes but proofe also of captaines wisdom For that which before they accompted cowardlines and fainte harte in Fabius immediatly after the battell they thought it more then mans reason and rather a heauenly wisdome and influence that so long foresawe the things to come which the parties selues that afterwards felt them gaue litle credit vnto before Vpon this occasion ROME reposed incontinently all their hope and truste in Fabius and they repaired to him for coūsell as they would haue ronne vnto some temple or altar for sanctuarie So as the first chiefest cause of staying the people together from dispersing them selues abroade as they dyd when ROME was taken by the GAVLES was the only opinion confidence they had in Fabius wisedome For where before he seemed to be a coward and timerous when there was no daunger nor misfortune happened then when euery man wept and cried out for sorowe which could not helpe and that all the world was so troubled that there was no order taken for anything he contrarily went alone vp and downe the cittie very modestly with a bold constant countenaunce speaking curteously to euery one and dyd appease their womanishe cries and lamentations and dyd forbid the common assemblies fonde ceremonies of lamenting the dead corse at their burialls Then he persuaded the Senate to assemble in counsell and dyd comforte vp those that were magistrates and he alone was the only force and power of the cittie for there was not a man that bare any office but dyd cast his eye vpon Fabius to knowe what he should doe He it was that caused the gates of the cittie straight to be warded and to keepe those in for going their waye that would haue forsaken the cittie He moreouer dyd appointe the time and place of mourning dyd commaund whosoever was disposed to mourne that he should doe it priuately in his owne house and to continue only but thirtie dayes Then he willed all mourning to be left of and that the cittie might be cleane from such vncleane things So the feast of Ceres falling about that time he thought it better to leaue of the sacrifices procession they were wont to keepe on Ceres daye then by their small number that were lest and sorowe of those that remained to let their enemies vnderstand their exceeding great losse For the goddes delite to be serued with glad and reioycing hartes and with those that are in prosperitie But all this notwithstanding whatsoeuer the priestes would haue done either to pacifie the wrath of the goddes or to turne awaye the threatnings of these sinister signes it was forthwith done For they dyd sende to the oracle of Apollo in the cittie of DELPHES one of Fabius kinsemen surnamed Pictor And two of the Vestall Nunnes being deflowred the one was buried aliue according to the lawe and custome and the other made her self awaye But herein the great corage and noble clemency of the ROMAINES is maruelously to be noted and regarded For the Consul Terentius Varro returning backe to ROME with the shame of his extreme misfortune ouerthrowe that he durste not looke vpon any man the Senate notwithstanding and all the people following them went to the gates of the cittie to meete him and dyd honorably receyue him Nay furthermore those that were the chief magistrates and Senators among whom Fabius was one when silence was made they commended Varro much bicause he did not despaire of the preseruation of the common weale after so great a calamitie but dyd returne againe to the cittie to helpe to reduce things to order in vsing the authoritie of the lawe and the seruice of the cittizens as not being altogether vnder foote but standing yet in reasonable termes of good recouery But when they vnderstoode that Hannibal after the battell was gone into other partes of ITALIE then they beganne to be of good chere againe and sent a newe armie and generalles to the field among which the two chief generals were Fabius Maximus and Claudius Marcellus both which by contrary meanes in manner wanne a like glorie and reputation For Marcellus as we haue declared in his life was a man of speedy execution of a quicke hande of a valliant nature and a right martiall man as Homer calleth them that valliantly put them selues in any daunger by reason whereof hauing to deale with another captaine a like venturous and valliant as him selfe in all seruice and execution he shewed the selfe boldnes and corage that Hannibal dyd Bu◠Fabius persisting still vpon his first determination dyd hope that though he dyd not fight with Hannibal nor sturre him at all yet continuall warres would consume him and his armie in the end and bring them both to nought as a commō wrestler that forceth his bodie aboue his naturall strength doth in the ende become a lame and broosed man Hereupon Possidonius writeth that the one was called the ROMAINES sworde and the other their target And that Fabius constancie and resolutnes in warres to fight with securitie and to commit nothing to hazard daunger being mingled with Marcellus heate and furie was that only which preserued the ROMAINES empire For Hannibal meting allwayes in his waye the one that was furious as a strong ronning streame founde that his army was continually turmoyled and ouerharried the other that was slowe as a litle prety riuer he founde that his army ranne softely vnder him without any noyse but yet continually by litle and litle it dyd still consume diminishe him vntill he sawe him selfe at the last brought to that passe that he was weary with fighting with Marcellus and affrayed of Fabius bicause he fought not For during all the time of these warres he had euer these two captaines almost against him which were made either Praetors Consuls or Proconsuls for either of them both had bene fiue times before chosen Consul Yet as for Marcellus Hannibal had layed an ambushe for him in the fifte and last yere of his Consulshippe where he set vpon him on a sodaine and slue him But as for Fabius he layed many baytes for him and dyd what he could by all the skill and reache he had by ambushes and other warlike policies to entrappe him but he could neuer drawe him within his daunger Howbeit at one time he put him to a litle trouble and was in good hope then to haue made him falle vpon his ambushe he had layed for him and by this policie He had counterfeated letters written and sent vnto him from the cittie of METAPONT to praye him to come to them and they would deliuer their cittie into his handes and withall that such as
nor reason but a common speache of euery bodie that it was a daungerous thing to commit to the fortune of one man alone so great exceeding prosperitie and good successe bicause it is a rare matter to see one man happie in all things These wordes dyd so muche mislike the people that they thought him an enuious troublesome man or els they thought his age had made him fearefull and that his corage failed with his strength fearing Hannibal more doubtfully then he needed For now though Hannibal was forced to leaue ITALIE and to returne into AFRICKE yet Fabius would not graunte that the peoples ioye and securitie they thought they were in was altogether cleare and without feare and mistruste but gaue it out that then they were in greatest daunger and that the common weale was breeding more mischief now then before For when Hannibal sayed he shall returne home into AFRICKE and come before CARTHAGE walles the ROMAINES shall be lesse able to abide him there then they haue bene before and Scipio moreouer shall meete with an armie yet warme and embrued with the bloude of so many Praetors Dictators and Consuls of ROME which they haue ouercome and put to the sword in ITALIE With these vncomfortable speaches he still troubled disquieted the whole cittie persuading them that notwithstanding the warre was transferred out of ITALIE into AFRICKE yet that the occasion of feare was no lesse neere vnto ROME then it was euer before But within shorte space after Scipio hauing ouercome Hannibal in plaine battell in the field and troden vnder foote the glory and pryde of CARTHAGE he brought a greater ioye to ROME then they euer looked for and by this noble victorie of his he shored vp again the declining state of the empire of ROME which a litle before was falling downe right Howbeit Fabius liued not to the ende of this warre nor euer heard while he liued the ioyfull newes of Hannibals happy ouerthrowe neither were his yeres prolonged to see the happy assured prosperitie of his countrie for about that time that Hannibal departed out of ITALIE a sicknes tooke him whereof he dyed The stories declare that the THEBANS buried Epaminondas at the common charges of the people bicause he dyed in so great pouertie that when he was dead they founde nothing in the house but a litle iron spit Now the ROMAINES buried not Fabius so at the common charge of the cittie but euery man of beneuolence gaue towards his funerall charges a pece of coyne that caried the least value of their currant money not for that he lacked abillitie to bring him to the grounde but only to honour his memorie in making his obsequies at their charges as of one that had bene their common father So had his vertuous life an honorable ende and buriall THE COMPARISON OF Pericles with Fabius HERE haue you heard what is written of thesetwo great persones And forasmuche as they haue both left behinde them many noble examples of vertue aswell in martiall matters as in ciuill gouernmēt let vs beginne to compare them together First of all Pericles begāne to gouerne the common weale at what time the people of ATHENS were in their chiefest prosperitie and of greater power and wealth then euer they had bene of before or since The which might seeme to be a cause of the continuall maintenance of the same in securitie without daunger of falling not so muche for their worthines as for their common power and felicitie where contrariwise Fabius acts fell out in the most dishonorable vnfortunate time that euer happened to his countrie in the which he dyd not only keepe the cittie in good state from declining but raised it vp and deliuered it from calamitie and brought it to be better then he found it Furthermore Cimons great good fortune and successe the victories and triumphes of Myronides and of Leocrates and many notable valliant dedes of armes of Tolmides gaue good cause to Peritles to entertaine his cittie in feastes and playes whilest he dyd gouerne the same and he dyd not finde it in such ill case and distresse that he was driuen to defend it by force of armes or to cōquer that againe which he had lost But Fabius in contrary manner when he sawe before him many ouerthrowes great flying awaye muche murder great slaughters of the generalles of the ROMAINE armies the lakes the playnes the woddes filled with scattered men the people ouercome the flouds and riuers ronning all a gore bloude by reason of the great slaughter and the streame carying downe the dead bodies to the mayne sea dyd take in hande the gouernment of his countrie and a course farre contrarie to all other so as he dyd vnderproppe and shore vp the same that he kept it from flat falling to the grounde amongest those ruines and ouerthrowes other had brought it to before him Yet a man maye saye also that it is no great matter of difficultie to rule a cittie already brought lowe by aduersitie and which compelled by necessitie is contented to be gouerned by a wise man as it is to bridle and keepe vnder the insolencie of a people pufte vp with pryde and presumption of long prosperitie as Pericles founde it amongest the ATHENIANS The great multitude also of so many grieuous calamities as lighted on the ROMAINES neckes at that time dyd playnely shewe Fabius to be a graue and a constant man which would neuer geue waye vnto the importunate cries of the common people nor could euer be remoued from that he had at the first determined The winning recouering againe of TARENTVM maye well be compared to the taking of SAMOS which Pericles wanne by force and the citties of CAMPANIA vnto the I le of EVBOEA excepting the cittie of CAPVA which the Consuls Faluius and Appius recouered againe But it seemeth that Fabius neuer wanne battell saue that only for which he triumphed the first time where Pericles set vp nine triumphes of battels and victories he had wonne aswell by sea as by lande And so also they cannot alledge such an acte done by Pericles as Fabius dyd when he rescued Minutius out of the handes of Hannibal and saued a whole armie of the ROMAINES which doubtles was a famous acte and proceeded of a noble minde great wisdome and an honorable harte But Pericles againe dyd neuer commit so grosse an errour as Fabius dyd when he was outreached deceyued by Hannibals fine stratageame of his oxen who hauing founde his enemie by chaunce to haue shut him selfe vp in the straight of a vallye dyd suffer him to escape in the night by a subtiltie in the daye by playne force For he was preuented by ouermuch delaye and fought withall by him he kept inclosed Now if it be requisite a good captaine doe not only vse well that he hath in his handes but that he wisely iudge also what will followe after then the warres of the ATHENIANS fell out in suche sorte
well as him selfe he dyd persuade the Patricians to shew them selues no lesse forward and willing to fight for their countrie then the common people were and to let them knowe by their dedes and actes that they dyd not so muche passe the people in power and riches as they dyd exceede them in true nobilitie and valliantnes In the countrie of the VOLSCES against whom the ROMAINES made warre at that time there was a principall cittie of most fame that was called CORIOLES before the which the Consul Cominius dyd laye seige Wherefore all the other VOLSCES fearing least that cittie should be taken by assault they came from all partes of the countrie to saue it entending to geue the ROMAINES battell before the cittie and to geue an onset on them in two seuerall places The Consul Cominius vnderstanding this deuided his armie also in two partes and taking the one parte with him selfe he marched towards them that were drawing to the cittie out of the countrie and the other parte of his armie he left in the campe with Titus Lartius one of the valliantest men the ROMAINES had at that time to resist those that would make any salye out of the cittie apon them So the CORIOLANS making small accompt of them that laye in campe before the cittie made a salye out apon them in the which at the first the CORIOLANS had the better and draue the ROMAINES backe againe into the trenches of their campe But Martius being there at that time ronning out of the campe with a fewe men with him he slue the first enemies he met withall and made the rest of them staye vpon a sodaine crying out to the ROMAINES that had turned their backes and calling them againe to fight with a lowde voyce For he was euen such another as Cato would haue a souldier and a captaine to be not only terrible and fierce to laye about him but to make the enemie afeard with the sounde of his voyce and grimnes of his countenaunce Then there flocked about him immediatly a great number of ROMAINES whereat the enemies were so afeard that they gaue backe presently But Martius not staying so dyd chase and followe them to their owne gates that fled for life And there perceyuing that the ROMAINES retired backe for the great number of dartes and arrowes which flewe about their cares frō the walles of the cittie that there was not one man amongest them that durst enter him selfe to followe the flying enemies into the cittie for that it was full of men of warre very well armed and appointed he dyd encorage his fellowes with wordes and dedes crying out to them that fortune had opened the gates of the cittie more for the followers thē the flyers But all this notwithstanding fewe had the hartes to followe him Howbeit Martius being in the throng emong the enemies thrust him selfe into the gates of the cittie and entred the same emong them that fled without that any one of them durst at the first turne their face vpon him or els offer to staye him But he looking about him seeing he was entred the cittie with very fewe men to helpe him perceyuing he was enuironned by his enemies that gathered round about to set apon him dyd things then as it is written wonderfull incredible aswell for the force of his hande as also for the agillitie of his bodie and with a wonderfull corage valliantnes he made a lane through the middest of them and ouerthrewe also those he layed at that some he made ronne to the furthest parte of the cittie other for feare he made yeld them selues and to let fall their weapons before him By this meanes Lartius that was gotten out had some leysure to bring the ROMAINES with more safety into the cittie The cittie being taken in this sorte the most parte of the souldiers beganne incontinently to spoyle to carie awaye to looke vp the bootie they had wonne But Martius was maruelous angry with them and cried out on them that it was no time now to looke after spoyle to ronne straggling here and there to enriche them selues whilest the other Consul and their fellowe cittizens peraduenture were fighting with their enemies and howe that leauing the spoyle they should seeke to winde them selues out of daunger and perill Howbeit crie and saye to them what he could very fewe of them would hearken to him Wherefore taking those that willingly offered them selues to followe him he went out of the cittie and tooke his waye towardes that parte where he vnderstoode the rest of the armie was exhorting and intreating them by the waye that followed him not to be fainte harted and ofte holding vp his handes to heauen he besought the goddes to be so gracious and fauorable vnto him that he might come in time to the battell and in good hower to hazarde his life in defence of his country men Now the ROMAINES when they were put in battell raye and ready to take their targettes on their armes and to guirde them vpon their arming coates had a custome to make their willes at that very instant without any manner of writing naming him only whom they would make their heire in the presence of three or foure witnesses Martius came iust to that reckoning whilest the souldiers were a doing after that sorte and that the enemies were approched so neere as one stoode in viewe of the other When they sawe him at his first comming all bloody and in a swet and but with a fewe men following him some thereupon beganne to be afeard But sone after when they sawe him ronne with a liuely cheere to the Consul and to take him by the hande declaring howe he had taken the cittie of CORIOLES and that they sawe the Consul Cominius also kisse and embrace him then there was not a man but tooke harte againe to him and beganne to be of a good corage some hearing him reporte from poynte to poynte the happy successe of this exployte and other also coniecturing it by seeing their gestures a farre of Then they all beganne to call vpon the Consul to marche forward and to delaye no lenger but to geue charge vpon the enemie Martius asked him howe the order of their enemies battell was and on which side they had placed their best fighting men The Consul made him aunswer that he thought the bandes which were in the voward of their battell were those of the ANTIATES whom they esteemed to be the warlikest men and which for valliant corage would geue no place to any of the hoste of their enemies Then played Martius to be set directly against them The Consul graunted him greatly praysing his corage Then Martius when both armies came almost to ioyne aduaunced him selfe a good space before his companie and went so fiercely to geue charge on the voward that came right against him that they could stande no lenger in his handes he made suche
againe without any newe occasion or iust matter offered of complainte For they dyd grounde this seconde insurrection against the Nobilitie and Patricians apon the peoples miserie misfortune that could not but fall out by reason of the former discorde and sedition betweene them and the Nobilitie Bicause the most parte of the errable lande within the territorie of ROME was become heathie and barren for lacke of plowing for that they had no time nor meane to cause corne to be brought them out of other countries to sowe by reason of their warres which made the extreme dearth they had emōg them Now those busie pratlers that sought the peoples good will by suche flattering wordes perceyuing great scarsitie of corne to be within the cittie and though there had bene plenty enough yet the common people had no money to buye it they spread abroad false tales and rumours against the Nobilitie that they in reuenge of the people had practised and procured the extreme dearthe emong them Furthermore in the middest of this sturre there came ambassadours to ROME from the cittie of VELITRES that offered vp their cittie to the ROMAINES and prayed them they would send newe inhabitants to replenishe the same bicause the plague had bene so extreme among them had killed such a number of them as there was not left aliue the tenth persone of the people that had bene there before So the wise men of ROME beganne to thincke that the necessitie of the VELITRIANS sell out in a most happy hower and howe by this occasion it was very mete in so great a scarsitie of vittailes to disburden ROME of a great number of cittizens and by this meanes as well to take awaye this newe sedition and vtterly to ryd it out of the cittie as also to cleare the same of many mutinous and seditious persones being the superfluous ill humours that greuously fedde this disease Hereupon the Consuls prickt out all those by a bill whom they intended to sende to VELITRES to goe dwell there as in forme of a colonie and they leauied out of all the rest that remained in the cittie of ROME a great number to goe against the VOLSCES hoping by the meanes of forreine warre to pacifie their sedition at home Moreouer they imagined when the poore with the riche and the meane sorte with the nobilitie should by this deuise be abroad in the warres in one campe and in one seruice and in one like daunger that then they would be more quiet and louing together But Sicinius and Brutus two seditious Tribunes spake against either of these deuises and cried out apon the noble men that vnder the gentle name of a colonie they would cloke and culler the most cruell and vnnaturall facte as might be bicause they sent their poore cittizens into a sore infected cittie and pestilent ayer full of dead bodies vnburied and there also to dwell vnder the tuytion of a straunge god that had so cruelly persecuted his people This were said they euen as muche as if the Senate should hedlong cast downe the people into a most bottomles pyt And are not yet contented to haue famished some of the poore cittizens hertofore to death to put other of them euen to the mercie of the plague but a freshe they haue procured a voluntarie warre to the ende they would leaue behind no kynde of miserie and ill wherewith the poore syllie people should not be plagued and only bicause they are werie to serue the riche The common people being set on a broyle and brauerie with these wordes would not appeare when the Consuls called their names by a bill to prest them for the warres neither would they be sent out to this newe colonie in so muche as the Senate knewe not well what to saye or doe in the matter Martius then who was now growen to great credit and a stowte man besides and of great reputation with the noblest men of ROME rose vp and openly spake against these flattering Tribunes And for the replenishing of the cittie of VELITRES he dyd compell those that were chosen to goe thither and to departe the cittie apon great penalties to him that should disobey but to the warres the people by no meanes would be brought or constrained So Martius taking his friendes and followers with him and such as he could by sayer wordes intreate to goe with him dyd ronne certen forreyes into the dominion of the ANTIATES where he met with great plenty of corne and had a maruelous great spoyle aswell of cattell as of men he had taken prisoners whom he brought awaye with him and reserued nothing for him selfe Afterwardes hauing brought backe againe all his men that went out with him safe and sounde to ROME and euery man riche and loden with spoyle then the hometarriers and housedoues that kept ROME still beganne to repent them that it was not their happe to goe with him and so enuied both them that had sped so well in this iorney and also of malice to Martius they spited to see his credit and estimation increase still more and more bicause they accompted him to be a great hinderer of the people Shortely after this Martius stoode for the Consulshippe and the common people sauored his sute thinking it would be a shame to them to denie and refuse the chiefest noble man of bloude and most worthie persone of ROME and specially him that had done so great seruice and good to the common wealth For the custome of ROME was at that time that suche as dyd sue for any office should for certen dayes before be in the market place only with a poore gowne on their backes and without any coate vnderneath to praye the cittizens to remember them at the daye of election which was thus deuised either to moue the people the more by requesting them in suche meane apparell or els bicause they might shewe them their woundes they had gotten in the warres in the seruice of the cōmon wealth as manifest markes testimonie of their valliantnes Now it is not to be thought that the suters went thus lose in a simple gowne in the market place without any coate vnder it for feare and suspition of the common people for offices of dignitie in the cittie were not then geuen by fauour or corruption It was but of late time and long after this that buying and selling fell out in election of officers and that the voyces of the electours were bought for money But after corruption had once gotten waye into the election of offices it hath ronne from man to man euen to the very sentence of iudges and also emong captaines in the warres so as in the ende that only turned common wealthes into Kingdomes by making armes subiect to money Therefore me thinckes he had reason that sayed he that first made banckets and gaue money to the common people was the first that tooke awaye
authoritie and destroyed common wealth But this pestilence crept in by litle and litle and dyd secretly winne ground still continuing a long time in ROME before it was openly knowen and discouered For no man can tell who was the first man that bought the peoples voyces for money nor that corrupted the sentence of the iudges Howbeit at ATHENS some holde opinion that Anytus the sonne of Anthemion was the first man that fedde the iudges with money about the ende of the warres of PELOPONNESVS being accused of treason for yelding vp the forte of PYLE at that time when the golden and vnfoiled age remained yet whole in iudgement at ROME Now Martius following this custome shewed many woundes and cuttes apon his bodie which he had receyued in seuenteene yeres seruice at the warres and in many sundrie battells being euer the formest man that dyd set out feete to fight So that there was not a man emong the people but was ashamed of him selfe to refuse so valliant a man and one of them sayed to another we must needes chuse him Consul there is no remedie But when the daye of election was come and that Martius came to the market place with great pompe accompanied with all the Senate and the whole Nobilitie of the cittie about him who sought to make him Consul with the greatest instance and intreatie they could or euer attempted for any man or matter then the loue and good will of the common people turned straight to an hate and enuie toward him fearing to put this office of soueraine authoritie into his handes being a man somewhat partiall toward the nobilitie and of great credit and authoritie amongest the Patricians and as one they might doubt would take away alltogether the libertie from the people Whereupon for these cōsiderations they refused Martius in the ende and made two other that were suters Consuls The Senate being maruelously offended with the people dyd accompt the shame of this refusall rather to redownd to them selues then to Martius but Martius tooke it in farre worse parte then the Senate and was out of all pacience For he was a man to full of passion and choller and to muche geuen to ouer selfe will and opinion as one of a highe minde and great corage that lacked the grauity and affabilitie that is gotten with iudgment of learning and reason which only is to be looked for in a gouernour of state and that remembred not how wilfulnes is the thing of the world which a gouernour of a cōmon wealth for pleasing should shōne being that which Plato called solitarines As in the ende all men that are wilfully geuen to a selfe opinion obstinate minde and who will neuer yeld to others reason but to their owne remaine without cōpanie forsaken of all men For a man that will liue in the world must nedes haue patience which lusty bloudes make but a mocke at So Martius being a stowte man of nature that neuer yelded in any respect as one thincking that to ouercome allwayes and to haue the vpper hande in all matters was a token of magnanimitie and of no base and fainte corage which spitteth out anger from the most weake and passioned parte of the harte much like the matter of an impostume went home to his house full fraighted with spite and malice against the people being accompanied with all the lustiest young gentlemen whose mindes were nobly bent as those that came of noble race and commonly vsed for to followe and honour him But then specially they floct about him and kept him companie to his muche harme for they dyd but kyndle and inflame his choller more and more being sorie with him for the iniurie the people offred him bicause he was their captaine and leader to the warres that taught them all marshall discipline and stirred vp in them a noble emulation of honour and valliantnes and yet without enuie praising them that deserued best In the meane season there came great plenty of corne to ROME that had bene bought parte in ITALIE and parte was sent out of SICILE as geuen by Gelon the tyranne of SYRACVSA so that many stoode in great hope that the dearthe of vittells being holpen the ciuill dissention would also cease The Senate sate in counsell apon it immediatly the common people stoode also about the palice where the counsell was kept gaping what resolution would fall out persuading them selues that the corne they had bought should be solde good cheape and that which was geuen should be deuided by the polle without paying any pennie and the rather bicause certaine of the Senatours amongest them dyd so wishe and persuade the same But Martius standing vp on his feete dyd somewhat sharpely take vp those who went about to gratifie the people therein and called them people pleasers and traitours to the nobilitie Moreouer he sayed they nourrished against them selues the naughty seede and cockle of insolencie and sedition which had bene sowed and scattered abroade emongest the people whom they should haue cut of if they had bene wise and haue preuented their greatnes and not to their owne destruction to haue suffered the people to stablishe a magistrate for them selues of so great power and authoritie as that man had to whom they had graunted it Who was also to be feared bicause he obtained what he would and dyd nothing but what he listed neither passed for any obedience to the Consuls but liued in all libertie acknowledging no superiour to commaund him sauing the only heades and authours of their faction whom he called his magistrates Therefore sayed he they that gaue counsell and persuaded that the corne should be geuen out to the common people gratis as they vsed to doe in citties of GRAECE where the people had more absolute power dyd but only nourishe their disobedience which would breake out in the ende to the vtter ruine and ouerthrowe of the whole state For they will not thincke it is done in recompēse of their seruice past sithence they know well enough they haue so ofte refused to goe to the warres when they were cōmaunded neither for their mutinies when they wēt with vs whereby they haue rebelled forsaken their coūtrie neither for their accusations which their flatterers haue preferred vnto them they haue receyued and made good against the Senate but they will rather iudge we geue and graunt them this as abasing our selues and standing in feare of them glad to flatter them euery waye By this meanes their disobedience will still growe worse and worse and they will neuer leaue to practise newe sedition and vprores Therefore it were a great follie for vs me thinckes to doe it yea shall I saye more we should if we were wise take from them their Tribuneshippe which most manifestly is the embasing of the Consulshippe the cause of the diuision of the cittie The state whereof as it standeth is not now as it was wont
to be but becommeth dismembred in two factions which mainteines allwayes ciuill dissention and discorde betwene vs and will neuer suffer vs againe to be vnited into one bodie Martius dilating the matter with many such like reasons wanne all the young men and almost all the riche men to his opinion in so much they range it out that he was the only man and alone in the cittie who stoode out against the people neuer flattered them There were only a fewe olde men that spake against him fearing least some mischief might fall out apon it as in dede there followed no great good afterward For the Tribunes of the people being present at this consultation of the Senate when they sawe that the opinion of Martius was confirmed with the more voyces they left the Senate and went downe to the people crying out for helpe and that they would assemble to saue their Tribunes Hereupon the people ranne on head in tumult together before whom the wordes that Martius spake in the Senate were openly reported which the people so stomaked that euen in that furie they were readie to flye apon the whole Senate But the Tribunes layed all the faulte and burden wholy vpon Martius and sent their sergeantes forthwith to arrest him presently to appeare in persone before the people to aunswer the wordes he had spoken in the Senate Martius stowtely withstoode these officers that came to arrest him Then the Tribunes in their owne persones accompanied with the AEdiles went to fetche him by force and so layed violent hands vpon him Howbeit the noble Patricians gathering together about him made the Tribunes geue backe and layed it sore apon the AEdiles so for that time the night parted them the tumult appeased The next morning betimes the Consuls seing the people in an vprore ronning to the market place out of all partes of the cittie they were affrayed least all the cittie would together by the eares wherefore assembling the Senate in all hast they declared how it stoode them vpon to appease the furie of the people with some gentle wordes or gratefull decrees in their fauour and moreouer like wise men they should consider it was now no time to stande at defence and in contention nor yet to fight for honour against the communaltie they being fallen to so great an extremitie and offering such imminēt daunger Wherefore they were to consider temperately of things to deliuer some present and gentle pacification The most parte of the Senatours that were present at this counsaill thought this opinion best gaue their consents vnto it Whereupon the Consuls rising out of counsaill went to speake vnto the people as gently as they could and they dyd pacifie their furie anger purging the Senate of all the vniust accusations layed vpon them and vsed great modestie in persuading them and also in reprouing the faultes they had committed And as for the rest that touched the sale of corne they promised there should be no disliking offred them in the price So the most parte of the people being pacified and appearing so plainely by the great silence and still that was among them as yelding to the Consuls and liking well of their wordes the Tribunes then of the people rose out of their seates and sayed Forasmuche as the Senate yelded vnto reason the people also for their parte as became them dyd likewise geue place vnto them but notwithstanding they would that Martius should come in persone to aunswer to the articles they had deuised First whether he had not solicited and procured the Senate to chaunge the present state of the common weale and to take the soueraine authoritie out of the peoples handes Next when he was sent for by authoritie of their officers why he dyd contemptuously resist and disobey Lastely seeing he had driuen and beaten the AEdiles into the market place before all the worlde if in doing this he had not done as muche as in him laye to raise ciuill warres and to set one cittizen against another All this was spoken to one of these two endes either that Martius against his nature should be constrained to humble him selfe and to abase his hawty and fierce minde or els if he continued still in his stowtnes he should incurre the peoples displeasure and ill will so farre that he should neuer possibly winne them againe Which they hoped would rather fall out so then otherwise as in deede they gest vnhappely considering Martius nature and disposition So Martius came and presented him selfe to aunswer their accusations against him the people held their peace and gaue attentiue eare to heare what he would saye But where they thought to haue heard very humble and lowly wordes come from him he beganne not only to vse his wonted boldnes of speaking which of it selfe was very rough and vnpleasaunt and dyd more aggrauate his accusation then purge his innocencie but also gaue him selfe in his wordes to thunder and looke there withall so grimly as though he made no reckoning of the matter This stirred coales emong the people who were in wonderfull furie at it their hate and malice grewe so toward him that they could holde no lenger beare nor indure his brauery and careles boldnes Whereupon Sicinius the cruellest and stowtest of the Tribunes after he had whispered a litle with his companions dyd openly pronounce in the face of all the people Martius as condemned by the Tribunes to dye Then presently he commaunded the AEdiles to apprehend him and carie him straight to the rocke Tarpeian and to cast him hedlong downe the same When the AEdiles came to laye handes vpon Martius to doe that they were commaunded diuers of the people them selues thought it to cruell and violent a dede The noble men also being muche troubled to see such force and rigour vsed beganne to crie alowde helpe Martius so those that layed handes of him being repulsed they compassed him in rounde emong them selues and some of them holding vp their handes to the people besought them not to handle him thus cruelly But neither their wordes nor crying out could ought preuaile the tumulte and hurly burley was so great vntill suche time as the Tribunes owne friendes and kinsemen weying with them selues the impossiblenes to conuey Martius to execution without great slaughter murder of the nobilitie dyd persuade and aduise not to proceede in so violent and extraordinary a sorte as to put such a man to death without lawfull processe in lawe but that they should referre the sentence of his death to the free voyce of the people Then Sicinius bethinking him self a litle dyd aske the Patricians for what cause they tooke Martius out of the officers handes that went to doe execution The Patricians asked him againe why they would of them selues so cruelly and wickedly put to death so noble and valliant a ROMAINE as Martius was and that without lawe or iustice Well then sayed Sicinius if
that Iupiter appeared vnto him and commaunded him to signifie to the Senate that they had caused a very vile lewde daunser to goe before the procession and sayed the first time this vision had appeared vnto him he made no reckoning of it and comming againe another time into his minde he made not muche more accompt of the matter then before In the ende he sawe one of his sonnes dye who had the best nature and condition of all his brethern and sodainely he him selfe was so taken in all his limmes that he became lame and impotent Hereupon he tolde the whole circumstāce of this vision before the Senate sitting vpon his litle couche or bedde whereon he was caried on mens armes and he had no sooner reported this vision to the Senate but he presently felt his bodie limmes restored again to their former strēgth vse So raising vp him self vpon his couche he got vp on his feete at that instant walked home to his house without helpe of any man The Senate being amazed at this matter made diligent enquierie to vnderstand the trothe in the ende they found there was such a thing There was one that had deliuered a bōdman of his that had offended him into the hands of other slaues bondemen had commanded them to whippe him vp down the market place afterwards to kill him as they had him in execution whipping him cruelly they dyd so martyr the poore wretch that for the cruell smarte payne he felt he turned writhed his bodie in straūge pittiefull sorte The procession by chaunce came by euen at the same time many that followed it were hartely moued offended with the sight saying that this was no good sight to behold nor mete to be met in processiō time But for all this there was nothing done sauing they blamed rebuked him that punished his slaue so cruelly For the ROMAINES at that time dyd vse their bondemen very gently bicause they them selues dyd labour with their owne hands and liued with them emong them and therefore they dyd vse them the more gently and familliarly For the greatest punishment they gaue a slaue that had offended was this They made him carie a limmer on his showlders that is fastened to the axeltree of a coche and compelled him to goe vp and downe in that sorte amongest all their neighbours He that had once abidden this punishement and was seene in that manner was proclaimed and cried in euery market towne so that no man would euer trust him after and they called him Furcifer bicause the LATINES call the wodd that ronneth into the axeltree of the coche Furca as muche to saye as a forke Now when Latinus had made reporte to the Senate of the vision that had happened to him they were deuising whom this vnpleasaunt daunser should be that went before the procession Thereupon certain that stoode by remembred the poore slaue that was so cruelly whipped through the market place whom they afterwardes put to death and the thing that made them remember it was the straunge and rare manner of his punishment The priestes hereupon were repaired vnto for their aduise they were wholy of opinion that it was the whipping of the slaue So they caused the slaues master to be punished and beganne againe a newe procession and all other showes and sightes in honour of Iupiter But hereby appeareth plainely how king Numa dyd wisely ordaine all other ceremonies concerning deuotion to the goddes and specially this custome which he stablished to bring the people to religion For when the magistrates bishoppes priestes or other religious ministers goe about any diuine seruice or matter of religion an herauld euer goeth before them crying out alowde Hoc age as to saye doe this or minde this Hereby they are specially cōmaunded wholy to dispose them selues to serue God leauing all other busines and matters a side knowing well enough that whatsoeuer most men doe they doe it as in a manner constrained vnto it But the ROMAINES dyd euer vse to beginne againe their sacrifices processions playes and suche like showes done in honour of the goddes not only vpon suche an occasion but apon lighter causes then that As when they went a procession through the cittie and dyd carie the images of their goddes and suche other like holy relikes vpon open hallowed coches or charrets called in LATIN Thensae one of the coche horses that drue them stoode still and would drawe no more and bicause also the coche man tooke the raynes of the bridle with the left hande they ordained that the procession should be begonne againe a newe Of later time also they dyd renewe and beginne a sacrifice thirtie times one after another bicause they thought still there fell out one faulte or other in the same so holy and deuout were they to the goddes Now Tullus and Martius had secret conference with the greatest personages of the cittie of ANTIVM declaring vnto them that now they had good time offered them to make warre with the ROMAINES while they were in dissention one with another They aunswered them they were ashamed to breake the league considering that they were sworne to keepe peace for two yeres Howbeit shortely after the ROMAINES gaue them great occasion to make warre with them For on a holy daye common playes being kept in ROME apon some suspition or false reporte they made proclamation by sound of trumpet that all the VOLSCES should auoyde out of ROME before sunne set Some thincke this was a crafte and deceipt of Martius who sent one to ROME to the Consuls to accuse the VOLSCES falsely aduertising them howe they had made a conspiracie to set apon them whilest they were busie in seeing these games and also to set their cittie a fyre This open proclamation made all the VOLSCES more offended with the ROMAINES then euer they were before and Tullus agrauating the matter dyd so inflame the VOLSCES against them that in the ende they sent their ambassadours to Rome to summone them to deliuer their landes and townes againe which they had taken from them in times past or to looke for present warres The ROMAINES hearing this were maruelously netled and made no other aunswer but thus If the VOLSCES be the first that beginne warre the ROMAINES will be the last that will ende it Incontinently vpon returne of the VOLSCES ambassadours and deliuerie of the ROMAINES aunswer Tullus caused an assembly generall to be made of the VOLSCES and concluded to make warre apon the ROMAINES This done Tullus dyd counsell them to take Martius into their seruice and not to mistrust him for the remembraunce of any thing past but boldely to trust him in any matter to come for he would doe them more seruice in fighting for them then euer he dyd them displeasure in fighting against them So Martius was called forth who spake so excellently in the presence of them all
that he was thought no lesse eloquent in tongue then warlike in showe and declared him selfe both expert in warres and wise with valliantnes Thus he was ioyned in commission with Tullus as generall of the VOLSCES hauing absolute authoritie betwene thē to follow pursue the warres But Martius fearing least tract of time to bring this armie togither with all the munitiō furniture of the VOLSCES would robbe him of the meane he had to execute his purpose and intent left order with the rulers and chief of the cittie to assemble the rest of their power and to prepare all necessary prouision for the campe Then he with the lightest souldiers he had and that were willing to followe him state awaye vpon the sodaine and marched with all speede and entred the territories of ROME before the ROMAINES heard any newes of his comming In so much the VOLSCES found such spoyle in the fields as they had more then they could spend in their campe and were wearie to driue and carie awaye that they had Howbeit the gayne of the spoyle and the hurte they dyd to the ROMAINES in this inuasion was the least parte of his intent For his chiefest purpose was to increase still the malice and dissention betweene the nobilitie and the communaltie and to drawe that on he was very carefull to keepe the noble mens landes goods safe from harme and burning but spoyled all the whole countrie besides and would suffer no man to take or hurte any thing of the noble mens This made greater sturre and broyle betweene the nobilitie and people then was before For the noble men fell out with the people bicause they had so vniustly banished a man of so great valure and power The people on thother side accused the nobilitie how they had procured Martius to make these warres to be reuenged of them bicause it pleased them to see their goodes burnt and spoyled before their eyes whilest them selues were well at ease and dyd behold the peoples losses and misfortunes knowing their owne goodes safe and out of daunger and howe the warre was not made against the noble men that had the enemie abroad to keepe that they had in safety Now Martius hauing done this first exploite which made the VOLSCES bolder and lesse fearefull of the ROMAINES brought home all the armie againe without losse of any man After their whole armie which was maruelous great and very forward to seruice was assembled in one campe they agreed to leaue parte of it for garrison in the countrie about and the other parte should goe on and make the warre apon the ROMAINES So Martius bad Tullus choose and take which of the two charges he liked best Tullus made him aunswer he knewe by experience that Martius was no lesse valliant then him selfe and howe he euer had better fortune and good happe in all battells then him selfe had Therefore he thought it best for him to haue the leading of those that should make the warres abroade and him selfe would keepe home to prouide for the safety of the citties and of his countrie and to furnishe the campe also of all necessary prouision abroade So Martius being stronger then before went first of all vnto the cittie of CIRCEES inhabited by the ROMAINES who willingly yelded them selues and therefore had no hurte From thence he entred the countrie of the LATINES imagining the ROMAINES would fight with him there to defend the LATINES who were their confederates and had many times sent vnto the ROMAINES for their ayde But on the one side the people of ROME were very ill willing to goe and on the other side the Consuls being apon their going out of their office would not hazard them selues for so small a time so that the ambassadours of the LATINES returned home againe and dyd no good Then Martius dyd besiege their citties and hauing taken by force the townes of the TOLERINIANS VICANIANS PEDANIANS and the BOLANIANS who made resistaunce he sacked all their goodes and tooke them prisoners Suche as dyd yeld them selues willingly vnto him he was as carefull as possible might be to defend them from hurte and bicause they should receyue no damage by his will he remoued his campe as farre from their confines as he could Afterwards he tooke the cittie of BOLES by assault being about an hundred furlonge from ROME where he had a maruelous great spoyle and put euery man to the sword that was able to carie weapon The other VOLSCES that were appointed to remaine in garrison for defence of their countrie hearing this good newes would tary no lenger at home but armed them selues and ranne to Martius campe saying they dyd acknowledge no other captaine but him Hereupon his fame ranne through all ITALIE and euery one praised him for a valliant captaine for that by chaunge of one man for another suche and so straunge euents fell out in the state In this while all went still to wracke at ROME For to come into the field to fight with the enemie they could not abyde to heare of it they were one so muche against another and full of seditious wordes the nobilitie against the people the people against the nobilitie Vntill they had intelligence at the length that the enemies had layed seige to the cittie of LAVINIVM in the which were all the temples and images of the goddes their protectours and from whence came first their auncient originall for that AEneas at his first arriuall into ITALIE dyd build that cittie Then fell there out a maruelous sodain chaunge of minde among the people farre more straunge contrarie in the nobilitie For the people thought good to repeale the condemnation and exile of Martius The Senate assembled vpon it would in no case yeld to that Who either dyd it of a selfe will to be contrarie to the peoples desire or bicause Martius should not returne through the grace and fauour of the people Or els bicause they were throughly angrie and offended with him that he would set apon the whole being offended but by a fewe and in his doings would shewe him selfe an open enemie besides vnto his countrie notwithstanding the most parte of them tooke the wrong they had done him in maruelous ill parte and as if the iniurie had bene done vnto them selues Reporte being made of the Senates resolution the people founde them selues in a straight for they could authorise and confirme nothing by their voyces vnles it had bene first propounded and ordeined by the Senate But Martius hearing this sturre about him was in a greater rage with them then before in so muche as he raised his seige incontinently before the cittie of LAVINIVM and going towardes ROME lodged his campe within fortie furlonge of the cittie at the ditches called Cluiliae His incamping so neere ROME dyd put all the whole cittie in a wonderfull feare howbeit for the present time it appeased the sedition and dissention betwext the Nobilitie
and the people For there was no Consul Senatour nor Magistrate that durst once contrarie the opinion of the people for the calling home againe of Martius When they sawe the women in a maruelous feare ronning vp and downe the cittie the temples of the goddes full of olde people weeping bitterly in their prayers to the goodes and finally not a man either wise or hardie to prouide for their safetie then they were all of opinion that the people had reason to call home Martius againe to reconcile them selues to him and that the Senate on the contrary parte were in maruelous great faulte to be angrie and in choller with him when it stoode them vpon rather to haue gone out and intreated him So they all agreed together to send ambassadours vnto him to let him vnderstand howe his countrymen dyd call him home againe and restored him to all his goodes and besought him to deliuer them from this warre The ambassadours that were sent were Martius familliar friendes and acquaintaunce who looked at the least for a curteous welcome of him as of their familliar friende and kynseman Howbeit they founde nothing lesse For at their comming they were brought through the campe to the place where he was set in his chayer of state with a maruelous and an vnspeakable maiestie hauing the chiefest men of the VOLSCES about him so he commaunded them to declare openly the cause of their comming Which they deliuered in the most humble and lowly wordes they possiblie could deuise and with all modest countenaunce and behauiour agreable for the same When they had done their message for the iniurie they had done him he aunswered them very hottely and in great choller But as generall of the VOLSCES he willed them to restore vnto the VOLSCES all their landes and citties they had taken from them in former warres and moreouer that they should geue them the like honour and freedome of ROME as they had before geuen to the LATINES For otherwise they had no other meane to ende this warre if they dyd not graunte these honest and iust conditions of peace Thereupon he gaue them thirtie dayes respit to make him aunswer So the ambassadours returned straight to ROME and Martius forthwith departed with his armie out of the territories of the ROMAINES This was the first matter wherewith the VOLSCES that most enuied Martius glorie and authoritie dyd charge Martius with Among those Tullus was chief who though he had receyued no priuate iniurie or displeasure of Martius yet the common faulte and imperfection of mans nature wrought in him and it grieued him to see his owne reputation bleamished through Martius great fame and honour and so him selfe to be lesse esteemed of the VOLSCES then he was before This fell out the more bicause euery man honoured Martius and thought he only could doe all and that all other gouernours and captaines must be content with suche credit and authoritie as he would please to countenaunce them with From hence they deriued all their first accusations and secret murmurings against Martius For priuate captaines conspiring against him were very angrie with him and gaue it out that the remouing of the campe was a manifest treason not of the townes nor fortes nor of armes but of time and occasion which was a losse of great importaunce bicause it was that which in treason might both lose and binde all and preserue the whole Now Martius hauing geuen the ROMAINES thirtie dayes respit for their aunswer and specially bicause the warres haue not accustomed to make any great chaunges in lesse space of time then that he thought it good yet not to lye a sleepe and idle all the while but went and destroyed the landes of the enemies allies and tooke seuen great citties of theirs well inhabited and the ROMAINES durst not once put them selues into the field to come to their ayde and helpe they were so fainte harted so mistrustfull and lothe besides to make warres In so muche as they properly ressembled the bodyes paralyticke and losed of their limmes and members as those which through the palsey haue lost all their sence and feeling Wherefore the time of peace expired Martius being returned into the dominions of the ROMAINES againe with all his armie they sent another ambassade vnto him to praye peace and the remoue of the VOLSCES out of their countrie that afterwardes they might with better leysure fall to suche agreementes together as should be thought most mete and necessarie For the ROMAINES were no men that would euer yeld for feare But if he thought the VOLSCES had any grounde to demaunde reasonable articles and conditions all that they would reasonably aske should be graunted vnto by the ROMAINES who of them selues would willingly yeld to reason conditionally that they dyd laye downe armes Martius to that aunswered that as generall of the VOLSCES he would replie nothing vnto it But yet as a ROMAINE cittizen he would counsell them to let fall their pride and to be conformable to reason if they were wise and that they should returne againe within three dayes deliuering vp the articles agreed vpon which he had first deliuered them Or otherwise that he would no more geue them assuraunce or safe conduite to returne againe into his campe with suche vaine and friuolous messages When the ambassadours were returned to ROME and had reported Martius aunswer to the Senate their cittie being in extreme daunger and as it were in a terrible storme or tempest they threw out as the common prouerbe sayeth their holy ancker For then they appointed all the bishoppes priestes ministers of the goddes and keepers of holy things and all the augures or soothesayers which foreshowe things to come by obseruation of the flying of birdes which is an olde auncient kynde of prophecying and diuination amongest the ROMAINES to goe to Martius apparelled as when they doe their sacrifices and first to intreate him to leaue of warre and then that he would speake to his countrymen and conclude peace with the VOLSCES Martius suffered them to come into his campe but yet he graunted them nothing the more neither dyd he entertaine them or speake more curteously to them then he dyd the first time that they came vnto him sauing only that he willed them to take the one of the two either to accept peace vnder the first conditions offered or els to receyue warre When all this goodly rable of superstition and priestes were returned it was determined in counsell that none should goe out of the gates of the cittie and that they should watche and warde vpon the walles to repulse their enemies if they came to assault them referring them selues and all their hope to time and fortunes vncertaine fauour not knowing otherwise howe to remedie the daunger Now all the cittie was full of tumult feare and maruelous doubt what would happen vntill at the length there fell out suche a like matter as Homer oftetimes sayed they would
GRAEKE tongue For he dyd not only retaine Grammarians Rethoricians and Logitians but also painters grauers of images riders of horses and huntes of GRAECE about his children and he him selfe also if no matters of common wealth troubled him was euer with them in the schoole when they were at their bookes and also when they otherwise dyd exercise them selues For he loued his children as much or more then any other ROMAINE Now concerning the state of the commō wealth the ROMAINES were at warres with king Perseus they much blamed the captaines they had sent thither before for that for lacke of skill and corage they had so cowardly behaued them selues as their enemies laughed them to scorne and they receyued more hurte of them then they dyd vnto the king For not long before they had driuen king Antiochus beyound mount Taurus and had made him forsake the rest of ASIA and had shut him vp within the borders of SYRIA who was glad that he had bought that contrie with fifteene thousand talēts which he payed for a fine A litle before also they had ouercome Philip king of MACEDON in THESSALY and had deliuered the GRAECIANS from the bondage of the MACEDONIANS And moreouer hauing ouercome Hannibal vnto whom no Prince nor King that euer was in the worlde was comparable either for his power or valliantnes they thought this to great a dishonour to them that this warre they had against king Perseus should hold so long of euen hande with them as if he had bene an enemie equall with the people of ROME considering also that they fought not against them but with the refuse and scattered people of the ouerthrowen armie his father had lost before and knew not that Philip had left his armie stronger and more experte by reason of his ouerthrowe then it was before As I will briefly reherse the storie from the beginning Antigonus who was of the greatest power of all the captaines successours of Alexander the great hauing obteined for him self his posteritie the title of a King had a sonne called Demetrius of whō came Antigonus the second that was surnamed Gonatas whose sonne was also called Demetrius that raigned no long time but dyed and left a young sonne called Philippe By reason whereof the Princes and Nobilitie of MACEDON fearing that the Realme should be left without heire they preferred one Antigonus cosin to the last deceased King and made him marie the mother of Philip the lesse geuing him the name at the first of the Kings protectour only and lieutenaunt generall of his maiestie But after when they had founde he was a good and wise prince and a good husband for the Realme they then gaue him the absolute name of a King and surnamed him Doson to saye the giuer for he promised muche and gaue litle After him reigned Philip who in his grene youth gaue more hope of him selfe then any other of the Kings before in so much they thought that one daye he would restore MACEDON her auncient fame and glorie and that he alone would plucke downe the pride and power of the ROMAINES who rose against all the world But after that he had lost a great battell and was ouerthrowen by Titus Quintus Flaminius neere vnto the cittie of SCOTVSA then he beganne to quake for feare and to leaue all to the mercie of the ROMAINES thinking he escaped good cheape for any light ransome or tribute the ROMAINES should impose apon him Yet afterwards comming to vnderstād him selfe he grewe to disdaine it much thinking that to reigne through the fauour of the ROMAINES was but to make him selfe a slaue to seeke to liue in pleasure at his ease not for a valliāt noble prince borne Whereupon he set all his minde to studie the discipline of warres and made his preparations as wisely and closely as possiblie he could For he left all his townes alongest the sea coast stāding vpon any high wayes without any fortification at all in manner desolate without people to the ende there might appeare no occasion of doubt or mistrust in him in the meane time in the highe countries of his Realme farre from great beaten wayes he leauied a great number of men of warre replenished his townes strong holdes that laye scatteringly abroad with armour weapon money men prouiding for warre which he kept as secretly as he could For he had prouision of armour in his armorie to arme thirtie thousand men eight million busshels of corne safely lokt vp in his fortes strōger places ready money as much as would serue to entertaine tenne thousand straungers in paye to defend his countrie for the space of tenne yeres But before he could bring that to passe he had purposed he dyed for grief sorowe after he knewe he had vniustly put Demetrius the best of his sonnes to death apon the false accusation of the worst that was Perseus who as he dyd inherite the Kingdom of his father by succession so dyd he also inherite his fathers malice against the ROMAINES But he had no shoulders to beare so heauy a burden and especially being as he was a man of so vile and wicked nature for among many lewde naughty conditions he had he was extreme couetous miserable They saye also that he was not legitimate bicause Philippes wife had taken him from Gnathainia a tailours wife borne at ARGOS immediatly after he was borne dyd adopt the child to be hers And some thinke that this was the chiefest cause why he practised to put Demetrius to death fearing least this lawful sonne would seeke occasiō to proue him a bastard Notwithstanding simple though he was of vile base nature he found the strength of his Kingdom so great that he was contented to take vpon him to make warre against the ROMAINES which he mainteined a long time and fought against their Consuls that were their generalles and repulsed great armies of theirs both by sea and lande and ouercame some As Publius Licinius among other the first that inuaded MACEDON was ouerthrowen by him in a battell of horsemen where he slewe at that time two thousand fiue hundred good men of his and tooke sixe hundred prisoners And their armie by sea riding at ancker before the cittie of OREVM he dyd so dainly set apon and tooke twenty great shippes of burden and all that was in them and soncke the rest which were all loden with corne tooke of all sortes besides about foure fiftie foystes and galliots of fiftie owers a pece The second Consul generall he fought with all was Hostilius whom he repulsed attempting by force to inuade MACEDON by waye of the cittie of ELVMIA Another time again whē he entred in by stelth vpō the coast of THESSALY he offred him battel but the other durst not abide it Furthermore as though the warre troubled him nothing
the Senate Capitolinus at the first layed in many exceptions and fained excutes to kepe him from appearing and in the end he appealed to the Tribunes of the people but they declared plainely they would not receiue his appeale nor take any knowledge of the matter At the length he was forced to aunswere the matter before the Senate and denied flatly that he attempted euer any such thinge bicause there were no witnesses to proue it against him Whereupon the Senate thought good to sende for young Marcellus who comminge before them bothe blushed and wept together The Senate seeinge shamefastnesse in him mingled with teares and a malice that coulde not be pacified without seeking other proofe they tooke it a cleare case so condemned Capitolinus presently in a great summe of money which Marcellus conuerted into siluer vessel to serue at sacrifices and so did consecrate them to the seruice of the goddes Now when the ROMAINES had ended their first warre against the CARTHAGINIANS which held them fully the space of two and twenty yeres Immediatly after that they beganne a newe warre against the GAVLES For the INSVBRIANS beinge a people deriued frō the GAVLES dwelling at the foote of the moūtaines of the ALPESON ITALIE side being able to make a good power of them selues did notwithstanding pray aide of the other GAVLES inhabiting on the other side of the mountaines they caused the GESSATES a mercenary people and hierlings to them that woulde giue pay to bring great numbers with them Truely me thinkes it was a maruelous matter and wonderfull good happe for the ROMAINES that this warre of the GAVLES came not apon thē while they were at wars with the CARTHAGINIANS that the GAVLES also had lien quiet all that while as if they had purposely sworne to set apon the conquerors expecting still an end betwene thē then to set apon the cōquerors when they had nothing to say to any other Yet the scituacion of their cōtry did trouble the ROMAINES much bicause they were so nere neighbours vnto them had warres as it were at their owne dores And so did the auncient reputacion of the GAVLES somewhat appawle the ROMAINES who as it shoulde seeme they did feare more then any other nation whatsoeuer bicause ROME had bene taken before the GAVLES Since which time a law was made that Priestes and ecclesiasticall persones should be dispenced with from going to the warres onles the GAVLES did rise against them The preparacion they made for this warre at that time did plainly show the feare they had thē of the GAVLES For the world thinkes that neuer before nor since there were so many naturall ROMAINES assembled together in fielde as were then at that present Moreouer the new come cruelty they vsed in their sacrifices doth recorde this to be true For before they neuer vsed any straunge maner in their sacrifice or barbarous facion but were fauorable in their opinions about the ceremonies of religion agreeable to the GREECIANS touching the seruice of the goddes But then they were compelled to obey certaine oracles and auncient prophecies they found wrytten in SIBYLLES bookes they buried two GREECIANS aliue in the oxe market a man a woman and likewise two GAVLES a man and a woman Vnto them they doe yet continew certaine secret anniuersaries in Nouēber that are not to be sene of euery body The ROMAINES in their first battels of this warre were often ouercommen and did ouercome but these battels were to litle purpose for ending of the warres In the yere that C. Quintius Flaminius and P. Furius Philo were Consuls and sent with great armies to make warres apon the INSVBRIANS people subiect to the state of MILANE newes were brought to ROME that there was a riuer seene in the cōtry of ROMANIA red as blood three moones also at the very same time in the city of RIMINI Furthermore the Priestes Soothsayers that had obserued considered the tokens significations of birdes on that day when these two were chosen Consuls they tolde plainly there was error in their election that they were directly chosen against all signes tokens of the birdes Thereupon the Senate wrote immediatly to the campe to them willed them to come home to depose themselues of their Consulshippe before they did attempt any thing as Consuls against the enemies The Consul Flaminius receaued the letters in time but bicause he was ready to giue battell he woulde not open them before he had first ouerthrowen his enemies spoyled their contrie as in dede he did But when he was come backe to ROME againe and had brought maruelous great spoyles with him the people for all that woulde not goe out to meete him bicause he did not presently obey the letters they wrote vnto him nor returned apon it as they commaunded him but contemptuously without any regard of their displeasure followed his owne phantasie whereupon they had almost flatly denied him the honor of triumphe For his triumphe was no sooner ended but they compelled him to giue ouer his Consulship and made him a priuate man with his companion The ROMAINES therein were so religiously bent as they would all things shoulde be referred vnto the gods good grace pleasure would suffer none to contemne the obseruations prognosticatinge of the soothsayers nor their auncient vses customes for any prosperity felicity that could happen For they thought it more necessary and profitable for benefit of the common weale that the Senate and magistrates should reuerence the ceremonies and seruice of the goddes then that they should ouercome their enemies in battell As for example Tiberius Sempronius a man as much honored and esteemed of the ROMAINES for his iustice and valliantnes as any other of his time beinge one yeare Consul did nominate elect two other for Consuls the yeare following Scipio Nasica Caius Martius These two being entred into their Consulship and sent from ROME also to their seuerall prouinces appointed them by lot Sempronius by chaunce tooke certen litle bookes in his hande where were briefly written the rules appertaining to the ceremonies of publike sacrifice and reading in them he found a certaine ordinaunce he neuer heard before And this it was That if a magistrate were set in any tent or hyred house without the citie to beholde and obserue the prognostications of birdes that vpon any sodaine occasion he were driuē to come againe into the citie before the birdes had giuen any certaine signes the second time when he returned againe to ende his obseruations there was no remedy but he must leaue his tent or first hyred house and take an other and beginne new obseruations againe Tiberius vtterly ignoraunt of his ordinaunce before had kept his obseruations twise in one selfe house and had chosen there Nasica and Martius Consulls to succeede him But when he knew he had offended
Galba or Quintius Flaminius hauing no other maintenance nor helpe to trust vnto but a tongue speaking boldly with reason and all vprightnes Moreouer Aristides at the battells of MARATHON and of PLATHES was but one of the tenne captaines of the ATHENIANS where Cato was chosen one of the two Consuls among many other noble and great competitors and one of the two Censors before seuen other that made sute for it which were all men of great reputacion in the citie and yet was Cato preferred before them all Furthermore Aristides was neuer the chiefest in any victory For at the battell of MARATHON Miltiades was the generall 〈…〉 at the battell of SALAMINA Themistocles and at the iorney of PLATAEES king Pausanias as Herodotus sayeth who wryteth that he had a maruelous victory there And there were that striued with Aristides for the second place as Sophanes Amynias Callimachus and Cynegirus euery one of the which did notable valliant seruice at those battells Now Cato was generall him selfe and chiefe of all his army in worthines and counsell during the warre he made in SPAYNE while he was Consull Afterwards also in the iorney where king Antiochus was ouerthrowen in the contry of THERMOPYLES Cato being but a Colonell of a thousande footemen and seruinge vnder an other that was Consull wanne the honor of the victory when he did sodainely set vpon Antiochus behinde whereas he looked only to defend him selfe before And that victory without all doubt was one of the chiefest actes that euer Cato did who draue ASIA out of GREECE and opened the way vnto Lucius Scipio to passe afterwardes into ASIA So then for the warres neither the one nor the other of them was euer ouercome in battell but in peace and ciuill gouernment Aristides was supplanted by Themistocles who by practise got him to be banished ATHENS for a time Whereas Cato had in manner all the greatest and noblest men of ROME that were in his time sworne enemies vnto him and hauing alwayes contended with them euen to his last hower he euer kept him selfe on sounde grounde like a stoute champion and neuer tooke fall nor foyle For he hauing accused many before the people and many also accusing him him selfe was neuer once condemned but alwayes his tongue was the buckeler and defence of his life and innocency Which was to him so necessary a weapon and with it he could help himselfe so in great matters that in my opinion it was only cause why he neuer receiued dishonor nor was vniustly condemned rather then for any thing else he was beholding to fortune or to any other that did protect him And truely eloquence is a singular gift as Antipater witnesseth in that he wrote of Aristotle the Philosopher after his death saying that amongest many other singular graces and perfections in him he had this rare gift that he coulde perswade what he listed Now there is a rule confessed of all the world that no man can attaine any greater vertue or knowledge then to know how to gouerne a multitude of men or a city a parte wherof is Oeconomia cōmonly called houserule considering that a city is no other then an assembly of many householdes and houses together then is the city commonly strong of power when as the townes men and citizens are wise and wealthy Therefore Lycurgus that banished golde and siluer from LACEDAEMON and coyned them money of iron that woulde be marred with fyre vinegre when it was hot did not forbid his citizens to be good husbands but like a good lawmaker exceeding all other that euer went before him he did not onely cut of all superfluous expences that commonly wayte vppon riches but did also prouide that his people should lacke nothing necessary to liue withall fearing more to see a begger and nedy persone dwellinge in his citie and enioy the priuiledges of the same then a proude man by reason of his riches So me thinkes Cato was as good a father to his householde as he was a good gouernor to the common wealth for he did honestly increase his goods and did teach other also to do the same by sauing and knowledge of good husbandry whereof in his booke he wrote sundry good rules and precepts Aristides contrariwise made iustice odions slaunderous by his pouerty and as a thing that made men poore and was more profitable to other then to a mans selfe that vsed iustice And yet Hesiodus the Poet that commendeth iustice so much doth wishe vs withall to be good husbandes reprouing sloth and idlenes as the roote and originall of all iniustice And therefore me thinkes Homer spake wisely when he sayed In times past neither did I labor carcke nor care for busines for family for foode nor yet for fare but rather did delight vvith shippes the seaes to saile to drovv a bovv to fling a dart in vvarres and to preuaile As giuing vs to vnderstand that iustice husbandry are two relatiues necessarily lincked one to the other and that a man who hath no care of his owne thinges nor house doth liue vniustly and taketh from other men For iustice is not like oyle which Phisitions say is very holsome for mannes body if it be applied outwardly and in contrary maner very ill if a man drinke it neither ought a iust man to profitte straungers and in the ende not to care for him selfe nor his Therefore me thinkes this gouerninge vertue of Aristides had a fault in this respect if it be true that most authors wryte of him that he had no care nor forecast with him to leaue so much as to mary his daughters withall nor therewith to bury him selfe Where those of the house of Cato continued Praetors and Consulls of ROME euen vnto the fourte discent For his sonnes sonnes and yet lower his sonnes sonnes sonnes came to the greatest offices of dignity in all ROME And Aristides who was in his time the chiefest mā of GREECE left his posterity in so great pouerty that some were compelled to become Soothsayers that interprete dreames and tell mens fortune to get their liuing and other to aske almes and left no meane to any of them to do any great thing worthy of him But to contrary this it might be sayd pouerty of it selfe is neither ill nor dishonest but where it groweth by idlenes carelesse life vanity and folly it is to be reproued For when it lighteth apon any man that is honest and liueth well that taketh paines is very diligent iust valliant wise and gouerneth a common wealth well then it is a great signe of a noble minde For it is vnpossible that man should doe any great thinges that had such a base minde as to thinke alwayes vppon trifles and that he shoulde relieue the poore greatly that lacketh him selfe reliefe in many thinges And sure riches is not so necessary for an honest man that will deale truely in the common wealth and
towardes the city but scattering wise abroade in the fieldes in euery place he caused the trompet to sound the retreate Then he commaunded the chase to be followed no further for that all the contry thereabout was full of thicke woddes and groues very ill for horsemen and also bicause there were many brookes vallies and quauemyres which they should passe ouer he encamped him selfe presently being yet broade day And so fearinge least his enemies would in the night time draw vnto the city one after an other and by couples he sent a great number of ACHAIANS laid them in ambush amongest the brookes and hilles neere about it which made great slaughter of Nabis souldiers bicause they came not altogether in troupes but scatteringly one after an other as they fled one here an other there and so fell into their enemies handes as birdes into the fowlers net These acts made Philopoemen singularly beloued of the GREECIANS and they did him great honor in all their Theaters and common assemblies Whereat Titus Quintius Flaminius of nature very ambitious and couetous of honor did much repine and was enuious at the matter thinking that a Consul of ROME should haue place honor amongest the ACHAIANS before a meane gentleman of ARCADIA And he imagined he had deserued better of all GREECE then Philopoemen had considering howe by the onely proclamation of an heraulde he had restored GREECE againe to her auncient liberty which before his comminge was subiect vnto kinge Philip and vnto the MACEDONIANS Afterwardes Titus Quintius made peace with the tyran Nabis Nabis was shortely after very traiterously slaine by the AETOLIANS Whereuppon the citie of SPARTA grew to a tumult and Philopoemen straight taking the occasion went thither with his army and handeled the matter so wisely that partely for loue and partely by force he wanne the city ioyned it vnto the tribe of the ACHAIANS So was he maruelously commended and esteemed of the ACHAIANS for this notable victory to haue wonne their tribe and communalty of famous a city and of so great estimacion For the city of SPARTA was no smale encrease of their power and being ioyned as a member of ACHAIA Moreouer he wan by this meanes the loue and good will of all the honest men of LACEDAEMON of the hope they had to finde him a protector and defender of their liberty Wherefore when the tyran Nabis house and goodes were solde as forfitted to the state they resolued in their counsell to make him a present of the money therof which amounted to the summe of sixe score talents and sent Ambassadors purposely vnto him to offer it him Then Philopoemen shewed himselfe plainely to be no counterfeate honest man but a good man in deede For first of all there was not one of all the LACEDAEMONIANS that durst presume to offer him this money but euery man was afrayed to tell him of it and euery body that was appointed to do it made some excuse or other for them selues Notwithstandinge in the ende they made one Timolaus to take the matter vpon him who was his familiar frend and also his hoste And yet the same Timolaus when he came vnto MEGALIPOLIS was lodged entertained in Philopoemenes house did so much reuerence him for his wise talke and conuersation for his moderate diet and iust dealing with all men that he sawe there was no likely possibility to corrupt him with money so as he durst not once open his mouth to speake to him of the present he had brought him but founde some other occasion to excuse the cause of his comminge vnto him And beinge sent vnto him againe the second time he did euen as much as at the first time And making a third proofe he ventured at the last to open the matter vnto him and told him the good will the city of SPARTA did beare him Philopoemen became a glad man to heare it and when he had heard all he had to say to him he went him selfe vnto the citie of SPARTA There he declared vnto the counsell that it was not honest men and their good frends they should seeke to winne and corrupt with money considering they might commaund their vertue vpon any occasion without cost vnto them but that they should seeke to bribe naughty men with money and such as by seditious orations in counsell did mutine and put a whole citie in vprore to the ende that hauing their mouthes stopped with giftes they should trouble them the lesse in the common wealth For said he it is more necessarie to stoppe your enemies mouthes and to sowe vp their lippes from libertie of speaking then it is to keepe your frendes from it So noble a man was Philopoemen against all couetousnesse of money Shortely after the LACEDAEMONIANS beginning to stirre againe Diophanes who was then General of the ACHAIANS beinge aduertised of it beganne to prepare to punish them The LACEDAEMONIANS on the other side preparinge for the warres did set all the contry of PELOPONNESVS in armes Hereupon Philopoemen sought to pacifie Diophanes anger declaring vnto him that king Antiochus and the ROMAINES being at warres together at that present time and they both hauing puisant armies one against an other in the middest of GREECE it was meete for a good Generall and wise gouernor to haue an eye to their doings to be carefull of the same and to beware that he did not trouble or alter any thinge within his contry at that instant but then rather to dissemble it and not to seeme to heare any fault whatsoeuer they did Diophanes would not be perswaded but entred the territories of LACEDAEMON with a great army and Titus Quintius Flaminius with him and they together marched directly towardes the city of SPARTA Philopoemen was so madde with their doings that he tooke apon him an enterprise not very lawfull nor altogether iust neuerthelesse his attempt proceeded of a noble minde and great corage For he got into the citie of SPARTA and beinge but a priuate persone kept out the General of the ACHAIANS the Consull of the ROMAINES for entring the city when he had pacified all troubles and seditions in the same he deliuered it vp againe as it was before into the handes of the communaltie of the ACHAIANS Neuerthelesse him selfe being afterwardes Generall of the ACHAIANS did compell the LACEDAEMONIANS to receiue those home againe whom they had banished for certaine faultes and did put foure score naturall borne citizens of SPARTA vnto death as Polybius wryteth Or three hundred and fifty as Aristocrates an other historiographer reciteth Then he pulled downe the walles of the city and rased them to the grounde and tooke away the most parte of their territories and gaue them to the MEGALOPOLITANS All those whome the tyrannes had made free denizens of SPARTA he compelled them to departe the contry of LACEDAEMON and forced them to dwell in ACHAIA three thousand only excepted who would
in like maner and so followed Titus charret on the day of his triumphe and entrie made into ROME in the triumphing manner It was a goodly sight also to see the spoyles of the enemies which were caried in the show of this triumphe as store of helmets after the GREECIANS facion heapes of targets shieldes and pykes after the MACEDONIAN manner with a wonderfull summe of gold and siluer For Itanus the historiographer writeth that there was brought a maruelous great masse of treasure in niggots of golde of three thousand seuen hundred and thirteene pounde weight and of siluer of forty three thousande two hundred three score and tenne pound weight and of gold ready coyned in peeces called Philips foureteene thousand fiue hundred and foureteene besides the thousand talents king Philip should pay for a raunsome The which summe the ROMAINES afterwardes forgaue him chiefly at Titus sute and intercession who procured that grace for him and caused him to be called a frend and confederate of the people of ROME and his sonne Demetrius to be sent vnto him againe who remained before as an hostage at ROME Shortely after king Antiochus went out of ASIA into GREECE with a great fleete of shippes and a very puisant army to stirre vp the cities to forsake their league and allyance with the ROMAINES and to make a dissention amongest them To further this his desire and enterprise the AETOLIANS did aide and backe him which of long time had borne great and secrete malice against the ROMAINES and desired much to haue had warres with them So they taught king Antiochus to say that the warre which he tooke in hande was to set the GREECIANS at liberty whereof they had no neede bicause they did already enioy their liberty but for that they had no iust cause to make warre they taught him to cloke it the honestest way he coulde Wherefore the ROMAINES fearinge greatly the rising of the people the rumor of the power of this great king they sent thither Manius Acilius their generall and Titus one of his Lieutenaunts for the GREECIANS sakes Which arriuall did the more assure them that already bare good will to the ROMAINES after they had once seene Manius and Titus and the rest that beganne to flie out and to shrinke from them those Titus kept in obedience from starting remembringe them of the frendship and good will they had borne him euen like a good skilfull phisitian that coulde geue his pacient phisicke to preserue him from a contageous disease In deede there were some but fewe of them that left him which were won and corrupted before by the AETOLIANS and though he had iust cause of offence towardes them yet he saued them after the battell For king Antiochus being ouercome in the contry of THERMOPYLES fled his way and in great hast tooke the sea to returne into ASIA And the Consull Manius following his victory entred into the contry of the AETOLIANS where he tooke certaine townes by force and left the other for a pray vnto kinge Philip. So Philip kinge of MACEDON on the one side spoyled and sacked the DOLOPIANS the MAGNESIANS the ATHAMANIANS and the APERANTINES and the Consull Manius on the other side destroyed the city of HERACLEA and layed siege to the citie of NAVPACTVN which the AETOLIANS kept But Titus takinge compassion of them to see the poore people of GREECE thus spoiled and turned out of all went out of PELOPONNESVS where he was then vnto Manius Acilius campe and there reproued him for suffering king Philip to vsurpe the benefit and reward of his honorable victory still conqueringe many people kings and contries whilest he continued siege before a city and only to wreake his anger vpon them Afterwardes when they that were besieged saw Titus from their walles they called him by his name and helde vp their handes vnto him prayinge him he would take pitie vpon them but he gaue them neuer a word at that time and turning his backe vnto them he fell a weeping Afterwards he spake with Manius and appeasing his anger got him to graunt the AETOLIANS truce for certaine dayes in which time they might sende Ambassadors to ROME to see if they could obtaine grace and pardon of the Senate But the most trouble and difficulty he had was to intreate for the CHALCIDIANS with whome the Consull Manius was more grieuously offended then with all the rest bicause that kinge Antiochus after the warres was begonne had maried his wife in their citie when he was past yeares of mariage and out of all due time For he was now very olde and beinge in his extreame age and in the middest of his warres he fell in dotage with a yoūg gentlewoman the daughter of Cleoptolemus the fayrest woman that was at that time in all GREECE Therefore the CHALCIDIANS were much affected vnto king Antiochus and did put their city into his handes to serue him in this warre for a strong safe retyring place Wherupō whē Antiochus had lost the battel he came thither with all possible speede and takinge from thence with him his passinge fayer younge Queene which he had maried and his golde his siluer and frendes he tooke the seaes incontinently and returned into ASIA For this cause the Consull Manius hauing wonne the battell did marche straight with his army towardes the citie of CHALCID◠in a greate rage and fury But Titus that followed him did alwayes lye vppon him to pacifie his anger and did so much intreate him together with the other ROMAINES of state and authoritie in counsell that in the ende he gotte him to pardone them of CHALCIDE also Who bicause they were preserued from perill by his meanes they to recompence this fact of his did consecrate vnto him all their most stately and sumptuous buildinges and common workes in their citie as appeareth yet by the superscriptions remaininge to be seene at this day As in the show place of exercises The people of CHALCIDE did dedicate this show place of exercises vnto Titus Hercules And in the temple called Delphinium The people of CHALCIDE did consecrate this temple vnto Titus and vnto Apollo And furthermore vnto this present time there is a priest chosen by the voyce of the people purposely to do sacrifice vnto Titus in which sacrifice after that the thing sacrificed is offered vp and wine powred apon it the people standing by do sing a song of triumphe made in praise of him But bicause it were to long to wryte it all out we haue only drawen in briefe the latter end of the same and this it is The cleare vnspotted faith of Romaines vve adore And vovv to be their faithfull frendes both novv and euer more Sing out you Muses nyne to loues eternall fame Sing out the honor due to Rome and Titus vvorthy name Sing out I say the praise of Titus and his faith By vvhom you haue preserued bene from ruine dole and death Now the
the sea After him foorthwith lept his gard his seruauntes and other his familiar frendes venturing their liues to saue him But the darkenes of the night and rage of the waues which the shore breakinge forced so to rebound backe vpon them with the great noyse also did so hinder their swimming that it was euen day before they could recouer any lande and yet was it by meanes that the winde fell As for Pyrrus he was so sea beaten and wearied with the waues that he was able to do no more though of himselfe he had so great a harte stowte a corage as was able to ouercome any perill Moreouer the MESSAPIANS vpon whose coast the storme had cast him ran out to helpe him and diligently labored in all they coulde possible to saue him and receiued also certaine of his shippes that had scaped in which were a few horsemen about two thowsande footemen and two elephantes With this small force Pyrrus marched on his iorney to goe by lande vnto TARENTVM and Cineas being aduertised of his comming went with his men to meete him Now when he was come to TARENTVM at the first he would doe nothing by force nor against the goodwill of the inhabitantes vntill such time as his shippes that had escaped the daungers of the sea were all arriued and the greatest parte of his army comen together againe But when he had all his army he looked for seeing that the people of TARENTVM could neither saue them selues nor be saued by any other without straight order compulsion bicause they made their reckening that Pyrrus should fight for them in the meane time they would not stirre out of their houses from bathing them selues from banketing and making good chere first of all he caused all the parkes places of shew to be shut vp where they were wont to walke and disporte them selues in any kind of exercise and as they walked to talke of warres as it were in pastime to fight with words but not to come to the blowes And further he forbad all feastinges mommeries and such other like pleasures as at that time were out of season He trained them out also to exercise their weapons and shewed him selfe very seuere in musters not pardoning any whose names were billed to serue in the warres insomuch as there were many which vnacquainted with such rough handling gouernment forsooke the city altogether calling it a bondage not to haue liberty to liue at their pleasure Furthermore Pyrrus hauing intelligence that Leuinus the ROMAINE Consul came against him with a great puisant army and that he was already entred into the lande of LVCANIA where he destroyed and spoyled all the contry before him albeit the TARENTINES aide of their confederates was not as yet comen he thought it a great shame to suffer his enemies approache so nere him and therefore taking that small number he had brought them into the fielde against Leuinus Howbeit he sent a herauld before to the ROMAINES to vnderstand of them if before they entred into this warre they coulde be content the controuersies they had with all the GREECIANS dwellinge in ITALIE might be decided by iustice and therein to referre them selues to his arbitremēt who of him selfe would vndertake the pacification of thē Whereunto the Consull Leuinus made aunswere that the ROMAINES would neuer allow him for a iudge neither did they feare him for an enemy Wherfore Pyrrus going on stil came to lodge in the plaine which is betwene the cities of PANDOSIA of HERACLEA hauing newes brought him that the ROMAINES were encamped very nere vnto him on the other side of the riuer of Siris he tooke his horse and rode to the riuers side to view their campe So hauing throughly considered the forme the scituacion and the order of the same the maner of charging their watche and all their facions of doing he wondered much thereat And speaking to Megacles one of his familiars about him he sayd this order Megacles quod he though it be of barbarous people yet is it not barbarously done but we shall shortely proue their force After he had thus taken this view he beganne to be more carefull then he was before and purposed to tary till the whole aide of their confederates were comen together leauing men at the riuers side of Siris to kepe the passage if the enemies ventured to passe ouer as they did in dede For they made hast to preuent the aide that Pyrrus looked for passed their footemen ouer apon a bridge and their horsemen at diuerse fordes of the riuer insomuch as the GREECIANS fearinge least they shoulde be compassed in behinde drew backe Pyrrus aduertised thereof and being a litle troubled therwithall cōmaunded the Captaines of his footemen presently to put their bandes in battell ray and not to sturre till they knew his pleasure and he him selfe in the meane time marched on with three thowsande horse in hope to finde the ROMAINES by the riuer side as yet out of order vtterly vnprouided But when he saw a farre of a greater number of footemen with their targettes ranged in battell on this side the riuer and their horsemen marching towardes him in very good order he caused his men to ioyne close together and him selfe first beganne the charge being easie to be knowen from other if it had bene no more but his passinge riche glisteringe armor and furniture and withall for that his valliant dedes gaue manifest proofe of his well deserued fame and renowne For though he valliantly besturred his hands and body both repulsing them he encountered withall in fight yet he forgate not him selfe nor neglected the iudgement foresight which should neuer be wanting in a Generall of an army but as though he had not fought at all quietly and discretly gaue order for euerie thinge rydinge to and fro to defende and encorage his men in those places where he sawe them in most distresse But euen in the hottest of the battell Leonatus MACEDONIAN spyed an ITALIAN a man of armes that followed Pyrrus vppe and downe where he went and euer kept in manner of euen hande with him to set apon him Wherefore he sayd to Pyrrus my Lord doe you not see that barbarous man there vppon a baye horse with white feete Sure he looketh as though he ment to doe some notable feate and mischiefe with his owne handes for his eye is neuer of you but wayteth only apon you being sharpe set to deale with your selfe none other therefore take hede of him Pyrrus aunswered him it is impossible Leonatus for a man to auoyde his destinie but neither he nor any other ITALIAN whatsoeuer shall haue any ioy to deale with me And as they were talkinge thus of the matter the ITALIAN taking his speare in the middest and setting spurres to his horse charged apon Pyrrus and ranne his horse through and through with the same Leonatus at the
disordered all his army They slew two of his elephants and cut of a great number of his rereward so as he was compelled him selfe in persone to come from his vangard to helpe them against the barbarous people which were lusty valliant men and olde trained souldiers And there Pyrrus caught a blow on his head with a sworde and was in great daunger insomuch as he was forced to retyre out of the prease and fight which did so much the more encorage his enemies Among which there was one more aduenturous then the rest a goodly man of personage fayer armed in white armor who aduauncing him selfe farre before his company cried out to the king with a bolde and fierce voyce and chalenged him to fight with him if he were aliue Pyrrus beinge mad as it were with this brauery turned againe with his garde in spight of his men hurt as he was And besides that he was all on a fire with choller and his face all bloody and terrible to behold he went through his men and came at the length to this barbarous villen that had challenged him gaue him such a blow on his head with all his force and power that what by the strength of his arme and through the goodnes of the temper and mettle of the sword the blow claue his head right in the middest downe to the shoulders so that his heade beinge thus deuided the one parte fell on the one shoulder the other parte on the other This matter sodainly stayed the barbarous people and kept them from goinge any further they were so afrayed and amased both to see so great a blowe with ones hande and it made them thinke in dede that Pyrrus was more then a man After that they let him go and troubled him no more Pyrrus holding on his iorney arriued at the length in the city of TARENTVM with twenty thowsand footemen three thowsand horse And with these ioyning thereto the choycest pyked men of the TARENTINES he went incontinently into the field to seeke out the ROMAINES who had their campe within the territories of the SAMNITES which were then in very hard state For their hartes were killed bicause that in many battells and encounters with the ROMAINES they were euer ouerthrowen They were very angry besides with Pyrrus for that he had forsaken them to goe his voyage vnto SICILIA by reason whereof there came no great number of souldiers into his campe But notwithstanding he deuided all his strength into two partes whereof he sent the one parte into LVCANIA to occupy one of the ROMAINE Consulls that was there to the end he should not come to aide his companion and with the other parte he went him selfe against Manius Curius who lay in a very straunge place of aduantage nere to the citie of BENAVENTO attending the aide that should come to him out of LVCANIA besides also that the Soothsayers by the signes tokens of the birdes and sacrifices did counsell him not to sturre from thence Pyrrus to the contrary desiring to fight with Manius before his aide came vnto him which he looked for out of LVCANIA tooke with him the best souldiers he had in all his army and the warlikest elephantes and marched away in the night supposing to steale vpon Manius on the sodaine and geue an assault vnto his campe Now Pyrrus hauing a long way to go and through a woddy contry his lightes and torches failed him by reason whereof many of his souldiers lost their way and they lost a great deale of time also before they could againe be gathered together so as in this space the night was spent and the day once broken the enemies perceiued plainely how he came downe the hills This at the first sight made thē muse awhile and put them in a litle feare neuerthelesse Manius hauing had the signes of the sacrifices fauorable and seeing that occasion did presse him to it went out into the field and set apon the vowarde of his enemies and made them turne their backes The which feared all the rest in such wise that there were slaine a great number of them in the fielde and certaine elephantes also taken This victory made Manius Curius leaue his strength and come into the plaine field where he set his men in battell ray and ouerthrew his enemies by plaine force on the one side but on the other he was repulsed by violence of the elephantes and compelled to drawe backe into his owne campe wherein he had left a great number of men to garde it So when he saw them vpon the rampers of his campe all armed ready to fight he called them out and they comming fresh out of places of aduantage to charge vpon the elephantes compelled them in a very shorte time to turne their backes flie through their owne men whom they put to great trouble and disorder so as in the ende the whole victory fell apon the ROMAINES side and consequently by meanes of that victory followed the greatnes and power of their Empire For the ROMAINES being growen more coragious by this battell and hauing increased their force and wonne the reputacion of men vnconquerable immediatly after conquered all ITALIE besides and soone after that all SICILIA To this ende as you see came king Pyrrus vaine hope he had to conquer ITALIE and SICILIA after he had spent sixe yeares continually in warres during which time his good fortune decayed his army consumed Notwithstanding his noble corage remained alwayes inuincible what losses soeuer he had susteined and moreouer whilest he liued he was euer esteemed the chiefest of all kings princes in his time as well for his experience sufficiency in warres as also for the valliantnes and hardines of his person But what he wanne by famous deedes he lost by vaine hopes desiring so earnestly that which he had not as he forgate to kepe that which he had Wherepore Antigonus compared him vnto a dice player that casteth well but can not vse his lucke Now hauing brought backe againe with him into EPIRVS eight thowsande footemen and fiue hundred horsemen and being without money to pay them he deuised with him selfe to seeke out some new warre to entertaine those souldiers and kepe them together Wherefore vppon a newe aide of certaine of the GAVLES beinge comen vnto him he entered into the realme of MACEDON which Antigonus Demetrius sonne held at that time with intent only to make a forrey and to get some spoyle in the contry But when he saw that he had taken diuerse holdes and moreouer that two thowsand men of warre of the contry came and yelded them selues vnto him he beganne to hope of better successe then at the first he looked for For vpon that hope he marched against king Antigonus selfe whom he met in a very straight valley and at his first comming gaue such a lusty charge vpon his rereward that he put all Antigonus army
the Senate by the next Censors and many iudge that he was worthy of this infamy for that he was periured in iudgement or bicause he was so subiect and geuen to his pleasure Caius Herennius was also called for a witnesse against Marius but he did alleage for his excuse that the law and custome did dispense with the Patrone to be a witnesse against his follower client and he was quit by the iudges For the ROMAINES alwayes call those Patrons who take the protection of meaner then them selues into their handes saying that Marius predecessors and Marius him selfe had euer bene followers of the house of the HERENNIANS The iudges receiued his aunswere and allowed thereof But Marius spake against it alleaging that since he had receiued this honor to beare office in the common wealth he was now growen from this base condicion to be any more a follower of any man the which was not true in all For euery office of a Magistrate doth not exempt him that hath the office nor yet his posterity to be vnder the patronage of an other nor doth discharge him from the duety of honoring them but of necessity he must be a Magistrate which the law doth permit to sit in the crooked chayer called Curulis that is to say caried vppon a charet through the city But notwithstanding that at the first hearing of this cause Marius had but ill successe and that the iudges were against him all they could yet in the ende for all that at the last hearing of his matter Marius contrary to all mens opinions was discharged bicause the iudges opinions with and against him fell to be of like number He vsed him selfe very orderly in his office of Praetorshippe and after his yeare was out when it came to deuide the prouinces by lot SPAINE fell vnto him which is beyond the riuer of Baetis where it is reported that he skowred all the contrie thereabouts of theeues and robbers which notwithstanding was yet very cruell and sauage for the rude barbarous and vnciuill manner and facion of life of the inhabitantes there For the SPANYARDS were of opinion euen at that time that it was a goodly thinge to liue apon thefte and robbery At this returne to ROME out of SPAYNE desiring to deale in matters of the common wealth he saw that he had neither eloquence nor riches which were the two meanes by the which those that were at that time in credit and authority did cary the people euen as they would Notwithstanding they made great accompt of his constancy and noble minde they found in him of his great paynes and trauell he tooke continually and of the simplicity of his life which were causes to bring him to honor and preferment insomuch as he maried very highly For he maried Iulia that was of the noble house of the Caesars and aunte vnto Iulius Caesar who afterwardes came to be the chiefest man of all the ROMAINES and who by reason of that allyance betwene them seemed in some thinges to followe Marius as we haue wrytten in his life Marius was a man of great temperaunce and pacience as may be iudged by an acte he did puttinge him selfe into the handes of surgeons For his shanckes and legges were full of great swollen veynes and being angrie bicause it was no pleasaunt thinge to beholde he determined to put him selfe into the handes of surgeons to be cured And first laying out one of his legges to the surgeon to worke vpon he would not be bound as others are in the like case but paciently abode all the extreame paines a man must of necessity feele being cut without sturring groning or sighing still keeping his countenaunce and sayed neuer a word But when the surgeon had done with his first legge and would haue gone to the other he would not geue it him nay sayd he I see the cure is not worth the paine I must abide Afterwardes Caecilius Metellus the Consull being appointed to go into AFRICKE to make warre with king Iugurthe tooke Marius with him for one of his Lietenauntes Marius being there seeing notable good seruice to be done and good occasion to shew his manhoode was not of minde in this voyage to increase Metellus honor and reputacion as other Lieutenauntes did and thought that it was not Metellus that called him forth for his Lieutenaunt but fortune her selfe that presented him a fit occasion to raise him to greatnes and as it were did lead him by the hand into a goodly field to put him to the proofe of that he coulde doe And for this cause therefore he endeuored him selfe to shew all the possible proofes of valliantnesse and honor he could For the warres being great continually there he neuer for feare refused any attempt or seruice how daungerous or painfull so euer it were neither disdained to take any seruice in hand were it neuer so litle but exceeding all other his fellowes and companions in wisedome and foresight in that which was to be done and striuing with the meanest souldiers in liuing hardly and painefully wanne the goodwill and fauor of euery man For to say truely it is a great comforte refreshing to souldiers that labor to haue companiōs that labor willingly with them For they thinke that their company laboring with them doth in manner take away the compulsion and necessity Furthermore it pleaseth the ROMAINE souldier maruelously to see the Generall eate openly of the same bread he eateth or that he lyeth on a hard bed as he doth or that him selfe is the first man to set his hande to any worke when a trenche is to be cast or their campe to be fortified For they doe not so much esteeme the Captaines that honor and reward them as they doe those that in daungerous attempts labor and venture their liues with them And further they do farre better loue them that take paines with them then those that suffer them to liue idlely by them Marius performing all this and winning thereby the loue and goodwills of his souldiers he straight filled all LIBYA and the city of ROME with his glory so that he was in euery manns mouth For they that were in the campe in AFRICKE wrote vnto them that were at ROME that they should neuer see the ende of these warres against this barbarous king if they gaue not the charge vnto Marius and chose him Consull These thinges misliked Metellus very much but specially the misfortune that came apon Turpilius did maruelously trouble him which fell out in this sorte Turpilius was Metellus frende yea he and all his parentes had followed Metellus in this warre being master of the workes in his campe Metellus made him gouernor ouer the city of VACCA a goodly great city and he vsing the inhabitantes of the same very gently and curteously mistrusted nothing till he was fallen into the handes of his enemies through their treason For they had brought king
litle repulsed by reason of the hanging of the hill Marius gaue this order vnto his folke and therewithall was him selfe the first man that put it in execution for he was as trymme a warriour and as valliant a souldier as any man in all his army besides not one amongest them all would venter furder and be more bolde then him selfe So when the ROMAINES had resisted them and stayed them sodainely going with fury to haue wonne the hill perceiuing them selues to be repulsed they gaue backe by litle and litle vntill they came into the field and then beganne the formest of them to gather together and to put them selues in battell ray vppon the plaine when sodainly they heard the noyse and charging of them that were in the tayle of their army For Claudius Marcellus failed not to take the occasion when it was offered him bicause that the noyse of the first charge comming vp against the hills thereabouts vnder the which he lay in ambushe gaue him aduertisement thereof whereupon he caused his men presently to shew and running with great cryes came to geue a charge vpon those which were in the tayle of the barbarous people putting the hindemost to the sworde They made their fellowes whose backes were next vnto them to turne their faces so from man to man till at the length in shorte time all their battell beganne to wauer in disorder and they made no great resistaunce when they saw they were so charged before and behinde but beganne straight to flie for life The ROMAINES following them hard at the heeles killed and tooke prisoners aboue a hundred thowsande of them and tooke moreouer their cartes their tentes and all their cariage Which the whole army by consent agreed to present vnto Marius excepting nothing sauing that which was imbeaceled and conueyed away vnder hande Now though this was a maruelous honorable right noble present yet they thought it not a recompence sufficient for that he had deserued for the valure he had shewed of a famous Captaine in leading of his army for the good order he kept in this warre so happy thought they them selues to haue escaped so great a daunger Notwithstanding some wryters doe not agree that the spoyle of the barbarous people was geuen vnto Marius nor that there were also so great a number of men slaine as we haue spoken of But they say that after this battell the MARSSILIANS did inclose their vines with hedges made of dead mens bones and that the bodies being rotten and consumed vpon the fieldes through the great raine that fell vpon them the winter following the ground waxed so fatte and did soke the grease so deepe in the same that the sommer following they did beare an vncredible quantity of all sortes of frutes And by this meanes were Archilocus wordes proued true that the errable land doth waxe fat with such rottennesse or putrification And it is sayd aso that of ordinary after great battells there falleth great store of raine Either it is by meane of some god that powring downe pure raine water doth purifie wash and clense the grounde defiled and polluted with mans blood or else it happeneth by naturall cause For that the ouerthrow of so many dead bodies and of the blood split engendreth a moyst grosse and heauy vapoure which doth thicken the ayer that by nature is chaungeable and easie to alter from a very small or litle beginning vnto an exceeding great chaunge After this battell Marius caused the harnesse and spoyles of the barbarous people to be layed aside that were left whole and fayer to sight to beautifie enrich the pompe of his triumphe Then he caused the rest to be gathered together on a great heape and layed apon a stake of wodde to make a noble sacrifice vnto the gods all his army being armed about him crowned with garlandes of triumphe and him selfe apparelled in a long gowne of purple according to the custome of the ROMAINES in such a case and holding a torch burning in both his hands which he first lifted vp vnto heauen And as he was turning downe the torch to put fire to the stake of wood they saw some of his frends a good way of a horse backe comming post vnto him then sodainly there was a great silence made of all the assembly euery man desirous to heare what good newes they had brought When they were come and lighted of their horses they ranne straight to embrace Marius and brought him newes that he was chosen Consull the fift time and presented him the letters sent him from ROME confirming the same And thus this new ioy falling out besides the victory the priuate souldiers did shewe the great ioy and pleasure they tooke in both with great showtes and beating vpon their harnesse and the Captaines also they crowned Marius againe with new garlandes of laurell which they put about his head and that done he put fire vnder the stake of wodde and ended his sacrifice But that which neuer suffereth men quietly to enioy the good happe of any victory clearely but in this mortall life doth euer mingle the ill with the good be it either fortune or spight of fatall destenie or else the necessitie of the naturall causes of earthly thinges did shortely after this great ioy bring newes vnto Marius of his companion Catulus Luctatius the other Consull who was like a cloude in a fayer bright day and brought the city of ROME againe into a new feare and trouble For Catulus that went against the CIMBRES thought it was not for him to keepe the straightes of the mountaines in hope to let the barbarous people for passing bicause that in so doing he had bene compelled to deuide his army into many partes and had weakened him selfe very much if he had taken that course Wherefore comming a litle on this side the Alpes towardes ITALIE he planted him selfe vpon the riuer of Athesis and built a bridge apon it to passe and repasse ouer his men when he would and sette vp at either ende of the bridge two strong fortes well fortified that he might more cōmodiously helpe the places on the other side of the riuer if the barbarous people by chaūce would offer to force thē after they had gotten out of the straights of the mountaines Now these barbarous people had such a glory in them selues and disdained their enemies so much that more to shew their force and boldnes then of any necessity that compelled them or for any benefit they got by it they suffred it to snow apon them being starke naked and did clime vp to the toppe of the mountaines throw great heapes ofise and snow And when they were at the very toppe of all they layed their long broad targets vnder their bodies and lay all along apon them sliding downe the steepe high rockes that had certaine hanginges ouer of an infinito height In the ende they came to campe neere vnto the ROMAINES by
bicause that commonly when the fronte of a battell is of such a bredthe the two winges are euer stretched out before and is made like the cressant of a moone where the middest is thickest and fardest in And it is wrytten also in other stories that Catulus him selfe accusing the malice of Marius bicause he did so spake it to excuse his owne dishonor As for the CIMBRES the troupes of their footemen comming out of their fortes leasurely did put them selves into a squadron as broade as long for in euery side they occupied almost thirty furlong but their horsemen which were fifteene thowsande marched before in sumptuous furniture For they had helmets on their heades facioned like wilde beastes neckes and straunge beuers or buffes to the same ware on their helmets great high plumes of feathers as they had bene winges which to sight made them appeare taller and bigger men then they were Furthermore they had good curases on their backes and caried great white targets before them and for weapons offensiue euery man had two dartes in his hand to bestow a farre of when they came to hand strokes they had great heauy swords which they fought withall neere hand But at that time they did not marche directly in rancke against the army of the ROMAINES but turned a litle on the right hand meaning to inclose the ROMAINES betwene them and their footemen that were on the left hand The ROMAINE Captaines founde their policy straight but they coulde not keepe their souldiers backe for there was one that cried the enemies fled and immediatly all the rest beganne to runne after In the meane time the footemen of the barbarous people that were like to a sea before them came forwards still then Marius hauing washed his handes and lifting them vp to heauen promised and vowed a solemne sacrifice vnto the goddes of a hundred oxen Catulus also made a vow lifting vp his handes to heauen in like maner that he would build a temple vnto fortune for that day and it is reported that Marius hauing sacrificed when they shewed him the intralls of the beastes sacrificed he cried out a lowde the victory is mine But when they came to geue the charge Marius had a great misfortune happened him powred apon him by goddes iustice who turned his craft against him selfe as Sylla wryteth for there rose very credibly so great a dust that both armies lost the sight one of an other And hereupon Marius being the first that ranne to beginne the charge and hauing placed his men about him missed to meete with his enemies and being passed beyonde their battell wandred a great while vp and downe the field whilest the barbarous people fought against Catulus So that the greatest fury of the battel was against Catulus and his army in the which Sylla wryteth he was him selfe and sayeth that the heate and the sunne which was full in the CIMBRES faces did the ROMAINES maruelous pleasure at that time For the barbarous people being very hard brought vp to away with cold bicause they were borne and bred in a cold contry shadowed altogether with woddes and trees as we haue sayd were to the contrary very tender against the heate and did melt with sweating against the sunne and gaped straight for breathe putting their targets before their faces sort was also in the hart of sommer about the seuen and twentie day of the moneth of Iulie that this battell was geuen and this dust also made the ROMAINES the bolder and kept them that they could not see the innumerable multitude of their enemies farre from them And euery man runninge to set apon them that came against them they were ioyned together in fight before that the sight of their enemies could make them afrayed And furthermore they were so good souldiers and so able to take paines that how extreame soeuer the heate was no man was sene sweate nor blow though they ranne at the first to set apon them this hath Catulus Luctatius him selfe left in wryting vnto the praise of his souldiers So were the most parte of the barbarous people and specially of the best souldiers slaine in the field And bicause they should not open nor breake their rancks the foremest rancks were all tyed bound together with girdells leather thongs long chaynes of iron and they that fled were chased followed into their campe by the ROMAINES where they met with horrible and fearefull thinges to beholde For their wiues being apon the toppe of their cartes apparelled all in blacke slue all those that fled without regarde of persones some their fathers other their husbandes or their brethren and strangling the litle young babes with their owne handes they cast them vnder the carte wheeles and betwene the horse legges and afterwards slue them selues And they say that there was a woman hanged at the ende of a carte ladder hauing hanged vp two of her children by the neckes at her heeles And that the men also for lacke of a tree to hang them selues on tyed slipping halters about their neckes vnto the hornes feete of the oxen and that they did pricke them afterwardes with goades to make them fling and leape so long that dragging them all about and treading them vnder feere at the length they killed them Now though nūbers were slaine by this meanes yet were there three score thowsand of them taken prisoners and the number of them that were slaine came to twise as many moe In this manner Marius souldiers spoyled the campe of the CIMBRES but the spoyles of dead men that were slaine in the fielde with their ensignes and trompets were all brought as it is sayd vnto Catulus campe which was a plaine testimonie to shewe that Catulus and his souldiers had wonne the field Strife rising thus betwene the souldiers of both campes about it that the matter might be tryed frendly betwene them they made the Ambassadors of PARMA their arbitrators who were by chaunce at that time in the army Catulus Luctatius souldiers led the Ambassadors to the place where the ouerthrowe was geuen shewing them the enemies bodies pearsed through with their pykes which were easie to be knowen bicause Catulus had made them graue his name apon their pykes For all this Marius went away with the honor of this great victory as well for the first battell he wanne alone when he ouerthrewe the TEVTONS and the AMBRONS as for his great calling hauing bene Consul fiue times And furthermore the common people at ROME called him the third foūder of the city of ROME thinking them selues now deliuered from as great a daūger as before time they had bene from the auncient GAVLES And euery man feasting at home with his wife and children offered the best dishes of meate they had to supper vnto the goddes and vnto Marius and would needes haue him alone to triumphe for both victories But he would not in any case but
in his place and that Cinna on thother side leauied men out of other partes of ITALIE and made warres vpon them that were in ROME Marius hearing of this dissention thought good to returne as soone as he could possible into ITALIE And assembling certaine horsemen of the nation of the MAVRVSIANS in AFRICKE certaine ITALIANS that had saued them selues there vnto the number of a thowsand men in all he tooke sea landed in a hauen of THVSCANE called TELAMON and being landed proclaimed by sounde of trompet liberty to all slaues and bonde men that would come to him So the laborers heard men and neareheardes of all that marche for the onely name and reputacion of Marius ranne to the sea side from all partes of the which he hauing chosen out the stowtest and lustiest of them wanne them so by fayer wordes that hauing gathered a great companie together in few dayes he made fortie sayle of them Furthermore knowing that Octauius was a maruelous honest man that would haue no authoritie otherwise then law reason would and that Cinna to the contrarie was suspected of Sylla and that he sought to bring in chaunge and innouation to the common wealth he determined to ioyne his force with Cinna So Marius sent first vnto Cinna to lette him vnderstande that he would obay him as Consull and be ready to do all that he should commaunde him Cinna receiued him and gaue him the title and authoritie of Viceconfull and sent him sergeaunts to carieaxes and roddes before him with all other signes of publicke authoritie But Marius refused them and sayed that pompe became not his miserable fortune for he euer went in a poore threede bare gowne and had let his heare grow still after he was banished being aboue three score and tenne yeare olde and had a sober gate with him to make men pitie him the more that sawe him But vnder all this counterfeate pitie of his he neuer chaunged his naturall looke which was euer more fearefull and terrible then otherwise And where he spale but litle went very demurely soberly that shewed rather a cankered corage within him then a minde humbled by his banishment Thus when he had saluted Cinna and spoken to the souldiers he then beganne to set thinges abroache and made a wonderfull chaunge in fewe dayes For first of all with his shippes he cut of all the vittells by sea robbed the marchaunts that caried corne and other vittells to ROME so that in a shorte space he was master purueyer for all necessarie prouision and vittells After this he went alongest the coast and tooke all the cities apon the sea side and at the length wanne OSTIA also by treason put the most parte of them in the towne to the sword and spoyled all their goodes and afterwards making a bridge apon the riuer of Tiber tooke from his enemies all hope to haue any manner of prouision by sea That done he went directly towardes ROME with his armie where first he wanne the hill called Ianiculum through Octauius faulte who ouerthrewe him selfe in his doinges not so much for lacke of reasonable skill of warres as through his vnprofitable curiositie and strictnes in obseruing the law For when diuerse did perswade him to set the bond men at liberty to take armes for defence of the common wealth he aunswered that he would neuer geue bond men the law and priuiledge of a ROMAINE citizen hauing driuen Caius Marius out of ROME to maintaine the authoritie of the lawe But when Caecilius Metellus was come to ROME the sonne of that Metellus Numidecus that hauing begonne the warres in LIBYA against king â—â—gurthe was put out by Marius the souldiers forsooke Octauius immediatly and came vnto him bicause they tooke him to be a better Captaine and desired also to haue a leader that could tell how to commaund them to saue the citie and the common wealth For they promised to fight valliantly perswaded them selues that they should ouercome their enemies so that they had a skillfull valliant Captaine that could order them Metellus misliking their offer commaunded them in anger to returne againe vnto the Consull but they for spite were vnto their enemies Metellus on thother side seeing no good order taken in the citie to resist the enemies got him out of ROME But Octauius being perswaded by certaine Soothsayers and CHALDEAN sacrificers who promised him all should goe well with him taried still in ROME For that man being otherwise as wise as any ROMAINE of his time and one that delt as vprightly in his Consulshippe not caried away with flattering tales and one also that followed the auncient orders and customes as infallible rules and examples neither breaking nor omitting any parte therof me thinkes yet had this imperfection that he frequeÌ„ted the Soothsayers wise men and astronomers more then men skilfull in armes and gouernment Wherefore before that Marius him selfe came into the citie Octauius was by force pluct out of the pulpit for orations and slaine presently by Marius souldiers whome he had sent before into the citie And it is sayed also that when he was slaine they founde a figure of a CHALDEAN prophecie in his bosome and here is to be noted a great contrarietie in these two notable men Octauius and Marius The first lost his life by trusting to soothsaying and the seconde prospered rose againe bicause he did not despise the arte of diuination The state of ROME standing then in this maner the Senate consulting together sent Ambassadors vnto Cinna and Marius to pray them to come peacibly into ROME and not to embrue their hands with the blood of their citizens Cinna sitting in his chayer as Consul gaue them audience made them a very reasonable and curteous aunswer Marius standing by him spake neuer a worde but shewed by his sower looke that he would straight fill ROME with murder and blood So when the Ambassadors were gone Cinna came into ROME enuironned with a great number of souldiers but Marius stayed sodainly at the gate speaking partely in anger and partely in mockerie that he was a banished man and driuen out of his contrie by law And therefore if they would haue him come into ROME againe they should first by a contrarie decree abolish and reuoke that of his banishment as if he had bene a religious obseruer of the lawes and as though ROME had at that present enioyed their freedom and libertie Thus he made the people assemble in the market place to proceede to the confirmation of his calling home againe But before three or foure tribes had time to geue their voices disguising the matter no lenger and showing plainly that he ment not to be lawfully called home againe from exile he came into ROME with a garde about him of the veriest rascalls most shamelesse slaues called the BARDIOâ—IANS who came to him from all partes and they for the least word he spake or at
not Muraena but went againe to his reliefe and finding that he on his side had also put the enemies to flight followed with him the chase of them that fled There was a maruelous slaughter made in that field of the barbarous people and many of them supposing to haue recouered their campe were slaine by the way so as of all that infinite multitude of fighting men there escaped only tenne thowsande who saued them selues by flying vnto the city of CHALCIDE Sylla for his parte wryteth that he could make reckening of no more but fourteene of his souldiers onely that were slaine whereof there came two againe to him the same night Wherefore in the markes of triumphe which he set vp for tokens of that victory he caused to be wrytten on the toppe thereof Mars victory and Venus signifying thereby that he had ouercome in these warres as much by good fortune as by force policie orâ—â—â— shall discipline These markes of triumphe were set vp for the battell which he wanne â—â—â—e plaine field in that place where Archelaus beganne to flie euen vnto the riuer of Molus. 〈…〉 he set vp an other also in the toppe of mount Thurium where the barbarous people wonder vpon behinde and there is wrytten in Greeke letters that the valliant deedes of Omoloidâ—â— and Anaxidamus gaue way to the winning of this victorie Sylla for the ioy of this great woâ—â—e battell caused musitians to play in the city of THEBES where he builded a stage for all the musitians neere vnto the fountaine OEdipus and certaine noble GREECIANS were appointed iudges of that musicke whom he caused to be sent for out of other cities bicause he â—â—â—tally hated the THEBANS insomuch as he tooke from them halfe their landes which he consecrated vnto Apollo Pythias and Iupiter Olympias appointing that of the reuenue thereof they should redeliuer and pay backe the money which he had taken and caried away from one of their temples Sylla after this hauing intelligence that Flaccus one of his enemies was chosen Consull at ROME and had passed the sea Ionium with an army vnder pretext to make wâ—â—â—â— against king Mithridates but in deede to make warre with him selfe tooke his iorney towards TRESSALIE to meete him But when he was in the citie of MELITEA there came newests him out of all partes that there was a new and second army of the kings arriued no lesse than the first the which spoyled and destroyed all the contry which he had left behinde him For Dorylaus one of king Mithridates Lieutenauntes was arriued in the city of CHALCIDE with a great fleete of shippes hauing brought thither with him foure score thowsand fighting men the best trained the best armed and appointed souldiers that were in all his kingdom of POâ—TVS in ASIA and from thence went into BOEOTIA had all that contry at commaundement and sought to fight with Sylla notwithstanding that Archelaus alleaged many reasons to â—â—â—swade him from it and furthermore gaue it out in euery place that so many thowsandes of souldiers coulde not haue bene cast away in the first battell without some notable treasâ—â— Whereupon Sylla returned with all possible speede made Dorylaus know before many dayes passed ouer his head that Archelaus was a wise man and knew well enough the worthines and valliant corage of the ROMAINES And Dorylaus hauing had but a litle proofe only in certaine light skirmishes which he made against Sylla about TILPHOSSION in THESSALIE him selfe was the first that could say then it was not for them to hazarde battell but rather to draw on the warres in length and supplant the ROMAINES with charge expence And yet notwithstaÌ„ding the commodity of the great large plaine that lyeth all about ORCHOMENE where they were encamped gaue great encoragement to Archelaus who iudged it a very fit place to gâ—â—â— battell in specially bicause he was the stronger of horsemen in the field For of all the plaâ—â—â— that are within the contry of BOEOTIA the greatest largest of them is the plaine nere to the city of ORCHOMENE which is altogether without trees and runneth out in length vnto the marisses where the riuer of Melas disperseth it selfe abroade The head of the same riuer is not farre from the city of ORCHOMENE that riuer only of all other riuers in GREECE from the very head whence it commeth is nauigable and hath besides an other singular property that it riseth swelleth euen in the longest sommer dayes as the riuer of Nilus doth and bringeth forth the selfe same plantes and trees sauing that they beare no frute neither are they so great as those of AEgypt This riuer hath no longe course bicause that the most parte of the waâ—â—â— runneth into lakes and marisses couered with brambles and briars and there is but a very liâ—â—e parte of it that falleth into the riuer of Cephisus in the place where the redes grow that they make good flutes withal When they were camped one nere to an other Archelaus lay quietly and sturred not But Sylla presently cast great trenches from one side to an other to stoppe the way against their enemies that they could not come into that great plaine where they might haue taken what ground they would for their men of armes and haue driuen the ROMAINES into the marisses The barbarous people not being able to endure that so soone as their Captaines had geuen them liberty discharged with such a fury that they did not scatter theâ— that wrought in Syllaes trenches but put the most parte of their gard also that stoode in battell ray to defend them in a maruelous feare who also beganne to flie Which Sylla perceiuing lighted straight from his horse and taking an ensigne in his hande ran through the middest of his men that fled vntill he came to his enemies doth crying out sayeth mo ahead â—â—â—â—yâ—â—ol 〈…〉 souldiers mine honor commaundeth me to dye here and therefore 〈…〉 thy nâ—â—â—s â—â—keth you where you forsooke your Captaine remembere that you â—â—nsever it what 〈…〉 uoâ—e They were so ashamed at these wordes than he made a hero 〈…〉 besides that â—â—â—e came two cohortes vnto him from the right wing of his battell who â—ndoâ— his leading gaue such a hotte charge vpon their enemies that they fled foorthwith opoâ—laâ— That done Sylla â—e â—â—red with his men and made them dine and therupon by and by â—â—â—hem againe 〈…〉 â—hes to enclose his enemies campe who then came out in better order then they did before There was Diogenes Archelaus wiues sonne slaine fighting valliantly before them also the right wing of their battell And the bowe men being pressed so neere by the ROMAINE 〈…〉 their bowes would doe no good looke their arrowes in their handes in stead of sworde and strake their enemies with them to force them to gaue backe vntil such time as at the 〈…〉 they were all driuen into their campe where they passed that night
or if he could not he would kill him selfe with his owne handes Vpon this promise Sylla sent him away and in the meane while entred with his armie into the contrie of MEDICA and after he had destroyed the most parte thereof returned backe againe into MACEDON where Archelaus â—â—ing returned from Mithridates founde him neere vnto the city of PHILIPPES bringing him newes that all should be well howebeit that his master Mithridates prayed him he might speake with him in any case Now the matter that made Mithridates so earnest to speake with Sylla was chiefely for Fimbria who hauing slaine Flaccus the Consull being of the contrast faction vnto Sylla and certaine of Mithridates Lieutenauntes also went him selfe against him to fight with him Mithridates fearing his comming chose rather to make him selfe Sylla frend So Mithridates and Sylla met together in the contry of TROADE in the city of DARDANE Mithridates being accompanied with a fleete of two hundred saile of shippes with oâ—â— at sea with twenty thowsand footemeâ—â— and thowsande horse and a number of armed abroad with sythes besides by land Sylla hauing onely but foure ensignes of footemen and two hundred horsemen Mithridates went to Sylla and offering to take him by the hand Sylla asked him first if he did accept the peace with the condicions which Archelaus had agreed â—nd Mithridates made him no aunswere Sylla following on his tale sayd vnto him It is for soters to speake first that haue request to make for before conquerors it is enough to hold their peace and hease what they will say Then began Mithridates to excuse him selfe and so lay the conâ—â—sion of the warre partly vpon the ordinaunce of the goddes that so had appointed it partly also vppon the ROMANES them selues Whereunto Sylla replyed that he had heard of long time that Mithridates was an eloquent Prince and that he knew it now by experience seeing that he lacked no comely words to cloke his fowle and shamefull dedes but withall he sharply reproued him and draue him to confesse the cruelties he had committed And afterwardes asked him againe if he did confirme that which Archelaus had done Mithridates made aunswer that he did Then Sylla saluted embraced and kissed him and calling for the kinges Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes reconciled them together and made Mithridates their frende againe In conclusion after Mithridates had deliuered Sylla three score and tenne gallies and fiue hundred bow men he returned by sea into his realme of PONTVS But Sylla hearing that his souldiers were angrie with this peace made with Mithridates bicause they could not abide to behold that king whom they accompted for their most cruell and mortall enemy hauing in one selfe day caused a hundred and fifty thowsand ROMANE citizens to be slaine that were dispersed abroade in diuers places of ASIA so to departe and go his way safe with the riches and spoyles of the contry which he had bereft them of and vsed at his pleasure the space of forty yeares together aunswered them in excuse of him selfe that he was not able to make warres with Mithridates Fimbria both if once they were ioyned together against him And so Sylla departing thence went against Fimbria who then was encamped neere to the city of THYATIRA and lodged him selfe as neere vnto him as he conueniently might Nowe whilest he was compassing in his lodging with a trench Fimbriaes souldiers came out of their campe in their coates without any armor or weapon to salute Syllaes souldiers and holpe them very frendly to make vp their trenche Which Fimbria seeing and perceiuing his souldiers mindes so chaunged of an extreame feare which he had of Sylla at whose handes he looked for no mercy killed him selfe in his owne campe Sylla hereuppon condemned the whole contry of ASIA the lesse to pay the summe of twenty thowsand talentes amongest them and presently also he vndid many poore householders through his insolent souldiers lying long vpon their charge which he left in garrison there For he ordained that euery householder should geue the souldier that lodged in his house foure Tetradrachmas a day should be bound to geue him and his frendes as many as he would bring with him their supper also and that euery Captaine should haue fifty Drachmas a day a night gowne for the house and a garment to goe abroade into the city when he thought good When he had geuen this order he departed from the city of EPHESVS with all his fleete and in three dayes sayling arriued in the hauen of Piraea at ATHENS where he was receiued into the fraternity of the mysteries and reserued for him selfe the librarie of Apellicon Teian in the which were the most parte of Aristotle and Theophrastus workes not then thought meete to come in euery mans handes And they say that this librarie being brought to ROME Tyrannion the grammarian founde the meanes to extract a great parte of them and that Andronicus the RHODIAN hauing recouered the originalls into his hands put them in printe and wrote the summaries which we haue at this present For the auncient Peripateticke Philosophers were of them selues very wise and learned men but they had not all Aristotles workes nor Theophrastus amongest them and yet those fewe they had were not by them seene all whole and perfect together bicause that the goodes of Neleus SCEPSIAN to whom Theophrastus left all his bookes by will came to fall into the hands of meane ignorant men who knew not the vertue and estimacion of them And furthermore Sylla being at ATHENS had such a paine and numnesse in his legges and was so heauy withall that Strabo calleth it a spice of the gowte that is to say a feeling or entring therinto which then beganne to roote and take hold of him Vpon which occasion he tooke the seaes went vnto a place called ADIPSVM where there are naturall hotte bathes and there remained a while solacing him selfe all the day long with musicke seeing of playes and entertaining such kinde of people Vpon a day as he was walking by the sea side certaine fisher men made him a present of fish which pleased him maruelous well demaunding of theÌ„ whence they were they aunswered him againe that they were of the city of ALES What of ALES sayd he is there any of them yet left aliue speaking it bicause that after the battell of ORCHOMENE when he followed the chase of his enemies he had taken and destroyed three cities of BOEOTIA all at one selfe time to wit ANTHEDON LARYMNA and ALES The poore fisher men were so amazed with his wordes that they stoode still and could not tell what to say Sylla fell a laughing thereat bad them go their wayes a gods name and be not affrayed for they brought no small intercessors with them which were worth the reckening of When Sylla had geuen them these wordes the ALLEIANS went home with a
mery harte to gather them selues together againe in their city Sylla so passing through THESSALIA MACEDON came to the sea side intending to go from the city of DYRRACHIVM vnto BRVNDVSIVM with twelue hundred sayle The city of APOLLONIA is hard by DYRRACHIVM and thereabouts is a parke consecrated vnto the nymphes where in a fayer goodly greene meadowe in many places there commeth out great bubles of fire that flame continually and it is sayd that there was a Satyre taken sleeping euen in the very selfe same forme the painters and image grauers haue set him out He was brought vnto Sylla and being asked by all sortes of interpreters what he was he made no aunswere that a man could vnderstand but only put forth a sharpe voyce like the neying of a horse or whynnying of a goate Sylla wondering at it abhorred him and made him to be caried from him as a monstrous thing Furthermore when Sylla had imbarked his men to passe the sea he was afrayed that so soone as they were landed in ITALIE they would shrinke from him and euery man go home to his owne But they sware and promised first of them selues that they would tary and keepe together and by their willes would doe no hurt in ITALIE Moreouer perceiuing that he stoode in neede of money they offred him of theirs euery man to lend him as his ability serued But Sylla would none yet thanked them for their goodwill and after he had exhorted them to fight like valliant souldiers he went against fifteene generalls of armies of his enemies who had foure hundred and fifty ensignes of footemen well armed as he him selfe wryteth in his commentaries But the goddes promised him good fortune in his warres by many sundry apparant signes For in a sacrifice he made by TARENTVM after he was come a lande the liuer of a certaine beast sacrificed was altogether facioned after the maner of a crowne or garland of laurell out of the which did hang two bandes or rolles And a litle before he went into CAMPANIA neere vnto the mountaine Epheum there appeared two great goates in the day time fighting together euen as two men do when they fight which neuerthelesse was no matter of trueth but a vision onely that appeared and rising from the earth dispersed it selfe by litle and litle here and there in the ayer and in th ende vanished quite away as clowdes which come to nothing Shortly after in the selfe same place Marius the younger and Norbanus the Consull who brought two great armies against him were ouerthrowen by him before he had set his men in battell or had appointed any man his place where he should fight and this proceeded onely vpon the corage and life of his souldiers whose goodwill to serue against them was such as following this victory he compelled the Consull Norbanus after he had slaine sixe thowsande of his men to take the city of CAPVA for his refuge This noble exployte as him selfe reported was the cause that his men kept so well together that they neither went home to their houses not made any reckening of their enemies although they were many against one And he sayth furthermore that in the city of SYLVIVM there was a slaue of one Pontius a citizen who beinge inspired with a propheticall spirite came to tell him from the goddesse Bellona that he should grow in strength cary away the victory of these wars howbeit that if he did nothye him the sooner the Capitoll at ROME should be burnt And so it fell out the same day according to his wordes being the sixteene day of the moneth called Quintilis and now Iuly And furthermore also Lucullus one of Syllaes Captaines being neere vnto the city of FIDENTIA with sixteene ensignes only against fifty ensignes of his enemies knowing his men to be very well affected to serue bicause the most parte of them were naked vnarmed was afrayed to hazard the battel and as he was euen bethinking him selfe what was best to determine therof there rose a litle winde out of a goodly meadow that blewe a wonderfull sorte of flowers apon the souldiers on euery parte of them These flowers stayed of them selues as they fell some apon their targets and others apon their moryans without falling to the grounde so that it seemed to their enemies a farre of as if they had bene garlandes of flowers vpon their heades This made Lucullus souldiers more lusty a great deale then they were before and with this good will they determined to geue a charge vpon their enemies whom they ouerthrew slue eighteene thowsand of them in the field tooke their campe This Lucullus was brother vnto the other Lucullus that afterwards ouerthrew the kings Mithridates Tigranes Neuertheles Sylla perceiuing that his enemies lay round about him with many great puisant armies thought good to vse policy with force therefore practised with Scipio one of the Consulls to make peace with him Scipio was willing to it thereupon were oft meetings assemblies of both sides Now Sylla draue of the conclusion of the peace as long as he could still seeking occasion of delay to th end that his souldiers which were throughly acquainted with craft and subtilty as well as him selfe might in the meane time corrupt Scipioes souldiers by repayre into his campe for they comming into Scipioes campe being very conuersaunt with theÌ„ straight corrupted some of them with ready money other with promises other with fayer flattering words many goodly tales they told them At the length after this practise had continued a while Sylla comming nere vnto Scipioes campe with twenty ensignes only all his men saluted Scipioes souldiers they resaluting them againe yelded them selues vnto Sylla so as Scipâ—o was left poste alone in his tente where he was taken but they afterwards let him goe So Sylla with his twenty ensignes like vnto the fowlers that by their stales draw other birds into their netts hauing gotten forty ensignes from his enemies by his craft brought them away with him into his campe There it was that Carbo layd of Sylla that he had to fight with a foxe a lyon both but that the foxe did him more hurte mischiefe then the lyon After this Marius the younger hauing fourescore and fiue ensignes in his campe neere vnto the citie of SIGNIVM presented battell vnto Sylla who hauing very good desire to fight and specially on that day bicause the night before he had seene this vision in his dreame that he thought he sawe Marius the father who was deceased long before warning his sonne that he should come to him Sylla for this respect desired maruelously to fight that day and thereuppon caused Dolobella to come vnto him that was before lodged farre from him But the enemies stept betwene him and home and stopped his passage to keepe him from ioyning with Sylla Syllaes souldiers to the contrarie
enemies might not discouer them and so they did and couered their morians headpeeces as well as might be from being seene Neuerthelesse they were discouered by two women doing sacrifice for the safety of their army and therupon were all in great hasard of casting away had not Crassus bene who came in time to their aide and gaue the enemies the cruellest battell that euer they fought in all that warre For there were slaine of the slaues at that battel twelue thowsand and three hundred of which two only were found hurt in the backes and all the rest slaine in the place of their ranckes valliantly fighting where they were set in battell ray Spartacus after this ouerthrowe drew towardes the mountaines of Petelie whither Quintus one of Crassus Lieutenauntes and Scrofa his treasorer followed him still skirmishing with his rereward all the way yet in fine Spartacus turned sodainly apon them made the ROMANES flie that still harried his men in that sorte and hurt Scrofa Crassus treasorer so sore that he hardly escaped with life But the vantage they had of the ROMANES by this ouerthrow fell out in the ende to the vtter destruction of Spartacus For his men thereby being the most of them fugitive bondmen grew to such a stowtenes and pride of them selues that they would no more flie from fight neither yet would they any lenger obey their leaders and Captaines but by the way as they went they compassed them in with their weapons and tolde them that they should go backe againe with them whether they would or not and be brought through LVCANIA against the ROMANES All this made for Crassus as he wished for he had receiued newes that Pompey was comming and that diuers were suters for him at ROME to be sent in this iorney saying that the last victory of this warre was due to him and that he would dispatche it at a battell as soone as he came thither Crassus therefore seeking occasion to fight lodged as neere the enemie as he could and made his men one day cast a trenche which the bondmen seeking to preuent came with great fury and set apon them that wrought Wherupon fell out a hotte skirmishe and still supplies came on of either side so that Spartacus in the ende perceiuing he was forced vnto it put his whole power in battell ray And when he had set them in order that they brought him his horse he was wont to fight on he drew out his sword and before them all slue the horse dead in the place saying if it be my fortune to winne the field I know I shall haue horse enow to serue my turne and if I chaunse to be ouercomen then shal I nede no moe horses After that he flew in among the ROMANES thinking to attaine to fight with Crassus but he could not come neere him yet he slue with his owne handes two ROMANE Centurions that resisted him In the end all his men he had about him forsooke him and fled so as Spartacus was left alone among his enemies who valliantly fighting for his life was cut in peeces Now though Crassus fortune was very good in this warre and that he had shewed him selfe a noble and valliant Captaine venturing his persone in any daunger yet he could not keepe Pompey from the honor of ending this warre for the slaues that scaped from this last battell where Spartacus was slaine fell into Pompeyes handes who made an end of all those rebellious rascalls Pompey here upon wrote to the Senate that Crassus had ouercomen the slaues in battell but that he him selfe had pulled vp that warre euen by the very rootes After this Pompey made his entrie into ROME and triumphed for his victorie of Sertorius and the conquest of SPAYNE Crassus also sued not for the great triumphe neither thought he the small Ouation triumphe a foote which they graunted him any honor vnto him for ouercomming a few fugitiue bondmen But for this small triumphe whereby it was called Ouatio how much it differeth from the great triumphe see Marcellus life where we haue at large discoursed thereof Now Pompey being called to be Consull Crassus though he stoode in good hope to be chosen Consull with him did yet notwithstanding pray his frendshippe and furtherance Pompey was very willing to helpe him and was euer desirous to make Crassus beholding to him whereupon he delt frendly for him and spake openly in thassembly of the city that he would no lesse thanke the people to appoint Crassus his companion fellow Consull with him then for making him selfe Consull But notwithstandinge they were both Consulls together in office their frendship held not but were euer atiarre the one against the other So by meanes of their disagreement they passed all the time of their Consulshippe without any memorable act done sauing that Crassus made a great sacrifice to Hercules and kept an open feast for the people of ROME of a thowsande tables and gaue to euery citizen corne to finde him three monethes But in the ende of their Consulship at a common counsell holden there was a knight of ROME called Onatius Aurelius a man not greatly knowen for that he had no dealinges in the state and kept most in the contry who gettinge vp to the pulpit for orations told the people what a vision he had seene in his dreame Iupiter said he appearing to me this night willed me to tell you openly that ye should not put Crassus Pompey out of their office before they were reconciled together He had no sooner spoken the wordes but the people commaunded them to be frendes Pompey sate still and sayd neuer a word to it But Crassus rose and tooke Pompey by the hand turning him to the people told them alowde my Lordes of ROME I do nothing vnworthy of my selfe to seeke Pompeis frendship and fauor first since you your selues haue called him the great before he had any heart vpon his face that ye gaue him the honor of triumphe before he was Senatour And this is all that Crassus did of any accompt in his Consulship When he was Censor also he passed it ouer without any acte done For he reformed not the Senate mustered not the men of warre nor tooke any view or estimate of the peoples goodes although Luctatius Catulus was his colleague and fellowe Censor as gentle a persone as any of that time that liued in ROME Now Crassus at the first entry into his office of Censor going about a cruell and violent act to bring EGYPT to pay tribute to the ROMANES Catulus did stowtly withstand him wherby dissention falling out betwene them they both did willingly resigne their office In that great conspiracie of Catiline which in manner ouerthrewe the whole state and common wealth of ROME Crassus was had in some iealousie and mistrust bicause there was one of the confederats that named him for one of
them howbeit they gaue no credit vnto him Yet Cicero in an oration of his doth plainly accuse Crassus Caesar as confederats with Catiline howbeit this oration came not forth till they were both dead And in the oration he made also when his office and authority of Consul ceased he sayd that Crassus came one night to him shewed him a letter touching Catiline certainly confirming the conspiracy then in examination For which cause Crassus euer after hated him and that he did not openly reuenge it the let was by meane of his sonne For Publius Crassus much fauoring eloquence and beinge geuen to his booke bare great good will vnto Cicero in such sorte that apon his banishment he put on chaunged garmentes as Cicero did and procured many other youthes to do the like also and in fine perswaded his father to become his frend Caesar now returning to ROME from the prouince he had in gouernment intended to sue for the Consulshippe and perceiuing that Pompey Crassus were againe at a iarre thought thus with him selfe that to make the one of them his frend to further his sute he should but procure thother his enemy and minding therfore to attaine his desire with the fauor of them both sought first the meanes to make thē frendes perswaded with them that by their controuersie th one seeking thothers vndoing they did thereby but make Cicero Catulus and Cato of the greater authority who of them selues were of no power if they two ioyned in frendshippe together for making both their frendes and factions one they might rule the state and common wealth euen as they would Caesar hauing by his perswasion reconciled Crassus and Pompey ioyning their three powers in one made them selues vnuincible which afterwardes turned to the destruction of the people and Senate of ROME For he made them not only greater than they were before the one by the others meanes but him selfe also of great power through them For when they beganne to fauor Caesar he was straight chosen Consull without any deniall and so behaued him selfe in the Consulship that at the length they gaue him charge of great armies and then sent him to gouerne the GAVLES which was as a man may say euen them selues to put him into the castell that should kepe all the citie in subiection imagining that they two should make spoyle and good booty of the rest sithence they had procured him such a gouernment Now for Pompey the cause that made him commit this error was nothing els but his extreame ambition But as for Crassus besides his old vice of couetousnes rooted in him he added to that a newe a uarice and desire of triumphes and victories which Caesars fame for prowes and noble actes in warres did throughly kindell in him that he being otherwise his better in all thinges might not yet in that be his inferior which furie tooke such holde as it neuer left him till it brought him vnto an infamous end and the common wealth to great misery Thus Caesar being come out of his prouince of GAVLE vnto LVCA diuers ROMANES went thither to see him and among other Pompey and Crassus They hauing talked with him in secret agreed among them to deuise to haue the whole power of ROME in their handes so that Caesar should kepe his armie together and Crassus and Pompey should take other prouinces and armies to them Now to attaine to this they had no way but one that Pompey and Crassus should againe sue the second time to be Consulls and that Caesars frendes at ROME should stand with them for it sending also a sufficient number of his souldiers to be there at the day of choosing the Consulls Thereupon Pompey and Crassus returned to ROME to that ende but not without suspicion of their practise for there ranne a rumor in the citie that their meeting of Caesar in LVCA was for no good intent Whereupon Marcellinus and Domitius asked Pompey in open Senate if he ment to make sute to be Consull Pompey aunswered them peraduenture he did peraduenture he did not They asking him againe the same question he aunswered he would sue for the good men not for the euill Pompeyes answers were thought very prowde hawty Howbeit Crassus aunswered more modestly that if he saw it necessary for the common wealth he would sue to be Consull if not that he would nor stand for it Vpon these words some were so bold to make sute for the Consulshippe as Domitius among other But afterwardes Pompey and Crassus standing openly for it all the rest left of their sute for feare of them Domitius only excepted whom Cato so prayed and intreated as his kinseman and frend that he made him to seeke it For he perswaded him that it was to fight for the defense of their libertie and how that it was not the Consulshippe Crassus and Pompey looked after but that they went about to bring in a tyranny that they sued not for the office but to get such prouinces and armies into their handes as they desired vnder colour and countenaunce of the Consulship Cato ringing these words into their eares beleuing it certainly to be true as he sayd brought Domitius as it were by force into the market place where many honest men ioyned with thē bicause they wondred what the matter ment that these two noble men should sue the second time to be Consulls and why they made sute to be ioyned together and not to haue any other with them considering there were so many other worthy men meete to be companion with either of them both in that office Pompey fearing he should be preuented of his purpose fell to commit great outrage and violence As amongest other when the day came to choose the Consulls Domitius going earely in the morning before day accōpanied with his frends to the place where the electiō should be his man that caried the torch before him was slaine by some whom Pompey had layed in waite many of his companie hurt and among others Cato And hauing thus dispersed them he beset a house rounde about whether they fled for succour and inclosed them there vntill they were both chosen Consulls together Shortly after they came with force to the pulpit for orations and draue Cato out of the market place slue some of them that resisted would not flye They also then prolonged Caesars gouernment of the GAVLES for fiue yeres more and procured for them selues by decree of the people the contries of SYRIA and SPAYNE Againe when they drew lottes together SYRIA fell to Crassus and SPAYNE to Pompey Euery man was glad of their fortune For the people on the one side were loth Pompey should goe farre from ROME him selfe also louing his wife well was glad he had occasion to be so neere her that he might remaine the most of his time at ROME But Crassus of all other reioyced
is the wisedom of the auncient ROMANES to be both commended had in admiration which did not only reward seruice in the field with such honorable names titles but ciuill seruice and good gouernment also in peace at home For there were two whom the people at ROME called Maximi to say very great of the which Valerius was the one for that he made peace and agreement betwext the people and Senate The other was Fabius Rullus for that he put from the Senate certaine bondmen infranchised who through their riches and fauor had obtained that place After that Pompey required the honor of triumphe but Sylla denied it alleaging that none could enter in triumphe into ROME but Consulls or Praetors For sith Scipio the first who in SPAYNE had ouercome the CARTHAGINIANS neuer desired this honor of triumphe being neither Consull nor Praetor much lesse should he stande apon demaund of triumphe into ROME when that through his young yeares he was not yet a Senator and besides it would purchase him enuy of his honor and greatnes These reasons did Sylla alleage against Pompey and told him plainly that if he were bent to stand in it he would resist him All this blanked not Pompey who told him frankely againe how men did honor the rising not the setting of the sunne meaning thereby how his owne honor encreased and Syllaes diminished Sylla heard him not very perfectly what he sayd but perceiuing by their countenaunces that stoode by that they wondred at it he asked what it was he sayd When it was tolde him he maruelled at the boldnes of so young a man and then cried out twise together let him then triumphe a Gods name Many being offended therewith Pompey as it is reported to anger them more would needes be brought in in triumphant charriot drawen with foure Elephants for he had taken many of them from those kings and Princes which he had subdued Howbeit the gate of the city being too narrowe he was driuen to leaue the Elephantes and was contented to be drawen in with horses Now his souldiers that had not all things as they looked for and which was promised them going about to trouble and hinder his triumphe he sayd he passed not for it that he would rather let alone all his preparation of triumphe then once to yeeld to flatter them Whereuppon there was a famous man at that time called Seruilius who at the first was one of the chiefest against Pompeys triumphe who sayd openly now I know that Pompey in deede is great deserueth triumphe Being euident enough that if he would he might then haue easily bene made Senator he sued not for that but as they say sought honor by a straunger meane lesse honorable For if he had bene made Senator so young it had not bene so great a matter but to haue such honor before he was Senator that was maruelously to be noted But this wanne him the more fauor and good will still amongest the common people for they were glad when after his triumphe they saw him in companie amongest the ROMANE Knights On thother side it spighted Sylla to see him come so fast forward and to rise to so great credit notwithstanding being ashamed to hinder him he was contented to kepe it to him selfe vntill that Pompey by force against Syllaes will had brought Lepidus to be Consull by the helpe and good will of the people that furdered his desire Theruppon Sylla seeing Pompey returning ouerthwart the market place from the election with a great traine of followers to honor him he sayd vnto him O young man I see thou art glad of this victory and so hast thou cause for it is a goodly thing out of doubt to haue had such fauor of the people as for thy sake to haue made Lepidus Consull the vilest person of all men before Catulus the honestest man of the citie But I will tell thee one thing see that thou sleepe nor and looke well to thy busines for thou hast aduaunced a daungerous enemy to thy selfe Now the chiefest thing wherein Sylla discouered most his ill will vnto Pompey was in his last will and testament for he gaue legacies vnto euery one of his frendes and some of them he made tutors ouerseers of his sonne but he made no mencion of Pompey at all This notwithstanding Pompey tooke it well enough And where Lepidus and some other would haue kept Syllaes body from buriall in the field of Mars and that his funeralls should not be openly solemnised he contrarywise brought him very honorably and safely to the ground Shortly after Syllaes death his wordes of prophecie vnto Pompey concerning Lepidus proued true For Lepidus vsurping the authoritie which Sylla had before not colourablie but openly entred straight in armes sturring vp againe those of Marius faction whom Sylla could not be reuenged of and which lay lurking a long time spying for occasion to rise againe True it is that his colleague and fellow Consull Catulus whom the best and soundest parte of the people followed was thought a maruelous honest man both iust and modest howbeit a better Gouernor in peace then a good man of warre insomuch as time required Pompeys skill and experience So Pompey stoode not doubtfull which way he would dispose him selfe but tooke parte straight with the nobility and honestest men was presently chosen Captaine of their armie against Lepidus who had already wonne the greatest parte of ITALIE and with an army vnder the conduct of Brutus kept GAVLE on this side the mountaines called GALLIA CISALPINA And for the rest Pompey easily ouercame it howbeit he lay a long time before MODONA besieging of Brutus In the meane season Lepidus came to ROME being hard at the walls demaunding the second Consulship made them affrayed in the city with the great numbers of men he had about him gathered together of all sortes Howebeit this feare was cooled straight by a letter which Pompey wrote to ROME aduertising how he had ended this warre without any bloodshed for Brutus either betraying his army or being betrayed of it yeelded him selfe vnto Pompey who gaue him a certaine number of horsemen that conducted him to a litle towne apon the riuer of Poe where the next day after Geminius being sent by Pompey slue him But hereof Pompey was greatly blamed for that he had wrytten letters to the Senate from the beginning of the chaunge how Brutus had put him selfe into his handes and afterwardes wrote letters to the contrary which burdened him for putting of him to death This Brutus was father of that Brutus which afterwardes with the helpe of Cassius slue Iulius Caesar howbeit he shewed not him selfe so like a coward neither in warres nor in his death as his father did As we haue declared more at large in his life Furthermore Lepidus being driuen to forsake ITALIE fled into SARDINIA where he dyed as it is reported of a
hurt and if he would not goe of him selfe then they cast him ouer the bord by force and sent him packing These rouers and sea pirates had all the sea Mediterraneum at commaundement insomuch there durst not a marchant looke out nor once traffique that sea And this was the only cause that moued the ROMANES fearing scarsity of vittells and a great dearth to send Pompey to recouer the signory againe of the sea from these pirates The first man that moued it might be decreed that Pompey should not be only Admirall or Generall by sea but should haue absolute power to commaunde all manner of persons as he thought good without any account to be made of his doinges in his charge was Gabinius Pompeys frend The summe to this decree gaue him full power and absolute authority of all the sea from Hercules pillers and of the maine land the space of foure hundred furlong from the sea For the ROMANES dominions at that time in few places went further then that notwithstanding within that compasse were many great nations mighty kings Furthermore it gaue him power to choose of the Senate fifteene Lieutenauntes to geue vnto euery one of them seuerall prouinces in charge according to his discretion and also to take money out of the treasure of the Generall receiuers of the state to defray the charges of a fleete of two hundred saile with full power besides to leauy what men of warre he thought good and as many galliots and mariners as he listed This law when it had bene read once ouer among them the people confirmed it with very good will. Yet the noble men and chiefe of the Senate thought that this authority did not only exceede all enuy but also that it gaue them apparant cause of feare to geue such absolute power vnto a priuate person Whereupon they were all against it but Caesar who fauored the decree not so much to pleasure Pompey as the people whose fauor he sought The noble men fell maruelously out with Pompey and at the length one of the Consulls was very hotte with him and told him he looked to follow Romulus steppes but peraduenture he would come shorte of that end he made Thereupon the people thought to haue killed him After that Catulus stoode vp to speake against this edict The people at the first heard him quietly bicause he was a worthy man Then he began without any shew of enuy to speake many goodly thinges in the praise of Pompey and in fine aduised the people to spare him and not to venter in such daungerous warres one after an other a man of so great accompt as they ought to make of him If ye chaunce to loose him sayd he whom haue you then to put in his place The people then cried out your selfe Then perceiuing that he lost his labor seeking to turne the people from their determination he left it there and sayd no more Roscius rose next after him to speake but he could haue no audience When he saw that he coulde not be heard he made a signe with his fingers that they shoulde not geue Pompey alone this authority but ioyne an other with him The people being offended withall made such an outcrie vppon it that a crow flying ouer the market place at that instant was striken blinde fell downe amongest the people Whereby it appeareth that fowle falling out of the ayer to the ground do not fall for that the ayer is broken or pearced with any force or fury but bicause the very breath of the voice when it commeth with such a violence as it maketh a very tempest in the ayer doth strike ouercome them Thus for that day the assembly brake vp and nothing past and at the day appointed when this decree should passe by voyces of the people Pompey went abroad into the contry There being aduertised that the decree was past for the cōfirmation of his charge he returned againe that night into the citie bicause he would auoyde the enuie they would haue borne him to haue seene them run out of all partes of the city vnto him to haue waited on him home The next morning he came abroad and sacrificed to the goddes and audience being geuen him at an open assembly he handled the matter so that they gaue him many thinges besides to enlarge his power almost doubling the preparation set downe and appointed at the first decree For he ordained that the common wealth should arme him fiue hundred shippes they leauied for him sixe score thowsand footemen and fiue thowsand horsemen and chose besides foure and twenty Senators which had euery one of them bene Generalls of armies and two generall Treasorers also While thinges were thus a preparing the price of vittels fell by chaunces which reioyced the people so much that they stucke not to say that the name of Pompey only had already ended this warre This notwithstanding he deuided all the sea betwene the lands into thirteene regions and in euery of them he appointed a certaine number of his shippes and moreouer one of his Lieutenauntes ouer them Thus hauing dispersed his power all abroade he brought all the pirates shippes that were in a fleete together within his daunger and when he had taken them he brought them all into a docke Now for them that had dispersed them selues betimes or that otherwise could scape his generall chase they fled all into CILICIA as bees into the beehiue against whom he would needes go him selfe in person with three score of his best shippes Howbeit he cared not though he went not before he had scoored all the THVSCANE sea the coastes of LYBIA SARDINIA SICILE and of CORSICA of all these theeues which are wont to keepe thereabouts and this he did within forty dayes space taking infinite paines both him selfe and his Lieutenaunts Now when one of the Consulls called Piso did all the best he could to hinder Pompeys preparation and had discharged his ower men for that he enuied Pompeys prosperity Pompey sent his shippes before to make towardes ITALIE to arriue at the city of BRVNDVSIM He in the meane time went through TEVSCANE to ROME where so soone as his comming was knowen all the people ran out to meete him as if he had bene absent a long time and that which made the people more ioyfull to see him was the sodaine chaunge of victals vnlooked for that dayly came to the towne out of all partes But Piso went neere to be depriued of his Consulshippe for Gabinius had the decree wrytten and ready to present to the people But Pompey would not suffer it So hauing gently brought all to passe as he desired he went vnto the city of BRVNDVSIVM and there tooke sea and hoysed sayle Now though his hasty voyage and shortnesse of time made him passe by many good cities without comming into them notwithstanding he would not so passe by the city of ATHENS but landed there and after he had
ROME together at the day of his triuÌ„phe His army being thus dispersed straight reported abroad for newes a maruelous thing happened vnto him The cities seeing Pompey the great without souldiers hauing but a small traine about him of his familliar frendes onelyâ— went all of theÌ„ to meete him not as though he were returned home from his great conquests but from some iorney takeÌ„ for his pleasure Such was the loue of the people to him that they accompanied him to ROME whether he would or not with a greater power then that he had brought into ITALIE so that if he had bene disposed to haue made any innouation in the common wealth he had not needed his army In those dayes there was a law that no man should enter into ROME before his triumphe whereupon Pompey sent to the Senate to pray them to deserte the chosing of Consuls for a few daies bicause he might be present to further Piso who fued for the Consulship that yere They denied him his request by Catoes meanes that hindred it Pompey marueling to heare of his boldnes plaine speech which he only vsed of all other to defend his iust causes had a maruelous desire to win him to make him his frend So Cato hauing two neces Pompey desired to marry the one him selfe the other for his sonne But Cato mistrusting this desire of Pompeys that it was a colour only to win corrupt him denied him â—â—atly His wife sister on thother side they were angry with him for refusing to make alliance with Pompey the great About that time it chauÌ„ced that Pompey being very desirous to preserve Afranius to be Consul he caused certaine money to be geuen amongest the tribes of the peoples the same was deliuered out to some euen in his owne gardens This thing being reported abroad in the city euery man spake ill of Pompey that he put the Consulship to sale for money vnto those that could not deserue it by vertue sith him selfe only had obtained it by purchase of many a noble worthy deede Then sayd Cato to his wife and sister loe now we had bene partakers of this fault to had we matched with Pompey When they heard it they confessed he had reason to refuse the match for equity and his honor But now to his triumphe For the statelines magnificeÌ„ce therof although he had two dayes space to shew it yet he lacked time for there were many things prepared for the shewe that were not seene which would haue serued to haue set out an other triuÌ„phe First there were tables caried wheron were written the names titles of all the people and nacions for the which he triumphed as these that follow The kingdom of PONTVS ARMENIA CAPPADOCIA PAPHLAGONIA MEDIA COICHIS IBERIA ALBANIA SYRIA CILICIA MESOPOTAMIA furthermore the people that dwell about PHOENICIA PALAESTINE IVDAEA ARABIA all the pirats which he had ouercomen both by sea by land in all parts of the world In all these contries he tooke about a thowsand castels few lesse then nine hundred townes cities of pirats ships eight hundred nine thirtie desolate townes left without inhabitants replenished againe with people by him Moreouer these tables declared that the reuenue of the coÌ„mon wealth of ROME before these conquests he made amounted yerely but to fiue thowsand Miriades that from thence forth with the summes he had added vnto the former reuenue they should now receiue eight thowsand fiue hundred Miriades that he brought presently in ready gold siluer in plate iuells to put into the common treasory the value of twenty thowsand talents besides that which had bene distributed alredy amongst the souldiers of the which he that had left for his share had fifteene hundred Drachmas The prisoners that were led in the shew of this triumphe besides the Captaines of the pirats were these that follow The sonne of Tigranes king of ARMENIA with his wife daughter the wife of king Tigranes himselfe called Zosome Aristabulus king of IVRIE Mithridates sister with fiue sonnes of hers some Ladies of SCYTHIA The ostages also of the IBERIANS and the ALBANIANS and also of the kings of the COMMAGENIANS ouer besides a great number of other markes of triumphes which him selfe or his Lieutenauntes had wonne at sundry battells in diuers places But the greatest honor that euer he wanne and which neuer other Consull of the ROMANES but him selfe obtained was this that he made his third triumphe of the three partes of the world Diuers other ROMANES had triumphed thrise before him howbeit he first triumphed of AFRICKE the seconde time of EVROPE the third time of ASIA So that it appeared by these three triumphes that he had triumphed in maner of all the lande that is inhabited being at that time as it is reported by them which compare his doinges vnto Alexander the great vnder foure and thirty yeares of age though in troth at that time he was neere forty O happy had it bene for him if he had dyed when he had Alexanders fortune for all his life afterwardes made his prosperitie hatefull or his aduersity miserable Imploying the honor and authority he had gotten by his valliantnes fauoring mens vniust causes the more he furthered them the more he lessened his honor and vnwares brought his greatnes to nothing For like as when the strongest places of a citie which receiuinge their enemies into them doe geue them the benefit of their owne strength euen so through Pompeys power Caesar growing to be great ouerthrew him in the end with the selfe same meanes he imployed to the ouerthrowe of others And thus it fortuned Lucullus at his returne out of ASIA where Pompey had vncurteously vsed him was then very well taken of the Senate and much more when Pompey was also come to ROME For the Senate did counsell and incorage him to deale in thaffaires of the state seeing him waxe very slow and geuen too much to his ease pleasure by reason of his great wealth he had gotten So when Pompey was come he beganne to speake against him and through the frendshippe and assistance of Cato confirmed all his doinges in ASIA which Pompey had broken and reiected Pompey finding he had such a repulse of the Senate was driuen to haue recourse vnto the Tribunes of the people and to fall in frendship with light young men Of the Tribunes the most impudent vilest person was Clodius who receiued him made him a praye vnto the people For he had Pompey euer at his elbow against his honor caried him vp downe the market place after him to speake as occasion serued to confirme any matter or deuise which he preferred vnto him to flatter the common people And further for recompence of his goodwill he craued of Pompey not as a thing dishonorable but
his hand very neere vnto Pompey making this his colour but otherwise fearing Clodius insolency prowde words he would neuer after come into the market place as long as Clodius was Tribune but kept at home still consulting with his frendes what way he should take to appease the anger of the Senate against him Thereuppon one of his frendes called Culeo perswaded him to put away his wife Iulia and vtterly to refuse Caesars frendshippe and to sticke againe to the Senate but he would none of that Notwithstanding he was contented to hearken vnto them that gaue him counsell to call Cicero home againe who was Clodius mortall enemie and in great fauor with the Senate Thereuppon he brought Ciceroes brother into the market place to moue the matter to the people with a great number of men about him where they fell to blowes and diuers were slaine of either side notwithstanding he ouer came Clodius Thus Cicero being called home by decree of the people when he was come he brought Pompey againe in fauor with the Senate and standing with the lawe propounded to geue Pompey authoritie to cause corne to be brought to ROME he once againe made him haue power both by land and sea ouer all the territories of the ROMANES For all the hauens martes fayres all store houses for corne yea moreouer all the trade of marchandise and tillage came vnder Pompeys hands Then Clodius accusing him sayd that the Senate had not made this law for the dearth of vittells but that they made a dearth of vittells bicause the lawe should passe to reuiue Pompeys power and authority againe that was almost vnder foote Other say that this was a deuise of Leutulus Spinther the Consull who gaue Pompey the greater authoritie bicause he might be sent to put king Ptolomy againe into his kingdom This notwithstanding Canidius the Tribune preferred an other law to send Pompey without an army with two sergeaunts only to cary the axes before him to bring Ptolomy in fauor againe with the ALEXANDRIANS This law seemed not to mislike Pompey but the Senate with honest colour put by this lawe as being affrayed least Pompeys person should miscary in so doing Neuerthelesse litle papers were found throwen about the market place and the Senate house declaringe that Ptolomy desired Pompey might come to aide him in Spinthres stead Timagenes wryteth notwithstanding that Ptolomy went vnto ROME left AEGYPT without any occasion geuen him at the perswasion of Theophanes who perswaded him to doe so bicause he would geue Pompey occasion to make newe warres But Theophanes craft and suttilty made not this matter so credible as Pompeys wit and good nature made it altogether vntrue for his ambitiō was nothing so vile nor ill as that was So Pompey hauing now full authority to cause corne to be brought to ROME he sent then his Lieutenauntes and frendes abroade and him selfe in person went into SICILE Nowe being ready to returne againe there rose such a storme of winde in the sea that the mariners were in dout to way their anckers But him selfe first imbarked and commaunded them straight to hoyse sayle crying out alowde it is of necessitie I must goe but not to liue So through his boldnes and good spirite vsing the good fortune he had he filled all the places of marte and markets with come and all the sea besides with shippes insomuch the plenty he brought did not only furnishe the city of ROME but all their neighbours also about them and came like a liuely spring that dispersed it selfe through all ITALIE About that time the great conquestes that Caesar made in GAVLE did set him aloft For when they thought that he was occupied in warres farre from ROME with the BELGEANS SWISSES and Englishmen ◠he by secret practise was in the middest among the people at ROME most against Pompey in the waightiest affayres of the common wealth For he had the power of an armie about his person which he did harden with paines and continuall practise not with intent to fight onely against the barbarous people for the battells he had with them were in maner but as a hunting sporte by the which he made him selfe inuincible and dreadfull to the worlde But furthermore by the infinite gold siluer and the incredible spoiles and treasure which he wan apon the enemies whom he had ouercome and by sending great presentes also to ROME to the Ediles Praetors Consulls and their wiues he purchased him many frendes Therefore after he had passed ouer the Alpes againe and was come to winter in the city of LVCA ◠world of people both men and women and of the Senate them selues almost two hundred persons and amongest them Crassus and Pompey by name went out of ROME vnto him Furthermore there were seene at Caesars gate sixe score sergeauntes carying axes before Praetors or Proconsulls So Caesar sent euery one backe againe either full of money or good wordes but with Pompey and Crassus he made a matche that they two together should sue to be Consulls and that he him selfe would send them good aide to ROME at the daye of election to geue their voyces And if they were thosen that they should then practise by decree of the people to haue the gouernmentes of some newe prouinces and armies assigned them and withall that they should adiorne the gouernment of those prouinces he had for fiue yeares more This packe being bewrayed and spred abroad through ROME the honestest sorte misliked much thereof Wherupon Marcellinus at an open assembly of the people did aske them both if they would sue for the Consulship at the next election So they being vrged by the people to make aunswere Pompey spake first and said peraduenture he would peraduenture not Crassus aunswered more gently that he would doe that which should be best for the common wealth Then Marcellinus sharpely inueying against Pompey he angrily againe cast him in the teeth said that Marcellinus was the ranckest churle and the vnthankefullest beast in the world for that of a dumme man he had made him eloquent and being in maner starued and famished many a time he had filled his bellie This notwithstanding diuers that before were determined to sue for the Consulship went no further in it sauing Lucius Domitius whom Cato counselled and incoraged not to geue it ouer for said he thou doest not contend for the Consulship but to defend the common libertie of thy contry against two tyrannes Pompey therefore fearing Catoes faction least that hauing all the Senates good willes he should drawe also the best parte of the people after him thought it not good to suffer Domitius to come into the market place To this ende therefore he sent men armed against him who at the first onset slue the torche bearer that caryed the torche before him and made all the rest flie amongest whom also Cato was the last man that retired who was hurt in his
weying with him selfe the great enterprise he tooke in hand At the last as men that being of a maruelous height from the ground do hedlong throw themselues downe closing of their eyes and withdrawing their mindes from the thought of the daunger crying out these wordes only vnto them that were by in the greeke tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in english let the dye be cast meaning hereby to put all in hasard and according to our prouerbe to see all on six and seuen he passed ouer with his armie Now the newes of his comming being caried to ROME they were in such a maruelous feare as the like was neuer seene For all the Senate ranne immediatly vnto Pompey and all the other magistrates of the citie fled vnto him also Tullus asking Pompey what power he had to resist them he aunswered him faltring somewhat in his speach that he had the two legions ready which Caesar sent him backe againe and that he thought with the number of them which he had leauied in hast he should make vp the nomber of thirtie thowsand fighting men Then Tullus cryed out openly ah thou hast mocked vs Pompey â—e thereupon gaue order they should send ambassadors vnto Caesar. There was one Phaonius in the companie who otherwise was no ill man sauing that he was somewhat to bolde thinking to counterfeate Catoes plaine maner of speach he bad Pompey then stampe his foote apon the ground make those souldiers come which he had promised the Pompey gently bare with Phaonius mocke But wheÌ„ Cato told him also what he had prophecied before hand of Caesar he aunswered him againe in deed thou hast prophecied more truly then I but I haue delte more frendly then he Then Cato thought good that they should make him lieutenant generall of ROME with full and absolute power to commaund all saying that the selfe same men which doe the greatest mischiefe know best also how to remedie the same So he immediatly departed into SICILE hauing the charge and gouernment of that contrie and also euery one of the other Senators went vnto the charge they were appointed Thus all ITALY being in armes no man knew what was best to be done For they that were out of ROME came flying thither from all partes and those on thother side that were within ROME went out as fast and forsooke the citie in this trouble and disorder That which might seâ—ue being willing to obeye was found very weake and that on thother side which by disobedience did hurte was to stronge and ill to be gouerned by the magistrates hauing lawe to commaund For there was no possibilitie to pracifie their feare neitherwould they suffer Pompey to offer thinges as he would but euery man followed his owne fancie euen as he found him selfe greiued affraid or in doubt and in one daie they were in diuers mindes Pompey could heare nothing of certaintie of his enemies For some one while would bring him newes one way and then againe another way and then if he would not credit them they were angry with him At the length when he saw the tumult confusion so great at ROME as there was no meane to pacifie it he commaunded all the Senators to follow him telling all them that remained behinde that he would take them for Caesars frendes and so at night departed one of the citie Then the two Consuls fled also without doing any sacrifice to the goddes and they were wont to do before they went to make any warres So Pompey euen in his greatest trouble and most daunger might thinke him selfe happy to haue euery mans good will as he had For though diuers misliked the cause of this warre yet no man hated the captaine but there were moe found that could not forsake Pompey for the loue they bare him then there were that followed him to fight for their libertie Shortly after Pompey was gone out of ROME Caesar was come to ROME who possessing the citie spake very gently vnto all them he found there and pacified their feare sauing that he threatned Metellus one of the Tribunes of the people to put him to death bycause he would not suffer him to take any of the treasure of the common wealth Vnto that cruell threate he added a more bitter speach also saying that it was not so hard a thing for him to doe it as to speake it Thus hauing put downe Metellus and taken that he needed to serue his turne he tooke apon him to follow Pompey thinking to driue him out of ITALY before that his armie he had in SPAYNE should come to him Pompey in the meane time hauing taken the citie of BRVNDVSIVM and gotten some shippes together he made the two Consuls presently imbarke with thirtie enseignes of footemen which he sent beyond the sea before vnto DYRRACHIVM And incontinently after that he sent his father in lawe Scipio and Câ—â—us Pompey his sonne into SYRIA to prouide him shippes Him selfe on thother side fortified the rampers of the citie and placed the lightest souldiers he had vpon the walles and coÌ„maunded the BRVNDYSINIANS not to sturre out of their houses further he cast trenches within the citie at the ende of the streetes in diuers places and filled those trenches with sharpe pointed stakes sauing two streetes onely which went vnto the hauen Then the third day after hauing imbarked all the rest of his souldiers at his pleasure be sodainly liking vp â— signe into the ayer to geue them warning which he had left to gard the rampers they straight ranne to him with speede and quickly receyuing them into his shippes he wayed ancker and hoysed saile Caesar perceyuing the walles naked without ward he straight mistrusted that Pompey was fled who hasting after him had almost ronne vpoÌ„ the sharpe stakes and fallen into the trenches had not the BRVNDVSINIANS geuen him warning of them So he stayed and ranne not ouerthwart the citie but fetched a compasse about to goe to the hauen where he found that all the shippes were vnder saile two shippes onely excepted vpon the which were left a few souldiers Some thinke that this departure of Pompey was one of the best stratageames of warre that euer he vsed Nothwithstanding Caesar maruelled much that he being in a strong citie and looking for his armie to come out of SPAYNE and being master of the sea besides that he would euer forsake ITALY Cicero also reproued him for that he rather followed Themisâ—ocles couÌ„sell theÌ„ Pericles considering that the troublesome time was rather to be likened 〈…〉 Pericles theÌ„ Themisâ—ocles time Yea Caesar him selfe shewed that he was affraid of the time For when he had taken Numerius one of Pompeys frends he sent him vnto Pompey at BRVNDVSIVM to offer him reasonable coÌ„dicioÌ„s of peace But Numerius followed Pompey failed away with him By this meanes Caesar in three score dayes being lord of all ITALIE without any bloodshed he was very desirous to follow with
him once againe to flie from Caesar and to make him follow him sithe fortune had geuen him oportunitie to haue Caesar in chase not lawfull also before the gods to forsake his father in lawe Scipio and many other also that had bene Consuls despersed abrode in GRAECE and THESSALY which should immediatly fall into Caesars handes with all their riches and armies they had Furthermore he said that they had care enough for the citie of ROME which drew the warres fardest of from them so as they remaining safe quiet at home neither hearing nor feeling the misery of warres might in th end peaceably receiue and welcome him home that remained conqueror With this determinacion he marched forward to follow Caesar being determined not to geue him battel but to beseege him only to compasse him in still being neere vnto him and so to cut him of from vittels There was also an other reason that made him to follow that determinacion For it was reported to him that there was a speech geuen out among the ROMANE knights that so soone as euer they had ouercome Caesar they must also bring Pompey to be a priuate man againe Some saye therefore that Pompey would neuer afterwardes imploy Cato in any greater matters of waight in all this warre but when he followed Caesar he left him captaine of his armie to kepe his cariage by sea fearing that so soone as Caesar were once ouercome he would make him straight also resigne his authoritie Pompey following Caesar in this maner faire and softly they cryed out apon him that he made no warre with Caesar but against his contrie and the Senate bycause he might be still in authoritie and that he would neuer leaue to haue them for his seruauntes and gard about him which should rule commaund the world Furthermore Domitius Aenobaâ—bus calling him continually Agamemnon and king of kinges made him much to be enuied Phaonius also mocked him as much as the other that spake most boldest for he went crying vp and downe my masters I geue you warning you are like to eate no TAVSCVLAN figges this yeare And Lucius Afranius also he that had lost the armie which he had in SPAYNE and was also suspected for a traitour seeing Pompey then refused to come to battell I maruaile said he that they which accuse me doe not lustely goe to finde him out whome they call the marchaunt and common buyer of prouinces to fight with him presently With these and many such other lewd speaches they compelled Pompey in thend who could not abide to be ill spoken of and would not denie his frendes any thinge to follow their vaine hope and desires and to forsake his owne wise determination the which thinge no good shipppe master and much lesse a chiefe and soueraine captaine ouer so many nations and so great armies should haue suffred and consented vnto Now he that did alwayes commend the positions that would not follow the fonde desire of the sicke pacientes was him selfe contented to obey the worst parte of his armie fearing their displeasure where their life or health stood in hazard For who would thinke or iudge them to be wise men and in their wittes who walking vp and downe their campe did already sue to be Consuls and Praetors considering that Spiâ—theâ— Dâ—â—itius Scipio were at strife together making frendes to be highe bishoppe which office Caesar had as if they should haue fought with Tigranes king of ARMENIA or with the king of the NABATHEIANS which had camped by them and not with Caesar and his armie who had taken a thowsand townes by assaulte had subdued aboue three hundred seuerall nations and had wonne infinite battells of the GERMANES and GAVLES and was neâ—er ouer come had also taken a million of men prisoners and had likewise slaine so many at diâ—ers battells All this notwithstanding they of Pompeys side still being importunate of him troubling him is this sorte in fine when they were come into the fields of PHARSALIA they compelled Pompey to call a counsell There Labienus generall of the horsemen standing vp sware before them all that he would not retorne from the battell before he had made his enemies to flie The like othe all the rest did take The next night following Pompey thought in his dreame that he came into the Theater and that the people to honor him made a maruelous great clapping of their handes that he him selfe did set forth the temple of Venus the â—â—â—onenour with many spoiles This vision partly put him in good courage partly againe made him doubt for that he was affrayed bycause Caesars familie was discended from this goddesse Venus that his dreame did signifie that he should haue the honor of the victorie with the spoiles he should winne of him Besides all this there ranne sodaine fearefull noises turn 〈…〉 in his campe without any apparant cause that waked all the campe vpon it At the fourth watche when the watche is renued in the morning there was seene a maruelous great light ouer Caesars campe and they were all at rest Of that there came as it were a torche of a burning fire and fell in Pompeys campe The which Caesar him selfe sayed he saw when he went to searche the watche At the breake of the daye Caesar being determined to raise his campe and to go to the citie of SCOTVâ—A as his souldiers were busie about ouerthrowing of their tents sending away their bagges and baggage before there came skowtes vnto him that brought him worde they sawe a great deale of armor and weapon caryed to and fro in their enemies campe and bard a noise and buffling besides as of men that were preparing to fight After these came in other skowtes that brought word also that their voward was already set in battell raye Then Caesar said that the daye was nowe come they had longed for so sore and that they should now fight with men not with hunger nor with want of vittells and therevpon gaue order presently that they should put out the red coates or armes vpon his tente which was the signe all the ROMANES vsed to shew that they would fight The souldiers seeing that out left their cariage and tentes and with great showres of ioye ranne to arme them selues The captaines of euery band also bestowed euery man in such place as he should fight and so they conueyed them selues into battell raye without any tumulte or disorder as quietly as if they should haue entred into a daunce Pompey him selfe led the right winge of his armie against Antony The middle of the battell he gaue vnto Scipio his father in lawe being right against Domitius Câ—luiâ—us The left winge also was led by Lucius Domitius Aenobarbus the which was garded with men of armes For all the horsemen were placed on that side to distresse Caesar if they could that was directly against them and to ouerthrowe the tenth
which they gaue out opēly to vsury without shame or feare Therevpon the common people that had sold their voyces for money came to the market place at the day of election to fight for him that had hyered them not with their voices but with their bowes slings and swordes So that the assembly seldom tyme brake vp but that the pulpit for orations was defiled and sprinckled with the bloode of them that were slayne in the market place the citie remayning all that tyme without gouernment of Magistrate like a shippe left without a Pilote Insomuch as men of deepe iudgement discression seing such furie madnes of the people thought thē selues happy if the cōmon wealth were no worse troubled thē with the absolut state of a Monarchy soueraine Lord to gouerne them Furthermore there were many that were not affraid to speake it opēly that there was no other help to remedy the troubles of the cōmon wealth but by the authority of one man only that should cōmaund thē all that this medicine must be ministred by the hands of him that was the gētlest Phisition meaning couertly Pompey Now Pompey vsed many fine speeches making semblance as though he would none of it and yet cunningly vnder hand did lay all the yrons in the fire he could to bring it to passe that he might be chosen Dictator Cato finding the mark he shot at fearing least in the end the people should be compelled to make him Dictator he perswaded the Senat rather to make him sole Consul that contenting him self with that more iust lawful gouernment he should not couer the other vnlawfull The Senate following his counsel did not only make him Consul but further did proroge his gouernment of the prouinces he had For he had two prouinces all SPAYNE AFRICK the which he gouerned by his Lieuetenants further he receiued yearely of the common treasure to pay his souldiers a thowsand talents Here uppon Caesar tooke occasion also to send his men to make sure in his name for the Consulship also to haue the gouernment of his prouinces proroged Pompey at the first held his peace But Marcellus and Lentulus that otherwise hated Caesar withstood them and to shame and dishonor him had much needeles speech in matters of weight Furthermore they tooke away the fredom from the COLONYES which Caesar had lately brought vnto the citie of NOVVM COMVM in GAVLE towards ITALY where Caesar not long before had lodged them And moreouer when Marcellus was Consul he made one of the Senators in that citie to be whipped with roddes who came to ROME about those matters said he gaue him those markes that he should know he was no ROMANE Citizen and bad him goe his way and tel Caesar of it after Marcellus Consulship Caesar setting open his cofers of the treasure he had gottē among the GAVLES did franckely giue it out amongest the Magistrates at ROME without restrainte or spare First he set Curio the Tribune cleare out of debt and gaue also vnto Pauls the Consul a thowsand fiue hundred talents with which money he built that notable pallace by the market place called Paules Basilicke in the place of Fuluius Basilicke Then Pompey being affraid of this practise began openly to procure both by him selfe and his friends that they should send Caesar a successor and moreouer he sent vnto Caesar for his two legions of men of warre which he had lent him for the conquest of GAVLE Caesar sent him them againe and gaue euery priuate souldier two hundred and fiftie siluer drachmas Now they that brought these two legions backe from Caesar gaue out ill and seditious wordes against him amonge the people and did also abuse Pompey with false perswasions and vaine hopes informing him that he was maruelously desired and wished for in Caesars campe and that though in ROME for the malice and secret spite which the gouernours there did beare him he could hardly obteyne that he desired yet in GAVLE he might assure him selfe that all the armie was at his commaundement They added further also that if the souldiers there did once returne ouer the mountaines againe into ITALY they would all straight come to him they did so hate Caesar bicause he wearied them with too much labor and continuall fight and withal for that they suspected he aspired to be king These words breeding securitie in Pompey a vaine conceit of him selfe made him negligent in his doings so that he made no preparatiō for warre as though he had no occasion to be affraid but onely studied to thwart Caesar in speech to crosse the sutes he made Howbeit Caesar passed not of all this For the report went that one of Caesars Captaines which was sent to ROME to prosecute his sute being at the Senate dore and hearing that they denied to proroge Caesars time of gouernment which he sued for clapping his hand vpon his sword he said sith you wil not graūt it him this shal giue it him Notwithstanding the requests that Caesar propownded caried great semblance of reason with them For he said that he was contended to lay downe armes so that Pompey did the like that both of them as priuat persons should come make sure of their Citizens to obtaine honorable recompence declaring vnto them that taking armes from him graunting them vnto Pompey they did wrongefully accuse him in going about to make him selfe a tyranne in the meane time to graunt the other meanes to be a tyranne Curio making these offers perswasions opēly before the people in the name of Caesar he was heard with great reioycing clapping of hands and there were some that cast flowers and nosegayes vpon him when he went his way as they commonly vse to doe vnto any man when he hath obteined victorye and wonne any games Then Antonius one of the Tribunes brought a letter sent from Caesar and made it openly to be read in despite of the Consuls But Scipio in the Senate Pompeys father in law made this motion that if Caesar did not dismisse his armie by a certaine day appoynted him the ROMANES should proclayme him an enemie vnto ROME Then the Consuls openly asked in the presence of the Senators if they thought it good that Pompey should dismisse his armie But few agreed to that demaund After that againe they asked if they liked that Caesar should dismisse his armie thereto they all in manner aunswered yea yea But when Antonius requested agayne that bothe of them should lay downe armes then they were all indifferently of his minde Notwithstanding bicause Scipio did insolently behaue him selfe and Marcellus also who cryed that they must vse force of armes not mens opinions against a theefe the Senate rose straight vpon it without further determination men chaunged apparel through the citie bicause of this dissention as they vse to do in a common calamity After that there came
determination For they brought him so many lyes and put so many examples of feare before him as if Caesar had bene already at their heeles and had wonne all so that in the ende he yelded vnto them and gaue place to their furie and madnes determining seeing all thinges in such tumult and garboyle that there was no way but to forsake the citie and thereuppon commaunded the Senate to follow him and not a man to tary there vnles he loued tyrannie more then his owne libertie and the common wealth Thus the Consuls them selues before they had done their common sacrifices accustomed at their going out of the citie fled euery man of them So did likewise the moste parte of the Senators taking their owne thinges in haste such as came first to hande as if by stealth they had taken them from another And there were some of them also that alwayes loued Caesar whose witts were then so troubled and besides them selues with the feare they had conceyued that they also fled and followed the streame of this tumult without manifest cause or necessitie But aboue all thinges it was a lamentable sight to see the citie it selfe that in this feare and trouble was left at all aduenture as a shippe tossed in storme of sea forsaken of her Pilots and dispairing of her safetie This their departure being thus miserable yet men esteemed their banishment for the loue they bare vnto Pompey to bee their naturall contry and reckoned ROME no better then Caesars campe At that tyme also Labienus who was one of Caesars greatest friendes and had bene alwayes vsed as his Lieuetenant in the warres of GAVLE and had valiantly fought in his cause he likewise forsooke him then and fled vnto Pompey But Caesar sent his money and cariage after him and then went and encamped before the citie of CORFINIVM the which Domitius kept with thirty cohorts or ensignes When Domitius sawe he was beseeged he straight thought him selfe but vndone and dispayring of his successe he bad a Phisition a slaue of his giue him poyson The Phisition gaue him a drinke which he dranke thinking to haue dyed But shortly after Domitius hearing them reporte what clemencie and wonderfull curtesie Caesar vsed vnto them he tooke repented him then that he had dronke this drinke and beganne to lament and bewayle his desperate resolucion taken to dye The Phisition did comfort him againe and tolde him that he had taken a drinke onely to make him sleepe but not to destroy him Then Domitius reioyced and went straight and yelded him selfe vnto Caesar who gaue him his life but he notwithstanding stale away immediatly and fled vnto Pompey When these newes were brought to ROME they did maruelously reioyce and comfort them that still remayned there and moreouer there were of them that had forsaken ROME which returned thither againe In the meane time Caesar did put all Domitius men in paye and he did the like through all the cities where he had taken any Captaines that leauied men for Pompey Now Caesar hauing assembled a great and dreadfull power together went straight where he thought to finde Pompey him selfe But Pompey taried not his comming but fled into the citie of BRVNDVSIVM from whence he had sent the two Consuls before with that armie he had vnto DYRRACHIVM and he him selfe also went thither afterwards when he vnderstoode that Caesar was come as you shall heare more amply hereafter in his life Caesar lacked no good will to follow him but wanting shippes to take the seas he returned forthwith to ROME So that in lesse then three skore dayes he was Lord of all ITALY without any bloodshed Who when he was come to ROME and found it much quietter then he looked for and many Senatours there also he curteously intreated them and prayed them to send vnto Pompey to pacifie all matters betweene them apon reasonable conditions But no man did attempt it eyther bicause they feared Pompey for that they had forsaken him or els for that they thought Caesar ment not as he spake but that they were wordes of course to culler his purpose withall And when Metellus also one of the Tribunes would not suffer him to take any of the common treasure out of the temple of Saturne but tolde him that it was against the lawe Tushe sayd he tyme of warre and lawe are two thinges If this that I doe q he doe offende thee then get thee hence for this tyme for warre can not abyde this francke and bolde speeche But when warres are done and that we are all quiet agayne then thou shalt speake in the pulpit what thou wilt and yet I doe tell thee this of fauor impayring so much my right for thou art myne both thou and all them that haue risen against me and whom I haue in my hands When he had spoken thus vnto Metellus he went to the temple dore where the treasure laye and finding no keyes there he caused Smythes to be sent for and made them breake open the lockes Metellus thereuppon beganne agayne to withstande him and certen men that stoode by praysed him in his doing but Caesar at length speaking biggely to him threatned him he would kill him presently if he troubled him any more and told him furthermore younge man q he thow knowest it is harder for me to tell it thee than to doe it That word made Metellus quake for feare that he gotte him away rowndly and euer after that Caesar had all at his commaundement for the warres From thence he went into SPAYNE to make warre with Petreius and Varro Pompeys Lieuetenants first to gette their armies and prouinces into his hands which they gouerned that afterwardes he might follow Pompey the better leauing neuer an enemie behinde him In this iorney he was oftentymes him selfe in daunger through the ambushes that were layde for him in diuers straunge sortes and places and likely also to haue lost all his armie for lacke of vittells All this notwithstanding he neuer left following of Pompeys Lieuetenants prouoking them to battell and intrenching them in vntill he had gotten their campe armies into his handes albeit that the Lieuetenants them selues fled vnto Pompey When Caesar returned agayne to ROME Piso his father in lawe gaue him counsell to sende Ambassadors vnto Pompey to treate of peace But Isauricus to flatter Caesar was against it Caesar beeing then created Dictator by the Senate called home againe all the banished men and restored their children to honor whose fathers before had beene slayne in Syllaes tyme and did somewhat cutte of the vsuries that did oppresse them and besides did make some such other ordinances as those but very fewe For he was Dictator but eleuen dayes onely and then did yeld it vppe of him selfe and made him selfe Consul with Seruilius Isauricus and after that determined to followe the warres All the rest of his armie he left comming on the way behind him and
went forthwith to set apon the campe of Afranius the which he tooke at the first onset and the campe of the NVMIDIANS also king Iuba being fled Thus in a litle peece of the day only he tooke three campes slue fifty thowsand of his enemies and lost but fifty of his souldiers In this sorte is set downe theffect of this battell by some wryters Yet others doe wryte also that Caesar selfe was not there in person at th execution of this battel For as he did set his men in battell ray the falling sickenesse tooke him whereunto he was geuen and therefore feeling it comming before he was ouercome withall he was caried into a castell not farre from thence where the battell was sought and there tooke his rest till th extremity of his disease had left him Now for the Praetors Consulls that scaped from this battell many of them being taken prisoners did kill them selues and others also Caesar did put to death but he being specially desirous of all men else to haue Cato aliue in his hands he went with all possible speede vnto the citie of VTICA whereof Cato was Gouernor by meanes whereof he was not at the battell Notwithstanding being certified by the way that Cato had flaine him selfe with his owne handes he then made open shew that he was very sory for it but why or wherfore no man could tell But this is true that Caesar sayd at that present time O Cato I enuy thy death bicause thou diddest enuy my glory to saue thy life This notwithstanding the booke that he wrote afterwardes against Cato being dead did shew no very great affection nor pitiefull hart towardes him For how could he haue pardoned him if liuing he had had him in his handes that being dead did speake so vehemently against him Notwithstanding men suppose he would haue pardoned him if he had taken him aliue by the clemencie he shewed vnto Cicero Brutus and diuers others that had borne armes against him Some reporte that he wrote that booke not so much for any priuate malice he had to his death as for a ciuil ambition apon this occasion Cicero had written a booke in praise of Cato which he intituled Cato This booke in likely hoode was very well liked of by reason of the eloquence of the Orator that made it and of the excellent subiect thereof Caesar therewith was maruelously offended thinking that to praise him of whose death he was author was euen as much as to accuse him self therfore he wrote a letter against him heaped vp a number of accusations against Cato and intituled the booke Anticaton Both these bookes haue fauoâ—ers vnto this day some defending the one for the loue they bare to Caesar. and others allowing the other for Catoes sake Caesar being now returned out of AFRICKE first of all made an oration to the people wherein he greatly praised and commended this his last victorie declaring vnto them that he had conquered so many contries vnto the Empire of ROME that he coulde furnishe the common wealth yearely with two hundred thowsande busshells of wheate twenty hundred thowsand pound weight of oyle Then he made three triumphes the one for AEGYPT the other for the kingdom of PONTE and the third for AFRICKE not bicause he had ouercome Scipio there but king Iuba Whose sonne being likewise called Iuba being then a young boy was led captiue in the showe of this triumphe But this his imprisonment fel out happily for him for where he was but a barbarous NVMIDIAN by the study he fell vnto when he was prisoner he came afterwards to be reckoned one of the wisest historiographers of the GRAECIANS After these three triumphes ended he very liberally rewarded his souldiers and to curry fauor with the people he made great feasts common sportes For he feasted all the ROMANES at one time at two and twenty thowsand tables and gaue them the pleasure to see diuers sword players to fight at the sharpe and battells also by sea for the remembraunce of his daughter Iulia which was dead long afore Then after all these sportes he made the people as the manner was to be mustered and where there were at the last musters before three hundred and twenty thowsande citizens at this muster only there were but a hundred and fifty thowsand Such misery and destruction had this ciuill warre brought vnto the common wealth of ROME and had consumed such a number of ROMANES not speaking at all of the mischieues and calamities it had brought vnto all the rest of ITALIE and to the other prouinces pertaining to ROME After all these thinges were ended he was chosen Consul the fourth time and went into SPAYNE to make warre with the sonnes of Pompey who were yet but very young but had notwithstanding raised a maruelous great army together and shewed to haue had manhoode and corage worthie to commaunde such an armie insomuch as they put Caesar him selfe in great daunger of his life The greatest battell that was fought betwene them in all this warre was by the citie of MVNDA For then Caesar seeing his men sorely distressed and hauing their hands full of their enemies he ranne into the prease among his men that fought and cried out vnto them what are ye not ashamed to be beaten and taken prisoners yeelding your selues with your owne handes to these young boyes And so with all the force he could make hauing with much a doe put his enemies to flight he slue aboue thirty thowsand of them in the fielde and lost of his owne men a thowsand of the best he had After this battell he went into his tent and told his frends that he had often before fought for victory but this last time now that he had fought for the safety of his owne life He wanne this battell on the very feast day of the BACCHANALIANS in the which men say that Pompey the great went out of ROME about foure yeares before to beginne this ciuill warre For his sonnes the younger scaped from the battell but within few dayes after Diddius brought the heade of the elder This was the last warre that Caesar made But the triumphe he made into ROME for the same did as much offend the ROMANES and more then any thing that euer he had done before bicause he had not ouercome Captaines that were straungers nor barbarous kinges but had destroyed the sonnes of the noblest man in ROME whom fortune had ouerthrowen And bicause he had plucked vp his race by the rootes men did not thinke it meete for him to triumphe so for the calamities of his contrie reioycing at a thing for the which he had but one excuse to alleage in his defence vnto the gods and men that he was compelled to doe that he did And the rather they thought it not meete bicause he had neuer before sent letters nor messengers vnto the common wealth
with the motion aunswered him presently Munatius goe thy way vnto Pompey againe and tell him that Cato is not to be wonne by women though otherwise I mislike not of his friendship and withall that so long as he shall deale vprightly in all causes none otherwise that he shall find him more assuredly his friend then by any alliance of mariage yet that so satisfie Pompeys pleasure and will against his contry he wil neuer giue him such pledges The women and his friends at that time were angry with his aunswer refusall saying it was too stately and vncurteous But afterwardes in chaunced that Pompey suing to haue one of his friendes made Consul he sent a great summe of money to brybe the voyces of the people which liberalitie was noted spoken of bicause the money was told in Pompeys owne garden Then did Cato tell the women of his house that if he had now bene bound by allyance of mariage vnto Pompey he should then haue bene driuen to haue bene partaker of Pompeys shamefull acts When they heard what he had told them they all confessed then that he was wiser to refuse such alliance then they were that wished and desired it And yet if men should iudge of wisedom by the successe and euent of things I must needes say that Cato was in great fault for refusing of this allyance For thereby he was the cause of Pompeys matching with Caesar who ioyning both their powers together was the whole destruction of the Empire of ROME Whereas peraduenture it had not fallen out so if Cato fearing Pompeys light faultes had not caused him by increasing his power with another to commit farre greater faultes Howbeit those thinges were yet to come Furthermore Pompey being at iarre with Lucullus touching certain ordinances which he had made in the Realme of PONTVS bicause both the one and the other would haue their ordinances to take place Cato fauoured Lucullus who had open wronge Pompey therefore seeing that he was the weaker in the Senate tooke parte with the people and put forthe the lawe for diuiding of the landes amongest the souldiers But Cato stowtly resisting that lawe agayne he put it by and made Pompey thereby in a rage to acquaynte him selfe with Publius Clodius the moste seditious and boldest person of all the Tribunes and besides that made allyance euen at that tyme with Caesar whereof Cato him selfe was the onely Author Caesar returning out of SPAYNE from his Praetorshippe requyred the honour of tryumphe and withall made sute to bee Consull But beeing a lawe to the contrary that they that sued to bee Consulls shoulde bee present them selues in the citie and suche also as desired honour of triumphe shoulde bee without the citie he earnestly required the Senate that he myght sue for the Consulshippe by his friendes The moste parte of the Senate were willing vnto it but Cato was flatly agaynst it He perceyuing that the other Senatours were willing to gratifie Caesar when it came to him to deliuer his opinion he spent all the whole daye in his oration and by this pollicie preuented the Senate that they coulde not conclude any thinge Then Caesar letting fall his tryumphe made sute to be Consull and entring the citie ioyned friendshippe with Pompey Hereuppon he was chosen Consull and immediatly after maryed his Daughter Iulia vnto Pompey and so hauing made in manner a conspyracie agaynst the common wealth betweene them selues Caesar preferred the lawe Agraria for distributing the landes vnto the Citizens and Pompey was present to mainteyne the publicacion thereof Lucullus and Cicero on thother side taking parte with Bibulus the other Consull did what they coulde agaynst it but specially Cato who fearing muche this allyance of Caesar and Pompey that it was a pacte and conspirancie to ouerthrowe the common wealth sayde that he cared not so muche for this lawe Agraria as he feared the rewarde they looked for who by suche meanes dyd intise and please the common people Therewithall the Senate were wholly of his opinion and so were many other honest men of the people besides that were none of the Senate and tooke his parte maruailing muche and also beeing offended with Caesars greate vnreasonablenes and importunitie who by the authoritie of his Consulshippe did preferre suche thinges as the moste seditiousest Tribunes of the people were wont commonly to doe to currye fauour with the people and by suche vile meanes sought to make them at his commaundement Wherefore Caesar and his friends fearing so greate enemies fell to open force For to beginne withall as the Consul Bibulus was going to the market place there was a basket of donge powred vppon his heade and furthermore the Officers roddes were broken in their handes which they caryed before him In fine dartes were throwen at them out of euery corner and many of them beeing hurt they all at length were driuen to flye and leaue the market place But Cato he came laste of all keeping his wonted pace and often cast backe his heade and cursed such Citizens So they did not onely passe this lawe Agraria by voyces of the people but furthermore they added to it that all the Senate shoulde bee sworne to stablishe that lawe and bee bounde to defende the same if any attempted the alteracion thereof vppon greate penalties and fines to bee sette on his heade that shoulde refuse the othe All the other Senators sware agaynst their wills remembring the example of the mischiefe that chaunced vnto the olde Metellus who was banished out of ITALY bicause he would not sweare to suche a like lawe Whereuppon the women that were in Catoes house besought him with the teares in their eyes that he woulde yeelde and take the othe and so did also diuers of his friendes besides Howebeit he that moste inforced and brought Cato to sweare was Cicero the Orator who perswaded him that peraduenture he woulde bee thought vnreasonable that beeing but one man he shoulde seeme to mislike that which all other had thought meete and reasonable and that it were a fonde parte of him wilfully to put him selfe in so greate daunger thinking to hynder a matter already paste remedie But yet that besides all this a greater inconuenience would happen if he forsooke his contrye for whose sake he did all these thinges and left it a praye vnto them which sought the vtter subuersion of the same as if he were glad to bee ridde from the trouble of desending the common wealth For sayde he though Cato haue no neede of ROME yet ROME hath neede of Cato and so haue all his friendes of the which Cicero sayde he was the chiefe and was moste maliced of P. Clodius the Tribune who sought to driue him out of the contrye It is sayde that Cato beeing wonne by these like wordes and perswasions at home and openly in the market place they so sofetned him that he came to take his othe laste of all men but one
Phaonius a very friende of his Caesars harte beeing then lift vppe for that he had brought his first purpose to passe beganne nowe to preferre an other lawe to diuide all CAMPANIA and the countrye called TERRA DI LAVORO the lande of labour vnto the poore needy people of ROME and no man stoode against him but Cato Whereuppon Caesar made his officers to take him from the pulpit for orations to cary him to prison All this made not Cato stowpe nor leaue his franke speeche but as he went he still spake against this edicte and perswaded the people to beware of them that preferred suche lawes All the Senate and the beste sorte of Citizens followed Cato with heauy hartes shewing by their silence that they were offended and angrye for the iniurye they did vnto him beeing so worthy a man Insomuch as Caesars selfe perceiued that the people were offended with it and yet of ambition stomacke he looked alwayes when Cato would haue appealed vnto the people So when he saw that Cato ment no such matter at length ouercomen with shame and dishonor he him selfe procured one of the Tribunes to take Cato from the Sergeaunts In fine all Caesars practise tended to this ende that when he had wonne the peoples fauor by such lawes they should then graunt him the gouernment of all the GAVLESâ— aswell on this side as beyond the mountaines and all ILLYRIA with an armie of foure legions for the space of fiue yeares notwithstanding that Cato told the people before that they them selues with their own voyces did set vppe a tyrant that one day would cut their throats They did also chuse Publius Clodius Tribune of the people which was of a noble house a thing directly contrary to the law But this Clodius had promised them so that they would helpe him to banish Cicero out of ROME to do all that he could for them Furthermore they made Calphurnius Piso Caesars wifes father and Gabinius Paulus a man wholly at Pompeys commaundement as they write which knew his life and manners Consuls the next yeare following Now notwithstanding they had the rule of the common wealth in their owne handes and that they had wonne parte of the citie with brybes and the other parte also with feare yet they were both affraid of Cato when they considered what trouble they had to ouercome him which they did very hardly notwithstanding and to their great shame beeing driuen to vse force and yet thought they should neuer haue done it Furthermore Clodius vtterly dispaired that he could possibly banish Cicero so longe as Cato was there So deuising wayes howe to doe it when he had taken possession of his office he sent for Cato and beganne to tell him that he thought him the honestest and iustest man of ROME and that he was ready to performe it to him by deede For where many made sute vnto him to be sent into CYPRVS to make warre with king Ptolomy he thought none so worthy as him selfe and therefore for the goodwill he bare him he was very willing to offer him that pleasure Cato strayght cryed out with open mowth that this was a deuise to intrappe him not to pleasure him Then Clodius prowdly and fiercely aunswered him well seeing thou wilt not goe with good will thou shalt goe then against thy will and so he did For at the first assemblye of the citie be caused the people to graunt his commission for his iorney thither but they neyther appoynted him shippes nor souldiers nor any other Ministers to goe with him sauing two Secretaries onely of the which the one of them was a very villayne and arrant theefe and the other one of Clodius followers Besides all this as if they had appoynted him but litle to doe in CYPRVS agaynst Ptolomy he made them commaunde him after that to goe and restore the outlawes and benished men of the citie of BYZANTIVM vnto their coutrye and goodes agayne of purpose onely to keepe Cato farre enoughe from ROME whylest continued Tribune Cato beeing driuen by necessitie to obeye he counselled Cicero whome Clodius pursued to beware that he made no sturre agaynst him for feare of bringing ROME into ciuill warre and murther for his sake but rather to absent him selfe that he might an other tyme preserue his contrye After that he sent his friende Canidius before into CYPRVS vnto Ptolomye to perswade him to bee quiet without warre declaring vnto him that he shoulde nether lacke honour nor riches for the ROMANES woulde graunt him the priesthoode of Venus in the citie of PAPHOS Cato in the meane tyme remayned in the I le of RHODES preparing him selfe there and abyding his aunswer In the tyme of these sturres Ptolomy king of AEGYPT for a certen offence and discorde with his subiectes departing out of ALEXANDRIA sayled towardes ROME hoping that Caesar and Pompey with a greate armie woulde restore him to his crowne and kingdome agayne He beeing desirous to see Cato sent vnto him supposing he woulde come at his sending for Cato by chaunce was occupyed at that tyme about some busines and badde the Messenger will Ptolomy to come to him if he woulde see him So when Ptolomy came he nether went to meete him nor rose vppe vnto him but onely welcomed him and badde him sitte downe It amazed the king at the first to see vnder so simple and meane a trayne suche a statelines and maiestie in Catoes behauior But when he hearde him boldely talke with him of his affayres and suche graue talke from him reprouing his follye he had committed to forsake suche princely pleasure and wealth to goe and subiect him selfe vnto suche dishonour suche extreame paynes and suche passing greate giftes and presents as he shoulde throwe awaye to satisfie the couetousnes of the rulers at ROME the which was so unsatiable that if all the Realme of AEGYPT were conuerted into siluer to giue amonge them it woulde scarce suffice them in respect whereof he counselled him to returne backe with his nauye and to reconcile him selfe agayne with his subiectes offering him selfe also to goe with him to helpe to make his peace Then Ptolomy comming to him selfe and repenting him of his follye knowing that Cato tolde him truely and wisely he determined to followe his counsell had not his friendes turned his mynde to the contrarye So when Ptolomy came to ROME and was driuen to wayte at the gates of the Magistrates that were in authoritie he sighed then and repented his follye for that he had not onely despised the counsell of a wise man but rather the Oracle of a god Furthermore the other Ptolomy that was in CYPRVS a happye turne for Cato poysoned him selfe Cato beeing also informed that he lefte a wonderfull summe of money behynde him he determyned to goe him selfe vnto BYZANTIVM and sent his Nephewe Brutus into CYPRVS bicause he durst not truste Canidius so farre Then hauing restored the banished men vnto the peoples sauour agayne
men but they loue and trust them better As for the two first the one they are affrayed of and the other they distrust beside they suppose that valliancy and wisdom commeth rather by the benefite of nature then of our intent and choyce esteeming wisedome as a readines of conceit and fortitude a presence and courage of the minde For euery man may be iust that will and therefore iniustice is of all otherwices most shamefull for it is a wilfull and malicious defaut and therefore can not be excused Loe this was the cause why all the noble men in manner were against Cato as though he only had ouercome them Pompey he thought that the estimacion of Cato was altogether the discountenaunce of his power and greatnesse and therefore did dayly raise vp many railers against him Of them Publius Clodius that seditious Tribune who was againe fallen in frendship with Pompey he accused Cato and cried out vpon him how he had robbed the common wealth of a wonderfull treasure by his commission in CYPRVS and that be was enemy vnto Pompey bicause he did refuse to marry his daughter Cato thereto made aunswer◠that he had brought more golde and siluer out of CYPRVS into the treasure of ROME without the allowance of either horse or souldier then Pompey had done with all his triumphes and warres with the which he had troubled all the world And moreouer that he did neuer seeke alliance with Pompey not that he thought him vnworthie of it but bicause he saw he delt not as vprightly in the common wealth as he him selfe did I sayd he haue refused a prouince offred me when I came out of my Praetorshippe but Pompey hath taken some by force and geuen away vnto others And to conclude he lent Caesar not long since an armie of six thowsand men to serue him in the warres in GAVLE the which he neuer required of vs nor Pompey graunted them him by our consent But we see that so many armies armors and weapon so many men and horses by common pleasures of our priuate citizens geuen and lent at our charge And Pompey him selfe reseruing onely the name of Emperour and Lieutenaunt generall assigneth ouer his armies and prouinces to the gouernment of others whilest he him selfe besiegeth here the walls of the citie with seditious tumultuous election of officers craftily vnderminding therby the state of the common wealth to bring all to confusion that he him selfe might be absolute Prince and rule alone Thus was he reuenged of Pompey Among Catoes frends he had one called Marcus Faonius such a one as Apollodorus PHALERIAN was sayd to be in old time vnto Socrates who did counterfeate to be an other him selfe in doing all thinges as he did This man would be farre out of reason and passionate in his talke storming like a dronkard He one yere made sute to be AEdilis but he was reiected Howbeit Cato that furthered his sute marked that the tables wherein the voyces were wrytten were all one hande So he finding out the falsehoode appealed thereuppon vnto the Tribunes and made the election voyde for that time After that Faonius was created AEdilis Cato did helpe him forth in all the other charges of his office and specially in setting foorth playes in the Theater◠which are customably done at the comming in of euery such new officer to geue the people pastime and gaue vnto the common players and dauncers in those playes no golden crownes as other AEdiles did but crownes of wilde oliue twigges as they commonly vse in GRAECE at the Olympian games And where others gaue vnto the poore rich gifts he gaue the GRAECIANS leekes lettises radishes and peares and vnto the ROMANES they had earthen pottes full of wine porke figges cowcombres and fagots of wodde of small value Insomuch as some thought scorne of thē they were so meane others were verie glad of them seeing that Cato which was seuere and hard of nature had a doing in them and by litle and litle they turned this austeritie of his into pleasure In fine Faonius him selfe sitting downe amongest the people which looked apon the players clapped his hands for ioy at Cato and cried out to him that he should geue them good rewardes that played well alluring them also about him to doe the like and told them that he had made Cato the whole ruler of thoses sportes At the selfe same time Curio Faonius colleague and companion in the office of AEdilis had likewise goodly playes in an other Theater but all the people forsooke his and went to see Faonius playes who sate among them like a priuate man and Cato as the maister of the playes Cato did this in scorne and mockerie of vaine charge and expences which men are wont to bestow in such trifles shewing thereby that whosoeuer will make any playes he should make the charge but a sport also furnishing it only with a conuenient grace but with no vaine expence or charge about such a trifle Shortly after when Scipio Hypseus and Milo sued all three together to be Consuls not only by briberie of money a common fault then in suing for any of the offices in the common wealth but by plaine force of armes slaying and killing as in a ciuill warre they were so desperat and insolent some preferred a lawe that they should make Pompey President in these elections bicause men should moue their sute after a lawfull sorte But Cato straight was against it saying that the law could haue no safety by Pompey but Pompey might haue safety by the lawe Notwithstanding when he sawe this trouble continewe of a long time without any Consuls in ROME and that dayly there were three campes in the market place that it was almost impossible to preuent the mischiefe at hand and to stay that it should goe no further then he thought it better that the Senate of their owne good willes rather then by compulsion should put the gouernment of the state into Pompeis hands alone choosing the lesser euill to withstand the greater and so to yeeld to the absolute gouernment without constraint which the sedition would bring it vnto Therefore Bibulus Catoes frend kinseman made a motion to the Senate that they would choose Pompey sole Consul For sayd he either the common wealth shall be well gouerned by him or else ROME shall serue an ill lord Cato then rising vp beyonde all mens expectacion confirmed Bibulus opinion and sayd that the citie were better to haue one soueraine Magistrate then none and that he hoped Pompey could geue present order for the pacifying of this confusion and that he would be carefull to preserue the citie when he sawe that they trusted him with the gouernment thereof Thus was Pompey by Catoes meanes chosen sole Consull Then he sent for Cato to come to his gardens to him which were in the suburbes of the citie Cato went thither and was receiued with as great honor
him speake they leaped for ioy to see him for he had such an eloquent tongue that all the Orators besides were but children to him Hereuppon the riche men began to be affrayed againe and whispered among them selues that it behoued them to beware he came not to be Tribune It chaunced so that he was chosen Treasorer and it was his fortune to goe into the I le of SARDINIA with the Consul Orestes His enemies were glad of that and he him selfe was not sory for it For he was a martiall man and as skilfull in armes as he was oft at excellent Orator but yet he was affrayed to come into the pulpit for Orations and misliked to deale in matters of state albeit he could not altogether deny the people and his frends that prayed his furtherance For this cause therfore he was very glad of this voyage that he might absent him selfe for a time out of ROME though diuers were of opinion that he was more popular and desirous of the common peoples good will and fauor then his brother had bene before him But indeede he was cleane contrarie for it uppeared that at the first he was drawen rather against his will then of any speciall desire he had to deale in the common wealth Cicero the Orator also sayth that Caius was bent altogether to flie from office in the common wealth and to liue quietly as a priuat man But Tiberius Caius brother appeared to him in his sleepe and calling him by his name sayd vnto him brother why doest thou prolong time for thou ca stnoâ— possiblie escape For we were both predestined to one maner of life and death for procuring the benefite of the people Now when Caius arriued in SARDINIA he shewed all the proofes that might be in a valliant man and excelled all the young men of his age in hardines against his enemies in iustice to his inferiors and in loue obedience towards the Consul his Captaine but in temperance sobrietie and in painfulnes he excelled all them that were elder then he The winter by chaunce sell out very sharpe full of sickenes in SARDINIA whereupon the Consul sent vnto the cities to helpe his souldiers with some clothes but the townes sent in poste to ROME to pray the Senate they might be discharged of that burden The Senate found their allegacion reasonable whereuppon they wrote to the Consul to finde some other meanes to clothe his people The Consul coulde make no other shift for them and so the poore souldiers in the meane time smarted for it But Caius Gracchus went him selfe vnto the cities and so perswaded them that they of them selues sent to the ROMANES campe such thinges as they lacked This being caried to ROME it was thought straight it was a pretie beginning to creepe into the peoples fauor and in dede it made the Senate also affrayed In the necke of that there arriued Ambassadors of AFRICKE at ROME sent from king Micipsa who told the Senate that the king their maister for Caius Gracchus sake had sent their armie come into SARDINIA The Senators were so offended withall that they thrust the Ambassadours out of the Senate and so gaue order that other souldiers shoulde be sent in their places that were in SARDINIA and that Orestes should still remaine Consul there meaning also to continue Caius their Treasorer But when he hearde of it he straight tooke sea and returned to ROME in choller When men saw Caius returned to ROME vnlooked for he was reproued for it not onely by his enemies but by the common people also who thought his returne verie straunge before his Captaine vnder whom he was Treasorer He being accused hereof before the Censors prayed he might be heard So aunswering his accusation he so turned the peoples mindes that heard him that they all sayd he had open wrong For he told them that he had serued twelue yeares in the warres where others were enforced to remaine but ten years and that he had continued Treasorer vnder his Captaine the space of three yeares where the law gaue him libertie to returne at the end of the yeare And that he alone of all men else that had bene in the warres had caried his purse full and brought it home empty where others hauing dronke the wyne which they caried thither in vessells had afterwardes brought them home full of gold siluer Afterwards they went about to accuse him as accessarie to a conspiracie that was reuealed in the citie of FREGELLES But hauing cleared all that suspicion and being discharged he presently made sute to be Tribune wherein he had all the men of qualitie his sworne enemies On thother side also he had so great fauor of the common people that there came men out of all partes of ITALIE to be at his election that such a number of them as there was no lodging to be had for them all Furthermore the field of Mars not being large enough to hold such a multitude of people there were that gaue their voyces vpon the toppe of houses Nowe the noble men coulde no otherwise let the people of their will nor preuent Caius of his hope but where he thought to be the first Tribune he was only pronounced the fourth But when he was once possest officer he became immediatly the chiefe man bicause he was as eloquent as any man of his time And furthermore he had a large occasion of calamity offred him which made him bolde to speake bewailing the death of his brother For what matters soeuer he spake of he alwayes fell in talke of that remembring them what matters had passed laying before them the examples of their auncesterâ— who in olde time had made warre with the PHALISCES by the meanes of one Genutius Tribune of the people vnto whom they had offered iniurie who also did condemne Caius Veturius to death bicause that he onely woulde not geue a Tribune place comming through the market place Where these sayd he that standing before you in sight haue slaine my brother Tiberius with staues and haue dragged his bodie from the mount of the Capitoll all the citie ouer to throw it into the riuer and with him also haue most cruellie slaine all his frendes they coulde come by without any lawe on iustice at all And yet by an auncient custome of long time obserued in this citie of ROME when any man is accused of treason and that of duety he must appeare at the time appointed him they doe notwithstanding in the morning sende a trumpet to his house to summone him to appeare and moreouer the Iudges were not wont to condemne him before this ceremony was performed so carefull and respectiue were out predecessors where it touched the life of any ROMANE Now Caius hauing first stirred vp the people with these perswasions for he had a maruelous lowde voyce he preferred two lawes The first that he that he had once bene put out of office
to make vnto them the which if it would please them to graunt him he woulde thinke they did him a maruelous pleasure and if they denied him also he cared not muche Then euerie man thought it was the Consulshippe he ment to aske and that he woulde sue to be Tribune and Consul together But when the day came to choose the Consuls euery man looking attentiuely what he would doe they marueled when they sawe him come downe the fielde of Mars and brought Caius Fannius with his frends to further his sute for the Consulshippe Therein he serued Fannius turne for he was presently chosen Consul and Caius Gracchus was the seconde time chosen Tribune againe not of his owne sute but by the good will of the people Caius perceiuing that the Senators were his open enemies and that Fannius the Consul was but a slacke frende vnto him he began againe to currie fauor with the common people and to preferre new lawes setting forth the lawe of the Colonies that they should send of the poore citizens to replenishe the cities of TARENTVM and CAPVA that they should graunt all the Latines the freedom of ROME The Senate perceiuing his power grew great and that in the end he would be so strong that they coulde not withstande him they deuised a new and straunge way to plucke the peoples good will from him in graunting them things not altogether very honest There was one of the Tribunes a brother in office with Caius called Liuius Drusus a man noblely borne and as well brought vp as any other ROMANE who for wealth and eloquence was not inferior to the greatest men of estimacion in ROME The chiefest Senators went vnto him and perswaded him to take parte with them against Caius not to vse any force or violence against the people to withstand them in any thing but contrarily to graunt them those things which were more honestie for them to deny them with their ill will. Liuius offering to pleasure the Senate with his authority preferred lawes neither honorable nor profitable to the cōmon wealth were to no other ende but contending with Caius who should most flatter the people of them two as plaiers do in their cōmon plaies to shew the people pastime Wherby the Senate shewed that they did not so much mislike Caius doings as for the desire they had to ouerthrow him his great credit with the people For where Caius preferred but the replenishing of the two cities and desired to send the honestest citizens thither they obiected against him that he did corrupt the common people On the other side also they fauored Drusus who preferred a law that they should replenish twelue Colonies should send to euery one of them three thowsande of the poorest citizens And where they hated Caius for that he had charged the poore citizens with an annual rent for the lands that were deuided vnto them Liuius in contrary maner did please them by disburdening them of that rent payment letting thē haue the lands scotfree Furthermore also where Caius did anger the people bicause he gaue all the Latines the fredom of ROME to geue their voyces in choosing of Magistrates as freely as the naturall ROMANES when Drusus on thother side had preferred a law that thencefoorth no ROMANE should whip any souldier of the Latines with rods to the warres they liked the law past it Liuius also in euery law he put forth said in all his orations that he did it by the counsell of the Senate who were very carefull for the profit of the people and this was all the good he did in his office vnto the cōmon wealth For by his meanes the people were better pleased with the Senate where they did before hate all the noble men of the Senate Liuius tooke away that malice when the people saw that all that he propounded was for the preferment benefit of the common wealth with the consent furtheraunce of the Senate The only thing also that perswaded the people to thinke that Drusus ment vprightly that he only respected the profit of the common people was that he neuer preferred any law for him selfe or for his owne benefit For in the restoring of these Colonies which he preferred he alwaies sent other Commissioners gaue them the charge of it and would neuer finger any money him selfe where Caius tooke apon him the charge care of all things himselfe specially of the greatest matters Rubrius also an other Tribune hauing preferred a law for the reedifying replenishing of CARTHAGE againe with people the which Scipio had rased and destroyed it was Caius happe to be appointed one of the Commissioners for it Whereupon he tooke shippe sailed into AFRIKE Drusus in the meane time taking occasion of his absence did as much as might be to seeke the fauor of the common people and specially by accusing Fuluius who was one of the best frends Caius had whom they had also chosen Commissioner with him for the diuision of these landes among the citizens whom they sent to replenish these Colonies This Fuluius was a seditious man therefore maruelously hated of the Senate withall suspected also of them that tooke parte with the people that he secretly practised to make their confederats of ITALIE to rebell But yet they had no euident proofe of it to iustifie it against him more then that which he himselfe did verifie bicause he semed to be offended with the peace quietnes they enioyed And this was one of the chiefest causes of Caius ouerthrow bicause that Fuluius was partely hated for his sake For when Scipio AFRICAN was found dead one morning in his house without any manifest cause how he should come to his death so sodainly sauing that there appeared certaine blinde markes of stripes on his body that had bene geuen him as we haue declared at large in his life the most parte of the suspicion of his death was layed to Fuluius being his mortall enemy bicause the same day they had bene at great wordes together in the pulpit for orations So was Caius Gracchus also partly suspected for it Howsoeuer it was such a horrible murder as this of so famous worthy a man as any was in ROME was yet notwitstanding neuer reuenged neither any inquirie made of it bicause the common people would not suffer the accusacion to goe forward fearing least Caius would be found in fault if the matter should go forward But this was a great while before Now Caius at that time being in AFRICK about the reedifying and replenishing of the city of CARTHAGE againe the which he named IVNONIA the voice goeth that he had many ill signes tokens appeared vnto him For the staffe of his ensigne was broken with a vehemēt blast of wind with the force of the ensigne bearer that held it fast on thother side There came a flaw of winde also
that caried away the sacrifices vpon the aulters and blew them quite out of the circuite which was marked out for the compasse of the city Furthermore the woulues came and tooke away the markes which they had set downe to limite the bonds of their circuite caried him quite away This notwithstanding Caius hauing dispatched all things in the space of three score ten daies he returned incontinently to ROME vnderstanding that Fuluius was oppressed by Drusus and that those matters required his presence For Lucius Hostilius that was all in all for the nobility a man of great credit with the Senate being the yeare before put by the Consulshippe by Caius practise who caused Fannius to be chosen he had good hope this yere to speede for the great number of frends that furthered his sute So that if he could obtaine it he was fully bent to set Caius beside the saddle the rather bicause his estimacion and countenaunce he was wont to haue among the people began now to decay for that they were ful of such deuises as his were bicause there were diuers others that preferred the like to please the people withal yet with the Senates great good will fauor So Caius being returned to ROME he remoued from his house and where before he dwelt in mount Palatine he came now to take a house vnder the market place to shew him selfe therby the lowlier more popular bicause many of the meaner sorte of people dwelt thereaboutes Then he purposed to goe forward with the rest of his lawes to make the people to estabish thē a great number of people repairing to ROME out of all parts for the furtherance thereof Howbeit the Senate counselled the Consul Fannius to make proclamacion that al those which were no natural ROMANES resident abiding within the city self of ROME that they should depart out of ROME Besides all this there was a straūge proclamacion made and neuer seene before that none of all the frends confederats of the ROMANES for certaine daies should come into ROME But Caius on thother side set vp bills on euery post accusing the Consul for making so wicked a proclamaciō further promised the confederates of ROME to aide them if they would remaine there against the Consuls proclamacion But yet he performed it not For when he saw one of Fannius sergeaūts cary a frend of his to prison he held on his way would see nothing neither did he helpe him either of likelyhoode bicause he feared his credit with the people which began to decay or else bicause he was loth as he said to picke any quarrell with his enemies which sought it of him Furthermore he chaunced to fall at variance with his brethren the Tribunes about this occasion The people were to see the pastime of the sword plaiers or sensers at the sharp within the very market place and there were diuers of the officers that to see the sport did set vp scaffoldes rounde about to take money for the standing Caius cōmaunded them to take them downe again bicause the poore men might see the sport without any cost But not a man of thē would yeeld to it Wherefore he staid till the night before the pastime should be then he tooke all his laborers he had vnder him went ouerthrew the scaffolds euery one of thē so that the next morning all the market place was clere for the cōmon people to see the pastime at their pleasure For this fact of his the people thanked him maruelously tooke him for a worthie man Howbeit his brethren the Tribunes were very much offended with him tooke him for a bold presumptuous man This seemeth to be the chiefe cause why he was put from his third Tribuneship where he had the most voices of his side bicause his colleagues to be reuēged of the part he had plaied thē of malice spight made false report of the voices Howbeit there is no great troth in this It is true that he was very angry with this repulse it is reported he spake somwhat too prowdly to his enemies that were mery with the matter laughed him to scorne that they laughed a SARDONIANS laugh not knowing how darkely his deedes had wrapt them in Furthermore his enemies hauing chosen Opimius Consul they began immediatly to reuoke diuers of Caius lawes as among the rest his doings at CARTHAGE for the reedifying of that city procuring thus all the waies they could to anger him bicause they might haue iust occasion of anger to kil him Caius notwithstanding did paciently beare it at the first but afterwards his frends specially Fuluius did encorage him so that he began againe to gather men to resist the Consul And it is reported also that Cornelia his mother did help him in it secretly hyring a great number of straungers which she sent vnto ROME as if they had bene reapers or haruest men And this is that she wrote secretly in her letter vnto her sonne in ciphers And yet other write to the contrary that she was very angry he did attēpt those things When the day came that they should proceede to the reuocation of his lawes both parties met by breake of day at the Capitoll There when the Consul Opimius had done sacrifice one of Caius sergeaunts calle Quintus Antyllius carying the intrals of the beast sacrificed said vnto Fuluius and others of his tribe that were about him giue place to honest men vile citizens that ye be Some say also that besides these iniurious wordes in skorne contempt he held out his naked arme to make thē ashamed Whereupon they slue him presently in the field with great botkins to wryte with which they had purposely made for that intent Hereupon the cōmon people were maruelously offended for this murther the chiefe men of both sides also were diuersly affected For Caius was very sory for it bitterly reproued them that were about him saying that they had giuen their enemies the occasion they looked for to set vpon thē Opimius the Consul in contrary maner taking this occasion rose apon it did stirre vp the people to be reuenged But there fell a shower of raine at that time that parted them The next morning the Consul hauing assembled the Senate by breake of day as he was dispatching causes within some had takē the body of Antyllius layed it naked vpon the beere so caried it through the market place as it was agreed vpon before amongst thē brought it to the Senate dore where they began to make great mone lamētacion Opimius knowing the meaning of it but yet he dissembled it seemed to wonder at it Wherupon the Senators went out to see what it was finding this beere in the market place some fell a weeping for him that was dead others cried out that it was a shamefull act in no wise to be
suffred But on the other side this did reuiue the old grudge and malice of the people for the wickednes of the ambitious noble men who hauing thēselues before slaine Tiberius Gracchus that was Tribune within the Capitoll it selfe had also cast his body into the riuer did now make an honorable show openly in the market place of the body of a sergeaūt Antyllius who though he were wrōgfully slaine yet had himselfe geuen thē the cause that slue him to do that they did all the whole Senate were about the beere to bewaile his death to honor the funeralls of a hyerling to make the people also kill him that was only left the protector defender of the people After this they went againe vnto the Capitoll there made a decree wherby they gaue the Consul Opimius extraordinary power authority by absolute power to prouide for the safety of the common wealth to preserue the city to suppresse the tyrans This decree being established the Consul presently commaunded the Senators that were present there to go arme thē selues appointed the ROMANE Knights that the next morning betimes euery man should bring two of their men armed with thē Fuluius on the other side he prepared his force against them assembled the cōmon people together Caius also returning from the market place stayd before the image of his father looked earnestly apon it without euer a word speaking only he burst out a weeping and fetching a great sigh went his way This made the people to pitie him that saw him so that they talked among them selues that they were but beasts cowards at such a straight to forsake so worthy a man Therupon they went to his house stayed there all night watched before his gate not as they did that watched with Fuluius that passed away the night in guseling and drinking drunke crying out and making noyse Fuluius him selfe being dronke first of all who both spake and did many thinges farre vnmeete for his calling For they that watched Caius on thother side were very sorowfull and made no noyse euen as in a common calamitie of their contrie deuising with them selues what would fall out apon it waking and sleeping one after an other by turnes When the day brake they with Fuluius did awake him who slept yet soundly for the wine he dranke ouer night and they armed them selues with the spoiles of the GAVLES that hong rounde about his house whom he had ouercome in battell the same yeare he was Consul and with great cries and thundering threats they went to take the mount Auentine But Caius would not arme him selfe but went out of his house in a long gowne as if he woude haue gone simply into the market place according to his wonted maner sauing that he caried a short dagger at his girdel vnder his gowne So as he was going out of his house his wife stayed him at the dore and holding him by the one hand and a litle child of his in her other hand she sayd thus vnto him Alas Caius thou doest not now goe as thou wert wont a Tribune into the market place to speake to the people neither to preferre any new lawes neither doest thou goe vnto an honest warre that if vnfortunately that shoulde happen to thee that is common to all men I might yet at the least mourne for thy death with honor But thou goest to put thy selfe into bloodie butchers handes who most cruelly haue slaine thy brother Tiberius and yet thou goest a naked man vnarmed intending rather to suffer then to doe hurt Besides thy death can bring no benefit to the common wealth For the worser part hath now the vpper hand considering that sentence passeth by force of sword Had thy brother bene slaine by his enemies before the citie of NVMANTIA yet had they geuen vs his bodie to haue buried him But such may be my misfortune that I may presently go to pray the riuer or sea to geue me thy bodie which as thy brothers they haue likewise throwen into the same Alas what hope or trust is left vs now in lawes or gods sithence they haue slaine Tiberius As Licinia was making this pitiefull mone vnto him Caius fayer and softly pulled his hand from her and left her geuing her neuer a word but went on with his frends But she reaching after him to take him by the gowne fell to the ground and lay flatling there a great while speaking neuer a word vntill at length her seruaunts tooke her vp in a swoone and caried her so vnto her brother Crassus Now Fuluius by the perswasion of Caius when all their faction were met sent his younger sonne which was a prety fayer boy with a Heraulds rodde in his hand for his safetie This boy humbly presenting his duetie with the teares in his eyes before the Consul and Senate offred them peace The most of them that were present thought verie well of it But Opimius made aunswere saying that it became them not to send messengers thinking with fayer wordes to winne the Senate but it was their duetie to come thē selues in persons like subiects offendors to make their triall so to craue pardon to seeke to pacifie the wrath of the Senate Then he commaunded the boy he should not returne againe to them but with this condicion he had prescribed Caius as it is reported was ready to go and cleare him selfe vnto the Senate but the residue would not suffer him to go Wheruppon Fuluius sent his sonne backe againe vnto them to speake for them as he had done before But Opimius that was desirous to fight caused the boy to be taken and committed him in safe custodie then went presently against Fuluius with a great number of footemen well armed of CRETAN archers besides who with their arrowes did more trouble hurt their enemies then with any thing else that within a while they all began to flie Fuluius on the other side fled into an old hottehouse that no body made reckoning of and there being found shortly after they slue him and his eldest sonne Now for Caius he fought not at all but being mad with him selfe and grieued to see such bloodshed he got him into the temple of Diana where he would haue killed him selfe had not his very good frends Pomponius and Licinius saued him For both they being with him at that time tooke his sword from him and counselled him to flie It is reported that then he fell downe on his knees and holding vp both his hands vnto the goddesse he besought her that the people might neuer come out of bondage to be reuenged of this their ingratitude treason For the common people or the most parte of them plainly turned their coats when they heard proclamacion made that all men had pardon graunted them that woulde returne So Caius fled apon it and his enemies followed him so neere that they
when they will finely conuey the hardnes of the speeche to say he is dead When night was comen and that he was going homeward as he came through the market place the people did wayte vpon him no more with silence as before but with great cryes of his praise and clapping of handes in euery place he went and called him Sauior and second fownder of ROME Besides all this at euery mans dore there were lynckes and torches lighted that it was as light in the streetes as at noone dayes The very women also did put lights out of the toppes of their houses to doe him honor and also to see him so nobly brought home with such a long trayne of the chiefest men of the citie of the which many of them had ended great warres for the which they had triumphed and had obteyned many famous conquests to the Empire of ROME both by sea and land confessing betwene them selues one to another that the ROMANES were greatly bound to many Captaines and generalls of armies in their time for the wonderfull riches spoyles and increase of their power which they had wonne howbeit that they were to thanke Cicero onely for their health and preseruation hauing saued them from so great and extreme a daunger Not for that they thought it so wonderfull an acte to haue striken dead the enterprise of the conspirators and also to haue punished the offenders by death but bicause the conspiracie of Catilin being so great and daungerous an insurrection as euer was any he had quenched it and pluck it vp by the rootes with so small hurt and without vprore trouble or actuall sedition For the most part of them that were gathered together about Catiline when they heard that Lentulus and all the rest were put to death they presently forsooke him and Catiline him selfe also fighting a battell with them he had about him against Antonius the other Consul with Cicero he was slayne in the fielde and all his armie defeated This notwithstanding there were many that spake ill of Cicero for this facte and ment to make him repent it hauing for their heades Caesar who was already chosen Praetor for the yeare to come Metellus and Bestia who should also be chosen Tribunes They so soone as they were chosen Tribunes would not once suffer Cicero to speake to the people notwithstanding that he was yet in his office of Consul for certaine dayes And furthermore to let him that he should not speake vnto the people they did set their benches vpon the pulpit for orations which they call at ROME Rostra and would neuer suffer him to set foote in it but onely to resigne his office and that done to come downe againe immediatly He graunted thereunto and went vp to the pulpit vpon that condition So silence being made him he made an othe not like vnto other Consuls othes when they resigne their office in like manner but straunge and neuer heard of before swearing that he had saued the citie of ROME and preserued all his contry and the Empire of ROME from vtter ruine and destruction All the people that were present confirmed it and sware the like othe Wherewithall Caesar and the other Tribunes his enemies were so offended with him that they deuised to breede him some new sturre trouble amongest others they made a decree that Pompey should be sent for with his army to bridle the tyranny of Cicero Cato who at that time was also Tribune did him great pleasure in the furtherance of the common wealth opposing him selfe against all their practises with the like authoritie and power that they had being a Tribune and brother with them and of better estimation then they So that he did not onely easily breake all their deuises but also in a goodly oration he made in a full assembly of the people he so highly praised and extolled Ciceroes Consulship vnto them and the thinges he did in his office that they gaue him the greatest honors that euer were decreed or graunted vnto any man liuing For by decree of the people he was called father of the contry as Cato him selfe had called him in his oration the which name was neuer giuen to any man but onely vnto him also he bare greater swaye in ROME at the time then any man beside him This notwithstanding he made him selfe enuyed and misliked of many men not for any ill acte he did or ment to doe but onely bicause he did too much boast of him selfe For he neuer was in any assembly of people Senate or iudgement but euery mans head was full still to heare the sound of Catulus and Lentulus brought in for sporte and filling the bookes and workes he compiled besides full of his owne prayses the which made his sweete and pleasant stile tedious and troublesom to those that heard them as though this misfortune euer followed him to take away his excellent grace But nowe though he had this worme of ambition and extreme couetous desire of honor in his head yet did he not malice or enuy any others glory but would very franckly praise excellent men as well those that had bene before him as those that were in his time And this appeareth plainly in his writings They haue written also certaine notable wordes he spake of some auncient men in olde time as of Aristotle that he was like a golden flowing riuer and of Plato that if Iupiter him selfe would speake he would speake like him and of Theophrastus he was wont to call him his delight of Demosthenes orations when one asked him on a time which of them he liked best the longest saide he There be diuers writers also who to shewe that they were great followers of Demosthenes doe followe Ciceroes saying in a certaine epistle he wrote vnto one of his friends wherein he said that Demosthenes slept in some of his orations but yet they forget to tel how highly he praised him in that place and that he calleth the orations which he wrote against Antonius in the which he tooke great paines and studied more then all the rest PHILIPPIANS to followe those which Demosthenes wrote against Philip king of MACEDON Furthermore there was not a famous man in all his tyme either in eloquence or in learning whose fame he hath not commended in writing or otherwise in honorable speech of him For he obteyned of Caesar when he had the Empire of ROME in his handes that Cratippus the PERIPATETICKE Philosopher was made Citizen of ROME Further he procured that by decree of the court of the Areopagites he was intreated to remaine at ATHENS to teach and instruct the youth there for that he was a great honor ornament vnto their city There are extant also of Ciceroes epistles vnto Herodes others vnto his sonne willing him to follow Crattipus in his studie and knowledge He wrote an other letter also vnto Gorgias the Rethoritian and
take bribes was reckoned no shame but to handle it discreetly he was the better thought of and beloued for it he shewed plainely that he regarded not money and gaue foorth many proofes of his curtesie and goodnes Furthermore Cicero being created Consul by name but Dictator in deede hauing absolute power and authoritie ouer all thinges to suppresse the rebellion and conspirators of Catiline he proued Platoes prophecie true which was That the cities are safe from daunger when the chiefe Magistrates and Gouernors by some good diuine fortune doe gouerne with wisedome and iustice Demosthenes was reproued for his corruption and selling of his eloquence bicause secretly he wrote one Oration for Phormio and an other in the selfe same matter for Apollodorus they being both aduersaries Further he was defamed also for receiuing money of the king of PERSIA and therewithall condemned for the money which he had taken of Harpalus And though some peraduenture woulde obiect that the reporters thereof which are many doe lye yet they can not possibly deny this that Demosthenes had no power to refraine from looking of the presentes which diuers kinges did offer him praying him to accept them in good parte for their sakes neither was that the part of a man that did take vsurie by trafficke on the sea the extreamest yet of all other In contrarie maner as we haue sayd before it is certeine that Cicero being Treasorer refused the gifts which the SICILIANS offered him there and the presentes also which the king of the CAPPADOCIANS offred him whilest he was Proconsul in CILICIA and those especially which his frendes pressed vpon him to take of them being a great summe of money when he went as a banished man out of ROME Furthermore the banishment of the one was infamous to him bicause by iudgement he was banished as a theefe The banishment of the other was for as honorable an acte as euer he did being banished for ridding his contrie of wicked men And therefore of Demosthenes there was no speeche after he was gone but for Cicero all the Senate chaunged their apparell into blacke and determined that they would passe no decree by their authoritie before Ciceroes banishment was reuoked by the people In deede Cicero idlely passed his time of banishment and did nothing all the while he was in MACEDON and one of the chiefest acts that Demosthenes did in all the time that he delt in the affaires of the common wealth was in his banishment For he went vnto euery city and did assist the Ambassadors of the GRAECIANS and refused the Ambassadors of the MACEDONIANS In the which he shewed him selfe a better citizen then either Themistocles or Alcibiades in their like fortune and exile So when he was called home and returned he fell againe to his old trade which he practised before and was euer against Antipater and the MACEDONIANS Where Laelius in open Senate sharply tooke vp Cicero for that he sate still and sayd nothing when that Octauius Caesar the young man made peticion against the law that he might sue for the Consulshippe and being so young that he had neuer a heare on his face And Brutus selfe also doth greatly reproue Cicero in his letters for that he had maintained and nourished a more grieuous and greater tyrannie then that which they had put downe And last of all me thinketh the death of Cicero most pitiefull to see an olde man caried vp and downe with tender loue of his seruauntes seeking all the waies that might be to flie death which did not long preuent his naturall course and in the ende olde as he was to see his head so pitiefully cut of Whereas Demosthenes though he yeelded a litle intreating him that came to take him yet for that he had prepared the poyson long before that he had kept it long and also vsed it as he did he can not but be maruelously commended for it For sith the god Neptune denyed him the benefit of his sanctuarie he betooke him to a greater and that was death whereby he saued him selfe out of the souldiers handes of the tyran and also scorned the bloody crueltie of Antipater THE LIFE OF Demetrius WHo first likened arts to our sences semeth to haue respected especially that one property of them both in receiuing obiects of contrary quality for in the vse end of their operacion there is great difference The senses receiue indifferently without discretion and iudgement white and blacke sweete and sower soft and hard for their office is only to admit their seuerall obiects and to carie and referre the iudgement thereof to the common sence But artes being the perfection of reason receiue and allow those things onely which make for their operacion regarding eschuing the contraries Thone chiefly and for vse thother by the way and with intent to auoyde them So Phisicke dealeth with diseases Musicke with discordes to thend to remoue them and worke their contraries and the great Ladies of all other artes Temperaunce iustice and wisdom doe not only consider honestie vprightnes and profit but examine withall the nature and effectes of lewdnes corruption and damage And innocencie which vaunteth her want of experience in vndue practises men call simplicitie and ignoraunce of thinges that be necessarie and good to be knowen And therefore the auncient LACEDAEMONIANS in their solemne feastes forced their ILOTES to boundmen to ouercharge them selues with wine and suche they shewed them vnto their youth by the apparant beastlines of dronken men to worke in them an abhorring of so lothesome vice Wherein although I can not much praise them for humanity or wisedom that corrupt and spoile one man by example of him to correct and reclaime an other yet as I hope it shall not be reprehended in me if amongest the rest I put in one or two paier of suche as liuing in great place accompt haue increased their fame with infamy Which in truth I doe not to please draw on the reader with variety of report but as Ismenias the THEBAN Musitian shewed his schollers both those that strake a cleane stroke with do so such as bungled it with do not so Antigenidas thought men should like better with greater desire cōtend for skill if they heard and discerned vntunable notes so thinke I we shall be the forwarder in reading following the good if we know the liues and see the deformity of the wicked This treaty conteineth the liues of Demetrius surnamed the Fortgainer M. Antony the Triumuir great examples to confirme the saying of Plato That from great minds both great vertues great vices do procede They were both giuen ouer to women wine both valliāt liberal both sumptuous high minded fortune serued them both alike not only in the course of their liues in attēpting great matters somtimes with good somtimes with ill successe in getting losing things of great consequence ouerthrowing
this state at ROME Octauius Caesar the younger came to ROME who was the sonne of Iulius Caesars Nece as you haue heard before and was left his lawefull heire by will remayning at the tyme of the death of his great Vncle that was slayne in the citie of APOLLONIA This young man at his first arriuall went to salute Antonius as one of his late dead father Caesars friendes who by his last will and testament had made him his heire and withall he was presently in hande with him for money and other thinges which were left of trust in his handes bicause Caesar had by will bequeathed vnto the people of ROME three score and fifteene siluer Drachmas to be giuen to euery man the which he as heire stoode charged withall Antonius at the first made no reckoning of him bicause he was very younge and sayde he lacked witte and good friendes to aduise him if he looked to take such a charge in hande as to vndertake to be Caesars heire But when Antonius saw that he could not shake him of with those wordes and that he was still in hande with him for his fathers goods but specially for the ready money then he spake and did what he could against him And first of all it was he that did keepe him from being Tribune of the people and also when Octauius Caesar beganne to meddle with the dedicating of the chayer of gold which was prepared by the Senate to honor Caesar with he threatned to send him to prison and moreouer desisted not to put the people in an vnprore This young Caesar seeing his doings went vnto Cicero and others which were Antonius enemies and by them crept into fauor with the Senate and he him self sought the peoples good will euery manner of way gathering together the olde souldiers of the late deceased Caesar which were dispersed in diuers cities and colonyes Antonius being affrayd of it talked with Octauius in the capitoll and became his friend But the very same night Antonius had a straunge dreame who thought that lightning fell vpon him burnt his right hand Shortly after word was brought him that Caesar lay in waite to kil him Caesar cleered him selfe vnto him and told him there was no such matter but he could not make Antonius beleue the contrary Whereuppon they became further enemies then euer they were insomuch that both of them made friends of either side to gather together all the old souldiers through ITALY that were dispersed in diuers townes made them large promises sought also to winne the legions of their side which were already in armes Cicero on the other side being at that time the chiefest man of authoritie estimation in the citie he stirred vp al meÌ„ against Antonius so that in the end he made the Senate pronouÌ„ce him an enemy to his contry appointed young Caesar Sergeaunts to cary axes before him such other signes as were incident to the dignitie of a Consul or Praetor moreouer sent Hircius and Pausa then Consuls to driue Antonius out of ITALY These two Consuls together with Caesar who also had an armye went against Antonius that beseeged the citie of MODENA and there ouerthrew him in battell but both the Consuls were slaine there Antonius flying vpon this ouerthrowe fell into great miserie all at once but the chiefest want of all other that pinched him most was famine Howbeit he was of such a strong nature that by pacience he would ouercome any aduersitie and the heauier fortune lay vpon him the more constant shewed he him selfe Euery man that feleth want or aduersitie knoweth by vertue and discretion what he should doe but when in deede they are ouerlayed with extremitie and be sore oppressed few haue the harts to follow that which they praise and commend and much lesse to auoid that they reproue and mislike But rather to the contrary they yeld to their accustomed easie life and through faynt hart lacke of corage doe chaunge their first mind and purpose And therefore it was a wonderfull example to the souldiers to see Antonius that was brought vp in all finenes and superfluitie â—â— easily to drinke puddle water and to eate wild frutes and rootes and moreouer it is reported that euen as they passed the Alpes they did eate the barcks of trees and such beasts as neuer man tasted of their flesh before Now their intent was to ioyne with the legions that were on the other side of the Mountaines vnder Lepidus charge whoÌ„ Antonius tooke to be his friend bicause he had holpen him to many things at Caesars hand through his meanes When he was come to the place where Lepidus was he camped hard by him and when he saw that no man came to him to put him in any hope he determined to venter him selfe and to goe vnto Lepidus Since the ouerthrow he had at MODENA he suffred his beard to grow at length and neuer clypt it that it was maruelous long and the heare of his heade also without koming and besides all this he went in a mourning gowne and after this sort came hard to the trenches of Lepidus campe Then he beganne to speake vnto the souldiers and many of them their hartes yerned for pitie to see him so poorely arrayed and some also through his wordes beganne to pitie him insomuch that Lepidus beganne to be affrayd and therefore commaunded all the trompetts to sownd together to stoppe the souldiers eares that they should not harken to Antonius This notwithstanding the souldiers tooke the more pitie of him spake secretly with him by Clodius Laelius meanes whom they sent vnto him disguised in womens apparel gaue him counsel that he should not be affraid to enter into their campe for there were a great number of souldiers that would receiue him and kill Lepidus if he would say the word Antonius would not suffer them to hurt him but the next morning he went with his army to wade a ford at a litle riuer that ranne betweene them and him selfe was the foremost man that tooke the riuer to get ouer seeing a number of Lepidus campe that gaue him their handes plucked vp the stakes and layed flat the bancke of their trenche to let him in to their campe When he was come into their campe and that he had all the army at his commaundement he vsed Lepidus very curteously imbraced him and called him father and though in deede Antonius did all and ruled the whole army yet he alway gaue Lepidus the name and honor of the Captaine Munatius Plancus lying also in campe hard by with an armye vnderstanding the report of Antonius curtesie he also came and ioined with him Thus Antonius being a foote againe and growen of great power repassed ouer the Alpes leading into ITALY with him seuenteene legions and tenne thowsand horsemen besides six legions he left in garrison amonge the GAVLES vnder the charge of
honor and the slaue enfranchised had priuiledge giuen him to weare ringes of gold and he was called Martianus Vicellus who afterwards of all the infranchised bond men became the chiefest man about his Master Galba In the meane tyme Nymphidius SABINE began at ROME not couertly but with open sorce to take vpon him the absolute gouernment of the Empire perswading him self that Galba was so old that he could hardly be brought in a lytter vnto ROME being at the least three score and thirteene yeare olde besides also that the army of the PRAETORIANS which were in ROME did beare him good will of long tyme and then acknowledged none other Lord but him onely for the large promise he had made them for the which he receiued the thankes and Galba remained the debter So he presently commaunded Tigellinus his companion and Captaine with him of the army of the PRAETORIANS to leaue of his sword and disposing him selfe to bancketing and feasting he sent for all those that had bene Consuls Praetors or Proconsuls of prouinces and made them all to be inuited in the name of Galba So there were certaine souldiers gaue out this rumor in the campe that they should doe well to send Ambassadors vnto Galba to praye him that Nymphidius might be their onely Captaine still without any companion ioyned with him Furthermore the honor and good will the Senate bare him calling Nymphidius their benefactor and going dayly to visite him in his house procuring him to be Author of all their decrees passed in Senate and that he should authorise them this made him hie minded and the bolder by much insomuch that shortly after they that came to honor him in this sort did not onely hate and mislike his doings but moreouer he made them affrayd of him Furthermore when the Consuls had giuen to commoÌ„ purseuants any commissions vnder seale or letters pattents signifying the decrees of the Senate to cary them to the Emperor by vertue of which letters pattents when the officers of the citie doe see the seale they straight prouide the purseuants of coches and â—reshe horses to further their speede and hasty iorney Nymphidius was very angrye with them bicause they did not also come to him for his letters sealed by him and his souldiers to sende likewise vnto the Emperor But besides all this it is also reported that he was like to haue deposed the Consuls howbeit they excusing them selues vnto him and crauing pardon did appease his anger And to please the Commons also he suffred them to put any of Neroes friends to death they could meete withall Amonge other they slue a Fenser called Spicillus whome they put vnder Neroes statues which they dragged vp and downe the citie Another also called Aponius one of Neroes accusers they threw him to the ground and draue carts ouer him loden with stones And diuers others also whom they slue in that manner of the which some had done no maner of offence Hereuppon one Mauriseus one of the noblest men of the citie so esteemed sayd openly in the Senate I feare me we shall wish for Nero againe before it be long So Nymphidius being comen in manner to the fulnes of his hope he was very glad to heare that some repyned at him bicause he was the sonne of Caius Caesar that was the next Emperor after Tiberius For this Caius Caesar when he was a young man had kept Nymphidius mother which had bene a fayer young woman and the Daughter of one Callistus one of Caesars infranchised bond men whome he had gotten of a Laundres he kept Howbeit it is found contrary that this Nymphidius was borne before Caius Caesar coulde knowe his mother and men thought that he was begotten by a Fenser called Martianus with whome his mother Nymphidia fell in fancie for that he had a great name at that time in ROME and in deede Nymphidius was liker to him in fauor then vnto any other So he confessed that he was the sonne of this Nymphidia how beit he did ascrybe the glory of the death of Nero vnto him selfe and thought him selfe not sufficiently recompensed with the honors they gaue him nether also with the goods he enioyed nether for that he lay with Sporus whome Nero loued so dearely whome he sent for to Neroes funeralls whilest his bodye was yet a burning and kept him with him as if he had bene his wife and called him Poppaeus Furthermore all this did not content him but yet secretly he aspyred to be Emperor partly practising the matter in ROME it selfe by the meanes of certaine women and Senators which were secretly his friends and partly also through one Gellianus whome he sent into SPAYNE to see how all thinges went there Howbeit after the death of Nero all things prospered with Galba sauing Verginius Rufus only who stoode doubtfull yet and made him sorely mistrust him for that he was affrayd besides that he was generall ouer a great and puisant army hauing also newly ouerthrowen Vindex and secretly ruling the best parte of the Empire of ROME which was all GAVLE and then in tumult and vprore ready to rebell lest he would harken vnto them that perswaded him to take the Empire to him selfe For there was no Captaine of ROME at that tyme so famous and of so great estimation as Verginius and that deseruedly for that he had done great seruice to the Empire of ROME in tyme of extreamitie hauing deliuered ROME at one selfe tyme from a cruell tyranny and also from the daunger of the warres of the GAVLES This notwithstanding Verginius persiâ—ting still in his first determination referred the election of the Emperor vnto the Senate although that after the death of Nero was openly knowen the common sort of souldiers were earnestly in hand with him and that a Tribune of the souldiers otherwise called a Colonel of a thowsand men went into his tent with a sword drawen in his hand and bad Verginius either determine to be Emperor or els to looke to haue the sworde thrust into him Yet after that Fabius Vaelens Captaine of a legion was sworne vnto Galba and that he had receiued letters from ROME aduertising him of the ordinaunce and decree of the Senate in th end with much a doe he perswaded the souldiers to proclayme Galba Emperor who sent Flaceus Ordeonius to succeede him vnto whome he willingly gaue place So when Verginius had deliuered vp his army vnto him he went to meete with Galba on whome he wayted comming on still towards ROME And Galba all that time neither shewed him euill countenance nor yet greatly esteemed of him Galba him selfe being cause of the one who feared him and his friends of the other but specially Titus Iunius who for the malice he bare vnto Verginius thinking to hinder his rising did vnwittingly in deede further his good happe and deliuered him occasion to draw him out of the ciuill warres and mischieues the which lighted afterwards vpon
those miseries which their contry afterwards came vnto But giuing place to the furie ambitious mind of a young man they heaped such 〈…〉 on their heads as afterwards fell out vpon them Therefore it is very 〈…〉 for wise Magistraâ—s gouernors of coÌ„mon weales alwaies rather to haue an eye to the beginning of any matters then to the ende ever to decyde all matters by aduise councel before they should take any wâ—râ— in hand Now the SAGVNTINES seing themselues beseeged by Annibal that against al reason equitie he made warres vpon them they notwithstanding valiantly defended the feege many monethes together Yet in fine though Annibal had many môe mothen they hauing a hundred fifty thowsand men in his campe that the most part of their rampars were battered ouerthrowen they liked rather to abide the sack of their citye then to yeld themselues to the mercy of their mortall enemie So some doe report that SAGVNTUS was taken the eight moneth after seege was layed vnto it But Liâ—ie seemeth not to agree to that nether to set downe any certen time of the continuance of the seege Nowe the taking of this so wealthie a citie was a great furtherance diuers wayes to Annibals enterprises For many cities taking example of the sacke of SAGVNTVS who before misliking so be subiect to the CARTHAGINIANS were ready to rebell they kept them selues quiet and the souldiers alfo waxed liuely and coragious seeing the rich spoyles that were deuided in the campe So Annibal sent great presents of the spoiles of the SAGVNTINES vnto CARTHAGE whereby he wanne the chiefest men of the citie and made them like the better of warres whome he determined to leade with him against the ROMANES not in SPAYNE as many supposed but into ITALY it selfe Whilest these matters were in hande the Ambassadors returned from CARTHAGE to ROME and declared in open Senate the slender aunswer they had recieued in manner at the selfe same time when they had intelligence of the sacke of SAGVNTVS Hereuppon the ROMANES greatly repented them selues though somewhat too late for that they ayded not their friendes and confederats in so great a daunger Therefore all the Senate and people together being very sory for it and therewith also maruelously offended they deuided the prouinces vnto the Consuls to wete SPAYNE vnto Publius Cornelius and AFRICK and SICILIA also vnto Titus Sempronius Afterwards certen of the noblest men of the citie were sent ambassadors vnto CARTHAGE to make their complaints in open Senate for breache of the peace and also to denownce vnto them the cause of the warre to come and therewith boldly to proclaime open warre against them after they had declared the occasion thereof to come of them selues This was as brauely receiued of the CARTHAGINIANS as lustely offred vnto them but therein they were not so wel aduised as the successe of that warre in the ende sufficiently proued it to them Now Annibal being aduertised how things were concluded in the Senate at CARTHAGE and thinking with him selfe that it was time to goe into ITALY as he had determined from the beginning he made all the possible speede he could to prepare his shippes and things ready and so required ayde of the cities that were his best friends and confederats and commaunded that all the bands should meete him at newe CARTHAGE So when he came to GADES he appoynted good garrisons in places most conuenient in AFRICK and SPAYNE which he thought aboue all things els to be most necessary bicause that when he should goe into ITALY the ROMANES should not winne it from him Therefore he sent into AFRICK twelue hundred horsemen thirteene thowsand footemen all SPANYARDS and besides he brought out of diuers parts of AFRICK foure thowsand souldiers and placed them in garrison in CARTHAGE obteyning both hostages and souldiers by this meanes So he left the gouernment of SPAYNE to his brother Hasdrubal and gaue him an army of fiftye shippes of warre two thowsand horsemen and twelue thowsand footemen These were the garrisons he left in both those prouinces Nowe he thought them not sufficient to withstande the power of the ROMANES if they bent their warres into SPAYNE or AFRICK but bicause he thought them stronge inough to stay the enemy from ouerrunning of the contry vntill that hauing brought his armye by land he had set foote in ITALY Moreouer he knewe that the CARTHAGINIANS were stronge inough to leauy a new army if they lysted and if neede so required to send him ayde also into ITALY For after that they had driuen away this so daungerous a warre procured agaynst them through the spight of the mercenary souldiers hauing euer after obteined victorie first vnder the conduct of Hamilcar secondly vnder Hasdriuball and lastlie vnder Annibal they were growen to such greatnes strength that at what time Annibal came into ITALIE their Empire dominions were maruelously enlarged For they had all the coast of AFRICKE which lyeth ouer against the sea Mediterraneum from the aulters of the Philenians which be not farre from the great Syrte vnto Hercules pillers and conteineth in length two thowsande paces So after they had passed the straight which deuideth AFRICKE from EVROPE they possessed almost all SPAYNE to the mountaines Pyrenei which doe deuide SPAYNE from GAVLE Thus order being taken for all things in AFRICKE and SPAYNE Annibal returned againe to new CARTHAGE where his armie was readie for him and well appointed So meaning to delay time no lenger he called his men together and incoraging them with great and large promises he greatly commended the commodities of ITALIE made great accompt vnto them of the frendshippe of the GAVLES and in the end he bad them be of good corage and set lustely forward Thereuppon the next day following he departed from CARTHAGE and brought his armie all alongest the coast vnto the riuer of Iberus It is reported that the next night following Annibal dreamed he saw a young man of a maruelous terrible looke stature who bad him follow him into ITALIE but afterwards that he saw a snake of a woÌ„derful greatnes making a maruelous noyse being desirous to vnderstand what the same might signifie it was told him that it betokened the destruction of ITALIE It is not to be marueled at though the great care thought he tooke in the day time for the warre of ITALIE made his mind to run of such fansies in the night as dreaming of victory or destructioÌ„ or such other calamities of warre For they are things that happen often as Cicero the Orator saith that our thoughts words do beget such things in our dreame as Ennius the Poet wryteth of Homer to wit like to those his minde most ran on or that he talked of most Now after Annibal had passed ouer the mountaines Pirenei and that he had also won the GAVLES harts with bountifull gifts in few dayes
he could to leade his armie into some other prouince Furthermore he thought it would increase his estimacion much amoÌ„g strauÌ„gers also greatly encorage his owne people if he could make the power of the CARTHAGINIANS to seeme so great also their Captaine to be of so noble a corage as to dare to make warre so neere to the citie of ROME All things therefore set a part he marched with his campe by the mountaine Appenine and so comming through the contry of the LIGVRIANS he came into THVSCAN by the way that bringeth them into the champion contry to the marisses about the riuer of Arnus The riuer of Arnus at that time was very high and had ouerflowen all the fields thereabouts Annibal therefore marching with so great an army as he had could not avoyde it but that he must needes lose a number of his men horse before he could get out of those euill fauored marisses Insomuch that he him selfe lost one of his eyes by reason of the great paines he had taken day night without sleepe or rest and also through the euill ayer though he was caried vpon a high Elephants back which only was left him of all that he had brought with him In the meane time C. Flaminius Consul to whom the charge of SeÌ„pronius army was geuen he was come vnto ARETIVM against the Senates minde who were maruelously offended with him bicause he left his coÌ„panion Cn. Seruilius at ROME went vnto his prouince by stelth as it were without the furniture of a Consul his officers This was a very hasty man of nature one whom the people had brought to that dignity office so that he was become so prowde insolent that men might see he would hazard all things without wit or iudgement Annibal hauing intelligence hereof thought it the best way to anger the Consul to do what he could possible to allure him into the field before his fellow Consul should come to ioyne with him Therfore he marching forward with his campe through the contry of FESVLA ARETIVM he burnt spoiled all the contry thereabout filled them all with feare neuer leauing to destroy all before him vntil he came to the mountaines Cortonenses so to the lake called Thrasimene When he had viewed the place he went about to surprise his enemy by some ambush wherupon he conueied certen horsemen vnder the hills hard by the straight that goeth vnto Thrasimene and behind the mountaines also he placed his light horsemeÌ„ TheÌ„ he him selfe with the rest of his army came downe into the field supposing that the Consul would not be quiet and so it fell out For hot stirring heades are easely intrapped fall into the enemies ambush oftentimes do put all in hazard bicause they will follow no counsell nor good aduise C. Flaminius therefore seeing their contry vtterly spoiled the corne destroyed and cut downe and the houses burnt he made great hast to lead his armie against the enemie contrarie to all mens minds who would haue had him taried for his companion Cn. Seruilius the other Consul So euen at sunne set when he was come to the straightes of the lake of Thrasimene he caused his campe to stay there although his men were not wearie with the long iorney they had taken by the way So the next morning by breake of day making no view of the contrie he went ouer the mountaines The Annibal who long before was prepared for this did but stay for the oportunitie to worke his feate when he saw the ROMANES come into the plaine he gaue a signall vnto all his men to geue charge vpon the enemie Thereuppon the CARTHAGINIANS breaking out on euerie side came before and behinde and on the flanckes to assaile the enemie being shut in betwene the lake and the mountaines Now in contrarie maner the ROMANES beginning to fight out of order they â—ought inclosed together that they could not see one an other as if it had bene darke so that it is to be wondered at how and with what minde they fought it out so long considering they were compassed in on euerie side For they fought it out aboue three howres space with such fury and corage that they heard not the terrible earthquake that was at that present time neither did they offer to flie or stirre a foote vntil they heard that the Consul C. Flaminius going from rancke to rancke to encourage his men was slaine by a man of armes called Ducarius Then when they had lost their Generall and being voyde of all hope they fled some towardes the mountaines and others towards the lake of the which diuers of them flying were ouertaken slaine So there were slaine fifteene thowsand in the field there scaped about ten thowsand Furthermore the report went that there were six thowsande footemen which forciblie at the beginning of the battell got to the mountaine and there stayed on a hill till the battell was ended and at length came downe vpon Annibals promise but they were betrayed and slaine euery mothers sonne of them After this great victorie Annibal did let diuers ITALIAN prisoners goe free without raunsome paying after he had vsed them maruelous curteouslie bicause that the same of his clemencie curtesie should be knowen vnto all nations whereas in deede his owne nature was contrarie to all vertues For he was hastie and cruell of nature and from his youth was brought vp in warres and exercised in murther treason ambushes layed for enemies and neuer cared for law order nor ciuill gouernment So by this meanes he became one of the cruellest Captaines the most suttell and craftiest to deceiue and intrap his enemie that euer was For as he was alway prying to beguile the enemie so those whom he could not ouercome in warre by plaine force he went about to intrappe by slight and policie The which appeareth true by this present battell and also by the other he fought against the Consul Sempronius by the riuer of Trebia But let vs returne to our matter and leaue this talke till an other time Now when the newes of the ouerthrow and death of the Consul Flaminius was reported at ROME hauing lost the most parte of his armie there was great mone and lamentation made through all the citie of ROME Some bewailing the common miserie of the common wealth others lamenting their priuate particular losse some also sorowing for both together But in deede it was a woefull sight to see a world of men women to run to the gates of the citie euerie one priuatly asking for their kinne and frends Some do write that there were two women who being very sorie and pensife dispairing of the safetie of their sonnes dyed sodainly for the extreame ioy they had when beyond their expectacion hope they sawe their sonnes aliue and safe At the selfe same time Cn. Seruilius
the other Consul with C. Flaminius did send him foure thowsand horsemen not vnderstanding yet of the battell that was fought by the lake of Thrasymene But when they heard of the ouerthrowe of their men by the way and therefore thought to haue fled into VMBRIA they were compassed in by the horsemen of the enemies and so brought vnto Annibal Nowe the Empire of ROME being brought into so great extreamitie and daunger bicause of so many small losses one in the necke of an other it was ordeined that an extraordinarie Gouernor or Magistrate should be chosen who should be created Dictator an office specially vsed to be reserued for the last hope and remedie in most extreame daunger and perill of the state and common wealth But bicause the Consul Seruilius could not returne at that time to ROME all the waies being kept by the enemie the people contrarie to their custome created Q. Fabius Dictator who afterwards attained the surname of Maximus to say verie great who likewise did name M. Minutius Generall of the horsemen Now this Fabius was a graue and wise counseller and of great authoritie and estimacion in the common wealth insomuche as the citizens had all their hope and confidence in him onely perswading them selues that the honor of ROME might be better preserued vnder the gouernment and conduct of such a Generall rather then vnder the gouernment of any other man whatsoeuer So Fabius knowing it very well after he had carefullie and diligentlie geuen order for all thinges necessarie he departed from ROME and when he had receiued the armie of the late Consul Cn. Seruilius he added vnto them two other legions and so went vnto the enemie Nowe Annibal was gone from the lake of Thrasymene and went directly towardes the citie of SPOLETVM to see if he could take it at the first assault But when he saw that the townes men stoode vpon the rampers of the walls and valliantlie defended them selues he then left the towne and destroyed the contrie as he went and burnt houses and villages and so went into APVLIA through the marches of ANCONA and the contries of the MARSIANS and PELIGNIANS The Dictator followed him at the heeles and camped hard by the citie of ARPY not farre from the campe of the enemie to thend to drawe out the warre at length For the rashnesse and foolehardines of the former Captaines affore time had brought the state of ROME into such miserie that they thought it a victorie vnto them not to be ouercome by the enemie that had so often ouercome them Whereby all thinges were turned straight with the chaunge and alteracion of the Captaine For though Annibal had set his men in battell ray and afterwardes perceiuing his enemie sturred not went and destroyed the contrie hoping thereby to intise the Dictator to fight when he should see the contrie of his confederates so spoyled as it was before his face the Dictator this notwithstanding was not moued withall but still kept his men close together as if the matter had not concerned him Annibal was in a maruelous rage with the delay of the Dictator and therefore often remoued his campe to the ende that going diuers wayes some occasion or oportunitie might fall out of deceiue the enemie or else to geue battell So when he had passed the mountaine Appenine he came vnto SAMNIVM But bicause shortlie after some of CAMPANIA who hauing bene taken prisoners by the lake of Thrasymene had bene set at libertie without raunsome they putting him in hope that he might take the citie of CAPVA he made his armie march forward and tooke a guide that knew the contrie to bring him vnto CASINVM Nowe the guide ouerhearing CASINVM vnderstoode it CASILINVM so mistaking the sound of the word brought the armie a cleane contrary way vnto CALENTINVM and CALENVM and from thence about STELLA So when they came into a contry enuironned about with mountaines and riuers Annibal knew straight they had mistaken their way and so did cruelly put the guide to death Fabius the Dictator did in the meane time beare all this pacientlie and was contented to geue Annibal libertie to take his pleasure which way he woulde vntill he had gotten the mountaines of Gallicanum and Casilinum where he placed his garrison being places of great aduantage and commodity So the armie of the CARTHAGINIANS was in manner compassed in euery way and they must needes haue dyed for famine in that place or else haue fled to their great shame and dishonor had not Annibal by this stratageame preuented the daunger Who knowing the daunger all his armie stoode in and hauing spied a fit time for it he commaunded his souldiers to bring forth two thowsand oxen which they had gotten in spoyle in the fields hauing great store of them and then tying torches or fire linckes vnto their homes he appointed the nimblest men he had to light them and to driue the oxen vp the hill to the toppe of the mountaines at the reliefe of the first watche All this was duely executed according to his commaundement and the oxen running vp to the toppe of the mountaines with the torches burning the whole armie marched after them fayer and softly Now the ROMANES that had long before placed a strong garrison vpon the mountaines they were affrayed of this straunge sight and mistrusting some ambushe they soorth with forsooke their peeces and holdes Fabius him selfe mistrusting also that it was some stratageame of the enemie kept his men within the campe and coulde not well tell what to say to it In the meane time Annibal got ouer the mountaine not farre from the bathes of Swessa which the contrie men doe call the tower of the bathes and brought all his armie safe into ALBA and shortlie after he marched directlie as though he woulde goe to ROME howbeit he sodainlie turned out of the way and went presentlie into APVLIA There he tooke the citie of GLERENVM a verie riche and wealthie towne where he determined to winter The Dictator followed him harde and came and camped by LAVRINVM not farre from the CARTHAGINIANS campe So he being sent for to ROME about waightie affaires of the state there was no remedy but he must needes de pase â—hence with all the spâ—dâ— he coulde howebeit before he went he left Marcus Minutius in Generall of the horsemen his Lieutenaunt of all the armie and commaunded him in his absence noâ—oned to sturre not meddle with the enemie For he was fullie bent to follow his first determination which wast not to vexe the enemy nor to fight with him though he were prouoked â—â—it Howbeit Marcus Minutius litle regarding the Dictators commaundement his backe was no soner â—â—â—nedâ— but he set vpon a companie of the enemies dispersed in the fielde a forlaging and slue a group number of them and fought with the rest euen into their campe The rumor of this 〈…〉 flew straight to ROME and there was such great
For Annibal returning shortly after into APVLIA he met with an other army of the ROMANES the which Fabius the Praetor led who also intrapped that army by ambushes slue the most of thē so that of twenty thousand mē two thousand scant scaped the edge of the sword In the meane time the Consuls perceiuing that Annibal was gone they came with all their army vnto CAPVA did besiege it roūd This being come to Annibals eare he came with his army into CAMPANIA in very good order wel appointed at his first comming he set vpon the campe of the ROMANES hauing first willed the CAMPANIANS at the selfe same instant to make a salye out on thē The ROMANE Consuls at the first tumult of their enemies deuided the army betwene them and went against them The CAMPANIANS were easily driuen againe into the citie howbeit against Annibal the battell was very bloudy For if euer he proued him selfe a valiant Captaine or noble souldier that day he shewed it He attempted also to surprise the ROMANES by some stratageame For as his men were about to breake into the ROMANES campe he sent one thither that had the Latine tongue excellently well who cryed out as by commaundement of the Consuls that the ROMANES should saue them selues in the next Mountaines considering they had almost lost all their campe and strength This crye made on the sodaine had easily moued them that heard it if the ROMANES being throughly acquainted with Annibals suttelties had not found out his deceit Wherefore one of them incoraging an other they made the enemy retyre and compelled him in despite of his beard to die into his campe When Annibal had done what he could by all deuise and practise possible to rayse their seege from CAPVA and perceiuing all would not serue being sory for the daunger of his confederats he then determined to call a counsell the which he had passed ouer a long time hauing reserued it for the last refuge For he trussed vp his cariage and marched away with his army and as quietly as he could he passed ouer the riuer of Vulturnus and coasting through the contries of the SIDICINIANS ATIFANIANS and CASSINIANS he came to ROME with ensignes displayed hoping thereby he should make them rayse their seege being so earnestly bent to winne CAPVA This flying straight to ROME by curters they were so affrayd there as ROME was neuer in the like feare it stoode in then For they saw their mortall enemy come to them with ensignes displayed whome they had so often proued almost to the vtter destruction of their Empire and now they saw him present whome they could not resist being absent threatning to bring the Senate and people of ROME into subiection So all ROME being in feare and tumult it was ordeyned that Fuluius Flaccus one of the Consuls lying before CAPVA should be sent for home And that the new Consuls Sulpitius Galba and Cornelius Centimalus should lye in campe out of the citie and that C. Calphurnius Praetor should put a stronge garrison into the capitoll and also that the Citizens that had borne any office or dignitie should be appoynted by their countenaunce and authoritie to pacifie the sodaine tumults that might happen in the city So Annibal marched without staying till he came to the riuer of Anienes and there camped within 24. furlong of ROME and shortly after that he came with two thowsand horse so neare vnto ROME that riding from the gate Collina vnto Hercules temple he had leysure to view at this pleasure the situation and walles of so great a citie Fuluius Flaccus seeing that could not abide it but straight sent out certen men of armes of the ROMANES against him who comming with great surie to giue charge vpon him as they were commaunded they easily sent him packing The next morning Annibal brought his army out of the campe and did set them in battell raye determining to fight presently if he could allure the enemy to battell The ROMANES on the other side did the like So both armies marched one against the other with such life and corage that to see them they appeared men that feared no daunger so they might obteine the victorie that day For on the one side the CARTHAGINIANS were to fight in maner for the Empire of the world the which they thought depended vpon his battell as beeing the last they should fight The ROMANES in contrary manner they were to fight for their contry libertie and their goods to see whether they could keepe them or that they should come to their enemies handes Howbeit there fell out a thing worthy of memorie For as they were ready set in battell raye tarying but for the signall of battell to giue charge there fell such a wonderfull great shower and storme vpon them that both of them were driuen in spight of their teethes to bringe backe their army into their forts againe The next day following in like manner vnto the which it seemed the battel had bene deferred when they had againe both of thē set their men in battel raye there fell the like storme vpon them the which did as much hurt the ROMANES CARTHAGINIANS as the first so that it forced them onely to looke to saue them selues and not to thinke otherwise to fight Annibal perceiuing this he turned to his friends and told them that the first time he thought not to winne ROME and that at the second time the occasion was taken from him So there was a thinge that greatly troubled Annibal and that was this That though he came so neare to ROME with an army of horsemen and footemen yet he heard that the ROMANES had sent ayde into SPAYNES and that they had redeemed the contry where he had bene at a farre greater prise then reason required Wherefore being in a rage withall he caused all the goldsmithes and banckers shoppes of the ROMANE citizens to be sold by the Cryer But afterwards casting with him selfe what a hard enterprise it was to take the citie of ROME or els being affrayde to lacke vittells for he had stored him selfe onely but for tenne dayes he raysed his campe and remouing thence came to the holy woode of the goddesse Feronia and rifled the riche temple there and afterwardes went thence into the contry of the BRVTIANS and LVCANIANS The CAPVANS hauing intelligence thereof being left out of all hope they yelded vp their citie vnto the ROMANES The citie of CAPVA beeing thus yelded vp and brought againe to the subiection of the ROMANES it was of great importance to all the people of ITALY and withall brought a great desire of chaunge Annibal him selfe also following euill counsell did spoyle and destroy many cities he could not keepe whereby he did sturre vp the harts of diners nations against him For where before when he was Conqueror he had often let prisoners goe without ransom paying through which liberalitie he had won the
harts of many men euen so at that present time his barbarous crueltie made diuers cities misliking to be subiect to the CARTHAGINIANS rebell against him and to take part with the ROMANES Amongest them was SALAPIA the which was yelded vp vnto the Consul Marcellus by Blacius meanes chiefe of all the ROMANE faction and a band also of choyce horsemen which was left there in garrison were manner in slaine euery man of them This is the citie where Annibal fell in fancy with a gentlewoman and therefore they greatly reproue his immoderat lust and lasciuiousnes Howbeit there are others that greatly commending the continencie of this Captaine say that he did neuer eate lying and neuer drancke aboue a pint of wine nether when he came to make warre in ITALY nor after that he returned into AFRICK Some there be also that say Annibal was cruell and vnconstant and subiect to diuers such other vices howbeit they make no manner of mention of his chastitie or incontinencie But they report that his wife was a SPANYARD borne in CASTVLO a good towne and that the CARTHAGINIANS graunted her many things and trusted her very much bicause of the great faith and constancie of that nation Now Annibal after he had lost as we haue told you the citie of SALAPIA he found the meanes to cry quittance and to make the ROMANES lose more then he had lost For at the selfe same time Fuluius Viceconsul lay beseeging of HERDONEA hoping to winne the citie without resistance And bicause he stoode in no feare of any enemy round about him for Annibal was gone into the contry of the BRVTIANS he kept no watch and was altogether negligent in martiall affayres contrary to the nature of the ROMANE Captaines Annibal being aduertised thereof by spialls would not lose such a goodly oportunitie and therefore comming into APVLIA with his armye ready he came so hastely vnto HERDONEA that he had most stollen vpon Fuluius vnprouided in his campe Howbeit the ROMANES valiantly receiued the first charge with such corage that they fought it out lenger then it was looked for Notwithstanding in the ende as the ROMANES two yeare before that had bene ouercome not farre from thence with their Consul Fuluius euen so likewise vnder the conduct of this Fuluius Viceconsul the ROMANE legions were vtterly ouerthrowen and their Captaine slaine with the most part of his armye The Consul Marcellus was at that time in the citie of SAMNIVM who being aduertised of this great ouerthrow desired to be euen with him and though it seemed he came too late to helpe things past remedie yet he brought his army into the contry of the LVCANIANS whether he vnderstood Annibal was gone after his victorie and came and camped directly ouer against his enemye and soone after came to battell The which the CARTHAGINIANS refused not but gaue such a fierce onset on either side that they fought it out till Sunne set and no man knew who had the better and so the night parted them The next morning the Romanes shewing againe in field in battell raye made it knowen that the enemies were affrayd of them For Annibal kept his men within the campe and the next night following stale away without any noyse and went into APVLIA Marcellus also followed him foote by foote and sought to put all to hasard by some notable battell for he bare him selfe thus in hand that of all the ROMANE Captaines there was none machable with Annibal but him selfe either in counsell wit or policie or els in martiall discipline or warlike stratageames Howbeit the winter following kept him that he could not fight any set battell with the enemie for after he had made a fewe light skirmishes bicause he would not trouble his souldiers any more in vaine he bestowed them in garrison for the winter time At the beginning of the next springe procured partly by Fabius letters who was one of the new Consuls for that yeare and partly also through his owne disposition he brought out his garrisons sooner then they were looked for and came with his army against Annibal who lay at that time at CANVSIVM Now it chaunced that through the nearenes of both their campes and the good desire they both had to fight in fewe dayes they fought three seuerall times The first battell when they had fought it all night in manner with like hope of both sides and that it could not be iudged which of them had the better they bot of purpose retyred into their campe againe The second day Annibal was conquerer after he had slayne almost two thowsand seuen hundred enemies and put the residue of the army to flight The third day the ROMANES to recouer the shame and dishonor they had lost the day before they were the first that prayed they might fight and so Marcellus led them out to battell Annibal wondering at their valiantnes sayd vnto his people that he delt with an enemy that could nether be quiet Conquerer nor conquered So the battell was more bloudy and cruell then any that was before bicause the ROMANES did their best to be reuenged of their losse and the CARTHAGINIANS on the other side were mad in their mindes to see that the vanquished durst prouoke the vanquishers vnto battell In the ende the ROMANES being sharpely reproued and also perswaded by Marcellus to sticke to it valliantly like men that the newes of their victorie might come to ROME before the news of their ouerthrowe they flue in among the presse of their enemies and neuer left fighting till that after they had thrise broken their enemies they made them all flie At the selfe same time Fabius Maximus tooke the citie of TARENTVM againe almost after the selfe same sort it was lost This being reported vnto Annibal he sayd the ROMANES haue also their Annibal The next yeare following Marcellus and Crispinus were chosen Consuls who preparing to put them selues in readines for warre they led both the armies against the enemy Annibal dispayring that he was not able to resist them in battel he sought all the wits he had to deuise some way to intrappe them by sutteltie whome he could not ouercome by battel So Annibals head being occupied thus there was offred him a better occasion to bring this enterprises to passe then he looked for Betwene both campes there was a prety groue in the which Annibal layed certen bands of the NVMIDIANS in ambushe to intrappe the enemies passing to and fro On the other side the Consuls by consent of them all thought it best to send to view this groue and to keepe it if neede required least in leauing it behind them the enemies should come so be vpon their iacks afterwards Now before they remoued their armye both the Consuls went out of their campe with a small company of horsemen with them to view the situacion of this place and so going on very vndiscreetely and worse appoynted then became men
of their authoritie place they vnfortunatly fell into Annibals ambush So when they saw them selues in a momēt compassed about on euery side with enemies that they could not goe forward and were also fought withall behind they defended them selues the best they could rather by compulsion then of any determination they had to fight So Marcellus was slaine fighting valiantly and Crispinus the other Consul also very sore hurt who hardly scaped the enemies hands Annibal being aduertised that Marcellus was slaine who was the chiefest man of all the ROMANE captaines that had most hindered the happy successe of his victories and had besides troubled him most he presently went and camped there where the battell was fought and when he had found Marcellus body he gaue it honorable pompe and funerall Hereby we may see how magnanimitie and excellent vertues are esteemed of all men considering that the cruell and most mortall enemye gaue honorable buriall to so noble and excellent a Captaine The ROMANES in the meane time seeing one of their Consuls dead and the other Consul very fore hurt they drew straight to the next mountaines and camped in a strong place Howbeit Crispinus had sent to the next townes of the mountaines to aduertise them that Marcellus his companion was dead and that the enemy had gotten the ringe he sealed his letters withall wherefore he wished them to beware of any letters written in Marcellus name Crispinus Messenger came but newly vnto SALAPIA when letters were brought also from Annibal in the behalfe of Marcellus to tell them that he would be there the next night The SALAPIANS knowing his craft they sent his Messenger away carefully looked for Annibals comming About the fourth watche of the night Annibal came to the citie of SALAPIA who of purpose had put all the ROMANES that had fled in the vauntgard bicause that they speaking the Latin tongue might make them beleue that Marcellus was there in person So when the Citizens had suffred six hundred of them to come in they shut to the gates and with their shot and darts thrust out the rest of the armye and put all them to the sword they had let into the citie Thus Annibal beeing in a maruelous rage he had missed of his purpose he remoued thence and went into the contry of the BRVTIANS to ayde the LOCRIANS that were beseeged the ROMANES both by sea and by land After all these thinges at the earnest request of the Senate and people two new Consuls were created both famous Captaines and valiant souldiers Marcus Liuius Claudius Nero who hauing deuided a the army betwixt them went vnto their seuerall charge and prouinces Claudius Nero went into the contry of the SALENTINIANS and M. Liuius into GAVLE against Hasdrubal BARCINIAN who was come ouer the Alpes made haste to ioyne with his brother Annibal bringing with him a great army both of footemen and horsemen Nowe it chaunced at the same time that Annibal had receyued great losse by Claudius the Consul For first of all he ouercame him in the contry of the LVCANIANS vsing the like policies and fetches that Annibal did Afterwardes againe meeting with Annibal in APVLIA by the citie of VENVSIA he fought such a lustye battell with him that many of his enemies lay by it in the fielde By reason of these great losses Annibal sodainly went to METAPONY to renew his army againe So hauing remayned there a few dayes he receiued the army from Hanno the which he ioyned vnto his then returned vnto VENVSIA C. Nero lay not farre from VENVSIA with his campe who hauing intercepted letters of his enemies he vnderstoode by them that Hasdrubal was at hand with his armye Thereuppon he bethought him selfe night and day what police he might vse to preuent the ioyning of two so great armies together as these So after he had taken aduise of him self he followed in sight a daungerous determination but peraduenture necessary as the time required For leauing the campe vnto the charge of his Lieutenant he tooke part of the armye with him and making great iorneyes came to PICENVM being he marches of ANCONA so that on the sixt day he came to SENA There both the Consuls ioyned their forces together and setting vpon Hasdrubal by the riuer of Metaurum they had very good lucke at that battell For as it is reported there were six and fifty thowsand of the enemies slayne on that daye so that they almost had as great an ouerthrow as the ROMANES had receiued before at the battell of CANNES Now Claudius Nero after this famous victorie returning as speedily vnto VENVSIA as he went thence he set vp Hasdrubals head where the enemies kept their watche and did let certen prisoners goe to carye newes to Annibal of this great ouerthrow For afterwardes it was knowen that Annibal knew nothing yet of Claudius secret enterprise nor of the speedy execution and great slaughter he had made Whereat sure I can but wonder that so suttill a Captaine as Annibal could be deceiued by Claudius considering both their campes lay so neare together so that he first heard the newes of the ouerthrow of his brother and all his armye before he vnderstoode any thing of the Consuls departure or heard of his returne againe to the campe Now Annibal hauing not onely receiued a generall but also a perticular great losse by the death of his brother he sayd then he plainely saw the chaunge alteracion of the CARTHAGINIANS good fortune and shortly after remoued his campe and went thence into the contry of the BRUTIANS For he knew that this great ouerthrow giuen by the riuer of Metaurum was a maruelous incoragement to the ROMANES and would also be a great logge in his way for the successe of all this warre This notwithstanding he gathered all his power he had left in ITALY after so m any great battells and conflicts and so many cities taken and mainteyned the warre with an inuincible courage But the most straungest thinge in Annibal was this that through his authoritie wisedom he kept all his army in peace and amitie together being a medley of SPANYARDS AFRICANES GAYLES and of diuers other nations and neuer was heard that there was any brawle or tumult amonge them Howbeit the ROMANES them selues after they had wonne SICILIA SARDINIA and SPAYNE againe they could neuer vtterly ouercome him nor driue him out of ITALY before they had sent Cornelius Scipio into the riske who making with the CARTHAGINIANS he brought them to such great extremitie that they were driuen to send for Annibal home out of ITALY Annibal at that time as I haue sayd before was in the contry of the BRVTIANS making warre by intodes and sodaine inuasions rather then by any fought battell sauing that once there was battell fought in haste betwixt him and the Consul Sempronius and immediatly after be name and set vpon the same Sempronius with all his armye
of ROME any more hurt they being Conquerors in manner of all the world But some againe on the other side commended Flaminius for it sayd it was a good deede of him to rid the ROMANES of their mortall enemye who though he had but a weake body yet he lacked no wit wise counsell and great experience in warres to intise king Prusias to make warre and to molest all ASIA besides with newe warres For at that time the power of the king of BITHYNIA was so great that it was not to be lightly regarded For after that Mithridates king of the same BITHYNIA did maruelously molest the ROMANES both by sea and by land moreouer fought battells with L. Lucullus and Cn. Pompey famous Captaines of the ROMANES And so the ROMANES might also be affrayd of king Prusias and specially hauing Annibal his Captaine So some iudge that Q. Flaminius was specially sent Ambassador vnto king Prusias secretly to practise Annibals death Howbeit it is to be supposed that Q. Flaminius was not so desirous to haue Annibal so sodainely put to death as he would haue bene glad otherwise to haue brought him againe to ROME that had done such mischiefe to his contry and this had bene a great benefit for ROME and much honor also vnto him selfe Such was the death of Annibal the CARTHAGINIAN a famous man doubtles highly to be commended for martiall prayse setting his other vertues aside So we may easily iudge of what power and force his noble mind his great wisedom and corage and his perfit skill of martiall discipline was in all thinges For in all the warre the CARTHAGINIANS had so vehemently and with such great preparation enterprised they neuer thought them selues ouercome till Annibal was ouerthrowen at that great battel by ZAMA So it appeareth that all their strength and skill of warres began also ended with Annibal their Captaine THE LIFE OF Scipio African PVblius Scipio a PATRICIAN of the familye of the Cornelij who was the first ROMANE Captaine against whome Annibal fought in ITALY was the father of Cornelius Scipio afterwards surnamed AFRICAN the first so called bicause he had conquered that nation The lame Scipio after he had obtayned many great victories in SPAYNE and done notable feates of armes was in the ende slayne with a wound he had in a battell against his enemies as he was plying and incoraging of his men from place to place thronging in the greatest daunger and fury of the battell Shortly after did his brother Cn. Scipio also ende his life much after one selfe manner and was slayne valliantly fighting So these two Captaines besides the same they achieued by their noble deedes left behind them great prayse of their faithfulnes modestie and corage the which made them not onely wished for of their souldiers that were then liuing but also of all the SPANYARDS besides Cn. Scipio had a sonne called P. Cornelius Nasicae one that had bene Consul and had also triumphed who beeing but a younge man was thought the meetest man of all the citie of ROME to receyue Idea the mother of the goddes This Publius had two sonnes the so famous Scipioes of the which the one was called ASIAN bicause he conquered ASIA and the other AFRICAN bicause he subdued AFRICK at that famous battell of ZAMA where he ouerthrewe Annibal and the CARTHAGINIANS as we sayd before Whose life we purpose nowe to write not so much to make the glory of his name so famous by all the Graeke Latyn Authors the greater by our history as for that we would make all men know the order of his noble deeds moral vertues to th end that all Princes noble Captaines in reading it should behold the liuely image of perfit vertue which may moue an earnest desire in thē to follow the example of P. Cornelius Scipioes life who from his childhod gaue great hope shew of a noble nature excellent vertue after he followed the instruction of martiall discipline vnder the conduct of his father He was caried into the field at the beginning of thesecond warre with the CARTHAGINIANS followed the campe being but seuenteene yeare old in a very short time grew so toward forward in al things in riding in watching in taking all maner of paynes like a soldier that he wan great cōmendacion of his own father besides great estimation also of all the army Furthermore he shewed such tokens of a sharp wit noble corage that it made him beloued also feared of his enemies For this Scipio was present at the battell of the horsemen where P. Cornelius Scipio the Consul fought with Annibal by the riuer of Thesin some writers doe affirme that Cornelius the father being hurt was almost taken by the enemye had not his sonne Scipio saued him who had then but a litle downe on his beard he was so young After that also at the battel that was sought by CANNES to the great losse in maner vtter destruction of the Empire of ROME when the ten thowsand men that fled to CANVSIVM had all together with one cōsent referred the gouernment of the army vnto Appius Pulcher that had bene AEdilis and vnto Cornelius Scipio that was yet but very young the same Scipio shewed then by his deedes what noble mind and corage was in him For when he saw certen young men consult together betwene them selues to forsake ITALY he thrust in among them drawing out his sword made them all sweare they would not forsake their contry These and such like deedes done by him with a liuely corage noble mind being then but a young man wanne him such fauor with the ROMANES that not respecting his young yeares nor their auncient custō they called him forward laid offices of great charge gouernment vpon him Insomuch that when he sued for the office of AEdilis before his due time notwithstanding that the Tribunes of the people were against his sute bicause he was so younge a man yet the people suffered him to be brought from tribe to tribe so was presently chosen AEdilis with the most voyces So after his father Vncle both famous and noble Captaines had bene slaine one after the other in SPAYNE that the ROMANES were in consultacion to appoynt some worthy captaine in the roome they could finde no man that durst vndertake this so daungerous warre considering the losse of two so great captaines before Wherfore the whole assēbly being called to choose a Viceconsul all the other Princes peeres of the Realme being silent at so worthy a motion Scipio onely of all the rest being but foure twenty yeare old stoode vp in the middest of thē laid with a good hope confidence he would willingly take the charge vpon him He had no sooner offred this promise but he was presently made Viceconsul of SPAYNE with the wōderful good wil fauor of the people who
to set vpon the kings Mandonius Indibilis who made warre with the SVESSITANS These souldiers departing froÌ„ SVCRO with good hope in obtaine pardon came vnto CARTHAGE Howbeit the next day after they were come into the towne they were brought into the market place where their armorâ—â—d weapons being taken from them they were enuironned with all the legions armie Then the ROMANE Generall sitting in place of iudgement shewed him selfe before all the coÌ„pany in as good health good disposition of bodies as euer he was in all his youth Then he made a sharp bitter oration full of grieuous complaines insomuch as there was not one of all the souldiers that were vnarmed that durst cast vp their eyes to looke their Generall in the face they were so ashamed For their consciences did accuse them for the fault they had committed and the feare of death did take their wits and senses from them the profence of their gratious Captaine made them blush as well that were innocent at the parties that were offendors Wherefore there was a generall and sorowfull silence of all men So after he had ended his oration he caused the chiefe authors of this rebellion to be brought forth before the whole assembly who after they had bene whipped according to the maner were presently beheaded the which was a fearefull and lamentable sight to the beholders These matters thus pacified Scipio made all the other souldiers to be sworne againe and then went and proclaimed warre against Mandonius and Indibilis For they considering with them selues howe the ROMANE souldiers that had rebelled in the campe were put to death they were out of hope to obtaine any pardon Therefore they had leauied an army of twentie thowsand footemen two thowsand horsemen and came downe with them against the ROMANES Scipio hauing intelligence thereof before that the kings could increase their army that other nations could rebel he departed from CARTHAGE went with as great speede as he could to meete with the enemy The kings were camped in a very strong place and trusted so to their army that they were not determined to prouoke the enemy nor also to refuse the battell if it were offred them Howbeit it chaunced by the nerenes of both campes that within few dayes they being prouoked by the ROMANES came downe set their men in battell ray ioyned battell with Scipio so that a good while together the fight was very bloody cruel But at length the SPANYARDS seeing them selues compassed in behinde and being driuen to fight in a ring to defend the enemy on euery side they were ouercome so that the third parte of them scarcely saued them selues by flying Mandonius Indibilis seeing them selues vtterly vndone that there was no hope nor remedy left they sent Ambassadors vnto Scipio humbly to pray him to receiue them to mercy and to pardon them But Scipio knowing right well how greatly they had offended him and the ROMANES yet thinking it more honorable to ouercome the enemie by curtesie and clemency then by force he did pardon them and only coÌ„maunded them to geue him money to pay his souldiers In the meane time Masinissa came from GADES landed bicause he would him selfe in person confirme the frendship he had offered Scipio in his absence by the meanes of M. Syllanus and also speake with him face to face whom he iudged to be a worthie man for the famous victories he had obteined And in truth Masinissa was not deceiued in the opinion he had of the valliantnes vertues of Scipio but found him the selfe same man whom he before had imagined him to be in his minde the which but seldom happeneth so notwithstanding For besides the great rare giftes of nature that Scipio had aboue all others there was in him also a certaine Princely grace and maiestie Furthermore he was maruelous gentle curteous vnto them that came to him and had an eloquent tongue and a passing gift to winne euerie man He was verie graue to his gesture and behauiour and euer ware long heare Masinissa being come to salute him when he sawe him he had him in suche admiration as it is reported that he could not cast his eyes of him nor haue his fill of looking on him So he thanked him maruelouslie for sending his Nephewe vnto him and promised him that his deedes shoulde confirme and witnesse the frendshippe agreed vppon betwene them the which he euer after inuiolablie kept vnto the ROMANES euen to the hower of his death So all the nations of SPAYNE became subiect to the Empire of ROME or at the least their confederates whereupon those of GADES also following the example of others came and yeelded them selues vnto the ROMANES This is a verie auncient nation and if we may credit the reporte of it as CARTHAGE was in AFRIKE and THEâ—ES in BOEOTIA so was GADES vpon the sea a Colony of the TYRIANS Scipio after he bad conquered all SPAYNE and driuen out the CARTHAGINIANS considering that there remained nothing more for him to doe he left the gouernment of the prouince vnto L. Lentulus and to Manlius Acidinus and returned to ROME When he was arriued at ROME the Senate gaue him audience out of the citie in the temple of Belloua There when he had particularly told theÌ„ of the things he had valliantly fortunately brought to end further that he had ouercome foure Captaines in diuers foughteÌ„ fields also put to flight foure armies of the enemies driueÌ„ the CARTHAGINIANS out of both SPAYNES that there was no nation left in all those parts but was subdued to the ROMANES the Senate gaue iudgement that all these things were worthy of a noble triumphe But bicause neuer man yet was suffred to enter into ROME in triuÌ„phe for any victories he had obtained whilest he was only but Viceconsul and had not yet bene Consul the Senators thought it not good and Scipio him selfe also made no great sute for it bicause he would not be an occasion to bring in any newe custome and to breake the olde So when he came into the citie he was afterwardes declared Consul with the great good will and consent of the whole assemblie It is reported that there neuer came such a world of people to ROME as were there as that time not only for the assemblies sake but more to see P. Cor. Scipio Wherefore not the ROMANES onely but all the straungers also that were there all their eyes were vpon Scipio and sayd both openly and priuately that they should send him into AFRIKE to make warre with the CARTHAGINIANS at home in their owne contrie Scipio also being of the same opinion said that he would aske aduise of the people if the Senate would be against such a worthie enterprise For amongest the peres and Senators there were some that vehemently inueyed against that opinion and among the rest Fabius Maximus speciallie a man
of the Generalls for the king So Antiochus being ouercome and his armie discomfited perceiuing that there was no helpe in his affaires he came vnto the AFRICAN who being newlie recouered of his sickenes came to the campe within a litle after the field was wonne and by his meanes obtayned of the Consul to be contented to talke of peace When Antiochus Ambassadors were come to the campe and that they had humblie craued pardon in the behalfe of their king and also prayed that they would geue them suche condicions of peace as they best liked of Scipio AFRICAN with the consent of them all aunswered them that it was not the manner of the ROMANES to yeeld to aduersitie neither also to be prowde in prosperitie and therefore that he nowe made him the selfe same offers and condicions of peace which he did before the victorie That the king shoulde not meddle with EVROPE that he should surrender vp all he had in ASIA from the mountaine Taurus vnto the riuer of Tanais that he shoulde pay tribute twentie yeres together that he shoulde also put in suche ostages as the Consul would choose out and that specially aboue all the rest they should deliuer Annibal CARTHAGINIAN vnto the Consul who was the only author and procurer of this warre But he as we haue wrytten in his life perceiuing that king Antiochus armie was ouerthrowen both by sea and by lande escaped the ROMANES handes and went vnto Prusias king of BITHYNIA Antiochus hauing accepted the offers and condicions of peace sayd that the ROMANES vsed him verie fauourablie to ridde him of so great care and to appoint him so small a kingdome For great kingdomes and ouermuch wealth which euerie man coueteth are full of great and sundrie troubles insomuch that Theocritus wordes are as true as otherwise excellently written The things I vvish are nother vvelth nor Scepter Robe nor Crovvne Nor yet of svviftnes and of strength to beare avvay renovvne But singing vvish a mery hart in simple shed to looke Aloofe vpon the troublous seas that are so hard to brooke So when the mightie king of ASIA was ouercomen and that so great a warre was so easelie ended beyonde all mens opinion the Consul L. Scipio returned to ROME and made his entrie into the citie shewing a great and honorable triumphe He also deserued the surname of the prouince and contrie subdued by him So that as his elder brother before was called AFRICAN for that he had conquered AFRIKE euen so was Lucius Scipio surnamed ASIAN for conquering ASIA vnto ROME And P. Scipio through whose counsell his brother Lucius had brought his warres to happie ende he went not cleere without honor also For shortlie after two noble Censors T. Q. Flaminius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus chose him Prince of the Senate the thirde time Nowe at that time the house and familie of the Scipioes and Cornelians florished with supreame degree of honor and the authoritie of Scipio AFRICAN was growen to such height and greatnes as no priuate man could wishe to be any greater in a free citie Howbeit the secret malice of wicked harts which could no lenger abide this greatnes and authoritie began at length to burst out and to light vpon those that were the authors of so great things For two Tribunes of the people suborned as it is reported by Porcius Cato they accused P. Scipio AFRICAN for keeping backe king Antiochus money and bicause he brought it not into the common chamber or treasurye Scipio AFRICAN knowing his innocencie being called by the Magistrate shewed him selfe obedient and came into the market place with a bold coutenaunce and there made an oration declaring what thinges he had done for the benefit and commoditie of his contry and common wealth The rehersal of these thinges did not mislike the common people that were present bicause he did it rather to auoyd the daunger prepared for him then otherwise for any vaine glory or oftentation Howbeit the Tribunes not being so contented were vehement against him and spared no iniurious words but accused him as though he had in deede bene in fault howbeit vpon suspition rather then of any due proofe The next morning being commaunded to come before them againe he appeared at the hower appoynted and being well accompanied with his friends he came through the whole assembly and went vp to the pulpit for orations When he saw that euery man kept silence then he spake in this manner I remember my Lordes that on such a day as this I wanne that famous victory of Annibal and the CARTHAGINIANS and therefore leauing a side this contention I thinke it good we go vnto the Capitol to giue God thankes for the victorie So he departed thence and all the whole assembly followed him not onely to the Capitoll but also to all the other temples of the citie leauing the two Tribunes all alone with their Sergeaunts That daye was the very last daye of all the AFRICANS good fortune for the great assembly and multitude of people that wayted vpon him and for the great good will they bare him For from that day forward he determined to get him into the contry farre from all ambition and the company of people and so went vnto LINTERNVM in a maruelous rage that for reward of his so great seruice and so sundry benefits as he had brought vnto his contry he receiued but shame and reproache or els for that in deede being as he was of a noble minde he thought it more honor willingly to giue place to his enemies then to seeke to mainteyne his greatnes by force of armes So when the Tribunes did accuse him of contempt and that his brother Lucius did excuse his absence by reason of his sickenes Tiberius Gracchus one of the Tribunes that was against the AFRICAN tooke his excuse beyond all mens opinions for good payment and did so well defende Scipioes cause sometime honorably praysing him another time also threatning his enemies that the Senate afterwards thanked him very greatly for it For they were maruelously offended for the great iniurie they did him Some doe write that P. Scipio him selfe before he went vnto LINTERNVM did with his owne hands teare the booke his brother had brought vnto the Senate to deliuer the accompt of his charge and that he did it not for any deceit nor pride but with that selfe boldnes of mind he had aforetime vsed to the treasurers when he did against the law require the keyes of the common treasure to supply the present neede of the state â— Nowe some there be also that saye it was not the AFRICAN but Scipio ASIAN that was accused needed before the Tribunes and that Scipio AFRICAN was sent in commission at that time into THYSCAN Who vnderstanding of his brothers accusation at his returne to ROME and finding his brother Lucius condemned and the Sergeaunts wayting on him to cary him being bound into prison he
was in suche a rage withall that he rescued his brother by force on of the Sergeaunts hands and from the Tribunes of the people And they report beside that Tiberius Gracchus one of the Tribunes complayning first that the authoritie of the Tribuneship was troden vnder feete by a priuate person he afterwardes letting fall all the malice and enuy he bare vnto the Scipioes defended their cause bicause the Tribunes should rather seeme to be ouercome by a Tribune then by a priuate person They sayd moreouer that the selfe same daye the Senate supped in the Capitoll he perswaded the AFRICAN to let Tiberius Gracchus mary his younger Daughter This promise was no sooner made but P. Scipio comming home to his house tolde his wife that he had bestowed their Daughter Whereuppon she being angry told him againe that he should not haue married her without consent of her mother though he could haue bestowed her vpon Tiberius Gracchus This aūswer liked Scipio maruelous wel when he saw that his wife was of his mind touching the mariage of their Daughter I knowe it is thought of some that it was attributed to Tiberius the sonne and to Appius Claudius his father in lawe For Polybius and other auncient writers affirme that Cornelia the mother of Caius and Tiberius Gracchi was maried vnto Gracchus after the AFRICANS death For Scipio AFRICAN was maried vnto AEmylia the Daughter of L. Paulus AEmylius Consul that was slayne at the battell of CANNES By her he had two Daughters of the which the eldest was maried vnto P. Cornelius Nasica and the younger vnto Tiberius Gracchus either before or after the death of his father Nowe towching his sonne there is litle mention made of him in writing that a man may write of certainty to be true We haue spoken of his younger sonne that was taken by king Antiochus and afterwards franckly sent vnto his father of whome notwithstanding afterwards I find no mention in writing sauing that some say he was afterwards Praetor and that he came to this office by meanes of Cicercius his fathers Secretary There appeareth in writing also that the younger AFRICAN was adopted by the sonne of P. Scipio Cicero in his booke intituled Cato Maior sayth how weake sayd he was the sonne of P. AFRICAN that adopted thee his sonne And in his sixth booke also de repub AEmylius the father exhorteth Scipio his sonne to follow iustice and piety as his grandfather Scipio AFRICAN had done And touching the death of P. Scipio AFRICAN writers doe diuersly varye for some say that he dyed and was buryed at ROME And for proofe thereof they doe bringe forth the monument that was set vp for him by the gate Capena ouer the which stoode three statues or images two whereof were the images of P. and Lucius Scipio and the third was of Q. Ennius the Poet. And surely that which Cicero wrote seemeth to confirme it true our Ennius sayd he was maruelously beloued of AFRICAN the great and therefore it is thought that he was buryed in Scipioes tombe Other authors write also and surely they agree best with the common report that Scipio AFRICAN dyed at LINTERNVM and that there he was buried at his owne appoyntment bicause his contry so vnthankfully acknowledging his seruice should do him no honor at his death and that there they set him vp a tombe and his statue vpon that the which afterwards was blowen downe by a tempest of wind and the which Liuie him selfe witnesseth he saw Furthermore by CAIETA this Epitaphe was grauen in a plate of copper set in a marbell tombe The man that vanquishe Annibal and conquered Carthage tovvne And eke increast the Romanes both in Empire and renovvne Lyes heere a beape of dust and earth bid vnderneath this stone His deedes his provvesse and his life are altogether gone VVhom mother Europe could vvithstand nor Africk in time past Behold mans frailtie heere he lyes in litle roome at last Now touching the time of his death hauing made great searche for it I haue found in certaine Graeke Authors that the AFRICAN liued foure and fifty yeares and dyed shortly after Furthermore he was a noble Captaine and worthy of all commendacion for martiall discipline and besides excelled in all other vertues the which did so delight his mind that he was wont to say he was neuer lesse idle then when he tooke his ease nether more solitary then when he was alone For some times he would withdraw him selfe out of the assembly from all mens company and thought him self safe when he was alone The fame of his noble deedes was so great that wheresoeuer he went all fortes of people would come and see him The common report went that when he was at LINTERNVM there came certaine rouers vnto him to see so famous a man and to losse that so faithfull and victorious a hand For vertue hath great force and power with all sortes of people bicause it doth not onely make the good but the euil also to loue and honor it THE COMPARISON OF Annibal with P. Scipio African NOW let vs compare Annibal and Scipioes deedes together as touching their ciuill discipline First if we remember their deedes in warres it is manifest that both of them haue bene great and famous Captaines in warre and that they haue not onely bene comparable with the noblest Kinges and Princes in their time being also in that age when warres florished most but with those also that were before their time One thing maketh me wonder much at them that they hauing great and heauy enemies in their contry who sought to ouerthrow all their doings and enterprises could possibly goe thorough with so great matters and to obtayne such happie and famous victories in straunge and forreyne warres Therefore passing ouer all other matters what a doe had P. Scipio before he could obtayne to be sent into AFRICK to make warre with the CARTHAGINANS Fabius Maximus and other noble men of the citie being greatly against it Againe what enemy had Annibal of Hanno who was Prince and head of the contrary faction against him Now they both hauing ouercomen such great troubles at home did notwithstanding bringe thinges to end worthy perpetuall memorie not by chaunce as it hapneth vnto many but through their industrie great wisedom and counsell So diuers doe wonder greatly at Annibals corage and noble mind who after he had sacked the citie of SACVNTVS came boldly from the furdest part of the world into ITALY and brought with him a great army of footemen and horsemen and came to make warre with a great state and common wealth the which his predecessors alwayes dreaded and after he had wonne many battells and slayne sundry Consuls and Captaines of the ROMANES he came and camped hard by the citie of ROME it selfe and procured straunge kings and farre nations to make warre with the ROMANES He that was able to doe so great things as these men can
warning he had in his sleepe Themistocles loue to his country The manner of Themistocles death Themistocles children Themistocles tumbe and relickes Honour done to Themistocles after his death VVhy Camillus neuer came to be Consul The authoritie of a fewe odious to the common people Camillus wisedome and modestie Camillus hearte Camillus acts in his Censorshippe The cittie of Veies besieged The siege coÌ„tinued seuen yeres together Camillus twise chosen Tribune of the souldiers The wonderfull ouerflowing of the lake Albanus The crafte of a Romaine An oracle brought from Delphes Camillus chosen Dictator Matuta Leucothea The cittie of Veies taken by mining Camillus prayer when Veies was taken Fayned wonders of images Plutarches iudgement of miracles Camillus stately triumphe of the Veians A lawe for the people of Rome to dwell as Veies The chiefest cause of the peoples malice against Camillus A cuppe of golde sent to Delphes The ladyes of Rome giue their iuells towards the making of it VVhat time womens prayses beganne at funeralle in Rome Camillus chosen Tribune of the souldiers Camillus besiegeth the Falerians Camillus worthie acte to the schoolemaster betraying the FaleriaÌ„s children A noble saying of Camillus and wise precept for warres Valiantnes to be preferred before vilanie The Falisciäs by their ambassadours doe yelde theÌ„ selues and goodes vnto Camillus The message of the ambassadours of the FalisciaÌ„s vnto the Romaines Camillus tooke a summe of money of the Falerians and made peace with all the rest of the Falisces Lucius Apuleius accused Camillus The equitie of the Romaines who would not peruers the Lawe though they dearely loued Camillus but willingly offered to paye his fine Camillus prayer before his departure one of Rome Camillus exileth him selfe from Rome Tokens of the warres of the Gaules The originall beginning of the Gaules ArroÌ„ a Thuscan the procurer of the Gaules comming into Italie Lacke of iustice the cause of the destruction conquest of Thuscan by the Gaules The power of the Thuscans in olde time Clusium a cittie of ThuscaÌ„ besieged by the Gaules Brennus king of the Gaules Fabius Ambustus a Romaine breaketh the common laze of all nations Brennus reproueth Fabius for breaking the lawe of armes Numa Pompilius erected the colledge of the Faciales The Gaules marche towards Rome The Romaines armie were 40000 footemen To many rulers of an armie doe confound all order and putteth the army in perill Allia fl The battell at the riuer of Allia where the Gaules wanne the field of the Romaines 300. of a name slaine in one daye The Romaines superstition in obseruing of dayes The holy fier The force of fyer Fabius chief bishoppe of Rome Rome taken of the Gaules Aristotles testimonie of the taking of Rome The maiestie of the olde Senatours set in the market place of Rome The cittie of Rome rased by the Gaules The citie of Ardea Camillus wordes vnto the Ardeans in excuse of the Romaines Camillus persuadeth the Ardeans to take armes against the Gaules Camillus slue the Gaules haâ—d by Ardea PoÌ„tius Cominius got â—p into the Capitoll at Rome Camillus chosen Dictator the second time The Gaules clime vp to the Capitoll in the night The holy gese saued the Capitoll Marcus Manlius rebulsed the Gaules from the Capitoll The Gaules vexed with the plague as Rome The Romaines went about to redeeme their libertie of the Gaules with golde Camillus came to Rome with his army Camillus speaketh stowtely to Brennus king of the Gaules Camillus ouerthroweth the armie of the Gaules Rome was 7. moneths in the hardes of the Gaules Camillus triumphed of the Gaules The busie headed Orators stirre the people is tumulte against Camillus Camillus Dictacorshippe proreged Camillus persuaded the people that he could â—â— dwelâ— in Rome 〈…〉 leous Viâ—â—â—â— Rome is buildâ— againe Rome was nowe built againe in a yere Romulus augures staffe founde hole after Rome was burnt Camillus chosen Dictator the third time Tutola or Philotis craf subtiltie Rome deliuered froÌ„warres by Tutola the bondmayde The maydens seaâ—â—e called Nonae Capratinae Camillus stratageame against the Latines and Volsces Camillus slue the Latines Camillus tooke the citie of Aeques Camillus wonne the citie of Sutrium Marcus MaÌ„lius Capitolinus maneth sedition Flattery and hypocrisie sinneth the multitude common people MaÌ„lius clapt in prison by Q. Capitolinus Dictator Camillus cosen againe Tribunus militaris Marcus MaÌ„lius Capitolinus put to death Lucius Furius gaue battell to the Praenestines men and Volsces and was ouerthrowen Camillus wanne the fielde of the Praenestines and Volsces Camillus slue the Thuscans as Sutrium Camillus s 〈…〉 again against the Thusculanians The crafte of the Thusculanians Great seditioÌ„ moued in Rome by Licinius Stolo Camillus created Dictator the fourth time Licinius Stolo made a laâ—e for enioying of landes Stolo the first offender of the same law The Gaules come againe to Rome Camillus chosen Dictator the 5 time Heâ—â— Camillus appointed his souldiers with armour weapon to fight with advantage against the Gaules Anias st Camillus slue the Gaules againe The Romaines have they exempted priestes from the warres Sedision as Rome about choosing of Consuls Policy to yeld so necessitie A commoner chosen Consul with a noble man. Marcus AEmilius Lucius Sextus consuls Camillus died of the plague VVit allwayes to be employed to good things Antisthenes saying of a flute player The power of vertue Pericles stacke Pericles mothers dreame Pericles had a long head Pericles studies and teachers Zenon Eleatean Pericles â—â—â—ners and behaviour Pericles pacience The benefits of naturall philosophie VVhat was signified by the rammes head that had but one horne was found in Pericles grounde Pericles likened as Pisistratus Pericles first beginning to deale in the coÌ„moÌ„ wealth To much familiaritie breedeth contempt Ephialtes an orator VVhy Pericles was surnamed Olympius Thucydides Pericles aduersarie Pericles sayings Pericles common wealthe The good deedes of Cimon Pericles large distribution diminished the Areopagit authoritie Pericles causeth Cimon to be banished Athens The Ostracismon Pericles calleth Cimon from exile Pericles moderation vnto Cimon The murther of Ephialtes Thucydides Pericles aduersary in the coÌ„moÌ„ wealth A politicke care for idle persones Sumptuous buildings erected by Pericles Diuers artificers at AtheÌ„s The Odeon Pericles erected games for musicke The Poets raise vp slauÌ„ders against Pericles The noble saying of Pericles Thucydides banished by Pericles Pericles power Pericles somwhat altereth the common weale The force of eloquence Pericles commended for his good life worthines Pericles free from giftes taking Pericles good husbandrie Anaxagoras a mathematician Great diuersitie betwext contemplatiue and ciuill life Anaxagoras determined to furnish him self to death Anaxagoras saying to Pericles Pericles appointeth a generall councell to be holden as AtheÌ„s Pericles loued the safry of his men in warres Time the best counseller Tolmides slaine in the field Pericles iâ—rneyes Achelous â—â— Pericles would not followe the couetousnes of the people The enterprise of Siciliae Pericles an enemie to the Lacedaemonians Plistonax king of Lacedaemon
winneth Bizantium Alcibiades honorable returne into his countrie Alcibiades oration to the people Alcibiades chosen generall with soueraine authoritie Plynteria Alcibiades restored the olde ceremonies Alcibiades second iorney Lacke of money the occasion of the ouershowe of the AtheniaÌ„s armie by sea Antiochus rashnes procured his owne death and the ouerthrowe of the Athenians armie Lysander being generall of the Lacedaemonious ouercame the Athenians Alcibiades accused again by Thrasybulus Alcibiades put from his authoritie of generall Lysander rode at ancker before Lampsacus The Athenians regarded not Alcibiades good counsell The Athenians ouercome by Lysander Athens taken by Lysander Alcibiades flieth into the countrie of Bithynia Lysander appointed 30. tyrannes ouer the citizens of Athens To lose repentaunce of the Athenians The Lacedaemonians will Lysander to kill Alcibiades Alcibiades dreame in Phrygia before his death Alcibiades death Timandra the curtisan buried Alcibiades Lais a curtisan of Corinthe The familie of the Martians Publius and Quintus Martius brought the water by conducts to Rome Curseland wit. The benefit of the learning VVhat this worde Virtue signifieth Coriolanus first going to the warres Coriolanus crowned with a garland of oken boughes The goodnes of the oke To soden honor in youth killeth further desier of fame Coriolanus noble endeuour to continue well deseruing Cariolanus Epaminondas did both place their desire of honour alike The obedieÌ„ce of Coriolanus to his mother Extremitie of vserers complained of at Rome by the people Counsellers promises make men valliant in hope of iust performance Ingraeiende and good seruice vnrewarded prouoketh rebellion Martius Coriolanus against the people The people leaue the cittie and doe goe to the holy hill An excellens case tolde by Menenius Agrippa to pacifie the people The first beginning of Tribuni plebis Iunius Brutus Sicinius Vellutus the 2. first Tribunes The cittie of Corioles besieged by the Consul Cominius Titus Lartius a valliaÌ„t Romaines The propertie of a souldier The cittie of Corioles takeÌ„ Souldiers testaments By Coriolanus meanes the Volsci were ouercome in battell The tenth parte of the enemies goods offered Martius for rewarde of his seruice by Cominius the Consul Valiance rewarded with honour in the fielde Martius noble aunswer refusall Martius surnamed Coriolanus by the Consul How the Romaines come to three names VVhy the GreciaÌ„s gaue Kings surnames * These were the princes that buils the cittie of Cyrene Names of mockery amoÌ„g the Romaines Sedition as Rome by vanson of famiâ—â— Velitres made a colonie to Rome Two practised to remoue the sedition in Rome Sicinius and Brutus Tribunes of the people against both those deuises Coriolanus offendeth the people Coriolanus inuadeth the Antiates and bringeth rich spoyles home The manner of fuyng for office as Rome VVhereupon this manner of suyng was so deuised Offices geuen then by deserâ— without fauour or corruption Bankets and money geuen only destroyers of common wealth Anytus the Athenian the first that with money corrupted the sentence of the iudge and voyces of the people See the sickie mindes of coÌ„mon people The fruites of selfe will and obstinacie Great store of corne brought to Rome Coriolanus evasion against the insolencie of the people Sedition at Rome for Coriolanus Articles against Coriolanus Coriolanus stowtnes in defence of him selfe Sicinius the Tribune pronounceth sentence of death vpoÌ„ Martius Coriolanus hath daye geuen him to aunswer the people Coriolanus accused that he sought to be King. Coriolanus banished for life Coriolanus constaÌ„t minde in aduersitie The force of anger Tullus Aufidius a greate persone emoÌ„g the Volsces Coriolanus disguised goeth to Antium a cittie of the Volsces Coriolanus oration to Tullus Aufidius Great dissention at Rome about Martius banishment The Romaines manner of punishing their slaues VVhereof Furcifer came A ceremonie instituted by king Numa touching religion The superstition of the Romaines Thensae The Romaines gaue the Volsces occasion of warres Martius Coriolanus craftie accusation of the Volsces Coriolanus chosen generall of the Volscesâ— with Tullus Aufidius against the Romaines Coriolanus inuadeth the territories of the Romaines A fine deuise to make the communaltie suspect the nobilitie Great harte burning betwext the nobilitie and people Lauinium built by AEneas The Romaines send ambassadours to Coriolanus to treate of peace The first occasion of the Volsces enuy to Coriolanus Another ambassade sent to Coriolanus The priestes and soothesayers sent to Coriolanus Valeria Publicolaes sister Volumnia Martius mother The wordes of Valeria vnto Volumnia and Virgilia The aunswere of Volumnia to the Romaine ladies The oration of Volumnia vnto her sonne Coriolanus Coriolanus compastion of his mother Coriolanus withdraweth his armies from Rome The temple of Fortune built for the womeÌ„ The image of Fortune spake to the Ladyes at Rome Of the sweating voyces of images Of the omnipotencie of God. Tullus Anfidius seeketh to kill Coriolanus e Coriolanus murdered in the cittie of Antium Coriolanus funeralles The time of mourning appointed by Numa Tullus Aufidius slaine in battell The acts done by both The manners of Alcibiades Coriolanus Alcibiades Coriolanus manner for money Alcibiades Coriolanus loue vnto their contrie Coriolanus notable abstinence from bribes The house of the AEmylians came of Pythagoras sonne Lucius Paulus AEmylius Consul slaine at the battell of Cannes AEmylia the daughter of Lucius AEmylius maried to Scipio the great The vertues of Paulus AEmylius Paulus AEmylius made AEdilis and Augure The philosophers opinion of religion Paulus diligence in the coÌ„moÌ„ wealth eueÌ„ in trifles The discipline of carres Paulus AEmylius sent Praetor into Spayne AEmylius skilful to choose place and time to fight Scipio the seconde Fabius Maximus were the sonnes of P. AEmylius by Papyria his first wife A prety tale of a Romaine that forsooke his wife The vertue of AElius Tubero his pouertie and quiet life In naturalitie amongest kinred infamous AEmylius Consul AEmylius ouer commeth the LigvsriaÌ„s The cowardlines of the Romaines in Spayne The successioÌ„ of Antigonus king of Macedon Antigonus Doson king of Macedon Philip king of Macedon was ouercome in battell by Titus Quintus Flaminius at the cittie of Scotvsa Philips secoÌ„d preparation for warres in Macedon Philips armorie The death of king Philip. Perseus extreme couetous King Perseus maketh warre with the Romaines Publius Licinius Consul ouerthrowen by Perseus Hostilius CoÌ„sul repulsed out of Macedon Bastarnae the Gaules dwelling apon the riuer of Danubie AEmylius chosen Consul the second time taketh charge of the warres of Macedon Good lucke pronouÌ„ced by Tertia a litle girle Paulus AEmylius oratioÌ„ of thanckes or the Romaines when he was Consul obseruing the custome See what fruite souldiers reape by obedience reason Perseus couetousnes and miserie was the destruction of him selfe and his realme of Macedon Bastarnaeâ— a mercenary people Note what became of Perseus husbandry AEmylius army against Perseus was a hundred thousand meÌ„ Gentius king of the IllyriaÌ„s ayded Perseus Perseâ— double dealing with king Gentius King Gentius ouercome by Lucius
kinge Philip Philips verses against Alcaeus Priuy grudge betwixt Quintius and the AEtoliaÌ„s T. Quintius graunted Philip peace Hannibal was with kinge Antiochus Chalcide Corinthe Demetriade called by Philip of Macedon the Chaines of Greece Isthmia Crowes flying fell downe by the sounde of mens voices Quintinâ—care to stablish the liberty of the Greecians The feast Nemea kept at Argos Lycurgus the orator rescued Zenocrates the Philosopher saued him from prison Nero did set Greece at liberty VVhy Quintius made peace with Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon The honor of Philopoemen Twelue hundred Romaines solde for slaues The Achaians redeemed the Romaines that were solde for slaues in Greece The ceremony of slaues maâ—onised T. Quintius triumphe Manius Acilius Consud T. Quintius Lieutenaunt sene into Greece Antiochus ouerthrowen in Thermopyles by Manius the Consull Quintius intreateth for the AEtoliaÌ„s King Antiochus maried Cleoptolemus daughter in the city of Chalcide Honors done vnto T. Quintius for sauing the Chilcidians and the Greecians Quintius curtesie and good nature Emulation betwixt T. Quintius and Philopoemen T. Quintius sayinges Antiochus Ambassadors doe boast of their kinges great army Titus Quintius witty ansâ—ere to the Ambassadors braggeâ— T. Quintius chosen Censor with Marcellus P. Scipio and M. P. Cato great enemies Secret grudge betwixt Titus and Cato A cruell dede of Lucius Quintius Cato beinge Censor did put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate T. Quintius vnworthy acts against Caro. Lucius Quintius restored to his place by the people T. Quintius ambition T. Quintius cause of Hanniballs death Titus sent Ambassador vnto Prusias king of Bithynia Hannibal deceiued by an oracle concerning his death Hanniball kept at Libyssa in Bithynia Hanniballs death Midas and Themistocles poysoned them selues Hanniballs last wordes Looke in Pyrrus life for the story as large Scipio Africans clemency commended Talke betwixt Scipio African Hannibal Hannibals iudgement of Captaines Aristonicus Mithridates Marius To be meane or great in this life is nothing but death bringeth the estimacion T. Quintius benefits vnto Greece Philopoemenes malice Titus Quintius wiser theÌ„ Philopoemen Quintius coÌ„maunded good souldiers Philopoemen made good souldiers A Generall must nes be at his prayers wheÌ„ he should occupy his sword Quintius clemency to the Greecians Philopoemenes liue to the Romaines Pyrrus kinred and beginning of the kingdome of Epirus Pyrrus redd How Pyrrus being an infant was saued Megares a city of Macedon Glaucias king of Illyria Pyrrus countenaunce and teeth Pyrrus healed them that were sicke of the splene The fier could not burnt Pyrrus great set Pyrrus realme taken froÌ„ him in his absence Pyrrus valliantnes at the battell of Hipsus Pyrrus behauior Pyrrus maried to Antigona the daughter of Philip king of Macedon and of his wife a Berenice Pyrrus restored to his kingdome againe Pyrrus deuideth the realme of Epirus with Neopulemus Pyrrus slue Neoptolemus Berenicida a city of Epirus in the I le of Preseque Pyrrus first iorney into Macedon King Lysimachus craft to deceiue Pyrrus Theodotus iudgement a Soothsayer Pyrrus quarrell and warre with Demetrius Pantauchus Demetrius Lieutenant in AErolis Pyrrus fight with Pantauchus Pyrrus victory of Pantauchus Pyrrus likened to Alexander the great Pyrrus skil in warlike discipline Hanniballs iudgement of Captaines Pyrrus wise answer Pyrrus goodnes and curtesie Certaine witty sayinges of Pyrrus Pyrrus wiues and children Pyrrus called an Eagle Pyrrus inuadeth Macedon Demetrius army both by land and sea Demetrius maried Lanassa Pyrrus wife Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus secoÌ„de iorney into Macedon Pyrrus praises Her Pyrrus ware his head peece Pyrrus proclaimed kinge of Macedon Macedon deuided betwene Pyrrus and Lysimachus Couetousnes hath no ende Peace and warre vsed lyke money Pyrrus ayded the Graecians against Demetrius Lysimachus maketh warre with Pyrrus The Tarentines hauinge a warre wish the Romaines determine to make king Pyrrus their Generall Meton counterfeating the foole wisely perswaded the Tarentines not to send for Pyrrus Tarentum a city in Italie Metons counsell to the Tarentines The Tarentines sende Ambassadors to Pyrrus Cineas the orator a Thessalian borne and attending in Pyrrus courte Cineas great talke with Pyrrus to moderate his ambitious minde Pyrrus iudgemeÌ„t of orators corruption A daungerous thing to withstande the Princes mind Pyrrus iorney into Italy Pyrrus daunger by tempest on the sea Pyrrus cast on shoare apon the contry of the Messapians Pyrrus being receiued of the TereÌ„tines reformed their vaine voluptoâ—s life Marshall discipline Leuinus Consul sent against Pyrrus Pyrrus camped in the plaine betwene Pandosia and Heraclea Siris fl Pyrrus Battel Pyrrus first conflict with the Romaines Pyrrus wisedom foresight in battell Pyrrus changed his armor cloke Megacles slaine taketh for Pyrrus Pyrrus victory of Leuinus the Consull Cineas sent Ambassador to Rome The noble minde of the Romaines Appius Claudius disswated the Romaines from making peace with Pyrrus Appius Claudius oration to the Senate The maiestie of the Senate at Rome Caius Fabricius Ambassador to Pyrrus Caius Fabricius a noble Captaine but very poore Fabricius refused king Pyrrus giftes The opinion of the EpicuriaÌ„s touchinge felicity King Pyrrus Phisitian wryeth to Fabricius offereth to poyson his master Fabricius letter to Pyrrus aduertising him of his Phisitians treason Pyrrus sendeth the Romaines their prisoners without raunsome Pyrrus second battel with the Romaines by the caty of Asculum Pyrrus victory of the Romaines The wyters agree not about Pyrrus battell Ambassadors out of Sicilia to pray aide of Pyrrus Pyrrus iorney into Sicilia Pyrrus wanne the city of Erix in Sicilia Homer of valliantnes The Mamertines why so called Pyrrus cruelty in Sicilia The Samnites and Tarentines sone ser Pyrrus to returne into Italie Pyrrus returne into Italy out of Sicile Pyrrus hurt on his head with a sworde Pyrrus with a blow of his sword claue his enemies head in the middest and layed it on his shoulders Manius Curius Consull Pyrrus thirde battell with the Romaines Pyrrus ouerthrowen by Manius Curius in battell Pyrrus compared to a dyce player Pyrrus returne into Epirus out of Halie Pyrrus victory of Antigonus king of Macedon Antigonus flieth from kinge Pyrrus The couetousnesse of the Gaules Areus made king of Sparta and Cleonymus pus downe The cause of Pyrrus inuading Peloponnesus Pyrrus stratageame to the Spartans Mandricidas stowe aunswer to king Pyrrus Pyrrus besiegeth Lacedaemon The corage of the women of Sparta VVomen wrought in the trench VVomen encoraged their men to fight Pyrrus battel Acrotatus valliantnes Pyrrus dreame Pyrrus in daunger of his life at the siege of Sparta King Areus arriued in Sparta with new aide Sedition in the city of Argos Pyrrus repulsed from Sparta goeth to Argos Ptolomie kinge Pyrrus sonne slaine by Oraesus Cretan Pyrrus slue Eualcus Antigonus aunswere to Pyrrus chalenge Tokens of Pyrrus death Pyrrus fight in the city of Argos Aspides the Castell in Argos A bull and wolfe in copper set up in the â—ity of Argos fighting together Danaus wan the â—â—ty of Argos from king Gelanor Apollo Lycias Gelanor king
of the Argiues Helenus Pyrrus sâ—nne The straunge loue of an Elephant to his keeper Kinge Pyrrus slaine with a tyle throwen by a woman Alcyoneus king Antigonus sonne Antigonus courtesie towards Pyrrus body and frendes Of the names of the Romaines Marius fauor Marius could no skill of the Greeke tongue Platoes saying to Xenocrates Marius parents maners and contry Marius first iorney vnto the warres Scipio Asricous iudgement of Marius Marius Tribune of the people Costa Consull Two sortes of AEdiles AEdilitas Curulis AEdilitas popularis Marius denyed to be AEdilis Marius chosen Praetor Sabacon put of the Senate Caius Herennius pleaded in Marius behalfe touching the patron client Marius actes in Spayne The opinioÌ„ of Spanyards in olde time Eloquence riches raised men to authority How Marius credit and estimacion grew Iulia Marius wife Marius temperaunce and pacience Caecilius Metellus Consull The Labours presence of the Generall maketh the souldiers worke willingly Marius the author of Turpilius false accusation death Vacca a great city The cause of the supposed treason against Turpilius Turpilius wrongfully put to death Displeasure betwixt Metellus Marius Marius first time of being Consull Marius offended the nobility Marius depriued Metellus of the honor of conquering of king Iugurthe Bocchus kinge of Numidia deliuereth Iugurthe vnto Sylla Lucius Sylla Quaestor vnder Marius The originall cause of the ciuill warres betwixt Marius and Sylla The comming into Italie of the Teutons and Cimbres The army of the Tevtons and Cimbres 300000 men Cimbri Cimmerij Marius chosen Consull the second time against the law Law must giue place for common benefit Marius triumphe into Rome for king Iugurthe How Marius trained his souldiers Marius moyles Marius commended for his iustice Marius third Consullshippe Manius Acilius Lieutenant of the army vnder Marius Lucius Saturninus Tribune Marius fourth Consullshippe with Catulus Luctatius Rhodanus fl Marius channell The Cimbres went through Germanie into Italie The Teutons and Ambrons fall apon Marius to passe into Italie through the territory of Genua Martha a wise woman or prophetesse The attier of Martha in time of sacrifice A wonder of the Vultures shewed to Marius VVonders seene Batabaces the priest of the mother of the goddes Aulus Pompeius Tribune The enemies campe were removing sixe dayes together Marius bolde wordes to his souldiers and their aunswer Battell betwixt the Ambrons Marius Marius ouercome the Ambrons The mannishnes of the women Marius seconde battell with the Teutons Marius victory of the Teutons and Ambrons Much veine followeth after great battells Marius the fift time Consull Athesis flu Catulus Luctatius the Consull flieth from the Cimbres Marius refused to enter in triumphe Marius goeth towardes Catulus Luctatius to helpe him Po flu Marius mocke to the Cimbres The Cimbres march against Marius Marius deuise for alteringe the darte in fight Baeorix king of the Cimbres Two and fiftie thowsand and three hundred men betwene Marius and Catulus The Romaines battell The battell of the Cimbres A dust raised that neither army could see one another The sunne ful in the Cimbres faces The fielde fought the 27. of Iuly Horrible cruelty of women Prisoners 60. thowsand Men slaine six score thowsand Might ouercoÌ„meth right Metellus against people pleasers Valerius Flaccus Consull with Marius the sixt time Valerius Coruinus sixe times Consull The law Agraria An article for the othes of the Senate to confirme what the people should passe by voyce Marius duble dealing To lye cunningly Marius taketh it for a vertue Timorous policy causeth periury Metellus constant in vertue Metellus wise saying touching well doing Metellus banishment Marius doble dealing betwene the nobilitie and people Marius procureth sedition at Rome No trust on the faith of the coÌ„mon people Metellus returne from banishement Marius iorney into Cappadocia and Galatia Marius prowd wordes to Mithridates The cause of the dissension betwene Marius Sylla The warre of the confederates Siloes stowts chalenge and Marius answer Mons Misenum Marius ambition Sulpitius gard of sixe hundred knightes Sulpitius boldness Marius sedition Marius flieth from Rome Marius the sonne flieth into Africke Marius found an ayrie of Eagles How many egges the Eagle layeth Liris fl Marius set a land and forsaken of the mariners Marine hidden in the marisses Marius takeÌ„ Fanniaes curtesie vnto Marius One hiered to kill Marius The Minturnians suffered Marius to go his way with sefety Marica Sylua Marius the elder flieth into Africke Marius wise answere of surtimes inconstancy Marius the younger esâ—apeth Hyempsals hands Cinna driuen out of Rome by Octauius Marius ioyneth force with Cinna Octauius negligence in defence of the citie of Rome against Cinna Marius Octauius too much geuen to Southsaiere Octauius vertue and imperfection Octauius slaine by Marius souldiers Agreas contrariety in astronomy Cinna and Marius entry into Rome Bardini Marius caused great murder in Rome Marius crueltie Small trust of frendes in aduersitie The faithfulnes of Cornutus seruaunts to their master M. Antonius the Orator betrayed by a tauerner The force of eloquence Catulus Luctatius killed himselfe The Bardiaeians slaine of their Captaines for their crueltie Marius seuenth Consulship Marius thoughtes and feare Deuise to winne sleepe Marius the fathers death Marius mad ambition a note against the ambitious Platoes words at his death note that in Syllaes life following to appeareth that Marius the younger was besieged in the city of Preneste and not in Perusia as ye rende here So as the city seemeth to be mistakeÌ„ in one of these liues Lysanders image Licurgus the anchor of wearing longe heare The commoditie of wearing longe heare Lysanders kinred The education of the Laconian children Lysanders manners VVise man he euer melancholye Lysander a despisor of riches Lysanders words of Dionysuis liberalitie Lysander admirall for the Lacedaemonians by sea Lysander enlargeth the citie of Ephesus Sardis a citie in Lydia Lysander tooke money for paye of his souldiers Lysanders victorie of the Athenians by sea Cherronesus a contrye in Thracia Callicratidas Lysanders successor in his office of admyraltie Playnenes coÌ„mended for a vertue but liked as an olde image of a god that had bene excellent faier The spighte of Lisander to Callicratidas Nothing estemed with the Barbarians but money Callicratidas pacience The death of Callicratidas Lysander crafty and deceitfull A wise saying of Lysander The wicked dissembling and double dealing of Lysander Lysander regarded no periâ—rie following the example of Polycrates the tyran of Somos Cyrus liberaâ—itie to Lysanders Lysanders artes by sea Philocles cruel advise vnto the Athenians Lysanders craft in marine fight Alcibiades gaue good aduise to the Captaines of the AtheniaÌ„s A copper target lift vp the signe of battell by sea Conon Admirall of the Athenians Lysanders victory of the Athenians Paralos the holy galley of Athens The starres of Castor and Pollux A stone fell out of the element AEgos st Anaxagoras opinion of the starres VVhat falling starres be Damachus testimonie of the fiery stone seene in the element
An other opinion of the stone that fell Philocles coÌ„stancy Captaine of the Athenians Lysanders cruelty Theopompus the Comicall Poets sayinge of the Lacedaemonians The Athenians yeelde vp Athens_to Lysander The maner of peace offered by the Lacedaemonians to the AtheniaÌ„s A notable saying for the walle of cities Erianthus cruell aduise against the Athenians The sweete musicke so frened their cruell hearts and moued them in pity Lysander ouerthrew the walles of the city of AtheÌ„s Callibius Captaine of the Castell of Athens Autolycus as cunninge wrestler Autolycus pus to death Lysander sent money to Sparta by Gylippus Gylippus robbed parte of the money be caried to Sparta The Grekishe coyne was marked with an owle Gyllippus banishment Couetousnes of money corrupted Gylippus one of the chiefest men of LacedaemoÌ„ The iron money of Lacedaemonia At what time the Lacedaemonians receiued gold and siluer againe The ill life of the Magistrate the cause of disorder in a commoÌ„ weale A galley of gold and Iuory Lysanders honors and pride Platoes saving of the ignorant Ignoraunce coÌ„pared with blindenes Lysanders ambition pride and 〈…〉 Lysander brake his word othe and procured the deads of eight hundred people 〈…〉 Eteocles wordes of Lysander Thorax put to death for offending the law The LaconiaÌ„ Scytala what maner thing it is and how vsed Lysander carieth letters against him selfe Lysander goeth to Iupiter Ammon King Pausanias reconciled the Athenians with the Spartans Lysanders terrible words The death of king Agis Lysander depriueth Leotychides of his kingedomes Through Lysanders working Agesilaus â— was made king Ambition abideth no equalles Agesilaus priâ—ie grudge to Lysander Lysanders wisedome Lysander surueiour of the vittells Lysanders talke with king Agesilaus after the Laconian maner of speaking Lysander seeketh innouation in the state of Sparta The Families of the kinges of Lacedamon Lysander deuiseth false oracles corrupted soathsayers with money Lysanders fained deuise to possesse the kingdome The warres of Boeotia Diuers causes sâ—â—â—â—used of the beginning of these wars An edict against the banished men from Athens An edict made by the Thebans in fauor of the banished meÌ„ Lysanders iorney vnto Boeotia Cithaeron mons Cissusa sons Lysander staine by the Thebans To aske leaue of thenemie to burye the deade is dishonorable Lysanders tombe Oplites A. destinie menitable Phliarus A. Hoplia Isomantus Neochorus slâ—e Lysander Orchalide â—â—â—s Helicon moons Pausanias exile Lysanders cleane handes and pouertie commended after his deathe Lysanders counsell for altering of the kingdom Lacratidas wisdom forbearing to shewe extremitie to the deade Lysander honored by the Spartans after his death Singlenes of life late mariage and ill mariage punished by the Lacedaemonians Syllaes kinred Syllaes honesty reproued by meanes of his great wealth Syllaes flauore That is bicause that Syl in laten signifieth oker which becometh red when it is put to the fire and therfore Syllaceus color in virusâ—ia signifieth purple colour Syllace skeffing Syllaes voluptuosnes Sylla Quaestor The cause of Bocchus freÌ„dshippe vnto Sylla Iugerthe deliuered vnto Sylla by kinge Bocchus Thenor of Iugurthes takinge ascribed vnto Sylla Syllaes noble deedes vnder Marius Sillaes doings vnder Catulus Ambition is to be fled as a mortall furie Sylla chosen Praetor Orobazus Ambassador from the king of the Parthians vnto Sylla Sylla accused of extorcion Ciuill warres Timotheus Athenians would not tribune the glory of his doinges to fortune Sylla gaue fortune the honor of all his doinges Syllaes belefe in dreames A straunge fight appeared to Sylla Sylla straunge of conditions Sylla chosen Consull Metellus chiefe bishop of Rome a maried Syllaes wiues Marius fonde ambition VVonderfull signes seene before the ciuill warres The ThuscaÌ„s opinion of eight worldes The wickednes of Sulpitius the Tribune Marius and Sulpitius sedition All lawe ceased for a time by reason of Sulpitius oppressions and wicked lawes Sylla marcheth towards Rome with six legions Posthomius the deuine did prognosticate victory vnto Sylla Syllas vision on his dreams Sylla set the houses a fire in Rome Marius and Sulpitius condemned to death Treason lustly rewarded The ingrailtude of Sylla reproved Lucius Cinna Consull Cinna sware to be Syllaes frende Sylla went against Mithridates Mithridates power Sylla befiegeth the city of Athens Sylla tooke the smells and roady money out of all the temples of Greece and brought it to him to AtheÌ„s Caphis supersticion for touching the holy thinges The commendacion of the auncient Romaine Captaines for ordering of their souldiers and also for their modest expences Sylla the first man that spob led all good seruice of souldiers by ouermuch libertie and sufferauoco The wickednes of the tyran Arision The greue valianmes of Marcus Teius Athens taken by Sylla The slaughter of the Athenians after the taking of the eisit Anthesterion Marche The time of Noes flood Aristion the tyran yeelded The hauen of Piraea wonne Philoes armory burnt by Sylla Taxilles army a hundred thowsande footemen Tenne thowsand horsemen Foure score ten thowsand cartes with Sythes The force of the BarbariaÌ„s consisted in horsemen and in their carts with Sythes The straight of Thermopyles Pqrnassus hill The city of Tithora Sylla Hortensius met at Patronide The plaine of Elatea Philobaeotus mont Their whole army together 1500. horse 15000. footemen The braue armor and furniture of the Thracians MacedoniaÌ„s seruing vnder Taxilles king Mithridates lieutenaunt Many commanders make disobediens souldiers Cephisus fl Syllaes straightnes to his souldiers A good policie to weary feare full souldiers with extreame labor whereby to make them desirous to fight Edylium moÌ„t Assus fl Sylla sendeth Gabinius with a legion to aide Chaeronea Oldeles met propheths of victory vnto Sylla Saluenius aSouldiers Iupiter Olympias Acotuim Edylium mountaines Thurium mons aliue Orthopagues Morion fl Apollo Thurial Chaeron the founder of the city of Charonea Sylla ordereth his battell Sylla droue Archelaus aide from the hill The force of the armed cartes with Sythes consist in long course Syllaes conflict with Archelaus as Thurium Slaues made free by authority of the Lieutenaunts in the fielde Syllaâ—â— victory of Mithridates Lieutenauntes The field was wonne in the plaine of Elatea Molus fl Apollo Pythias Iupiter Olympias Flaccus Consull went against Sylla Dorylaus Mithridates generall against Sylla The goodly plaine before the city of Orchomene The riuer of Melas and nature therof Syllaes words to animate his souldiers Diogenes slaine Syllae victory of Mithridates Lieutenauntes as Orchomene Sylla â—â—revâ—â—â—ne â—trelâ—â— Live in the famous battells at Chaeronea and at Orchomene Talke betwixt Sylla and Archelaus at the meeting Peace concluded betwext Sylla Archelaus in Mithridates behalfe apon condicions Archelaus suspected of treason Aristion tyran of Athens poysoned by Sylla Mithridates exception to the condicioÌ„s Archelaus sene from Sylla to Mithridates Sylla Mithridates meete at DARDANE The stowtnes of Sylla Mithridates excuseth him selfe to Sylla Syllaes aunswer to Mithridates Nicomedes king of Bithynia Ariobarzanes king of Coppadocia A hundred fifty thowsand Romanes slaine in one day
in Asia by Mithridates commaundement Fimbria camped as Thyatira Fimbria slain Sylla very hardly inreated them of Asia Aristotle and Theophrastus backes Sylla went to the bathes as Adipsum for the gowte in his legges Bubbles of fire rising out of a meadow by Dyrrachivm A Satyre takeÌ„ sleeping and brought to Sylla Sylla went against fifteene Generalls foure hundred and fiftie ensignes Syllaes returne into Italie Ephewn mons Sylla ouerthrew the CoÌ„sull Norbanus and Marius the younger neere to the mountaine Epheum A slaue foreshewed Syllaes victory and the burning of the Capitoll which fell out truely A winde that blewe flowers out of a meadow vpon Lucullus souldiers by the city of Fidentia Lucullus victory as Fidenâ—a Syllaes policie with Scipio Sylla wanne 40 ensignes from Scipio by policie Carboes saying of Sylla touching the foxe and lyon Marius the younger with 85. ensignes presenteth Sylla baâ—tell by the city of Signium Syllaes vision in his dreame Marius fled to Praenesta Carbo fled into Africke Thelesinus the Samnyte faâ— Sylla in great danÌ„ger Syllaes daunger Sylla fled Lucretius Offella besieged Marius in Praeneste In the ende of Marius life it is reported contrarie that Sylla besieged Marius the younger in Perusia and not in Praeneste â—doo saued themselues in Antemna and yelded to Sylla vpon promise of life Sylla against the law of armes and his promise caused sixe thowsand men to be slaine Honor chaungeth condicions Sylla the example Infinite murthers committed in Rome by Sylla and his fauorers The boldnes of Caius Metellus to tell Sylla his cruelty in open Senate Syllaes prosâ—iripsion 〈…〉 The murder of outlawes generall through Italy Quintus Aurelius a quiet men that medled not slaine for his house Marius the younger slue him selfe as Praeneste being put all into one place together Lucius Catilinae slue his owne brother Sylla Dictator Lucretius Offella slaine Syllaes twinnes named Faustus and Fausta Sylla leaueth his Dictatorshippe Marcus Lepidus chosen Consull Sylla feasted the people VVine of forty yeres olde vpward Sylla brake his owne lawes he made Valeria desirous to be partaker of Syllaes happines Sylla maried Valeria the sister of Hottensius the Orator Syllaes impostume turned to lyce Diuers famous men that dyed of lyce Syllaes commentaries containe 22. bookes Syllaes sonne that was dead appeared to him in his dreams in ill fauored apparell Granius strangeled in Syllaes fight by his arme commaundements Syllaes death Posthumi Syllaes funeralls Syllaes epitaphe The chiefe person is not alwayes the honestest Lysander Syllaes faults Lysanders temperance and moderate life Syllaes licensious and prodigall life Syllaes tyrannicall saying Sylla for ware to be preferred before Lysander Sylla fought with men of greatest power and ouercome them Syllaes magnanimity Plutarkes iudgement of Sylla and Lysander Peripoltas his posterity The manners leud partes of Damon Peripoltas Lucius Lucullus examâ—nesh the truth of the murther Damon slaine by treason Asbolomeni who they were and why so called Chaeronea indited for the murther Lucullus called for a witnesse of the troth Historie is a certaine image of mens manners and wisedom A pretty similitude Howe to describe the life of a man. Cimon Lucullus in what thinges they were like Cimons linadge Thucidydes linadge Miltiades died in prison Cimon defamed in his youth Coalemos foole Cimons condicions Elpinicè Cimons sister vnchast Polygnotus the painter Elpinicè being poore had regarde to matche ccording to her state calling Cimon subiect to lasciuious life The praise of Cimons conditions Cimons personage commended Cimon Generall for the Athenians by sea King Pausanias through his insolency and pride lost the Lacedaemonians all their rule of Greece Pausanias killed the young Bizantine virgine Cimon iorney and victorie in Thracia Butes burneth him selfe city and frendes for feare of Cimon Statues of Mercury Sochares Decelean spake against Miltiades request for the garland of Olyue boughes Cimon wanne the I le of Scyros The counsell of the Amphictyons Theseus bones brought to Athens 400. yeres after his death by Cimon Sophocles and AEschylus contention for victory AEschylus ouercome by Sophocles dwelleth in Sicilia and dyeth there Cimon sang passing sweety Cimons cunning diuision of the spoyle Herophytus Samian gaue Counsell to choose the spoyle Cimons liberality and hospitality Cimons charity How Cimon vsed his goode The hospitality of Lichas Spartan Cimons godly actes CimoÌ„ brought the golden world againe Cimons integrity and cleane hands Resaces attempted to bribe Cimon Darickes whereof so called A noble saying of Cimon The benefit of paines seruice and the discommodity of case and idlenes CimoÌ„ plagued the Persians Chio an Ile Cimon wanne the city of Faselia Ariomandes the kinges Lieutenant of his whole army by sea ryding at ancher before the riuer of Eurymedon Cimons victory of the Persians both by sea and land Cimon tooke two hundred sayle prisoners at the battell fought by the riuer of Eurymedon Cimon ouercame the battell of the barbarous people also by lands Cimon brought the king of Persia to conditioÌ„ of peace Callias sent Ambassador to take the othe of the king of Persia Cimon was at the charge of certaine commoÌ„ buildings Cimon draue the Persians out of Thracia Cimon accussed and discharged CimoÌ„ praiseth the temperate life of the Lacedaemonians Stesimbrotus the historian * Areopagus was a village of Mars by Athens where the iudges called Areopagitae did sit to iudge causes of murder and other waightie matters concerning the common wealth Democratia rule of communalty Pericles in Cimons absence reduceth the common wealth vnto the state Democratia Optimacia the gouernment of the nobility CimoÌ„ followed the Lacedaemonians maner A maruelous great earthquake in Lacedaemon Taygetum â—â—nâ— Archidamus sodaine policy saued the city Ilotae slaues bondmen to the Lacedaemonian Cimon procured ayde for the Lacedaemonians Cimon banished for 10. yeares Cimon called from exile Cimons dreame The interpretation of the dreame Cimons death prognosticated The cause of Themistocles willing death The death of Cimon Cimons death kept very secret No famous act done by any Graecians to the barbarous people after Cimons death Cimons monuments at Athens Lucullus parents Lucullus accuseth Seruilius the Soothsayer The Romanes thought it a noble dede to accuse the wicked Lucullus eloquence Lucullus studied Philosophy in his latter time Lucullus booke of the warre of the Marsians in Greeke Lucullus loue to his brother Marcus. Lucius M. Luculâ—us both chosen AEdiles Sylla gaue Lucullus commission to coyne money in Peloponnesus Lucullus geueth lawes to the CyreniaÌ„â— A notable saying of Plato Lucullus iorney into Egypt A notable rich entered geuen Lucullus by kinge Ptolomye Lucullus doinges vnder Sylla by sea Lucullus stratageame Fimbria besieged Mithridates in Pitane Lucullus would not aide Fimbria in besieging Mithridates Neoptolemus king Mithridates Lieutenant by sea Lucullus put to flight Neoptolemus Mithridates Lieutenaunt by sea Lucullus stratageaâ—ia as the siege of the Mitylenians Lucullus honored of Sylla The first occasioÌ„ of quarrell bentwext Pompey and Lucullus Lucullus M. Cossa
Xenophon great about Agesilaus marg The practise of Lysander about alteratioÌ„ of gouernment The wise conÌ„sell of a Senatour at Sparta The policie of Agesilaus to win his enemies Agesilaus Agesipolis kinges of Lacedaemon Teleutias Agesilaus halfe brother made Generall of the army by sea Certaine Apothegmes of Agesilaus * Meaning that he was not well in his wittes to be so presumptuous Agesilaus ouercome the Acarnanians Antalcidas peace Phoebidas possesseth the castel of Cadmea Agesilaus praise of iustice Sphodrias practise to take the hauen of Pirâ—a at Athens Sphodrias accused of treason Home Sphodrias was saued froÌ„ death Agesilaus cockering his children too much Agesilaus iorney into Boeotia Antalcidas saying Rhetra of Lycurgus Agesilaus suâ—till deuise to shewe the weakenes of the allies Agesilaus sell sodainly sicke of a daungerous disease Epaminondas the Theban sent Ambassador vnto Lacedaemon The strife betwext Agesilaus and Epaminondas for the libertie of Boeotia The Lacedaemonians slaine at the battell of Leuctres Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians slaine Cleonymus the sonne of Sphodrias slaine at king Cleombrotus foote Xenophons saying The constancy and fortitude of the Spartans The fortitude of the Spartan women Tresantas be cowardes or faint harted men Punishment at Sparta for cowardly souldiers Epaminondas inuadeth Laconia with three score ten thowsande men Certaine witty aunswers Conspiracies at Lacedaemon vnder Agesilaus Issorium the temple of Diana A fine deuise to apprehende the traitors The departure of the Thebans out of Laconia Agesilaus saued the citie of Sparta The tearelesse battell of Archidamus ouercomming the ArcadiaÌ„s The Lacedaemonians were not wonâ— to reioyes much at any victory Messina restored againsâ— by Epaminondas Epaminondas second iorney vnto Sparta Agesilaus repulsed Epaminondas from Lacedaemon The fortitude of Archidamus The valliantnes of Isadas a Spartan Isadas rewarded amerced The death of Epaminondas Machariones why so called Agesilaus greedy of warres Agesilaus devided of the Egiptians Agesilaus despised al dainty thinges Agesilaus forsaketh Tachos goeth vnto Nectanebos In whom stratageames take most effect The stratageame of Agesilaus against the Egyptians The liberality of king Nectanebos vnto Agesilaus The death of Agesilaus The raigne of Agesilaus Agesilaus body noynted with waxe for lacke of honnie The father of Pompey hated in Rome Strabo the father of Pompey The Loue of the Romanes vnto Pompey The fauour of Pompey Flora the curtisan loued Pompey Flora the curtisan was passing sayer The temperaunce of Pompey in dyes The treason of Lucius TereÌ„tius against Pompey Pompey accused for robbing the common treasure The cause of the crie of Talassio at mariages in Rome Pompey maried Antistia The death of Cinna Pompeyes first Captainshippe vnder Sylla Pompey was Chiefetaine of an army at 23. yeares of age The citie of Auximum Pompey goeth vnto Sylla Pompey victories of the Marians Pompey ioyned with Sylla Pompey called Imperator of Sylla The honor Sylla did vnto Pompey Pompey went to aide Metellus in Gaule VVonderfull victories of Pompey Pompey put away his wife Antistia â— and maried AEmylia the daughter of Metella Syllaes wife The death of Antistius Pompey sent from Syllainto Sicile Lawe must geue place to armie The death of Carbo The death of Q. Valerius The bolde speache of Sthenis Pompey sealed vp his souldiers swordes Pompeis iorney into Msâ—icke vnder Sylla against Domitius Domitius camped by Pompey with his army Pompeis victory of Domitius Domitius slaine Pompey tooke king Iarbas Pompeis conquestes at 24. yeares of age The loue of the souldiers vnto Pompey Pompey called Magnus by Sylla The wisedom of the Romanes commended for rewardinge foreine and home seruice Valerius and Rullus called Maximi in Rome Pompeis slowt aunswere vnto Sylla Pompey not being Senator triuÌ„pheth against the law Marcus Lepidus created Consull Sylla fallow from the loue of Pompey Lepidus moueth ciuill warre Brutus the father slaine by Pompey The death of Lepidus The valliantnes of Sertorius in Spayne Pompeys iorney into Spayne against Sertorius Metellus geuen to royt pleasure Sertorius wan the city of Lauron in the fight of Pompey Pompey slue Herennius Perpenna Battell betwext Pompey and Sertorius Sucron fl The modesty of Pompey Metellus Pompey ouercame Perpenna and slue him Pompey burnt Sertorius letters the like also did Iulius Caesar wheÌ„ he ouercame Pompey Pompey ouercame the rest of the bondemen Pompey and Crassus first Consullshippe The custome of the Knights in Rome Pompey as a Knight of Rome sueth to be discharged from the warres Pompey submitteth to the Censors Pompey and Crassus made frendes Pompeye pride and glory The beginning of the pirates warre The power insolency of the pirates in Cilicia The pirates nauy a thowsand shippes The pirates scorning of the Romanes when they were taken Gabinius law for Pompeys authority against the pirates At the voyce of the people a crow flying fell downe Pompeys preparation against the pirates The courtesie of Pompey vnto Piso. The victory of Pompey vpon the pirate How men are tamed Pompey lewd fact against Metellus Achilles dishonest fact Pompey appointed Lucullus successor The boldnes of Catulus in disswading Manilius law Pompeys great dissimulation Quarrell betwixt Pompey and Lucullus Pompey and Lucullus meeting in Galatia Pompeys iorney against Mithridates Mithridates dreame Pompey ouerthrew Mithridates Hypsicratea Mithridates concubine otherwise called Hypsicrates for his valliantnes like a man. Araxes fl Tigranes yeldeth him selfe vnto Pompey Tigranes laied his diadeame at Pompeys feete Tigranes sonne a prisoner Ambassadors sent from the king of Parthia vnto Pompey Caucasus mont Albani and Iberes what meâ—â—â— of people Cyrnus fl Pompey ouerthrew the Albanians Pompey ouercame the Iberians Phasis fl The AlbaniaÌ„s rebell against Pompey Abas fl Pompey slue Cosis the kinges brother of the Albanians The Amazones Gele and Leleges people that do company with the Amazones Thermodon fl Stratonice Mithridates chiefe harlot Pompeys abstinence from taking of gifts Mithridates remeÌ„brauÌ„ces Rutilius an historiographer Pompeis faâ—e Pompeys iorney into Syria Pompey brought Syria into the forme and gouernment of a prouince Pompeys vertues The power insolency of Demetrius Pompeys infranchised bondman Catoes exclamation against Demetrius Pompeys infranchised bondman Pompeys Theater The king of Arabia Petrea submitted him selfe to Pompey Mithridates death The value of Mithridates scaberd of his sword Pompeys returne out of Asia Mutia the wife of Pompey Pompey forsooke his wife Mutia Pompey at his returne out of Asia discharged his souldiers Pompeis honorable returne to Rome out of Asia A law for triumphe Cato refreseth Pompeis alliance Pompeis third triumphe The canâ—â—ies conquered by Pompey Captiues led in Pompeis third triuÌ„phe Pompey conquered three partes of the world Africke Europe Asia Pompey triumphed thrise before the age of forty yeres The chaunge of Pompeys fortune and honor Lucullus beloued of the Senate at his returne out of Asia Lucullus inueyed against Pompey by Catoes ressistance Pompey ioyned with Clodius Tribune of the people Pompey forsaketh his frend Cicero Caesar reconciled Pompey and Crassus
Tenterides people of Germany Caesars horsemen put to flight The Ipes and Tenterides slaine by Caesar Sicambri a people of the Germaines Caesar made a bridge ouer the riuer of Rheyn Caesars iorney into England The death of Iulia Caesars Daughter The rebellion of the Gaules Cotta and Titurius with their armie slaine Caesar slue the Gaules led by Ambiorix The second rebellion of the Gaules against Caesar. Vercingentorix Captaine of the rebells against Caesar. * Some say that in this place is to be redde in the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the riuer Saone The Hedul rebell against the Romanes * Sequani Vercingentorix ouerthrowen by Caesar. The seege of Alexia Caesars daunger and wise policie Caesars great victorie at Alexie Alexia yelded vp to Caesar The discord betwixt Caesar and Pompey and the cause of the ciuill warres Caesars crassines The peoples voices bought at Rome for money Pompey gouerned Spain and Africk Caesar sueth the second time to be coÌ„sul and to haue his gouernment proroged Caesar bribeth the Magistrates at Rome Pompey abused by slauerers Caesars requests vnto the Senate Antonius Curio Tribunes of the people fly from Rome to Caesar Caesars doubtfull thoughts at the riuer of Rubicon The Greeke vseth this phrase of speech cast the dye Caesar tooke the citie of Arminum Caesars damnable dreame Rome in vprore with Caesars comming Pompey flyeth from Rome Labienus forsooke Caesar and fled to Pompey Domitius escaped from Caesar fled to Pompey Pompey flyeth into Epirus Silent leges inter arma Caesar taketh money out of the temple of Saturne Caesars iorney into Spayne against Pompeys Lieuetenants Caesar Dictator Caesar and Isauricus Consulls Caesar goeth into the kingdom of Epirus Complaints of the olde souldiers against Caesar. A great aduenture of Caesar. Anius â—â— Caesars daungers troubles in the Realme of Epirus Caesars armie fled from Pompey Caesars wordes of Pompeys victory Caesar troubled in mind after his losse Pompeys determination for the warre Pompey called Agamemnon and king of kings The citie of Gomphes in Thessaly Pompeys dreame in Pharsalia The securitie of the Pompeians Pompeys armie at great againe as Caesars A wonder seene in the element before the battell in Pharsalia Caesars armie and his order of battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Pompeys army and his order of battell An ill counsel and fowle fault of Pompey The battell in the fieldes of Pharsalia Caesars strategeme Caesar ouercommeth Pompey Pompeys flight Brutus that slue Caesar taken prisoner at the battell of Pharsalia Signes tokens of Caesars victory A straunge tale of Cornelius an excellent Prognosticatos Caesars clemeÌ„cy in victory The cause of Caesars warre in Alexandria Pothinus the Euenuke caused Pompey to be slayne Cleopatra came to Caesar Cleopatra trussed vp in a mattresse and so brought to Caesar vpon Apollodorus backe The great library of Alexandria burnt Caesars swimming with bookes in his hand Caesar made Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt Caesarion Caesars sonne begotteÌ„ of Cleopatra Caesars victorie of king Pharnaces Caesar wyteth three wordes to certifie his victory Caesars iorney into Africke against Cato and Scipio Caesars troubles in Africke Alga and dogges tooth geuen to the horse to eate Caesars daungers in Africke Caesars great victorie and small losse Caesar trobled with the falling sickenes Caesar was sory for the death of Cato Caesar wrote against Cato being dead Cicero wrote a booke in praise of Cato being dead Iuba the sonne of king Iuba a famous historiographer Caesars feasting of the Romanes The muster taken of the Romanes Caesar Consull the fourth time Battell fought betwext Caesar and the young Pompeyes by the city of Mvnda Caesars victory of the sonnes of Pompey Caesar triumphe of Pompeis sonnes Caesar Dictator perpetuall The temple of clemency dedicated vnto Caesar for his curtesie Cassius and Brutus Praetors Caesars saying of death Good will of subiectes the best gard and safety for Palaces Caninius Rebilius Consull for one day Anienes Tiber flu Caesar reformed the inequality of the yeare * Mercedonius mensis intercularis VVhy Caesar was hated The feast Lipercalia Antonius being Consull was one of the Lupercalians Antonius presented the Diadeame to Caesar. Caesar saued Marcus Brutus life after the battell of Pharsalia Brutus conspireth against Caesar. Cassius stâ—roeth vp Brutus against Caesar. Predictions foreshewes of Caesars death Caesars day of his death prognosticased by a Soothsayeth The dreame of Calpurnia Caesars wife Decius Brutus Albinus perswasion to Caesar. Decius Brutus brought Caesar into the Senate house The tokens of the conspiracy against Caesar. The place where Caesar was slaine Antonius Caesars faithfull frend Casca the first that strake at Caesar. Caesar slaine and had 23. wounds apon him The murtherers of Caesar doe goe to the Capitall Caesars funeralls Cinnaes dreame of Caesar. The murther of Cinna Caesar 56. yere olde at his death The reuenge of Caesars death Cassius being ouerthrowen at the battell of Philippes slue himselfe with the selfe same sword wherewith he strake Caesar. VVonders seene in the element after Caesars death A great Comet Brutus vision A spirit appeared vnto Brutus The second appearing of the spirit vnto Brutus Demades arrogaÌ„t saying The power of vertue and fortune Aduersitie maketh men hasty Ciceroes saying of Cato the common wealth at Rome Catoes plaine maner became not the corrupt and suretie time The parâ—â—age of Phocion Phocion neuer wept nor laughed Phocions maners VVherein excellencie of speech consifieth Phocions first souldier saâ—e The victory of Chabrias and Phocion in the I le of Naxos Phocions notable sayings Aristogiton a Sycophant coward Phocion called by surname goâ—â— Phocions iorney into Euboâ—a Phocion perswadeth his Captaines to suffer the musinous souldiers cowards to depart the campe Phocions victory in Eubâ—â—a Phocion saued the citie of Byzantium PhocioÌ„ draws Philip out of Hellespont Phocion ioyned Megara vnto Athens To reioyce at any mans hurt sheweth a base mind vile nature Alexander pacified with the Athenians by Phocions meanes Phocions vertue and integrity refusing of Alexanders money Phocions house and wiues Phocus Phocions sonne what he was Phocion despiseth Harpalus money Phocion refused to defend his sonne in law in an ill cause Phocions victory of the Macedonians The Graecians ouercomeÌ„ by Antipater Phocion Ambassador vnto Antipater Xenocrates authoritie Xenocrates despised of Antipater Presages of the miseries of the Athenians The crueltie of Antipater Phocion refuseth Menyllus giftes Phocion loued pouertie The insolencie of Demades the Orator Cassander king Antipaters sonne The 〈…〉 end of Demades Polyperchon Generall of the armie of the Macedonians Polyperchon conspiracie against Phocion Nicanor to receiue then to offer an iniury Alexander the sonne of Polyperchon practiseth treason against the Athenians Phocion accused of treason Polyperchon did put Dinarchus to death Phocion sent prisoner to Athens to be condemned The furie of the Athenians against Phocion The crueltie of the Athenians vnto Phocion Phocion condemned to death The constancy and corage of Phocion being condemned
the king of Persia Demosthenes praiseth them that were slaine at the battell of Chaeronea The death of Philip king of Macedon Demosthenes preferreth the ioy of his contrie before the sorow of his owne daughter AEschinesse proued by Plutarch for his fonde beleefe that blubbering and sorowing are signes of loue and charitie Plutarch praiseth Demosthenes constancie for leauing of his mourning to reioyce for his common contrie benefit Demosthenes raiseth vp the Graecians against Alexander Alexander required certaine Orators of Athens Demosthenes â—ale of the sheepe and woulues The iudgement of the crowne vnto Ctesiphon Harpalus a great money man came to Athens flying from Alexander Demosthenes bribed by Harpalus with oxenty â—ateâ— * This concelâ— can hardly be expressed in any other language then in Greeke For he sayth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alloâ—ding to the verbe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to delight by pleasaunt speeche or sound Demosthenes banishment Demosthenes tooke his banishment grieuously Three mischieuous beasts Antipater besieged of the Athenians Demosthenes called home from exile Demosthenes fine of fiftie talentes remitted Archias Phygadotheras a hunter of the banished men Demosthenes dream Demosthenes taketh poyson to kill him selfe in the temple of Neptune in the I le of Calauria The death of Demosthenes The time of Demosthenes death The Athenians honored Demosthenes after his death * He sayth Antigonus in the life of Phocius Demades death and reward for his treason Ciceroes parentage Cicero why so called Cicero Quaestor Ciceroes birth An image appeared to Ciceroes nursâ— Ciceroes towardnes and wit. Cicero a notable Poet. Cicero Philoes scholler the Academicke Philosopher Cicero a follower of Mutius Scauola Roscius pâ—â— in siâ—â— Cicero a weake man. Cicero Antiochus scholler The commoditie of exercise Cicero goeth into Asia and to Rhodes Cicero declamed in Graeke Apollonius testimonie of Cicero An Oracle giuen to Cicero Ciceroes first practising in the common wealih Roscius and AEsopus comon players Cicero a fine Tawnser Cicero chosen Quaestor Ciceroes diligence iustice and lenitie Cicero ambitious desirous of praise Cicero geuen to know mens names their landes and frendes Ciceroes doings against Verres He spake it bicause the Iewes doe ease no swines flesh Cicero chosen AEdilis Ciceroes riches Ciceroes great curtesie and resorte Cicero chosen Praetor Licinius Macer condemned Cicero with one word pacified the offended Tribunes Cicero made Consul The conspiracy of Cateline Catalines wickedness C. Antonius and M.T. Cicero created Consuls Great troubles at Rome in the time of Ciceroes Consulshippe A law preferred for the creacion and authority of the Decemuiri Cicero by his eloquence ouerthrow the law of the Decemuiri Ciceroes swâ—â—â— tongue * Others â—â—â— say Lucius Roscius Otho Tribune of the people Roscius lawe for deuiding of the Roman Knights from the common people Syllaes souldiers conspired with Catiline Cicero examined Catalin in the Senate Syllanus and Murana and Consulls Letters brought to Crassus of Catilines conspiracie Fuluia betrayeth Catilines intent to kill Cicero Catiline departed Rome C. Lentulus why called Sura Oracles of three Cornelij that should raigne at Rome Great treason practised in Rome by C. Lentulus and Cethegus The conspiratours apprehended Syllanus sentence of the conspirators Caesar priuie to Catilines conspiracie Caesars opinion for the punishment of the conspirators The execution of the conspirators They liuedâ— A word vsurped for the dead Ciceroes praise Catilin slaine in battell by Antonius Caesar chosen Praetor Metellus and Bestia Tribunes of the people Cicero resigneth his office Ciceroes Consulship praised by Cato Cicero the first man called Father of the contry Cicero too much giuen to praise him self Cicero friendâ—y to praise others Cicero sayeth Demosthenes sleepeth in his orations Ciceroes subtile end pleasant â—â—â—ge The Stoickes opinion A wise man is euer riche * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Actius is a proper name of a Romane and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greeke signifieth worthyt So the grace of the equiuocation can not be expressed in any other language * Bicause the Africanes haue commonly their eares bored through The malice betwixt Cicero Clodius Cicero gaue euidence against Clodius The wicked parts of Clodius * Some olde bookes doe read Teritâ— Clodius 〈…〉 and found not gilty Caesars wordes of the putting away his wife Pompeia Clodius chosen Tribune of the people Piso and Gabinius Consuls Crassus Pompey and Caesar three of the greatest men in Rome tooke part with Clodius against Cicero Cicero accused of Clodius The knights of Rome and Senate chauÌ„ged garments for Ciceroes sake Pompey would not see Cicero being accused Ciceroes exile Hipponium alias Vibone a city in Luke A wonder shewed vnto Cicero in his exile Ciceroes faint hart in his exile The wonderfull power of glory Pompey chauÌ„ging mind doth fauor Cicero Lentulus Consul Cicero called home from banishment Cicero taketh away the tables of Clodius actes out of the Capitoll Clodius the Tribune slaine by Milo. Cicero fearefull in warres and timerous in pleading Cicero pleadeth Miloes case Cicero chosen Augure Ciceroes integritie for the gouernment of his prouinces MoÌ„â— Amanus Cicero called Imperator Cicero seeketh to pacifie the quarrell betwext Pompey and Caesar Ciceroes words of Pompey and Caesar. Cicero goeth vnto Pompey Cato gaue place to Cicero and offered him the charge of the nauy at Dyrrachium The force of Ciceroes eloquence how it altered Caesar. Ciceroes life vnder Caesar. Cicero did put away his wife Terentia Cicero maried a young maiden Cicero not made priuy to the conspiracie against Caesar. Priuate grudge betwext Antonius and Cicero Cicero saileth into Greece Ill will betwext Cicero Antonius Cicero and Octauius Caesar ioyned in frendship Ciceroes dreame of Octauius the adopted sonne of Iulius Caesar Octauius and Accia the parents of Octauius Caesar. Octauius Caesar was borne in the yere of Ciceroes Consulship Ciceroes great power â—â— Rome Octauius Caesar sueth to be Consul Octauius Caesar forsaketh Cicero Note the fickelnes of youth The meeting of the Triumuiri Antonius Lepidus Octauius Caesar Cicero appointed to be slaine Quintus Cicero slaine * Some doe read Cajete A wonderous matter foreshewed by crowes vnto Cicero Herennius Popilius sent to kill M. T. Cicero M.T. Cicero slain by Herennius Ciceroes head and hands set vp ouer the pulpit for Orations A strange and cruell punishmeÌ„t taken by Pomponia Quintus Ciceroes wife of Philologus for betraying of his maister Augustus Caesars testimony of Cicero Ciceroes sonne Consul with Augustus Caesar. The decree of the Senate against Antonius being dead Demosthenes eloquence Ciceroes rare and diuers doctrines Demosthenes and Ciceroes maners Demosthenes modest in praising of him selfes Cicero too fall of ostentacion Demosthenes and Ciceroes cunning in their Orations in the coÌ„mon wealth Authoritie sheweth ment vertues and vices Ciceroes abstinense freâ—â— money Demosthenes a money taker Diuers causes of the banishment of Demosthenes and Cicero The differeÌ„ce betwext Demosthenes and Ciceroes death How sences and artes doe agree differ The master of the SpartaÌ„s to
Antonius acts in AEgypt vnder Gabinius Antonius curtesie vnto Archelaus being dead Antonius shape presence The house of the Antonij discended from Hercules Antonius liberalitie Antonius Tribune of the people and Augure Antonius acts for Caesar. Antonius flyeth from Rome vnto Caesar. Cicero reproued for lying Alexander Cyrus Caesar all contended to raigne Caesars ambition the onely cause of the ciuill warre Caesar gaue the charge of Italy vnto Antonius Antonius vices Antonius taketh sea with his army at Brundusium and goeth vnto Caesar. Antonius manthood in warres Antonius led the left wing of Caesars battell at Pharsalla where Pompey left the field The dignitie of the general of the horsemen Dissention betwixt Antonius and Dolabella Antonius abominable life Antonius laid vp his stomack before the whole assembly Antonius insolency Caesar Lepidus Consuls Antonius byeth Pompeys house Antonius maried Fuluia Clodius widowe Fuluia ruled Antonius at home and abroad Caesar Antonius Consuls Antonius vnwittingly gaue Caesars enemies occasion to conspire against him Antonius Lupercian putteth the diademe vpon Caesars head Brutus Cassius conspire Caesars death Consultation about the murther of Antonius with Caesar Antonius maketh vprore among the people for the murther of Caesar. Calpurnia Caesars wife Charonites why so called M. Antonius Consul Caius Antonius Praetor Lucius Antonius Tribune all three brethren Variance betwixt Antonius and Octauius Caesar heire vnto Iulius Caesar. Octauius Caesar ioyned to friendship with Cicero Antonius and Octauius became friends Antonius dreame Antonius iudged an enemy by the Senate Hircius and Pausa Consuls Antonius ouerthrowen in battell by the citie of Modena Antonius pacient in aduersitie Antonius hardnes in aduersitie notwithstanding his fine bringing vp Antonius won all Lepidus army from him Varius surnamed Cotylon The conspiracie and meeting of Caesar Antonius Lepidus The prescription of the Tr 〈…〉 Antonius cruelty vnto Cicero Lucius Caesars life saued by his sister Antonius riot in his Triumâ—â—-rate The praise of Pompey the great The valliantnes of Antonius against Brutus The death of Cassius Brutus slue him selfe Antonius gaue honorable buriall vnto Brutus Antonius great curtesie in Graece The plagues of Italie in riot Antonius crueltie in Asia Hybraeas wordes vnto Antonius touching their great payments of money vnto him Antonius simplicity Antonius maners Antonius louâ— to Cleopatra whom he sent for into Cilicia The wonderfull sumptuousnes of Cleopatra Queene of AEgypt going vnto Antonius Cydnus fl The sumptuous preparations of the suppers of Cleopatra and Antonius Cleopatraes beawtie An order set vp by Antonius Cleopatra The excessiue expences of Antonius and Cleopatra in AEgypt Eight wilde boares rosted whole Philotas a Phisition borne in Amphissa reporter of this feast Philotas Phisition to the younger Antonius Philotas subtil proposition Plato writeth of foure kinde of flatterie Cleopatra Queene of all flatterers Antonius fishing in AEgypt The warres of Lucius Antonius and Fulvia against Octauius Caesar The death of Fuluia Antonius wife All the Empire of Rome deuided betwene the Triamuri Octania the halfe sister of Octauius Caesar daughter of Anchavia which was not Caesars mother A law at Rome for marying of widowes Antonius maried Octauia Octauius Caesar halfe sister Antonius and Octauius Caesar doe make peace with Sexius Pompeius Sextus Pompeius taunt to Antonius Sexius Pompius being offered wonderfull great fortune for his honestie and faithes sake refused it Antonius told by a Soothsayer that his fortune was inferior vnto Octauius Caesar Antonius vnfortunate in sport and earnest against Octauius Caesar Orades king of Parthia Ventidius notable victorie of the Parthians The death of Pacorus the king of Parthians sonne Ventidius the only man of the Romanes that triumphed for the Parthians Canidius conquest Newe displeasures betwext Antonius and Octauius Caesar The wordes of Octauia vnto Macinas and Agrippa Octauia pacifieth the quarrell betwixt Antonius and her brother Octanius Caesar Plato calleth coÌ„cupiscence the lawes of the minde Antonius sent for Cleopatra into Syria Antonius gaue great provinces vnto Cleopatra Antigonius king of Iuvrie the first king beheaded by Antonius Antonius twinnes by Cleopatra their names Phraortes slue his father Orodes king of Persia. Antonius great puisant army Antonius dronke with the loue of Cleopatra Antonius besiegeth the city of Phraata in Media The ParthidÌ„s tooke Antonius engines of battery Battell betwext the Parthians Antonius The Romanes good order in their march Decimation a marshall punishment The craft of the Parthians against the Romanes Antonius returneth from the iorney of the Parthian The ParthiaÌ„ doe see vpon Antonius in his returne The bold act of Flauius Gallus Canidius fault Antonius Captaine Flauius Gallus slaine Antonius care of theâ— that were wounded The loue and reuerence of the souldiers vnto Antonius The rare and singular gifts of Antonius The king of Parthia neuer came to fight in the field Antonius charitable prayer to the gods for his army The Romanes â—estudo and couering against shot Great famine in Antonius army A deadly erbe incurable without wine The valliantnes of tenne thowsand Graecians whome Xenophon brought away after the ouerthrow of Cyrus The Parthians very suttell and craftie people Mithridates a Parthian bewrayeth vnto Antonius the conspiracie of his own contry men against him A salt riuer Antonius great liberalitie vnto Mithridates for the care he had of his saftie The tumult of Antonius soldiers through courteousnes Antonius desperat minde Hroxes ft. 18. seuerall battels fought with the Parthians The trechery of Artabazus king of Armenia vnto Antonius Antonius triumphed of Artabazus king of Armenia in AEgypt Antonius pined away looking for Cleopatra Cleopatra come to BlaÌ„cbourg vnto Antonius VVarres betwixt the Parthians and Medes Octauia Antonius wife came to Athens to meete with him The flickering enticements coments of Cleopatra vnto Antonius The occasion of ciuil warres betwixt Antonius and Caesar. The loue of Octauia to Antonius her husband and her wise and womanly behauior Antonius arrogantly onely deuideth diuers prouinces vnto his children by Cleopatra Caesarian the supposed soÌ„ne of Caesar by Cleopatra Alexander Ptolomy Antonius sonnes by Cleopatra Accusations betwixt Octauius Caesar Antonius Antonius came with eight hundred saile against Octauius Caesar Antonius carieth Cleopatra with him to the warres against Octauius Caesars kept great feasting at the I le of Samos together Antonius put his wife Octauia out of his house at Rome Octauius Caesar exacteth grieuous payments of the Romanes Titius and Plancus reuolt from Antonius and doe yeld to Caesar. A famous librarie in the citie of Pergamum Furnius an eloquent Orator among the Romanes Geminius sent from Rome to Antonius to bid him take heede to him selfe Many of Antonius friends doe forsake him Antonius Empire taken from him Signes and wonders before the ciuill wares betwixt Antonius and Oct. Caesar. Pesaro a citie in Italy sonck into the gretle by an earthquake An ill signe foreshoned by swallowes breding in Cleopatraeas shippe Antonius power against Oct. Caesar. Antonius had eyght kinge
Otho The wonderfull corage of a souldier of Othoes The noble corage of Otho before his death â—â— his oracion to the souldiers The Emperor Othoes words to his Nephew Cocceius Otho in his death seemed to follow Case Vaican Otho slue him selfe The funeralle of Otho the Emperour The Emperor Othoes tombe in the citie of Bresselles Othoes age and raigne The parteÌ„lage of Annibal The sharpe wit and disposition of Annibal Annibal chosen Lieuetenant generall after the death of Hasdrubalâ— being but 26. yeare olde Diuers causes of Annibals mortall hate to the Romanes The Barcinian faction Iberus fl The conspiracie of the Spanyards against Annibal Tagus fl Annibal stra tageame The Iberians yeeld them selues vnto Annibal Annibal layeth seege to the citie of Saguntus Two contrary factions in the Senate of Carthage the Barcinians Hannians Hamilcar Barcha Hanno a graue counseller and gouernor in peace A happy thing to follow good couÌ„sell VVise counsell for gouernors to preuent things at the beginning Annibal wan the citie of Saguntus P. Cornelius and T. Sempronius Consuls marg VVarres proclaymed by the Romanes with the Carthaginians The greatnes of the dominion of Africke * This place is false Annibal determineth to inuade Italy Annibale dreame at the riuer of Iberus The head course of the riuer of Rhone Arar fl The Volcin people that inhabited about the riuer of Rhone P. Cornelius Scipio Consule sent against Annibal and arrived at Massilia The Boians InsubriaÌ„s reuolt from the Romanes take parte with Annibal Lagdunum built by PlaÌ„cus Munatius Druentiâ— fl Annibal made waies through the rockes of the mountaines by force of fire and vineger The valley of Taurinus Annibals comming into Italie by Piedmont not farre from Turine Anniballs army in Italie Annibals first conflict with the Romanes and victorie P. C. Scipio Consul hâ—râ— and sâ—â—ed from â—â—â— enemies by his sonne who was afterwards called African Paedâ—s fl P. Cornelius Scipio and T. Sempronius Longuâ— Consulls against Annibal Trebia fl Ambush laied by Annibal to entrappe Sempronius Annibal fought with Sempronius the Consul aâ— the riuer of Trebia The Numidians craft iâ—â— flying Annibals victorie of the Consul Sempronius Arnus fl Annibal lost one of his eyes in the marishes by the riuer of Arnus C. Flaminius Cn. Seruilius Consuls Montes Cortonenses Lacus Thrasimenus The iudgement of a souldier Battell betwext Annibal and C. Flaminius the Consul by the lake of Thrasymene The Romanes were so earnest in fight that they heard not the noise of an earthquake C. Flaminius the Consul slaine * Plutarke in the life of Fabius Maximus addeth to as many prisoners Annibals craftines to dissemble vertue The naturall disposition of Annibal Extreame ioy causeth sodaine death The office of Dictator of what effect Q. Fabius Maximus created Dictator Hastines of Captaines oftentimes very hurtfull The guide cruelly put to death by Annibal Annibals stratageame in the mountaines of Gallicmum and Casilinium against Q. Fabius Dictator Certaine bathes at Swessa called the tower of the bathes Gleremen a citie in Apulia Two Dictators together neuer heard of before L. Paulus AEmylius and C. Terentius Varro Consuls Ansidusfl Battell at Cannes A stratageame of Annibal * Pluturke in the life of Fabius sayth that there were fiftie thousand slaine and foureteene thowsande taken prisoners Paulus AEmylius Consul slaine as the battell of Cannes Great slaughter at the battell of Cannes The constancy of the Romanes in extreamities The Romanes left three great battells to Annibal at Ticinum Trebia and Thrasimens Maharbal generall of Annibals horsemen Maharbals saying to Annibal Conspiracy against Annibal at Capva Marcellus victorie of Annibal at the citie of Nola. Annibals souldiers marred with ease at Capua Pleasure the baite of all euills One wintere ease spoiled a souldier and made him a coward The hard shife of the Cassilinians to liue during Annibals siege Annibals good seruant began to faile him Three famous Captaines of the Romanes Fabius Maximus Sempronius Gracchus Marcus Marcellus * Plutarke in the life of Marcellus speaketh of fiue thowsand CarthaginiaÌ„s slaine and only of fiue hundred Romanes The victories of the Romanes against Annibal Two factions in Naples The citie of Tarentum deliuered vnto Annibal by treason Tarentum wonne by Annibal Annibals stratageame Vulturnus fl Sulpicius Galba Cornelius Centimalous Consuls Anienes fl Annibal commethe to inuade Rome A wonder Salapia a city where Annibal fell in loue The death of Fuluius Viceconsul Diuers conflicts of the Romanes with Annibal Annibals wordes of Marcellus Marcellus Crispinus Consuls Annibal Layeth ambushe for the Romanes The death of Marcellus The power of magnanimitie Marcus Liuius and C. Nero Consuls Sena a citie of Apulia Metaurum fl M. Leuius C. Nero Consuls ouercame Hasdrubal slue 56000. of his men The chaunge and alteration of the Carthaginians good fortune The praise of Annibals great wisedomes in that gouernment of his army P. C. Scipio inuaded Carthage The last battell Annibal fought in ledily with Sempronius in the which he ouercame Annibal Annibals arche of trietumphe Annibal departeth out of Italy Annibal sent for to returne into Africk after he had warred 16. yeares in Italy Annibal and Scipioes meeting talke Scipioes victory of the Carthaginians at the battell of Zama The flying of Annibal Annibal could not abide to heare fooles talke of warre Annibal in his misery fled vnto king Antiochus into Asia Enuy the coÌ„mon plague and poyson of Princes Courtes Scipio African met with Annibal at Ephesus Annibals iudgement of the most famous Captaines Annibal cost selleth king Antiochus to make warre with the Romanes King Antiochus iudgement of Annibal Annibal made generall of Antiochus army by sea together with Apollonius Annibal fled to Prusias king of Bithynia Annibal king Prusias generall by sea against Eumenes king of Pergamum A straunge deuise of snakes put in earthen pots and throwen into the enemies shippes Titus Quintius Flaminius sent Ambassador into Asia Annibal poysoned him selfe being 70. yeare old Annibals tombe by Libyssa The praise of Annibal The pareÌ„tage of Scipio The first souldiers are of P. Cor. Scipio being but seuenteene yeare olde P. Scipio rescued his father from being taken of the enemies Honors done to Scipio being but a young man. Scipio Viceconsul at 24. yeares of age Scipioes great mind and goodly personage Scipioes iorney into Spayne The valiantnes of Lucius Martius a Romane knight Scipio beseegeth new Carthage in Spayne Scipio wanne citie of new Carthage by assault The great chastitie of Scipio Mago Hasdrubal Barcinian Hasdrubal Gisgo the three famous Captaines of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Besula fl Scipioes liberaltie to his enemies Vertues meete for a General Scipio called king by the Spanyards Hasdrubal sent into Italie to his brother Annibal with an army Hanno the chiefe of the contrarie faction vnto Hasdrubal Barcinian ouercomen in battell and takeÌ„ prisoner Masinissa offereth his frendshippe vnto the Romanes Syphax king of the Masasylians Hasdrubals iudgement of Scipio Syphax king of the MasaesyliaÌ„s maketh league with the Romanes The vnfortunate fight of two cousin germanes The rebellion of the Romaneâ— souldiers against their Captaines in Scipioes sicknes Mandonius Indibilis two kinges is of Spayne Scipioes wisedome suppressing his anger Scipioes great wisedome in punishing the offendors Scipioes care of his countriemen Scipio did put the authors of the rebellion to death A noble thing to ouercome the enemie by clemencie Masinissa cometh vnto Scipio A Princely Maiestie in Scipioes personage The antiquitie of those of Gades Scipioes noble deedes Scipioes returne out of Spayne to Rome Scipio made Consul Scipio prepared his armie and nauy by sea in 45. dayes Scipio policie in Sicilia P.C. Scipio accused Q. Fabius Maximus a great auersary vnto Scipio Scipioes nature King Syphax reuolteth froÌ„ the Romanes The ready faithfull good will of Masinissa to the Romanes Hanno ouercomen and slaine Sophonisba king Syphax wife Scipioes craft A maruelous great slaughter of the CarthaginiaÌ„s Syphax king of the Masaesylians ouercome takeÌ„ in battell Masinissa wan the city of Cyrtha where he fell in loue with Sophonisba king Syphax wife The great rare coÌ„tinency of Scipio Sophonisba poysoned her selfe through Masinissaes procurements Annibal sent for into Italy to runno into Afrike Battell at Zama and Scipiues victorie of the Carthaginians The praise of Annibal Fiue hundred shippes of the CarthaginiaÌ„s burnt by Scipio Scipio returne to Rome Scipioes triumphe at Rome for the Carthaginians Scipio and AElius Petus chosen Censors Scipio Prince of the Senate Scipio and Sempronius Longus chosen Consuls The craftie counsell of Scipio The naturall loue of Scipio African to his brother L. Scipio The fidelitie and loue of P. Scipio to his contrie Antiochus being ouercome acceptesh condicions of peace Great kingdomes and wealth are ful of troubles L. Scipio surnamed Asian for his coÌ„quest of Asia T. Q. Flaninius M. C. Marcellus Censors The time of the florishing of the Corneli The inconstaÌ„cy of these worldly things Great men most enuied The last fortunate day of the Africans good fortune The voluntary banishmeÌ„t of P. Scipio from Rome T. Gracchus Tribune diuers opinions about the accusasion of the Africans The Africans wife children Diuers opinions touching the death of P. Scipio Statues of the two Scipioes and Ennius the Poet by the gate Capena at Rome Scipio African dyed at Linternvm The Epitaphe of Scipio African Scipio African 54. yeare old at the time of his death The power of vertue Phormio Peripatetician reading Philosophie in Ephasus Annibals witty aunswer vnto the king Antiochus Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier dvvelling in the Blacke Friers by Ludgate
incontinently hauing liued as honorably and vertuously all the dayes of his life as any man liuing might doe The people then tooke order for his funeralles that the charges thereof should be defrayed by the citie as if they had neuer done him any honour in his life and that they had bene still debters vnto him for the noble seruice he had done vnto the state and common weale whilest he liued Therefore towardes his funeralle charges euery citizen gaue a pece of money called a Quatrine The women also for their parte to honour his funeralles agreed among them selues to mourne a whole yere in blackes for him which was a great and honorable memoriall He was buried also by expresse order of the people within the cittie in the streate called Velia and they graunted priuiledge also vnto all his posteritie to be buried in the selfe same place Howbeit they doe no more burie any of his there But when any dye they bring the corse vnto this place and one holding a torche burning in his hande doth put it vnder the place and take it straight awaye againe to shewe that they haue libertie to burie him there but that they willingly refuse this honour and this done they carie the corse awaye againe THE COMPARISON OF Solon with Publicola NOWE presently to compare these two personages together it seemeth they both had one vertue in them which is not founde in any other of their liues which we haue written of before And the same is that the one hath bene a witnes and the other a follower of him to whom he was like So as the sentence that Solon spake to king Croesus touching Tellus felicitie happines might haue better bene applied vnto Publicola than to Tellus whom he iudged to be very happy bicause he dyed honorably he had liued vertuously and had left behinde him goodly children And yet Solon speaketh nothing of his excellencie or vertue in any of his poemes neither dyd he euer beare any honorable office in all his time nor yet left any children that caried any great fame or renowme after his death Whereas Publicola so long as he liued was allwayes the chief man amongest the ROMAINES of credit and authoritie and afterwards since his death certaine of the noblest families and most auncient houses of ROME in these our dayes as the Publicoles the Messales the VALERIANS for six hundred yeres continuance doe referre the glorie of the nobilitie aunciētie of their house vnto him Furthermore Tellus was slaine by his enemies fighting valliantly like a worthy honest man But Publicola died after he had slaine his enemies which is farre more great good happe then to be slaine For after he as generall had honorably served his country in the warres had left them conquerers hauing in his life time receyued all honours triumphes due vnto his seruice he attained to that happy end of life which Solon accompted esteemed most happy blessed Also in wishing manner he would his end should be lamented to his prayse in a place where he confuteth Mimnermus about the continuaunce of mans life by saying Let not my death vvithout lamenting passe But rather let my friendes bevvayle the same VVhose grieuous teares and cries of out alas maye ofte resound the Eccho of my name If that be good happe then most happy maketh he Publicola for at his death not only his friends and kinsefolkes but the whole cittie also and many a thousand persone besides dyd bitterly bewayle the losse of him For all the women of ROME dyd mourne for him in blacks and dyd most pittiefully lament his death as euery one of them had lost either father brother or husband True it is that I couet goodes to haue but yet so got as maye me not depraue Solon sayeth this bicause vengeance followed ill gotten good And Publicola tooke great heede not only to get his goodes most iustly but had regarde that those which he had he spent most honestly in helping the needie So that if Solon was iustly reputed the wisest man we must needes confesse also that Publicola was the happiest For what the one desired for the greatest and most perfect good a man can haue in this worlde the other hath wonne it kept it and vsed it all his life time vntill the hower of his death And thus hath Solon honoured Publicola and Publicola hath done like vnto Solon shewing him self a perfect example and looking glasse where men maye see howe to gouerne a popular state when he made his Confulshippe voyde of all pride stately shewe and became him self affable curteous and beloued of euerie bodie So tooke he profit by many of his lawes As when he ordeined that the people only should haue authoritie to choose and create all common officers and magistrates and that they might appeale from any iudge to the people as Solon when he suffered them to appeale vnto the iudges of the people In deede Publicola dyd not create any newe Senate as Solon dyd but he dyd augment the first number with as many persones almost as there were before He dyd also first erect the office of Quastores for keeping of all fines taxes and other collections of money Bicause the chiefest magistrate if he were an honest man should not for so light an occasion be taken from the care of better and more weightie affayers and if he were wickedly geuen and ill disposed that he should haue no such meane or occasion to worke his wicked will by hauing the treasure of the cittie in his handes and to commaund what he lyst Moreouer in hating the tyrānes Publicola therein was farre more sharpe terrible For Solon in his lawes punished him that went about to make him selfe tyranne yet after he was conuicted thereof by lawe but Publicola ordeined that they should kill him before the lawe dyd passe on him that sought to be king And where Solon iustly and truely vaunteth him self that being offered to be King Lord of ATHENS and that with the whole consent of the citizens yet be dyd notwithstanding refuse it This vaunte and glorie is as due vnto Publicola who finding the dignitie of a Consul tyrannicall he brought it to be more lowly and favour 〈…〉 people not taking vpon him all the authoritie he might lawfully haue done And it seemeth that Solon knewe before him what was the true and direct waye to gouerne a common weale vprightly For he sayeth in one place Both great and small of povver the better vvill obaye if vve to little or to much vpon them doe not laye The discharging of dettes was proper to Solon which was a full confirmation of libertie For litle preuayleth lawe to make equalitie among cittizens when dettes doe hinder the poore people to enioye the benefit thereof And where it seemeth that they haue most libertie as in that they maye be chosen iudges and officers to speake their opinion in the counsell and geue
he told the Senate of it who would not let slippe so litle a fault but wrote to the newe Consulls and they straight left their prouinces and returned againe to ROME willingly resigninge vp their offices That was a prety while after Againe also about the very present time we write of nowe there were two Priestes of noble houses and noble persones also the one called Cornelius and the other Cethegus bothe which were disgraded of their Priesthoode bicause they had not giuen the intrayles of the sacrificed beast in order as they should haue done Quintus Sulpitius in like maner was disgraded of his Bishopricke bicause his miter which the FLAMINES doe weare fell of his head in his sacrificing Minutius being Dictator also and hauinge chosen Caius Flaminius generall of the horesemen bicause they heard the noyse of a ratte at the electiō of Flaminius they were bothe put out of their authoritie and other chosen in their place Now though they were thus precise euen in trifles it was not by reason of any supersticion mingled with their religion but bicause they woulde not breake any iotte of the auncient institucions and ceremonies of their contrie But to our storie againe Flaminius beinge depriued of his Consullshippe Marcellus was created Consull in his place by the regents at that time called Interreges Marcellus being inuested in his office chose Cneus Cornelius for his companion and they say that the GAVLES beinge inclined to peace and the Senate of ROME also willinge to harken to peace Marcellus did stirre vp the people and made them rather desire warre Notwithstandinge they concluded peace at that time but the GAVLES GESSATES immediatly after renued the wars againe For there came ouer the mountaines of the ALPES a thirty thowsand of them they ioyned with the INSVBRIANS which were many moe in number then thēselues Now they being in a maruelous iolity went incontinently to lay siege to the city of ACERRES that standeth apon the riuer of Po and during the siege king Britomarus taking ten thowsande GESSATES with him went destroyed all the contrie about the Po. Marcellus hearing that left with his companion Cneus Cornelius al the armed footemen the third parte of the horsemē in his campe by ACERRES he him selfe with the residue of the horsemē six hundred footemē light armed marched towards the enemy trauelling night day vntil he met with the ten thowsand GESSATES nere vnto a village of GAVLE on this side the mountaines called CLASTIDIVM which was subiect not long before to the ROMAINES So he had no leasure to take rest nor to refresh his men a litle for the barbarous people knew straight he was come tooke him for no better then by and by ouercome bicause he had so fewe footemen And for his horsemen the GAVLES made no reckening of them for besides themselues are very good men at armes and excell all other in that fight yet were their number of horsemen farre aboue Marcellus Therefore they straight marched towardes him in a maruelous furie and with thunderinge showtes as if they would haue deuowred them at their comminge Britomarus their king aduaunced him selfe before all his company Marcellus fearing to be a compassed in behinde being so small a number he put out the winges of his horsemen as much as he could to haue the contrie at large so that his two wings were very slender vntill he came nere his enemies And being ready to gallop towardes the enemie it fortuned his horse beinge afraid with the noyse of his enemies turned about caried Marcellus backe againe in spite of his teeth But he fearing the ROMAINES supersticion in taking this for an euill token and that they woulde take a conceite apon the same plucking the bridle with his left hande turned his horse head againe vppon the enemie and then he worshipped the sunne as though he had not turned his horse by chaunce but purposely for that cause For it is the ROMAINES manner to turne about so when they do honor their goddes So when they beganne to ioyne battell he made a vowe to Iupiter Feretrian to offer vppe the goodliest spoyles of his enemies if he did ouercome The kinge of the GAVLES seeinge him at that instant imagined by the markes and tokens he saw that he should be the general of his enemies So he set spurres to his horse and gallopped towardes him from all his company geuing him defiance chalenged him shaking his staffe in his hande He was the goodliest persone and strongest man of all the GAVLES and his armor was all guilt and siluered and so set foorth with sundry workes and colours that it shined as the sunne Marcellus on the other side hauinge viewed all the army of his enemies through out and perceauinge none so richely armed as the king thought straight it was against him that he had made his prayer and vowe to Iupiter Then he put his horse in full cariere against him and came with such a force fury to him that he pearced his armor with his staffe and ouerthrew him but yet he killed him not dead wherupon he sodainly redoubled two or three strokes besides apon him and so slew him right out Then he lighted from his horse taking the dead kinges armor in his hande he lift vp his eyes to heauen and said O Iupiter Feretrian thou that doest from heauen beholde and direct all marshall feates and Captaines deedes thy selfe I call to witnes that I am the third ROMAINE Captaine that being generall of the army haue slaine with my owne handes the king and generall of the enemies and I promise here to thee to offer thee vp the richest spoyles of mine enemies so thy godheade will vowchesafe to graunt vs the like good fortune in all this warre besides His prayer ended the men of armes of the ROMAINES ranne in among the horsemen footemen of the GAVLES one being vnparted from an other and fortune did so fauor them that they wanne a passing victory in such a straunge and wonderfull maner as was incredible For it was neuer seene before nor since that so fewe horsemen did ouerthrow so great a number of men of armes and footemen ranged together Now when Marcellus hadde slaine the greater number of them and had gotten their spoyles all their baggage he returned againe to his companion Cneus Cornelius whom he founde makinge warres vnfortunately with the GAVLES before the greatest and most populous city they had called MILLAINE which the GAVLES on this side the mountaines take for their chiefe city and from whence all other had their first originall Whereupon they did all their possible endeuor to defende it and did as straightly besiege the Consull Cornelius as he did them Now when Marcellus was come to the campe againe the GESSATES vnderstāding that their king Britomarus was slaine in battel returned backe againe into their contry
the city of MILLAINE was taken After that all the other cities there about yelded of them selues without force of siege and the GAVLES wholly submitted them selues all that they had to the mercy of the ROMAINES who graunted them peace vppon easie condicions For these famous victories the Senate of ROME gaue all the honor of triumphe vnto Marcellus only and that was as wonderfull and worthy a sight as any that euer past before him what for the infinite spoyles and the numbers of great men taken prisoners and also for the exceeding sumptuousnes stately shew thereof But the goodliest sight of all for the rarenes was to behold Marcellus selfe carying on his shoulders the whole spoyle of the barbarous king to offer vp to Iupiter Feretrian For he had cut downe a goodly younge oke of the mountaine straight and shut vp very long which he had trimmed vp in forme of triumphe hanging all the armed peces he had wonne of the king very orderly rounde about it Then when all the show of his triumphe was past he him selfe tooke the oke on his shoulders and gotte vp vpon his triumphing charet and so marched through the city carying these signes thereupon which was the noblest sight and honorablest show of the whole triumphe His army followed after the charet singing verses and songes of victory in praise of the goddes and their Captaine and when he had passed through the whole city and was come to the temple of Iupiter called Feretrian there he set vp this young oke and token of triumphe This Marcellus is the third and last ROMAINE Captaine to whom happened this honor in our age For the first man that euer offered vp to Iupiter the spoyles of the general of their enemies was king Romulus who wanne the like spoyles of Acron king of the CAENINIANS The second was Cornelius Cossus who slue Tolemnius generall of the THVSCANS And the third was Marcellus who slue with his owne handes Britomarus king of the GAVLES and after him no man euer since could obtaine the like good fortune The god to whom these maner of spoyles are consecrated thus is called Iupiter Feretrian so tearmed as some write bicause they do cary this token of triumphe to him following the deriuation of this Greeke word Ferin which signifieth to cary for in those former times many Greeke words were mingled with the Latine Other affirme it is one of the surnames of Iupiter signifying as much as lightening for Ferire in the Latine tonge signifieth to strike And some say also in warres it is properly to hurt or kill with his owne handes for the ROMAINES do vse at this day when they geue a charge apon their enemies in battell or that they haue them in chase flying to crie incoraging one another Feri Feri which is as much as kill kill And the spoyles taken frō the enemies also are generally called Spolia but those which Lieutenantes generall or generalles do take from the generalles of their enemies when they haue slaine them they are called particulary Spolia opima Yet some hold opinion that kinge Numa Pompilius mencioning the rich spoyles or Spolia opima in his cōmentaries speaketh of the first the second and the third and commaundeth that the first spoyles which are wonne should be consecrated to Iupiter Feretrian the second vnto Mars and the third vnto Quirinus And that they should giue to him that had wonne the first spoyles three hundred Asses the second two hundred the third a hūdred But notwithstanding the best opinion vsuall taking of Spolia opima referreth them to be the first spoyles wonne in a foughten field those which the Lieutenāt of an army or a general doth take frō the general of the enemies after he hath slaine him with his owne handes And thus much for declaracion of this matter Furthermore the ROMAINES were so ioyfull of this victory of their good successe in this warre that they caused a massie cuppe of golde to be made of the spoyle they had gotten weyinge a hundred pounde weight which they sent to offer vp in the temple of Apollo Pythias in the city of DELPHES in token of thankes and they made liberall diuision besides of the spoyles vnto their frendes and confederates and sent a great parte of it vnto Hieron king of SYRACVSA who was their confederate Not lōg after Hanniball being entred ITALIE Marcellus was sent with an army by sea into SICILE And after the great ouerthrow was giuen at the battel of CANNES wherein there died so many thowsande ROMAINES and that very few of them saued them selues by flyinge into the city of CANNVSIVM they looked that Hanniball hauinge ouercome the flower of all the ROMAINES youth and their greatest force woulde not fayle to come straight to ROME Wherefore Marcellus first sent fifteene hundred of his men by sea to help to defende ROME and hauinge afterwardes receaued commaundement from the Senate he came to CANNVSIVM where he tooke such as were fled thither for succor after the battell so brought them out to the fielde to defende the countrie Now the ROMAINES hauing lost the most parte of all their best Captaines in diuerse sundry battells before of all those that remained Fabius Maximus was the onely able and reputed man for commendacion of his honesty and wisedom yet they misliked of him notwithstanding for a timerous man and of no corage as a man to ful of doubts and consideracion and loth to put any thing in hazard saying he was a good Captaine to defende but not to offende the enemy Whereupon they thought good to ioyne Marcellus liuely youth corage with Fabius feminine feare and wisedom and therefore some yeares they chose them both Consulls together or else they sent one of them as Consull and the other as Proconsull eche in his turne to the contrie where they hadde warres And for proofe hereof Posidonius wryteth that the ROMAINES at that time called Fabius Maximus their target and Marcellus their sword Therefore Hanniball him selfe sayed he feared Fabius Maximus as his gouernor and Marcellus as his enemy bicause the one kept him from hurting of others and the other did hurt to him selfe Immediatly after this great victory at CANNES Hannibals souldiers became so bolde so carelesse and disordered that they kept the fielde without feare of any thing and dispersed them selues farre from their campe wherefore Marcellus setting apon those stragglers he slue them euery man so by litle and litle did still lessen the power and strength of his enemy Afterwardes he aided the cities of BIZANTIVM and of NOLA and stablished the true deuotion and loue of the BIZANTINES towardes the ROMAINES from thence he went to NOLA found great sediton there betwixt the Senate people bicause the Senate coulde not keepe the people in obedience but they woulde needes take Hannibals parte The cause of the peoples stubbornnesse grewe by occasion of a