18. Robert Cumin and 700 Men slain In the third year of his Reign he made Robert Cumin Earl of Northumberland who with 700 Men coming to Duresm and using the People of that Place and Inhabitants of the Country severely they Conspired against him killed him and most of his Men. Soon after they killed (q) He was Son [8.] Ibidem Col. 205. a. 27. Waltheof who of Siward Earl of Northumberland by Elsâ—eda Daughter and Heir of Aldred also Earl of Northumberland Robert Fitz-Richard [7.] Ord. vit 512. C. Marâ—eswen Gospatric and Edgar Athelin attempt York Governor of the Garison at York with many others Flusht with this success (r) [9.] Ord. vit 513. D. Edric the Forester who Ordericus Vitalis calls him Marius Suevâ—â— Marleswen Gospatric and Edgar attempt York where William Mallet then Commanded who being much distressed by them the King made haste to relieve which done he built there another Castle or Fortress and left the Command of it to William Fitz-Osborn and returned to Winchester where he kept Easter A second Castle built there [8.] Ibid. 213. B. C. D. The Danes assist the English King Sweyn of Denmark much sollicited by the English and furnished with their Money about this time set forth 240 Sail of Ships under the Command of his two Sons Harold and Cnute and their Uncle Earl Osbern Manned partly with Danes partly with English that had fled thither which roved up and down the English Coasts upon which they made many Descents [9.] S. Dunel Col. 198. n 40. At length having joyned a Fleet provided by Edgar (q) He was Son [8.] Ibidem Col. 205. a. 27. Waltheof who of Siward Earl of Northumberland by Elfleda Daughter and Heir of Aldred also Earl of Northumberland Waltheof (r) [9.] Ord. vit 513. D. Edric the Forester who Ordericus Vitalis calls him Marius Suevus Marleswain and many others they came into the Mouth of the River Humber where they received Gospatric with the whole Force of Northumberland with which united Strength about the middle of September And joyning with the Northumbrians take York and 3000 Normans they assault the City of York and its two Fortresses take them and kill more than 3000 Normans William Malet the then Vice-Comes his Wife and two Children Gilbert de Gant and some few others having had their Lives spared [1.] Ibid. Col. 199. n. 2. The Conqueror marcheth with a great Army into Northumberland wasts it and buys off the Danes King William being advertised of this Slaughter raised a great Army and marched speedily and in great fury into Northumberland which he wasted all Winter killing the Inhabitants and committing other Cruelties in the mean time by Messengers he Treated with the Danish Earl Osbern and promised privately to give him a great Sum of Money and permitted him to take Provision for his Army upon the Sea Coasts so as after Winter he would depart without Fighting to which he agreed The [2.] Ibidem n. 20 30. Northumberland void of Inhabitants Nation now was so destroyed by the Normans and especially Northumberland that between (Å¿) Then Northumberland was accounted all the County beyond Humber Northwards as far as Tweed York and Duresm it was wholly void of Inhabitants and lay wast the space of 60 Miles [3.] Ibidem n. 50. he remained some time with his Army between the Rivers (t) Two Rivers which bound the Bishoprick of Durham North and South the Land between them was anciently called St. Cuthbert's Patrimony Tees and Tine where he found the Houses empty the Inhabitants having fled for their safety unto the Mountains and into Woods [4.] Ord. vit 515. B. C. D. Gospatric and Earl Waltheof reconciled to the Conqueror here Earl Waltheof and Gospatric were reconciled to him giving their Oath of Fealty From thence he returned to York and having established all things there and in that Country he marched over Mountains and through Woods cross the Country into Cheshire and Wales to correct those People who besides other Offences committed had lately besieged Shrewsbury and arriving [5.] Ibidem 516. A. He quiets Mercia safely with his Army at Chester he quieted the whole Country of Mercia (*) S. Dunel 202. n. 47. The Castles at Chester and Stafford built and (u) He was called By the Normans Sylvaticus and sometimes Forester for his living in and frequenting the Woods for his security [1.] S. Dun. Col. 197. n. 29. he was Son of Alfric who was Brother to Edric Sireon the Arch-Traytor Earl of Shrewsbury Edric the Forester was reconciled to him which done he raised a Fortress there and another in his return at Stafford and placed strong Garisons in both From thence he marched to Salisbury where largely rewarding his Soldiers for this Expedition dismissed them While [6.] S. Dunel Col. 200. n. 20.30 Col. 201. n. 20 c. Malcolm King of Scots waste Teesdale Cleveland c. William lay between Tees and Tâ—ne Edgar Atheling with his Mother and Sisters and many others took Ship at the Mouth of the River (x) The River upon which Duresm is seated Were and passed into Scotland the Danes all that time doing nothing further against the King or returning home when Malcom King of Scots with a great Multitude passing by Cumberland Gospatric wastes Cumberland then in his power wasted and plundered Teesdale Cleveland and Holderness carrying away great Spoils and many Men and Women [7.] Ibidem n. 30 c. Malcolm Marries Edgar Atheling's Sister which were made Servants and Slaves to the Scots In revenge of these Ravages Gospatric enters Cumberland and makes the like destruction there When Malcolm after this Inrode returned home he Married Margaret Sister to Edgar Atheling [5.] Paris in vita Fred. Ab. fol. 49. n. 10. See the Answer to Argumâ—ntum Anâ— Not long after Lanfranc was made Arch-Bishop of Canturbury the stout Abbat of St. Albans Frederic practised with many of the Nobility to have made Edgar Atheling King and notwithstanding a Peace made with William yet fearing lest he or his Arch-Bishop should vent their fury upon him left his Convent and went privately into the Isle of Ely [6.] S Dunel Col. 203 22. Frederic Abbat of St. Albans with many Bishops and Noblemen retire into the Isle of Ely Upon the same fears Edwin and Morchar retired from Court and suspecting the success of their Affairs Edwin determined to go unto Malcolme King of Scotland but in his Journey thither was slain being betrayed by his own Followers Morchar betook himself to the Isle of Ely where he met with besides Abbat Frederic Agelwin Bishop of Duresme Siward called Barn Walter Bishop of Hereford and many other great Men of the English [7.] Dugd. Hist of Draining fol. 186. who sent for [8.] Ingulph Hist Croyl 511. a. n. 42. They send for Hereward and defend it a long time Hereward or Heward
Salisbury that favoured the Empress he raised all the Force he could and upon the first day of July in the Evening came thither and set fire on the Town where the Kings Soldiers lay which put the King into such a fright who then was in the Nunnery that he left his Plate and other Goods behind him and by the benefit of a dark Night hardly escaped with his Brother Henry Bishop of Winchester The Earls Soldiers killed many of the Kings and took many amongst them [2.] Gervas ut supra Col. 359. lin 1. c. William Martel taken Prisoner his Ransom William Martel for whose Redemption there were given 300 Marks and the Castle of Sherborn Not many days after [3.] Ib. n. 10. Milo Earl of Hereford dies An. Do. 1144. Milo Earl of Hereford one of the chief Counsellors most faithful Friends and greatest Supporters of the Empress died to her great Grief and Misfortune The next year King Stephen seized upon Geofry de Magna villa in his Court at St. Albans and kept him Prisoner [4.] Ibid. Col. 360. n. 10 Hen. Hunt ut supr n. 40. King Stephen seiseth Geofrey de Magna villa he gives up the Tower of London his Castles of Walden and Plessetâ— King Stephen besiegeth Lincoln and is baffled until he delivered up to the King the Tower of London his Castles of Walden and Plessets and not long after was slain first having given the King much trouble and Plundered Ramsey Abby After this the King again besieged the Castle of Lincoln where the Earl of Chester destroyed eighty of his [5.] Ib. n. 50. Workmen and Engineers so as he was forced to depart having done nothing From thence he gathered a great Force and marched to [6.] Ibidem b. n. â—0 Anno Domini 1145. The Earl of Gloucester worsted at Faringdon King Stephen besiegeth Walingford Castle Faringdon where the Earl of Gloucester was erecting a strong Fortress or Castle where they fought or rather skirmished and much Blood having been spilt the Earl was forced from his Enterprise From thence he came and besieged Walingford Castle against which when he saw he was not likely to prevail by Force or Art he built a Castle called [7.] Ibidem n. 30 40. Gervas Doroâ— col 1361. n. 10 20. He built Craumerse Castle against it The Earl of Chester makes his Peace he is made Prisoner and delivers Lincoln Castle Anno Domini 1146 1147. Craumersh and placed a Garison to keep in and hinder the Excursions of the Garison of Walingford Hither came to the King Ranulph Earl of Chester and made his Peace and added to his Forces a considerable Strength A while after he came to the Kings Court at Northampton where he was taken and kept in Prison until he had delivered to the King the Castle of Lincoln in which City he kept a most splendid Christmass Geofrey Earl of Anjou having subdued and [8.] The Earl of Anjou sends for his Son Henry Robert Earl of Gloucest dies settled Normandy and Anjou in Peace had a great desire to see his Son Henry and sent three Noblemen with a Guard for him to Earl Robert who Conducted him safely to Warham where he took Ship and afterwards never saw him for the Earl fell sick of a Fever at Gloucester of which he died on the First of November and was buried at Bristol in the Monastery he built there After his Death the [9.] Ibid. Col. 1363. lin 1. The Empress goes into Normandy to her Husband Empress wearied out with these Commotions and Wars in England before Lent passed over into Normandy choosing rather to live there with her Husband in Peace than undergo so many Troubles In the year 1149. Henry the Son of the [1.] Ibid. Col. 1366. n. 30 40. An. Do. 1149. Henry the Son of the Empress comes into England Empress Cum grandi Comitatu militum Electorum peditum rediit in Angliam returned into England with a great Company of choice Knights or Horsemen and Foot and stirred up the Thoughts and Courage of many against King Stephen for after the Deaths of Robert and Milo Earls of Gloucester and Hereford and the Empress having passed the Sea none could move the Noblemen against King Stephen but the true Heir to the Crown After his Appearance in England he took with him Ranulph Earl of Chester and Roger Earl of Hereford and some others He is Knighted by David King of Scotland his Great Uncle besides those he brought with him out of Normandy and went to David King of Scotland his Great Uncle who received him with great Joy and Honour and in the Solemnity of Pentecost Knighted him and some others This raised [2.] Ibidem n. 60. Col. 1367. lin 1. David King of Scots comes to Carlisle great Suspicion in King Stephen and his Son Eustachius for when the King of Scots with his Forces and his Nephew with the * So called in respect of the East parts of Scotland The two Kings of England and Scotland retreat one from another Western Barons of England were united in the foresaid Solemnity King Stephen came to York with a great Army lest they should surprize that City and stayed there unto the end of August but both the Kings one at Carlisle the other at York were afraid of one another and so of their own accords they retreated Stephen towards Lincoln and David toward Scotland but Eustachius Son of Stephen now also Knighted by his Father made great havock and spoil upon the Lands belonging to the Earls and Barons which favoured Henry [3.] Ibid. Col. 1367. n. 30. An. Do. 1150. These old Historians begin the year at Christmass Henry receives the Dukedom of Normandy who in the beginning of January in the year following sailed into Normandy and with his Fathers good liking received that Dukedom [4.] Chron. Norm f. 984. B. C. D. The King of France takes offence at it They are reconciled Geofrey Earl of Anjou Henry's Father dies as his Inheritance by his Mother At which the King of France took offence raised an Army and with Eustachius in his Company invaded Normandy and besieged the Castle of Arches Earl Geofry and his Son prepare to oppose him in the mean time he burnt the City of Sees and when the Father and Son had drawn together a great Army and Marshalled their Troops by the Mediation of Wise Men the King received the Homage of Henry for the Dukedom of Normandy and one Gerrard Berlas Lord of the Castle of Monstreul out of Prison and so rested satisfied Being thus in quiet Duke Henry intended to call together all his great Men of Normandy on the Fourteenth day of September at Lisieux to Treat and Consult about his Voyage into England in the interim his Father labouring under a great Fever died on the Seventh of the same Month and left him Lord and Heir of Normandy and Anjou Within less then half a year
and such Modern Writers as have since followed them He professed himself the Champion of Church-Liberty and by that means made himself the Darling and Favourite of those Men and the whole Clergy and they gave him a Character and Transmitted his Memory to Posterity accordingly though really he was the greatest Hypocrite and Traytor that had been heard of in that Age. The old Bone of Contention the Feudal or Military Law and Tenures are now taken away by Act of Parliament and the Judges without contradiction possessed of a Power to intrepret the Law as it now stands the free use whereof is denied to no Man As to his Property it cannot be invaded for in any Controversie with the King he may have equal Justice as if it were with an Ordinary Person and as to Liberty no man can suffer a long Confinement unless it be by Law directed for some very heinous Crime By Time and the Concessions of our Kings the Subjects of this Government have and may enjoy all Freedom and Happiness that Sober Rational Men can desire and such as is no where to be found but in this Island and the Dominions to it belonging nor can any Man that Loves his Prince or Country wish for any other than the present Constitution It is a sad Return of ingrateful Men pretending to Purity of Religion and the most Refined Christianity to Christian Princes for their Indulgence to and Protection of them for the greatest Immunities and Privileges granted to them to take all Occasions and Opportunities to Requite them with Affronts and Rudeness with Seditious and Disloyal Practices to the Disturbance of the Peace and Quiet of the Nations and also Shedding the Innocent Blood of the People by God Almighty committed to their Charge For here never was Pact between King and People nor Fundamental Terms of Government agreed between them nor indeed ever was there or is it possible for any such thing to be in any Nation of the World Matter of Fact so long as we have any Memorials of it in these Kingdoms shews the contrary And I shall be very Thankful to any Man and give him leave to Reprove me that can Produce any other than what is here delivered from Authors of the same Credit and such as lived in or very near the Times when the Things were done Through the whole Course of the History I have not Laboured after an Exact and Even Style nor can it be Expected where there is such Variety of Matter and where Men are confined to and limited by the Translation of other Mens Language There is nothing my own but the Method and Version and whether the last be Faithful and Just as it ought to be I Submit my self to the Censure of the Impartial Reader Nor have I made any Reflections or Politic Observations upon what I have written from the Relations of others which some are so much in Love with as they Esteem nothing to be History without them Let these Men injoy their Opinions it may be others will think that they serve only to Pervert and Disguise Matter of Fact and make History Romantic and that such as cannot understand it without them can make no Right Use of it with them At the Court at WHITE-HALL JVLY 13th 1685. Let this BOOK be Printed Sunderland THE General Preface TO the Romans originally all Europe is obliged for the Civility Literature Laws and Government it now injoys who Inhabited wheresoever they Conquered and strengthened their Provinces two ways by Colonies and Garrisons L. Lips de Magnitud Rom. Imper. c. 6. Every Colony was an Image and Representation of Rome it self with like holy Rites like Courts Laws Temples and Places of Public Commerce and for the most part governed by [a] Duumviri from the Number Two because there were two of them Panciroll de Magistrat Municipal c. 8. Duumviri why so called Their Office Ibid. c. 1. Decurions what they were Ibid. c. 19. Aediles what they were Rosin Antiq. lib. 7. c. 11. Praetors what they were Ibid. c. 43. Provincial Praetors what they were Ibid. c. 4â— Quaestors what they were after the Example of the Roman Consuls they were the Judges and Chief Officers in their Cities Corporations or Municipal Towns unless the particular Custom of any Place was otherwise their Camps and Villages not having such yet sometimes a single person had this Title and executed soley the Office of both sometimes a greater number than Two as in our Cities and Corporations sometime a Major sometimes Bailiffs are the Chief Magistrates Duumviri in stead of Consuls [b] So called because in the first setling of Colonies every Tenth Man was Assigned and Chosen out for the Common Council They were as the Aldermen twenty four forty eight and Common Council men in our Corporations Decurions in place of a Senate [c] From Aedes so named because at first they had the care of Sacred Houses and Temples and afterwards of Bargains and things sold that there might be no cheat and that what was exposed to sale might not be vitiated or corrupted They also had the inspection of Ways Streets Rivers Aquaeducts Sinks ordinary and common Houses c. that all of them might be kept Neat and Clean and in excellent Repair that so the whole might appear decorous and beautiful Aediles and other Municipal Officers Besides this of Strength and Safety there were other Reasons and Advantages after Rome was much Augmented for the Institution of Colonies as sending forth the Superfluous Multitude the Poor and Burthensom Comunalty providing rewards for super-annuated and over-worn Soldiers the teaching of Arts Cultivating and Civilizing the Barbarous People When the Romans had Subdued all Italy and brought under their Power many other Countries Not. Imp. or c. 98. which they called Provinces they sent into every one of these a Praetor or General to Govern it and when afterwards by a further Progress of Arms their Dominions were much more inlarged they Ruled the Greater Provinces by [e] Such as had born the Office of Consul Proconsuls the Lesser by Praetors and [f] Consuls were at first called Praetors but when the Consuls were called abroad by War or other great Business from the City then were Praetors first Erected to do Justice in their absence he was the Guardian or Keeper of the Civil Law The Provincial Prâ—tors such as here mentioned gave sentence according to Law he was a Judge or Chief Justice and in urgent occasions managed the whole Affair of War Praetors were various and their Office also various according to the diversity of Times [f] Quaestors were Treasurers or Receivers and Expenditors of the Public Money at first afterwards they had other Powers as the Hearing and Determining Causes c. and in the Declining Empire were as Chancellors to the Emperors Quaestors But when Augustus was made Emperor he Changed the Form of the Common-wealth Ibid. Augustus changeth the form of the
Common-wealth and divided the Provinces between himself and the Roman People those which were most quiet and remote from Enemies he gave to them such as bordered upon the Enemy and were most hazardous he kept to himself lest the People having the Command of Soldiers and Arms might turn them against him Ibid. Their Magistrates he called Proconsuls although they had never been Consuls or Chosen out of Senators that had born that Office they had no Power over the Soldiers nor did they wear a Sword or Soldiers Habit Those which he sent into the Provinces Legates or Lieutenants who so called that he reteined himself he called Legates or Lieutenants although they had been Consuls and Vice-Praetors that is had born the Office of Praetors Not. Imp. or c. 98. Cities how many a Province conteined Every Province conteined ten or eleven [g] Not. Imp. or c. 98. Cities and chief Cities what Ibid. c 33. Praetorian praefect what he was They were such Places as had Courts for Hearing Causes Duumviri Judges or Magistrates Executing Justice but the greater Cities or Metropoles such as had a Prâ—tâ—rium or Palace a Gymnasium a School or Place of Philosophie Exercise a Theater Court and Bathes Cities at least and they were Various according to the Diversity of Times in the beginning all were Praetors because Governed by Praetors but after the Conquest of Asia and Achaia there were two kinds of Provinces Pretorian and Consular which were Governed by Proconsuls the Magistrates or Officers in Italy were Pretorian and Consular those abroad were Propretorian and Proconsular Ibid. Constantin the Great changed this Constitution and the Form of Government in the Empire Alâ—iat T. 2 de Magistrat c. 471. Constantin Institutes 4 Praetorian prefects and Instituted four [h] The Praetorian praefect at first only Commanded the Emperors immediate Guard and from these those constituted by Constantin had their Denomination and had the greatest Trust in the Empire committed to them by succeeding Emperours from whose sentence there was no Appeal c. Pretorian Prefects one of the East another of Illiricum a third of Italy and a fourth of Gallia These had their Vicars or Deputies under them who likewise had the Command over several Presidents Consulars and other Magistrates according to the Extent of the Country where they were Deputies or Vicars Three degrees of Provinces There were three Degrees of Provinces the Greater the Middle Not. Imp. or c. 98. and the Less The greater Province were Ruled by the greater Magistrates or Spectabiles the Conspicuous or Notable How ruled and by whom such were Proconsuls Comites Counts c. The middle were Consular Provinces not that they were governed by Consuls or Proconsuls but by Senators sent with Consulary Ornaments These were sometime governed by Correctors which were inferiour to them of Consular Dignity because they used not their Ornaments Yet they commanded over the Soldiers and wore a Sword and Military Habit Maxima Cesariensis Valentia Consular Provinces See these Explained in the Notes upon the History in Valentinian And also these three Presidial Provinces Britan. 112. which the Proconsuls did not Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia were Consular Provinces in Britain and Governed by [i] There were two sorts of Consuls before Constantin the Ordinarii and Suffecti The Romans dated their Records although they continued not a whole year in that Office Consulars who the Ordinary were the usual annual Consuls or were such as began their Consulship in the bâ—ginning of the year or on the first of January whence the other were Substituted Consuls these last Constantin called Consulares or Honorary Consuls from the Consulary Ornaments they had which were Instituted by Julius Caesar Sueton. in Julio c. 76. Such also were called Consulares that had born the Office of Ordinary Consuls but these were not of that Number Consulars The less or smaller Provinces were subject to Presidents by such were Ruled Britannia prima secunda Flavia Caesariensis for what Reasons in those times the three last Provinces were accounted the least and worst and the two former the greater and better I know not Camden says the Empire declining those Provinces had only Consular Magistrates which lay next the Enemy such were Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia in Britain Whatsoever the first Institution was of these Dignities and Imperial Commands yet what distinct Jurisdiction and Powers belonged to them I find not sufficiently cleared by any Author I have seen especially since the time of Constantin in whose Reign the Aera of the Declining Empire is rightly fixed I am apt to think the same Government Power and Jurisdiction or very little different might be Used and Exercised by Persons of various and different Titles they all having the same See Alciatâ— Breviary in his second Tome 482 483 485. and Panciroll in utramque Notitiam and upon the several Magistrates Lib. 2.64.688 Digest Lib. 8 Tit. 6. or not much different Offices and Courts of State with almost the same Officers attendant upon them yet so as they were distinguished by their several Ensigns Habits Symbols and other Discriminations of meer State and Honour according to the first Institution This Conjecture wants not some Authority to Confirm it Zosimus Reports that the Vice-Pretor was called Duke And Virius Lupus Propretor or Lieutenant was called President by Ulpian Panciroll says those which Governed small Provinces by Special Appellation were called Presidents Not. Imp or c. 99. yet all Proconsuls and Governours of Provinces were conteined under the General Name of President and they agreed in very many Things as well as Name According to the General Opinion the Civil Government of Britain after the time of Constantin was committed to a Vicar or Deputy of the Pretorian Prefect of Gallia under whose Direction or Disposition were the two Consulars Alciat Tome 2d 482. and three Presidents before mentioned In his Office or Court of State he had these Officers The Officers of the Vicarâ— Court ibid. Princeps c. Principem de Schola agentium in rebus ex [k] A Decree or Order of Mâ—n in this Body so called from the Ducenarii in a Cohort which commanded two hundred Men See Panciroll Not. Imp. or c. 64. And here it may be noted that the Officers in the Courts of Magistrates had the resemblance of Officers in Military Cohorts Ibid. c. 20. Ducenarii and from thence their Names and were raiâ—ed by degrees to Honour as in that the Names of Military being transferred to Civil Officers whence the Magistrates Office had the name of Cohort or Court which we at this day retein ducenariis The Chief or Principal of this Court who gave Direction to the other Officers was of the Society or Corporation of the Emperors Emissaries Panciroll Not. oâ— c. 64. Spies and Pursuivants and Superintendents of the [l] Alciat Tom. 2. â—35 Post Horses kept at the
could now beat them from their Camp Hereupon a great number of Horse and Foot were speedily assembled and made toward the Romans Caesar supposing it might so happen as in former times That the Britains being beaten would escape his Foot The Britains Overcome and save themselves by flight yet with about (r) Happily for CCC were written xxx or rather for 300 30 as Hottoman thinks by Mistake seeing 't is strange to think Caesar would joyn Battel with 30 Horse only 30 Horse which Comius of Arras brought over with him he placed the Legions in Battle-Array before the Camp not long after both Bodies were Engaged the Britains gave back and fled the Romans pursuing and killing many Burning and Wasting every where about as they returned to their Camp The same day the Britains send Ambassadors desiring Peace which they obtained They obtain Peace upon condition the number of Hostages before Imposed should now be doubled and sent after him into Gallia making hast thither because the Autumnal Equinox was at hand suspecting his Patch't and Crazie Ships might not well endure the Sea in Winter wherefore taking the first opportunity they Sailed soon after Midnight and came all safe to the Continent Caesar Winter'd in Belgia with all his Legions whither two only of the British Cities sent Hostages the rest (Å¿) This was his pretence of Invading Britain the Second time the People not thinking he would ever return to make War there again neglected Cajus Julius Câ— 52 53 Years before Christ The Roman Senate upon the Relation of these Services Decree him a (t) A Thanksgiving in Honor of him Supplication for 20 Days What. to their gods for 20 days in which by Decree of the Senate all the Temples of the gods were opened whither the People went cronwd with Garlands and offered Sacrifice with Singing Releasing Prisoners and other Triumphal Rites c. Supplication of Twenty Days Caesar departing from his Army in their Winter-Quarters went as his Custom was every (u) To observe what was done at Rome and to keep up his Interest among the People year into Italy first commanding the Lieutenants of every Legion they should build as many Ships as they could and Repair the old ones and directed they should be made Lower then those they used in the Mediterranean that they might more speedily be Laden Caes Com. Lib. v. Caesar goes into Italy and more easily drawn on Shore and for that by reason of the frequent changing of the Tide the Waves were less here then in their Seas and also Broader somewhat for the more commodious Transporting of Horses and other Cumbersome Fraight he ordered they should be nimble Vessels to which end their Lowness much conduced He returning to his Army by the singular Industry of the (x) There were all sorts of Artificers in their Legions and a Praefect or Master of them and the Soldiers themselves at their first entring into Service were Taught and did Learn Mechanic Arts. Portus Itius Where Soldiers At the Spring he returned Found 600. Ships built c. although there were a great scarcity of Materials found 600 Ships and 28 Long-Boats or Galleys built and within few days ready to be Launched Having Caressed the Soldiers and the Masters and Overseers of this Work he shews them what he would have done and Commands there should be a Rendezvous of them all at (y) Portus Itius Gessoriacus and Boulogne Cluverius affirms to be the same some think it to be Calais others a small Village called Withsan Vissen or Essen near Blaness in Boulonois between Calais and Boulogne where the nearest passage is into England or as others a kind of Marsh between those Towns where yet remain great heaps of Earth compassed with Ditches and a Tract of a Port. Port Itius from whence was the most commodious passage into Britain about 30 Miles from the Continent here he left a sufficient number of Soldiers to manage this Affair while he himself In which he Transports 6 Legions of Foot and 800. Horse with Six Legions and 800 Horse Marched into the Country of the (z) People of Old Belgium between the Mosell and the Rhene whose Chief City is now called Triers Aedui Who. and Where Seated upon the Mosell Treviri who would neither take Advice from or be Commanded by him But Hostages being given and things setled here and the (a) They had the right of Senators in the City and by the Senate were called Brothers they served in the Roman Army were Free and had the same Priviledges with Roman Soldiers Upon Caesars coming for Britain Dumnorix their Prince Mutinies and Revolts who being slain the rest Return to Obedience their Country was both the Burgundies Dutchy and County their Chief Town Bibracte after Augustodunum now Aâ—stun a small Bishoprick in the Dutchy of Burgundy Aedui reduc'd leaving Labienus to Guard the Haven and supply his wants he with Five Legions and 2000 Horse Imbarqu'd and about Sun-set sayl'd with a gentle South-west Wind which failed about Midnight and the whole Fleet being driven by the Current when it was light they could discover the Island on their Left-hand then taking advantage of the Tide turning they ply'd their Oars that they might reach that part of the Isle where they had Landed the Summer before in which Action the Diligence of the Soldiers was much to be praised who by an unwearied labor in Rowing caus'd their Ships of the greatest Burthen to keep way with the Long-Boats or Galleys they arrived about Noon where they saw no Enemy For as afterwards Caesar understood by the Captives Cajus Julius Caesar 53 54 Years before Christ the Britains coming thither in great numbers Armed when they saw so many Ships being of all sorts with their Victuallers esteemed Eight Hundred for fear they left the Shore and hid themselves in the Uplands Caesar Landing his Army and having advantageously Encamped it so soon as he knew from the Prisoners he had taken where the Enemy was leaving Ten Cohorts and 300 Horse under the Command of Q. Atrius to Guard his Ships then at Anchor after the (a) Three of the Clock in the Morning Third Watch he made toward the Enemy and having Marched Twelve Miles he discover'd them who with their Horse and Chariots advanced toward the (b) The River Stour in Kent The place Chilham or Julham That is Julius his Station or Mansion a small Town upon this River Camb. Brit. 237. As we commonly Gilian for Julian from Juliana Footmens Shields double one Broad and Flat the other concave like an half Tube in breadth 2 foot and half in length 4 foot Lib 49. f. 409. Rosin lib. 10. c. 16. between Canterbury and Wye beneath this Town is a Green Hillock Barrow or Sepulchre where the People report one Jul-laber was Buried who Camden thinks was Laberius the Tribune here slain his Conjecture is strengthened by the Distance of
on all sides they assail the Forragers and Charge up to the very Legions and Standards the Romans by a stout onset repelled them and the Horse never gave over the Pursuit being confident in the aid of the Legions that followed them until they totally routed them and having killed a great number of them The Britains Totally Routed Very many slain they gave them neither time to Rally to make a Stand or to leap from their Chariots Forthwith upon this Overthrow the Auxiliaries which had come from all parts departed neither after that time did the Enemy appear with so great strength Caesar knowing their Design Caesar Marches toward Cassibelans Country Marches with his Army towards the Frontiers of (h) Cassivellannus Cassibelanus or rather Cassibelinus Prince or Ruler of the Cassii Cassibelan Who. some remains of whom there seems yet to be Caisbo Hundred wherein are Situated the Ruines of Verulam Cassibelaus Chief Town Belinus signifying commonly in this Island a Chief King Prince or Ruler So Cinobelin as it were Icenobelin Prince of the Iceni Camb. Britan. 275.292 Annotations on Giral Cambr. Desc of Wales c. 3. Camb. Brit. 213. Bede Eccles Hist cap. 2. fol. 26. and happily might be the same that Czar Cham Sultan Tentomarus and Gottiso are and were among the Moscovites Tartars Turks Tentones and Goths Dr. Powel sayes further That Hely the Father of Lud and this Cassibeline was called Magnus Belinus that is Great Belin. Cassibelan upon the River Thames (i) Near Oatlands in Surrey sayes Cambden at a place called Cowaye-Stakes and in this conjecture he affirms he could not be mistaken for that it was 80 Miles from the Shore of Kent as Caesar accounted and for other Reasons there assigned which was passable with Foot in one place only and that with difficulty when he came thither he perceived great Forces of the Enemy in good Order ready to receive him on the other side of the River the Bank being set with (k) Bede says the Remains of these Stakes were to be seen in his time which were about the Bigness of a Mans Thigh and Plated over with Lead sharp Stakes and others of the same kind covertly placed in the River whereof Caesar having notice from Prisoners and Fugitives sending his Horse first over presently Commands his Legions to follow who waded over so speedily and resolutely their heads only appearing above water and both Horse and Foot Charged the Enemy with such violence that they forsook the Bank and fled Cassibelan now out of hope to contend for Victory Cassibelan dismisseth the greatest part of his Army Keepeth only 4000 Charioteers to attend Caesar's Motion dismisseth the greatest part of his Forces keeping about 4000 Chariots to attend the Motion of the Romans and going somewhat out of the way securing himself in Woods and Fastnesses drives all away both Men and Cattel where the Romans were to pass whose Horse as they roved up and down to Wast and Plunder the Charioteers sallying out of the Woods surprized and cut off hereupon Caesar commands them not to depart from the Legions so that now as they Marched there was nothing left to do but to Wast empty Fields and Burn Houses Meanwhile the (l) Trinobantes Middlesex and Essex Trinobantes a very considerable People among the Britains from whom (m) He is by Entropius Bede and later Writers called Androgens as is noted by Cambden but why he knows not unless for his Wickedness and Treason for such a signification is plainly couched in that Name and he was one of the three first that called the Romans into Britain and betrayed the Country Mandubrace went to Caesar into Gallia and followed his Fortune his Father Imanuentius having been King in that Country whom Cassibelan had slain and this young Man saving his Life by flight send Ambassadors to Caesar The Trinobantes send Ambassadors and yield themselves who promising to yield themselves and be at his Command desire him to Protect Mandubrace and to commit the Government of their Country unto him Caesar requires Forty Hostages and Provision for his Army and sends Mandubrace unto them they comply with his Commands and sent what he required The Trinobantes being Protected from the violence of the Soldier the (n) The * Camb. 329. Iceni Who. Cam. Brit. 19â— There 273. There 207. Camb. Brit. 275.292 Cassibel Town There 292. Cam. Brit. 298. Dio. Book 43.224 225. Caesar 's Origin from Anchises and Venus Iceni who possessed Northfolk Southfolk Cambridge and Huntington-shires Cenimagni (o) were People in Hamshire in Holdshot Hundred and thereabouts Segintiaci (p) They inhabited Henley Hundred in Oxfordshire Ancalites (q) Their Seat was the Hundred of Bray about Maydenhead in Barkshire which seems to be a Contract from Bibract Bibroci (r) They gave name to the Hundred of Caishoâ— in Hertfordshire in which Old Verulam stood and where and in the Country thereabouts the Cassi were placed Cassi by their Ambassadors yield themselves to Caesar from these he understood Cassibelins (Å¿) Verulam out of whose Ruines St. Albans was Built Town was not far off strengthned and surrounded with Woods and Marshes Several other Nations also yield to Caesar well filled with Men and Cattel for the Britains call intricate Woods compassed about with a Mud-Wall and a Ditch a Town whether they were wont to resort for the avoiding the Incursions of their Enemies Thither Marches Caesar with his Legions he found the place notably Fortify'd by Nature and Art yet he Assaults it in two places Cassibelin's Town The Britains for some while defended it but not able to sustain the Force of the Romans fled out at another part of the Town What a Town was among the Britains Cassibelin's Town taken great store of Cattel were found there many were taken and many were slain in their flight While these things are done here Cassibelin sends into Kent where there were Four Kings Reigning Cingetorix Carvilius Taximagulus and Seegonax them he Commands to raise all the Force they could The Roman Ship-Camp assaulted The Britains Beaten Lugotorix taken and suddenly to assault the Ship-Camp this was attempted but when they came near unto it the Romans sallyed out killed many of them and took their Noble Leader or Captain (t) Or Cingetorix rather Lugotorix retreating safely to their Camp Cassibelin hearing of the Event of this Enterprise being often defeated and his Country wasted but most of all moved with the Revolt of his (u) Cities or People for Caesar always called a People living under and using one Law and the same Customs Civitas or a City Cities useth the Mediation of Comius of Arras to send Ambassadors about his Submission to Caesar who determining to Winter in Gallia Caesar departs taking Hostages c. Thus far Caesar's Commentaries Pliny Nat. Hist lib. 9. c. 35. by reason of some sudden Commotions there and the Summer being almost
Areani were found guilty in this Conspiracy who being corrupted with Rewards often discover'd the condition of the Roman Affairs to the Barbarous People Ibid. lib. 28. c. 7. Theodosius recall'd Theodosius after these Atchievements being recalled was accompanied to the Sea-side with the general Favor and Applause of all Men and passing the Sea with a gentle Gale came unto Valentinian by whom being receiv'd with much joy and affection he was made * Here to describe this Office Master of the Horse in the room of Valens Jovinus sometime afterwards Froamarius whom Valentinian had made King of the (r) They were Inhabitants of the Town and Country of Weisbaden on the North-side of the Rhene right against Ments an Appendant of the County of Nassaw or the Country thereabouts Bucino-bantes Ibid. lib. 29. c. 9. Anno Domini 374. upon fresh Excursions and Devastations made upon the new acquired Country was sent hither with power of Tribute over the Alemans which were then much valued for their Number and Courage Gratian the Eldest Son of Valentinian by Severa Gratianus Valentinianus Junior Theodosius Anno Dom. 374. growing towards a Man his Father made him his Collegue in the Empire and he succeeded him after his Death with whom Valentinian the younger his half-Brother by his Step-Mother Justina but then four years old was elected his Partner in the Empire by advice of the Council and General consent of the Army Ibid. lib. 27. c. 5. Anno Domini 37. Ibid. lib. 30. c. 12. Zosim lib. 4.751 Anno Dom. 379. Theodosius chosen Emperor by Gratian and Ruled in the East Zosim lib. 4.760 But Gratian finding his Affairs perplexed the Goths and other Barbarous People Invading the Empire on one side and the Nations upon the Rhene Infesting it on the other not thinking himself sufficient for the Administration of it after the Death of his Uncle Valens chose Theodosius Son to that Theodosius that had so bravely behaved himself in Britain to be his Consort and sharer with him in the Empire who Ruled in the East Things being in this state and condition Gratian being an easie Prince listening to Flatterers and such as are wont to corrupt and debauch the kind and mild dispositions of Princes received into his favor and into the Army certain Renegado (Å¿) People of Europaean Sarmatia and thought by some Alans Who to have Inhabited that Country which is now called Lithuania but more rightly they were Seated near the Alanian Mountains not far from the head of Tanais Alans unto whom he gave great Rewards and trusted them with the Management of his greatest Affairs neglecting at the same time his own Soldiers who for this cause began to Murmur against and hate him the Soldiers thus kindled against him especially those in Britain and excited by Maximus a Spaniard by Birth Maximus Excites the Soldiers to Sedition and fellow Soldier with Theodosius there who taking it ill that Theodosius should be thought worthy of the Empire and himself not thought fit to have any honorable Employment in the Government more and more irritated the Soldiers against Gratian and they being ripe for Sedition were easily prevailed upon to Salute Maximus Emperor Anno Dom. 381. He is Saluted Emperor Zosim Ibid. and having deliver'd him the Imperial Diadem and Purple they forthwith passed the Sea with him to the Mouth of the River Rhene the Armies in Germany and the Neighbor Nations with much satisfaction approving the Design Gratian prepares to suppress this Rebellion and Fight Maximus but being deserted by the Army he had gather'd together seeing his Affairs desperate he fled with 300 Horse toward the (t) Mountains that separate Germany and France from Italy Alpes and from thence through (u) Singidunum rather a City of Upper Moesia seated upon the Danube Six Leuâ—s Eastward from Taurinum or Belgrade now called Zendorin of the Greeks Simedro and in Modern Latin Semandria Rhaetia Noricum Pannonia toward (x) Then the Second City of Italy and Chief of the Carni now Aquilegia seated on the North-East part of the Top of the Gulfe of Venice and in that Dukedom Upper Moesia whether being pursued by Andragathius Master of Maximus his Horse passing the Bridge at (y) They were Northern People Vandals Whence Sheringhâ—m de Orig. Angl. 210. Ibidem who came out of Scythia from about the Lake Maeotis and River Tanais c. and were of Gothic original they were called Vandals from the word Wandelen signifying to Wander or rove up and down because they often changed their places of abroad at last they fixed upon and near the Coasts of the Baltic Sea toward Germany which from them with many other North-East Countries adjoyning was called Vandalia aâ— Meckleburgh Pomerania Polonia Silesia c. Sigisdunum Gratian slain he was overtaken and slain Theodosius at the Instance of Justina Mother to Valentinian Anno Dom. 3â—3 prepares to encounter Maximus whose Army being defeated in Pannonia he fled to Aquileia Theodosius Major Valentinianus Secundus Honorius Arcadius Anno Dom. 383 c. where he was taken deliver'd to Theodosius and presently put to Death and to young Valentinian was restored whatsoever his Father or his Brother Gratian had possessed The Scots and Picts taking advantage when the Army and the Flower of the British Youth was transported by Maximus most of which were either slain An. Dom. 388. Zosim lib. 4.769 770. Young Valentinian restored Gildas c. 11. The Scots and Picts invade Britain They Waste it Socrat. Hist lib. 7. c. 12. or seated themselves in Amorica now Britanie in France miserably spoiled and wasted the Province for the opposing and reducing of whom Chrysanthus the Son of Marcian Bishop of Constantinople was made Vicar in the British Isle who behaved himself worthily and with great praise but whether he totally subdued these Northern Enemies or whether Stilicho who was by Theodosius appointed Tutor and Governor to Honorius after his Death or some other sent by him as Claudian seems to affirm reduced them it no where it appears not long after the Empire being distressed the Legion for this purpose sent into Britain was recalled Chrysanthus sent to repress them and Stilicho Claud. Paneg. 2. de laud. Stilich Anno Dom. 395. The Legion sent with them recalled The Vandals c. Invade Gallia and Germany Zosim lib. 6.824 825. They Affright the British Forces Anno Domini 409. They Mutiny and set up Marcus Gratianus and Constantin successively He transports the British Army into Gallia Soâ—omen lib. â— c. 15. Constantin taken Anno Dom. 413. and put to Death Aâ—â—icola intrâ—ceth Pelagâ—anisme into Britain An. Dom. 429. Bede lib. 1. c. 17. and the (z) Sueves Whence People of the same Origin with the Vandals so named from the Word Schweben of the same signification with Wandelen and might be the same People under divers Names for they are also affirmed by very good
throughout Britain his Ensignes were Nine Maritine Towns placed on the Form of the Island and the Soldiers in Garrison were about 2200 Foot His Ensignes and 200 Horse expressed as followeth Under the Disposition or Command of the Remarkable Person the Count of the Saxon-Shore through Britain by Marcellinus lib. 27. c. 7. called Comes Tractus Maritimi or Count of the Sea-Coast 1. Praepositus Numeri (c) So called from Fortia a Town in Asiatic Sarmatia fortensium Othonae What Soldiers and Garrisons under his Command The Captain or Provost of the Cohort or (d) A Cohort was called Numerus but sometimes the word Numeri signified any Band or Company of Soldiers Band of the (c) So called from Fortia a Town in Asiatic Sarmatia Fortenses at Ithancester near S t Peters Chappel and not far from Maldon in Essex upon the Coast in Dengy Hundred Cambden in the several Counties 2. Praepositus Numeri (e) From Tourâ—ay now Doornicke in Gallican Flanders and the People thereabouts Twenacensium Lemanis The Captain of the (e) From Tourâ—ay now Doornicke in Gallican Flanders and the People thereabouts Turnois at Lime near Hithe in Kent 3. Praepositus Militum (f) Tongres or Tungeren in Brabant and the People thereabouts the Inhabitants of Liege Colon Juliers Limburgh Lutzenburgh c. were all called Tungri Tungricanorum Dubris The Provost or Captain of the (f) Tongres or Tungeren in Brabant and the People thereabouts the Inhabitants of Liege Colon Juliers Limburgh Lutzenburgh c. were all called Tungri Tongrians at Dover 4. Praepositus Equitum Dalmatarum Branodunensis Branoduno The Brancaster Captain of the Dalmatian Horse at Brancaster a Town upon the Coast near Burnham-Market in Norfolk 5. Praepositus Equitum Stablesianorum Garianensis Garionono The Yarmouth's Captain of the (g) They were from Pelusium an Archiepiscopal City in Aegypt seated upon the East-Mouth of the River Nilus but why so called I know not Stablesian-Horse at Yarmouth in Norfolk 6. Tribunus Cohortis Primae Vetasiorum forte (h) The Vetusii were People of the Alpes and 't is probable this Cohort consisted of them Vetusiorum Regulbio The Tribune of the First Cohort of the (h) The Vetusii were People of the Alpes and 't is probable this Cohort consisted of them Vetusians at Reculver a Town of Kent upon the Northern Coast in the Lathe of S t Augustines 7. (i) The Praefecture of a Legion was at this time the Command of 1000 Foot part of that Legion Praefectus Legionis Secundae Augustae Rutupis (i) The Praefecture of a Legion was at this time the Command of 1000 Foot part of that Legion The Praefect of the Second August or Imperial Legion at Richborow near Sandwich in Kent 8. Praepositus numeri Abulcorum forsan (k) So named from Abula an Episcopal City of old Castile in Spain Abulorum Anderidae The Captain of the (k) So named from Abula an Episcopal City of old Castile in Spain Abulians at Newenden in Kent in the Lathe of Scraye near Oxney Island 9. Praepositus Numeri Exploratorum portu Adurni The Captain of the Band of Scouts at Aldrington now a small Village near Shoreham in Sussex His Office and Officers were the very same with those of the Count of Britain save only he had a Cornicularius explained in the Office of the Vicar before this History and a Regendarius Not. or Imp. c. 18. a Master of Requests that presented Petitions Memorials and Bills of Complaint to the Chief Magistrate Explained them and received his Answer so called a Regerendo because he Wrote them into a Book he was also called Subscribendarius from Subscribing these Petitions Memorials c. Corrected Praesidents had not any Masters of Requests or Regendaries because they were bound to Subscribe the Libels Memorials c. themselves One Praefecture 1000. Six Bands 1200. Two Squadrons Not. occid Imp. c. 72. or Troops of Horse 200. In all 2200 Foot and 200 Horse There was likewise in this Establishment a Duke of Britain The Duke of Britain Dux Britanniarum his Ensignes were 14 Towns placed also as upon the whole Island with his Book of Instructions and Letters Patents or Commission as the Counts and other Dukes his Garrisons and Officers are thus described 1. Praefectus Legionis Sextae The Praefect of the Sixth Legion His Garrisons distant from the Wall but rather of the Legion at Sextae that is York if it be taken for a place as it ought to be by the Town placed in the Ensignes and Superscribed Sextae for the Sixth Legion was placed at York 2. Praefectus Equitum Dalmatarum Praesidio The Praefect of Dalmatian Horse at Warwick 3. Praefectus (l) So called from Crispiana a Town in Panonia Not. Imp. occid c. 89. Crispianorum Equitum Dano The Captain of the (l) So called from Crispiana a Town in Panonia Not. Imp. occid c. 89. Crispian Horse at Doncaster in Yorkshire 4. Praefectus Equitum Cataphractariorum Morbio The Captain of the Horse Armed Cap-a-pe or all over at Moresby in Cumberland near the Coast between Egremond and Wirkington 5. Praefectus numeri Barcariorum Tigrisensium Arbeia The Captain of (m) If they were Spanish People they were from Braga an Archiepiscopal-City now in Portugal but Antiently in Spain by the Romans called Bracara and the Inhabitants of that and the Country belonging to it Bracarii See Ferrar. Lex Geogra last Edit 2 Tom. of the Greek Canons Oxon. 1672. The Watchmen in Rome why first Instituted Defensores what they might be Pancirol conjectureth they were Bracarii a People of Spain but perhaps he might have guessed nearer if he had said they had been Shipwrights for such an one Barcarius signifies and might be a Barbarous word Latinized and introduced into the Provincial Latin as there were many at this time from Barca a Bark or small Ship and having been brought hither from the parts of the River Tigris in Asia might be called Barcarii Tigrisienses To make this conjecture more probable the Romans always had Artificers of all sorts in their Armies ranged in whole Cohorts and perhaps Legions and these Ship-wrights might be more useful here then in other parts seeing Jerby is seated upon the River Eln which then might be considerable not far from the Sea and that the Saxons sometimes but the Picts and Scots out of Ireland mostly and chiefly made their Invasions upon this Coast so that they might at this time be imployed here in Building and managing out small Ships or Vessels to oppose them or from Barca a Country or Province in Afric and in Barbary near the Mediterranean so called from the Chief City thereof Beveireg Notes in Canon Concilii Trullan f. 149. Barcarians c. at Jerby in Cumberland 6. Praefectus numeri Nerviorum Dicti The Captain of the Dictensian (n) People that inhabited Hanault the Dominion of Cambray
Gallic Flanders c. Neervians at Diganwey in Caernarvonshire near Aberconwey 7. Praefectus numeri (o) These Watchmen were first instituted by Augustus as a remedy against Fire Theives and other Inconveniences and Mischiefs in the great and Populous City of Rome and had their several Circuits appointed for this Night-Service they were afterwards Soldiers and distributed into Seven Cohorts from whence the name was derived unto other Soldiers abroad in the Provinces whose Duty might be somewhat alike vigilum Concangies or as Alciat Concagios The Captain of the Watchmen in the Baronie of Kendal I rather think according to the Import of their Name and Office that Concangies was somewhere nearer the Wall and perhaps on the North-side of it some place not yet made out 8. Praefectus numeri Exploratorum Lavatris The Captain of the Scouts at Bowes in Stanemore in Richmondshire in the North-Riding of Yorkshire not far from Barnards-Castle in the Bishoprick of Durham 9. Praefectus numeri directorum alias Duroctorum aut Durocortorum veterum aliter verteis vel Verterae as 't is noted over the Town in the Dukes Ensignes The Captain of the Band of (p) Part of a Legion so called in Mâ—sia from Durocortum Rhemes in Champainge so named by Caesar Durocts or Durocorts at Burgh-Castle in Stanemore in Westmoreland 10. Praefectus numeri Defensorum Braboniaco The Captain of the Band of (q) What these were I know not unless perhaps they might be such as were constantly in Garrison and never Marched out upon other Service or happily they might be part of a Legion or other Body of Soldiers called Defensorum Legio c. which I no where find so named at first for defending the Borders of the Empire which though removed from that particular service yet they might retein the name afterwards Defenders at Brougham in Westmoreland 11. Praefectus numeri Solensium Maglovae The Captain of the * So called from Soloe a City of Cilicia Solenses at Maclenith in Montgomery-Shire there placed to keep under the Montanose People 12. Praefectus numeri pacensium Magis The Captain of the (r) They had their Name from Pax or Pace Julia in Portugal near Badajox Pacenses at Old Radnor in Radnorshire or perhaps at Magiovinium Dunstable in Bedfordshire 13. Praefectus numeri Longovicariorum Longovico The Captain of the Lancastrian Band at Lancaster 14. Praefectus numeri Derventiensis Derventione The Captain of the Derventienses so called from the place where they lay at Aldby upon the River Derwent about Seven Miles from York These 14 Garrisons under the Duke of Britain The number of his Forces in these Garrisons contained one Legion then about 4000 Ten Bands or Companies and Three Troops or Wings of Horse in all about 6000 Foot and 300 Hose From one end of the Wall to the other and on both sides of it were also placed under this Duke 23 Tribunes and Praefects whereof there were Five Wings and one Troop of Horse to Guard it 1. Tribunus Cohortis quartae Lergorum Segeduno Roman Garrisons upon the Wall The Tribune of the Fourth Cohort of the Lergi what they were is not known at Segehill in Northumberland 2. Tribunus Cohortis (Å¿) They Inhabited Warwick Worcester Stafford Shrop and Cheshires Cornaviorum (t) So denominated from Aelius Hadrianus the Emperor that built it Ponte-Aelii The Tribune of the (Å¿) They Inhabited Warwick Worcester Stafford Shrop and Cheshires Cornavii at (t) So denominated from Aelius Hadrianus the Emperor that built it Pont-Eland in Northumberland 3. Praefectus (u) Wings Wings of Soldiers what they were and why so called Lib. 2. c. 8. Suet. in Augusto c. 38. were Squadrons or Troops of Horse placed on the Right and Left Flanks or sides of Legions or other Bodies of Foot as the Wings of Birds and Fowls upon their Body's they consisted of 56 or at most 66 Horse as Vegetius says their Captains were called Praefects and were the Sons of Senators but this agrees not with Pancirols Account who makes these Wings at least 100 Horse but more of the number afterward Alae primae Asturum Conderco The Praefect of the first (u) Wings Wings of Soldiers what they were and why so called Lib. 2. c. 8. Suet. in Augusto c. 38. were Squadrons or Troops of Horse placed on the Right and Left Flanks or sides of Legions or other Bodies of Foot as the Wings of Birds and Fowls upon their Body's they consisted of 56 or at most 66 Horse as Vegetius says their Captains were called Praefects and were the Sons of Senators but this agrees not with Pancirols Account who makes these Wings at least 100 Horse but more of the number afterward Wing of * Asturians or Esturians People in Spain their Country Asturia Situate between Gallaecia Portugal and Leon. Esturians in Spain at Chester on the Street in the Bishoprick of Durham between that Town and Newcastle 4. Tribunus Cohortis primae Frixagorum forsan (x) From the Town Fraxinum there were two of that Name in Spain according to the Itinerary put out by Surita and 3 or 4 of them according to Ferrarius and now in the vulgar Spanish all called Fresno Fraxinorum The Tribune of the first Cohort of Frixagians what they were is not known but perhaps rather of (x) From the Town Fraxinum there were two of that Name in Spain according to the Itinerary put out by Surita and 3 or 4 of them according to Ferrarius and now in the vulgar Spanish all called Fresno Fraxinians at Walls-end in Northumberland 5. Praefectus Alae (z) So named from Sabina Hadrians Empress as Cambden or the Sabini a People of Italy or from Savia Panonia where they might be raised now Windischland between Carniola and Croatia upon the River Savus Savinianae (y) Hunnum in the Roman Map of Britain seems to be Rowcliffe near Carlisle in Cumberland and Aesica not far from it Humo The Praefect of the (z) So named from Sabina Hadrians Empress as Cambden or the Sabini a People of Italy or from Savia Panonia where they might be raised now Windischland between Carniola and Croatia upon the River Savus Savinian Wing at (a) There seems to be some resemblance between Saviniana Ala and Sevenshale Sevenshale in Northumberland 6. Praefectus Alae secundae Asturum Cilurno The Praefect of the Second Wing of Esturians at Collerton or Collerford in Northumberland 7. Tribunus Cohortis primae Batavorum Procolitia The Tribune of the first Batavian Cohort at Prodhowe Castle in Northumberland 8. Tribunus Cohortis primae Tungrorum Borcovico The Tribune of the first Cohort of Tungrians at Berwick 9. Tribunus Cohortis quartae Gallorum Vindolana The Tribune of the fourth Cohort of the Gauls or French at Winchester in the Wall or Old Winchester in Northumberland 10. Tribunus Cohortis primae Asturum Aesica The Tribune of the first Cohort of the Esturians at Netherby
the Fields their Winter and Summer Camps Such were the Fortress upon Gogmagog Hills near Cambridge being 1000 Paces about on the out-side encompassed with a Double Ditch and two high Banks That before and on the North-side the Crown-Inn in Chesterford in Essex where on the right hand in the Bottom going up the Hill from Cambridge or Born-Bridge toward the Inn which stands upon London-Road is yet to be seen the Foundation of a Foot-Bridge over the Trench toward Icleton or Old Icelodunum made of Roman-Brick and Mortar and as I received it from that Learned and Worthy Person Sir Thomas Darrel of Castle-Camps and sometimes of Hinckston near the place he had seen some of Antoninus Pius his Roman Coyn which was found and Plowed up within the Trench One there is upon the Hill opposite to Audley-Inn-House on the West-side of it another at Little-Bury near adjoyning from whence the Name of the Village it lies behind the Church near to the Rivulet another in Wiltshire opposite to the Town or Village Wiley called Yanesbury another in Dorsetshire near Mâ—nckton and not many Miles from Dorchester and in other parts of the Nation by these they kept in subjection the Natives and Mâ—diterranean People The Saxons made use of the Roman Castra or Fortresses though they did not fill their Colonies with Soldiers Several of these Castra were used by the Saxons for the same purpose when the Romans left the Nation and some of them were by them called Chesters or Castres and have those Names at this day Veget. de re Militari lib. 3. c. 6. The Roman Ways Eccles Hist lib. 1. c. 11. The Romans for the greater Conveniency of Passage from Garison to Garison (h) Stations were their Winter-Camps Fortresses and perhaps Garisons hence the Passages from one to another were called Military-ways or Soldiers ways Station to Station (i) Colonia Municipium were often changed one into another Roman Stations What. Municipium What. and these words used promiscuously sometimes for the same places Colony to Colony and from one (k) A City or Town having the same Priviledges that Rome had or rather according to Modern acceptation a City or Town having its own proper and special Officers Laws and Priviledges Municipium or Corporation to another had their Publick Ways called the Consulary Praetorian Kings and Military Ways c. by Bede and the Moderns Strates or Streets There were in England Four of chiefest note (l) Via Vetelingiana from I know not what Wetle or Wethle or from Vitellianus if it could be made out in Saxon Wetelinga-streate from the word Streate common to all wayes Watling-street His Dictionary and the Saxon Weadle signifying a Beggar or poor Man as Somner guesseth because it might be frequented by such or because having the Kings Peace as also the others had it became a free and secure passage both to Poor and Rich it was also called Werlam-streate because it went thorough or passed near Veruâ—am Camb. Brit. 45. or St. Albans high Dike high-Ridge Forty foot or Ridge-way by those that live near it Some Authors affirm this Street to have gone from Dover by or through London to Westchester others to Cardigan in Wales Watling-street (m) Via Icenorum so called because it passed thorough Ikenild-street or led from the Icenians according to the common opinion but if it went from Tinmouth to Southampton thorough Yorkshire Darbyshire Leicestershire Warwickshire Glocestershire Warwicksh Antiquities fol. 666. Peramb Kent 268. Oxfordshire and so directly to Winchester and Southampton as the Learned Dugdale hath described it or from Tinmouth to St. Davids as Lambard it could not then come near the Iceni nor by consequence have its name from them but if it went cross the Nation from East to West as the Arch-Deacon of Huntington affirms it might then either begin or end there or if Iken in the British Tongue signifies an Elbowe or Angle as I have some where read and that this Street should have made many Angles by turning up and down the Country it might then have received its name from thence Ermin street Spel. Glossar 319. Ikenild-street Book II. Part I. (n) Ermingstreet perhaps for Hermen-street from Hermes or Mercury whose Statua raised upon a Pillar the Saxons Worshipped which might be placed upon this way or Ermund-street from Er and that from Apus Mars Mund in Saxon Safety or Defence and Streate as much as to say the Martial or Mars his free and safe Street or lastly as Somner guesseth it may more truly be Written Herman-street that is the Military or Soldiers way which went from Southampton to St. Davids in West Wales as some affirm or as others to Carlisle in the North. Ermin-street and (o) Fosse-way from Fossa a Ditch because it was Ditched on both sides this way passed from Toâ—nes a Cape in Cornwall Fosse-way Peramb Kent 268. to Cathness in Scotland as Lambard saith or as others from the furthest part of Cornwall thorough Devonshire Somersetshire Wiltshire Warwickshire to Coventry from thence to Leicester and Lincoln where it ended or thence according to others to York c. The Tracts of these Four Ways are and have been for many Ages very obscure and Authors do very much differ about them and I believe it is not yet sufficiently cleared where any one of them distinctly went or thorough what parts of the Kingdom and there being very many more Military Ways they who sought after them Lambard Lâ— Ed. Confess c. 12. The Priviledges of the Four great Wayes might hit sometimes upon one sometimes upon another they had belonging to them very considerable Immunities and Priviledges amongst others the King's Peace was granted unto them That is Security of Life and Goods and upon these Ways the Persons of all Men in all Cases were free from Arrest and their Goods from Distress the Fosse-way two whereof were extended cross the Breadth of the Kingdom Lamb. Ll. Ed. Confess c. 12. the other through the length of it These were made by the Soldiers and People under the excellent Discipline of the Romans and other great and magnificent Works performed as well to prevent the mischief arising from Idleness as for their own convenience but not without the very hard labor of the Provincials as the Britains grievously complained that the Romans wore out Four of them of most Note How made Tacit. in vitâ Agric. c. 31. and consumed their Bodies and Hands in clearing the Woods and making Ways over the Fens and Bogs with 1000 Stripes and Reproaches The vast Charge and Labor in making these Wayes may be collected from the carriage of Gravel Sand and Stones many Miles where the Soyl it self afforded no such Materials as in most or a great part of that Gravel Cause-way Dugd. Hist of drayning fol. 157. a. The Cause way thorough the Fens which extendeth it self from Denver near Downham-Market in Norfolk over the
to these Meetings and he that neglects to come shall be punished fifteen shillings So it was here in the Saxons time Doomesday in the Customs of Arcenfield in Hereford-shire Si vice-comes evocet eos ad Sciremote meliores ex eis Sex aut septem cum eo vadunt qui non vadit vocatus det duos solidos vel unum bovem Regi An Ox valued at 2â— qui de Hundret remanet tantundem solvit And there in the Customs of Chester T. R. E. erant duodecim Judices civitatis hi erant de hominibus Feudataries or Milites Regis Episcopi Comitis horum siquis de Hundret remanebat die quo sedebant sine excusatione manifestâ x. solid emendebat inter Regem Comitem and so in the Customs of other places in Doomesday in the time of Edward the Confessor there are Mulcts and Punishments to be found for such Suitors as gave not their Attendance at the County and Hundred Courts And further as we had our * 12 times in a year Ll. Ed. Conf. c. 35. Tit. de Heretoch Hundred Courts Ll. Edgari before cited Ll. Ethelred c. 4. leg polit Canut c. 16. So had the old Germans Ll. Alaman Tit. 36. § 1. Conventus c. let the Meeting or Gemote according to antient Custom be in every Hundred before the Earl his Commissary or the Hundredary ibidem § 2. Hundred Courts in Germany Let the Court be from Saturday to Saturday or what day the Earl or Centenary shall think fit every seventh (e) The old Germans and Saxons reckoned their time by nights instead of days and Winters instead of years in some spaces of time we yet retain the Custom as in seventh night and fourteenight or Forthnight night when (f) In old Germany all Frays Fighting Wounding Striving Stealing and all great Offences and Crimes were accounted breach of the Peace so was it here amongst the English Saxons and at this day with us the Peace is not well kept but when the Peace shall be better kept then the Hundred Meeting shall be every fourteen nights Every Free-man whatsoever he was whether the Vassal of a Duke or Earl was punished twelve Shillings if he came not to this Meeting Matters of less moment were determined in the German hundred Courts as well as in ours Ll. Longobard lib. 2. Tit. 52. c. 3. Matters of less moment were â—riable in the hundred Court No man in the Court before the Centenary shall be judged to death or to lose his Liberty his Estate or his Slaves but all such things shall be judged before the Earl or Legate or Commissioner And the greatest matters were triable in the County that is in the County Court where with them and us the Titles of Estates in Land were triable And lastly as we had our Burghmotes mentioned in our Saxon Laws last cited so had the Germans in their Municipia Burghs and Cities their Courts and Judges Their Burgraves civitatis praeposit which Magistrate was sometimes called Sculdais Sculdasis Scultetus or Schults the Tungreve Burmester or Burgomaster not unlike our Major Bayliff or Alderman if the Cause were such as the Sculdais could not end it he was to direct both Parties to their Judge which was the Comes pagi or Earl of the County where the City or Town was Ll. Longobard lib. 2. Tit. 41. c. 1.2 The Parity or Identity of Courts being shewn the Method of proceeding in them shall be considered the very Forms are not to be found of what was done in the Saxons times The Learned [3.] Praefat. in Auth. decem fol. 43. Selden confesseth he could never find them Some Conjectures I shall make what was done here and shew the proceedings in Germany 'T is said in the Fourth of King Ethelred's Laws made at Wanateing Brompton col 896. Habeantur placita in singulis Wapentachiis and let Courts be held in every Wapentach or Hundred How the English Saxons proceeded in Judgment The 12 men mentioned in the Saxon Laws were no Jury-men but Judges and let twelve of the most knowing so I translate Seniores here Thanes or Freemen assemble and meet with the Centenary or Governor of the Hundred so I render Praepositus and swear they will accuse no Innocent person nor spare one that is guilty These twelve Thanes are commonly taken to be Jurors or Jury-men and the other twelve mentioned in [4.] Lamb. fol. 94. Senatus consulto de Montic Wall Six Welch six English are taken to be a Jury ex medietate linguae to try the Welch and English in those parts but these last in the very Law are said to be Judges and Lawyers and not Jurors and were to be punished in their whole Estates if they judged not according to Right and Equity unless they could excuse themselves by pretending to be ignorant of the Law and the other twelve Thanes named in Ethelred's Law were no other but Judges or Assessors with the Hundredary Reve or Praepositus and sworn with him to do every man right and were the same with the (g) They were Assessors to the Comes in his Court or Mall so called from the Saxon Racha a Cause and Burgus a Burgh or City as if we should say a City Judge they are often mentioned in the Salic and Ripuarian Laws as Assistants to the Graffio or Comes Rachinburgii and (h) So called from the * Gryph Weich Sax. c. 64. n. 7. They occur often in the German Laws Saxon Scheppen jubere monere and were Assessors also with the Count and sometimes as Officers under him judged Causes A shaddow of these we retain still in our †Coke in Hund. and County Courts Inst 4 c. 55 56. Free-holders Judges in County and hundred Courts Notes Judgment given by the Major and Assessors in some of our Corporations Essoims what and whence that word County and Hundred Courts where the Free-holders Sectatores curiae Free-Suitors are Judges and Judgment cannot be given in the Court by the Sheriff but in the presence of two three four or more of Free-holders which is now holden sufficient to intitle them to be Judges and the Judgment there given In some also of our Corporations there are Assessors with the Major or chief Magistrate as in Cambridge Judgment is given by the Major and Bailiffs which are four in number besides the Aldermen c. And we find in the Customs of the City of Chester in Doomesday there were twelve Judges of that City in the time of Edward the Confessor which were the men or Feudataries of the King Bishop and Earl Scabini of the Germans which were Judges Coadjutors and Assessors with the Comes and other inferior Judges The Germans caused appearance by Summons and Distress The Germans had two ways of procceeding one by Summons which in their Laws is called Mannitio and that only in two cases when the Question was about a mans
Liberty or Freedom as whether he was a Free-man or not or when the Controversie was concerning an Inheritance in all other cases the Earl or Comes distrained them and the proceeding was by * The word Distringere in the old German Law is used as in ours to force men to appear in Court or give satisfaction by taking a Distress Distringas from the Comes after Summons a method used this day in many if not all of our County and Hundred Courts in this Nation and if after the second Summons they appeared not all their Goods were seized Ll. Longob lib. 2. Tit. 43. c. 2.4 Ll. Boioar. Tit. 6. Also qui ad Mallum legibus mannitus fuerit non venerit si eum Sunnis (i) Sunnis an impediment or excuse hence the Barbarous Latin Exonia and the French Essoin and from them it came into our Law and in casting and pleading Essoins a great part of the Art of our old Law was contained non detinuerit sol 15. culpabilis judicetur c. If any man according to Law was summoned to the Mall and came not if he had no excuse or impediment he was punished fifteen shillings so the second and so the third time the fourth time he was in contempt and his Possessions were seized until he appeared and gave satisfaction in the matter for which he was summoned and if he had no propriety of his own his Fee if he had one was seized The first Summons was upon a weeks notice the second a fourteenights the third three weeks and the fourth 42 nights or six weeks The Summons was thus made he that summoneth another man went to his House with Witnesses How Summons were made and summoned him in his own Person but if he found him not he gave his Wife notice or any of his Family that they should tell him he was summoned which was sufficient Ll. Salic Tit. 1. § 3. and in many other Laws 't is probable the Comes made his Summons by a Writ or short writing in manner of a Citation a Form of which is extant in Marculphs formulae n. 116. As to the English Saxons Mr. Lambard [5.] Arch. p. 64 65. thinks their proceeding in Judgment was de plano and without Solemnity they used for ought he could observe not to call the parties by writ or writing but sent for them by certain Messengers or Ministers such as we from the Normans call Serjeants from the Latin Serviens a Servant and if they did use any Writs 't is strange the Forms of some of them should not be found in the Leigers or Books of some of our old Monasteries or in some of our old Historians Yet one there is in Spelm. Gloss cited out of the Book of Ramsey in Hardy-Cnute's time about 1041. A possessionary Writ to the Burgers of Thetford by which he willed and commanded that Aethelstane Abbat of Ramesey should have his House or Farm in Thetford in Norfolk as fully and freely c. But this seems to be of a later date and made after the Norman mode by the stile of it and put in here to secure the Title Though we have no clear examples of the Process and Judgments here in the English Saxon times yet we find some very antient amongst the Germans by which we may receive some light perhaps how they proceeded in this Nation [6.] Appendix The Form of a Judgment in old Germany One Hrothelm comes to the publick Mall for the hearing of all Causes holden by Humfrid Earl of Rhaetia in his Court in the Fields the Seventh year of the Empire of Charles the Great Anno Dom. 807. or there abouts complains to the Comes and claims a House unjustly with-held from him The Earl calling together the Witnesses which were of the very Country where the House was and charged them upon their Oath that they should speak the truth what they knew in that cause And they said they knew the bounds of the House and the ground that one Mado had bordering upon it and they set out the bounds of the Houses and Land what belonged to Hrothelm and what to Mado then he commanded them to go upon the place and shew the bounds which they did and fixed the bounds between the two dwellings as they had said and the Earl directed many Nobles there present to go with them This being done the Comes asked the Scabins what they would Judge in that Cause and they said according to the Testimony of those men and his Inquisition and Judgment was given accordingly These are the Names of the Witnesses or Jurors Valeriano Burgolfo Vrsone Stefano Majornio Valerio Leontio Victore Maurestone Frontiano Florentio Siptone Valentiano Quintello Stradaris These are the Names of the Scabins Flavino Orcisino Odmaro Alexandro Eusebio Maurentio and very many others N. 1 2 3 4 5. in append See the Judgment its self in barbarous provincial Latin And that these Testes were the same we call Jurors or Jury-men is evident from the Laws of the Longob lib. 2. Tit. 51. de Testibus The best persons in every Territory or City against which there was no Crime Testes and Jurors the same In pago vel civitate What sort of men the Testes were to be were to be Witnesses c. 3. The Comes or Judges were to admit none of ill Fame in their Country to be Witnesses c. 7. Witnesses not to be of any other County nisi de illo comitatu where the things in Controversie were because it was presumed none could know better the State and Condition of a man whether Free or a Slave or the Possession of any man better than their neighbours such as were nearest them c. 11. Such Free-men only as had a Propriety of their own were admitted to be Witnesses and not Tenents or such as resided upon their Lords Lands and had no Propriety of their own yet such might be Conjurators of other Free-men because they were Free-men c. 15. Capit. Car. Ludov. lib. 5. c. 150. Now let any man consider these qualifications of their Witnesses and he must think them the same with our ancient Jurors or Jury-men in England for Witnesses in private Causes between man and man could not be capable of these circumstances and that in all probability Jurors were used all old Germany over before we had them here And also that the twelve Thanes mentioned in King Edgar's Law were Scabins inferior Judges and Assessors with the Aldermen and not Jurors Somewhat like our Justices of Peace at our Assizes Before the Conquest and at the time of making the Survey on Doomesday-books the Jurors here were also called Witnesses Ll. Canut polit c. 76. he that hath defended or secured his Land by the Testimony or witness of the County be Scire Gewitness and in Doomesday the Verdict of the Jury is often called the Testimony or witness of the County or Hundred Clamores de Eurwicscire North Treding homines qui
Juraverunt Testantur quod Terr Haward in Eurwicscire tenuit Ws. Mallet c. de omni Terrâ Asae testantur quod Roberti Mallet debet esse Clamores in North Tredinge Lincolniae Testatur Wapentach totus comitatus quod Episcopus Dunelm debet habere c. Norff. Terra Sanctae Aldred Hundr dimid de Clatsclosa in Photesthorpâ sed totus Hundredus Testatur eam fuisse T. E. R. ad Sanctam Adeldred Hantescire Andov Hundr in And. hoc Testatur Hundr So in Doomesday evere where the Hundred witnesseth or testifieth this the Wapentach witnesseth or testifieth this or the County witnesseth or testifies this or that which were no more than the Juries or men of the Hundred or County that were summoned sworn and gave in before the Commissioners that took them the Particulars of the Survey And of such indeed Witnesses did our Juries consist sometime after the Conquest for in Glanvills time [7.] Glanv l. 2. c. 17. none were admitted to be of a Jury that knew not the truth of the thing in question and by their own proper view or sight and hearing had had knowledge of it Few Laws in these elder times Few Laws in elder times about Lands and Possessions concerning Lands either here or in Germany as I noted before and the reason was that most part of the Lands being then Beneficia or Fees held in Military-Service they were held and governed by such Customs and unwritten Laws as were not any where published except in one or two fragments And all other Rights concerning them were only handled in their Lords private Courts Above all these Courts the King had his Court Ll. Edgar human c. 2. Ll. polit Canut c. 16. where no man might Appeal unless he could not have Justice done him in the Hundred or County and then it was to him both a Court of Law and Equity An Appeal to the Kings Court when Justice could not be done other where if he could not have right at home or if that right were too heavy for him then let him seek to the King for ease to the King himself that he might have the rigor of the Law mitigated by the Conscience of the Prince the same Law and the same Court and Power of the Prince was amongst the old Germans Capit. Car. lib. 5. c. 14. c. 141. Charts and Donations signed in publick Malls and Conventions See Chirographum Testamentum Chartae pariculae vel pariles Chartae indentatae Indentuâ—ae In use in old Germany and old France before known in England Mabâ—llon dere Diplomatica lib. 1. c. 2. In their publick Malls their Charts of the Sales of their Estates Donations and Traditions so they called some Donations and Sales to Religious Houses and Monasteries were confirmed See Chartae Antiquae in Antiquitat Alaman Tom. secundo parte prima Antiquitates Fuldenses lib. 1. where are many Instances to be found amongst those Charters and Traditions or as we may call them Deeds and Conveyances See Vadianus Tom. 3. fol. 44 71. Antiqu. Alaman by Godalst who says the consent of the Comes was required to all Donations to Monasteries lest such Lands might be given them as paid Rent to the Prince and by that means his Revenue might be injured And conveyances of Land in our English Saxon times [8.] Somners Gaves p. 87. Conveyances of Land entered in the Shire-book They also and Mortgages Recorded in the Hundred were entered in the Shire-book or Recorded in the Hundred perhaps for the better Security of their Estates And their Morgages likewise or how should the Hundred or County present before the Commissioners for making the Conquerors Survey that such and such Lands were morgaged and the Sum for which they were engaged Terra invadiata with the Sum for how much and to whom expressed which I have seen in Doomesday more than once but do not remember the places and that it was so here after the Conquest it not only appears by what Bracton says fol. 38. n. 12. but it is evident also from the Witnesses to our antient Deeds which were commonly the best men in the Country and living in divers Towns and Places somewhat remote as John of such a Town Thomas of another and Richard of a third c. who 't is probable did not meet to be witnesses to a Conveyance of an Acre or two or some small parcels of Land but they being Suitors to the County or Hundred Courts and bound to attendance there those Deeds or Charts were brought thither and witnessed in open Court As there was an agreeableness in their Laws and Courts The German Judges and Officers like to the English Saxon Officers so was there a likeness in their Judges and chief Officers Comes in the Latin version of the German Laws and Aldermannus in the English Saxon was the general word by which they expressed their Judges or at least those which were Counts and Aldermen were also Judges and under one Name executed two Offices one of a Governour of a County Shire or Province the other of a Judge of the same our old Latin Historians translate the Saxon Ealderman by Regulus Subregulus Patricius Princeps Dux Comes and Consul and it was expressed by every of these Latin words according to the way of those times Seld. Tit. Hon. fol. 502. Aldermannus a general word for many Officers The Shirereve or Earl was called Aldermannus Comitatus The chief Magistrate of a City chief Officer of a Burg or Town and the Constable of a Castle or Castellan was called Aldermannus Civitatis Burgi vel Castelli and the Centenary Hundredary or chief Officer of the Hundred or Wapentach was called Aldermannus Hundredi sive Wapentachii Spelm. Glossar in verb. Aldermannus This word in its signification imports no more than Senior or Elder or as it was corrupted in the Provincial Latin Signior or Seignior which in the [9.] Hottom in verb. Feudal Law signified Lord or Patron who had his Feudataries or Vassals which were obliged to him by the Donation or Tenure of Fees And it s more than probable that seeing most of the degrees of Nobility and men of Power were expressed by this word Ealderman in the Saxon times that it was much used here in the same sence that Seignior was in Italy Germany and the Roman Provinces for a Lord or Patron and sometimes for a great or Royal Vassal which held immediately of the King or Emperor sometimes for such other Vassals though not of the meanest rank that held of them and sometimes for meer ministerial Officers Which later by our Saxons were often called Thegns or Thanes and by those Names Thegn or Thane what and in the Latin Versions of them by the name of Minister They are often found in the Subscriptions of ancient Charters of the Saxon Kings after the Principes Duces and Comites The chief of which were the Kings [1.] Selâ— Tit. Hon. 〈◊〉 507
Land that came to them or passed by writing or perhaps as we now call it Deed from their Ancestors could not sell or alien it from their Heirs and that for vouching of things sold c. no man's Horse or Ox could be bought or sold without a Voucher Foed Alured Guthrum Ibid. fol. 36. Hundreds and Tithings erected by Alfred that is one then that should take upon him to make good the sale and thing sold according to the Bargain .. This King according to Ingulph first divided the Provinces into (u) Without doubt as to this part of the Division De gestis Aelfâ—ed fol. 284. Ingulph was mistaken for Asser who lived in Aelfred's time mentions Osric Earl of Hamshire and Ethelwolph Earl of Bark-shire under Ethelbert and Eanwulf Earl of Somersetshire under his Father Ethelwolph There are also mentioned as witnesses to a Charter of King Ethelbald's A. D. 716. cited by Ingulphus Egga Earl of Lincoln and Lencitus Earl of Leicester Histor Croyland fol. 485. a. therefore such Divisions were before nevertheless 't is most probable the Partitions of Counties into Hundreds and Tithings were made in his times as appears in the notices Counties those into Hundreds and those again into Decimes or Tithings that every English man living under Law should be within some Hundred or Tithing Edward the Elder A. D. 886. of this see more in the first part of this History He made also a Survey of all the Counties Hundreds and Tithings throughout England and the Roll thereof was called the Roll of Winchester All Counties surveyed by Alfred In his History fol. 516. b. the chief City of the West-Saxon Kingdom because it was kept then out of this Roll and that afterwards made by William the Conqueror in imitation of it but more exact Ingulphus took out the Particulars of the Lands and Tenements belonging to Croyland Abbey Edward his Son called the Elder Edward the Elder A. D. 900. Sax. An. 901. Disturbed by Ethelwald Ibid. 905. Who flies to the Danes in Northumberland and perswades them to invade Mercia because the first succeeded Aelfred less learned but more Potent In the beginning of his Reign he received some disturbance from the pretences of Ethelwald his Uncles Son to the Kingdom who not being able to make good his Cause fled to the Danes in Northumberland and prevailed with them to invade Mercia where Edward marching upon them forced their Army to retreat and wasted all the Country between the (*) This was that Ditch which is called Divels-Ditch upon New-Market-Heath and the Country here mentioned was all that between this Ditch Huntington St. Neots Bedford c. which are seated upon the River Ouse Ditch and Ouse even to the North Fens and not long after both Armies joyned Battel and fought with great loss and slaughter on both sides Duke Sigulf Earl Sigelm Eadwold the Kings Thane Cenwulf the Abbat with many common men A great slaughter of Saxons and Danes were slain on the Saxons part on the Danes part their King Eohric the seditious Ethelwold Brihtsigerus Isop (x) HOLD is a Danish word and signifies a Field-Marshal Knight-Marshal or General Hold Osketel Hold with very many other Commanders and common Soldiers yet by the Story the Danes seemed to have kept the Field what the event of Battel was appears not Ibid. 907. however two years after Edward makes Peace with the Danes The East-Angles and Northumbrians which were now one Nation with them not long after the Danes broke the Peace Ibid. 9 1. and wasted his Countries to whom he gave Battel overthrew them The Danes beaten and killed their King Ecwils persuing this Victory and marching for several years up and down into all parts of his Country he with the assistance of his Sister Elsted Countess Queen of Mercia every where expelled the Danes Malms de gestis reg l. 2. c. 5. Ingulph Hist fol. 595. b. Edward repairs his Towns and Fortresses and places strong Garrisons in them and either built and erected new Towns and Fortresses in all convenient places or repaired the old and placed strong Garrisons in them especially towards the Frontiers by which means he checked the Insolency of the Danes and hindered their Excursion their places of Safety and Retreat added such courage to the Country-men that whereas before they fled from the Danes now they out-braved and contemned them These things raised him to such a Reputation that after the accession of Mercia to his former Territories which he took into his own hands after his Sisters Death Howel Cledanc and Jeothwell Kings of the (y) These were those that inhabited that which is now called Wales who were called North-Britains in respect of those which inhabited Cornwall who were called South-Britains North-Britains and the whole Nation submitted Saxon Annals A. D. 922. The North-Britains or Welsh submit Ibid. A.D. 924. And the Scots Danes and Northumbers Divels-Ditch Hold what and who North-Britains who and desired him for their Lord and Master as did also not long after the King of Scots and all his Nation the Northumbrians the English and Danes and other Northern People Athelstan A. D. 924. with the King of (z) Straecled Welch who De â—cb Scot. l. 6. p. 175 156. Britains which at that time inhabited Calloway in Scotland Buchanan confesseth that the English Army being far inferior to the Danes and the Forces with which the Scots assisted them yet under the conduct of Aethestan who was Edward's General they obtained a great Victory and took from the Scots Cumberland and Westmorland and from the Danes Northumberland but he will not acknowledge the submission of Scotland STRAECLED Wales and his People Straecled This King by the advice of his wise men made several Laws and confirmed the League his Father Aelfrid made with Godrun or Guthrun He confirms the League Alfrid made with Guthrun Lamb. inter Ll. Edward Sen. He makes many Ecclesiastick Laws Col 829. by Agreement of the Great men on both sides and amongst other Articles of the League they enacted many Laws meerly Ecclesiastick which were reputed as part of it these Ecclesiastick Laws are printed in Brompton amongst Aelfrid's Laws as being made then and are more perfect than in Lambard and with others there are Laws for the Payment of Tithes Peter-pence Candle-money c. Edward dying in the year 924. was buried with his Father in the Monastery of Winchester Athelstan Lib. 2. de gest â—eg c. 6. After the death of King Edward his eldest Son Athelstan by a Concubine as 't was reported says Malmsbury was crowned at Kingston upon Thames by Athelmus Archbishop of Canterbury the beginning of whose Reign was disturbed by the Sedition of Alfrid a Noble-man A. D. 924. Perjury punish'd with sudden Death who being apprehended and sent to Rome to purge himself denying the Fact upon Oath fell down suddenly and within three days
Bachervill Bellomont or Beaumont c. de Vetulis wasting it with Fire and Sword whose Son Roger de Bello-monte or Beaumont encountred him with what Force he could raise He is overthrown and his two Sons killed routed his Forces and slew him and his two Sons Helbert and Elinantius [2.] Gul. Piâ—av f. 179. D. 180. A. B. After him (g) He was [4.] Gemet lib. 5. c. 13. Guy Earl of Vernon who Constantin le Contantin Son to Raynald Earl of Burgundy by Alice Daughter of Richard the Second Duke of Normandy Guy Earl of Vernon and Brion pretended to the Title of the Dukedom who with the assistance of Nigel Governor of Constantin or the Territory of (h) That part of Normandy is like a Peninsula being environed with the Sea West and North and bounded with the River Vire East [5.] Vales not Gaff fol. 156. Le Constantin or Contantin so called from the chief Town or City thereof Constance [6.] Ibidem fol. 73.4 le Bessin Baiocassin Le Bessin or Baiocassin so called from the chief City thereof Bayeux is that part of Normandy bounded with the Rivers Dive East and Vire West and with the Brittish Sea North. Constance Raynulph Viscount of Bayeux or Bessin and the greatest part of Normandy resolved to try it by his Sword and was overcome at Valoignes from whence he fled to Brion a strong Town Guy beaten where William besieged him and being almost starved he employed Mediators for Mercy which was granted Asks Pardon and recives it and the Duke being possessed of his Castle permitted him to remain in his Court and pardoned his Abettors and Followers These Clowds blown over William receives a greater Trouble from Galfrid [3.] Ibidem fol. 181. D. Martel Earl of Anjou who having subdued Tedbald Earl of Tours and taken that City from him and seised Poictou Ejecting Earl William usurped also Damfront and Alencon Galfrid Martel seizeth Damfront and Alencon They are retaken Ibidem fol. 182 183. Members of Normandy The Duke after having given him a Diversion by marching into Anjou besieges Alencon and takes it Martel being come very near to relieve it but hearing it was yielded struck with a sudden fear he fled with his Army and Damfront submitted to the Duke so soon as he came before it [4.] Ib. 184. B. After these (i) He [7.] Gul. Pictav fol 1. was Son to Richard the Second Duke of Normandy Brother to Richard the Third and Uncle to William William de Archis or Earl of (k) Now Arques near the Town of Diepe Arch not being forewarned or restrained by the Ruine of Guy or overthrow of Martel Arms against William fortifies and Mans his Castle of Arches against him [5.] Ib. 18. C. Henry King of France comes to his relief and his Army intercepted by Ambush to whose Relief Henry King of France came with a great Army William de Archis Arms against the Duke Fortifies his Castle which was intercepted by an Ambush the Earl of Ponthieu and many Men of Note killed and Hugo Bardulf taken Prisoner The King of France then considers what he had [6.] Ibid. D. His Castle is taken and Earl William taken into favour done repents he had abetted the Earl of Arche and marches back The Castle then reduced to miserable straights and the Defendents even starved supplicate to yield saving only their Lives which were granted and he did not only give his Uncle the favour of staying in his Country but also gave him large [7.] Ibidem 186. A. Ibidem Possessions and Rents using him more like a Friend than Enemy Many also Deserters in this juncture went over to the King of France whom the Duke received again into favour These [8.] Ibid. B. The King and Princes of France Confederate against William Successes raised envy in the minds of the King of France and the other Princes of that Nation with suspicion of his Greatness the Roman Emperor assisting and being in League with him so that Tedbald Earl of Tours the Earl of Poictou Galfrid Martell Earl of Anjou and the whole Powers of Burgundy Avergn Aquitain and Gascoign Confederate with the King against him and raised two mighty Armies designing to destroy his whole Country whereof one under the Command of Odo the Kings Brother and his most familiar Friend Rainold entred the Country of Caux the other Commanded by the King himself enters the East part of Normandy and proceeds towards Eurux and Roan They are beaten and fly The Duke likewise divided his Army the better to encounter his Enemies into two parts and Heads that himself which opposed the King [9.] Ib. 187. B. the other under the Command of (l) [8.] Ib. 195. Gemet c. 20. He was Son or Grandchild to William Earl of Ou who was Natural Son of Richard the First Duke of Normandy and was made Earl of Ou by Richard the Second his half Brother by the Mother side Robert Earl of Ou or Ewe Hugh Gornay * [9.] Ib. lib. 8. c. 37. He was Son of Thurstan de Bastenburgh Hugh Montfort Walter Giffard * The same with William Fitz-Osbern the Son of Osbern Crispin or Crepon William Crispin and other valiant Officers suddenly set upon the Army at Mortimer in Caux Apud mare mortuum put them to flight and took many Prisoners * The King hearing of this Victory fled also in great haste out of Normandy * and concluded a Peace upon these Conditions Ibidem c. That the Prisoners taken in the Battle should be delivered to the King and that by his Consent and Gift the Duke should for ever enjoy as his own whatsoever he had or could take from Geoffry Martel Earl of Anjou Ibidem And he presently directs his chief Commanders to build a Fortress at Hambrieres in Anjou which [1.] Ibidem 188. A. Martel by the help of William Earl of Poictou and Eudo Earl of Brittaine besieged and assaulted but so soon as William approached to relieve it they fled Soon after the [9.] Guil. Pict 1â—8 B.C. The King of France and Martel enter Normandy again King of France breaking the Peace entred Normandy again with a great Army to whom Geoffry Martel joyns what Forces he could raise and by quick Marches came through the Country now called [1.] Per Oximâ—nsem Comitatum Hyesmes to the River Dive destroying all that Country with Fire and Sword to the Sea Coast none resisting none pursuing them but while they were passing that River the King with part of the Army being over the Duke comes suddenly upon them with a flying Army and cuts off almost all those which were on that side the River towards him They are beaten and fly or forceth them into it and drowns them the King looking on but not able to help them who with the Earl of Anjou in all speed fled once more out of
Flor. Wigorn. f. 673. Several Towns and Castles revolt to the Empress Milo to whom he had in the life of King Henry committed the Custody of that Castle having done Homage and sworn Fealty to him for it When the arrival of the Empress in England was certainly known several Towns Castles and Men of Note revolted and did Homage to her as their Queen after her coming to Bristol [9.] Malmsb. f. 104. a. n. 40 50. Hen. Hunt f. 22â— a. n. 50 Chron. Norm f. 977. A. B. Shrewsbury Town and Castle taken some of the Defendents Hanged The Governor of Dover affrighted with that Example yields the Castle Geffry Talbot with the City of Hereford declared for her Paganell and the Town and Castle of Ludlowe and a great part of Wales William Moiun and Dunster Castle Ralph Luvell and Castle-Cary William Fitz-John and the Castle of Harpetre all in Somersetshire Robert the Son of Alured of Lincoln and Warham Castle and Town all submitted to her and William Fitz-Alan with the Town of Shrewsbury which he quitted when the King came against it and left a Deputy in it who made Oath to him to defend it In few days he took the Town and Castle and Hanged some of the Prisoners which had such effect upon Walchelm Maminot the Governor of Dover Castle which the Queen then besieged that so soon as he heard it he yielded it to her The King marched with his Army from place to place and Castle to Castle endeavouring to take them in but where he had no hopes of doing it he built an Anti-Castle or Fortress commonly before the Gate at a small distance either to keep them in and so starve them or to prevent their going out in great Parties into the Country and so in a great measure preserve that from Plundring While King Stephen was thus employed [1.] Hen Hun. ibid. b. n. 10 20 c. Chron. Norm ut supra David King of Scots invaded England on behalf of his Niece the Empress David King of Scots with a great Army invaded Northumberland and the North Parts By the Direction and Advice of Thurstan Arch-Bishop of York and Walter de Espec a powerful Baron of Northumberland A great Standard in form of a Dragon was fixed at Alverton now North-Alverton in Yorkshire to which the Forces and Voluntiers of those parts resorted which were raised by the Industry Diligence and great Pains of the two Persons last named with their Friends A great accession of Force they had from William Earl of Albamarle William Peuerel of Nottingham Roger de Molbraio or Moubray and Ilbert Lacy. These with Walter de Espec under the Earl of Albamarle were the great Commanders The English kept close to their Standard the Scots charged them furiously and were received and beaten back and then charged by the English with great Courage and Resolution His Army Routed whereupon they fled and the English obtained a compleat Victory killing 10 or 12000 upon the place This was the famous Battle of the Standard The famous Battle of the Standard largely described by Richard Prior of Hagustald and of which Ailred Abbat of Rievall hath written a particular Tract The War in England between Maud the Empress and King Stephen managed with great Rapâ—ne and Barbarity Hence forward during all of this Kings Reign in most of the Historians we read of nothing almost but Fire and Sword Blood and Slaughter Rapine Plunder and Captivity One full Instance whereof I will give you from an Eye-Witness the Continuer of the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester The [2.] Contin Fâ—or Wigorn. f 671 673. A. D. 1139. Worcester burnt and taken Clergy and Citizens of Worcester had often received King Stephen with great Joy and Kindness They were told that their Enemies from Gloucester would suddenly come and Burn Waste and Plunder their City They were much terrified at the Report and Consult what to do The Result was They should betake themselves to the Protection of Christ and his Blessed Mother commit themselves to the Tuition of St. Oswald and Wulstan sometimes Bishops of that City Those that were present might see all the Citizens Goods carried into the Cathedral There was scarce room in the Monastery for the Clergy All the Hangings and Ornaments of the Church and Altars were taken down and laid aside The Clergy sang within the Church the Mothers and Children cried and lamented without On the Seventh of November on which day began a great Frost the City of Gloucester came with a great Army of Horse and Foot By these words it appears the Monk was then present to take spoil and burn the City of Worcester Nos autem saith the Monk timentes Ornamentis Sanâ—uarii benignissimi Patroni nostri Oswald reliquias Albis induti tota sonante Classe c. But we fearing the Ornaments of the Sanctuary carried abroad in our Surplesses the Reliques of our most benigne Patron Oswald with humble Procession the whole Quire and Company singing aloud and walking with them in the Church-yard from one Gate to another to the terror of our Enemies who attacked a strong Fortress on the South side of the City The Rapine of the Soldiers and were beaten off from thence they go and assault the North side where they enter and fire it in many places and burn a good part of the City but the greater part stood They had a very great Prey of the Citizens Goods and of Oxen Sheep Cowes and young Cattle and Horses in the Country They took very many in the Lanes and Streets and coupled them together like Dogs and carried them away and had they or had they not wherewithall to pay the Price put upon them they were compelled to pay such Ransom as by Oath they had promised On the Thirtieth of [3.] Ibidem f 673. The Earl Worcesters revenge for the destruction of that City The Earl of Worcester who he was November (a) The Earl of Worcester was Waleran Earl of Mellent now Meulan seated upon the River Seyn in Normandy [5.] Dugd. Baron Tom. 1. f. 225. col 2. Hen. Hunt f. 226. a. n. 50. he was made so by King Stephen and William de Bello Campo or Beauchamp of Elmly Castle in that County turned out who was Hereditary Castellan at Worcester and Sheriff of the County by Emelin his Mother Daughter and Heir of Vrso de Abeâ—ot the Earl of Worcester came to the City and when he saw how it was burnt was much grieved and perceiving what injury he had received gathered together some Forces and went to Sudley in Gloucestershire to be revenged upon (b) He was Son to Harold who was Son [6.] Ibid. f. 21. col 2. f. 428. col 2. Flor. Wig. f. 629. Anno Dom. 1055. John Fitz-Harold who he was to Ralph Earl of Hereford in Edward the Confessors time which Harold is to be found in Domesday-Book in Gloucester and Warwick-Shires noted thus Heraldus filius
Oxford where his Sister had then fixed her Residence without success She by her Brothers Relation finding the Legat had no kindness for or inclination to her Cause marched to [5.] Ib. n 30 40 50. Cont. of Flor. ut sup She marcheth with an Army to Winchester Ego me parabo The principal Adherents to the Empress The Bishop of Winchester and Legat sends for the Londoners Winchester blocked up and fired Winchester with such an Army as she could get together and was without difficulty received into the Royal Castle there and sent for the Bishop to come to her without delay He thinking it not safe eluded the Messengers with an ambiguous Answer That he would prepare himself And immediately sent for all he knew favoured King Stephen Most of the Earls of England came to him who were young light Men such as the King advanced With the Empress were David King of Scots Robert Earl of Gloucester Milo then of Hereford and a few Barons Ranulph Earl of Chester came slowly towards her and to no purpose as it appeared in the Issue The Legat had likewise sent to the Londoners who came in great numbers and by their assistance the City was blocked up all Passages to it being so guarded that Victuals and Necessaries could not be brought into it without difficulty and danger While they were thus streightned without Fire was thrown from the Bishops Tower upon the Citizens Houses because they were more inclined to the Empress than to him This Fire took hold of a Nunnery within the City and burnt it down and of the Abby called Hide without the City and burnt that down William of Ipre burnt also the Nunnery of Warwell which was six Miles from Winchester The City being thus as it were besieged [6.] Malmsb. f. 108. a. n. 10 20 30. Earl Robert sends the Empress from Winchester He is taken Prisoner the Earl prepared for their departure and sent his Sister before with the greatest part of the Army and best Troops Marching in great order he followed some time after with a few but such as feared not many The Earls immediately follow him and while he thought it a dishonour to â—ly he was set upon by all of them and taken The rest the Noblemen especially with great speed kept on their Journey and escaped to the Castle of Devises So they left Winchester on the day of the Exaltation of Holy Cross Septemb. 14. having come thither some few days before the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin August 15. His firmness to his Sisters Cause The Earl was sent Prisoner to Rochester and attaqued both by large Promises Persuasion and Threats to leave his Sisters Cause but nothing * Malmsb. f. 109. a. b. The King and Earl exchanged upon equal Terms could prevail with him to desert her At last the King and he were Released and Exchanged upon even Terms and left to pursue their several Interests Several Propositions for both their Liberties had been made and discoursed of from the day the Earl was taken until All-Saints at which time the Exchange was agreed to on both sides After they were free the King came to Winchester and the Earl went to his Sister at Oxford the place of her constant Residence The Legat proceeds in his Design to ruine the Empress Anno Domini 1142 or 1143. and by his Legantine Power [7.] Ibid. f. 108. a. n. 30. The Legats Design to ruine the Empress calls a Council to meet eight days after St. Andrew at Westminster The Popes Letters to him are openly read in which he is blamed that he did not more strenuously endeavour to release his Brother and exhorted to use all Power both Ecclesiastical and Secular to do it The King [8.] Ibidem n. 40 50. King Stephen makes his Complaints in that Council The Legat gives his Reasons why he received the Empress came into the Council and complained that his Vassals or Feudataries to whom he had never denied Justice had imprisoned and reproachfully used him to his great Affliction The Legat by his Rhetoric endeavours to free his Invidious Actions from Censure pretending he received the Empress by Compulsion and Necessity not with Favour or good Will for presently after the Kings Army was routed when the Lords either fled or expected what would be the event of things she with her Assistants came to Winchester and what Bargain she made there or Promises to preserve the Rights of the Church she obstinately broke them all Besides he said That she and her Friends had contrived not only to deprive him of his Dignity but his Life but God in his Mercy had beyond her hope so ordered things He Deposeth the Empress as far as he can King Stephen's Title He Excommunicates all Favourers of the Empress that he escaped Destruction and his Brother was freed from his Bonds and therefore Commanded them on the behalf of God and the Pope that they should aid the King with their utmost Power who was Anointed by the Will of the People and Assent of the Apostolick See and to Excommunicate all Perturbers of the Peace that favoured the Dutchess of Anjou The Historian says he was not present in this Council and therefore [9.] Ibidem lin 37. could not say so exactly what was done in it as in the former but he thought the Legats words [1.] Ibid. b. lin 1. c. The Legats Speech in that Council not received by all though by silence allowed The Empress defended by a Laick were not grateful to all the Clergy yet none contradicted and all for fear or Reverence kept silent only one Lay-Messenger from the Empress forbad the Legat to act any thing in that Council contrary to her Honour by the Faith he had engaged to her That he had given his Faith to the Empress not to assist his Brother That she came into England by his invitation That she had taken the King and kept him Prisoner was by his Connivance This the Messenger said and much more with great Briskness but could not move the Legat to Anger or to make Answer From the time of this Council until [2.] Ibidem f. 109. b. n. 10 20 30. An. Do. 1143. The Empress holds a Council at Devises Lent both Parties were quiet but then the King began to move and the Empress likewise and came to the Devises and held a Council there in which it was Resolved she should send for her Husband the Duke of Anjou She is advised to send to the Duke of Anjou her Husband Messengers go for him to help her to recover the Inheritance of her and her Children which Resolution was forthwith spread among the People and Honourable Persons sent for him About Easter the King fell sick at Northampton and so continued until after Whitsunday The Messengers return from Anjou and deliver what they brought back to the Empress in a second Council holden at the Devises which was
of Richard Bishops of Winchester Henry Bishop of Bayeux Giles Bishop of Eureux Froger Bishop of Sees and in presence of Simon Earl of Eureux and Robert Earl of Leicester and before many other Earls and Barons of his Kingdom That no Man presume to take the Goods of a Vassal for the Debt of his Lords nequis pro Domini debito res hominis capere praesumat unless the Vassal was Pledge or Surety for the Debt of his Lord but the Rents of Vassals which they are to pay to their Lords shall be paid to their Lords Creditors not to the Lords The other proper Goods of Vassals shall be in peace neither shall it be lawful for any one to Distrein namtire non liceat or take them for the Debts of their Lords This Statute and this Custom Hoc Statutum Consuetudinem hanc c. the King Ordained should be firm and general in all his Towns and every where in his Dominions viz. in Normandy Aquitan Anjou Main Turain and Britany and that it might be stable permanent and firmly observed and kept it was Written and Confirmed with his Seal After this the King [3.] Ibidem 110. a. The King of England summons his Earls and Barons of Normandy to appear with Horse and Arms. by his Writ summoned the Earls and Barons of Normandy to meet him at Argenton on the Ninth of October prepared with Horse and Arms for his Service and went to Alencon and sent his Son Richard into Poictou to subdue his Enemies King Henry desirous to return into England sent to Lewis King of France and obtained his Letters of Protection in this Form [4.] Hoved. f. 327. a. n. 30. An. Do. 1178. The King of France gives the King of England Letters of Protection LEWIS King of France to all whom these Presents shall come Greeting Know ye that We have received into Our Custody all the Lands of Our Most Dear Brother Henry King of England on this side the Sea if he shall happen to pass into England or go on Pilgrimage so that when his * Baillivi sui Bayliffs or Officers shall Require Vs We shall truly without Design give them our Counsel and help for the Defence and Protection of the same After his coming out of [5.] Ibidem f. 331. a. n. 40. Geofry Earl of Anjou Knighted by his Father His Military Exercise and Ambition Normandy into England at Woodstock he Knighted his Son Geofry Earl of Britany who soon after passed into Normandy and in the Confines of France and that Country was at a Torneament or the Exercise of Feats of Arms where he was ambitious to have the Reputation of a Courageous Kngiht and the rather because his Brothers Henry and Richard had acquired great Honour and Renown in such Military Exercises Peter of St. Agatha [6.] Ibidem b. n. 10. The King puts an Oath upon the Popes Legat. An. Do. 1179. the Popes Legat came this year through England to summon the Bishops and Abbats of Scotland and Ireland to a General Council at Rome but before he had leave to pass through the Kingdom he made Oath not to do or seek to do any Injury to the King or Kingdom and that he would return the same way [7.] Ibidem f. 332. a. n. 50. And upon the Scottish and Irish Bishops and Abbats An. Do. 1179. The same Oath the Scottish and Irish Bishops and Abbats took before they had passage given them to go this way with the Legat. After Easter the King [8.] Ibidem f. 337. a. n. 20. England divided into four Circuits held a great Council at Windsor and by the common Advice of his Arch-Bishops Bishops Earls and Barons he divided England in four parts and to every part he appointed Wise Men to do Justice in the Land After this manner I. Richard Bishop of Winton Richard the Kings Treasurer Nicholas Fitz-Torold Tho. Basset Robert Witefeld Hamshire Wiltshire Gloucestershire Dorsetshire Sumersetshire Devonshire Cornwall Berkshire Oxfordshire II. Geofry Bishop of Ely Nich. the Kings Chaplain Gilbert Pipard Reginald de Wisbech the Kings Clerk Geofry Hosee Cambridgeshire Huntingtonshire Northamptonshire Leicestershire Warwickshire Worcestershire Herefordshire Staffordshire Shropshire III. John Bishop of Norwich Hugh Murdac the Kings Clerk Michael Belet Richard Del Pec. Radulph Brito Norfolk Suffolk Essex Hertfordshire Middlesex Kent Surrey Sussex Buckinghamshire Bedfordshire IV. Godfrey de Lucy Johannes Cumin Hugh de Gaerst Ranulph de Glanvill William de Bendings Alanus de Furnellis Nottinghamshire Derbyshire Yorkshire Northumberland Westmerland Cumberland Lancaster The last six were appointed [9.] Ibidem b. n. 20. Justices in the Kings Court to hear the * Clamores populi Clamor a common word then for a Suit or Petition Clamours or Business and Suits of the People and had the last seven Counties assigned them This year Lewis King of [1.] Jo. Brom. Col. 1139. n. 40 50.60 c. An. Do. 1179. The King of France calls together all his Bishops Earls and Barons to Crown his Son Philip at Rhemes His Son falls sick He had a Vision by which he was admonished for his Sons Recovery to visit the Martyr of Canterbury so called France cited all the Arch-Bishops Bishops Earls and Barons of his Kingdom that they should without Excuse be in the City of Rhemes on the Assumption of the Virgin Mary that is the Fifteenth of August to Crown his Son Philip then Fifteen years old They hastned to come as they ought to do but just before the time his Son fell into a great Sickness so as many despaired of his Life his Father grieved night and day and was mightily afflicted for his Son Being thus without Comfort one Night when he had happily fallen into a sound Sleep St. Thomas the Martyr of Canterbury appeared to him and told him the Lord Jesus Christ had sent him his Servant to him to let him know That if he believed and with Contrition went to visit his Servant Thomas the Martyr of Canterbury his Son should recover his Health He discovered this Vision to his Friends and asked their Advice who told him it was dangerous to pass by Sea into another Mans Country Roger Hoveden is more modest in this Story and only says he was admonished by Divine Revelation He comes to Canterbury Offers and Prays at his Tomb. Gives the Monks 100 Measures of Wine every year And grants them a Charter of many Priviledges in France c. The next Night the Martyr appeared the second and third time and told the same Story and added Threats if he went not quickly and obeyed the Command of God He came and the King of England met him at Dover on the Twenty second day of August and Conducted him to the Tomb of the Martyr where the King of France Prayed and offered a great and precious Golden Cup and gave to the Monks of Holy Trinity for ever yearly One hundred Measures of Wine Centum Modios Vini to be
Treaty the Issue whereof was Wexford surrendred that they yielded and delivered four Hostages to be kept by him for their good Behaviour and Fidelity to him for the future He no sooner was possessed of the City but he gave it with the whole Territory to Robert Fitz-Stephan and Maurice Fitz-Girald according to the Agreement he had made with him and to Hervey Mont-Maurice he gave in Fee two Cantreds or Hundreds between Wexford and Waterford lying upon the Sea Having thus reduced Wexford by the addition of the [4.] Ibid. c. 4. Dermot marches into Ossery People of that place he made up an Army of 3000 men with which he marched toward (d) A Portion of Leinster anciently and at the time of Conquest a County or Earldom Camd. Britan. f. 731. there are two of them one named Vpper-Ossery in the Diocess of Leighlin another called the lower lyes North of Ormond and is a Diocess of it self but the Bishops House and Residence is at Kilkenny So Holinshed in the Conquest of Ireland c. 4. Camden calleth the first Lower-Ossery ibid. f. 742. and the last Vpper-Ossery f. 744. Osserie the Prince whereof Duuenald or Donald amongst all his Rebels was the greatest Enemy to Dermot The Army advancing to the skirts and out-side of the Country entred a little way into it but finding the Passages into the inaccessible Woods and Bogs so secured Barricado'd fortified and guarded by the Osserians who resolved stoutly to defend themselves hereupon the Army retreated into the Plains the Osserians trusting to their former good Fortune in many other Ingagements and thinking their Enemies through fear had turned their backs issued out of their fastnesses and persued them in the open Fields Robert [5.] Ibidem Fitz-Stephan totally routs the Osserians Fitz-Stephan taking the advantage faced about with his Horse and charged them furiously making great Slaughter with the Lances and totally routed them and such as the Horse overthrew and trampled down the Foot with their Irish Axes cut off their Heads and presented them to Dermot After this they entred the most inward Parts of the Country and ruined it with Slaughter Rapine and Burning So that the Prince of Ossery The Prince of Ossery swears Fidelity to Dermot by advice of his Council desired Peace gave Hostages and sware Fidelity to Dermot It was rather a feigned than real Peace on both sides Robert Barrie and (e) Henry the First King of England had a base Son [8.] Sandford's Genealog Hist f. 31. by Nesta aforesaid Daughter to the King of South-Wales called Fitz-Henry or Fitz-Roy he was born bred lived and married in Wales and had two Sons Meiler and Robert the two Persons here mentioned Meyler were the most conspicuous for their Courage and Valor in this Engagement Dermot [6.] Ibid. c. 5. Roderic resolves with all his Force to oppose Dermot and his Strangers with this Success became formidable through the Island Roderic King of Connaught and (f) There was always [9] Holinsh Conquest of Ireland f. 8. n. 10. one Principal Governor amongst the Irish and he was commonly one of the Mac Carty's in Monster Morroghs in Leinster or O Conors in Connaught chosen by the Nobility he made Peace and War and what he commanded was always done Monarch of all Ireland by his Messengers called together all the Primates or Chief men of the whole Nation upon Consultation they agreed unanimously to rise against Dermot and led several Armies and an infinite multitude of Men says my Author into Leinster most of his pretended Friends forsake him not regarding their Promises or Oath Fitz-Stephan and his men with some few others stuck close to him and in a place not far from Ferns surrounded with thick Woods steep Mountains and Bogs by Nature and Situation almost inaccessible they secure themselves and by cutting down Trees and placing them so artificially and with Ditches and Pits which they digged in places of advantage they shut out their Enemies yet with great Art reserved entrance for their Friends Roderic [7] Ibid. c. 6. Roderic sollicits Fitz-Stephan to withdraw but prevails not sent to Fitz-Stephan and endeavoured to perswade him by great Promises and Gifts to depart and leave that Country with Love and Peace where he could challenge no right but prevailed not The same Messengers went to Fitz-Murchard to Mac Morogh to induce him to joyn Arms and destroy the Strangers with full assurance he should peaceably enjoy all Leinster and the firm friendship of Roderic but could not move him But at length [1] Girald Ibid c. 10. A Peace concluded between Dermot and Roderic by the intervening of Messengers and Friends a Peace was made on these Conditions That Dermot should enjoy Leinster acknowledging Roderic as Prince and Monarch of Ireland by due subjection and that the Peace might remain firm he delivered his Son * Cnothurn according to Stanihurst Cnuth to him as an Hostage This Agreement was published and confirmed by their Oaths and it was further privately agreed between them that Dermot should call no more Strangers into Ireland and that such as were there should be sent away Just after this Agreement [2] Ibid. c 11. Maurice Fitz-Girald lands at Wexford with a great Force Dermot marches towards Dublin and spoils the Country came Maurice Fitz-Girald Brother by the Mother to Fitz-Stephan with ten Knights thirty other Horse-men and one hundred Archers on Foot in two Ships and landed at Wexford Dermot rejoyced and was much encouraged at his coming and forthwith raised an Army and marched towards Dublin Maurice being General while Fitz-Stephan was busied in building a Castle upon a Rock called Karrec In a short space the whole Country belonging to the City and others adjoyning with Depredations Slaughters and Burnings was almost destroyed The Citizens desire Peace and gave good Security for their Fidelity to their Prince for the future In the mean time there happened [3] Ibidem Roderic makes War upon Donald Discord between Roderic Prince of Cannaught and Donald Prince of Limrick Roderic with Arms invades the Territories of Limrick Dermot sends Fitz-Stephan with his Troops to the Aid of his Son in Law Donald by whose assistance he obtained Victory in every Conflict He is overthâ—own and withdraws with disgrace insomuch as Roderic withdrew himself from his Government with disgrace Robert Barrie and his Brother Meiler were very eminent for their Bravery in these Engagements Fitz-Murchard or Morrogh [4] Ibid. c 12. Fitz-Murchard projects the obtaining the Monarchy of Ireland encouraged by this Success having regained his Country thought of recovering his antient Right and propounded to him himself the subduing of Connaught and obtaining the whole Monarchy of Ireland and secretly imparts his Project to Fitz-Stephan and Maurice They think it easily to be accomplished if he could procure more English Forces He sollicites Fitz-Stephan for more Forces from England And writes to Richard Earl of
Strigul to assist him and earnestly beseech him to send for them that he might put his design in Execution He wrote to Richard Earl of Strigul to let him know that the Spring and Autumn were come and gone without seeing of him or receiving the least assistance from him and therefore desired him to make good his Agreement The Earl upon receit of his Letters went to King Henry and earnestly supplicated him either to restore his Hereditary Lands according to Justice or give him leave to make his Fortune in some other Nation And having received a [5] Ibid. c. 13. dissembled rather than true License after Winter he sent before a Young Man of his Family called * He was Nephew to Maurice and Fitz-Stephan by their Elder Brother Reymund sent by Earl Richard into Ireland with Forces Reymund a stout and valiant Person and well skilled in the use of Arms with ten Knights or Men at Arms and seventy Archers who landed at the beginning of May in Ireland under a Rock called (g) Dundolf is a Rock in the [6] Holinsh ut supra f. 12. n. 40. County of Waterford by the Sea-side lying East from the City about eight English Miles and is from the Town of Wexford about twelve Miles It is now a Castle called by the name of Dundorogh Dundolf four Miles from Waterford on the South side of Wexford where they built a weak Castle of Boughs of Trees Wood and Turf The News no sooner came to the Citizens of Waterford and Machlachlin Ophelan but they gather together a Body of 3000 men and passing the River Siver they marched towards the Ditches of the Castle in three Divisions with intention to assault it Such was the Courage of Reymund that he and his men went forth to meet them who oppressed with number and not able to resist returned to their Castle and Trenches their Enemies persuing and entring with them Reymund seeing in what streights they were He obtains a great Victory of the Irish faced about towards the Enemy and with his Sword cut them down one by one as they entred and with a great out-cry he called back his men to his defence which struck Terror into his Enemies that they gave back and fled in such confusion and disorder that Reymund and his men persuing them killed above five hundred with their Swords and Weapons and threw many of them who had climed steep Rocks for their own safety into the Sea In this Conflict one William Ferrand was very Famous for his wonderful Courage and Exploits By this Victory [7] Girald Ibid. c. 14 5. Many of the Citizens of Waterford taken Prisoners they had seventy of the chief Citizens of Waterford Prisoners and in Bonds within their Castle for whom they might either have had the Town or a great Sum of Money concerning these men Hervey of Mount-Maurice who had joyned him at his first landing with three Knights or men at Arms and Reymund were of a contrary opinion Reymund was for their Redemption by Money and urged That it was against the Principles of Humanity Piety and Honor to destroy them Hervey urged that to spare them was to nourish Serpents in their Bosoms and but to give them an opportunity of revenging themselves and put the Question That if the Victory had been on their side whether they would have sold them their Lives and out of Piety given them leave of Redemption He was for doing what they came for subduing the Nation by Arms and Power and by this Example so to affrighten the People as they should not dare to oppose or resist them This opinion pleased the Soldiers best The Prisoners cruelly destroyed and so fisrt breaking their Limbs they threw them headlong into the Sea On the 23 d of August following Earl [8] Ibid c 16 A. D. 1170. Strongbowe overthrows Mac-Laghlin and takes him Prisoner Richard Strongbowe landed near Waterford with 200 Horse-men or men at Arms and about 1000 others and on the 25 th in the Morning assaulted that Town and was twice repelled by the Citizens and the remains of those that escaped at Dundolf but upon the third attack they entred killed very many in the Streets and obtained a Bloody Victory They took Mac-Laghlin Prince of (h) Ophaly or Ossalie was that part of Leinster which is now called the Kings County Camd. Britan. f. 746. Ophaly and one Reginald who by the mediation of Dermot had their Lives saved and with him came Maurice Fitz-Girald Robert Fitz-Stephan and Reymund and joyned their Forces with Earl Richard to whom Dermot gave his Daughter Eva in Marriage after which Solemnity they marched to Dublin And so soon as they came before it [9] Ibid. c. 17. Dublin assaulted and taken Reymund and Miles Cogan with a select Company of brave young men assaulted and made themselves Masters of it and killed many Citizens but the Governor Hasculf and the better part of them with the best of their Goods and Jewels got out of the other side of the City and recovered the Ships in the Road and sailed to the Northern Isles Roderic King of Connaught was much concerned at these [1] Ibidem Roderic threatens to put Dermot's Son to death Proceedings of Dermot and sent to him to let him know that he had broken the Peace between them by calling so great a number of Strangers into the Island and that he neither was mindful of his Oath nor compassionate towards his Hostage which was his Son and therefore gave him notice that if for the future he did not restrain the Excursions of his Strangers he would cut off his Sons Head and send it him To which Dermot answered that he would not desist until he had subdued Connaught and made himself Monarch of all Ireland according to his right Roderic provoked with this Answer condemned his Son to death About this time [2] Ibid. c. 18. The Irish Clergy hold a Council at Ardmagh the Irish Clergy met in Council at Ardmagh consulted together and inquired into the cause of Strangers coming into their Land and concluded it was for the Sins of the People and especially for that they used to buy English Children of Merchants and Pirats and make them Slaves and for this reason they thought they lay under Divine Vengeance and by publick consent made a Decree That all the English that were in Servitude The Irish Clergy Decree that all English Slaves be â—et at Liberty should have their Liberty The Historian tells us the English by a common Vice of the Country had a Custom to [3] Ibidem fell their Children and Kinsfolks though they were neither in want or extream Poverty King Henry hearing what progress the [4] Ibid. c. 19. A D. 1170. King Henry recalls his English Subjects from Ireland Earl made and what Success he had in Ireland put forth an Edict by which he prohibited all his Subjects from carrying any thing by
Forces he conducted the Earl to Wexford leaving the care of that Town unto one Tyrell or Purcell him the Waterfordians slew and all the English they could find in the Streets or in their Houses Man Woman and Child not sparing Age or Sex yet the City it self was preserved by such as were in Reginald's Tower who drove the Traytors out of the City and forced them to seek for Peace which they obtained upon hard Conditions Reymund marries Basilia At Wexford Reymund was married to Basilia and the Wedding night being over next day hearing Roderick King of Connaught had again destroyed Mâ—th and was marched into the Country near Dublin went with his Forces toward him but he stayed not his coming Reymund finding him retired repaired the Castles in Meth and brought things to such a pass as through fear of him the Nation for some short time remained in Peace But long it was not [7] Ibid. c. 8. Donald breaks his Oath made to King Henry e're Donald O Breen or Brin King of Limerick and Mounster departed from the Fealty he had sworn to the King of England Whereupon Reymund gathered together an hundred Knights or men at Arms and with twenty other Horse-men as his Guard three hundred Archers on Horseback and as many on Foot about the first of October attacqued Limerick and coming to the River Shanon that almost encompasseth the City which was deep and swift they could proceed no further David Welsh his Courage David Welsh so called from his Family not Country a couragious young Gentleman that despised Death in respect of Honor forced his Horse into the River and passed over it and from the place where he was cried out to the Army he had found a Foord yet none followed him but one Geofry Judas a common Soldier who was drowned Meiler seeing this envying the Courage and Honor that David Welsh had got in his passing over and safe return clapt Spurs to his Horse and went through the River notwithstanding the great danger he was to undergo from the Stones thrown at him from the Walls and the opposition he was to meet with at his going out of it on the other side yet he got safe upon Land and was presently encountred by the Enemy Reymund observing in what danger his Nephew was incouraged his Army and led them over with the loss only of two of his Guards and one common Soldier named Guido Reymund takes Limerick that were drowned He presently drove the Enemy into the City and with great slaughter of the Citizens took it by force wherein the Army found much rich Booty and Gold When Reymund [8] Ibid. c 10 had put the City into good order leaving there fifty Knights or men at Arms with 200 ordinary Horse and as many Archers he marched into Leinster leaving Miles of St. Davids Governor of it Hervey de Monte Marisco envying the Honor and Success of Reymund notwithstanding he was related to him by the Marriage of his Cousin German Nesta Hervey endeavors to undermine Reymund the Daughter of Maurice Fitz-Girald plied the King continually with secret and malitious Informations against him insinuating and asserting that he would not only subdue and usurp to himself and followers the Country of Limerick but also the whole Nation of Ireland The King moved with this Information and giving credit to Hervey sent [9] Ibid. c. 11 four Legats or Commissioners Robert Poer Osbert de Hereford William de Bendinges and Adam de Gernemie or rather Gernemâ—e whereof two were to come with Reymund being recalled into England and two were to stay with the Earl But it so happened that while Reymund was preparing for his passage into England Messengers came from the [1] Ibid. c. â—2 Garison in Limeric Donald besieges Limeric relating that Donald O Breen Prince of Tuomond with a great multitude had besieged or encompassed it and that in Winter time they had spent most of their Victuals and therefore desired sudden Relief The Earl was very earnest and sollicitous to relieve them and called upon and quickened the Army to that undertaking Reymund sent to relieve it but they all denied to march without Reymund The Earl advising with the Kings Commissioners at length as well by the earnest request and pressure of him as of them Reymund undertook the Service and marching towards Cashil with 80 Knights or men at Arms 200 ordinary Horse and 300 Archers besides the Irish he brought with him Murchard Prince of Kincel perhaps now Kynsale and Donald Prince of Ossory he heard that Donald of Tuomond had left the Siege of Limeric and was coming to meet him at the Pass of Cassil which was of it self very strong but by new fortifying it with Ditches cutting down of Trees placing them Artificially and making strong Hedges it was made as it were impassable The Army [2] Ibid. c 13. Meyler enters Limeric marched in three Divisions Meyler commanded the first who made such a furious onset at the Pass as he almost destroyed the Hedge and Barricado of Trees killing many of the Defendents and opened his way through it by the Sword on the Vigil or Eve of Easter and on Tuesday that week entred Limeric with his Victorious Army and repaired what had been ruined or destroyed by the Siege Not long after [3] Ibidem Conaught and Tuomond swear Fealty to King Henry Reymund had Conference with the Princes of Conaught and Tuomond on the same day but not in the same place after much discourse each Prince gave Hostages and swore inviolable Fidelity for the future to the King of England and his Substitutes No sooner [4] Ibidem Reymund helps Dermot against his Rebel Son was Reymund returned with his Hostages to Limeric but Dermot Mac-Carty sent and supplicated him for assistance against his eldest Son Cormach O Lechan who had almost driven him out of his Kingdom promising him and his Soldiers large rewards He takes advice about his request and then marches to Cork takes the Town subdues the Rebel Son and restores the Father and returned with much Booty and good satisfaction to Limeric Under pretence of Peace the Son caught his Father and imprisoned him the Father under the same pretence got his Son and chopt off his Head A. D. 1175. After this the Prince of Conaught sent his Submission and Conditions to the King of England [5] Hoved. f. 312. b. n. 10 20. King Henry holds a Council at Windsor by his three Commissioners Catholic Archbishop of Tuam Cantord Abbat of St. Brandan and Laurence his Chancelor On the sixth of October the King held a great Council at Windsor present there the King his Son the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of England and present also Laurence the Archbishop of Dublin and the Earls and Barons of England where they made this Concord and Agreement on behalf of Roderic of Conaught First The King of England [6] Append.
Fourscore Cogs which Eustace the Monk had gathered together They Shipped themselves with all speed and Landed in the Isle of Thanet upon the 21st of May. King John [3] Ibid. lin 3. King John dare not hinder his Landing at this time was at Dover with his Army which Consisted of Strangers and therefore he dare not attempt to hinder the Landing of the French least his men should leave him and go off to Lewis From hence he marched leaving Hubert de Burgh Governor of the Castle to Guilford and from thence to Winchester Lewis finding none [4] Ibid. n. 10. Lewis subdues Kent that resisted presently subdued all Kent but Dover Castle in his March he took in Rochester Castle and coming to London he was received by the Barons with all imaginable Demonstrations of Joy is Joyfully received at London The Barons do Homage and Fealty to him And there he received the Homages and Fealty of all the Barons and Citisens that were in Expectation of his coming and he Swore to them upon the Holy Gospells that he would give every one good Laws and restore their lost Estates When the [5] Append. n. 134. Peace was made between the King and Barons at Runemead the Barons promised they would give the King any security he should desire for the Observation of it Except their Castles and Pleges or Hostages The King not long after Demanded of them Charts by which they were to acknowlege The Barons break their promises with the King they were bound by Oath and Homage to keep Faith to him for the preservation of his life and Limbs and Terrene Honour against all men and to preserve and Defend the Rights of him and his heirs to the Kingdom and they Refused to do it When as Most of the same men without Summons and others at the first notice came flocking in to Swear the same things to Lewis For by the 14th of [6] Mat. Paris ut supra Lewis sends to the King of Scots to come and do him Homage June he had got Possession of so much of the Kingdom as he had the Confidence to Summon the King of Scots and all the Great Men of England to come and do him Homage or forthwith to Depart the Nation and with great speed upon his [7] Ibid. n. 20 And to the Barons Several of them Desert King John Edict There came into him William Earl Waren William Earl of Arundel William Earl of Salisbury William Marshal the Younger and many others who Deserted King Iohn with full assurance that Lewis would obtein the Kingdom of England Who made [8] Ibid. Simon Langton is made Chancellor He preaches against the Interdict Simon Langton his Chancellor by whose Preaching the Citisens of London and all the Excommunicated Barons caused Divine Service to be Celebrated and Drew in Lewis himself to consent to it Gualo the Legat [9] Ibid. n. 30. Gualo the Popes Legat comes into England He Excommunicates Lewis by name c. And Simon Langton followed Lewis into England with all speed and got safe to King Iohn who was then at Glocester and there calling together as many Bishops Abbats and Clercs as he could excommunicated by Name Lewis with all his accomplices and Favorers and especially Simon de Langton commanding all the Bishops and others to Publish the Sentence against them every Lords Day and Festival But Simon de Langton and Master Gervase de Hobrugge Praecentor of St. Pauls London said they had Appealed for the Right and Title of Lewis and therefore the Sentence was null and void At this Time [1] Ibidem The Flemings c. leave King John all the Knights and Ordinary Soldiers of Flanders and other Transmarine Countries left King Iohn except the Poictovins some whereof went over to Lewis and others returned home In the mean time [2] Ibid. n. 40. Lewis marcheth through Kent into Sussex Lewis with a Great Army Marched through Kent into Sussex and Reduced that Country with its Towns and Fortresses and City of Winchester with the Castle only one Brave Young Man [3] Ibid. And subdues that Country The Bravery of William de Colingeham William de Colingeham defied Lewis and refused to Swear Fealty to him who with a Thousand Archers all the time of Hostility kept himself in the Woods and Fastnesses of that Country and Killed several Thousands of the French Hugh de Nevill [4] Ibid. n. 50. Hugh Nevill Delivers Marleborough Castle to Lewis and did Homage to him came to Lewis at Winchester Delivered him the Castle of Malborough and did Homage to him so that he was possessed of all the South Parts of the Nation except the Castles of Dover and Windsor which were well Manned and fortified and prepared to receive him [5] Ibid. f. 283. lid 1. Robert Fitz-Walter c. by force subdue Essex and Suffolk William de Mandevil Robert Fitz-Walter and William de Huntingfield by Armed force brought under his Obedience the Counties of Essex and Suffolk In the [6] Ibid. lin 3. King John fortifies and strengthens his Castles in the West mean time King Iohn took care to Furnish and Strengthen as well as might be with Men Victuals and Armes several Castles in the West Walingford Corf Warham Bristoll the Devises and others In the Midst of these Successes Lewis received an Account from the [7] Ibid. n. 10. The Popes Answer to Lewis his Messengers Messengers he had sent to the Pope that upon their Application to him and presenting his Salutation or Complement he told them he was not worthy the return of his Salutation They replied when his Holiness had heard his Reasons and Apology they doubted not but he would find him a Catholic Christian and much Devoted to him and the Roman Church and at length after many addresses [8] Append. 135. He is wavering in his Thoughts and favors between King John and Lewis found him wavering Pendulous and Fluctuating in his stability and affection between himself and King Iohn having on both sides considered his Interest The Reasons and Arguments presented to the Pope in behalf of Lewis by his Messengers were these First The [9] Mat. Paris fol. 283. n. 30.40 The weak Arguments and answers mutually propounded and given between the Pope and Lewis his Envoyes for and against him Murther of Duke Arthur his Nephew as before and King Iohns being adjuged to Death by his Peers for that fact To which the Pope Answered the Barons of France could not Judge him because he was an anointed King and their Superior and that it was against the Canons to Judge an absent Person and not heard to make his Defence not Convicted or that had Confessed his Crime To which the Envoyes of Lewis answered It was a Custom in the Kingdom of France that the King had all Jurisdiction whatsoever omnimodam Jurisdictionem over his Liege Men. That the King of England was his Liege Man as
Counties of Essex Norfolk and Suffolk and miserably wasted them put a Garrison into the Castle of Norwich which Thomas de Burgh had deserted This done the French returned with great Booty and Spoyls to London where Gilbert de Gant came to Lewis by whom he was Girt with the Sword of the County of Lincoln and made Earl thereof and was then sent to restrain and block up the Forces in the Castles of Nottingham and Newark At the [8] Ibidem York and Yorkshire subjected to Lewis same Time Robert de Ros Peter de Brus and Richard de Perci reduced York and Yorkshire to his Obedience Gilbert de Gant and Robert de Ropesle took the City of [9] Ibid. f. 286. lin 1 2. Holland in Lincolnshire Plundered Lincoln with the Country round about except the Castle and put them under Annual Tribute Then they Plundered Holland and made it Tributary [1] Ibid. lin 4 A great part of Northumberland made subject to him The King of Scots made subject to Lewis all Northumberland except the Castles which Hugh de Bailiol and Philip de Hulecoâ—es Defended About [2] Ibid. n. 10. A. D. 1216. Lewis Besiegeth Dover Castle Midsummer Lewis Besieged Dober Castle where Hubert de Burgh was Governor after he had Battered it for some time he was beaten off by the Defendants and forced to remove his forces to some Distance where they lay Quiet and intended to starve those they could not Conquer At the [3] Ibid. n. 20. Part of the Barons made an inrode into Cambridgshire Norfolk and Suffolk c. Yarmouth Dunwich and Ipswich redeem themselves same time part of the Barons made a Cabalcade into Cambridgeshire wasted the whole Country and took the Castle from thence they marched into Norfolk and Suffolk and plundered them and all the Churches and forced the Towns of Yarmouth Dunwich and Ipswich to most Grievous Redemption and Returning by â—chester Committed the like Outrages there and came again to their known lurking places of London ad [4] Ibid. n. 30. They return with their Plunder to London not a Londoniarum latibula reversi sunt After this the [5] Ibid. n. 30. The Barons Besiege Windsor Castle Barons gathered together a great force under the Command of the Earl of Nevers and Besieged Windsor Castle in which were Sixty Knights with their several Retinues The French applyed their Battering Engines against the Walls and the Defendants indeavoured to Beat them off Mat. Paris says [6] Ibid. n. 40 50. King John raiseth an Army out of his Garrisons with which he marched up and down the Countries and wasted the Barons Estates The Barons leave the Siege of Windsor Castle and follow the King When they could not take him they plunder the Countries so soon as King John knew Dover and Windsor Castles were Besieged out of his Garrisons raised a great Army and for one Moneth Marched speedily up and down the Countries and wasted the Lands of the Earls and Barons Burnt their Houses Destroyed their Fruit and Corn. That at Length he wandered into the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and there wasted the Estates of the Earl of Arundel Roger Bigod William de Huntingfield and other great men And that the Barons seeing they could make no progress in the Siege of Windsor left it in the night and their Tents behind them and Marched in all hast toward Cambridge that they might shut up and surprize the King But he having notice of their Coming that way made his Escape to Stanford and from thence went towards Lincoln the Castle whereof was then Besieged by Gilbert de Gant who upon his Appearance fled with all his Forces The Barons hereupon having Missed the King Plundered and Wasted the Countries and [7] Ibid. fol. 287. lin 1. and bring their prey to London returned to London with their Spoils and Prey where placing a Garrison they went to Lewis then busied in the Siege of Dover Castle where came to him Alexander King of Scots and did him Homage for the Lands he held of the King of England It [8] Ibid. n. 10 20. The Viscount of Melun Discovers Lewis his Designs and intentions against the English Barons and English Nation happened at this time That the Vicecomes or Viscount of Melun a French Nobleman that came with Lewis into England fell sick in the City of London and when he saw Death approaching he called to him some of the Barons of England that remained there for the security of the City and told them he was sorry for the Destruction and Ruine that was coming upon them which they understood not For Lewis had Sworn with sixteen Earls and Barons of France that when he had Conquered England and was Crowned he would for ever Banish all those that fought for him and persecuted King John as Traytors and Destroy all their Generations and that they might not Doubt of it he affirmed in words of a Dying man and as he hoped for Salvation That he himself was one of those That Swore with Lewis and so wished them not to Discover what he said but provide for their safety he presently Dyed When these things [9] Ibid. n. â—0 The Barons begin to repent of their usage of King John and dispair of pardon from the greatness of their Crimes were whispered amongst the Barons they were much troubled for they observed that when Lewis took any of their Castles from the King he placed in them French Governors notwithstanding their Oppositions But it Grieved them most That he had Stigmatized them with the Character of Traytors And it added to their grief not a little That they were Excommunicated Some of them Reflecting upon their Condition Thought of returning to their obedience but feared they had so highly provoked King John That he would not admit of their Repentance Upon the Patent [1] Rot. Pat. 18 Johan The King was up and down in the West Country most part of the Summer Roll of this year we find King John Busied in the West all this Summer from almost the beginning of May to the beginning of September for by the Grants there made the Protections and other things there Granted we find he was in perpetual motion and he very seldom stayed 2 or 3 Days in a place as appears by the Tests of the Patents where the place of his being is always Expressed Sometimes at the beginning of the Summer he was at Winchester at the Divises at Bristol Wells Shirborn Warham Corf Castle Lutgarsâ—al Berkeley Castle and very many other places in the West Country and backward and forward to and from the same places While he was here in the West he made [2] Append. N. 136. Lin in Norfolk a place of Refuge for the Kings persecuted Subjects his Treasure there secured c. Lin in Norfolk as it were a place of Refuge or Defence to those of his party and his Loyal Subjects and there also without doubt secured
however he sent them Prisoners to Paris and there to be secured This put the rest of the Defendents of the Earl of March his Castles into such an Affright that some of their own accord came in and delivered up their Keys to the King of France and others capitulated upon his appearing before them These uninterrupted Successes made the [1] fol. 589. l. 1. The Earl of March repents him that he had ingaged himself against his own King King Henry put upon great difficulties and distresses Earl of March and his Poictovins almost desperate who now began to repent they had ingaged themselves against their own Lord the King of France In the mean time the King of England came before the City of Tailleburgh and pitched in a Meadow over against it When the King of France heard of it he marched with his Army towards that place As soon as the Citizens had notice of his approach they went out to meet him and surrendred their City to him and invited him to take possession of it When the King of England saw himself thus disappointed and that he must now fight the French with the men he had with him [2] Ibid. n. 50 He called to the Earl of March and asked how he had performed his promise of procuring Men enough to baffle the French if he supplyed them with Money The Earl replyed He never made any such promise The Earl of March denies his promise made to him Then Earl Richard produced the Chart of Agreement between them He denyed that it was ever made or sealed by him or that he had ever encouraged the undertaking this expedition but it was [3] fol. 590. lin 1 2 3 4. the contrivance of his Wife and his Mother When the King heard the Earl's Reply he was very much concerned and Earl Richard seeing the danger the King was in of being made prisoner [4] fol. 590. n. 10. Earl Richard goes to the French Camp and obtains a Truce disarmed himself and with a Staff in his Hand went to the French Camp where he was kindly and honorably received and being introduced to the Kings Presence he desired a Truce which the King granted for one day and a night following Assoon as the Earl had obtained this Truce he returned to King Henry and advised him to make his escape with as much speed as he could otherwise he would be taken prisoner [5] Ibid. n. â—0 King Henry's flight to Xaints The King followed his advice took Horse at night and never stopped till he came to Xaints the whole Army followed him but with great hazard and some loss Next day the King of France decamped and marched with his Army towards Xaints after some few days both Armies met and fought and had the English [6] Ibid n. 40. A Fight between the English and French equalled the French in number they had gained an entire victory The number of those that were slain on either side is not mentioned but the Prisoners that were taken were exchanged Those that behaved themselves with Courage and Resolution in this Battle were Simon Montfort Earl of Leicester the Earl of Salisbury the Earl of Norfolk Roger Bigod John de Burgo Warin de Monâ—chensy Hubert Fitz-Matthew Ralph Fitz-Nicholas with some others When the [7] fol. 591. n. 10 20. The Earl of March endeavours to be reconciled to the King of France Earl of March saw how successful the King of France was in every thing he attempted and that his strength daily increased He began to consider how he should regain his Favour and be reconciled unto him He therefore privily sent to the Earl of Brittain that he with the Bishop of Xaints would use their endeavours with the King of France to procure his Pardon Upon this they both went to the King and assured him That the Earl of March was sensible how much he had offended against him and his Crown and implored his Mercy and Favour adding he might receive him under what conditions he pleased The King of France [8] Ibid. n. 30 40. The Terms upon which he made his Peace accepted the offer and was reconciled unto him upon these Terms That whatever that King had possessed himself of the Earls during this War should be for ever annexed to the Crown and also That all those Castles that were in his possession whether they were his own or his friends which were thought to be injurious to the King of France should be delivered into his hands for three years and then not to be restored unless the King was satisfied of his Fidelity That He should with 200 armed Men enter into his Service and faithfully serve him for three years at his own charges against all enemies of the Church or Crown of France Moreover he should surrender up his Charter whereby the King of France was obliged to pay him 10000 l. a year for defence of the Marches and should quit any such claim for the future [9] Ibid. n. 50. He enters into the King of France his Service To these hard Conditions he was forced to consent to obtain his pardon and was presently sent against the Earl of Tholouse his old friend and the King of Englands Confederate This was all done without the knowledge of King Henry who had by [1] fol. 592. n. 10. King Henry loseth the affections of the Citizens of Xaint Charter given the City of Xaints to Hugh Bruno the Earl of March his Son and his younger Brother without the privity of the Citizens whereby the King lost their Affections for that they hated Hugh However he thought himself safe and secure there till he was informed by one from the French Camp that that King [2] Ibid. n. â—0 He is certified the King of France designed to besiege that City His flight to Blaie designed to come and besiege that City very suddenly and was resolved not to rise till he had made him prisoner which was confirmed by another who likewise assured him that the Earl of March was revolted to the French and if He continued there one night longer he would be besieged King Henry being by this Second Messenger confirmed in his belief that the news was true fled to Blaie a Town in Gascoigny about 40 or 50 English miles from Xaints and his Army followed but were so harassed with the length and suddenness of the March that they were unfit for any service All Poictou submit to the King of France Upon this Xaints Ponz and all Poictou forthwith submitted to the King of France only Hertoldus Governor of [3] fol. 593. n. 50. Hertoldus his Fidelity to King Henry Mirabell Castle went to the King of England and implored his protection to whom the King replyed He was betrayed by the Earl of March and was scarce able to secure his own person and therefore gave him leave to act according to his own discretion Then he went to the King of
called a Parlement at Winchester by Advice whereof the Liberties of the City of London were seised for their Rebellion and the greatest Offenders committed to Prison to be punished at the Kings Pleasure This Parlement also [4] Append. n. 223. The Parlement gave the King the Rebels Lands gave the King all the Rebels Lands and he appointed two Commissioners in each County who with the Sheriff were to Extend them and return the Extent with the names of the Lands and the names of those whose Lands they were to him at Westminster by the Feast of St. Edward that is the 13th of October and they were to appoint two Collectors in every Hundred to Collect Michaelmass Rent and to deliver them a Note what it was This Commission bears Date at Winchester the 21st of September Paris says The King grants them to his faithful Subjects The King on the Feast of St. Edward Disinherited all that stood with Montfort and gave their Lands to those that had faithfully served him according to their Merits f. 999. lin 7. On the sixth of October the King [5] Append. n. 224. His Writ to the Guardians of the City of London wrote to his four Guardians of his City of London Humfry de Bohun Earl of Hereford John de Bailol Roger de Leyburn and Robert Walerand That whereas the Mayor Citizens and whole Comunity of the City aforesaid had as well concerning their Lives and Limbs as their Lands Tenements Goods and other things whatsoever submitted themselves to the Kings pleasure Therefore they were to cause Proclamation to be made That his Peace should be firmly kept in the City and parts adjoyning to preserve it from being plundred On the same day the King [6] Append. N. 225. He makes Philip de Covel Sheriff of Middlesex directed his Writ to all such as had Business at the County Court for Middlesex that because he had not then appointed a Sheriff in that County he commanded them to submit to and obey Philip de Conel or Covel as his Sheriff who was to hold the Court for that day On the same [7] Pat. 49. H. 3. N. 21. He gave the Lands of two Citizens of London to his Son Edward day he declares he had given all the Lands and Goods of Thomas Diwelesdon and Michael Thâ—ny Citizens of London to his Son Edward On the 15th of October the King [8] Pat. 49. H 3. M. 4. He commits the Custody of London to Hugh Fâ—tz-Oto during pleasure committed the Custody of the City and Tower of London to Hugh Fitz Oto during pleasure answering the profits of them at the Exchequer and Roger Leyburn was commanded to deliver them and the Citizens and Community of London were commanded to be answerable and submit to him in all things appertaining to his Guardianship This year died Pope Vrban the 4th to whom succeeded [9] Mat. Westm f. 396. N. 50. Pope Vrban the 4th dies and Clement the 4th Succeeds Clement the 4th before his Consecration he was Guido Bishop of la Sabina a Cardinal and Legat sent for England but the [1] Ibid. f. 397. lin 6. Ottobâ—n sent a Legat into England Barons and Bishops would not suffer him to Land there when he was come as far as Bologne in France and therefore he Excommunicated several of the Bishops He at the Request of King Henry sent Ottobon Deacon-Cardinal of St. Adrian Legat into England and Crowned [2] Paris f. 999. n. 50. A. D. 1266. 50 Hen. 3. Those that were forced to serve against the King had their Lands restored Charles Brother to the King of France King of Sicily at Rome Many persons pretended and pleaded for themselves That against their Wills they were forced into the Service of Simon Montfort The King directed his Writ to the [3] Claus 50 H. 3. M. 10. Dors Sheriffs of several Counties to make Inquisition whether it was so or not and if found to be so they had seisin of their Lands again so as they stood to Right in the Kings Court. Dated November 6. The men of the Cinque-Ports that were the Kings Enemies and had taken part with the Earl of Leycester committed Rapin and Piracy at Sea The King [4] Claus 50. H. 3. M. 9. Dors wrote to the Bayliffs and Good men of Yarmouth to set forth 20 Ships with 40 men in every Ship at least to be at Sandwich by the first of January to Chase and Fight with and take his Enemies Dated November 24. The City and Tower of London and County of Middlesex with all Appertinencies were [5] Pat. 50. H. 3. M. 41. n. 117. The King appoints two Keepers of London during pleasure committed to the Custody of John Walerand and John de la Lind during pleasure to answer the Profits arising from them at the Exchequer and Hugh Fitz Oto was commanded to deliver them Dated November 28. The King sent his [6] Claus 50. â— 3. M. 8. Dors He commands all his Military Tenants to attend him at Northampton Precepts to all the Sheriffs in England to make Proclamation in their respective Counties That all who held of him in Capite and ought him service should be at Northampton on the 27th of January to go against his Enemies in the Castle of Kenelworth and other Straglers that would renew the War if not prevented Dated December the 20th at Northampton The Abbot of Peterburgh [7] Ibidem made fine and compounded with the King for this Expedition only at Fourscore Marks The King at [8] Paris f. 1000. n. 20. Simon Montfort the younger submits to the Kings pleasure Christmas was at Northampton with his Queen The King of Almain and the Legat by the mediation of friends Simon Montfort the younger submitted himself to the Judgment of the Legat the King of Almain his Uncle and Philip Basset and left it to them to make what Terms for him they thought fit with the King saving to himself his Life and Limbs and excepting perpetual Imprisonment Simon was brought to the King and it was [9] Ibid. n. 30. Kenelworth Castle refuse to yield Determined he should deliver the Castle of Kenelworth to the King and depart the Kingdom and receive out of the Exchequer every year 500 Marks until there should be a Peace established But those within the Castle not liking these Conditions would neither yield it to the King nor Simon who was yet under a Guard and said they received not the Castle to defend from Simon but from the Countess his Mother and would surrender it to none but her and that in her presence The Citizens of London made [1] Pat. 50. H. 3. M. 35. Cedula The City of London Fined and pardoned and restored under Conditions Fine to the King for their Offences toward him his Queen Richard King of Almain his Brother and his Son Edward 2000 Marks for which he pardoned their Transgressions and Excesses omnes
Earl of Holderness This whole year proved very quiet and peaceable Prince Edwards preparation for tâ— Holy-land and nothing memorable happened only the great Preparation Prince Edward and others who had undertaken the Cross made for their Journy to the Holy-land The King as well as [5] Appenâ— n. 226. King Henry signed with the Cross He commits his Cross aâ— aid to his Sâ— Prince Edward Prince Edward was Signed with the Cross for this Expedition but the Prelates Great-men and Community of the Land did not think it expedient nor safe for them both to be absent at that time and therefore by the advice of the said Prelates and Great-men he committed the business of the Cross and the Sign of his Cross to his Son Edward and all the twentieth part of Moveables granted for the Ayd of the Holy-land In the year 1271. King Henry [6] Paris fâ— 1006. n. 30 A. D. 127â— with his Queen Sons and many of the Nobility kept his Christmass at London On the Second of April [7] Ibid. 1007. n. 30. Richard Kinâ— of the Romaâ— dyed at Berâ—chamsted Casâ— Richard King of the Romans dyed at Berkamstede Castle His heart was buried in the Fryers Minors Church at Oxford and his Body in the Church he built at his own Charges for the Monks of the Cistercian Order de Hailes In May following Prince Edward his Brother Edmund Prince Edward begins his Journy 〈◊〉 the Holy-laâ— He lands at Tunis and is kindly receiâ—ed by the King of Franâ— four Earls and as many Barons besides a great number of Noblemen began their Journey to the Holy-land and after ten days sail from France he landed at Tunis where he was met by the King of France and his Chief men with great joy and kindness [8] Fol. 10â— n. 40. In August Diseases and great Infirmities seized and afflicted the French Kings Army which took away many of great Note whereof the Chief were John Earl of Nevers the Kings Son and the Cardinal of Albania the Apostolic Legat and on the day after St. Bartholomew King Lewis [9] Ibid. n. 5 The King oâ— France dyes at Tunis departed this life at Tunis At the same time Henry the Son of Richard King of the Romans desired leave of his Cousin Prince Edward to return into England and having obtained Licence in his Journy homeward he was [1] Fol. 1007. n. 20. Prince Henry slain at Viterbo slain at Viterbo while he was at Mass in the Church of St. Lawrence by Guido the Son of Simon Montfort Earl of Leycester to revenge his Fathers death All these misfortunes could not discourage [2] Ibid. n. 30. Prince Edward from proceeding in his Journy to Acon where Alienor his Wife was brought to bed of a Daughter which was Named [3] Fol. 1006. n. 30. Joan de Acres Prince Edwards Daughter born at Acon Ioan de Acres afterwards Married to Gilbert Earl of Glocester When the English saw the undaunted Spirit of their Prince they resolved chearfully to accompany him in all his undertakings In the year 1272. while Prince [4] Fol. 1007. n. 40. A. D. 1272. Prince Edward escapeth a great danger at Acon Edward continued at Acon the Admiral of Ioppa or Consul as we call that Dignity sent to him several Letters and Messages of Friendship and kindness by one Anzazim who had been ever Educated under-ground that he might prove the more undaunted in any Attempt of desperate wickedness One time he pretended to have some private business to Communicate to him upon this the Prince Commanded all that were present to retire and as he was looking out of the Window on a sudden the Assassine drew out a poysoned Knife and gave him two wounds in the Arm and one in the Arm-hole The Prince having presently recovered himself threw him on the ground and then snatched the Knife out of his hands and imediatly killed him with it Others report he beat out his Brains with a Stool that was next him Then he called in his Friends and Servants and related to them what mischief had befaln him and Commanded the Body of the Assassine to be Hanged upon the Walls of the City with a live Dog by it to be a Terror to others When the Admiral heard of it he shewed great sorrow and assured the Prince he was no way Privy to it But when the Soldiers heard how their Prince was wounded they resolved to have revenged themselves upon the Saracens but were hindred by the Prince Next year there arose a great quarrel between the [5] Fol. 1008. n. 40.50 A. D. 1273. A great quarrel between the Citizens of Norwich and the Monks The Cathedral burnt The Citizens punished Citizens of Norwich and the Monks which was increased to such a height that the Citizens set fire to the Church which together with the adjoyning Buildings were all consumed except the Chappel of St. Walter nigh the Infirmary and sacrilegiously carryed away the Holy Vessels and other Utensils and their Books which escaped the Flames The King was much moved at this wickedness and sent Justiciary Tribet down to Norwich who Convicted a great Multitude of the Offenders and Condemned them all to be drawn at Horses Tayls and Hanged Soon after the King went thither in person and when he beheld the Ruins of the Church he could scarce refrain from Tears The Bishop of Rochester Excommunicated all that were concerned in or abetted this wickedness and the King Condemned the Community of the Town to pay 3000 Marks of Silver And fined towards the rebuilding of the Church besides Ten pounds in Gold and the value of one hundred pounds in Silver for a Golden Cup ad restaurandam Cuppam Auream Matt. Westminster says they were drawn and Hanged Judicially and then burnt and the Goods of those that fled Confiscated For the due Prosecution of these Criminals the King sent his [6] Pat. 56. Hen. 3. M. â— intus The Knights and Freeholders of Norâ—folk and Suffolk summoned to meet the King at Norwich As also the Knights and freeholders Cambridge aâ— Huntington-shires King Henry falls sick Precept to VVilliam Gifford Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk Dated September the 6 th at St. Edmunds-Bury to Summon all the Knights and Free-holders of both Counties that had twenty pounds a year and above to appear before him at Norwich on the 15 th of the same Month to do as they should be directed by him with advice of his Council The same Writ issued to the Sheriff of Cambridge and Huntingtonshires to summon Twenty four Knights and Free-holders Milites Libere tenentes that had Twenty pounds a year or above to be at Norwich the same day Then the King returned to London and as he passed by the Abby of St. Edmunds he was seized on by a languishing distemper which never left him as long as he lived In his sickness the [7] Paris 1009. n. 10. And dyes Earls Barons
Excommunicated such B PS as favored S. Montfort f. 659. E. His Admonition to the disinherited Barons Ibid. F. He held a Council at London f. 664. E. Oudoceus Bishop of Landaf Excommunicated three Welch Kings for Murder f. 100. F. Oxford Interdicted by Otto the Legat f. 570. E. On what conditions released Ibid. f. A great difference between the Scholars and Towns-men f. 575. lin 2. Oxgange What it was f. 141. f. P. PAgi what they were and are f. 55. C.D.E.F. Pall what f. 102. F. Pandulph sent Legat into England f. 483 F. He affrighted King John into a compliance with the Pope f. 484. E. His advice to the King of France f 486. B. Panis Benedictus what it was f. 537. F. Papal Exactions and Extortions f. 542. F. 543. A. 594. E. 595. A. A general clamour against them in France f. 597. D. And in Ireland f. 599. C. Papinianus Chief Minister of Justice in Britain f. 30. D. Parage what f. 165. F. 204. E. Matt. Paris chargeth King John with inhumanity f. 505. B. C. His Character of Pope Innocent the 3.d f. 507. F. His inconsistency with himself in his History f. 582. F. Parliament At Oxford f. 473. D. At London f. 531. E. At Northampton f. 534. A. At Westminster f. 535. lin 1. At Westminster f. 536. A. At Westminster f. 542. D. At Westminster f. 546. A. At Westminster f. 548. A. At Lambeth f. 550. E. F. At London f. 564. C. At Winchester f. 565. A. E. F. At York f. 568. C. At London f. 581. F. At Westminster f. 590. B. At London a general one f. 594. D. At Winchester f. 596. B. At London f. 597. F. At London f. 600. E. At London f. 610. E. At Westminster f. 621. B. At London f. 623. F. At Oxford f. 624. C. What Ordinances made there f. 627. E. F. Three to be held every year f. 626. C. At Kenelworth f. 658. A. c. At St. Edmunds-bury f. 661. A. B. The Kings and Legats Demands made there and the Answer they received Ibid. C. D. E. F. At Merlebergh f. 665. B. Hugh Pateshul made Justiciary f. 561. F. St. Pauls when built and made a Cathedral f. 103. F. Paulinus Ordained Bishop and Baptized Edwin f. 104. E. F. Paulus Catena his cruelty f. 34. C. Peculiars their Original f. 215. C. Pelagian Heresy propagated in Brittain f. 38 E. Perennis a great Favorite of the Emperor Commodus f. 28. F. He was accused of Treason by the Soldiers and put to Death f. 29. A. Pertinax sent into Brittain by Commodus f. 29. B. C. Peter the Hermit preached up the Holy-War f. 223. B. His Prophecy f. 483. lin 3. Peter pence by whom granted f. 108. lin 1. Philip Earl of Flanders a Confederate of young Henry's against his Father King Henry the 2d f. 317. lin 1. 318. F. He was a great Director to Philip Son to Lewis King of France f. 335. E. He did Homage to the King of England f. 336. A. Philip Bishop of Beavais his complaint to the Pope against King Richard and the Popes Answer f. 455. A. B. Philip Son to Lewis King of France Crowned at Rhemes f. 335. C. His undutifulness to his Father Ibid. E. He was made sensible of his Duty by Hen. the 2d King of England f. 336. A. His Agreement with the King of England to undertake the Cross f. 342. C. The King of England doth Homage to him f. 348. D. The Agreement between King Richard and him to undertake the Cross f. 423. B. His Treachery to King Richard f. 429. E. The difference between them composed f. 430. A. His arrival at Acon Ibid. B. He desired King Richards leave to return home f. 431. C. His Oath to King Richard Ibid. D. His promise to Earl John upon Marriage of his Sister f. 435. D. His offer to the Emperor to keep King Richard Prisoner f. 439. C. He ravaged and destroyed King Richards Dominions f. 444. E. F. He was totally Routed by King Richard f. 445. A. 451. B. C. D. His cruelty to the English f. 450. F. Articles of Peace between him and King Richard f. 453. lin 1. He Knighted Arthur Duke of Britany and received his Homage f. 463. D. His Demands of King John Ibid. E. He besieged and took his Towns and Castles f. 471. A. He demanded to be divorced from his Queen f. 467. D. E. The Pope impowered him to Execute the Sentence of Deposition against King John f. 483. C. D. His preparation for England f. 484. A. F. Pandulph the Legat advised him to desist f. 486. B. His Victory over Otho the Emperâ—r f. 493. E. His Answer to Walo the Popes Legat f. 508. C. His Death f. 532. E. Picts who they were f. 35. B. F. They harras and spoyl the Britans f. 38. A. 39. C. D. Aulus Plautius sent into Brittain by Claudius f. 12. A. B. Pleas for Church Lands in the Conquerors time how held and before whom f. 140.141 142. None between English-Saxons and Normans f. 143. A. Sometimes held in Churches and Church-yards f. 146. D. Pleadings were in the French Tongue and why f. 155. lin 1. Plebs who f. 55. F. Robert Poer made Governor of Waterford and Treacherously slain by the Irish f. 370. B. 374. B. Poictovins subdued by Henry the 2 d. King of England f. 306. C. They do Homage to Henry the 3d. f. 545. B. They were invited into England by him and had the Wardships of Noblemen given them f. 554. A. They were discharged the Kings Service f. 559. F. They submit to the French King upon Summons f. 586. B. Their great Insolence to the English f. 608. C. D. Polycletus sent into Brittain by Nero to reconcile Julius Classicanus and Suetonius f. 21. A. Adam de Port Impeached of Treason and Outlawed for not Appearing f. 312. lin 1. William Poweric his complaint in the Council of Lyons against Papal Extortions f 593. D. E. He was sent to Rome to complain of Grievances f. 596. A. Prefecture what and how many it consisted of f. 43. C. Presential why so called f. 41. F. Presutagus King of the Iceni made Caesar his Heir f. 18. E. Priests Marriage forbidden f. 126. A. Such as lived in Cities and Burghs might retain their Wives f. 215. C Severe Laws made against their Wives f. 263. F. They were prohibited their Company by Hen. 1st f. 265. B. They were sometimes dispensed with by the Arch-Deacons and Bishops Ibid. D. They compounded with the King for their Wives Company f. 269. F. If Married to be deprived of their Benefices f. 294. B. A Decree against their Concubines f 536. F. Their Sons dispenced with to succeed them f. 262. F. Primâ—cy of Canturbury confirmed by the Pope f. 259. E. Probus conquered the Vandals and Burgundians f. 31. C. Provisions made at Oxford f. 626.627 They were Nulled by the King of France f. 639. A. They were repealed in the Parliament at Kenelworth f. 659. A. B.