unto him that he would come and joyn with her Sons in the fellowship of the Kingdom with whom he would not contend in arms to force the Kingdom from them but because he would more confirm it on them by his presence and assistance To this effect he desired that she would send one to be the Attestator of his oath before whom he would oblige himself with what obsecrations she would desire in the presence of the gods of his Country Arsinoe was uncertain what to resolve upon fearing if she should send she should be deceived by perjury and if she should not send she should pull upon her the fury of her brothers cruelty But more careful for her children then for her self whom she thought she should be the better able to protect by her marriage with her brother she sent Dione one of her friends who being brought into the most holy Temple of Jupiter a Temple of the ancient Religion of the Macedons Ptolomy having laid his hands on the Altars and touching the Images and Cushions of the gods did swear by unheard of and devoted imprecations that he most sincerely did desire the marriage of his sister and that he would call her his Queen neither would he ever in the disgrace of her take any other wife or own any other children but her Sons Arsinoe after she was delivered from fear and became pregnant with hope and had conference with her brother whose countenance and flattering eyes promised no less belief then did his Oaths although Ptolomy his Son did apparantly disswade her and enformed her of the deceit yet she consented to marry with her Brother The Nuptials were celebrated with great solemnity and with the publick joy of the people And Ptolomy having that day called forth the Army to an Assembly he there imposed a Diadem on the head of his sister and called her his Queen with which title Arsinoe being transported with joy because she had now regained that which she had loâ—t before by the death of her former husband Lysimachus did of her own accord invite her husband to her City of Cassandria for the desire of which the deceit was contrived And going before to compleat the preparations she commanded that a holy-day should be observed in the City for the approach of her Husband and that the Houses Temples and the streets should be adorned and that Altars should be erected everywhere and that sacrifices should be in a readiness She also commanded her two Sons Lysimachus of sixteen years of Age and Philip three years younger being both of an excellent feature and complexion to meet him with Crowns on their heads Ptolomy the better to conceal his deceit having greedily embraced them both and beyond the measure of true affection did a long time even smother them with his kisses When he approached to the Gate of the City he commanded the Citadel to be seized on and the two boys to be slain who when they fled to their Mother they were killed in her very lap as she was kissing them Arsinoe exclaiming that Ptolomy had committed so abominable a crime under the pretence of marriage and offered herself to the Executioners for her children and oftentimes with her own body she protected the embraced bodies of her children and would willingly receive the wounds which were intended to them At the last being denyed to be present at the funerals of her children she was brought out of the City with two hand-maids onely her garments torn and her hair dishevelled to lead a banished life in Samothracia being so much the more miserable that it could not be permitted to her to die with her own children But this wickedness of Ptolomy was not unrevenged for the immortal gods revenging so many perjures and cruel Parricides he was not long after dispoyled of his Kingdom by the Gauls and being taken he lost his life by the sword as he deserved For the Gauls their multitudes abounding when the Land â—n which they were born could not contain them did send as it were like vagabond sojourners three hundred thousand men to look out new habitations Part of them sate down in Italy who took and set on fire the City of Rome part of them through the Armies of the Barbarians who opposed them did out their way into the Coasts of Illyria and inhabited Pannonia following the auspication of the birds in which Art the Gauls excell above all others a hardy bold and warlike Nation who first after Hercules to whom this attempt gave an admiration for his vertue and a belief of immortality did pass over the unconquered H lls of the Alps and places intractible by the extremity of cold where having overcome the Pannonians they for many years made sundry wars with their Neighbours Afterwards by the temptations of success having divided their strength some of them advanced as far as Greece some as far as Macedonia laying all things waste before them So great was the terror of their Name that Kings not provoked by them would of their own accords buy their p ace with vast sums of money Onely Ptolomy King of Macedonia dâ—â— without â—eâ—r at end the arrival of the Gauls and with a few Sâ—uâ—dâ—ers and those disordered s if wars were managed with no less d fficulty then parricides were committed e did advance to meet them being tormented with the furies of his bloody Acts. He despised also the Embassage of the Dardanians offering him twenty thousand armed men to ayd him adding this to their contumely that Macedonia was in a sad condition if when they alone overcame all the East they should now stand in need of the Dardanian Citizens to be revenged of their Enemies He boasted that he had the Sons of those in his Army who being Conquerors under Alexander the Great made all the World tributary to him Which when it was reported to King Dardanus he said that the renowned Kingdom of Macedonia would shortly fall by the rashness of one heady young man But the Gauls under the commannd of Belgius did send Ambassadors to Ptolomy to try the Resolutions of the Macedons offering him peace if he would purchase it with money But Ptolomy vaunted to his Subjects that the Gauls did supplicate to him to have peace for fear of the war and did speak as insolently to the Ambassadors as to his Subjects He assured them that he would grant them no peace unless they should give him their Princes for Hostages and deliver up their Arms for he would not believe them unless they were disarmed This answer being returned The Gauls laughed out-right crying out on every side that he should shortly perceive whether they offered peace unto him for his advantage or their own Some few dayes after the battel was fought and the Macedons being overcome were beaten down Ptolomy having received many wounds was taken his head was cut off and being fixed on the point of a Lance it was carryed all about the Army to the terror
a peace-maker from the Carthaginians to dive into his Counsels concerning Sicily to which place Fame reported that he was designed And indeed that was the cause why the Romans sent back the Carthaginians ayd lest Pyrrhus in the war with Rome being detained in Italy should not have the liberty to transport his Army and the war into Sicily Whiles these things were in agitation Fabricius Lucinus being sent Ambassador from the Senate of Rome did conclude a peace with Pyrrhus to confirm which Cyneas being sent to Rome with great presents from Pyrrhus found not any whose hand was open to entertain them There was almost at the same time another Example of the same continuance of the Romans for an Ambassie being sent from the Senate into Aegypt when they had refused great gifts offered to them by King Ptolomy some few days after being invited to a supper they had Crowns of Gold sent to them which having received in a complement of an honour the next day they imposed them on the Statues of the King Cyneas when he brought back word that the Peace with the Romans was disturbed by Appius Claudius Pyrrhus demanded of him what manner of City Rome was He made answer That it seemed to him to be a City all of Kings After this the Ambassadors of Sicily came to Pyrrhus delivering to him the command of the whole Iland which was extreamly harrassed with the daily wars of the Carthaginians Therefore having left his Son Alexander at Locri and put strong Garrisons into the Cities he passed over with his Army into Sicily And because mention hath been made of the Carthaginians we will speak something of their original the Genealogy of the Tyrians being to be extracted from many generations whose conditions also were much to be lamented The Nation of the Tyrians discended from the Phoenicians who being shaken with an Earthquake having abandoned their Country did first inhabit the Assyrian marsh and not long afterwards the shoar next unto the Sea where they builded a City and called it Sidon from the abundance that was there of fishes for the Phoenicians call a fish Sidon After the process of many yeers being overcome by King Ascalon they took shipping again and did build the City of Tyre in the yeer before the destruction of Troy and being long and variously wearied with the wars of the Persians they were Conqueros at the last but their Forces being exhausted they endured unworthy punishments by their own Servants at that time abounding in their multitudes who having made a conspiracy did kill all the free people and their masters with them and possessing themselves of the City they enjoyed the Houses of their Masters they invaded the Commonwealth they marryed wives and begat children One amongst so many thousands of the slaves being of a better disposition and prompted to take compassion on the old man his Master and his little Son did not kill them with cruelty but look'd upon them with pious pity and humanity therefore when he had removed them out of the way as if they had been slain the slaves taking into consideration the present condition of their Republick they thought it expedient to have a King created out of their own Corporation and to make choyce of him as most acceptable to the gods who first could discover the rising Sun This design he acquainted Strato with for so his Masters name was called whom he had privately conceald and being by him instructed of the place of the Randezvous when at midnight they came all forth into one Field the others looking towards the East he alone did turn himself towards the West It appeared unto them a madness to look for the rising of the Sun in the Hemiphere of the West But when the day brake forth and the Sun began to shine on the highest tops of all their Cities others expecting that they should in the East behold the rising of the Sun he showed them in the West the fulgor of it where it did gild the Pinnacles of their Temples The device appeared to exceed the apprehension of a slave and Strato being examined he confessed that he had been one of their Masters Then they understood how much ingenious understandings were superiour to the servile and that slaves may overcome in numbers and malice but not in wisdom pardon therefore was granted to the old man and his Son and as if they had been preserved by Providence they immediately created Strato their King after whose death the Kingdom passed to his Son and afterwards to his Grandsons This outragious villany of the slaves was everywhere reported as an Example to be feared over all the World Therefore in the process of time when Alexander the Great made war in the East having sacked the City of the Tyrians he lastned all to the Cross who remained alive as the Revenger of the publick security in the remembrance of this their ancient slaughter But he preserved the Family of Strato inviolate and restored the Kingdom to his posterity ingenuous and innocent Inhabitants being commanded to inhabit that City and so the servile race being utterly extirpated a new generation of Citizens was erected The Tyrians being thus founded by the auspication of Alexander did soon grow rich by thrift and industry But before the murders committed on their Masters when they abounded both in wealth numbers having sent a Colony into Africa they builded the City of Vtica In the mean time the King of Tyrus deceased having left Heirs Pygmalion his Son and Eliza his daughter a Virgin of an excellent beauty The people delivered the Kingdom to Pygmalion a boy of a very tender age Eliza marryed her Uncle Sichaeus the Priest of Hercules which was an honour next unto the King He had great but concealed treasures and for fear of the King he did hide his gold not in Houses or Coffers but in the Earth which though it was unknown to men yet Fame reveal'd it to Pygmalion who being transported with an insatiable desire of it and forgetting all respects of nature and humanity did impiously kill his Uncle who was also his brother-in-law Eliza for a long time could not endure the presence of Pygmalion by reason of the horrid murder he had committed at the last having dissembled her hatred and made more smooth her brow she privately attempted to fly away and having taken into her society some of the Princes who were equally exasperated against the King she truly conceived that they had the same desire to make an escape with her After this she made her deceitful addresses to her brother and represented to him that she had a desire to live in his Court that the house of her Husband might no longer renew any subject of grief unto her she being desirous to forget him and that no longer the imagination of him might reflect so sad upon her Pygmalion did give no unwilling eare to these words of his sister thinking that with her the gold
place of Amilcar who when he made many successful encounters both by Sea and Land did at last on a sudden lose all his Army by the rage of a pestilential Planet Which when it was reported at Carthage the City was so full of sorrow and lamentation as if it had been taken it self The shops and houses were shut up so were the Temples of the gods no publick duties of religion were performed and all Offices intermitted which belonged to the administration of justice They all slocked in throngs to the Haven and asked those few who came out of the ships who escaped the fury of the mortality how their Sons and kinsmen did and when they were assured of their deaths of which before they were uncertain and were in some hopes that the Reports were false they filled all the shoar with their lamentations nothing was heard but sighes and throbs and the sad complaints of the unhappy Parents In the mean time the distressed General Amilco came down out of his own ship raggedly cloathed and in the habit of a servant the multitudes of the mourners pressed round about him to behold him And he amongst the rest lifting up his hands to Heaven sometimes bewailed his own and sometimes the publick fortune sometime he accused the gods who took from them so many Ornaments and Trophies of the war and of the victories which they had given them and had destroyed the victorious Army not by war but pestilence so many Cities being taken and the Enemies so often overcome in the battels both by Sea and Land Howsoever he said he brought some comfort to the Citizens that the Enemies though they might rejoyce yet they could not glory in their calamity for they could neither say that those who were dead were killed or that those who returned were routed by them The booty he said which the Enemy found in their abandoned Tents was not such as they could boast to be the spoyls of a conquered Enemy but such as by the casual deaths of their Masters they had seized upon being poor and transitory things which no body was left to own that in relation to their enemies they departed Conquerors but in the relation to the plagues they departed conquered Howsoever he affirmed that he took nothing more neer unto his heart then that he could not die himself amongst so many most valiant men and was preserved not for any delight which he took in life but onely to be the sport of calamity yet nevertheless having brought the miserable relicks of his Army to Carthage he would follow also himself his deceased Souldiers and would make it apparent to his Country that he did not continue to that day because he had a minde to live but that he would not by his death betray these whom the direful pestilence had spared by leaving them amongst the Armies of their Enemies With this Resolution and complaint having entred the City as he came to the threshold of his own door he dismissed the multitude that followed him with his last Farewel unto them and having locked the door with his sword he put a period to his own life not admitting any not so much as his own Sons to come unto him THE Twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily Dionysius seized upon the command of the whole Iland and thinking so great an Army without action would be prejudicial to his Kingdom he transported his forces into Italy that the Souldiers should be both exercised with continual labor and the bounds of his Kingdom enlarged His first war there was amongst the Grecians who enhabited the next Coasts of the Italian Sea who beings overcome he assaulted all their Neighbors and destined to himself all the Grecians that possessed Italy who at that time enjoyed not onely a part but almost all Italy for many Cities after so great a Tract of Antiquity do to this day demonstrate that they received their original from the Grecians For the people of Tuscany who inhabit the Coast of the lower Sea did come from Lydia And Troy being taken and sacked did send forth the Venetians who are the Inhabitants on the Coasts of the upper Sea under Antenor their Commander Adria also which is washed by the Illyrian Sea is a Greek City which gives a name to the Adriatick and so is Arpos which Troy being overthrown Diomedes builded being brought by shipwrack into that place Pisca also amongst the Ligurians is beholding to the Graecians for her original And amongst the Tuscans Tarquinia derives her beginning from the Thessalians and the Spinambrians and Perusians from the Achaians What shall I speak of the City Cere and the Latine people who seem to be planted by Aeneas And are not the Falicians Japigians Nolans Abelans Plantations from Calcedo in Greece What shall I speak of all the Provinces of Campania What shall I speak of the Brutians Sabinians and the Samnits what of the Tarentins which we have read did come from Lacedaemon and were called Spurii It is recorded that Philoctetes did build the City of the Thurins whose Monument is yet to be seen in that place As also the Arrows of Hercules which were the first ruine of Troy are to be seen in the Temple of Apollo The Metapontins also do shew in the Temple of Minerva those Tools of Iron with which Epeus from whom they are derived did build the Trojan horse by reason of these Inhabitants all that part of Italy is called Graecia major But in the beginning of these Originals the Metapontins with the Sybarits and Crotonians did resolve to drive all the other Grecians out of Italy and having first of all taken by force the City of Syris they killed fifty young men embracing the Image of Minerva and the Priestess her self amongst the Altars of the Goddess having on her the Sacerdotial ornaments Wherefore when they were punished with pestilence and sedition the Crotonians first of all repaired to the Oracle at Delphos for a remedy to whom it was answered That an end to their calamity would ensue if they would pacifie the violated power of Minerva and the ghosts of the slaughtered young men Therefore when they began in the first place to erect the Statue of Minerva and afterwards of the young men according to the just proportion of their bodies the Metapontins having understood the Oracle of the gods did resolve to be as forward in the Religion as they and erected small Images of stone to the young men and pacified the goddess with Manufactures of Wool And thus the Plague was ceased in both places the one striving who should exceed in magnificence and the other in swiftness The Crotonians being recovered to their health were not long quiet But being discontented that in the taking of the City of Syris the Locrensians did send Auxiliaries against them they made war upon them which so troubled the Locrensians that they besought ayd of the Lacedemonians The Lacedemonians being
course of life as to exercise and mitigate the field s with ploughs and to environ and to defend their Cities with Walls They then began to live not only by Arms but Laws they learned to prune the Vine and to plant the Olive And so great a beautie and order was observed both in disposing of the things and men that Greece did not seem to come into Gallia but Gallia to be translated into Greece Senanus King of the Segoregians being dead from whom the place was received to build the Citie his Son Commanus did succeed him in the Kingdom and a certain King affirming that the time would come when Massilia should be the destruction of the neighboring people did argue that it might be suppressed in the Original lest growing strong by degrees it might at last suppress him who gave both an Original and an encrease unto it to the performance whereof he inserted this following Fable A Bitch great with whelp did petition to a Shepherd to give her room in which to bring forth her young ones which being obtained she petitioned to him again to grant her the same room to bring up her young ones at the last her whelps growing into age and she being supported with her Domestick numbers did challenge the proprietie of the place unto her self So the Massilians who do now appear to be but strangers may in a short time become Lords of the Countrie The King being incited by the application of this storie did attempt by deceits to destroy the Massilians Therefore on the Holy-day dedicated to Flora he sent many lustie and able men into the Citie to be entertained as guests and gave order that many more should be brought in Carts in which they should be covered with green leaves whiles he himself with his Armie lay hid in the next hills that they might be present when the opportunitie served for their Ambush and the Gates in the night being opened to receive their Carts they might with armed men invade the Citie drowned in wine and sleep But a woman who by the contiguitie of blood had neer relation to the King being accustomed to play the wanton with one of the Grecians pittying the loveliness of the young man in her embraces of him did betray the deceit unto him and desired him to decline the danger He immediately informed the Magistrates with it and the prepared treacheries being discovered the Ligurians were apprehended and lying hid were drawn out of the Carts and being all put to death deceits were prepared for the deceitful King and seven thousand of the Ligurians were slain with the King himself After this the Massilians did alwaies upon their Holy-daies keep their Gates shut and observed a strict watch and had Centinels to walk their Rounds on the walls and to take notice of strangers and to demand the word and thus as if they were invironed with war they managed their Citie in the times of peace so punctually good Instructions are observed there not so much by the necessitie of the times as by the custom of doing well After this the Massilians had for many years great wars with the Ligurians and the Gauls which both increased the glorie of the Citie and amongst the neighboring Countries made famous the valor of the Greeks by their multiplied Victories And when a new war arose from Carthage they having surprized the Busses of their Fishermen they often overthrew the Armie of the Carthaginians and gave peace unto them being conquered They entred into a league with the Spaniards and almost from the first foundation of their Citie they observed their friendship with the Romans with great fidelitie and in all their wars industriously assisted their associats which both increased the confidence of their strength and purchased them peace from their enemies When Massilia flourished therefore with the same of their atchievements the abundance of their wealth and the glorie of their strength the neighboring people in conspiring multitudes did gather themselves together to root out the name of the Massilians as to extinguish a common fire By the consent of all Caramandus was chosen General who when he besieged the Citie with a powerful Armie of chosen men being affrighted in his sleep with the vision of a hard favoured woman who called her self a goddess he offered peace of his own accord to the Massilians and having desired that he might be allowed the libertie to enter into their Citie and to worship their gods when he came unto the Temple of Minerva and beheld in the pâ—rtalls of it the image of the goddess which he beheld before in his sleep he immediately cried out that that was she who did affright him in the night and commanded him to raise the siege and having gratulated the Massilians that the immortal gods had care of them he entred into a perpetual league with them having recompenced the goddess with a chain of Gold Peace being obtained and their securitie established the Embassadors of the Marsilians having returned from Delphos to which place being sent they had brought gifts unto Apollo did inform them that they heard in the way that the Citie of Rome was taken by the Gauls and set on fire they seemed to be much afflicted at the loss and did prosecute it with a publick funeral and sent their Gold both what they had in private as well as publick to make up the summe having understood that they had redeemed their Citie and their peace with money from the Gauls For which benefit it was decreed by the Senate that they should be made free of Rome and a place allowed them in the publick Spectacles and a solemn league was again confirmed perpetually to be observed with equal Interests on both sides In his last book Trogus affiâ—ms that his Ancestors derived their original from the Volscians that his Grandfather Trogus Pompeius was made free of the Citie at what time Cneius Pompeius made war against Sertorius in Spain he affirmeth also that his Uncle under the same Pompey was Colonel of a Regiment of horse in the war against Mithridates and that his father served in the wars under Caius Caesar and that he was both his Secretarie the master of the Complements and had the office of the Seal THE Four and Fortieth BOOK OF IVSTINE SPain as it is she doth shut up the limits of Europe so it is the conclusion of this Work The Antients called it first Hyberia from the River Hyberus and after Spain â—om Hispanus It is situated betwixt Africk nd France and inclosed with the main â—cean and the Pyrenaean mountains and as is less then either Africk or France so it more fruitful then either for it is not scorched with the violence of the Sun as Africa neither is it troubled with daily windes as France but enjoyes a mean betwixt both and by its temperate heat and seasonable and pregnant showers it produceth all variety of fruits insomuch that it sufficeth not only the Inhabitants
was slain in a tumult by the Souldiers His body was drawn by a Souldier through all the streets of Rome like the carkass of a dog in a military Irony calling him The Whelp of a ravening and an untamed lust At the last the bulk of his body being so great that it would not enter into the hollow seat of a Privie they did drag it unto Tiber and fastning a great weight unto it that it might not rise again they did cast it into the River He lived sixteen years and for these things which happened to him was called Tiberinus and Tractisius Severus Alexander SEverus Alexander raigned thirteen years he was destructive to the good of the Common-wealth In his time Taurinus was made Augustus who for fear did cast himself into the River Euphrates At that time Mauritius did take upon him the Empire having corrupted many of the Souldiers but when Alexander did observe himself forsaken of the Souldiers he cryed out upon his Mother alleaging that she was the occasion of his death and the Executioner coming to him he covering his head did with great confidence offer his neck unto him to be struck off His Mother Mammea did carry so closs a hand over him that if any thing at Dinner or at Supper was left were it never so little it was reserved for his next meale Julius Maximinus IVlius Maximinus a Souldier born in Thrace governed three years who while he prosecuted the rich men as well innocent as guilty was torn in pieces at Aquileia and his Son with him by the sedition of the Souldiers the Souldiers in derision crying out Of a bad Sire they must not keep a whelp Under his Government Gordianus the Father and Gordianus the Son one after another did take upon them the Government and one of them after another came to confusion In the like manner Pupianus and Balbinus affecting the Principality were both put to death Gordianus GOrdianus the Grandchild of Gordianus by his Mother was born at Rome he was the Son of a noble Father and ruled six years he was slain at Ctesiphon by Philip a Praetorian Commander the Souldiers being stirred up into sedition this was done in the twentyeth year of his life His body being interred in the Confines of the Roman and Persian Empire did afterwards give a name unto the place which was called The Sepulcher of Gordian Philip. MArcus Julius Philippus ruled five years he was slain by the Souldiers at Verona his head being cleaved a sunder in the middle a little above the upper row of his teeth his Son Gallus Julius Saturninus being about twelve years of age was slain at Rome being of so melancholy a disposition that after he was five years of age he could by no sport or invention be moved to laughter and in the secular Games seeing his Father to laugh profusely although he was but a childe in dislike of it he turned his face from him This Philip was born but of mean Parentage his Father being a Captain or Leader of Robbers Decius DEcius born in Pannonia Bubalia raigned thirty Moneths and made his Son a Caesar he was a man well learned in all the Arts addicted entirely unto vertue pleasant and familiar at home and a brave man at Arms. In a great tumult he was drowned amongst many others in a place so full of Bogs and Fens that his body could never afterwards be found His Son also was slain in War He lived fifty years In his time Valens Lucinianus was made Emperour Virius Gallus VIrius Gallus with his Son Volusio raigned two years In their time the Senate created Hostilianus Perpenna Emperor who not long afterwards dyed of the Pestilence In their time also Aemilianus was created Emperour in Maesia against whom both the Father and the Son marched with an Army and were slain by their own Souldiers at Interamnis the Father being seven and forty years of Age they were created Emperors in the Iland of Meningis now called Girba Aemilian in the fourth year of his Government was slain at Spoletum or Pontes which by reason of his death was afterwards called Sanguinarius being a place in equal distance betwixt Ociculum Narnia and the City of Rome He was by his birth a Moor a man of a daring spirit but not too rash he lived seven and forty years Licinius Valerianus LIcinius Valerianus sirnamed Colobius raigned 15 years he was descended of noble Parentage but of a slow and stupid disposition and not fit for any publick place either in Counsel or of action He made his Son Galienus Augustus and his Grandson Cornelius Valerianus a Caesar In their times Religianus in Moesia Cassius Labienus Posthumus in France the Son of Galienus being slain were made Emperors In the same manner Aelianus at Mentz Aemilianus in Egypt Valerius in Macedonia and Aurelius at Millain assumed the Imperial Title But Valerianus making war in Mesopotamia he was overcome by Sapores King of the Persians and not long afterwards being taken grew old amongst the Parthians in an ignoble servitude for as long as he lived the King did set his foot upon his neck when he mounted on horsback Galienus GAlienus in the place of his Son Cornelius did substitute his other Son Salonianus he was addicted to the uncertain love of Concubines Salonina and Pipa but he coloured his love to Salonina with the pretence of marriage and her Father the King of the Marcomans did grant him thereupon by covenant one part of the upper Pannonia At the last he marched against Aureolus whom he besiged at Pontus and obtained it which place afterwards was for that cause called Aureolus he also besieged Millain but by the contrivement of Aureolus he was slain by his own Souldiers after he had raigned fifteen years seven with his Father and eight by himself he lived fifty years Claudius CLaudius raigned two years some are of opinion that he was the Son of Gordianus others say of the woman Licensa by whom he was taught how to deport himself towards a wife he was appointed Emperor by the last Will and Testament of Galienus who sent unto him to Ticinum the Imperial Robes by Gallonins Basilius Aureolus being slain by his own Souldiers he received the Government of those Countryes and fighting against the Almains not far from the Lake of Benacum he cut in pieces such a multitude of them that of their infinite numbers scarce a half part remained In those daies Victorius was made Emperor And when Claudius understood by the Book of the Destinies which he commanded to be looked into that a principal man of the Senate must die Pomponius Bassus who was then present did offer himself to be a sacrifice for the publick but he not suffering the Oracles to be frustrated did give his own life a free gift to the Common-wealth having first expressed himself that no man of that order could be intepreted to be the principal man but the Emperor onely This was so acceptable to every
was doubtful the Ionians according to the Instructions of Themistocles did by degrees with-draw themselves from the fight whose revolt did alter the resolution of their companions therefore looking round about them where to fly they were at a stand and presently after being overcome they were all put to slight In the violence of this fear many ships were drowned and many sunk and many dreading as much the anger of their King as the fury of their enemies did steal away into Persia Xerxes being amazed at this overthrow and uncertain what to resolve upon Mardonius came unto him and did exhort him that he would return into his own Kingdom lest the report of the unprosperous war might occasion some sedition at home and as the custome is making the best of all things he desired that he would leave to him the command of three hundred thousand of selected men with which he would eithet to his glory overcome all Greece or if the event fell otherwise he should fall before the enemies without the infamy of his Master The counsell being applauded the Army was delivered to Mardonius and the King himself intended to lead back the remainder of them into his own Kingdom But the Grecians having notice ot the Kings retreat did take counsell to break down the bridge which Xerxes as if he had been Conqueror of the Sea had made at Abydos that his passage being hindred he should either be destroyed with his Army or through desperation of success be inforced to sue for peace But Themistocles fearing lest the enemies being shut up in Greece it might raise their desperation into resolution and enforce them with their swords to open that way which was obstructed to them he declared that there already were too many Enemies left in Greece behind and that their numbers ought not to be increased by obstructing them in their return When he could not prevail by his counsell he sent the same servant to Xerxes and did thoroughly inform him of it and perswaded him by a swift flight to make sure his passage He being amazed at the information of the Messenger left all his souldâ—ers to be commanded by his Captains and himself with a small retinue did make all haste unto Abydos Where when he found the bridge to be loose and broken by the winters stroms in a great feare he passed over in a Fishers Sceph It was a sight worthy the observation and in the estimation of things to be admired for the variousness of human condition to behold him hiding himself in a small vessel whom not long before scarce all the Sea could contain and that he should be without the attendance of servants whose armies by reason of their multitude were a burden grievous to the earth to bear them Neither had his Armies by Land which he assigned to his Captains a more happy expedition for to their daily travell there being no rest to the fearfull famine was joyned and the want continuing many days did bring the Plague upon them and so great was the noysomness of the dying that the High-ways were filled with Carkases and Beasts and Birds of Prey did follow the Army being tempted by the multitude of the Carkases In the mean time Mardonius did sack Olynthus in Greece and did sollicite the Athenians to the hope of peace and to the friendship of the King promising them to build again their Citie that was burned and to make it greater then before when he found that they would sell their liberty at no price having burned what he began to rebuild he marched with his Army into Baeotia thither the forces of the Greeks did follow him which consisted of one hundred thousand men The battell there being fought the fortune of the King was not changed with the General Mardonius being overcome did fly as out of a wrack at Sea with a few men his tents full of Princely wealth were taken and the Persian gold being divided amongst them the luxury of riches did there first seize upon the Grecians On that day in which the forces of Mardonius were overthrown there was a fight also at Sea against the Persians under the Mountain of Mycale in Asia There before the engagement when the two Fleets stood opposite to one another it was with confidence reported to both Armies that the Grecians had obtained the Victory and that the Army of Mardonius was utterly overthrown so great in this was the celerity of Fame that when in the morning the Battell was fought in Baeotia in a few hours through so many Seas and so many hills and valleys it was brought by neon into Asia The war being ended there was a counsell called concerning the rewards of the Cities and by the judgement of all the vertue and the prowess of the Athenians was preferred above the rest and by the attestation of all the Cities Themistocles being judged to be the most meritorious amongst the Commanders did increase the glory of his Country The Athenians therefore being enlarged both by the rewards of the War and by the glory of it did begin again to build their City and because their walls were stronger and of a greater compass then they were before they began to be suspected to the Lacedemonians wisely fore-seeing that if the Ruines of their Citie could give them so great additions what would they now purchase the City being enlarged and walled about They therefore did send Ambassadors to admonish them not to build again Fortifications for their Enemies and the Receptacles of a War to come Themistocles observing that they envyed the increasing glory of their City yet determining not to deal abruptly with them did answer the Ambassadors that they would send messengers of their own to Lacedemon who should debate with them concerning the same subject The Spartans being dismissed he exhorted the Athenians to make haste of the work and not long after he did go himself as an Ambassador to Lacedemon and sometimes in his journey counterfeiting an indisposition in his body sometime accusing the sloth of his fellow-Ambassadors without whom nothing could be concluded he from day to day so long delayed the time that he gave them at Athens the leisure to accomplish the work In the mean time it was told the Spartans that the buildings at Athens were almost finished whereupon they sent Ambassadors again to look upon the work Themistocles hearing of it did write unto the Magistrates at Athens to keep the Ambassadors of Lacedemon in safe custody and to detain them as a pledge lest any thing should be determined too cruelly against himself He then addressed himself to the Senate of the Lacedemonians where he declared that Athens was fenced round about and that they were able now to sustain a War not only by their Walls but by their Armies And if for that they would make him suffer he told them that their Ambassadors were detained at Athens as a pledge of his safety He then did sharply reprehend them
commanded that wives should not be chosen for their money for he said that husbands would more severely observe the Laws of Matrimony when they were obliged by no respects of Dowry He ordained that the greatest reverence should not be given to men rich or powerful but to those who were of the greatest age and to speak the truth age had nowhere in the world a more venerable respect and because their manners before being dissolute these Laws at first might appear to be harsh and hard he dissembled that Apollo of Delphos was the Author of them and that he received them from his Instructions that so the fear of Religion might take away all tediousness from the obedience of them Lastly that he might give eternity to his Laws he did oblige the City by oath that they should change nothing in their Laws till he returned and counterfeited that he would go to the Oracle at Delphos to consult what should be taken away or added to them But he travelled not to Delphos but to Creet and lived there in perpetuall banishment and dying he commanded that his bones should be cast into the Sea left being brought to Lacedemon they should think themselves discharged of the Religion of their Oath and dissolve their Laws With these Laws the City 4o flourished in a little time that when they made war with the Messenians for defiling their Virgins in a solemn sacrifice of the Messenians they bound themselves by a great Oath that they would never return untill they had levelled Messenia to the ground so much did they promise to themselves either by their strength or by their fortune therefore when contrary to their confidence they were detained ten yeers in the siege of the City and after so long a widdowhood were called back by the complaints of their wives they fearing that this continuation of the war they should endammage themselves more then the Messenians for what yong men the Messeninas lost in the War could be supplyed again by the fruitfulness of the women but unto them their losses in the War were dayly and the Husbands being absent there could not be any fruitfulness of their Wives therefore they did choose yong men out of that number of the Soldiers who after the administration of the Oath did come as Recruits unto the Army who being sent back to Sparta a promiscuous copulation with all women was permitted thinking that the conception would be more mature if the women did deserve for it by the 4ryal and use of several men The Children born from these were called Parthenians in reflection on their mothers chastity who when they arrived to Thirty years of Age for the fear of Penury for they having no Father into whose Patrimony a Succession might be hoped did choose for their Captain Phalantus the Son of Aratus who was the Author to the Sparâ—ans of sending home the yong men for the proâ—agation of Children that as they had his Faâ—her the Author of their Original so they might 4ave his Son the Original of their hope and digâ—ity Not taking leave of their Mothers by 4hose loosness they thought they had contracted 44famy they travel'd to seek out new Habitatiâ—ns and through many Adventures having been tossed long upon the Seas they arrived at last in Italy and the Tower of Tarentum being taken and the ancient Inhabitants forced from it they there made a Plantation for themselves But after many years their Captain Phalantus being by sedition driven into banishment did repair unto Brundusium to which place the ancient Tarentines retired being as I have said forced from their own Habitations He dying did perswade them that they should beat his bones and last Relicts into dust and privately strow them on the publick place of meeting of the Tarentines for Apollo at Delphos did by this means promise that they should recover their City and Country again they conceiving that to fulfil his revenge he had betrayed the fate of the Citizens did obey his Instructions But the sense of the Oracle was contrary for it promised by this deed a perpetuity to them and not an amissiâ—n of their City Thus by the counsel of their banisht Captain and the officiousness of the Enemies the City of Tarentum was through all Ages possessed by the Parthenians In the memory of which benefit divine honours were decreed to Phalantus In the mean time the Messenians when they could not be overcome by prowess were circumvented by deceit having for fourscore yeers endured the grievous scourges and for the most part the bonds and the other calamities of a conquered City after a long patience of punishments they renewed the War and the Lacedemonians did so much the more eagerly combine themselves unto Arms because they were to fight against their own Captains therefore when injury on this side and indignitie on the other side did exasperate their swords the Oracle at Delphos being consulted the Lacedemonians were commanded to fetch a Captain for their War from Athens The Athenians when they understood the Answer of the Oracle in the disgrace of the Lacedemonians did send Tyrtaeus the Poet a man lame in feet who being overthrown in three battels did bring down the Spartans to so much desperation that they set free their servants for recruits of their Armie and the Widows of the slain were promised to them in marriage that they might succed not only in the number but also in the dignity of the Citizens that were lost But the Kings of the Lacedemonians least by fighting against Fortune they should heap more calamity upon their City would have marched back with their Army had not Tyrtaeus intervened who at a full Assembly recited to the Army some Verses he had made by which he shot so great a heat of courage into the breasts of the Souldiers that more mindful of their burial then of their safety they fastened Medals on their right Arms in which their own and their Fathers Names were engraven that if the fury of the battel should have deveured them all and by the space of time the lineaments of their bodies should lie confused together yet by the observation of their Titles they might be discovered and delivered unto burial When the Kings perceived the Army to bee thus encouraged they sent a Messenger to eâ—form the Enemy with their Resolutions which possessed the Messenians not with any fear but a mutual emulation they fought therefore with such height of Courage that there was scarce ever seen a more bloody battel the Lacedemonians at last did obtain the victory In the process of time the Messenians commenced the third War at which time the Lacedemonians amongst their other Associates did call the Athenians to their ayd but suspecting their fidelity and pretending them to be supervacaneous they dismissed them from the service which left so deep an impression in the hearts of the Athenians that they translated the money which was collected over all Greece for the
then a Passage to which when you are arrived you will think that the Promontories did cleave asunder and were divided which before were joyned into one Sicily was first called Trinacria and afterwards Sicania At the beginning it was the Country of the Cyclops who being extinguished Aeolus possessed himself of the command of the Iland after whom every one did stoop to the Government of Tyrants there being never any Land more fruitful of them In the number of whom when Anaxilaus with justice and mercy contended with the cruelty of others his moderation gain'd him no little profit for when dying he left many little children and committed the Tutelage of them to Micythus a servant of his of approved fidelity so great was the love which they did all bear unto his Memory that they chose rather to obey a servant then to abandon the children of the King and the Governors of the Ciâ—ie forgetting their dignity did permit that the Majesty of the Kingdom should be administred by a servant The Government of Sicily was heretofore attempted by the Carthaginians and with various success they for a long time did fight with the Tyrants but their General Hamilcar being lost at last with his whole Army the conquered were quiet for a season In the mean time when the Inhabitants of Regium did labour with discord and the City was divided into two parts the old Souldiers who combined altogether being called by the Inhabitants of the City of Imera to their ayd having relieved the City did fall upon their friends whom they came to assist and not only seized upon their City but took their Wives and Children captive their Fathers and Husbands being slain who did oppose them a villany by no Tyrants to bee paralleld How much more honourable were it for the Rhegians in this cause to be conquered then to conquer for although by the Laws of War they had served the Authors of their Captivitie or their Countrey being lost they were necessitated to be banished yet they should never have left their City nor their Wives and Children as a prey to the most barbarous of Tyrants nor be sacrificed themselves almost on their own Altars and in the presence of the gods of their Countrey The Catanians also when they found the Syracusians too heavily to oppress them distrusting their own strength desired ayd of the Athenians who whether out of the desire to encrease their Dominions being masters already of Greece and Asia or whether for fear that the Lacedemonians Forces should be added to the Syracusian Navie sent Lamponius their Captain with a Fleet into Sicily that under pretence of assisting the Catanians they should indeavour to possess themselves of the whole Iland And because their first beginnings were prosperous enough their Enemies being often slain or routed with a great Navie and a stronger Army they came again to Sicily under the command of Lachetes and Chariades But the Catanians either through fear of the Athenians or the tediousness of the War made peace with the Syracusians the Auxiliaries of the Athenians being dismissed Not long after when this Covenant of Peace was ill observed by the Saracusians they sent their Ambassadors again to Athens who in old and ragged habiliments their hair both of head and beard being of an unsightly length and in a most slovenly and deformed posture to move compassion did address themselves to the Assembly Tears were added to their prayers and their supplications so prevailed upon the people inclined to pity that they condemned their Captains who brought back their Auxiliaries from them Hereupon a great Navie was prepared Nicias and Alcibiades and Lamachus were made Captains and so formidable an Army was sent into Sicily that they became even a terror to those unto whose ayd they marched Not long after Alcibiades being called back to answer to the Charge that was brought against him Nicias and Lamachus did obtain two Victories by Land and with a close siege having begirt their Enemies they block'd up the passage which brought them their relief from Sea The Syracusians labouring under the burden of these necessities desired ayd of the Lacedemonians which was dispatched to them but with one Captain Gylippus by name but such a one that no assistance could be comparable to his He the nature and course of the War being understood and yet almost in a lost condition they had drawn together some few inconsiderable Forces our of Greece and Sicily did in the first place possess himself of some places of reserve fit for the carrying on of the War After this being twice routed in the third encounter he slew Lamachus one of their Commanders of the Athenians and having put his Enemies to flight he relieved his besieged friends On this the Athenians transferr'd the War from Land to Sea which being suddenly known Gylippus sent to Lacedemon for the Fleet to his assistance and for some recruits if need were for the service of the Land The Athenians also sent Demosthenes and Eurymedon in the place of their Captain that was killed with supplies both of men and money And by the common decree of Cities the Pelopennesians sent Auxiliaries in great numbers to the Syracusians and as if that the War of Greece was translated into Sicily they did fight on both sides in the height of resolution with all the powers they could make In the first encounter at Sea the Athenians were overcome who lost all and all their moneys both publick and private This distress at Sea was seconded by a distress at Land and being routed there also it was the counsel of Demosthenes that they should remove themselves and the War from Sicily whiles their affairs though shaken and ruinous were not quite lost and that they ought not to persevere any longer in a War unluckily begun he alleaged that there may be more grievous and more unfortunate Wars at home for which they ought to reserve the Forces of their City But Nicias whether through shame of the ill success or through fâ—ar to leave destitute the hopes by abandoning the cause of his Associates or fate so ordaining it was resolved not to stir Therefore the fight again at Sea was renewed and they were called back from the storm of their former misfortune to some hope of Victory But by the unexperience of their Captains who assaulted the Syracusians defending themselves in the streights of the Sea they were easily overcome Eurymedon their Captain fighting most bravely amongst the foremost was the first that was slain The thirty ships which he commanded were all immediately devoured by the fire Demosthenes and Nicias being themselves all overcome did convey their Army to the shoar thinking that their flight would be more safe by Land whereupon Gylippus seized upon one hundred and thirty of their ships which they had abandoned and pursuing the Athenians in their flight he took many Prisoners and put many to the sword Demosthenes the Army being lost did with his sword
did make spoile in Asia and fought many battels in many places and being every-where a Conqueror he reduced the Cities which revolted he subdued some others and added them to the Commonwealth of Athens And thus having vindicated the antient glory of the Athenians by Sea and made himself moâ—e famous by some Conquests by Land being much desired by the Citizens he returned to Athens In these encounters he took two hundred ships from the Enemy and a great booty The Army rerurning in triumph the people in throngs came forth to meet them and with wonder they gaze upon all the Souldiers in general but on Alcibiades in particular The whole City did fasten on him their eyes they extolled him as sent from Heaven and beheld him as Victory her self They repeated what he atchieved for his Country and what being a banished man he had acted against it excusing him that he was incensed and provoked to it So much of high concernment there was in this one man that he was both the Author of their large Dominions subverted and again restored They did prosecute his merits not onely with all humane but with divine honors and contended with themselves whither they more contumeliously expelled him or more honourably received him they brought those gods to gratulate him to whose execrations they had before devoted him and they would now place him in Heaven to whom they had denyed the society of men They made satisfaction for disgrace with honors for losses wâ—th rewards and for execrations with prayers They discoursed noâ— of the adverse fight in Sicily but of the Victory of Greece not of the Fleets he lost but of those he won not of Syracuse but of Ionia and Hellespont This was the fortune of Alcibiades who never knew a mean either in the favours or the displeasure of his Citizens Whiles this was done at Athens the Lacedemonians made Lysander General both by Sea and Land and Darius King of the Persians had made his Son Cyrus Governor of Lydia and Ionia in the place of Tissafernes who with men and money did raise up the Lacedemonians to the hope of their former fortune Being increased in their strength with the suddenness of their approach they suppressed Alcibiades sent into Asia with one hundred ships and spoiling the Countrey made rich with long peace his Souldiers in the desire of the booty being dispersed and not suspecting the coming of an Enemy so great therefore was the slaughter which the Lacedemonians made that in this fight the Athenians received a greater wound then they did give in the former and so great was their desperation that immediately they changed their General Alcibiades for Conon believing they were overcome not by the fortune of the war but by the deceit of Alcibiades on whom the former injuries more prevailed then the latter benefits they alleaged that in the former war he over-came onely to shew the Enemies what a General they had despised and yet he might fell the Victory more deer unto them for the vigor of his wit his love to vices and the luxury of his manners made all things credible in Alcibiades Fearing therefore the violence of the people he betook himself to a willing banishment Conow succeeding Alcibiades in the Government of the Army having before his eyes how great a Captain he was that was before him did make the Navie readic with the greatest industry but men were wanting to the ships the most valiant being slain in taking the spoils of Asia Boyes therefore and old men were armed and great was the number of the Souldiers but weak was the strength of the Army The Lacedemonians made no long work of them for being unable to resist they were everywhere either killed or taken prisoners and so great was the overthrow that not onely the Common-wealth but even the name of the Athenians did seem to be extinguished so lost and desperate was their condition and so great an exigence were they brought unto that for want of Souldiers they gave the priviledges of the freedom of the City to strangers liberty to slaves and impunity to the condemned and with this câ—nscribed Army composed of the out-casts of men the late Lords of Greece did defend their Liberties They had once more a minde to try their fortune at Sea and they were possessed with such a sudden height of courage that when they before despaired of their lives they were now even confident of Victory But these were not the Souldiers who should uphold the name of the Athenians nor these the Forces with which they were accustomed to overcome neither could any military abilities be expected from these men who were inured to bonds and not unto Tents They were all therefore either killed or taken Conon their General only remained alive who fearing the cruelty of the Citizens with eight ships did repair unto Evagoras the King of Cyprus But the General of the Lacedemonians the war happily being mannaged did insult over the fortune of his Enemies He sent the ships he took the booty being layd forth upon the Decks in the way of triumph to Lacedemon and received the Cities into his protection which payed tribute to Athens the fear of the doubtful fortune of the war detaining them till then in their fidelity the Athenians had now nothing left them but the Citie it self when this was reported at Athens they all abandoning their honours did traverse the streets of the City in great fear they demanded the news of one another and examined the authority of the Messengers imprudency kept not at home the young nor delibity the old nor the weakness of their Sexe the women So much the sence of the calamity had possessed every Age. Late in the night they assembled in the Market-place and began to lament the publick misfortune some bewailed their brothers some their sons some their parents some their kindred some their friends deerer then their kindred and with private mischances mingled the publick losses sometimes thinking of the ruine of themselves sometimes of the ruine of their Countrey sometimes conceiving the fortune of the living to be more miserable then the fortune of the dead they did every one propound unto themselves siege and famine and the proud conquering Enemy The destruction and firing of the City the general captivity and most miserable slavery did still present it self before their eyes believing that the ruines of the former City were far more happy when their sons and fathers being alive they were onely punish'd with the destruction of their walls and honours They had now no Fleet to which as before they might repair nor had they any Army by whose valour being preserved they might build greater walls In this manner lamenting the condition of their City their Enemies came upon them and at once did inviron them with an Army and besieged them with hunger They knew that not many of their forces remained and they provided that no man should be brought in
with which growing miseries the Athenians being discouraged after a long famine attended with a great mortality they desired peace And a long debate there was amongst the Lacedemonians and their Associates Whether it were expedient that it should be vouchsafed them or not when many were of judgement that the very name of the Athenians was to be extinguished and the City utterly to be destroyed with fire The Lacedemonians denying that of the two eyes of Greece one of them was to be plucked out did promise peace unto them if they would pull down their wals towards Pyreum and surrender the ships unto them which were left and withal receive thirty of their Delegats to govern their Commonwealth The City being delivered upon these conditions the Lacedemonians did commit unto Lysander the charge of it This yeer was remarkable for the besieging and taking of Athens and for the death of Darius King of the Persians and for the banishment of Dionysius the great Tyrant in Sicily The State of Athens being altered the condition of the Citizens was changed with it Thirty Rulers were set over the Common-wealth who became all Tyrants for at their entrance into their government they did take unto themselves a Guard of three hundred men there scarce remaining so many Citizens by reason of so many overthrows and as if this number were too little to secure the City it received a Garrison of seven hundred Souldiers of the Lacedemonians after this they began the slaughter of the Citizens with a design upon Alcibiades left he should invade the Commonwealth again with an intent to deliver it When they found that he was fled to Artaxerxes the King of the Persians they sent in full speed to intercept him in the way and having found where he was when they could not openly put him to death they burned him alive in the chamber where he slept The Tyrants being delivered from this fear of their Revenger did fill the wretched Relicks of the City with slaughters and rapine which cruelty when they found it did displease Theramenes who was one of their numbers they did put him to death to be a terror to the rest whereupon they fled all out of the City and Greece was filled with the Athenian exiles which being all the security they had that also was taken from these miserable men for by an Edict of the Lacedemonians the Cities were prohibited to receive the banished on this they all conveyed themselves to Argos and Thebes where they not onely lived in banishment but entertained the grateful hopes to be restored to their Countrey Amongst the number of the banished there was one Thrasibulus a man of great vigour both in body and in minde and of noble Parentage who propounding to himself that something although with danger ought to be undertaken for the publick safety having drawn the banished men together he seized upon Phyle a Castle on the Borders of Athens neither was the favour and assistance of some other of the Cities wanting who had in compassion the extremity of their sad condition Therefore Hismenias the Prince of the Thebans did assist them with private although he could not with publick helps And Lysias the Syracusian Orator being also a banish'd man did send at his own charge five hundred Souldiers to assist them in this recovery of the Countrey of the common Eloquence The encounter was sharp the Athenians exercising all their courage for the recovery of their own Countrey and the Lacedemonians fighting more securely for the possessions which belong'd to others the Tyrants at last were overcome who flying into the City having in revenge filled it with slaughter they did also dispoil it of Arms and suspecting all the Athenians to be guilty of treachery they commanded them to depart out of the City and to live in the ruines of the Suburbs which were pulled down and in the mean time they defended themselves with forraign Souldiers After this they attempted to corrupt Thrasibulus and to promise him a share in the Goverment which he refusing to accept they desired ayd of the Lacedemonians which being sent unto them they renewed the encounter in which Critius and Hippomachus two of the most cruel of all the Tyrants were killed the others being overcome when their Army which for the greatest part consisted of the Athenians did flie away Thrasibulus with a loud voice did cry out unto them and demanded What made them to fly from the Conqueror whom they ought rather to assist as the Desendor of their common liberty He told them that his Army was composed of their own Citizens and not of Enemies neither did he take up Arms to force any thing from them but to restore unto them what they had lost he made war he said on the thirty Tyrants and not on the City of Athens he did admonish them that they were all of one blood of one Law of one Religion and of one Militia through the course of so many wars He did implore them to have compassion on their banished Citizens and though they themselves would be patient slaves yet they should restore their Countrey unto them that they might receive their liberty With these words he so prevailed upon them that the Army being return'd into the City they commanded the Tyrants to remove to Eleusina ten being substituted who should govern the Common-wealth who being nothing terrified with the example of the former Tyrants did tread in the same paths of cruelty Whiles these things were thus mannaged at Athens it was enformed at Lacedemon that the Athenians had taken Arms again whereupon Pausanias their King was sent to suppress them who being touched with compassion did restore the banish'd Citizens to their City and commanded the ten Tyrants to abandon the City and to go to their companions to Eleusina Peace being made not many dayes after the Tyrants on a sudden resenting with indignation that the banished were restored and that they were condemned to banishment as if the liberty of the Citizens were their slavery they did make a new war upon the Athenians But a Treaty being had as if they were to receive again their Domination being in the way by policy intercepted they were all put to death and made the sacrifices of the publick peace The people whom before they commanded to live about the ruines of the remotest walls were called back into the City and the City dispersed into many members was reduced again into one body and that no dissention should arise concerning any thing committed in the time of war they all did oblige themselves by oath that there should be an oblivion of all dissentions In the mean time the Thebans and Corinthians did send Ambassadors to Sparta to demand their proportion in the spoils of the common war and danger which being denyed they did not openly declare a war against the Lacedemonians but with silence did conceive so great an indignation that all might understand that a war was
Arms at their very entrance into their Gates and not above one hundred men and disabled too by their age did enter into a fight against fifteen thousand Souldiers so much strength and courage the sight of their City and of their houshold gods did administer who infused into them greater spirits as much by their presence as by the remembrance of them for when they saw for whom and amongst whom they stood they were all of a resolution either to overcome or die a few old men undertook the whole brunt of the battel unto whom before that day appeared not all the youth and Army of their Enemies could be equal In this fight two Captains of the Enemies were slain In the mean time when the coming of Agesilaus was reported the Thebans retreated and some few hours after the battail again began for the youth of the Lacedemonians being inflamed with the courage and glory of their old men could not be kept back but would throw themselves upon their Enemies howsoever the Thebans had the Victory and Epaminondas performing the duty not onely of a General but of a resolute and couragious Souldier was grievously wounded which being understood the Thebans through the excess of grief were possessed with fear and the Lacedemonians through the excess of joy with a kind of amazement and as it were with a consent on both sides they departed from the batâ—el Some few daies afterwards Epaminondas deceased with whom the whole strength of that Common-wealth dyed also for as if you break or blunt the edge of any weapon you take from the residue of the steel the power to hurt so this Captain who was the edge of their courage being taken away the whole strength and vigor of that Theban Commonwealth was immediately rebated insomuch that they did not seem onely to lose him but to have all perished with him for before this Captain they did never mannage any memorable war and were famous afterwards not for their vertues but their overthrows so apparent it was that the glory of his Countrey was born and dyed with him It is hard to say whether he was a better man or a better Captain for he sought the Government not for himself but for his Countrey and was so careless of money that he had not wherewith to defray the charges of his own Funeral moreover he was no more covetous of glory then of money for the Commands were all thrown upon him refusing and drawing back from them and he so deported himself in his places of honour that hee seemed not to receive but to give an ornament to the dignity it self So great was his knowledge in Letters and Philosophy that it may be wonderful how that excellent experience in the affairs of war should arrive unto a man born amongst the Arts neither did the manner of his death differ from the institutions of his life for being brought half dead into his Tent he collecting his voyce and spirits demanded onely if his Enemy had taken his Buckler from him when he fell which when hee understood was preserved he desired to see it and it being brought unto him he kissed it as the companion of his labours and his glory Hee again demanded Who had obtained the Victory when it was answered The Thebans he replyed It was well and so gratulating his Countrey he did give up his last breath In his grave the vertues not onely of the Thebans but of the Athenians also was buried for he being taken away whom they were accustomed to emulate they did degenerate into sloth and laid forth the publick Revenues not as before on Fleets and Armies but on festival dayes and on the setting forth of Playes and visiting the Scene oftner then the Camp they onely celebrated the Theators famous with Poets and Actors praysing their Poets and their Orators more then their Captans by which means it came to pass that in these leisures of the Grecians the name of the Macedons but ignoble and obscure before should rise into glory and that Philip bred up in the vertues and institutions of Epaminondas and Pelopidas being three yeers as an Hostage at Thebes should put the Kingdom of Macedonia on the necks of Greece and of Asia as the yoak of their servitude THE SEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE MAcedonia was heretofore called Aemathia after the name of their King Emathion the first experiments of whose vertue were extant in those places Their beginnings were but small and their bâ—unds but narrow the people were called Pelasgi and the Country Boeotia But afterwards by the prowess of their Kings and the industry of their Nation having first subdued their borderers and after them other People and Nations they extended their Empire to the furthest bounds of the Orient Telegonus the father of Astriopaeus whose name we have received amongst the most famous Commanders in the Troâ—on war was said to reign in the Country of Poeonia which now is a part of Macedonia On the other side in Europa there raâ—gned Europus by name But Caranus with a vast multitude of the Grecians being commanded by the Oracle to loâ—k out a seat for hâ—mâ—n Macedonia when he came into Emathia he unexpectedly possessed himself of the City of Edissâ— he Inhabitants not perceiving it by reason of a tempest and a great mist that did attend it In this expedition he followed the conduct of a slock of Gâ—â—ts who â—led towards the Town from the violence of the tempest and calling the Oracle into his memory by which he was commanded to seek out a place to rule in the Goats being his leaders he made that City the â—eat of his Kingdom and whithersoever afterwards â—e advanced he religiously observed to have the same Goats before his Ensigns to be the Leaders on in his enterprize who were the authors of his Kingdom for the memory of this event he called the City Edissa Aegaea and the people Aegaeâ—des After this Midas being forced away for he also possessed a part of Macedonia and some other Kings with him he alone succeeded into the place of them all and having united the Nations into one he brought the several people of Macedonia into one body and the Kingdom increasing he made the foundaâ—ion strong with an intent to raise it higher After him Perdicas reigned whose life was famous and his last words at his death were as memorable as the precepts of the Delphian Oracle for full of age and dying he shewed to his Son Argaeus the place where he would be buryed and commanded that not onely his own but the bodies of all who succeded him in his Kingdom should be interred the same place presaging that if the Relicks of his Successors should be buryed there the Kingdom should perpetually continue in that Family And it is superstitiously believed that the issue failed in Alexander because he changed that place of Sepulchre Argaeus having governed the Kingdom moderately and with the love of the people did leave Philip his
the flames of the neighbouring war should whirle upon them A league being therefore made betwixt the two Cities that not long before were at the greatest enmity they wearved Greece with their Ambassadors alleadging that the common Enemy was to be repelled by the common strength for they said that Philip would not leave off if the affairs at first succeeded according to his minde until he had subdued all Greece unto him Some Cities being perswaded by the Athenians did unite themselves unto them but the fear of the war did draw many unto Philip the battel being begun when the Athenians did much exceed in the number of the Souldiers they were overcome by the valor of the Macedons inured to daily wars howsoever they fell not unmindful of their antient glory for with honourable wounds they dying did all cover that place of the field with their bodies which their Captains did assign them to fight in This day did set a period to all Greece in the respect of their antient liberty and the glory of the Soveraignty of their command The joy of this Victory was craftily dissembled by Philip for he did not observe it as a day consecrated to Triumphs he was not seen to laugh at the banquet he neither crowned his head nor anointed his body and as much as in him was he so overcame that no man could perceive him to be a Conqueror He commanded that he should not be called the King but the Captain of Greece and he so tempered himself betwixt a silent joy and the publick grief of his Enemies that his own Souldiers could not observe him to rejoyce nor his Enemies to insult And though the Athenians were alwaies most pernicious to him yet he sent home their prisoners without ransome and restored the carkasses of the dead to burial and of his own accord gave order that they should be carryed to the Sepulchers of their Fathers Moreover he sent his Son Alexander and his friend Antipater to Athens to establish a firm friendship and a peace betwixt them But he was not so indulgent to the Thebans for he not onely sold their Captives but also the carkasses of their slain Some of the Rulers of that City he beheaded some he forced into banishment and seized on all their goods and restored those into their Country who had been banished from it out of which number he appointed three hundred to be the Judges and Rulers of the City by whom when some of the most powerful of the Citizens were accused that unjustly they had driven them into banishment they were of that constancy they all in general confessed that they were all the Authors of it and with confidence affirmed that it was better with the Commonwealth by far when they were condemned persons then it could be now when they were restored A wonderful confidence it was they passed a sentence as well as then they could on the Judges of their lifes and deaths and did contemn that absolution which their Enemies could give them and because they could not revenge by deeds they assumed to themselves a liberty by words The affairs being thus composed in Greece Philip commanded that Ambassadors out of all the Cities should be called to Corinth to consider on the present occasions and to provide for the future He there appointed to all Greece a condition of Peace according to the merits of every City and chose to himself a Counsel and as it were a Parliament out of all The Lacedemonians onely did despise both the Law and the Law-giver affirming that it was a slavery and not a peace which was imposed upon them by the Conqueror and did not proceed from the Cities After this the Auxiliaries of every City were listed by whom the King was to be assisted against any invasion or he being their General was to make war himself with them and to lead them forth against any Nation for it was not doubtful that the Empire of the Persians was the design of these great preparations The number of his Auxiliaries of foot were two hundred thousand and fifteen thousand horse Besides these there was the Army of Macedonia and an Army of the barbarous Nations who were contiguous to them In the beginning of the Spring he sent three of his cheif Commanders into that part of Asia which was under the power of the Persians Parmenio Amyntas and Attalus whose sister he had lately marryed Olympias the Mother of Alexander being repudiated upon the suspition of incontinence In the mean time until the Auxiliaries of Greece might be drawn into one body he did celebrate the Nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra and of Alexander whom he had made King of Epirus The day was remarkable for the magnificence of the two Kings the one marrying the other giving his daughter in marriage Neither was there wanting the delightfulness of Enterludes to the beholding whereof when Philip passed without a guard between the two Alexanders his Son-in-law and his own Son Pausanias one of the Nobility being suspected by no man did kill King Philip as he was passing through the crowd and made the day destined to mirth and marriage black with the lamentation of a Funeral This Pausanias about the fourteenth yeer of his age was enforced to be a prostitute to Attalus to which indignity this ignominy was added that Attalus having afterwards brought him into the Banquet and made him drunk with wine did not onely expose him to his own lust but to the lust of all his guests and rendred him a common laughing stock amongst them all Which Pausanias with great indignation resenting did oftentimes complain of it to Philip And finding that he was both deluded and delayed in his just complaints and that his Adversarie moreover was honoured with a new addition of power and greatness he converted his anger against Philip himself and that revenge which he could not have on his Adversary he took on his unrighteous Judge It is also believed that he was encouraged to it by Olympias the Mother of Alexander and that Alexander himself was not ignorant of the murther of his Father for Olympias was no less troubled at her divorce and that Cleopatra was perferr'd above her then Pausanias was at the violation of his honour It was conceived also that Alexander suspected that his brother begot of his Step-mother did aspire unto the Kingdom and so far the jealousie did advance it self that at a former Banquet he first quarrelled with Attalus and afterwards with his Father insomuch that Philips did follow him from the Table with a drawn Sword and was hardly deteined by the intreaties of his friends from the slaughter of his son Wherefore Alexander did first convey himself with his Mother to his Uncle in Epirus and from thence to the Kings of the Illyrians and was hardly afterwards reconciled to his Father and with much difficulty was perswaded by his kinsmen to return unto him Olympias also did sollicite her brother Alexander the
of them all with all their children were put to death that there should not be so much as a shadow to be seen of so great a villany After this Artaxerxes having contracted a disease by the excess of grief deceased himself a happier King then a Father The Inheritance of the Kingdom by order of succession was devolved on Occhus who fearing the like conspiracy did fill the Court with the slaughter of his kinsmen and the ruins of the Princes being touched with no compassion in the respect either of blood or sex or age belike that he might not be more innocent then the Parricides his brothers And having as it were thus purified his Kingdom he made war upon the Armenians in which one of the Enemies having sent a challenge to try his force in Arms with any in a single fight Codoman with the good opinion of all advanced to encounter him who the Enemy being slain did restore both victory to the Persians and almost their lost glory For this atchievement so gallantly performed he was made Governor of the Armenians and in the process of time after the death of Occhus in the memory of his ancient valor he was chosen King by the people and being honoured with the name of Darius that nothing might be wanting to the regal Majesty he a long time mannaged the war with great courage but uncertain fortune against Alexander the Great at the last being overcome by him and slain by his own kinsmen he ended his life with the Empire of the Persians THE ELEVENTH BOOK OF IVSTINE AS there were divers Nations in the Army of Philip so he being slain there were divers agitations of minds in his Army Some being oppressed with the injury of servitude did advance themselves to some hope of liberty others not pleased with the tediousness of so remote a war did rejoyce that the expedition would be remitted Some there were who lamented that the torch lighted for the marriage of the daughter should be now imployed to be put under the pile of the Father And no small fear it was that possessed his friends at so sudden a Change of the affairs revolving in their minds how much Asia was provoked before Europe was subdued and how unfaithful and uncertain were the Illyrians the Thracians and Dardaneans and others of the barbarous Nations that were adjacent to them which people if they should all revolt together it was impossible to redress it In these destractions the coming of Alexander was as a Soveraign remedy who in a set speech did for the present so perswade and comfort the Souldiers that he took off all fear from the timerous and did raise the opinion of all into a great hope of him He was then but twenty yeers of age in which he so moderately promised so much that it might appear to all that he reserved more for the proof He gave to the Macedonians the immunity of all things unless a discharge from the wat 's by which he so much attracted their love that they said they had changed onely the body but not the vertue nor the valor of the King The first care he had was for his Fathers obsequies at which he gave a charge above all things that all who were guilty of his Fathers death should be slain before the Tombe of his Father he onely reprieved Alexander the brother of the Lyncestae preserving in him the inaguration into his dignity for he was the first that did salute him King He also took care that his brother Caraunus born of his Step-mother who aspired to the Kingdom should be put to death In the first beginning of his Reign he awed many Nations that were about to rebel appeased divers seditions in the East and joyful at the success of his proceedings he marched privately into Greece where having called all the Cities to Corinth after the example of his Father he was made General in his place After this he did go on with the preparations for the Persian war which was begun by his Father and being altogether imployed to make provision for it he was enformed that the Athenians Thebans and Lacedemonians had revolted from him to the Persians and that the Author of that treachery was Demosthenes the Orator who was corrupted by the Persians with a great sum of gold He alledged that all the Forces of the Macedonians were overthrown by the Triballians with their King and in his speech composed for that purpose he produced his Author before the people who affirmed that he was wounded in the same battel wherein the King was slain By which report the resolutions of almost all the Citizens being startled they resolved to shake off the Garrisons of the Macedons to meet with and to prevent these difficulties he marched into Greece with so much speed and with so gallant and so prepared an Army that whom they knew not of to come they could hardly believe they saw In his way he exhorted the Thessalians and did put them in minde of the benefits of Philip his Father to them and of the neer relations of his Mother descended from the generation of the Aeacidans His exhortation was agreeable to the Thessalians they created him General of Greece after the example of his Father and delivered to him all their tributes and revenews But the Athenians as they were the first in the revolt so they began to be the first in repentance and turning the contempt of their Enemy into their admiration of him they extoll'd the youth of Alexander despised before above the vertue of the ancient Captains Ambassadors therefore being sent they besought a forbearance of the war Alexander having heard them and severely reprehended them did remit the war After this he advanced against the Thebans and would have exercised the same indulgence towards them if he had found the same repentance but the Thebans were resolved to make use of their Arms and not of entreaties or deprecations Being overcome they endured the heaviest punishments of the most miserable captivity When a Councel was called to debate on the utter destruction of the City the Phocensianâ— and Plataeans the Thespians and Orchomaenians the Associates of the Macedonians and the partakers with Alexander in this victory did demonstrate to him the ruines of their own Cities and the cruelty of the Thebans charging them with their inclinations towards the Persians against the liberty of Greece not onely for the present but for the continuance of many Ages for which cause the hatred of all people was upon them to be manifested by this that they have all bound themselves by an oath the Persians being overcome to pull down Thebes To this they added the fables of their former abhominations with which they have filled all Scenes insomuch that they are to be abhorred not onely for their present treachery but for their ancient infamy Eleadas one of the Captives having obtained liberty to speak did alledge that they did not revolt from the King
did prevail much upon him who was his familiar acquaintance and bred up with him in the School of Aristotle and was at that time sent for by him to commit his Deeds to History Having therefore called back his mind to the war he took into his protection the Dracons and Chorasmians who did submit unto him Not long after to make himself yet more hateful he commanded that he should not only be worshipped but adored which was the onely thing he had forborn in the proud imitation of the Persian Kings Calisthenes was the most sharp and resolute of all that did contradict it which brought a destruction both on him and many others of the Princes of the Macedons for they were all put to death under the pretence of treason Netheless the Macedons would not admit of adoration but onely retained the Custom of saluting their King After this he marched into India to bound his Empire with the Ocean and the farthest East to which glory that the ornaments of his Army might be agreeable he cover'd with silver the trappings of their horses and the arms of his Souldiers and from their silver bucklers he called his Army Argyraspidae When he came unto the City of Nysa the Inhabitants not resisting him by reason of their religious confidence in the assistance of their god Bacchus by whom that City was builded he commanded that it should be spared being glad that he followed not onely the Militia but the foot steps of the god After this he did lead his Army to the sight of the holy Hill which was cloathed with Vines and lvie the goods of Nature and that so elegantly as if it had been adorned by the art and industry of the hand of the Planter But his Army was no sooner marched to the Hill but transported with a sudden rapture they did by instinct break forth into the sacred ululations of the God and to the amazement of the King did run up and down without any prejudice that he might understand that by sparing the Inhabitants he provided as well for his Army as for them From thence he marched to the Hills of Dodalus and to the Kingdom of Queen Cleophis who having yielded her self unto him she received back her Kingdom having redeemed it by granting him the use of her body obtaining that by wantonness which she could never have purchased by the force of arms She called her son Alexander who was begotten by him who afterwards enjoyed the Kingdom of the Indians Queen Cleophis by reason of this violation of her chastity was afterwards called by the Indians The royal Whore Having marched almost through India when he came to a Rock as wonderful in its bigness as in the difficulty of its ascent into which many Nations fled he understood that Hercules was by an Earthquak prohibited from the taking of it Being therefore transported with a desire to overcome the Acts and Labors of Hercules with infinite difficulty and danger he became master of it and took into his protection all the Nations in that place One of the Kings of the Indians was called Porus as admirable by the strength of his body as by the greatness of his minde who having understood before of the advance of Alexander had prepared an Army to entertain him The battels being joyned he commanded his Army to invade the Macedons and demanded for their King being resolved as a private Enemy to fight with him hand to hand Alexander made no delay to answer him and in the first encounter having fallen head-long to the ground his horse being killed under him he was preserved by the concourse of his Guard Porus being almost covered with blood from many wounds which he received was taken Prisoner and with such indignation grieved that he was overcome that after his Enemy had given him quarter he would neither take any sustenance nor suffer his wounds to be dressed and with much difficulty was perswaded to be contented to live Alexander in the honour of his valour did send him back safe into his own Kingdom He erected there two Cities one called Nicaea the other Bucephale after the name of his horse After that having overthrown their Armies he took the Adrestrians Strathenians Passidams and Gangaritans when he came to the Euphites where they attended his coming with an Army of two hundred thousand horse all his Army being tired as well by the numbers of their Victories as by their labors did beseech him with tears that he would put at last a period to the war and once think upon a return into his Country they besought him to look upon the yeers of his Souldiers whose age would scarce suffice to their return some shewed him their gray hairs some their wounds some their bodies consumed with sickness and some their bodies with the loss of blood They onely they said were the men who enduced the continual war-fare of two Kings Philip and Alexander They did entreat him that he would restore their Relicts and what was left of them to the graves of their Fathers there being no defect in their zeal but in their age Howsoever if he would not spare his Souldiers that he would spare himself and not weary his good Fortune by too much oppressing it Being moved with these so just entreaties he commanded his Camp as to give an end to his Victories to be made more magnificent then was usual that by the large extents thereof both the Enemy should be terrified and an admiration of him should be left unto posterity His Souldiers did never undertake any work more readily and their adjacent Enemies being slain with a great joy they returned unto them From thence he marched to the River Acesines on which he sailed to the Ocean The Gesonae there and the Asybians two Nations of whom Hercules was the Founder did submit unto him from thence he sailed to the Ambrians and Sycambrians which Nations with fourescore thousand armed foot and threescore thousand horse were ready to receive him Having overthrown them in battel he did lead his Army to their Citie and being himself the first man that scaled the Walls when he found the City to be abandoned by its Defendants he leaped down without any Guard into it The Enemy when they did behold him alone with a great shout from every place ran towards him to try if in one man they could end the wars of the World and give a revenge to so many Nations Alexander did as resolutely resist them and did fight alone against so many thousands It is incredible to be spoken that not the multitude of his Enemies nor the pointed force of their weapons nor the cries and shouts they made provoking one another could any wayes affright him he alone did kill and put to flight so many thousands of them but when he perceiv'd that he began to be over-powred by their numbers he applyed himself to the body of a Tree that stood close unto the Wall by which defence
unpeopled City on the other side of Euphrates He was there importuned by Anaxarchus the Philosopher to despise again the presages of the Magicians as things false and uncertain and unknown to men if proceeding from the Fates or if from Nature not to be prevented Being returned therefore to Babylon after the leisures of many days he again prepared a solemn Feast which sometimes before he had intermitted where having devoted himself altogether to mirth in the excess of drinking he added night unto the day Thessalius Medius afterwards to a new Bower did invite both him and his Companions having taken the Cup into his hand in the middle of his draught he groaned as if he had been struck through with a sword and being carryed half dead from the Banquet he was tormented with so great a pain that to free himself of it he demanded for a sword and his body became so extreamly tender that he complained at the touches of his friends as if he had received so many wounds His friends divulged the cause of his disease to be a distemper by the excess of wine when indeed it was treason the infamy whereof the powerfulness of his Successors did suppress The Authour of the Treason was Antipater who when he beheld the dearest of his friends commanded to death his Son-in-law Alexander Lycestos slain and himself having done considerable service in Greece not respected only but also made distastful to the King and morever accused by his Mother Olympias for divers insolencies when he considered also some few daies before what were the punishments which the Lieutenants of the conquered Nations too cruelly indured and conjectured that he himself was called out of Macedonia not to the society of the war but to be a partaker of their punishment therefore to make sure work with the King he with poyson suborn'd his Son Cassander who with his brother Philip and Jolla were accustomed to minister unto him So great was the strength of this poyson that it could not be contained either in Iron or in Brass or in any shell and could no way be carryed but in the hoof of an horse Cassander was instructed that he should not commit the trust of it unto any but to Thessalus and his brothers For this cause therefore the Feast was prepared and renewed in the house of Thessalus Philip and Jollas who were accustomed to take an assay of the Kings Cup had the poyson ready in cold water and having tasted of the wine they put the poyson afterwards into it Four days afterwards Alexander finding that death undoubtedly was approaching he said that he acknowledged the fate of the Family of his Ancestors most of the Aeacidans dying about the thirtieth yeer of their age After this he pacified the Souldiers growing into tumults and suspecting that he perished by treason and being brought into the highest and the most conspicuous place of the City he did admit them all into his presence and gave them his right hand to kiss When they all wept he was seen to be not onely without tears himself but without the least show of a troubled minde and comforted some who impatiently did lament he gave to others his instructions to deliver from him to their Parents so invincible was his courage now against death as it was before against his Enemies The Souldiers being dismissed he demanded of his friends who stood round about him if they thought they should finde another King that was like unto him they all holding their peace he said that as he himself was ignorant of that so he was confident of this and did presage it and did almost with his eyes behold how much blood Macedonia should lose in this contention and with how many slaughters she would parentate to him being dead At the last he commanded his body to be burryed in the Temple of Hammon When his friends beheld him to faint away they demanded whom he would make heir of his Empire he made answer The most worthy So great was the magnitude of his minde that when he had left behind him his Son Hercules his brother Aridaeus and his wife Roxane great with child forgetting those obligations he did nominate the most worthy to be his heir as if it were a sin that any but a valiant man should succeed a valiant man or the wealth of so great an Empire should be left to any but to approved resolutions With these words as if he had sounded into his friends ears a charge unto the battel or had sent the evil spirit of discord amongst them they all grew immediatly jealous of one another and in a popular ambition did all tacitely seek the favour of the Souldiers On the sixth day being speechless having taken his Ring from his finger he delivered it to Perdicas which for the present did pacifie a little the growing dissention of his friends for although he was not named Heir by voyce yet by choyce he seemed to be elected Alexander deceased being three and thirty yeers of age and one month a man endued with a mightiness of spirit above the capacity of men On that night when his Mother Olympias did conceive him she seemed in her sleep to have commerce with a great Serpent neither was she deceived in her dream which by God was presented to her for undoubtedly she had in her womb a burden above the condition of mortality and although the generation of the Aeacidans from the first memory of Ages and the Kingdoms of her Father brother and husband and of her Ancestors before them did render his mother most illustrious yet she was not more famous by any Title then by the name of her Son There appeared also many presages of his greatness on the day of his birth for two Eagles flying all that day round about the place did pearch at last upon the Battlements of his Fathers Court prognosticating unto him the two Empires of Europe and Asia and on the same day his Father received the glad tidings of two Victories the one in Illyria and the other in the Olympick race to which places he sent some Chariots drawn all with four horses which portented to the Infant the victory of the whole World He was of an admirable apprehension in the study of letters and having passed his minority he for the space of five yeers had his education under Aristotle the most excellent of all the Philosophers Being invested in his Fathers Kingdom he commanded that in his Title he should be called King of all Lands and Lord of the World So great a confidence had his Souldiers in him that he being present they feared not though unarmed the arms of any Enemy He therefore never encountred any Enemy whom he did not overcome nor besieged any City which he did not take nor invaded any Nation over whom he did not triumph At the last he was overcome not by any prowess of the Enemy but by Treason and the Civil fraud of his own Subjects
and to see them with their own blood to parentate to the ghosts of their Enemies whom they had slain When Perdiccas had spoken this according to that excellent eloquence which was natural in him he so prevailed upon the Footmen that his Counsels being approved he was chosen General by them all The Horse at the same time being reduced into concord with the Footmen did chose Aridaeus for their King But a portion of the Empire was reserved for the Son of Alexander if a Son were born unto him When this was done the dead body of Alexander was placed in the midst of them that the Majesty of it should be a witness to their Decrees These things being composed Antipater was made Governor of Macedonia and of Greece The custody of the Treasure was committed to Craterus The care of the Army and of all Military affairs was assigned to Meleager and Perdiccas And Aridaeus was commanded to convey the body of Alexander unto the Temple of Ammon Perdiccas being incensed against the Authors of the sedition did on a sudden his Colleague being ignorant of it command that there should be a lustratiâ—n of the Army for the death of the King and having brought the Army into the Field all men agreeing to it he privately commanded that the seditious persons should be called out of every Band and delivered to punishment Being returned the Provinces were by him divided amongst the Princes that at once he might remove the Emulators and make the allotments in the Empire the benefit of his bounty Aegypt in the first place and a part of Africa and Arabia did come by lot to Ptolomy whom Alexander from an ordinary Souldier had advanced for his Chivalry Cleomenes who builded Alexandria was commanded to deliver that Province to him Laomedon the Mitylaenean received Syria which bounded on it Philotas with his Son received Cilicia and Illyria Acropatus was Governor of Media the greater and Alcetes the brother of Perdiccas was set over Media the less Susia and the Nat on thereabouts was assigned to Synus and Phrygia the greater was assigned to Antigonus the Son of Philip Learchus obtained Lycia and Pamphilia Cassander was to command Caria and Menander Lydia Thracia and the Countries nâ—er to the Pontick Sea were given to Lysimachus and Cappadocia and Paphlagonia to Eumenes The chief Tribunalship of the Camp was given to Seleuchus the Son of Antiochus Cassander the Son of Antipater was set over the Life-guard of the King The former Lieutenants were retained in the further Bactria and the Kingdoms of India but Taxiles commanded all betwixt the two Rivers Hydaspes and Indus Phiton the Son of Agâ—nor was sent into the Colonies planted amongst the Indians Axiarches was to command the Parapomeni and bounds of the Mounâ—aâ—n Caucasus Statanor was set over the Dracans and Argaeans and Amyntas the Bractrians Sythaeus obtained the Sogdians Nicanor the Parthians Philip the Hyrcanians Phratafarnes the Armenians Neoptolemus the Persians Peucestes the Babylonians Arthous the Pelasgians and Archeâ—ilaus the Mesopotamians This division of the Empire which was as a fatal gift to every one did prove unto many a subject of great additions for not long after as if they had divided Kingdoms and not Lieutenantships being made Kings of Lieutenants they purchased great wealth for themselves and dying left it to their posterity When this was done in the East the Athenians and Aetolians with all their power did proceed in the war which they undertook Alexander being alive The occasion of the war was That Alexander returning out of India did send letters into Greece by which the banished of all Cities were restored those onely excepted who were guilty of murther These Letters being read all Greece being present at the Olympick Fair a great combustion did arise because many of the banished men were driven from their Country not by the Laws but by the faction of the Princes who feared that being called back they might grow more powerful then themselves in the Common-wealth Many Cities dâ—d therefore openly murmur and declared that their liberty was to be vindicated by war The Athenians and Aetolians were the chief sticklers in it Which when it was reported to Alexander he commanded that a Fleet of one thousand ships should be in readiness with which he would prosecute war in the West resolving with a strong power to level Athens to the ground The Athenians therefore having drawn an Army together of thirty thousand Souldiers and two hundred ships did make war against Antipater who by lot was Governor of Greece and delaying the battel and protecting himself within the Walls of Heraclea the Athenians did close besiege him At the same time Demosthenes the Athenian Orator who was driven from his Country being condemned for bribery having received a sum of gold from Harpalus and who fled from the cruelty of Alexander having perswaded the City to war against him did lead a banished life at Megarae who when he understood that the Athenians had sent Hyperides their Ambassador to sollicite the Pelopennensians to joyn in war with them having followed him to Syceon he by his Eloquence joyned Arges Corinth and other Cities to the Athenians For which he was called back from banishment the Athenians having sent a ship to meet him in the way In the mean time Antipater being besieged in Heraclea Leosthenes the Captain of the Athenians was slain with a dart from the Wall as he came to give some directions in the Leaguer which so encouraged Antipater that he sallyed forth and possessed himself of some of the works of the Enemies After that he by his Ambassadors desired help of Leonatus who when he marched to his assistance the Athenians meeting him with a gallant Army and having given him battel on horse-back he received a grievous wound of which he dyed Antipater although he beheld his Auxiliaries were overcome yet he in wardly rejoyced at the death of Leonatus for he gratulated himself that his emulator was taken from him and that the remainder of his fortes was come unto him Therefore with this addition to his Army when he appeared to be equal to his Enemy in strength having raised the siege he marched into Macedonia Whereupon the Forces of the Grecians the Enemy being driven from their Confines did steal away into their own Cities In the mean time Perdiccas having made an unjust war on Ariarathes the King of the Cappadocians and being Conqueror in the battel did bring nothing from him but wounds danger for the Cappadocians flying from the fight into the City having slain their own wives and children did set their own houses on fire with all the Forces which they had and having brought thither all their wealth they threw both it and themselves into the flame so that their Enemies the Conquerors of them their Possessions did enjoy nothing but only the spectacle of the fire After this that by his power he might arrive to royal Authority he pretended to the
of Alexander when the Provinces were divided amongst his Successors the most fierce of all the Nations were assigned to him as the most valiant of them all so much he did exceed the rest by the approbation of them all But before the war was carryed on betwixt Ptolomy and his Associates against Antigonus Seleucus marched down from Asia the greater being a new Enemy unto him famous also was the vertue of Seleucus and his Original admirable for his mother Laodice being married to Antiochus a great Commander in the Army of Philip did seem in her sleep to have conceived with child by Apollo and to have received a Ring from him the reward for the use of her body In this Ring there was a Gem and an Anchor engraven on it which she dreamed she was commanded at her delivery to give to her Son for a gift This apparition was truly wonderful for on the next day the Ring with the Anchor engraven on it was found in the bed and the figure of an Anchor was apparently to be seen on the thigh of Seleucus when he was born Seleucus going afterwards into the Persian war with Alexander the Great Laodice did give that Ring unto him having first taught him the original of his pedigree After the death of Alexander having possessed himself of the Kingdom of the East he did build a City and consecrated it to the memory of the Gem of his original for he called the City Antiochia after the memory of Antiochus his Father and consecrated to Apollo the Fields adjoyning to it The argument of his original did remain to his posterity for his Sons and Grandsonâ— had all of them the impression of an Anchor on their thighs as a natural mark oâ— their Family He made many wars in the East after the division of the Macedonian Empire betwixt him and his Companions In the first place he surprized Babylon anâ— having encreased his strength by the victory he overcame the Bactrians and marched into India which after the death of Alexander haâ— killed his Lieutenants and shaken off from their necks the yoak of servitude Sandrocottuâ— was the Author of this liberty which afterwards he turned into slavery for having possessed himself of the Kingdom he by tyranny oppressed the people whom he haâ— delivered from sorraign domination He was born of ignoble parentage but enforced to take upon him the Government of thiâ— Kingdom by the Majesty and providence of God For having offended Alexander by his petulance and being commanded to be killed he purchased his safety by the swiftness of his feet And being drousie and weary by the length of his travel a Lyon of a great bigness did approach unto him in his sleep and with his tongue wiped away the sweat which did run down his face and did gently leave him being awakned Being by this prodigy advanced to the hope of the Kingdom he sollicited the Indians to rebellion having drawn a company of Thieves to his assistance In the beginning of the war against the Lieutenants of Alexander an Elephant of an infinite bulk did of his own accord draw neer unto him and as if he had been tame by discipline did receive him on his back Sandrocottus became afterwards a great Leader and a famous master of the war and having thus gained the Kingdom he had possessed himself of all India at that time when Seleucus did lay the foundations of his future greatness who having made peace with Sandrocottus and settled his affairs in the East did march down to the war against Antigonus And the Armies of all the Associates being united the battel was fought in which Antigonus was slain and Demetrius his Son put to flight But the Associates the war with Antigonus being ended did again turn their arms upon themselves and not agreeing upon the booty were divided again into Factions Seleucus was joyned with Demetrius and Ptolomy with Lysimachus and Cassander being dead his Son Philip did succeed him and thus new wars did arise in Macedonia THE Sixteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFfter the death of King Cassander and his Son Philip Queen Thessalonica the wife of Cassander was slain not long afterwards by her Son Antipater she having besought and conjured him by her breasts that gave him suck to spare her life The cause of the Parricide was that after the death of her Husband she seemed to be more inclined to Alexander in the division of the Kingdom amongst the brothers This wicked act appeared to all men to be so much the more grievous there being not the lest evidence of any deceit in the Mother although in parricide no cause can be pretended to be just enough to defend the wickedness Alexander resolving to make war with his brother in the revenge of his Mothers death desired ayd of Demetrius and Demetrius in hope to obtain the Kingdom made nâ— delay to advance to his assistance and Lysimachus fearing his coming did perswade his Son-in-law Antipater to be reconciled to his brother and not permit the Enemy of his Father to enter into Macedonia when Demetrius had understood that there was an agreement made betwixt the brothers he killed Alexander by treacheries and having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Macedonia he called the Army to an Assembly to excuse the murther He alledged that Alexander had first of all a design upon him and that for his own part he rather prevented then committed treachery As for the Kingdom of Macedonia he said it was more due to him both for the experience of his age and for other considerations for his Father was Companion to King Philip and to Alexander the Great in all their wars and he was afterwards Governor of the children of Alexander and a General in their wars to prosecute those who revolted from them On the other side Antipater the Grandfather of these young men was alwayes a more inexorable minister of the Kingdom then the Kings themselves and Cassander their Father was the destroyer of the Royal Family who put to death both the wives and children of Alexander and ceased not till he had utterly destroyed the whole Progeny of him and because he could not light upon Cassander the revenge of these horrid murders was translated to his Sons for which cause Philip and Alexander if the spirits of the departed have any sense had rather that their Revengers then the Murderers of them and their Posterity should enjoy the Kingdom of Macedonia The people being pacified with these words he was saluted King of Macedonia But Lysimachus when he was oppressed with the war of Dromiches King of the Thracians least at the same time also he might be enforced to fight with Demetrius he made a peace with him having delivered to him the other part of Macedonia which belonged to his Son-in-law Antipater Therefore Demetrius being possessed with all the strength of the Kingdom of Macedonia did resolve to seize upon Asia when Ptolomy Seleucus and Lysimachus having made a proof before
of what force was Concord did enter into a League together and having amassed their Forces into one body they 〈◊〉 the war against Demetrius into Europe Pyrrhus King of Epirus did joyn himself unto them as their Companion in the war hoping that Demetrius could lose Macedonia as easily and as suddenly as he obtained it neither was he deceived in his expectation For his Army being corrupted and himself put to flight he left his Kingdom to the Conquerors In the mean time Lysimachus killed his Son-in-law Antipater complaining that the Kingdom was taken from him by his deceit and committed into Custody his own Daughter Euridice the companion of his complaints And thus all the Family of Antipater partly by slaughter partly by punishment became so many sacrifices to satisfie the revenge of the Ghost of Alexander both for his own death and for the destruction of all his off-spring Demetrius also being surrounded by so many Armies when it was in his power to die honourably chose shamefully rather to deliver himself to Seleucus The war being ended Ptolomy dyed full of the glory of his atchievements He against the law of Nations delivered the Kingdom to his youngest Son not long before the last infirmity of his Age and afterwards did give a reason of it to the people the favour which the young man gained was no less in receiving then was his Fathers in delivering the Scepter Amongst other Examples of mutual piety betwixt the Father and the Son it procured the young man many respects of love amongst the people that his Father having publickly delivered his Kingdom to him did privately attend upon him amongst the Guard affirming that to be the Father of a King was more honourable then to enjoy any Kingdom whatsoever But discord an assiduous evil amongst equals had moved a new war betwixt Lysimachus King Pyrrhus Associates not long before against Demetrius Lysimachus being the Conqueror having routed Pyrrhus did possess himself of Macedonia He afterwards did make war against the Thracians and not long after against the Heraclians the beginning and the ending of whose City was admirable For the pestilence raging in Boeotia the Oracle at Delphos answered that they should plant a Colony in the Country of Pontus which they should dedicate to Hercules When it was omitted by reason of the fear of the long and dangerous voyage by Sea every man desiring rather to die in his own Country the Phocensians made war against them and being after vanquished by them they again had recourse to the Oracle which answered That the remedy was the same both for the war and the pestilence Therefore a considerable Colony being drawn together and brought to Metapontus they builded the City of Heraclea and because they were brought thither by the Ordinance of the Destinies in a short time they obtained greaâ— possessions This City afterwards maintained many wars against their Neighbours and much they suffered by dissentions at home Amongst other passages of magnificence this one is memorable When the Athenians were masters of all and the Persians were overcome it was ordered by the Athenians that the tribute of Asia and of Greece should be for the maintenance of their Navie all other Cities readily submitting for their own safety the Heraclians onely refused by reason of their ancient friendship with the Kings of Persia Malaâ—tus therefore being sent with an Army to force them to Contribution which they were resolved not to pay whiles he was plundering their Country having left his ships in their Harbour there did arise on a sudden so great a tempest that he lost all his Fleet with the greatest part of his Army therefore when they could not return by Sea having lost all their ships nor durst adventure to return by Land with so small an Army amongst so many warlike Nations the Heraclians thinking it more honourable to confer a benefit then to revenge a discourtesie did send them home furnished both with Seamen and Provisions believing that herein they had provided well for themselves and for their Fields having by this act confirmd those to be their friends who were before their Enemies Amongst many other calamities they also indured the heavie burthen of Tyranny for when the common people did too impotently demand new tables and a levelling proportion to be shared amongst them in the Fields of those who were rich the business being often debated in the Senate when it could not be determined the Senate desired ayd of Timotheus General of the Athenians and not long after of Epaminondas General of the Thebans but both of them refusing it they had recourse to Clearchus whom they themselves had forced into banishment So great was the necessity of their calamities that they called him back to the defence of their Countrie whom they had commanded never to return unto it But Clearchus returning more wicked from his banishment conceiving this dissention of the people to be a prompt occasion offered to him to exercise his tyranny he had first a conference with Mithridates the Enemy of his Citizens and having entred into a League he compounded with him to be made his Lieutenant and to betray the City to him as soon as he was called back into his Country Afterwards he turned the treachery which he had prepared for the Citizens against Mithridates himself For being returned from banishment as the Arbitrator of the civil discord the time being appointed in which he should deliver the City to Mithridates he took him Prisoner with his friends and having received a vast sum of money for his ransom he delivered him being taken And as to Mithrdates he suddenly made himself an Enemy of a friend so being called back to defend the cause of the Senate he immediately became the Patron of the people and not only incensed the people against the Authors of the power by whom he was called back into his Country and by whom he was placed at the helm of Government but exercised his usurped power in the highest demonstrations of Cruelty and Tyranny The people therefore being called to an Assembly he declared that he would be no longer present nor assist the Senate in their rage against the people but would take their parts if they persevered in their former cruelty and if they conceived themselves to be equal in strength to deal with them he would depart with his Souldiers nor have any hand in their civil discords but if they distrusted in their own strengths he would not be wanting to be a Protector to in them He desired them therefore to ask counsel of themselves whether they would command him to be gone or to remain their Companion in the common cause The people being excited with these words did transfer into his power the chief Government of all whiles they were incensed at the power of the Senate they delivered themselves their wives and children unto the domination of a Tyrant Clearchus having seized upon threescore of the Senators
of Sychaeus would come along unto him But Eliza in the dusk of the evening did put into the ships not onely the goods but the servants of the King who were sent by him to attend her in his removal to the Court and being carryed into the main she commanded them to throw into the Sea some great bags and sacks of sand which she said were all bags of gold and so made up and corded that by their handling they could not discover what the heavie burden was Then she melting into tears did implore Sichaeus with a mournful voyce that favourably he would receive his own wealth which he left and take those as sacrifices to his grave which were the cause of his death After this she sent for the servants of the King and declared to them that for her part she wished for death many yeers ago but grievous and dismal torments did hang over their own heads who had taken to satisfie the avarice of the Tyrant the wealth of Sychaeus for the hope of which the King had murdered him These words having shot a general fear into them she took them along with her as the companions of her flight and on that night also a prepared company of Senators did unite themselves unto her and under pretence of renewing the Sacrifices in the honour of Hercules whose Priest Sichaeus was they sought new habitations by a wilful banishment Sayling along the Coast they were first driven into the I le of Cyprus where the Priest of Jupiter by the admonition of the god did offer himself a companion to Eliza with his wife and children to be a partaker of her fortune having agreed with her to have for himself and his posterity the perpetual honor of the Priesthood The condition was taken for a manifest token of a good fortune to come It was the custom of the Cyprians to send their Virgins on set days before their marriage to the Sea-shore to provide themselves a Dowry by the use of their bodies and to offer sacrifice afterwards to Venus for the rest of their chastity Eliza commanded that fourscore of the youngest of them should be taken away and carryed to her ships that so both the young men she took with her might enjoy wives and her City grew numerous by Posterity In the mean time Pygmalion having understood the flight of her sister and resolving to prosecute her with an impious war he was with much difficulty restrained by the entreaties of his Mother and by the threatnings of the gods the Prophets by inspirations presaging to him that he should not go unpunished if he hindred the beginnings of a City which promised to be the most flourishing one in the World by this means Eliza and those who fled with her had leave to breathe therefore being brought into the Coasts of Africa she sollicited the Inhabitants rejoycing at the arrival of Strangers and the Commerce of Traffick with them to make friendship with her Having then bought a place no larger then what might be incompassed with the Hide of an Ox in which she might refresh her Associates weary with their long travel until she advanced further she divided and did cut the Hide into long and thin thongs by which artifice she gained a far larger extent of ground then she seemed to desire by reason whereof the place was afterwards call'd The Burss The Neighbors out of every Country in a short time did in great numbers resort thither and in hope of gain brought many things to be bought by their new Guests and making Booths to vent their Commodities it appeared by the frequency of the people like a new City The Ambassadors also of the Vticensians did bring presents to them as to their kindred and did exhort them to build a City where they had made their mansion The Africans also had a great desire to entertain these new Inhabitants therefore Carthage was builded by the general consent of all the Tyrians paying a yeerly Tribute for the ground on which the City was builded In the first foundations of the City there was found the head of a Bullock which was the token indeed of a fruitful Earth but of a labourious and a servile City wherefore they translated the City into another place There the head of an horse portending that they should be a waâ—like and powerful people did give a happy auspication to the original of their City The Nations coming in throngs to give their judgement on this new City in a short time both the people and the City were greatly enlarged The affairs of the Carthaginians flourishing thus in continual success Hiarbas King of the Mauritanians having sent ten of his Princes to them he demanded Eliza for wife and threatned to make war upon them if they should deny him The Ambassadors fearing to declare their Message to the Queen they dealed with her according to the capritiousness of the Punick apprehension and expressed to her that the King desired to have one who should teach the Africans more refined Arts and manners but none of their own consanguinity could be found who would come unto them living like Barbarians and not to be distinguished from the manners of beasts Being then reproved by the Queen if they themselves would refuse any difficulty or travel for the improvement of their Country to which if necessity did require they did owe their lives they delivered to the Queen the mandats of the King alledging that if she intended well to her own City she must do that her self which she prescribed unto others Being circumvented by this deceit having with many tears and great lamentation invoked the name of Sichaeus she at last made answer That she would go whether her own stubborn fortunes and the destinies of her City did call her For which having taken the space of three Monthes she at the end thereof erected a huge pile of wood in the Suburbs of her City and as she would appease the ghost of her Husband she slew many sacrifices and having a drawn sword in her had she did ascend the funeral pile and looking back on her people she told them that she would go to her Husband accordingly as he had enjoined her and ended her life with the sword As long as Carthage was unconquered she was afterwards honoured for a Goddess This City was builded before Rome threescore and twelve yeers and as it was famous for war so the state thereof at home was troubled with much contention When amongst many other calamities they were afflicted also with the plague they used the Religion of a most bloody devotion an abhomination for their remedy for they offered men in Sacrifice and laid their children on their bloody Altars whose Infancy would have provoked their Enemies to compassion and with their blood they desired peace of the gods for whose life the gods were accustomed by other Nations to be devoutly importuned The gods therefore being averse to so horrid an impiety when
a long time they had fought unfortunately in Sicily the war being translated into Sardina they were overthrown in a great battel having lost the best part of their Army for which they commanded Macheus under whose conduct they had subdued a part of Sicily and performed great atchievements against the Africans to be banished with the part of the Army which remained Which the Souldiers took so heavily that they sent Ambassadors to Carthage who in the first place were to desire the liberty to return into their Country and a pardon for their unhappy warfare and if not to declare unto them That if they could not obtain it by entreaties they would command it by arms When the threatnings as well as the Petitions of the Ambassadors were despised they not long after having embarked themselves did advance in arms unto the City There having called both the gods and men to witness that they came not to ruine but to be restored to their Country and to manifest to the Citizens that in the managing of the former war they wanted not valour but fortune having besieged the City and cut off all provisions from coming to it they brought the Carthaginians to the lowest desperation In the mean time Cartalo the Son of the banished Machaeus when he was sent for by his Father as he passed by the Leaguer in his return from Tyre to which place he was sent by the Carthaginians to carry the Tenths to Hercules out of the Sicilian prey which his Father took he returned answer That he would first discharge the obligations of publick Religion before the duties of private piety This answer although it much troubled his Father yet he durst not offer any violence to Religion Not long after the people having made Cartalo their Agent to desire that Machaeus would suffer provisions to be brought with safety to the City when he came unto his Father being cloathed in purple and the fillets of the Priesthood hanging down from his Miter his Father calling him aside did speak unto him And how darest thou wretch as thou art to approach into the presence of so many miserable Citizens cloathed in that purple glistering with gold How darest thou as it were in triumph to enter into our sad mournful Tents in such a slowing habit and ornaments of quiet felicity Couldst thou finde none else to whom to vaunt thy self was there no place so fit for thee as this Camp where is nothing to be represented but the sordid condition of thy Father and the reproaches of his unhappy banishment Not many daies since being sent for by me thou didst not onely proudly despise I will not say thy Father but I am confident the General of thy own Citizens And what shewest thou more in that purple and those Crowns then the titles of my Victories Since therefore thou wilt acknowledge nothing of a Father but the title onely of a banished man I am resolved to shew my self not like a Father but a Souldier and I will make thee an Example that none hereafter shall be so bold as to scorn the unhappy miseries of his Father having said this he commanded him to be fastned to a most high Cross in his gorgeous habiliments in the sight of the whole City Some few days afterwards he surprized Carthage and having called forth the people to an Assembly he complained of the injury of his banishment he excused the necessity of the war he forgave the contempt of his former Victories having punished the chief Authors of the injurious banishment of the miserable Citizens he pardoned all the rest And having put to death ten of the Senators he restored the City to her former Laws And not long after being accused to have affected the Kingdom he suffered double punishment both for the murder of his Son and for the violation of the liberties of his Country In his place Mago was chosen General by whose industry and courage the wealth of the Carthaginians and the limits of their Empire and their glory in the affairs of war increased THE Nineteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE MAgo the General of the Carthaginians having established their government by an orderly course of military Discipline and confirmed the strength of that City as well by the art of war as by his policy deceased having left behind him two Sons Asdrubal and Amilcar who treading in the pathes of their Fathers vertue did succeed as well in the greatness as in the genealogy of their Father Under their conduct war made against the Illyrians They fought also against the Africans demanding the Tribute for the ground of their City the payment whereof for many yeers was neglected But as the cause of the Africans was more just so their fortune was better And the war was concluded with them not by Arms but with the payment of the moneys And Asdrubal being grievously wounded dyed in Sardinia having delivered up the Government to his brother Amilcar The general lamentation in the City and his eleven Dictatorships and four Triumphs did make his death the more remarkable The courage also of the Enemy did encrease as if the Carthaginians had lost their Army with their Captain The people therefore of Sicilia having addressed themselves to Leonidas brother of the King of the Spartans by reason of the daily injuries committed by the Carthanigians the war between them continued long with various success Whiles these things were in action Ambassadors came to Carthage from Darius King of the Persians bringing an Edict with them in which the Carthaginians were forbidden to sacrifice men upon their Altars as also to eat the flesh of dogs they were also commanded to burn and not to bury in the ground the bodies of the dead they desired also ayd of the Carthaginians against the Grecians on whom Darius was resolved to make war But the Carthaginians refusing to send Auxiliaries by reason of the daily wars with their Neighbors did readily obey him in the rest lest that they might seem to be obstinate altogether Amilcar in the mean time was killed in the Sicilian war having left behind him three Sons Hamilco Hanno and Gisco Asdrubal also had the same number of Sons Annibal Asdrubal and Sapho by whom the affairs of the Carthaginians were governed in those times they invaded the Mauritanians and fought against the Numidians and the Africans were compelled to remit the Tribute which was demanded for their City Afterwards when so a great a Family of the chief Commanders began to be heavie to the City because they did act and determine all things of themselves the City made choyce of one hundred of the Senators unto whom the Generals returning from the war were to give an account of what they had done for the publick service that being under the power of this supream Court they might so in war dispose of their Commands that they might have a regard to Justice and to the Laws at home Amilco succeeded General in Sicily in the
Son Archagathus which when his Souldiers understood they were struck with so great a fear as if they had been all taken by their Enemies They declared that they were twice abandoned by their King in the midst of all their Enemies and that their safety was forsaken by him who ought by the Law of Arms to take care of their burial When they would have purchased their King who was received by the Numidians they were enforced to fly back unto their Tents but Archagathus was taken by them who had lost his Father in the error of the night In the mean time Agathocles had embarked himself for Syracusae in the same ships which brought him from Sicily He was a singular Example a King and yet the forsaker of his Army and a Father and yet the betrayer of his children But his Souldiers having articled for an agreement in Africa after the flight of the King did deliver themselves to the Carthaginians having first killed the Sons of Agathocles Archagathus being commanded to be slain by Archesilaus his Fathers old friend demanded of him what he thought that Agothocles would do by his children by whom he was made childless To whom he answered That it was enough for him to understand that they out-lived the children of Agathocles After this the Carthaginians sent Commanders into Sicilyâ— to prosecute the relicts of the war with whom on equal conditions Agathocles did conclude a peace THE Three and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE AGathocles King of Sicily having made peace with the Carthaginians subdued part of the Cities dissenting from him through confidence of their own strength Afterwards as if he had been confined too closely in the bounds of one Iland a part whereof in his first beginnings he could not presume so much as to hope for he transported his Army into Italy following the example of Dionysius who subdued many Cities in that Nation His first Enemies were the Brutii who appeared to him to be the most valiant and the most rich and by their situation most prompt to be injured by their neighbours for they had driven from Italy the Inhabitants of many Cities who had been Grecians and in war had overcome the Lucanians from whom they had derived their Original and had afterwards made peace with them on equal terms So great was the wildness of their nature that they would not spare their own Original For the Lucanians were accustomed to institute their children in the same Laws as the Lacedaemonians did For in their beginning to be striplings they were bred up in the Woods amongst the Shepherds without any to attend them and without any garment to put on or to lie down in that so in their first years they might inure themselves to hardness and frugality without any accommodation of the City Their food was what they got by Hunting their drink honey and milk and the chryâ—â—al of the Fountain And thus they by degrees were hardned to the labours of the war Fifty of their number were first accustomeâ— to plunder the Fields of their neighbours their multitude encreasing and sollicited by the prey they troubled all the Countries round about them Therefore Dionysius the Tyrant of Sicily being wearyed with the complaints of his Confederates did send six hundred Africans to suppress them whose Castle it being betrayed to them by a woman called Brutia they surprized and planted there a City the Shepheards flocking thither to behold and inhabit the new City called themselves Brutiâ— after the name of the woman Their first war was with the Lucanians the au hors of their original and being elevated with the victory over them when they had made a peace on equal terms they subdued the rest of their Neighbours and in a short time purchased so much wealth that they seemed formidable even unto Kings At last Alexander King of Epirus when he came with a great Army to the assiâ—â—ance of the Grecian Cities was destroyed by them with all his Forces whereupon the resolutions of them being inflamed by the success of their felicity they became terrible to their own Neighbors At last Agathocles being implored to invade them in the h pe of enlarg ng his Territories he passed from Sicily into I aly The Brutians being startled at the noise 〈◊〉 his approach did send Ambassadors into Sicily to him desiring his society and right â—and of friendship whom Agothocles deluded for having invited them to supper he promised them audience the next day and on the morning following he embarked his Army for Italy the Ambassadors suspecting no such thing But the event of the deceit was not fortunate for not long after the violence of his disease did enforce him to return into Sicily and being taken over all his body the pestiferous humour raging in all his nerves and every joynt he was assaulted as it were with an inward war of every member By this desperation of his Recovery a war began betwixt his Son and his Nephew both challenging the Kingdom as if he had been dead in this war his Son being slain his Nephew possessed himself of the Kingdom Agathocles when the painfulness of his disease and the difficulty of the cure and the anguish of his minde did daily encrease and one malady did grow upon and strive to overtake and exceed the former dispairing of his life did by Sea send back his wife Theogena to Aegypt from whence he fetched her and two small children which he begot of her with all his money family and Princely movables in which none of the Kings then living did exceed him fearing lest the fury of his Enemy who usurped and plundered his Kingdom should seâ—â—e on them also Nevertheless his wife would not be aâ— long 〈…〉 me plucked from the embraces of her sick husband and did beseech him That her departure might not be added to the cruelty of his Nephew and she might seem as unconscionably to forsake her husband as he to have made war against his Uncle she affirmed that when she marryed him she not onely undertook to be a partaker in his prosperities but in all fortunes whatsoever and would willingly purchase with the danger of her own life the sad happiness to receive the last breath of her husband and perform his funeral Rights in which she being gone there was none left to succeed her with that obsequiousness of piety which was due unto him His little children departing did hang upon their father and embraced him with many doleful complaints On the other part his wife who should see her husband no more did weary him with her kisses and no less miserable were the tears of the old man The Mother and Children bewailed the dying Father the Father bewailed his banished wife and children They at their departure lamented the melancholy estate of the old and sick man their Father he lamented the condition of his children and that they should be left in misery whom he had brought up unto the hope of a Kingdom
with a wicked but a manly boldness from his ravenous disposition he was called Hierax because in snatching away the goods from other men he followed not the life of a man but of a Bird of prey In the mean time Ptolomy when he understood that King Antiochus did advance to the ayd and help of Selencus made peace with Seleucus for ten years that he might not fight at once against two But peace being granted by the Enemy it was reversed by the Brother who having drawn unto him a mercenary Army of the Gauls in the stead of a Brother did render himself an Enemy In that war by the prowess of the Gauls Antiochus was Conqueror but the Gauls believing that Seleucus was slain in the battel did turn their swords against Antiochus himself believing they should plunder Asia with more freedom if they had destroyed all the Royal Progeny Which when Antiochus perceived he ransomed himself from them as from high-way men with gold and not long after entred into a league with his own mercenaries In the mean time Eumenes King of Bythinia his Brothers being dispersed and consumed with civil discords being as it were to invade the uncertain possession of Asia assaulted the Gauls and the Conqueror Antiochus at once who being weary c. many of them wounded in the former encounter it was not difficult for him to overcome them In that time all the wars were designed for the destruction of Asia and as one was more powerful then another he always seized upon Asia as a prey The two Brothers Seleucus and Antiochus did wage war for Asia Ptolomy King of Aegypt in pretence to revenge his sister did also greedily covet the Empire of Asia on this side Eumenes of Bythinia on the other side the Gauls being always a mercenary Army did make a prey of Asia and amongst so manythere was no man found to be a Defender of it Antiochus being overcome when Eumenes had possessed the greatest part thereof the two Brothers the booty being lost for which they made war could not yet agree amongst themselves but the forraign Enemy being neglected they did drive on a war for the mutual destruction of themselves In which Antiochus being overcome the second time and wearyed with flying which continued many dayes he at last directed his course to Artamenes his Father-in-law who was King of Cappodocia He having nobly entertained him at first did not long after contrive to take away his life by treachery which Antiochus having understood did provide for his safety by flight And when wandring up and down he could finde no place in which he might reside with safety he repaired to Ptolomy his Enemy conceiving his assurance to be more safe then his Brothers being either conscious what he intended to him or what he had deserved of him But Ptolomy being not to be reconciled to him did command him to be kept in close imprisonment from whence by the endeavors of a woman whom familiarly he knew he made an escape having deceived his Keepers and flying away he was seized upon and killed by Thieves Much at the same time Seleucus having lost his Kingdom being thrown from his horse did lose his life and thus these two brothers being Brothers also in banishment after the loss of their Kingdoms did suffer the punishment of their transgressions THE Eight and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE OLympias the Daughter of Pyrrhus King of Epirus having lost Alexander her husband who was also her Brother when she took upon her self the guardianship of her two Sons Pyrrhus and Ptolomy begotten by him and the Government also of the Kingdom the Aetolians attempting to force from her part of Acarnania which her husband had purchased with his sword she addressed her self to Demetrius King of Macedonia who having before espoused the sister of Antiochus King of Syria she delivered him her own Daughter Phytia in marriage also that so by the right of consanguinity she might obtain that assistance which she could not procure by Compassion The Nuptials therefore were solemnized by which the favour of the new marriage was confirmed and the offence for giving distast to the old was contracted But the first wife as if she had been divorced did of her own accord depart to her Brother Antiochus and did by importunitie inforce him to make war upon her husband The Arcanians also distrusting the Epirots did implore ayd of the Romans against the Aetolians and obtained of the Senate of Rome that Ambassadours should be sent who should command the Aetolians to withdraw their Garrisons from the Cities of Arcania and permit those to be free who onely heretofore refused to ayd the Grecians against the Trojans the Authors of their Original But the Aetolians returned a proud answer to the Ambassadors of Rome upbraiding them with the Carthaginians and the Gauls by whom they were oppressed with so many wars and so often absolutely overcome they told them that they must first open their Gates to fight against the Carthaginians which the fear of the Punick war had shut before they could translate their Army into Greece They desired them also to call to minde who they were whom they threatned the Romans they said could not defend their own Citie against the Gauls and it being taken they did not rescue it by the sword but redeemed it with Gold which Nation having invaded Greece with a far greater number they without any Auxiliaries received from strangers or from their own Country-men did totally overthrow and gave them that seat for their Sepulchers which they propounded to themselves for their Armies and their Empire On the other side the Romans trembling at the burning of their City did give the leisure to the Gauls to possess themselvs of almost all Italy They declared that the Gauls were first to be beaten out of Italy before they should impose any command upon the Aetolians and that they should first defend their own before they should undertake to protect the interests of others proceeded further in disdainful Interrogatories and what men are these Romans Shepherds who by robbery detained the Lands from their right Master who through the infamy of their discent could not provide themselves with Wives unless they took them by violence who erected their City by parricide and mingled the matter of the foundation with brothers blood They declared that the Aetolians were always Princes of Greece and exceeded others as much in dignity as in valor They were the onely men who always despised the Macedonians flourishing with the command and Soveraignty of the World who feared not King Philip who contemned the Edicts of Alexander the Great after his conquest of the Persians and the Indians when the world trembled under his Laws They therefore admonished the Romans to be contented with their present fortune nor provoke those Armies by whom they saw the Gauls were overthrown and the Macedons made contemptible And having thus dismissed the Roman Ambassadors that they might not
other side his enemies being round and he not contented only to defend his own Dominions desired to make War against the Aetolians and being full of the design Demetrius King of the Illyrians being lately overcome by Paul the Roman Consul did with an humble Petition address himself unto him complaining of the injury of the Romans who were not contented with the bounds of Italy but in an aspiring hope promising to themselves the Empire of all the World did make War upon all Nations Thus they affected the soveraignty of Sicily Sardinia and Spain and greedy after Africa made VVar with the Carthaginians and with Hannibal himself They also he said brought a war upon himself for no other cause but that he was a neighbour unto Italy as if it were a trespass for any King to Reign neer the bounds of their Empire but above all things he was to be an example of Admonition whose Kingdom by how much it was more noble and more neer unto them by so much the Romans would be his more eager Enemies He alledged that he would give a place to him in that Kingdom which the Romans had possessed it being more gracefull to him to see a friend and not an enemy to strive with him in the possession of the Soveraignty VVith this speech he enforced Philip to forbear the Aetolians and to make VVar upon the Romans conceiving the business of the VVar to be the less because he understood that they had been already beaten by Hannibal at the lake of Thrasimen Therefore at the same time that he might not be infested with mutual War he made peace with the Aetolians not that he desired to translate the War into another place but that he would take care for the safety of Greece which he affirmed was never in a greater danger For the Empires of the Carthaginians and of the Romans growing up to a great height in the West to whom the Kingdom of Macedonia was only a delay from being Masters of Greece and Asia they having tryed amongst themselves for the superiority the Conquerour would suddenly invade the East He said he beheld the cloud of that fierce and cruel War arising in Italy and the storms already thundring and lightning from the West which into whatsoever parts of the world the Tempest of the Victory should drive it would pollute all things with a crimson shower of blood Greece indeed he said had oftentimes indured vast motions of the Persians sometimes of the Gauls sometimes of the Macedons but all this would appear no more then a sport if that Army of the Romans which was now in Italy should pour it self into another Land He beheld what cruel and bloody Wars both the Nations of the Romans and Carthaginians amongst themselves did make being equal in the strength of their forces and in the conduct of their Generals which enmity could never be concluded with the destruction of one of the parties only without the ruine of their neighbours It was true indeed that the fierce minds of the Conquerours were less to be feared by the Macedonians then by the Grecians for they were more remote in their situation and more strong in their power to exercise their revenge howsoever he was confident moreover that those who now fought in Italy with so much might would not content themselves with that victory and they ought even in Macedonia to fear the approach of the Conquerors With this pretence the War being ended with the Aetolians Philip minding nothing more then the Wars against the Romans and Carthaginians did weigh with himself the strength of both Armies And the Romans themselves who were deeply engaged in the War with Hannibal were not free from the fear of the Macedons by reason of the ancient valour of the Macedons and the glory of the conquered East yong Philip being industrious prompt to the War withall inflamed with an emulation to tread in the victorious steps of Alexander did strike a new terrour into them Therefore Philip when he found that the Romans were overcome again by the Carthaginians in a second Battel professing himself to be an Enemy openly to the Romans he did begin to build ships to transport his Army into Italy He sent afterwards an Ambassador to Hannibal with Letters to enter into a League with him who being apprehended by the Romans and brought unto the Senate was dismissed without any prejudice not in honour to the King but that being yet but doubtfull they might not make him an undoubted Enemy When it was afterwards declared to the Romans that Philip would pass his forces into Italy they sent Levinus the Praetor with a Fleet well equipaged to hinder him in his passage who when he arrived in Greece he inforced the Aetolians with many promises to undertake a War against Philip. At the same time also Philip did sollicite the Aetolians to make War against the Romans In the mean time the Dardinians began to make spoil on the borders of Macedonia and having taken thence twenty thousand Captives they called back Philip from the Roman War to defend his own Kingdom Whiles these things were thus in action the Praetor Levinus having entred into a League with King Attalus did plunder Greece with which the Cities being dismayed they wearied Philip with their Embasseys desiring aid of him and the Kings of Illyria also with their daily supplications did importune him to perform his promise but aboveall the plundred Macedons desired revenge He being besieged with so great and so many difficulties did deliberate with himself what War he should first undertake and promised unto all that he suddenly would send ayd unto them not that he was able to perform what he promised but that having filled them with hope he might still keep them obliged in the Indentures of their association His first expedition was against the Dardanians who attending to make an advantage of his absence did threaten to fall upon Macedonia with a greater weight of War He made Peace also with the Romans being content that they had deferred the Macedonian War He had a design upon Philopemenes General of the Achaeans who as he had heard did privately sollicite the Romans and the tempers of their associates which being known and avoided he by his authority commanded the Achaeans to depart from his service THE Thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE PHilip being intent on great atchivements in Macedonia the manners of Ptolomy in Aegypt were far different from him for the Kingdom being obtained with the Parricide both of Father and Mother and the slaughter of his Brother being added to the murder of his Parents as if he had done very bravely in it he afterwards delivered up himself to luxury and the whole Country followed the dissolute manners of the King Therefore not only his friends and Lieutenants but all the Army having left off the Arts of War were corrupted with the looseness of the Court and became unarmed by sloth and riot Which
courage of their Souldiers for Hannibal and the Carthaginians and almost all the West were not overcome by any other Army but by those Souldiers who were then in the field with him The Souldiers on both sides being stirred up with those exhortations they joyned in Battel the one glorying in the conquest of the East the other of the West these carrying into the fight the ancient and obsolete Honours of their Ancestors and the others the flower of their Chivalry flourishing in the height of the present examples But the Roman fortune overcame the Macedonians And Philip having lost the battel desired Peace of the Consul Flaminius which being obtained he preserved still the name of a King and all the Cities of Thrace being lost as Members that had no interest in the ancient possession of the Kingdom he onely reserved the title of King of Macedonia but the Aetolians being offended because Macedonia was not taken from the King and given to them for a reward of their service did send Ambassadors to Antiochus who by flattering him with his greatness did perswade him to make War with Rome promising him that all Greece would be ready to assist him THE One and Thirtieth BOOK OF IVSTINE PTolomy surnamed Philopater King of Egypt being dead the tender age of his Son who was left to inherit the Kingdom being despised he became a prey to his own Subjects moreover Antiochus King of Syria had a design to dispossess him of Egypt Therefore when he had invaded Phaenicia and other Cities of Syria which belonged to the principality of Egypt the Senate of Rome did send Ambassadors to him to declare unto him that he should abstain from the Kingdom of the yong Prince which was bequeathed to their trust by the last Will of his Father But these Ambassadors being neglected by Antiochus not long after there was sent from Rome another Ambassy who making no mention of their Ward at all commanded that the Cities which by the right of War were under the People of Rome should wholly be restored to them Antiochus refusing it War was denounced against him which he as hastily did undertake as unfortunately he did manage At the same time Nabis the Tyrant did seize upon many Cities of Greece Whereupon the Senate that the Roman forces should not at the same time be detained in a double War did write unto Flaminius that if he thought good he should first free Greece from Nabis as he had delivered Macedonia from Philip. For this cause his Commission was prolonged The name of Hannibal did also make the war of Antiochus more terrible against whom his adversaries who envyed his name in Arms did in private accusations complain unto the Romans that he had entred into a League with Antiochus alledging that he being accustomed to military Commands and the arbitrary power of the sword would never be content to live under Laws and that he being weary of the peace of the City would be always looking after new causes of War which accusations although they were falsly reported yet amongst the fearfull they passed for truth The Senate being surprised with the fear of him did send Servilius Ambassador into Africa to discover his Designs and gave him private Instructions that if possibly he could he might kill him by his emulators and free the Roman people from the fear of so hated a Name But Hannibal was not long ignorant of the design being a man experienced both to foresee and to prevent dangers and preparing for adverse fortune in prosperity as thinking of prosperous fortune in adversity Therefore after he had the whole day presented himself in publick before the face of the Senate of Carthage and of the Roman Ambassador the evening approaching he took horse and repaired to his Country-house which he had near to the Sea-Coast his servants not knowing of it and being commanded to attend him at the gate of the City He had there ships with Marriners in a readiness which lay hid in a Creek and vast sums of money that when occasion required neither want nor inconveniency should delay him With the choisest youth of his Servants whose number the prisoners which he had taken in Italy did increase he imbarked himself and directed his course to Antiochus On the next morning the City expected their Commander in chief and at that time Consul in the place of publick Assembly whom when they found to be departed they were possessed with as great a fear as if the City it self had bin taken And the Roman Ambassador as if a new War already was brought by Hannibal upon Italy returned in a private silence unto Rome and brought along with him the melancholy tidings In the mean time Flaminius having with him some of the associated Cities of Greece did in two battels overcome Nabys the tyrant and left him as it were unnerv'd and fainting in his Kingdom But liberty being restored to Greece and the Garrisons drawn off from the Cities when the Roman Army was commanded back into Italy Nabys being incensed at the nothingness of his empty fortunes did in a sudden War invade again many of the Cities with which the Achaians being affrighted that the neighbouring Evil might not creep unto them they constituted their Praetor Philopemenes to be their General a man of admirable industry whose courage and whose conduct in that War was so apparent that in the Judgement of all he might be compared to Flaminius the Roman General At the same time Hannibal came to Antiochus and was received as a gift from the gods and by his arrival the King was possessed with so great a heat of resolution that he thought not so much on the war it self as on the rewards of the victory But Hannibal who had experience of the Roman valour affirmed that the Romans could not be suppressed but in Italy it self For the performance of which service he desired one hundred ships ten thousand foot and one thousand horse promising with those unconsiderable forces to make as great a War in Italy as he did ever heretofore and bring unto the King sitting in his throne in Asia either a victory over the Romans or the equal conditions of a peace for he said that there was wanting only a General to the Spaniards inflamed with a desire to commence the War against the Romans and Italy moreover was now more known unto him then heretofore neither would Carthage be quiet but without delay would send Auxiliaries to him These counsels being acceptable to the King one of the Confidents of Hannibal was sent to Carthage to exhort them to the War being too covetous of it before he represented to them that Hannibal would immediately be present with his forces and did not communicate to either of the Factions any thing at all but only that nothing was wanting to carry on this War but the resolutions of the Carthaginians for Asia would defray the charges and lend them men enough for the War When
these things were reported to the Carthaginians the Messenger himself was apprehendrd by the Enemies of Hannibal and being brought into the Sentate according to the subtilty of the Carthaginian wit he made answer that he was sent to the whole Senate for his business did not belong to this man or that man in particular but did concern them altogether Whiles they debated many days in the Senate to send him to Rome to purge the publick conscience he privately took shipping and returned to Hannibal which was no sooner discovered but the Carthaginians sent presently an Ambassador to Rome The Romans also sent Ambassadors to Antiochus who under that pretence might discover the preparations of the King and either reconcile Hannibal to the Romans or by their daily conversation with him might render him suspected and hated by the King The Ambassadors therefore when they came unto Antiochus at Ephesus they delivered to him the desires of the Senate and whiles they attended for an answer from him they missed not a day to give a visitation unto Hannibal and informed him that unadvisedly he departed from his Country when the Romans with great fidelity did observe the peace not made so much with the Commonwealth of Carthage as with himself for they found that he made War not so much out of any hatred that he did bear unto the Romans as for the love to his own Country to which the best of men do owe their lives These they said were the publick causes of War amongst the People but not of private ones amongst Commanders They afterwards began to extoll his atchievements by the discourse whereof he being delighted did more often and more greedily converse with the Ambassadors being ignorant that he should procure hatred with the King by his familiarity with the Romans For Antiochus suspecting that he had reconciled himself to the Romans by his often discourse with them did refer nothing to him as heretofore he was accustomed nor made him partaker of any of his Councels but did begin to hate him as his Enemy and Betrayer Thus suspition did corrupt all the preparations for the War there appearing no General in the field either to take the Musters or to exercise the Souldiers The substance of the Roman Embassie to Antiochus was that he should be contented with the Borders and Frontiers of Asia and not impose upon the Romans a necessity to enter into Asia with an Army which Message being despised by Antiochus he made answer that it became his Royalty and resolution not to attend a War but to give it The Councel of VVar being often called afterwards and Hannibal never sitting amongst them Antiochus at last commanded that he should be summoned not that he should act any thing which he propounded but that he might not appear to have neglected him altogether and the Councel of every one being asked at the last he demanded his advice which being observed by Hannibal he professed that he sufficiently understood that he was called by him to the Councel of War not that he wanted advice but to fill up the number of the Sentences howsoever out of his inveterate hatred to the Romans and his love unto the King with whom alone he enjoyed a safe banishment he was resolved he said to declare unto him the best way of making War against the Romans Desiring then to be excused for his boldness he professed that he approved not of any thing of the present Councels or Enterprises neither did it seem good in his Judgement that Greece should be the seat of the War when Italy afforded a far more plentifull subject for it For the Romans he said could not be overcome but by their own Arms nor Italy be subdued but by the Italian Forces for in them both the manner of the War and the People did differ much from other sorts of men It was of great importance in other Wars to take the first advantages of place and time to lay waste the fields and to plunder the Cities of the Enemies but with a Roman if you first either plunder them of their goods or overcome them in Battel you must also wrestle and tug with them when they are subdued and lying on the ground Wherefore if any shall provoke them in their own Country they may be overcome by their own wealth by their own strength and by their own Arms as he himself had done But if any shall draw them out of Italy which is the fountain of their strength he shall be as much deceived as he who would dry up the Rivers should attempt it not at the head of the Fountain but further off by some new works and dams which he should make This he said was his Judgement which he had a long time reserved in private to himself and freely before did offer it unto them and did now again repeat it that they might all understand the way of making War with the Romans and that although invincible abroad they are easie to be conquered at home For you may sooner said he deprive them of their City then their Empire and sooner dispoyl them of Italy then of the Provinces they were taken by the Gauls and almost utterly overthrown by my self neither was I or my Army ever overcome untill we departed from them But when we returned to Carthage the fortune of the War was suddenly changed with the place The Friends of the King were the Contradictors of this Counsel not reflecting on the profit of it but fearing least his advice being approved he should have the first place of respect with the King But Antiochus was not so much displeased with the Councel as with the Author and feared lest the glory of the Victory should be Hannibals and not his own all things therefore were corrupted with the various informations of the flatterers nothing was undertaken either according to Judgement or to Reason The King himself being fallen into Luxury was given all the VVinter to new Marriages On the other side Attilius the Roman Consul who was sent into this VVar did with elaborate caâ—e and industry muster his Armies and provide Arms and other necessaries for the war he confirmed the associated Cities he allured the doubtfull ones the event of the war consisting in the preparations of either side The King therefore beholding his men to give back at the first charge he brought no succor to them in distress but was the foremost in the flight and left his Tents full of Riches for the Conquerors and the Romans being intent on the plundring of them he fled into Asia where he began to repent of the Councel he neglected and having called back Hannibal he promised to act all things according to his counsell In the mean time it was reported to him that Livius Menemus the Roman Admiral did approach being sent by the Senate with fourscore Brazen-beaked ships to make a war by Sea Therefore before that his associated Cities should revolt to the Enemies he
commanded him to be brought into the Theater that they might all have a full view of him whom every one conceived to be impossible to be taken Being brought afterwards unto the Dungeon in the respect to his greatness they gave him poyson which he took as cheerfully as if he had conquered death as he had heretofore his Enemies He demanded afterwards if his Lieutenant Generall Lycortal whom he knew to be second to him in the affairs of war had escaped and having understood that he was alive and in safety he said Then it goes not altogether so ill with the Achaians and speaking those words he died Not long after the war being renewed the Messenians were overcome and they endured the punishment for the death of Philopemenes In the mean time Antiochus King of Syria when he was oppressed by the Romans with too great a Tribute and groaned under the burden of it either enforced by the want of money or sollicited by avarice by which under the pretence of a necessitated Tribute he hoped that he more excusedly should commit Sacriledge having drawn an Army together did by night assault the Temple of Dindymaean Jove Which being discovered he was slain with all his Army by a concourse of the Inhabitants When many Cities of Greece â—ame to Rome to complain of the Injuries of Philip King of the Macedons And there was a great dispute in the Senate between Demetrius the Son of Philip whom his father had sent to satisfie the Senate and the Ambassadors of the Cities the young man being confused with the multitude of complaints made against his Father did on a suddain hold his peace The Senate being moved with his shamefastness by which in a private condition he before endeered himself to all when he was an Hostage at Rome did give him the cause and thus Demetrius by his modesty obtained pardon for his Father not by the right or plea of defence but by the patronage of his modesty which was signified by the Decree of the Senate that it might appear that the King was not absolved but the Father rather was given to the Son Which procured to Demetrius not the grace of an Ambassador but the hatred of obtrectation It pulled upon him the emulation and envy of his brother Philip and the cause of the pardon being known to his Father who was pardoned it became an offence Philip disdayning that the person of his Son was of more moment with the Senate then the Authority of the Father or the dignity of regall Majesty Perseus therefore having observed the sickness of his Father did bring daily complaint unto him against Demetrius being absent and at first did cause him to be hated and afterwards to be suspected by him sometimes he did object against him the freindship of the Romans and sometimes treason against his Father At the last he counterfeited that treacheries were prepared by him against his person to be put suddenly in Execution to the trial and proof whereof the Judges were sent for the suborned witnesses examined and the Charge was proved which was objected against him By those unjust proceedings the Father being compelled to parricide did make sad all the Court with the execution of his Son Demetrius being slain Perseus grew not more dutifull but more contumatious against his Father and carried himself not as an heir of the Kingdom but as the King himself with which Philip being offended did daily more impatiently lament the death of Demetrius and suspecting that he was circumvented by the Treachery of Perseus he caused the witnesses and the Judges to be tormented And having by this means discovered the deceit he was no less afflicted with the wickedness of Perseus then with the innocent death of Demetrius which he was resolved to have revenged if he had not been prevented by death For not long after his disease encreasing by the Melancholy and perplexedness of his spirit he deceased having left great preparations of war against the Romans which Perseus afterwards employed For he enforced the Gaules called Scordisci to joyn in league with him and he had made a great war against the Romans if he had not died For the Gaules the war against the Delphians being unfortunately mannaged in which they found the power of God to be more great and present then the power of their Enemies having lost Brennus their Generall some part of them did fly into Asia and some part did wander up and down in Thracia From whence in the same path in which they marched forth they returned to their antient Country Of these a considerable number did sit down in the Confluent of the River Danubius and called themselves by the name of Scordisci But the Tectosagi when they arrived at their antient Country of Tholouse were there visited by the Pestilence and recovered not their health untill being admonished by the answers of the Diviners they had drowned all their Gold and Silver which they had got by Sacriledge in the Lake of Tholouse all which Coepio the Roman Consul did a long time afterwards take away There was in all one hundred and twenty thousand weight of Gold and five millions of Silver which Sacriledge was the cause afterwards of the destruction of Coepio and all his Army The tumult also of the Cambrian war did follow the Romans as the revenge of the violation of the consecrated money Not a small number of the Nation of the Tectosagi did seat themselves in Illyricum being delighted with the sweetness of the Air and the Prey and having spoyled the Istrians they did inhabite Pannonia Fame reports that the Nation of the Istrians do derive their Originall from Colchos being sent by King Aetus to the Argonauts to pursue the ravisher of his daughter who as soon as they entered into Ister out of Pontus having sailed far into the Channel of the River Sais following the steps of the Argonauts they carried their ships on their shoulders over the cliffes of the hills untill they came to the shore of the Adriatick Sea having understood that the Argonauts by reason of the length of their Ship had done the same before them whom when the Colchians did not receive they either through fear of their King or the tediousness of their long Navigation did sit down at last neer to Aquileia and were called Istrians after the Name of the River into the which from the Sea they sayled The Dacians also are a Generation of the Getes who when they fought unfortunately under Olor their King against the Bastarnians were commanded that when they were in bed they should to expiate their sloth lay their feet where they should rest their heads and perform those houshold offices and services to their wives which their wives before were accustomed to do to them Neither was this custome changed untill by their courage they had wiped away the old Ignominy which they had received in the war Perseus when he succeeded in the Kingdom of Philip his
complaints of the Lacedemonians whose Fields in mutual hatred the Achaians had laid wast The Senare answered the Lacedemonians that they would send Ambassadors into Greece to look upon the affairs of their Associates and to take away the suspitions of all injury but instructions were privily given to the Ambassadors that they should dissolve this intire Body of the Achaians and make every City to subsist by her own priviledges that so they might more easily be inforced to obedience and if any appeared to be stubborn that they should be broken The Princes therefore of all the Cities being called to Corinth the Ambassadors did recite the Decree of the Senate and declared what was the Counsel which was given to them They declared that it was expedient for all that every City should have her own Laws and her own priviledges which the Achaians no sooner understood but in a fury they presently killed all that were strangers and had violated the Romane Ambassadors themselves if upon notice of the tumult they had not fled away in a great fear When this was declared at Rome the Senate did immediately Decree that the Achaian war should be undertaken by Mummius the Consul who not long after having transported his Army into Greece and all things with great care being provided for did provoke his Enemies to battel But the Achaians as if it had been no trouble at all to conquer the Romanes had nothing in a readiness for War but thinking more of the booty then the fight they brought their Carriages into the Field to draw from thence the spoyls of their Enemies and placed their Wives and Children on the adjacent Hills to behold the pleasure of the Battel which was no sooner begun but being slain before the eyes of their Wives and Children they became a sad spectacle to them for the present and left them a grievous remembrance of it for the future and their Wives and Children being made Captives of Spectators were an easie prey unto their Enemies The City of Corinth it self was pull'd down and all the people sold in the most ignominious manner that in those times was practised that this Example might strike a fear into the other Cities to take â—eed of Innovations for the time to come Whiles these things were in action Antiochus King of Syria made War upon Ptolomy King of Egypt the Son of his elder Sister but â— slow man and so consumed with daily luxury that he not onely neglected the Offices of Regal Majesty but was deprived also of the sense of an ordinary man Being therefore beaten out of his Kingdom he fled to Alexandria to his younger brother Ptolomy and having made him a partaker in his Kingdom they joyntly sent Ambassadors to the Senate at Rome by whom they desired their help and implored the Faith of their Society The supplications of the Brothers did move the Senate Therefore Publius Popilius was sent Ambassador to Antiochus to command him not to invade Egypt or if he was already in it to withdraw from it The Ambassador having found him in Egypt the King kissed him for Antiochus above the rest did respect Popilius when he was a Hostage at Rome Popilius desired him to forbear all private friendship when the Mandates and the Interests of his Country intervened and having produced the Decree of the Senate he delivered it to the King when he found the King to demur upon it and to say that he would refer it to the Consultation of his friends Popilius with a rod which he had in his hand having inclosed him in a spacious Circle that it might contain his friends with him did require him to counsel with them in the Precinct of that Round and not to move out of it before he had given an Answer to the Senate Whether he would have peace or War with the Romanes This sharp proposition did so blunt the minde of the King that he answered that he would obey the Senate After this Antiochus returning to his Kingdom dyed having left behind him a son very young to whom when Guardians were assigned by the people his Uncle Demetrius who was then a Hostage at Rome having understood of the death of his brother Antiochus addressed himself unto the Senate and alledged that his brother being alive he came to Rome as a Hostage for him but being dead he did not now know whose Hostage he might be therefore he pleaded that it was just he should be dismissed from Rome to be invested in his Kingdom which as it was due by the law of Nations to his elder brother so it was now due unto himself who must have the precedency of the Pupil by the priviledge of Age When he observed that the Senate silently presuming that the Kingdom would be more safe unto them under the Pupil then under him were un willing to grant him leave to depart Having secretly departed to Hostia under the pretence of hunting he there took shipping with the Companions of his flight and being brought into Syria he was received with the applause of all men and the young Prince being put to death the Kingdom by his Guardians was delivered unto him Much about the same time Prusias King of Bithinia contrived how to put to death his son Nicomedes endeavouring to provide for his younger sons whom he had by Nicomede's Step-mother and who were then at Rome But the plot was betrayed by those who undertook to perform it they exhorted the young man being provoked by the cruelty of his Father to prevent the deceit and return the wicked act upon the Author of it nor was it hard to perswade him to it therefore being sent for when he came into the Kingdom of his Father he was saluted as King and Prusias his Father being dis-invested of his Kingdom became as a private man and was forsaken of his own servants When he concealed himself in corners he was discovered and commanded to be killed by his son with no less wickedness then he commanded his son to be killed THE Five and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE DEmetrius having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Syria conceiving that the common hatred by this Innovation would prove ruinous to himself he determined to inlarge the bounds of his Soveraignty and to encrease his Revenues by making War upon his Neighbours Therefore being become an Enemy to Ariathes King of Cappadocia because he refused to marry his Sister he received his suppliant Brother Holofernes injustly driven from the Kingdom and rejoycing that he had offered to him an honest Title of the War he determined to restore to him his Kingdom But Holofernes having ungratefully made a League with the Antiochians and growing into enmity with Demetrius he took counsel to expel him from the Kingdom by whom he was restored to it which although Demetrius understood yet he spared his life that Ariathes might not be freed from the War which his brother Demetrius threatned to bring upon him howsoever having
people did cut her off by reason of her cruelty did enjoy the Kingdom alone Mithridates also being taken away by a sudden death did leave his Kingdom to his son who was also called Mithridates whose Greatness afterwards was such that he excelled in Majesty not only all the Kings of his time but of the former age and with various victory held war with the Romans for the space of six and forty years whom the most famous Generals Sylla Lucullus and others at the first and Cneius Pompeius at the last did so overcome that he arose alwaies more great and famous in renewing of the war and became more terrible by his losses and at last being overcome by no hostile force he died a voluntarie death in his own Kingdom being a very old man and leaving a Son to succeed him many signs from Heaven did presage his greatness to come for both on that day in which he was born and on that in which he began his Reign at both times there did appear a Comet which for seventie nights did shine so brightly as all Heaven did seem to be in a flame for by the greatness of it it took up the fourth part of Heaven and by its splendor it overcame the light of the Sun and when it did either rise or set it took up the space of four hours Being in his minoritie he laie open to and did endure the treacherie of his tutors for they did put him upon a wild and an unmanaged horse and did command him not onely to ride him but to exercise his horsmanship and to throw darts from him but Mithridates deluding their design by governing the horse beyond the expectation of his age they conspired against him by poyson which he suspecting did oftentimes drink Antidotes and with such exquisite remedies did so prepare his bodie against it that being an old man he could not die by poyson though attempting it Fearing afterwards that his enemies would perform with the sword what they could not dispatch with poyson he pretended he would solace himself with the recreation of hunting wherefore for the space of four years he neither entred into Citie nor came in the Countrie within the roof of any house but wandred in the woods and took up his lodging on the tops of severall hills no man knowing in what place he was being accustomed by his swiftness of foot either to pursue wild beasts or to flie from them and sometimes by main force to grapple with them By which means he both eschewed all treason that was designed against him and hardned his bodie to all indurance of virtue When afterwards he came to the management of the Kingdom he immediately contrived not so much how to rule it as how to enlarge it and by an incomparable felicitie overcame the Scythians who were before invincible for they had overthrown Zopyro the Lieutenant of Alexander the great with thirtie thousand armed men and killed Cyrus King of the Persians with two hundred thousand Souldiers and routed Philip King of the Macedons Being increased in his power he possessed himself of Pontus and not long afterwards of Cappadocia and going privately out of his Kingdom he sojourned over all Asia with a few friends and thereby gained a perfect knowledge of all the Countrie and of the situation of every Citie After that he travailed higher over all Bithynia and being already as it were Lord of Asia he contrived where to laie his best opportunities for his following victories After this he returned into his Kingdom where it being generally noysed abroad that he was dead he found a young childe which in his absence Laodice who was both his sister and his wife had brought forth But after his long travels amidst the gratulations both of his safe arrival and of the birth of his son he was in danger of being poysoned for his sister Laod ce believing he had been dead did fall into an incontinent life and attempting to conceal one sin by committing a greater did resolve to welcome him with poyson which when Mithridates understood by her maid he revenged the treason which was plotted on the author of it And winter drawing on he spent his time not at the banquet but in the field not in sloth but in exercise not amongst his companions but with Kings equal to him either in the horse-race or the foot-race or by trying the strength of bodie He also by daily exercise hardned his Armie to the same patience of labour and being unconquered himself he by these acts made his Armie invincible Having afterwards made a league with Nicomedes he invaded Paphlagonia and having overcome it he did share it with his companion Nicomedes The Senate being informed that Paphlagonia was again in the possession of Kings they sent Embassadors to them both to command them to restore the Nation to her former condition Mithridates when he believed that he was equall to the Roman Greatness did return a proud answer which was that he received his Kingdom by inheritance and did much wonder that they should trouble themselves with a Controversie which did not belong unto them and being nothing terrified with their threatnings he seized upon Galatia Nicomedes because he could not defend himself by right made answer that he would restore his part to a lawful King and having changed his Name he called his own Son Philomenos after the name of the Kings of Paphlagonia and in a false name and title enjoied the Kingdom as if he had restored it to the true Roial Progenie And thus the Embassadors being deluded did return to Rome THE Eight and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE MIthridates having begun his parricides by the murder of his own wife determined with himself to put to death the Sons of his other sister Laodice whose husband Ariarathes King of Cappadocia he had treacherously murdered by Gordius thinking he had done nothing in murdering of the father if the young men still enjoyed their fathers Kingdom with a desire whereof he was violently transported Whiles he was busie on his design Nicomedes King of Bithynia did invade Cappadocia destitute of a King which when Mithridates understood in a counterfeit pietie he sent assistance to his sister to drive Nicomedes out of the Kingdom but in the mean time a contract being made Laodice had espoused her self to Nicomedes At which Mithridates being much troubled he drove the Garrison-Souldiers and others of the Armie of Nicomedes out of Bithynia and restored the Kingdom to his sisters son which was an honorable act indeed if it had not been attended by deceit for not long after he pretended that he would call back Gordius from banishment whom he used as his minister in the murder of Ariarathes and restore him to his Countrie hoping if the young man should not give waie to it there would arise from thence a sufficient cause of the war or if he should permit it that the Son might be destroyed by thesame man who
heard that Pyrrhus King of Epirus commanding an Army of not above five thousand Macedons did in three battails overthrow the Romans He had heard that Annibal had continued a Conquerour in Italy for the space of sixteen years together and that he might have taken the City it self were he not hindred by a faction of emulating and envious spirits at home and not by any power of the Romans He had heard he said how the people of Transalpine Gaule had invaded Italy and possessed themselves of the most and greatest Cities therein and had there larger territories then they enjoyed in Asia which was said to be but weak in comparison of Rome neither was Rome only overcome by the Gauls but it was taken also by them and nothing was left them but only the top of one hill from whence they were removed not by war but by money But as for the Gauls whose Name was so terrible to the Romans he had a great part of them amongst his own Auxiliaries for the Gauls he said who do inhabit Asia do only differ from those in Italy by the distance of place but had the same original the same courage and the same manner of fight who had so much the more clear and apprehensive wits as they had adventured a more long and difficult march through Illyricum and Thracia who have their residence in other places As for Italy it self did they never hear how and by whom Rome was builded which though now at peace with it self yet some of them dayly for their liberty and others for the power of Command have persevered in continual wars How many Armies of the Romans have been overthrown by the Cities of Italy and some of them by a new way of Contumely thrust under the yoak And that we may not dwell on old Examples all Italy is now in Arms excited by the Marsick war demanding now not liberty but to be partakers in the Empire and of the freedom of the City of Rome neither is the City more oppressed with the neighbouâ—ing war of Italy then with the domestick faction of the Governours â— war even with their own Citizens doth grow upon them far more dangerous then the war with Italy The Cymbrians also from Germany like a vast deluge of wild and ungoverned people do at this present overwhelm all Italy And although the Romans peradventure could maintain the several wars one after another yet they must needs now suffer so many wars coming all at once upon them insomuch that they cannot be at leisure to follow this very war that they do make upon us we make use therefore of this present occasion and pluck from them the increase of their strength and not give them leave to rest being so deeply engaged lest hereat they might finde more work being quiet at home and without another enemie for the question is not to be put whether we should take arms or no but whether of our selves or provoked by the Romans But the war he said was indeed begun against him by them when in his nonage they took the greater Phrygia from him which they granted should be given to his father as a reward for the aide he brought against Aristonicus it being the same Countrie which Seleucus Callimacus gave in Dowrie to his Grand-father Mithridates And what shall I say to the command laid upon me to depart from Paphlagonia was not that another motive of the war espeeially since Paphlagonia came not by the power of the sword but descended to my Father by inheritance by adoption in Will and by the death of successive Kings and in giving obedience to their violent Decrees I have no waies mitigated them but they have still deported themselvs more violently against me For he said what obsequiousness was not afforded to them by him was not Phrygia and Paphlagonia taken from him was not his Son forced from Cappadocia which by the Law of Nations he seized upon being Conquerour but his victorie was ravished from him by them who have nothing at all but what they have purchased by the sword Was not Crestos the King of Bithynia against whom the Senate had denounced war cut off by him to do them a favour yet in whatsoever Gordius or Tigranes had offended it must be reckoned all on his account He alledged also that in the ignominie of him the Senate of their own accord offered that libertie to Cappadocia which they took from other Nations and that people instead of their proffered libertie desiring Gordius to be their king it could not be granted because Gordius was his friend Nicomedes also by their command had made war upon him and was assisted by them because Mithridates did pass unrevenged and now they finde the same cause of war with Mithridates because he would not tamely yield himself to be torn in pieces by Nicomedes the Son of a vaulting woman for they did not so much pursue the faults of Kings as their Power and their Majestie neither did they with so much violence exercise his art on him alone but on all other Kings also so his Grand-father Pharnaces was by their arbitration delivered up to Eumenes King of Pergamus So Eumenes again in whose Ships they were first transported into Asia by whose Armie rather then by their own they overcame both Antiochus the great and the Gauls in Asia and not long after King Perseus in Macedonia was at the last censured by them as their Enemie and forbidden to come into Italie and because they thought it would render them odious to make war with him in his own person they deferred it for a while to carrie it on with more violence against his Son Aristonicus They professed that no man deserved better of them then Masinissa King of the Numidians to him they imputed the Conquest of Annibal the Captivitie of Syphax and the destruction of Carthage to him as well as unto the two Scipios called Africani the title was ascribed of Preserver of the Citie and yet the war waged but the other daie in Africa with his Son was so inexpiable that having overcome him they would give no respect in him to the memorie of his Father but he must endure both imprisonment and become the spectacle of the Triumph This condition and height of hatred was imposed by them on all Kings because their own Kings were such at whose very names they might blush being either Stepherds of the Aborigines or Southsaiers of the Sabins or Exâ—ls of the Corinthians or slaves and varlets of the Tuscans or whose name is most honourable amongst them and as they themselves assert are their founders those who were nourished with the Milk of a Shee Wolf accordingly all their people have the minds of Wolves insatiate of blood and greedie and hungry after riches and soveraigntie But if he would descend to compare himself in his Nobilitie with them he was far more famous he said then that litter of mongrels deriving his Ancestors on his
fathers side from Cyrus and Darius the founders of the Persian Empire and on his mothers side from Alexander the great and Nicanor Seleucus the Erectors of the Macedonian Empire or if he should compare his people to theirs they were of those Nations who are not onely equal to the Roman Empire but opposed the Macedonian no Nation that is subject unto him did ever stoop to the commands of a forreign Potentate and obeyed none but their own Domestick Kings would they have him to make mention of Cappadocia or Paphlagonia of Pontus or Bithynia or of Armenia the greater or the less none of which Nations neither Alexander the great who subdued all Asia nor any of his Successors or Posteritie ever touched As for Scythia it is true indeed that two Kings before him adventured not so much to subdue as to invade it Darius by name and Philip who had much to do to escape from thence by flight from whence he shall receive the greatest part of his strength against the Romans He affirmed he undertook the Pontick wars with far more fear and diffidence then this he being then but a young man and unexperienced in the Discipline of war The Scythians howsoever then his enemies besides their Arms and courage of their minds were fortified with the solitude and inhospitable coldness of their climate by which their great labor in war and their contempt of dangers was the more declared amongst which difficulties there could not be any hope of reward expected from a wandring enemie and destitute not onely of money but of habitations but he now undertook another waie of war for there is no climate more temperate then the Air of Asia nor any place more fruitful of soyl nor more pleasant in the multitude of Cities and they should consume the greatest part of their time not as it were in war but in keeping of holy-daies and it is hard to say in a service more easie or more aboundant whether they are to march to the neighboring possessions of the Attalick Kingdoms or to the antient Cities of Lydia Jonia which they should not go to overcome but to possess And Asia it self desirous of his approach doth so much expect him that she seemeth even to court his presence and to call upon him with her voice so hateful had the Romans made themselves unto her by the ravenous avarice of their Proconsuls the exactions of their Publicans and the calumnie of their contentions Let them therefore he concluded follow him with resolution and collect to themselves what so great an Armie might atchieve under his command whom without the aide of any Souldier they saw with his own strength to have taken in Cappadocia and to have slain the King thereof who the first of all mankinde subdued Pontus and all Scythia which no man before him could with safetie pass by much less invade Nor could his Souldiers be ignorant he said of his Justice and liberalitie having those demonstrations of it that alone of all Kings he possessed not onely his Fathers Kingdoms but had added other Kingdoms to them by reason of his munificence as Colchos Paphlagonia and Bospâ—orus Having with this Oration excited his Souldiers in the three and thirtieth year of his Reign he descended to the wars with Rome At the same time King Ptolomy being dead in Egypt his Kingdom and his sister Queen Cleopatra who was his wife also was by Embassadors presented to that Ptolomy who was King of Cyrene At which Ptolomy much rejoyced but especially that without contestation he should be possessed in his Brothers Kingdom to which he knew that the Son of his Brother was appointed both by his mother Cleopatra and by the favor of the Princes Not long after all being displeased with him he no sooner entred into Alexandria and commanded all the favourers of the young childe to be put to death and on that very day in which he married his mother he killed the young Prince in the mothers imbraces of him in the midst of the Banquet and the solemnitie of this marriage and thus he ascended his sisters bed bloodie with the slaughter of her Son Afterwards he was not more milde unto the people who called him unto the succession of the Kingdom for licentiousness being given to the forreign Souldiers all things did daily flow with blood and at last having by force ravished her daughter and taken her afterwards into marriage he divorced himself from his sister With which crueltie the people being affrighted they stole away into several places and having wilfully banished themselves they forsook their Country for the fear of death Ptolomy therefore with his own servants being left alone in so great a City when he perceived himself to be a King not of men but of empty houses did publish a declaration solliciting all Strangers to inhabit the City who coming in great numbers to him he not long after did go himself to meet Scipio Africanus Spurius Mummius and Lucius Metellus the Ambassadors of the Romans who made a visitation into those parts to observe the condition and kingdoms of their Confederates But he appeared as ridiculous to the Romans as bloody to all the Citizens for he was deformed in countenance and short in stature and by the obeseness of his strutting belly more like unto a Beast then to a man which filthiness his tiffanies and light garments which he had on did encrease as if those parts offered themselves to be seen as through a vail which Modesty commands us with diligence to conceal After the departure of the Ambassadors amongst whom while Africanus walked forth to behold the City he became a spectacle of honor himself to the Alexandrians Ptolomy being hated by the Strangers also that were become Citizens did silently for fear of treachery depart into banishment having taken with him his son which he had begotten on his sister and his new wife whom he had married having put away her mother and having with money contracted a mercenary army be made war at once on his Sister and his Country After this having sent for his eldest son from Cyrene that the Alexandrians should not make him their King against him he put him to death whereupon the people pulled down his Statues and Images which he conceiving to be done in favour of his Sister he slow that Son also whom he begot on her and having divided his Body into several parts and put it into a Coffin he sent it to his Mother on that day whereon she made yeerly a great feast for the solemnity of his Birth which was a sight not only grievous and much lamented by the Mother but by all the City also and brought so much grief in the height of all their mirth at the banket that all the Court was filled with a great and a suddain lamentation The Inclinations of the Princes being therefore turned from feasting into mourning they shewed to the people the dismembred body of the young Prince
and by the murder of his own son did declare what they ought themselves to expect of their King Cleopatra having ended the dayes of her mourning for the death of her son when she perceived that she was oppressed by a war also from her late husband her brother she by her Ambassadors demanded aid of Demetrius King of Syria whose own fortunes were as various as they were memorable For when Demetrius made war against the Parthians as mention hath been made before and in many encounters overcame them being on a sudden surrounded by an Ambuscado having lost his Army he was taken himself Arsacides King of the Parthians in the greatness of his royal spirit having sent him into Hyrcania did not only honour him with the Respect due unto a King but gave him his daughter also in marriage and promised to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria which in his absence Trypho became Master of After his death Demetrius despayring of return and not enduring Captivity and loathing a private life although a fatt one and a wealthy did contrive with himself how he might escape into his own Kingdom His friend Calamander was both his Companion and his perswader to undertake this journey who after his Captivity in Syria having hired a guide did bring him disguized in a Parthians habit through the desarts of Arabia into Babylon But Phrahartes who succeeded Arsacides by the swiftness of his horses did cause him to be brought back being overtaken by the compendiousness of their goings Being brought unto the King he not only pardoned Calamander but gave him a reward for his fidelity to his friend but having very roundly checked Demetrius he sent him to his wife in Hyrcania and commanded that he should be observed by a stricter guard In process of time when the children which he had by his wife did seem to be a stronger obligation on him for his fidelity he did endeavour to make his escape again having the same friend to be his Companion but by the same infelicity he was taken again near unto the bounds of his own Kingdom and being the second time brought unto the King he was looked upon as a hated man and not suffered to come into his presence But being then also dismissed to his wife and children he was sent back into Hyrcania and confined to a City upon a penalty not to go out of it and in the reproach of his childish levity was laden with golden shackles But no compassion of the Parthians nor respect of any consanguinity was the occasion of this their clemency towards Demetrius but because the Parthians affected the Kingdom of Syria they determined to make use of Demetrius against his brother Antiochus as the opportunity of time or the fortune of the war should require This being understood Antiochus thinking it discretion to take the advantage to begin the war did conduct his Army which he had hardened with many neighbouring wars against the Parthians But his preparation for luxury was no less then for the carrying on of the war for three thousand of his black guard followed eight thousand of the armed men amongst whom also a great number were Cooks Bakers and Players and all of them so abounding with Gold and Silver that the common Soldiers had their shoes enterlaced with Gold and trod upon that mettal for the love of which all other Nations do fight with steel In their Kitchings also their instruments were of silver as if they advanced rather to keep some great feast then to prosecute a war Anticohus approaching many Kings of the East did meet him who in detestation of the Parthian Pride delivered themselves and their kingdoms to him Not long after the battail began and Antiochus having overthrown his Enemies in three several fields and possessed himself of Babylon he was called Antiochus the great And the people in all the neighbouring Nations revolting to him there was nothing left to the Parthians but their own Country and the boundaries of it At the same time Phrahartes sent Demetrius into Syria with a considerable Army of the Parthians to possess himself of his own Kingdom that upon that account Antiochus should be called off from Parthia to defend his own Interests And because he could not overcome him by strength he did every where attempt him by Stratagems The Army of Antiochus abounding with multitudes the winter coming on he quartered his Army in several Cities which was the cause of his destruction For when the Cities beheld themselves oppressed with the billeting the injuries of the soldiers they revolted to their old Masters the Parthians and on a prefixed day by treacheries they did all assault the divided Army that thereby one might be disabled to bring assistance unto the other Which when Antiochus understood being resolved to relieve those who were next unto him he advanced with that party which with him had their winter quarters In his way he encountred with the King of the Parthians against whom in his person he fought more couragioâ—sly then all his Armie At last when he had overcome his enemies by fine force being abandoned of his own Souldiers through the treacherie of their fear he was slain Phrahartes did bestow upon him the solemnitie of magnificent funerals after the manner of Kings and being taken with the love of the Virgin did marrie the daughter of Demetrius which Antiochus had brought along with him and began to repent that ever he suffered Demetrius to go away and having sent in full speed several troops of horse to fetch him back they found him in safetie in his own Kingdom fearing the same design of Phrahartes and having in vain attempted all things to reduce him they returned to their own King THE Nine and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus being overthrown in Parthia with his Armie his Brother Demetrius being delivered from the Captivitie of the Parthians and restored to his own Kingdom when all Syria was in lamentation by reason of the loss of the Armie as if he had happily managed his own and his Brothers wars with Parthia in which the one of them was taken and the other slain he was resolved to make another war in Egypt his mother in law Cleopatra having promised him that Kingdom as the reward of his assistance against her Brother But whiles he affected the possessions of other men as oftentimes it comes to pass he lost his own by the revolt of Syria for the Antiochians first of all under the command of their General Trypho having in detestation the pride of their King which became intolerable by the exercise of his Parthian crueltie and after them the Apamenians and other Cities following their examples did revolt from King Demetrius in his absence But Ptolomy King of Egypt having his Kingdom invaded by him when he understood that his sister Cleopatra having taken with her the wealth of Egypt was fled unto her Daughter and to Demetrius her Son in law did suborn a
young man of Egypt the son of Protarchus a Merchant who by armes should demand the Kingdom of Syria and the plot was laid as if he had been received into the Royal Family by the adoption of King Antiochus and the Syrians despising not any who was imposed upon them to be their King the name of this their King that they might no longer endure the arrogance of Demetrius was called Alexander and great aides were sent him out of Egypt In the mean time the bodie of Antiochus slain by the King of the Parthians was brought in a silver Coffin being sent by him to be buried in Syria which was received with infinite solemnitie both from all the Cities and from King Alexander himself to leave a fairer gloss upon the fable and this procured him the general favour and acclamations of the people all men believing that his tears came as much from his heart as from his eyes But Demetrius being overcome by Alexander when he was besieged round with calamities he was at last forsaken by his own wife and children Being therefore leâ—t with a few poor servants when he repaired to Tyrus to defend himself there by the religion of the Temple going out of the Ships he was killed by the commandment of the Lieutenant Seleucus one of his Sons because he assumed the Diademe without the Authoritie of his mother was slain by her the other whose Name by reason of the greatness of his Nose was Gryphus was ordained King as yet by the mother that the Name of the King might be with the Son but all the command of Soveraigntie with the mother But Alexander having seized upon the Kingdom of Syria being puffed up with the vanitie of his present success did begin now by a contumelious arrogance to despise Ptolomy himself by whom he was advanced into the Kngdom Ptolomy therefore having reconciled himself unto his sister did endeavor with all his power to destroy the Kingdom of Alexander which in the hatred to Demetrius he had procured to him by his own power To which purpose he sent Auxiliaries into Greece to Gryphus and his daughter Gryphina to be espoused to him that he might sollicite the people to the aide of his Nephew not onely by his affinity to him but by the societie of the war Neither was it in vain for when all perceived Gryphus recruited with the Egyptian forces they did by degrees begin to revolt from Alexander Not long after the battaile was â—ought in which Alexander being conquered did flie to Antiochia Being there destitute of money and the Souldiers complaining for want of pay he commanded the Effigies of VICTORY being all of solid Gold to be taken away from the Temple of Jupiter laughing at the Sacriledge with this scorn of prophanâ—r witâ— for VICTORY he said was lent him by Jupiter Not long after when he commanded â—â—e Effigies of Jupiter himself being all of beaten Gold and of an infinâ—â—e weight to be taken away he was met with in the Sacriledge and enforced to fly by reason of the concourse of the multitude and a great Tempest following him he was taken by Thieves being forsaken of his own men and was by them brought unto Gryphus who did put him to death Gryphus having recovered his fathers Kingdom and being delivered from all forrein dangers was set upon by the Son of his own Mother who in her immoderate desire of Soveraigntie having betrayed her Husband Demetrius and killed one of her Sons and complaining that her Dignitie suffered Diminution by the greatness and the Victories of her Son she offered him a Boule of poyson as he came hot from hunting But Gryphus having notice of this treason as if he would contend with his mother in complement desired her to drink first her self but she refusing it he grew importunate upon her at the Iast the witness being produced did convict her and affirmed that she had nothing left to defend her self but onely to drink that which she offered to her Son The Queen being thus overcome her wickedness being turned upon her self she died by the same poyson which she had prepared for another Gryphus having obtained securitie for his Kingdom did live for the space of eight years secure himself At the last he found a Rival in his Kingdom it was his Brother Cyricaenus born of the same mother but begotten of his Uncle Antiochus whom when he endeavored to take away by poyson he exasperated him to contend with him the sooner in Arms for his establishment in the Kingdom Amongst these parricidial discords in the kingdom of Syria Ptolomy King of Egypt dyed the kingdom of Egypt being left to his wife and to one of his Sons whom she should make choice of to succeed him as if the State of Egypt should be more quiet then the Kingdom of Syria when the mother having elected one of her Sons to be her successor should have the other to be her enemie Therefore when she was more inclined to her younger Son she was compelled by the people to make choice of the elder to whom before she would give the Kingdom she took away his wife and inforced him to divorce from his bed his most dear sister Cleopatra and to marrie his yonnger sister Seleuce not with the impartialâ—tie of a motherly affection to her two daughters having taken a husband from one of them and given him unto the other But Cleopatra being not so much forsaken by her husband as dismissed from him by the willfulness of her mother was married afterwards to Cyricaenus in Syria and that she should not bring him the bare and emptie name onely of a wife she sollicited the Armie of Cyprus and having engaged them to her she brought them as a Dowrie to her husband Cirycaenus being now equall to him in strength the battaile was fought and Cyricaenus being overcome was put to flight and came to Antioch which was presently besieged by Gryphus in which Citie was also Cleopatra the wife of Cyricaenus the Citie being taken Gryphina the wife of Gryphus commanded nothing more earnestly then that her sister Cleopatra should be sought out not to assist her in her Captivity but to be sure that she might not escape the calamitie of it because that in the emulation of her she did come into that Kingdom and by marrying the enemie of her sister did make her self an enemie unto her she accused her for drawing forreign Armies into the contestation of the Brothers and that it was not for nothing that she was divorced from her Brother and that she married another without the Kingdom of Egypt against the will of her mother On the other side Gryphus did desire her that she would not compell him to commit so foul a crime and that never any of his Ancestors after so many wars both at home and abroad having overcome their enemies did offer any violence to the women whom their sex did exempt from the danger of the war and from the crueltie
commanded himself to be called King whose Example all the people of the East following there was a general revolt from the Macedons There was in those times a man called Arsaces of an uncertain birth but of an undoubted courage who being accustomed to live by theft and upon the spoyl having understood that Seleucus was overcome by the Gauls being delivered from the fear the danger of him having invaded the Parthians with a company of Thieves he suppressed Andragores their Lieutenant and not long after having killed him he usurped the Empire of that Nation After that he possessed himself of the Kingdom of the Hyrcanians and having thus invested himself with the command of two Cities he prepared a great Army for the fear of Seleucus and Theodotus King of the Bactrians but being quickly delivered from his fear by the death of Theodotus he entred into a League and Covenant with his Son whose name was Theodotus also and not long after he encountring with King Seleucus who advanced with his Army to make War against the Revolters he overcame him the day of which Conquest the Parthians observe in their Almanacks as an Holiday it being the beginning of their liberty Seleucus being called back and some intermission of time being given to the new troubles in Asia he founded and formed the Parthian Kingdom and made choyce of a Militia he fortified the Castles and confimed the Cities and erected the City Clara on the Mount of Thabor such is the condition of that place that there is nothing more secure or more delightful for it is so invironed with Rocks and Clifts that the safety of the place needs no Defeâ—ders and so great is the fruitfulness of the adjacent plains that it is almost oppressed with its own abundance Such a variety there is also both of Fountains and Forrests that copiously it is wa ered and attracteth the neighbouring people with the delight of hunting Arsaces in this manner having both attempted and obtained a Kingdom became no less famous amongst the Parthians then Cyrus amongst the Persians or Alexander amongst the Macedons or Romulus amongst the Romans and deceased in a ripe old Age. To whose memory the Parthians have ascribed this honour that they have ever since called all their succeeding Kings by the name of Arsaces His Son and Successor was also himself called Arsaces who commanding an Army of one hundred thousand foot and twenty thousand horse did with admirable prowess fight against Antiochus the Son of Seleucus with one hundred thousand foot twenty thousand horse and at last he entred into a Confederary with him Pampatius was the third King of the P rthians and he also was called Arsaces for as I have mentioned heretofore the Parthians by that name called all their Kings as the Romans do call every Emperour Caesar and Augustus He having raigned twelve years deceased having left behind him two Sons Mithridates and Pharnaces Pharnaces being the elder did inherit the Kingdom after the Custom of the Nation and having overcome the valiant Nation of the Mardi he not long after dyed having left behind him many Sons who being all rejected by him he left the Kingdom to his brother Mithridates a man admirable for his Vertue thinking that he owed more to his Kingdom then to the name of a Father and was more obliged to provide for his Country then his children At the same time almost as Mithridates began his Raign in Parthia Eucratides was invested in the Kingdom of Bactria being both of them men of excellent Spirits But the fortune of the Parthians being more happy that Nation was advanced under the raign of Mithridates to the height of all their glory but the Bactrians being distressed by several Wars did at the last not onely lose their Kingdom but their liberty For being wearyed with the Wars of the Sogdians the Dranganits and the Indians they were at last as men without spirit or blood suppressed by an inconsiderable number of the Parthians Howsoever Eucratides mannaged many Wars with great resolution being much wasted with which when he was at last beleaguered by Demetirus King of the Indians he by daily sallies with three thousand men did overcome threescore thousand of his Enemies and having raised the siege in the fifth Moneth after it was begun he made India stoop in obedience to him from whence when he withdrew his Army he was killed in the march homewards by his own Son whom he made partner with him in the Kingdom who not dissembling the murder of his Father as if he had killed an Enemy rather then a Father caused his Chariot to be hurried over the place where his blood was spilt and commanded that his body should be thrown away as unworthy to be buryed Whiles these things thus passed amongst the Bactrians a new War did arise amongst the Parthians and the Medes and the fortune of both Nations being a long time various the Bactrians were at last overcome by the Parthians Mithridates being more formidable by this access of new power did make Bacasus his Lieutenant in the Kingdom of Media and marched himself into Hyrcania From whence being returned he waged War with the King of the Elamits who being overcome he also added that Nation to his Kingdom and many Nations being subdued he extended the Empire of the Parthians from Mount Caucasus to the River of Euphrates and being at last visited with sickness he dyed in an old age no less glorious then Arsaces his Grandfather THE Two and fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Mithridates King of the Parthians Phrahartes his Son was made King who when he determined to make War on Syria to be revenged on Antiochus who attempted the Parthians Kingdom he was called back by the commotion of the Scythians to defend his own possessions for the Scythians being sollicited with the promise of great rewards to help the Parthians against King Antiochus they came with their Auxiliaries just when the War was ended when they were denyed their pay to reproach them for their assistance which came so late the Scythians grieving that they had made so great a march to so little purpose when they desired that either their pay should be given them for their travel or an Enemy with whom they might encounter they had a proud answer returned them whereat being incensed they began to plunder the Borders of the Parthians Phrahartes therefore advancing against the Scythians did leave one Hymerus for the defence of his Kingdom having obliged him by his love from the flower of his youth who unmindful of the courtesies received and whose substitute he was did afflict the Babylonians and many other Cities with tyrannical cruelty Phrahartes himself in this War did proudly and insolently deport himself towards the Army of the Grecians whom he had then with him having taken them prisoners in the War which he made against Antiochus being altogether unmindful that no Captivity could abate their spirits and that
in the absence of Pacorus did overthrow the Parthian Armie but Ventidius having dissembled a fear did a long time contain himself within the Camp and permitted the Parthians for a while to insult who being insolent and secure he at the last did send forth one part of the legions against them who charging upon them with great courage did utterly rout them Pacorus conceiving that his flying men had drawn along after them the Roman legions to pursue them did set upon the Camp of Ventidius supposing it to be destitute of defenders whereupon Ventidius sallying forth with the other part of the legions did cut off the whole Armie of the Parthians with the King Pacorus himself neither did the Parthians in any war receive a greater wound then in that battail When these things were reported in Parthia Horodes the father of Pacorus who not long before had understood that all Syria was plundred and Asia seized upon by the Parthians and who did glorie that his Son Pacorus was a Conqueror of the Romans being on a suddain informed both of the death of his Son and the total destruction of the Armie his grief was heightned into furie For the space of many daies he would not speak to any nor take any sustenance nor utter any words at all insomuch that he seemed to be a dumb man After many days when grief had opened the passage of his voice he called upon nothing but Pacorus he seemed as if he both heard and saw Pacorus and would stand still and speak as if he discoursed with him and somtimes would lamentably condole him being slain After a long time of sorrow another affliction did invade the miserable old man which was to determine with himself which of his thirtie Sons he should make King in the place of Pacorus He had many Concubines on whom so great a number of children were begotten and every one of them was importunate with him to make choice of her own Son but the fate of Parthia did so ordain it being there a solemn custom to have Kings to be parricides rhat the most wicked of them all Phrahartes by name should be elected King who no sooâ—ner was invested in his royaltie but as if he would not die a natural death and when he would have him did kill his father and afterwards put to death his thirtie Brothers neither did his guilt cease here for perceiving that the Peers of the Kingdom were much incensed against him for his daily cruelties he commanded his own Son being almost of age to be killed that there should not one remain who might bear the name of a King Marke Antony made war upon him with sixteen gallant Legions because he brought aide to Pompey and his partie against Caesar and himself but his Armie being sorely weakned by many encounters he retreated from Parthia by which victorie Phrahartes being grown more insolent when he determined many things cruelly against the people he was driven into banishment by them and having with repeated importunities for a long time wearied the neighboring Cities and last of all the Scythians he was by their great assistance restored unto his Kingdom In his absence the Parthians had constituted one Tyridates to be their King who understanding of the advance of the Scythians did flie with a great number of his friends to Caesar making war at the same time in Spain carrying with him as a pledge to Caesar the youngest Son of Phrahartes whom he took away by force being too negligently guarded Which being understood Phrahartes sent presently Embassadors to Caesar demanding that his servant Tyridates and his Son should be restored to him Caesar having understood the Embassie of Phrahartes and the desires of Tyridates for he desired also to be restored to the Kingdom affirming that the Romans would have a Right to Parthia if the Kingdom thereof should be at his disposing did make answer That he would neither deliver Tyridates to the Parthians neither would he aide Tyridates against them And that it might appear that Caesar was not of that sullen temper that they could prevail nothing at all upon him he sent Phrahartes his Son without ransom and allowed Tyridates a large exhibition as long as he would continue with the Romans After this the war in Spain being ended when he came into Syria to compose the State of the East Phrahartes was possessed with a great fear that he would make war against him Therefore the Captains over all Parthia that were taken Prisoners in the Armies of Crassus or of Antony were recollected and the Ensigns that were taken were also sent back to Augustus with them the Sons and Nephews also of Phrahartes were given as pledges to Augustus and Caesar prevailed more with the greatness of his Name then another Emperor could have done by Arms. THE Three fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe affairs of Parthia and the East and almost of all the world being described Trogus as after a long pilgrimage doth return home thinking it the part of an ungrateful Citizen if having illustrated the actions of all Nations he should conceal the affairs only of his own Countrie He briefly therefore toucheth upon the beginning of the Roman Empire that he might not exceed the measure of his propounded work and not in silence to pass by the original of that Citie which is the head of the whole World The Inhabitants of Italie were first the Aborigines whose King Saturn was reported to be of so great Justice that no man served under him neither had he any thing private to himself but all things were undivided and common unto all as one patrimonie to them In the memorie of which example it was provided that in the Saturnalia the Interests of every one being made equal the servants did everywhere in their banquets lie down along with their masters Therefore Italie was called Saturnia after the Name of their King and the Hill where Saturn did inhabite being by Jupiter driven from his own Seat is called the Capitol The third King who Reigned in Italie after him was Faunus in whose time Evander came into Italie from Pallantheum a Citie of Arcadia with a small Retinue to whom Faunus did bountifully assign certain fields and a Hill which he afterwards called the Hill Palatine At the foot of this Hill he errected a Temple to Lycaeus whom the Greeks call Pan and the Romans Lupercus The Effigies of the god is cloathed with the skin of a Goat in which habit they rnn up and down in Rome at the Lupercals Faunus had a wife whose name was Fatua who being daily filled with a divine Spirit did as it were in a furie presage of things to come from whence those that to this daie are inspired are said to fatuate or to foretell the events of Fates to come Latinus conceived in whoredom was the son of the daughter of Faunus and of Hercules who at that time having killed Geryon did drive his Cattle through Italie
the rewards of his Victorie In the Reign of Latinus Aeneas came from Ilium into Italie Troy being sacked and destroyed by the Greeks He was immediately entertained with war and drawing forth his Armie to battail Latinus sending a Trumpet to parly with him was possessed with such an admiration of him that he received him into the societie of the Kingdom and Lavinia being given him in marriage he was the son in law to Latinus After this they had both war with Turnus King of the Rutilians because Lavinia who before the arrival of Aeneas was betrothed to him was denied him in marriage In this war both Turnus and Latinus perished therefore when Aeneas by the Law of Arms commanded over both people he builded a Citie after the name of his wife Lavinia He afterwards made war against Mezentius King of the Tuscans in which dying himself his Son Ascanius did succeed him who having abandoned the Citie Lavinium did build long Alba which for three hundred years was the Metropolis of the Kingdom After the Reign of many Kings of that Citie at the last Numitor and Amulius did enjoy the Kingdom but when Amulius had disenthroned Numitor who was the more respected by reason of his age he politickly devoted his Daughter Rhea to a perpetual Virginitie that there should be no more children out of the race of Numitor to take revenge on him for the usurpation of the Kingdom and the better to conceal his design a pretence of honor was added to the injurie and she seemed not so much to be a person condemned as a Voteress elected Therefore being shut up in a Wood sacred to Mars she brought forth two children at one birth it is uncertain whether begotten by Mars or by incontinence with another Amulius his fear being multiplyed by the birth of the two boys did command them to be exposed and laded Rhea with chains by the injurie and burden whereof she not long after died But fortune prospicient to the Original of Rome did provide a Woolf to give suck to the children who having lost her whelps and desiring to emptie her teats did offer her self as a Nurse to the Infants and returning often to the children as to her own young ones Faustulus the Shepherd observed it and having taken them from the Woolf he brought them up amongst the flocks in a rural life It is by manifest arguments believed that the boys were begotten by Mars both because they were born in his Grove and were nursed also by a Woolf which is a creature under the protection of Mars One of the boys was called Remus and the other Romulus being at mans estate in their daily exercises amongst the Shepherds they did encrease their strength and swiftness and did oftentimes with prompt industrie drive away the Theeves that came to steal the Cattle It so fell out that Remus at last was taken by them and as if he was himself the same which he did forbid in another he was brought unto the King and accused to have been accustomed to rob the flocks of Numitor wherefore the King did deliver him to Numitor to be revenged of him But Numitor being moved with the flourish of his youth and his suspition calling to his minde his Nephew exposed when the similitude of the savor of his daughter and the time at which he was exposed did agree with his age and held him very doubtful Behold then Faustulus came unexpectedly with Romulus by whom the Original of the â—oys being understood the plot immediatey was contrived the young men were armed or the revenge of their mothers death and Numitor for his Kingdom taken from him Amulius being slain the Kingdom was retored to Numitor and the Citie of Rome was â—uilded by the young men the Senate then was constituted consisting of one hundred Seniors who were called Fathers The Neighbors also disdaining that their daughters should be married unto Shepherds the Sabin Virgins were taken away by violence and the Nations about them being overcome by Arms they first obtained the Empire of Italie and afterwards of the world In those times it was the custom of Kings instead of Diadems to use Spears which the Greeks call Scepters for in the beginning of time the Antients worshipped Spears for the immortal Gods in the memorie whereof Spears at this daie are added to the Images of the gods In the times of King Tarquin the youth of the Phocensians being brought into the mouth of Tyber did enter into friendship with the Romans and sayling from thence into the furthest parts of France they builded Massilia betwixt the Ligurians and other fierce Nations of the Gauls and performed great atchievements whiles by Arms they either protected themselves against their barbarous insolence oâ— whiles of their own accord they did provoke them of whom they were provoked heretoforâ— For the Phocensians being compelled by the barrenness of their soyl did live with more industrie and alacritie on the Seas then on the Land and did lead their lives somtimes by fishing somtimes by trading but for the most part by Pyracie which at that time was accounted honorable Therefore having sailed into the farthest Coasts of all the Ocean they came into a harbor at the mouth of the River of Rhone and being delighted with the pleasure of the place on their return to their own Countrie discovering to others what they had seen themselves they stirred up many men to undertake that voyage Furius and Peranus were the Admiral and Vice-Admiral of their Fleet. They came to the King of the Segoregians Sâ—â—anus by name in whose Territories they dâ—â—ired to build their City desiring his friendship It so fell out that the King on thâ—â— daie was employed in the preparations for the marriage of his daughter Gyptis for whom according to the custom of that Nation he intended to provide a husband who was to be chosen by her self at a great and solemn feast prepared for that purpose Therefore all the Suitors being invited to the â—inner the Grecian Guests were also intreatd to be present at it The Virgin then acording to the custom being brought in and eing commanded by her father to give waer unto him whom she would make choice of â—o be her husband she passing by all the Gauls did turn towards the Greeks and gave the water to Peranus who being made of a guest a Son in law had a place assigned to him wherein to build his Citie Masâ—ilia therefore was builded neer unto the mouth of the River of Rhone on a remote Bay as it were an angle of the Sea But the Ligurians envying the prosperitie and increase of the Citie did wearie the Grecians with daily wars who in beating back the dangers from them became so glorious that their enemies being overthrown they sent forth many Colonies into the neighboring Countries from these the Gauls being instructed their barbarous manners being either quite laid aside or more civilized they learned the use of a more refined
did gratulate the Senate the People and the Provinces but he could not gratulate him It having been better for him alwayes to suppress ill Princes then taking upon him so great a burthen to be subject not onely to the troubles and the dangers but also to the reports of all as wel enemies as friends who when they presume that they have deserved all things if they cannot extort any thing from him will be more cruel then the greatest Enemies He forgave all the penalties due at that time for not paying the Tributes he relieved the afflicted Cities he commanded that Boyes and Girles born of poor Parents should be brought up throughout all the Towns of Italy at the charge of the Commonwealth He that he might not be terrified by the access of Malignants was then advertised by the saying of Mauritius a grave and an ingenious man who being his familiar friend and at Supper with him when he beheld Veientones who had been Consul to be present who had brought many private informations to Domitian against him mention being made in the time of Supper of Catulus who was the chief informer What would he have done said Nerva if he had out-lived Domitian Why he would have supped with us too said Mauritius He was a most knowing and frequent reconciler of all differences He removed Calphurnius Crassus with his Wife to Tarentum for solliciting the Souldiers with great promises against him the Senators reproving him for his too much lenity When the Murtherers of Domitian were demanded to be put to death he was so much amazed at it that he could not forbear to vomit or defer the forced burthen of his belly howsoever he did vehemently oppose the Vote of the Senate saying That it were better to die then to injure the power of the Empire and to betray those by whose meanes he assumed the Authority which he had But the Souldiers letting alone their Prince did kill Petronius with a sword but the privie members of Parthenius were first cut off and thrown in his face Gusperius redeemed his life with great sums of money and grown more insolent he constrained Nerva to give thanks to the Souldiers before the people because they had destroyed the worst the most wicked of all men He adopted Trajan into the place of a Son with whom he lived three noneths and one night exclaiming against â—ne Regulus with a very loud voyce being in a great choler against him he fell into an extream sweat and dyed not long afterwards on the same day wherein there was an Ecclipse of the Sun Vlpius Trajanus VLpius Trajanus born in the City of Tudertum was called Vlpius of his Grandfather and Trajanus of Trajus who was the first of his Fathers stock or else he was so called after the name of Trajane his Father he raigned twenty years He did demonstrate himself to be so brave a man and of such admirable parts that the great wits of the most excellent Writers are hardly able to express them He took upon him the Empire at Agrippine a noble Colony in France In the affairs of War he used industry in the affairs of peace lenity and in relieving the distressed Cities liberality And seeing there are too things which are expected in great Princes Religion at home and Fortitude in Arms abroad and Wisdom in both he was indued with so great a measure of the noblest gifts that he seemed to enjoy a transcendent temperature of all Vertues onely he was a little too much addicted to meat and wine he was liberal towards his friends and did use the society of them as if he enjoyed with them the same society of life He builded certain Baths in the honor of Sura by whose means he attained to the Empire It would appear superfluous to give you an exact account of him in particulars it is sufficient that he wss absolute in all things He was patient of labour studious to do the Souldiers good and all good men he loved the most candid wits the most learned men although he himself was not much indebted unto Learning and but a little Eloquent He was a great lover of Justice and as well a finder out of new Rights both Humane and Divine as an observer of the Antient All which in him seemed so much the greater because the splendor of the Romane State being as it were quite destroyed and levelled to the ground by many cruel Tyrants he was thought to have been sent by Providence for the redress of such great calamities and many wonders did presage his coming to the Empire Amongst the rest a Chough from the top of all the Capitol was heard to speak in the Greek tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is by Interpretation It shall be well The Ashes of his Body being burned were brought to Rome and buryed under his Pillar in the Market-Place of Trajan His Image as those who did come in triumph were accustomed was brought into the City the Senate and the Army going before it In his time the River of Tyber overflowed more dangerously by far then in the raign of Nerva and covered very many Houses There was also a great Earthquake in many of the Provinces attended with a devouring Pestilence and the calamities of consuming fires all which he much helped by exquisite remedies and ordained for the time to come that no House should be higher then threescore foot because of the vast ruines and expences when such fires did happen whereupon he was deservedly called A Father of his Country He lived six and forty years Aelius Adrianus AELius Adrianus of Italian Parentage and cousin-germane to Trajan the Emperour was born at Adria which Town standing in the Country of the Piceni did give a name to the Adriatick Sea He raigned twelve years he was so intirely addicted to the Greek Tongue that by many in derision he was called Graeculus He augmented the Attick Studies and manners not onely with Poetry but with the faculty o singing and with the art of healing and with Musick and Geometry He was an excellent Painter and Carver and a rare workman in Brass or Marble and next to Polycletus or Euphranor a man would have thought that he had been onely made for those Arts for they never received so exquisite an elegancy as by the work of his hands He had a memory beyond belief and could remember all places businesses Souldiers and call them all by their own names although he had been long absent from them He travelled on foot over all the Provinces and in that Expedition was the formost by far of all that were with him in the way he restored many Cities and established them by sundry Orders For after the discipline of the Legions he had many Bands by Hundreds together of Smiths Carpenters Engineers and all manner of workmen either for the building the walls or for the adorning them In all causes he was a most absolute Judge being born as it were to
Orators and Captains p. 158 Alexander in many battels having overthrown the Persians doth put upon them the yoak of servitude p. 274 Alexander marryeth Statyra the daughter of Darius p. 196 Alexander would be worshipped as a God and be called the Son of Jupiter Hammon p. 169 Alexander the Great conspired against by Alexander Lyncestes p. 161 Alexander the revenger of his Fathers death p. 153 Alexander determined to die of hunger p. 188 Alexander given to Wine and Choler p. 146 Alexander grievously wounded p. 195 Alexander his dangerous feaver at the River Cydnus p. 171 Alexanders dead body to be convayed to Hammon by his own command p. 202 Alexander King of Epirus was dis-invested by Antigonus of his Kingdom p. 354 Alexander Caesar p. 586 Alexandria on Tanais builded by Alexander the Great p. 140 Alexandria in Aegypt builded by him p. 169 The Original of the Amazones p. 30 The coming of their Queen Thalestris to Alexander the Great p. 33 Amilco succeeded Hamilcar p. 282 Amilco killed himself p. 285 Amphitryo dedicated Athens to Minerva p. 36 The justice of Anaxilaus p. 75 Annabal made Captain before he was at mans estate p. 372. Annibal sixteen years a Conqueror in Italy p. 447 Annibals policy to avoyd the envie and the danger that might attend his great wealth p. 408. Annibals stratagem to overcome by Serpents p. 409 Annibals death by poyson ibid. Annibalianus Caesar p. 590 Antigonus killed by Sandrocottus p. 243 Antigonus threw the Diadem from him p. 367 Antigonus War with Perdiccas p. 217 Antiochus killed by the Parthians p. 461 462 Antiochus overcome and slain in banishment p. 362 Antiochus overcome by the Romans p. 401 Antiochus suspected Hannibal p. 392 Antiochus restored his Son to Africanus p. 397 Antiochia builded by Seleucus p. 242 Antipater killeth his Mother Thessalonice p. 245 All the Family of Antipater extinguished p. 248 Antoninus Caesar the Pious p. 558 Appollo revenging himself against Brennus p. 341 Appius Claudius breaking the Peace with Pyrrhus p. 266 The use of Honey and Runnet found out by Aristaeus p 220 The Arabians weak and impotent 473 Abdolominus made King of Sidon from the lowest degree of Fortune 167 Archidamus Commander of the Lacedemonians wounded p. 108 The Argonauts p. 407 492 The Argyraspides overcome by Antigonus p. 227 Aridaeus the Son of Philip raigneth in Macedonia p. 156 Aristides p. 57 Aristotimus the Tyrant of the Epirots his cruelty p. 351 Aristonicus overcome by the Consul Perpenna p. 433 Aristotle Tutor to Alexander the Great p. 204 The greatness of Armenia and description of it p. 490 Armenius the companion of Jason 491 Ascanius succeeded his Father Aeneas p. 503 Arsaces the common name of the Parthian Kings p 484 Arsacides his mercy to conquered Demetrius p. 458 Arsinoës departure into banishment p. 332 Artabanus killed Xerxes and he himself slain by Artaxerxes p 52 53 Artaxerxes had one hundred and fifteen Sons p. 148 Artemisia that memorable and gallant Queen p. 51 Arymbas made Laws for the Epirots p. 260 Asia the cause of many Wars reduced into the power of the people of Rome p. 433 Assyrians afterwards called Syrians how long they held the Empire p. 6 Astyages of a King made Governor of the Hyrcanians p. 13 Athens one of the eyes of Greece p. 92 Athis the daughter of Cranaus gave a name unto it p. 36 The Athenians hated by all men p. 82 The great wars of the Athenians with the Lacedemonians p. 88 The Athenians the inventors of Oyl Wine and the manufactures of Wooll p. 36 Attalus his Parricides and death p. 431 Attilius his war against Antiochus p. 403 Augustus Caesar his life and death p. 526 c. Aurelian Caesar and his gorgeous habiliments p. 578 B BAbylon builded by Semiramis p. 5 Bactrians lose their liberty and all things p. 485 Barce builded by Alexander p. 196 Butti who so called p. 219 Belgius Commander of the Gauls p. 334 Beronice having revenged the wrong offered to her was killed by deceit p. 358 Bessus delivered by Alexander to the brother of Darius p. 186 The River Bilbilis in which the Spaniards dip their sleel p. 518 Bomilcar fastned to the Cross p. 316 Brennus Captain of the Gauls killed himself at Delphos p. 341 Brundusium builded by the Aetolians p. 180 The Brutians overthrew Alexander of Epirus p. 181 Bucephala builded by Alexander in the memory of his Horse so called p. 192 Byrsa the City of Carthage so called from the Hide of an Ox p. 273 Byzantium besieged by Pyrrhus p. 134 C CAepio the Roman Consul took away the Gold at Tholouzi p. 406 Caligula why so called p. 533 Calimander his faithfulness to Demetrius p. 459 Calisthenes the Philosopher his lamentable end because he would not adore Alexander the great p. 190 Cambyses demolished the Temple of Apis and his Army overwhelmed afterwards at the Temple of Hammon p. 17 Candaules King of the Lydians p. 14 The Cappadocians overcome by Perdiccas burns all their moveables with themselves p. 216 Caracalla Caesar p. 567 Caranus the first King of Macedonia by the Conduct and direction of Goats buildeth the City of Edyssa p. 114 Carthage builded before Rome seventy two years p. 276 The Carthaginians forbid to speak or write in Grerk p. 295 The Carthaginians war with the Sicilians p. 75 Carus Caesar p. 580 Cassander killeth Alexander with his Mother Arsinoe p. 237 Castor and Pollux propitious and present to the Locrensians p. 289 Cecrops King of the Athenians p. 36 Ceres her holy Mysteries p. 81 Caribdis that dangerous gulf p. 74 Chrestos killed by Mithridates p. 450 Chion and Leonides conspire against Clearchus p. 254 Cimon overcometh Xerxes by Sea and Land and his piety to his Father p. 57 58 Civil war betwixt Caesar and Pompey p. 494 Claudius Tiberius p. 531 Claudius Caesar ibid. Clearchus banished amongst the Heraclians and his cruelty towards them p. 255 Cleopatra the daughter of Philip marrieth Alexander King of the Epirots p. 141 Cleopatra marryed her own brother Ptolomy and the execrable murders committed by him p. 455 Cleophis redeemed her Kingdom by yielding to the lust of Alexander p. 191 Clytus killed by Alexander p. 187 Cocceius Nerva p. 550 Codoman made Governor of the Armenians p. 151 Codrus the last King of the Athenians and his noble death p. 37 Commodus Caesar p. 563 Conon banished to Cyprus p. 100 Constans Caesar p. 590 Constantinus Caesar p. 587 Constantius Caesar ibid. Corcyra taken by Ptolomy p. 347 Corinth demolished p. 417 Crassus with all his Army overthrown by Horodes p. 432 Critias and Hippolochus their just deaths p. 95 Craesus King of the Lydians taken p. 13 Cyclops heretofore Inhabiting Sicily p. 75 Cynegyrus his great fortitude p. 42 The Cyprian Virgins provide them dowries by the prostitution of their bodies p. 272 Cyrini builded by Aristaeus p. 219 Cyricaenus killeth Gryphina p. 470 Cyrus maketh war on the Medes p. 11 Cyrus maketh war on the Sythians p. 16 Cyrus
and Amulius p. 503 O OCtavius takes Perseus with his two sons p. 413 Olympias guilty of her husband Philips death 144. Her great fortitude at her death p. 234 Olinthus sacked by Mardonius p. 53 Orthanes p. 18 Otho Salvius p. 540 Ovid banished by Augustus Caesar p. 529 P PArmenio and Philotas killed by Alexander p. 185 Parnassus Hill p. 336 The Parthians took Pompeys part p. 497 The Parthians war with the Romans p. 495 The Parthian Kings commonly parricides p. 496 Pacorus slain by the Romans and his Fathers immoderate lamentation for him ibid. The Parthians Original and Name p. 477 Pausanias affecting the Kingdom was condemned p. 57 Pausanias another of that name killed King Philip p. 142 Perdiccas his undaunted courage p. 211 Pericles gives his Fields to the Common-wealth p. 70 The Persians adore their Kings p. 102 The Persians God is the Sun p. 20 The end of the Persian Empire under Codeman p. 151 Pertinax Caesar called the Tennis Ball of Fortune p. 564 Phalantus love to his own people p. 66 Philip of Macedonia marryeth Olympias p. 122 Philips perfidiousness and sacriledge p. 127 Philomenes overcame the Thebans p. 125 Ptolomy called Philopater and wherefore p. 371 Philopaemenes general of the Achaians taken p. 402 The Phocensians seise upon the Temple at Delphos p. 124 A Phoenix seen in Aegypt p. 537 Phrahartes his parricides p. 496 497 Phrahartes driven into banishment by the the people p. 497 Pisistratus ruleth at Athens p. 40 Polipercon slain p. 221 Popilius with a rod in his hand doth circumscribe Antiochus 418 Porus King of the Indians taken p. 192 Probus Caesar p. 580 Philip Caesar p. 572 Prusias attempting to kill his Son was killed killed by him p. 420 Ptolomy the Son of Pyrhus utterly overthroweth Antigonus p. 346 Antigonus slain p. 348 The great Praise of Pyrhus Father to Antigonus ibid. Ptolomy the elder flyeth from his Kingdom of Aegypt to Alexandria to his brother Ptolomy the younger p. 418 Promptalus out of a sordid stock and fortune chosen King p. 422 The great luxury of Ptolomy of Egypt p. 379 The parricide of the Ptolomies p. 331 455 Pigmalion killeth his Uncle Sichaeus p. 270 The Pyrenaean Mountains p. 514 Pyrhus first of all brought Elephants into Italy 264. His overthrowing the Roman Army ibid. Pyrhus the Son of Achilles killed by Orestes p. 269 Pyrhus slain by a stone from the wall of his Enemies p. 348 Pythagoras bred up in the learning of the Egyptians 291. Pythagoras house esteemed as a Temple p. 293 Q QVintilius Caesar p. 557 R REligion protecteth better then Arms p. 164 Rhea a Vestal Virgin p. 503 Romulus and Remus nourished by a shee Wolf ibid. Rome builded by Romulus p. 505 The Romans would destroy Annibal by treachery 388. The Arts of the Romans and how they did arise unto the Soveraignty of the world is excellently described in that speech of Mtthridates in the eight and thirtieth Book of this History Roxane with her Son killed by Cassander p. 237 S THe Sabbath and the Religion of the Day amongst the Jews 429. Sandracottus from a mean Original advanced to the height of regal Majesty p. 242 Sardanapalus his effeminate life and manly death p. 6. 7 The Scipioes accustomed to overcome the Carthaginians p. 396 Scylla and Charibdis p. 74 The Scythians the most antient of all Nations 26. They founded the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms 28. They subdued Asia 31. And were subdued themselves by Alexander the Great p. 186 Seleucus and his Posterity after him had all the sign of an Anchor on their thighs p. 241 Seleucus slain by the treachery of Ptolomy p. 258 Seleucus another of that name slain by his own mother p. 465 Seleucus another of that Name killed by a fall from his horse p. 362 Semiramis killed by her own Son p. 6 Severus Caesar p. 570 Sergius Galba p. 539 Septimius Severus p. 566 Sicily the Description of it 73. No Land more fruitful of Tyrants p. 75 Sidon so called from the abundance of fish p. 267 Silvanus Caesar p. 593 Solons Laws p. 38 Sophocles a Writer of Tragedies the General of the Athenians p. 69 Sosthenes defends the Macedons against the Gauls p. 335 The courage of the women of Sparta p. 347 Strato King of the Tyrians p. 268 Sulpitius fights against Perseus p. 412 Sybares is by Cyrus made Governour of the Persians p. 13 The Syrian Kings derive their Original from Semiramis p. 427 T TAcitus Caesar p. 579 Tanais King of the Scythians p. 4 The Tarentins descended from the Lacedemonians p. 288 Theodosius Caesar p. 602 Thrasibulus overcame the Tyrants p. 95 Tigranes overcome by Lucullus p. 475 Tygris a River in Armenia p. 493 In what place the Gyants made their war against Heaven p. 518 Titus Vespasian p. 545 Trajan the Emperor p. 553 Titus Vespasian the Father of Titus Vespasian p. 542 The Drum called in Latin Tympanum the sign of fight amongst the Parthians p. 480 The Athenian Tyrants slain p. 96 Tyrus a City famous before the destruction of Troy 267. Tyrus being taken by Alexander the Citizens were all fastned to the Cross and the reason of it p. 269 Triptolemus found out the use of corn p. 36 Tyrtaeus the lame Poet with his Verses incenseth the Lacedemonians to the war p. 67 Tyssaphernes the Leiutenant of Darius p. 83 Theramenes killed p. 93 Turnus slain by Aeneas p. 502 Thomyris Queen of the Scythians overthrew Cyrus p. 16 V VAlentinian Caesar p. 598 Valens Caesar p. 600 Valerius Levinus overcome by Pyrhus p. 264 The Venetians descended of the Trojans p. 287 Ventidius his two first happy encounters against the Parthians p. 495 Virgil beloved by Augustus p. 528 Verona builded by the Gauls 294. So was also Vincentia ibid. Virus Gallus Caesar p. 573 Vexores King of Aegypt p. 4 Virgins to marry without portions by Licurgus Law p. 63 X XErxes made King p. 44 Xerxes beaten at Thermopylae by Leonidas p. 48 Xerxes burned Athens p. 49 Xerxes makes war with the Gods p. 49 Xerxes first of all subdued the Jews p. 430 431 Xerxes flying from Greece in a Fishers-boat p. 52 Z ZOpyrus his memorable Act p. 21 Zopyron the Lieuteant of Alexander the great utterly overthrown by the Scythians p. 182 Zoroastres found out the Art of Magick p. 4. He was King of the Bactrians and overcome and slain by Ninus ibid. The End of the Table Errata THe Errors committed in the Press may be thus corrected p. 13 l. 21 r. back into p. 15 l. 3 r. he shewed p. 26 l. 11 blot out either p. 30 l. 6 r. the p. 31 l. 2 r. whence p. 38 l. 28 r. nightly p. 41 l. 19 r. Author of not p. 47 l. 13 r. stood to it p. 51 l. 15 r. taken p. 65 l. 1 blot out they p. 78 l. 8 r. that p. 88 l. 25 r. that p. 91 l. 16 r. houses p. 115 l. 12 r. in the same l. 17 r. Sepulture p. 122 l. 14 blot out now p. 145 r. him p. 46 l. 4 r. joyed in p. 148 l. 2 r. one hundred and fifteen p. 162 l. 25 blot out and p. 165 l. 24 blot out of it p. 166 l. 9 r. whom p. 174 l. 25 r. gave him his p. 180 l. 20 r. home p. 193 l. 9 blot out their bodies p. 200 l. 15 r. Bouze p. 207 l. 2 r. lament l. 6 r. lived until that p. 220 l. 13 r. big p. 252 l. 25 blot out in p. 292 l. 16 blot out both p. 318 l. 19 r. pursued p. 321 l. 28 r. least p. 322 l. 24 r. standers by p. 329 l. 10 r. Court p. 331 l. 26 blot out and p. 339 l. 22 r. begin p. 340 l. 8 blot out laughing p. 345 l. 7 r. Kings p. 351 l. 28 r. of his age p. 353 l. 19 r. this p. 358 l. 25 r. so much p. 359 l. 17 r. vanquished p. 360 l. 30 r. and p. 365 l. 19 r. they proceeded p. 365 l. 26 r. mortar p. 372 l. 22 r. round about p. 375 l. 6 blot out howsoever p. 397 l. 15 r. benefits p. 409 l. 5 r. stowed p. 414 l. 8 blot out hardly p. 445 l. 4 blot out both p. 447 l. 1 blot out that ibid. r. for they p. 447 l. 2 blot out who p. 448 l. 6 r. then those who have p. 455 l. 13 r. but he p. 459 l. 3 r. way p. 513 l. 1 blot out it is p. 558 l. 1 r. Antoninus Pius p. 514 l. 19 r. vermilion ibid. l. 17 r. lead
by a voluntary death redeem himself from Captivity But Nicias who would not be admonished by the counsel of Demosthenes to provide for himself did encrease his overthrow with the dishonour of Captivity THE FIFTH BOOK OF IVSTINE WHiles the Athenians for two years together did make war in Sicily more eagerly then happily one of their Generals and a contriver of that War Alcibiades by name being absent was accused at Athens for having divulged the mysteries of Ceres which were solemnized by nothing more then silence and being called back from the war to his tryal either not enduring the consciousness or the indignity of the Charge conveyed himself privately away into banishment at Elis where he perswaded the King of the Lacedemonians the State of the Athenians being sorely shaken by the adverse war in Sicily to invade their Territories at home whereupon all the Cities of Greece did come of their own accord to his assistance as to put out a common fire so general a hatred the Athenians had contracted by their cruelty through the immoderate desire of Soveraignty Darius also King of the Persians being not unmindful of the ancient enmity of this City to them a league being made with the Lacedemonians by Tissafernes Governor of Lydia did promise to assist the Grecians in all the charges of the war This was his pretence to comply with the Grecians but he feared in earnest lest the Athenians being overthrown the Lacedemonians should transfer the war on him Who would therefore wonder that so flourishing an Estate as was this of Athens should fall to the ground when to oppose it alone all the Powers of the East did unite themselves together but they fell not in a sluggish or an unbloody war but fought to the last man and being sometimes Conquerors they were not overcome but rather worn out by the variety of their fortune In the beginning of the war all their Consederates revolted from them as commonly it is seen that where fortune thither also the favour of men does incline Alcibiades also did help on the war made against his Country not with the industry of a common Souldier but with the power of a Commander For having received a squadron of five ships he sailed into Asia and by the authority of his name compelled the Cities which paid tribute there to Athens to rebel against them For they knew that he was famous at home and saw him not made less by banishment and he being a Captain not so much taken from the Athenians as offered to the Lacedemonians they weighed the Government he had goâ—ten with that which he had lost But his vertue contracted amongst the Lacedemonians more envâ—e then favour Therefore when the Rulers had commanded that by treachery he should be slain being one thaâ— did emulate their glory it being made known to Alcibiades by the wife of King Agis with whom he was too familiar he sled to Tissafernes the Lieutenant of King Darius into whom he quickly did insinua e himself by the officiousness of his Courtship and his eloquence For he was in the flower of his youth beauty and famous also amongst the Athenians for his Oratory more happy in procuring friendships then in preserving them for the vices of his manners did lie hid under the shadow of his Eloquence he perswaded Tissafernes that he should not contribute so much in money to the Fleet of the Lacedemonians alledging that the Ionians were to pay part of it for whose liberty being tributary to Athens the war was undertaken neither were the Lacedemonians he said too prodigally to be seconded with Auxiliaries for he ought to consider that he provided a Victory for another not for himselfe and so far onely the war was to be relieved that it might not for want be abandoned For in this discord of the Greeks the King of Persia might stand as an Arbitrator bâ—th of Peace and War and overcome them by their mutual Arms whom he could not by his own And the war being ended it may come to his turn afterwards to fight with the Conquerors Greece therefore he said was to be over-run with Domestick wars that they might not have the leisure to look abroad and the powers of the Parties were to kept equal and the weaker to be relieved with ayd for he may be sure that the Lacedemonians who profess themselves to be the Defenders of the liberty of Greece will not be quiet after this Victory This Speech was agreeable to Tissafernes therefore the promâ—sed provisions for the war were 〈◊〉 but slowly in he sent also but part of the Râ—yal Navy lest he should compleat the Victory and lay a necessity on the other side to lay down their Arms. Alcibiades in the mean time did make this known to the Citizens of Athens unto whom when their Ambassadors did arrive he promised them the friendship of the King if the command of the Common-wealth were translated from the people to the Senate hoping that either by the agreement of the City he should be chosen General by all or a difference being made betwixt the people and Senate he should be called by one of the parties to their assistance But by reason of the imminent danger of the war the Athenians had a greater care of their safety then their dignity Therefore the people giving way unto it the Government was transla ed to the Senate whom when they mannaged themselves with great cruelty to the people according to the pride inherent to that Nation every one by himselfe exercising the power of a Tyrant Alcibiades was called from his banishment by the Army and cho en Admiral of the Navie He immediately sent to Athens that he would make haste unto them with an Army and if they would not restore it he would by force take from the f ur hundred the privâ—ledges of the people The Peers affrightâ—d with this Remâ—nstrance did attempt in the first place to betray the City to the Laâ—edâ—monians which when by the vigilance of the Army it could not be effected they undertook a wilful banishment In the mean time Alcibiades his Country beâ—ng delivered from the intestine trouble with great care and industry equipped his Fleet and lanched forth against the Lacedemonians and being expected by Mindarus and Pharnabasus the two Admirals of the Lacedemonians the battel being begun the Athenians had the Victory In this battel the greatest part of the Army and almost all the Commanders and Officers of the Lacedemonians were slain Not long after when they brought the War from Sea to Land they were overcome again being discouraged with those losses they desired a peace which that it might not be obtained was procured by their policy who knew which way to make a mercenary advantage of it In the mean time the Carthaginians having made war in Sicily the Auxiliaries sent to the Lacedemonians from the Syracusians were called back and the Lacedemonians being left destitute Alcibiades with his conquering Navie
between both the Phrygias which City he desired to be master of not so much for the booty as for that he understood that in that City in the Temple of Jupiter there was consecrated the plough of Gordius the knots of whose cord if any could unlose the Oracle did persage of old that he should raign over all Asia The cause and original was from this When Gardius was ploughing in this Country with his Oxen great flights of birds of all sorts did flie round about him and repairing to the Augurs of the next City to know the reason of it he met in the Gate of the City a Virgin of an excellent beauty and having demanded of her to what Augur he should more particularly address himself she having understood the occasion and having some knowledge herself in the Art by the instructions of her Parents did make answer that the Kingdom was presaged to him and did offer her self the companion of his hope and to be his companion in marriage So â—air a condition did seem to be the first felicity of the Kingdom After the marriage there did arise a sedition amongst the Phrygians and counsel being asked what a period should be put unto the differences and when the Oracles did answer That to end the discord there was need of a King and it being demanded again who should be the King They were commanded to make him King whom they should finde with a Plough entring into the Temple of Jupiter Gordius was the man whom presently they saluted as their King He consecrated to Regal Majesty in the Temple of Jupiter the Plough by which the Kingdom was conferr'd on him After him there reigned his Son Midas who being instructed by Orpheus with the solemnities belonging to the worship of their gods did fill all Phrygia with Religion and Ceremonies by which during the whole course of his life he was safer then by his Arms. Alexander therefore the City being taken when he came into the Temple of Jupiter he demanded where the Plough was which being shewed unto him when he could not discover the ends of the cord lying hid among the multiplicity of the foldings he gave a violent interpretation to the sense of the Oracle and cutting the cords asunder with his sword he found the ends lying undiscovered in the mysterie of the twists Whiles he was doing this he was informed that Darius was approaching to give him battel with a formidable Army Therefore fearing the danger of the streights he in a swift march did lead his Army over the Mountain of Taurus in which expedition his foot without any respite did run five hundred furlongs When he came unto Tarsus being taken with pleasantness of the River Cydnus running through the midst of the City having unbuckled his Armor and being covered with sweat and dust he threw himself into the River which was extreamly cold On an sudden so great and so chilling a benumnedness did posses every joynt that being speechless the danger could be neither deferred nor any hope oâ— remedy admitted There was one of his Physitians Philip by Name who promised to give a redress unto his evil but some letters sent the day before by Parmenio from Cappodocia did render him suspected to the King who not knowing of Alexander's sickness did write unto him to have a careful eye on Philip his Physitian because he was corrupted by Darius with a great sum of money howsoever thinking it safer to doubt the trust of his Physitian then his undoubted disease having received the Cup he delivered the letters to him sted fastly did behold him as he drank the physick Having observed hâ—m to be not moved at the sense of the letter he became more cheerful on the fourth day afterwards was recovered In the mean time Darius advanced towards him with an Army of three hundred thousand foot one hundred thousand horse The multitude of his numbers did trouble Alexander in the respect of the fewness of his Souldiers but computing with himself what great atchievements he had performed by that paucity and how many Nations he had overthrown his hope did overcome his fear and thinking it dangerous to delay the Battel least some desperation should grow upon the minds of his Souldiers being mounted on horse-back he did ride about his Army and by several exhortations did enflame the courage of the several Nations he stirr'd up the Illyrians and the Thracians with the ostentation of the wealth of the Persians the Grecians with the memory of their former wars with their perpetual hatred against the Persians He put the Macedonians in mind of Europe overcome and of Asia desired by them and that the world had not any Souldiers that were comparable unto them This battel he said would put an end to their labors but no end unto their glory As he delivered these words he did once and again command his Army to stand that by that delay they might the better observe and sustain the unweâ—ldy numbers of their Enemies neither was Darius less industrious in the marshalling of his Army for omitting no office of a General he in his own person did ride about the Army and did exhort every one and admonish them of the ancient glory of the Persian Empire and of their everlasting possession which was given of it by the immortal Gods After this the battel was fought with great resolution in which both Kings were wounded and the fight was doubtful until Darius fled whereupon there followed a great slaughter of the Persians there were slain of their foot threescore and ten thousand and ten thousand of their horse and forty thousand were taken Prisoners Of the Macedons there were slain one hundred and thirty foot and one hundred and fifty horse In the Camp of the Persians there was found much gold and other rich movables Amongst the Captives there were the Mother and the Wife who was also the sister of Darius and his two daughters to visit and to comfort who when Alexander came in person with some men in Arms they imbracing one another as if immediately they were to die did make a skrieking lamentation then humbling themselves to the knees of Alexander they desired not life but onely a respite from death so long until they had buried the body of Darius Alexander beimg moved at their so great a piety did both give them an assurance of the life of Darius and withal took from them the fear of death and did command that they should be esteemed and saluted as Queens and commanded the daughters of Darius to look for husbands suitable to the dignity of their Father After this taking into his observation the riches and precious Furniture of Darius he was possessed with admiration at it he then first began to delight himself with luxurious Banquets and the magnificence of Feasts and to be tempted by the beauties of Barsine his Capive on whom having afterwards begot a Son he did call him
Hercules But remembrâ—ing that Darius was yet alive he commanded Parmenio to seize upon the Persian Fleet and sent some others of his friends to take possession of some Cities in Asia which the fame of his Victory being understood came presently into the hands of the Conquerors the Lieutenants of Darius delivering themselves with vast sums of gold unto them After this he advanced into Syria where many Kings of the East with Fillets and Miters did meet him of whom some he received into the society of his friendship according to their merits and from others he took their Kingdom new Kings being chosen in their places Amongst others A'bdolominus chosen King of Sidonia by Alexander was remarkable who living but miserably before all his imployment being either to scoure ditches or to water gardens was ordained King by him the Nobility of that Kingdom being rejected least they should impute their royalty to their birth and not to the benefit of the giver When the City of Tyre had sent to Alexander by their Ambassadors a Crown of gold of great weight in the pretence of gratulation the gift being gratefully accepted Alexander did declare unto them that he would repair himself unto Tyre to pay his vows to Hercules the Ambassadors replying that he should perform that better in the old Town of Tyre and in the more ancient Church desiring withal that he would forbear to enter into their new City Alexander was so incensed at it that he threatned utterly to destroy their City and immediately drawing his Army to the Iland he was not less resolutely received by the Tyrians through the confidence they had of being assisted by the Carthaginians The example also of Dido did confirm them in their resolution who Carthage being builded were masters of the third part of the World thinking it dishonourable if their women had more resolution to subdue forreign Kingdoms then they had to defend their own liberty Those therefore who were unfit for the service of the war being removed to Carthage and the ayd of that City desired to be hastned they were not long after taken by treachery After this he took Rhodes Aegypt and Cilicia upon composition and was resolved to go to Jupiter-Hammon to ask counsel of him concerning the event of things to come and concerning his own Original for his mother Olympias had confessed to his Father Philip that Alexander was not begotten by him but by a serpent of a vast extent and bulk And Philip not long before his death did openly confess that Alexander was not his Son and caused Olympias to be divorced from him as being guilty of incontinence Alexander therefore desiring to know the divinity of his Original and to deliver his Mother from Infamy did send some before him to suborn the Priests what answers they should give unto him Entring into the Temple the Priests immediately did salure him as the Son of Ammon He being joyful of this his adoption by the God did command that he should be esteemed as his Father After this he demanded whether he had taken full revenge on all the Murtherers of his Father It was answered That his Father could neither be killed nor die but the revenge for King Philip was fully performed After this having propounded a third demand unto them It was answered That both Victory in all wars and the possession of all Lands was granted to him His Companions also were enjoyned by the Priests to worship him as a God and not as a King From hence he was possessed with a strange insolence and a wonderful pride of minde being altogether estranged from that familiarity which he had learned by the letters of the Grecians and the Institutions of the Macedons being returned from Hammon he builded Alexandria and commanded that a Colâ—ny of the Macedons should be the chief Seat of Aegypt Darius flying to Babylon desired Alexander by letters that he might have the liberty to redeem the Captive Ladies and promised him a vaste sum of money But Alexander returned answer That to redeem those Captives he must not onely have his money but all his Empire Not long after Darius did write again to Alexander and in his letter he offered him the marriage of his Daughter and a great part of the Empire but Alexander did write back unto him that he gave him but that which was his own before and commanded him to come as a Suppliant to him and to permit the Conqueror to dispose of the Kingdom at his own pleasure Wherefore having abandoned all hope of peace Darius did prepare again for the war and advanced against Alexander with four hundred thousand foot and one hundred thousand horse In his march he was enformed that his Wife was dead in her extremity of pain by an abortive birth and that Alexander did lament her death and assisted at her burial which civilities he used towards her not out of the heat of vain love but the obligations of humanity for he was assured that Alexander did never see her but once when he oftentimes repaired to comfort his Mother and his Daughters Darius then confessing that he was truly conquered when after so many battels his Enemy in courtesies did overcome him and that it should not be altogether unpleasing to him if he could not be victorious especially when he was conquered by such an Enemy did write the third time unto Alexander and gave him thanks for his civil respects unto his Family and offered him his other Daughter to Wife and the greater part of his Kingdom even to the River of Euphrates and thirty thousand talents for the other Captives Alexander returned answer That the giving thanks of an Enemy was superflucus neither had he done any thing in flattoâ—y of him or in the distrust of the event of the war or to complement for conditions of peace but out of the greatness of his minde by which he had learned to contend against the Forces but not the calamities of his Enemies He promised that he would allow the same Grants to Darius if he would be his Second and not his Equal But as the World could not be governed by two Suns no more could it endure the Government of two such great Empires in a safe condition Therefore he should come he said and make a surrender of himself on that present day or prepare for the battel on the next nor promise to himself any other fortune then of what before he had the experience On the next day their Armies stood both in battel-array Immediately before the fight began a deep sleep invaded Alexander possessed with too much care who being onely wanting in the battel he was with much ado awakned by Parmenio All men demanding the cause of so sound asleep in such apparent danger when in his greatest leisures he was alwayes moderate of it He made answer that being delivered from a great sear the suddenness of his security was the occasion of it for he might now fight