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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	call_v	river_n	sea_n	5,770	4	6.4355	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A13219	A short survey or history of the kingdome of Sueden Containing a briefe description of all the provinces of his whole dominion: as also the riches of his kingdome, the antiquity, nature, and manners of that nation; with the government of his realme, might, and power of this great King, as well by sea as by land; his great officers, his customes and revenves of the Crowne. With a genealogy and pedegree of the kings of Sueden, of those especially who have reigned these last five hundred yeers, with some of their most memorable acts and deeds, with their alliance and issue or off-spring. Something also more particularly concerning that illustrious invincible great Gustavus Adolphus the II. and of his wars with the Russian, Denmarke and Poland: as also of his most memorable acts since his comming to the crowne, as well before, as since his entring into Germany, untill this present yeere 1632.; Suecia, sive de Suecorum Regis dominiis. English. Abridgments	Bure, Anders, 1571-1646.; Hildebrandt, Andreas, d. 1637. Genealogia regum Sueciae. English.; L. S., Sir, fl. 1632.; Story, John, fl. 1632.	1632 (1632)	STC 23518; ESTC S120735	49,965	108

the Kings of that countrey both ancient and of latter times with some of their chiefe acts and the latter Kings alliances In the last place is something more particularly said concerning this great Gustavus Adolphus now raigning and his chiefe acts both before and since his expedition into Germany briefly handled The King of Sweden or Swethland call it as you list although untill now of late yeeres not so much taken notice of in these parts of the world as many other Princes and Potentates yet may it well appeare that hee is on meane Prince nor of small power His chiefe countrey and from which he takes his chiefe denomination is called by some Sueonia and the people from thence Sueones as also and with us most frequently Suevia and the people Swevi now there is in high Germany another countrey sounding somewhat like it called Suevia the people Suevi and in high Dutch Swaben bordering on Bavaria being a colonie in former times come out of this countrey of Sweden of whom my purpose is not here to speake This potent King then hath under his dominion not onely this country of Sweden properly so called but also Gothland Flintland and a great part of Lapland besides some Territories in the dominion of the great Duke or Knez of Russia or Muscovia as hereafter shall appeare This countrey is a very fruitfull soyle a land flowing with milke and honey and yeelding come in great abundance besides the great abundance of mettalls digged out of the bowells of the earth and the excellency of the pastures of this land may from hence appeare that some countrey people of Holland removing their habitation into Sweden affimed that they made as much butter of 60. measures of milke there as they did in Holland of a hundred the like measures This pleasant countrey is replenished with innumerable lakes furnished with most daint y fishes out of these same lakes do run and Issue out many pleasant and profitable rivers This country is in the South parts more plain even but towards the North and VVst more mountainous not without great store of woods very usefull for the fining of those mettals in so great abundance digg'd out of many of those mountaines The maritane pares not of Swethland onley but of Finland also are for the most part environed with high and steepe rocky hils Ilands many of them being scarce covered with greene grasse and this is the cause why it is so hard and difficult a matter for strangers without some skilfull Pilot of the naturall inhabitans to saile neere their shore and strangers at their first approaching wonder that such a country should afford the inhabitants meanes to sustaine life until such time as they are better acquainted with the inner parts of the countrey and this land hath likewise commerce with the I le of Brittaine Denmarke Norway Poland Russia and such other Notherne Regions beyond the 50 or 51 degrees of Northerly latitude that it bringeth forth none of that noble liquor of the grape which is notwithstanding in great abundance brought from other countries and besides they are well furnished with good ale and beere for their ordinary drinke 2. The kingdome of Sweden is divided into Sweden Gothland Finland Ingria and Esthionia Sweden or Swethland called Suecia or Sucovia into Sueovia properly so called and the Northlands Nordlandias Of Sueovia properly so called are these parts or Provinces following Vplandia Vestmania Dalecharlia Nevira and Suedermania This country Vplandia hath most cōmmonly bin graced with the pre-eminence above the rest and where the King hath most commonly kept his Court. This country is very well furnished with plenty of very good corne the which is liberally imparted to these daily diggers of mettalls upon the mountaines It is not destitute of good mines of yron and leed especially and in some places of silver also although not very much It is againe divided into three folk-lands as they call them that is shires or Provinces of three people and these againe sub-divided into smaller parts much answerable to our division of hundred and which name they also attribute unto them Of all the cities and townes uot only of this but of all the other Provinces of the Swedish dominions Stackholme is the chiefe and where the King most cōmonly makes his abode and residence seated in an Iland among the waters as Venice for the which cause it had this name imposed By meanes of the lake Melexus it hath brought from the inland al maner of grain butter cheese and such other commodies usefull for the life of man as also cooper yron and other mettals and again by the same way sends them back such cōmodities as are brought from remote regions and by the sea it is supplied with wine oile salt c. lt is much of the same degree of northerly latitude with the city Aberden in the of Scotland it being seated in the South part of Sweden to wit betwixt the 58. and 59. degree Next unto it is Vpsalia somtime the royal seat of the adjacent northerne parts for there was kept the Kings Court the supreme court of justice and there was also the Archbishops sea with a faire cathedrall Church the which onely of all the rest continueth yet untill this day There there is also a famous Vniversity of the which more hereafter This City is seated as it were in the very center of this rich Province on the banke of the River Sala Besides these there are yet in his Province some others of good note howbeit inferiour to the former to wit Enecopia Sigrundia Oregrundia The next Province of Sueonia is Vestmania in fertility nothing inferiour to Vplandia but in mettalls farre exceeding the same for in it is a very rich silver mine called Salbergh as for good yron and steele there is there also great abundance where mines of copper lead and brimstone are not also wanting The chiefe Citty thereof is called Grosia and commonly Westeras adorned with a Bishops sea and a cathedrall Church where is also a faire stately castle to be seene and heere may one see great store of copper and lead brought from the hils of that countrey There are yet besides this the Townes Arbogia and Koping abounding with the same mettalls but yron especially The Province of Dalecharlia although it be not inferiour to the former in the abundance of mettalls and mineralls yet in the abundance of good copper digged out of these deepe vaults and cavernes to the no small amazement of such as are not acquainted with such sights it doth farre exceede any other and besides copper the same myne yeeldeth yet great store of brimstone alum and copperas And the water which is drawne from thence changeth yron into good copper with the losse of the fourth part if the waight of the yron be in small pieces and the third part only if the pieces be

and to baptize their children c. But Charles the 9. and father to this famous and great Gustavus now raigning built in severall places of this country certaine chappells and churches for the exercise of Religion This people is ninble active and very good souldiers which if envy it selfe should deny yet that memorable battell fought neer Leipzig will witnes to the worlds end some of the hils of this country yeeld precious stones viz. Diamonds Topazes and Amethists At this day these Laplanders are subject to 3. Kings of Sweden Denmark and the great Duke of Russia The greatest the best part of this country viz. all the South mediterranian part belongs to the King of Sweden a very huge vast countrey extending from the 69. to the 71. degree of northerly latitude being above 400. miles in length and above 360. in breadth This country is diuided into 5. several territoties or jurisdictions called Lapmarchia to wit Vmalapmarck Pitalapmarck Tornlapmarek Kimilapmarck whose inhabitants pay tribute to none but to the King rf Sweden To Norway now under the danish King belongeth that tract running along long the sea-coast called Finmarchia and the inhabitants Siofuni or maritime inhabitants living upon fish onely The rest belongs to the Russian Prince from the castle of Vardhus to the mouth of the milbrie sea in the Swedish tongue called Trennes in the Laplanders language Prihinienni and in the Russian speech Tarchanavolech even at this day Now next after the country of Sweden followes in order Gothia or Gothland as if one should say a good land being also subect to the Crowne of Sweden divided from the same by a great wood only This is the ancient country and naturall soile of so many warlike people which in former ages have made their names famous to future generations which honour many other nations would willingly assume unto themselves the which subject for brevities sake I must here passe This countrey is divided into two parts East and West Gothland To West Gothland belong these Provinces following Vestrogothia Dalia and Vermelandia vnto which some joyne Hallandia Vestrogothia as it is somewhat inferiour to the most fruitfull parts of Sweden regard of corne so doth it againe in good pastures for cattle exceed them wherein consists their chiefe riches as the others in their tillage increase of corn It is also watered with many rivers yielding great store of fish besides divers Citties and Townes The Citties are Gotheburgum a great and rich staple for trafficke Slara an Episcopall Sea Mariesladum and Lidecopia The townes thereof Fabropia Sbredni Hin Bogesund Beretta and Lindosia the old Dalia is a mountainous countrey in most places hath many fishie rivers and lakes and pasture for cattell in no small abundance in so much that there are farre greater oxen found in that countrey then in other places Vermelandia among all the Gothish Provinces best inhabited and colonies first carried thither by Olaus Trekelius It is a hilly and wood-land countrey yet not unfurnished of yron mynes and one of copper reasonable rich but lately found aut In it is one citty called Carolostadium built by Charles the 9. in a place before called Tingualla Hallandia a little countrey adjoyning thereto because belonging to the King of Denmarke I there of set purpose passe by The Provinces of East Gothland are Ostrogothia Smalandia and Oelandia with which in former times were also reckoned Gotlandia Scania and Bleckingia Ostrogothia is for the most part a plaine champian countrey and so fruitfull that it exceedeth many other Provinces of Sweden and by some thought not to equall onely but even to exceede Vpland it selfe the principall Province of the whole Swedish dominion It is exceeding pleasant and very well furnished with many fishie rivers abundance of wild beasts and wild fowle and finally whatsoever is useful for mans sustnance except wine and salt Neither is it unfurnished of mynes in the mountanous parts of Godegard Hellestaberg and Vongaberg In it is seated the City Vadstenan adorned with a faire castle and an Abbey dedicate to Saint Brigeta There is besides it Scheningia sometimes of great fame and note but now reduced to the forme of a Towne Lanicopia an Episcopall Sea Norcopia and Sudercopia two famous staples or Townes for trafficke Smalandia a large country above 300. miles in compasse and is for the most part full of great woods and yet for good pastures nothing inferiour to many of the neighbour countries insomuch that they send many very great fed cattle into Denmarke which are from thence yeerely in great abundance sent into all high Germany and the lowcountries In it are also great store of great rivers lakes wel stored with abundance of excellent good fish In that part called Tinstia there are copper mines newly found out In Taberg there are good steele mynes and besides out of their lakes they gather a certaine rude matter which with very small labour is made very good yron This countrey is divided into divers parts the principall whereof are Tieherad Verandia Tinstia as also Finherdia and Mantingia famous for the Longobards expedition Cities for the largenesse of the countrey it hath not many the chiefe are Calmarnia levecopia Vexio an Episcopall Sea Elresio and Vestervile Olandia is a rich and fruitfull Iland abounding in many rich commodities But because this Iland as likewise Hallandia and Bleckingia are at this present under the obedience of the Danish King I will here passe by it And yet shall it not be out of purpose to take notice that these Ilands have beene the cause of great quarrells and controversies betwixt these two neighbouring Princes Sweden and Denmark and no lesse cotnrouersie hath it caused among Writers some pretending a right some a long prescription of time to corroborate the Title of their Prince whose right they tooke upon them to maintaine Next in order followes Finland which some thinke so to be called in comparison of Sweden as though it did in fruitfulnesse farre exceed it who are foulely deceived for it is more probable that it was first called Fiendland by reason of the great hostility those Finlanders exercised against this nation so long as they were commanded by a King of their owne This countrey abounds in corne pastures fish and fowle and finally in such things as are most necessary for the life of man this people is very laborious and able to endure hardship Of old they were esteemed the mildest among all those Scanzian people howbeit at this day they be somewhat harsher and their valour in warre was well witnessed in this last memorable battle fought neere Leipsig in Misnia They have a peculiar language of their owne in the which are some singularities to be observed namely that some letters they cannot pronounce as B D G and that they want the letter F

neyther have they any word beginning with two consonants and therefore when they pronounce any such word in other languages they leave out such letters and for this cause if they be not sent abroad while they are yet young they can never learne to pronounce forreigne languages and thus for gratus they pronounce ratus for spes pes for Dominus tominus for bonus ponus c. And this is the reason why the Nobles Merchants and others of ability send their youth to be instructed in the Swedish tongue by which meanes they are afterwards fitted for the learning of any other Againe in their language they observe no genders having one onely articles se which they attribute to both sexes and to all genders Some others for brevity I here willingly passe by These Finlanders in former times had Kings of their owne nation great warres with the Swedish untill such time as being by Ericus King of Sweden subdued in the yeere 1130. they were also forced to embrace the Christian faith Now this King subdued not the whole countrey but afterwards Birgerus Ieri subdued Tavastia and againe Turgillus subdued Runts or Carelia and about the yeere 1193. the better to keepe them in obedience and withall to inhibit the incursions of the Russians hee built the castle Viburg Finland is divided into the South North Caiania Savolaxia Tavastia Nylandia and Carlia The Northerne part is divided from the Southerne by the river Amarokei running hard by the Episcopall sea Abo. In the Westerne part thereof is that old castle Gust● now ruinated in the East part the castle Raseberg together with the Jurisdiction thereto belonging The Northerne part thereof extends it selfe towards the Bothnicke gulfe Nothward comprehending the one and the other Salagundia Vienio and Maseo In it is a famous river called Cumo-elffe abounding with Salmons and many other dainty fishes and neere the Episcopal City Biornebegh falling into the Sea Betwixt this city and Abo are the townes Raumo Nystadh and Nadhandill where was of old that famous Monastery called the valley of grace Caiania called also the Easterne Bothnia is furnished with many goodly fishie rivers It hath lately built there in the towns Vla and Vasa as also the castles Caianoburgum and Vloburgum Sauolaxia abounds with goodly lakes an rivers and almost all of them disburden themselves by the river Vox into that great lake Ladoga This lake Togetha together with these rivers among all the rest of this Scanzian country doe onely breed the seacalfe called Phoca and Vitulus Marinus They are likewise furnished with abundance of other good fishes and among others great Iackes and Pikes which are from thence being first dryed with the frost in great abundance transported to Viburgum In it is also a very faire strong castle built in the yeere 1475. by one Ericus Axelson Master of the Kings houshold and by him called Saint Olauus castle Tavastia is a mediterranean countrey and in it that famous and renowned lake Peiende The srong castle of Tavastia was built by Bergerus Ieri to curbe and keepe under these Tavastians by him newly conquered and subjugated under the Crowne of Sweden having withall compelled them to embrace the Christian religion In the North parts of this countrey the inhabitants fish out of the bottomes of their lakes a certaine rude matter which with small labour and paines and as little charges they make very good yron and very serviceable for mans use Nylandia not that it was so called as though in former times it had beene without any inhabitants but by reason that those who doe now inhabite the same in comparison of other were but newly come thither for the Helsingians and other people of Sweden sent thither their colonies The countrey is fruitful enough and well furnished with store of fish fowle wild beasts for hunting It hath in it two townes Borgo and Hefingfors Carelia is a large and vast Region and seemeth that the old inhabitants lived most by their sheepe and cattell for Curia in their language signifieth sheepe or cattell So long as the Finlanders had a King of their owne nation over them all this countrey of Carelia belonged to Finland but since the Swedish did so much by warre annoy the inhabitants that by little and little they brought many of the Provinces of that country to become tributary to them the Russians much suspecting the power arising of so potent a neighbouring Prince thought in time to anticipate his enemies designes for the which cause this Russian Prince by force of armes made himselfe Master of this whole countrey And this same country was for many yeeres after the common theater of warre betwixt those two potent Princes of Sweden and Russia and that for a long tract of time with various and doubtfull event sometimes the one and sometimes again the other party prevailing untill such time as Magnus surnamed Smek King of Sweden and George Duke of Novogardia divided it equally betwixt them setting appointing their limits and bounds in Systerbecke Now how it came wholly within these few yeeres under the crowne of Sweden shall hereafter in its proper place appeare In this Carelia is that strong city Wiburg a famous staple or mart towne for merchants exceeding well fortified with strong walls and deepe large motes round about and a strong castle in the same This same City have the Russians often but in vaine besieged with 100000. armed men Rexholmia by the Swedish corruptly so called and by the Russians Carologorod or the fort or fortresse of Carelia is seated very strongly in two little Ilands at the mouth of the river Wexen in the one of which is seated the city and in the other the castle The soyle is very fruitfull especially such places as adjoyne next unto the great lake Ladesco Ozera but 15. or 20. miles further from the lake it is so marshie and fenny that the mountainous and hilly parts thereof will onely beare come for the which cause the inhabitants there live most vpon fish and wild beasts and this aforementioned lake is one of the greatest of all Europe as being above 190. miles in length and about 80. in breadth and of this lake about the fifth part onely belongs to the Russian Prince and all the rest to the Crowne of Sweden In this great lake besides the great abundance of Salmons and other fishes there is there caught a little fish also little bigger then a hering and in their language called Ladog no where else in all Russia but there to be found from whence this lake takes the denomination In the countrey of Rexholme are some rubies found Next Carelia followes both in the order of nature and situation the countrey called Ingria which was but lately annexed to the Crowne of Sweden The soile is very fruitful in the which are many rivers full of good wholesome fish

great and thick This countrey yeelds also good store of graine howbeit scarce sufficient to furnish those laborious painefull pioners there being there such a number of them maintained at worke Next unto it is Nericia where although there be a silver myne yet yeelding but small benefit is therefore neglected The mynes of brimstone yeeld also store of alum and copperas It would seeme that all the inhabitants of this countrey are borne naturall Smiths for they send abroad into all the neighbouring countries all manner of yron implements They have but one citty called Orebregia The last is Sudermannia which is neyther destitute of mettalls nor yet of good store of yron especially the parts adjoyning to the great lake Melerus The chiefe city of this countrey is Nycopia a famous port for traficke and with all adorned with a faire castle where the Duke of this countrey most commonly had his abode Next is Strengosia an Episcopall Sea with a Cathedrall Church graced with the dead corps of Charles the 9. of that name and father to the most famous and victorious King great Gustavus now raigning There are yet some other Townes belonging to this teritory to wit Tolga Torsilia and Trosa all very rich and commodious for trafficke and commerce The other part of Sweden is properly called by the name of Northland Of this Northland there are two Provinces Gestricia Helsingia Gestricia had corn enough to supply the inhabitants wanrs and besides is well furnished with yron mynes I hath in it one very good City called Gervalia seated by the Sea-side as well for exporation as importation of all manner of commodities and about halfe a daies journey from the coper mynes By ancient records it appeareth that this Helsingia in former times was a generall name comprehending the rest of the Northern Provinces and the Scanzian Histories doe testifie that this same country in former times was graced with the Title of a kingdome and was governed by Kings until such time as Iugellus King of Vpsalia and father to Olavus Tretelias King of Vermelandia at his coronation burnt to ashes the last Helsingian King with some other moe whose kingdome hee after incorporated to that of Vpsalia Many other things concerning the antiquity and valour of this Nation for brevity I purposely let passe Among all the Swedish people these are most remarkable for their great hospitality and besides they are so affectionate to learning that although publike Schooles for good literature be but rare among them yet are private persons who have attained to any learning so forward to instruct their neighbours that it is a hard matter to find one going at plough but hee can read The inhabitants of his country are either Helsingia properly so call'd or Laplanders Of the Helsingians then the Provinces or these Helsingians properly so called Medelpadia Angermania and Bothnia This Hesingia properly so called was formerly caled Sundhede and Nordslegh The soyle of this country is fruit full enough and the inhabitants much addicted to grazing of cattle and many of them are very industrious in making of linnen cloth and not unskilfull in many other manuall trades some being also addicted to fishing It containeth one good city Hudinswaldia whose inhabitants transport into other countries great store of butter tallow hides and skins pitch and rozen masts for ships clap-boord and the like Medelpadia is much of the same nature quality with Helsingia but that it is somewhat narrow and fuller of woods It is furnished with Z good rivers well stor'd with exceeding good fish as Salmons especially and it is supposed that in former times the Helsingian Kings kept their Court in this Countrey Angermannia although it be full of high and steepe rockes yet are the vallies so fruitfull that if but once in ten yeeres compassed they bring forth every yeere exceeding good corne if the unseasonablnesse of the weather doe not sometimes frustrate the husband-mans expectation It is as it were divided into two armes the one more southerly running towards the West the other towards the Sea and further to the North. It is watered with one faire river abounding with divers forts of good fishes Salmons especially there is in it also one faire city Bothnia is not so hilly as this Angermannia and yet by reason of the sandy soyle and the coldnesse of the climat the countrey is not so fruitfull as the former which defect notwithstanding is well supplyed with the abundance of other commodities It is very well watered with divers great rivers abounding with very good fish Salmons especially It hath in it no city howbeit every Parish is as it were at towne of trafficke and commerce for in sommer they provide store of corne and such other commodities as their neighbour Leplanders want which they buy of such as trafficke into their countrey which commodities in the winter they carry into Lapland where all rivers and rivers and lakes are hard frozen and bring again backe from thence great abundance of rich furres fishes dryed and hardened with the frost and many the like commodities Next followes Lapponia or Lappia called commonly Lapland and the inhabitants Lappones Laplanders This is the northermost Province belonging to this potent Prince a large and vast countrey but hath neyther corne-fields cities nor townes The countrey is full of hills woods rivers lakes and pooles and in many places very good pastures The people are ingenious enough and civill living most by hunting and fishing They live like unto the Tartars travelling in great troupes together with their cattell and settle about some river or lake where there is good pasture for their cattell and when that is all eaten up remove to another place Adultery and murther is scarce heard of among that people nor yet any theft and merchants travelling that way ordinarily leave their wares covered onely with some old cloth to keepe off the snow and after divers daies at their returne never misse any of their goods Their appearrell is made of skinnes of beasts and wollen cloth brought to them from other countries as for linnen cloth they have none but to sew their clothes they make thred of the nerves of sinewes of beasts dryed beaten and dressed like flaxe with the which they both sew their garments cover the same also with tinne as we doe wtih silver and so adorne their garments therewith as we doe with silver and gold lace In former times they were much addicted to sorcery and witchcraft howbeit that is now well reformed In stead of houses they use tents made of the barke of birch sowed together In the winter time they meete togther at certaine places and faile not where both these aforementioned merchants find them to trafficke with the Kings customers to demand their tribute and the Churchmen were wont to come to catechize them

Brandenburg one of the Princes Electors of the sacred Empire who although she bare him some children yet lived they not long In the yeare 1624. she bare him a daughter 1. Christina but dyed the same yeare The next yeare after she bare him againe another daughter called also 2. Christina yet living and in the yeare 1627 she was in a Parliament then holden at Stockeholme declared here apparent to the crowne of Sweden It hath been a little before related how his father Charles the ninth of that name died during his warre with Denmarke and withall hath beene shewed how at the same time the same Prince had hot warre with the Prince of Russia by which may easily appeare into what a labyrinth of troubles was this young king at his first comming to the crowne involved In both these warres he carryed his affaires so well that thorow the helpe of Almighty God he hath procured himselfe ever since a firme and inviolable peace with that great Prince He had with the Dane divers conflicts yet alwayes demeaned himselfe so worthily that he came off with great honour and credit so that at length that great king seeing hee had to meddle with his match was willing to accoodate his Martiall thoughts to entertaine at treatie of peace and so these two great Princes of mortall enemies became loving and kind friends and have since confirmed a strait league of amity and friendship As for the Russian Prince he had with him yet some greater difficulty to undergoe there resting some strong and almost impregnable places to be taken and the evidences concerning such territories as the Russian had for good consideration assigned his father to bee recovered Amd although my purpose bee not particularly to enlarge my selfe upon all the severall occurrances of this warre yet are there in the same some things to be obseraed not unworthy the readers consideration whereof I will give but a touch After his fathers decease then having setled the affaires of his kingdome at home although he had to deale with so potent an enemie as the king of Denmarke as hath beene said already yet did he not neglect this warre against the Russian and for this purpose prepared a great army to prosecute that which his father had left unfinished Now it is to bee understood that these forts and places hee tooke in from the Russian Prince are the strongest holds and as it were the very keyes of all the Russian dominion That countrey is corruptly called Rexholme from a strong City and Castle seated in two little Ilands in the mouth of the river Woxen in the one of which the Castle and in the other the City is seated although the right name of this countrey among Historians be knowne by the name Carelia But among all these strong holds castles none is to be compared with the strong fort Notteburg which hath therefore hitherto ever beene holden invincible untill now of late experience hath taught us the contrary It is built in a little Iland in the mouth of the swift river Nerva and by reason of the breadth of the river could not be battered with ordnance This strong cattle therefore being of so great importance was never unfurnished But the great God of heaven who according to his good will and pleasure disposes of all these sublunary things and infatuates the wisedome of the wise delivered this inuincible fort into the hands of an invincible Prince a presage no doubt of his future great and glorious victories But the manner is yet more admirable for within the souldiers were not unfurnished of sufficient foode and the enemies force as said is they needed not much to feare but within their mouthes and throats there grew so many great warts that although they had food sufficient yet could they not feed on the same nor yet swallow down any sustenance for the which cause they were forced to surrender this strong fort into his maiesties hands And so he that made the walls of Iericho at the found of a rammes horne to fall downe to make a way for his owne people of Israel to enter this City found out this way to take in this invincible fort And whosoever sees not the same providence accompanying prospering him in this so great a warre now undertaken against the whole power of the Austrian house and the Catholick league I thinke is more then pur-blind There is in that same countrey another strong Castle Iuanogorod seated on the top of a high rocke in an Isthmus or narrow plaine a great part thereof being environed with this swift river And although on the west side as it looketh towards the river it might be batered yet both that way as likewise both the south and north parts were well defended by this river and on the east there was a low valley digged by natures owne industry where the people had their habitation the countrey about being plain and levell and so high that the ordnance could touch onely the tops of the turrets and goe no lower Neither yet was there any undermining by reason or that soile which was altogether rockie This fort notwithstanding together with the former 2. and many more were by this same king taken in the yeare 1617 in so much that this great Prince was then put in no small feare of loosing all or the greater part of his dominion whereof there was then no small danger Wherefore the great Knezor or Duke Michael Feodorouitz sonne to the former perfidious Iuani Vasilienitz Suski earnestly suing for peace it was at length by the mediation of king Iames of famous memory effected and in the yeare 1618. fully finished and agreed upon And thus were those aforementioned townes and forts and divers others belonging to this Carelia Ruthenica or countrey of Rexholme together with all the deeds and evidences thereunto pertaining resigned over and delivered into to the hands of this king and for ever annexed unto the Crowne of Sweden and all other places during this warre taken from the Russian againe to him restored as in the articles of agreement in 18. more at length is to be seene Neither was this king then part 21. yeares of age when he had brought to a happy end two so great and important warres Now after this happy and peaceable conclusion having established peace in al his Prouinces he gave not himself over to his lustfull pleasures as is often too customary with young Princes nor to drowne himselfe with sinnefull delights but gane himselfe wholly to beautifie and adorne this peaceable kingdome whereof shee was now fully possessed which could no better be effected then by confirming the ancient good and wholesome lawes and constitutions of the kingdome adding some others as occasion required And therefore as was already touched he not onely reinforced the former lawes and constitutions concerning trafficke and commerce betwixt the sea townes but added also divers others tending to that same

lands and possessions but of his electorate dignity also contrary to the Emperours expectation turning his power against himselfe forces him not onely to a restitution of the captives but likewise to a setled peace and liberty of religion within the whole Germane countryes and so it did here plainely appeare how God brought light out of darknes The Iesuites the incendiaries of the Christian world envying the peace and prosperitie of the same as in other parts so in this countrey of Germany have they laboured to overthrow and subvert both the State of the true reformed Church and common-wealth And although they have been a long time proiecting such a plot yet could it not so conveniently be brought about untill such time as Fredericke primus Palatine Elector having accepted of the Bohemian Crowne being freely and lawfully thereunto elected this viperous generation being of a martiall breed failed not to lay hold on such an offered opportunitie and therefore cease not to incense and stirre up the Emperor Ferdinand the 2. of himselfe sensible enough of any thing that might but in shew derogate from the dignity of the Austrian house to prosecute that which before had been proiected And thus was this Noble Prince deprived not onely of his kingdome of Bohemia but of all his hereditary dominions and electorate dignitie And whereas many ignorant of the Iesuites farre fetched secret stratagems did verily beleeve that now they were attained to the utmost end they aimed at it appeared farre otherwise For now the fire that so long lay covered under the ashes breakes foorth and sets upon a sudden all these flourishing provinces of Germany on fire and the visard now remooved their purpose was made manifest to the blindest eye-sight to wit the totall ruine and overthrow of the true religion in many yea in most places of Germany professed the reducing of them againe to the Romish superstition and utter overthrow of the liberties of the Romane Empire whose designes whosoever in defence of Gods cause and liberties of their owne countrey did any way oppose have been in most barbarous manner prosecuted and persecuted with fire and sword and many forced to forsake their ancient inheritances to save their lives and keepe a good conscience in still professing that religion wherein they had heretofore beene brought up Others againe more pusillanimous and loath to loose all for Christ yet besides a shameful and perfidious abiuration of that truth which before they had professed were yet notwithstanding forced to yeeld to such slavish and servile conditions as the insolency of a victorious enemy was pleased to impose upon them When this tyranny had now at least for the space of tenne yeares beene after a rigid manner prosecuted it pleased Almighty God of his infinite goodnesse all other meanes now failing in pitty and compassion to his poore afflicted Church now destitute of the least appearance of any humane helpe to raise up meanes of deliverance where I am sure it was least expected euen that illustrious and victorious king of Sweden Captaine of the Lords host Gustavus Adolphus King of the Swethens Goths and Vandals arriued in Pomer in February An. 1630. and landed neere unto the Isles of Rugen and Vsdome at a little village called Pennemund with no more at the first then 6000 souldiers Himself comming on shoare falls downe and powres out this vnto God O Lord thou that rulest ouer the Heauens the earth and the vast sea I cannot sufficiently giue thee thanks that thou hast preserued me so graciously in this perillous iourney O Lord I render thanks vnto thee and giue praise vnto thee from the very bottome of my heart beseeching thee seeing thou knowest that this voyage my purpose and intent tends not to my owne but onely to they glory and honour and for the comfort and helpe of thy afflicted Church that if now the time and appointed houre become Assist me further with thy grace and blessing grant are a prosperous wind and good weather that I may behold the rest of my Army with a ioyfull eye which I haue left behind me picked vp out of diuers nations to the end that with them I may aduance forward thy holy worke-Amen The Kings Officers and Councell stepping on land after him and hearing such a zealous prayer comming from him in this manner could not forbeare weeping which the King perceiuing said vnto them Weepe not my friends but pray feruently from the bottome of your hearts the more yee pray the more victory God will giue you for earnest prayer is more then the gaining of halfe a battle It seemes since that time that the Kings prayer hath auailed much with God and how mightily the Lord hath been with him in taking in many countries cities and townes in ouerthrowing the Emperours inuincible Army and that of the Catholike League and the mighty increasing of his Armie since his first landing Other particulars may giue satisfaction to the Reader to God the onely author and giuer of them be giuen immortall praise Amen FINIS Division of the Northern world Antiqnity of the kingdome of Sweden Sueonia Suevia Division of the Kingdome of Sweden Sueovia and the parts thereof Vplandia Conmedities of this countrey Mines in this countrey Division of Vplandia Stockholme Vpsalia Vestmania Rich Mines Dalecharlia A profitable water Nericia Sndermannia Nycopia Strengosia Tolga Torsilia Trosa Northland Gestricia Gerralia Helsingia sometimes a kingdome Helsingian an ancient people Affectionate to learning Helsingia properly so called Hudinswaldia Medelpadia Angermannia Fertility of the soyle Bothnia Lappionia or Lappi● Their manner of life Their innocencie Their apparell Strange thred Their tents Their tents The meetings Nature of the people Good soldiers Diamonds Topazes and Amethists among them Diuision of this countrey Gothia Division of this country Vestrgothia Citties Townes Dalia Vermelandia Carolostadium Ostrogothia Fertility of the soyle Smalandia Good pastures Mines of copper and steele Division of this country Olandia Occasion of warres betwixt the two neighbouring Princes Finlandia VVhy so called Nature of this people Singularities in their languagess When and by whom first subdued Division of the country Cities towns and castles Caiania Townes Savolaxia Lake I-adoga Sea Calse Nystat Tavas●ia Nystat or New-castle Yron made of water Nylandi Townes VViburg Rexholmia Greatest lake of all Europe A peculiar fish Rubies Ingria Alce Elgh or Elent Notteburg Capurio Iamarod Esthonia How it came first under the Swedish Crowne Provinces of this countrey Five severall languages in Livonia Nature of the inhabitants Not so vicious as many other Nations Apparell of this people Their buildings Woodshere very frequent Bread of the barke of trees Adultery there vnknowne Manner of their marriage and betrothing Manner of succeeding in inheritances If the heire be absent Dana arf If the heire be 〈◊〉 owne Their hospitality Robberies seldome heard of among this people Gothish letters abolished The Swedish much addicted to the high Dutch speech Italian language The Spanish French Gothe louers of learning Sixe rankes o● degrees of the Swedish nation Princes of the bloods The Nobility Their titles were not hereditary When made hereditary The clergie or persons ecclesiasticall Bishops lived like Princes in Sweden The military forces The trained ●ands whereof consist the foot forcet The horse forces and how raised Merchants Certain lawes and constitutions have been appointed for traffick and commerce Husbandmen Free-holders Werkers in the Mynes Farmers They have a voice in Parliament Antiquities of the Vestrogothian lawes The whole government of this Kingdome comprehended in certaine societies or colledges a Colledges or societie of Iustice 2 Colledge or societie is that of warre or court Marshall 3 Colledge the court of the Chancery The Lord Chancellours office Colledge me Admirall court 5 Colledge is the Exchequer The Lord Marshals office Particular division of the Provinces into smaller parts Severall Iudges The supreame Iudge Legifer Iudicium praetoriale The Ral or Court Royal. Iustice heire of Scotland Sea forces Number of Ships 〈…〉 Mariness and Sailers His land forces The horse not bigge in bulke This king hireth commonly his horsemen Customes threefold Customes arising from his mynes Great number of brasse Ordnance Customes revenues arifing from the fruits of the earth Customes of all manner of merchandise Customes of furres and rich skins The third fort of custome or revenue arbitrary or voluntary contributions 1 King Magog 2 Swennus 3 Getbar 4 Vbbo 40 Ericus the 3. 41 Goodrichus 42 Haldanus 100 Biorno 124 Ericus Sanctus 4. 125 Charles● 126 Canutus 127 Stercherus 128 Ericus 3. 129 Iohn 1. 130 Ericus Balbus 131 Valdemarus 132 Magnus Ladolos 1. 133 Birgerus 134. Magnus Smech 135. Albert of Meckleburge 136 Margaret the Dane 137 Ericus Duke of Pomerania 7. 138 Christopherus Prince Palatine of Rhene and Duke of Bavaria 139. Carolus Canuti 140. Steno Sture 141 Suanto 142 Steno Sture 2 Something concerning the title the kings of Denmarke pretend to the crowne and kingdome of Sweden Christierne the 2 invades the countrey of Sweden A great ingratitude Extreame barbarous crueltie More then ●nhumane crueltie 143 Gustavus Erickson 1. Reformation of religion in the kingdome of Swedea An. 6560 141 Ericus 8. 145 Iohn 2. 146 Sigismundus The oath of Sigismund Abdication of king Sigismund An act against the accepting of a forreine kingdome unlesse he refine himselfe in Sweden His warres against Denmarke and Russia 148 Gustavus Adolphus 2. His war with the king of Denmarke His war with the Russian Prince The countrey of Carelia corruptly called Reaholme taken in The invincible force of Notteburg The strange manner of taking in the Castle of Noneburg The taking in of the strong fort Iuanogorod Confirmation of the ancient lawes concerning trafficke and commerce betwixt the sea townes The Vniversitie of Vpsalia is by him much enriched and adorned Albert killed Another Albert Emperour Wonderfull greatnes of the house of Austria Charlet the attempted the overthrow of true religion together with the Germans liberty

meanes many disorders are by little and little crept into their trafficke and commerce And therefore this illustrious and victorious king Gustavus Adolphus now reigning to testifie and make knowne his love and fatherly affection to his countrey in restoring and repairing the ruines and breaches of the common-wealth among many other things did againe as it were revive and put life into those now almost dead lawes and enlarge the same the which if afterwards they shall be duely observed no doubt but these cities will soone againe returne ●o their former splendor and dignitie The last ranke and degree among this people is that of husbandman the which although lowest in degree yet not of l●ast vse and necessitie a being the very ground and foundation of all the rest and who furnish all the others both with food and rayment And of these there are yet two sorts the first are free-holders having their lands and possessions hereditary and out of the which they use to pay something yeerely to the king the which payment is seldome raysed to any higher rate and withall this priviledge hath beene granted them of old that if they be able to furnish themselves with a good horse and compleat armour being able to serve the king in his warres so long as they or yet any of their sonnes serve in this kind their Manours or Farmes are freed from any manner of payments to the king and this is the reason why many from their very cradle as it were apply themselves to military affaires by which means also the number of the kings horsemen is wonderfully encreased Among these are also to be ranked such as worke in mynes in the mountainous and hilly places of the kingdome who thereby purchase to themselves no small gaine and are for the most part very rich The rest of these countrey people are Farmers who although besides the set rents they pay their landlords they performe likewise diuers services yet by reason of the great benefit and commodity they make by fishing fowling and of wood of the forrests they reape no small commodity whereby they are enabled to live in very good fashion recording to their owne ranke and degree For this is to be undestood that this whole kingdome aboundeth with lakes and rivers full of very wholesome fishes besides the abundance of woods which partly in regard of their number and partly by reason of the remotenesse yeeld oftentimes but small benefit to the owners and for the same reason no where are fish and fowle as also hares cheaper then in this kingdome It is likewise to be observed that in all Parliaments the countrey people this last and sixt ranke I meane have a voyce as well as any of the others And thus it commeth to passe that the meanest or lowest degree is not neglected nor no well deserving subiect hindered to climbe to as high a pitch of honour as his vertues can attaine unto CHAP. IIII. Of the Politicke and civill government of the Kingdome of Sweden IN ancient times each Province of this kingdome had it's severall lawes and constitutions whereof as it is supposed there were divers authours whose names by reason of the long tract of time are now for the most part buried in oblivion And the Vestrogothian lawes are so ancient that it is apparant they were made at such times as the Goths departed out of this kingdome or at least shortly after for there is mention made of the Goths inhabiting Greece and Thracia to wit that none of them should enioy or possesse any of their ancient possessions in their owne countrey unlesse they would returne and dwell there And it is apparent that they dwelt there before the times of Alexander the great who as he affirmed were to be shunned and taken heede of Besides even before the incarnation of our Lord and Saviour they were such a terror to the Romans that they were by them much hindered from inlarging their dominion beyond the Danubius Now these lawes doe for the most part agree with the lawes of the Visigoths set down by Ifidorus although they be farre shorter for the which cause it is not unlike that these same lawes of Isidrus were at the first collected out of the constitutions of the Vestrogoths and after as the titles testifie enlarged by the kings of the Visigoths of Spaine Out of all these Provincial lawes and other constitutions of this kingdome did the Bishops and Senatours thereof above 270 yeares agoe compile this generall law very agreeable to the law of nature and not much differing from the civill law but that by this controverted cases are far speedilier ended But before we speake any thing concerning their lawes we will premit some generalities In this kingdome therefore there are severall principall colledges or societics which comprehend the whole government of the same The first of these is called the Colledge of Iustice in the which ore three degrees or rankes the supreame the middle most and lowest of all In this supreame or highest ranke or order are the noble Senators of the kingdome in the next are such as they call Lagman and in Latin Nomophy laces as if we should say Recorders or Registers In the third ranke or order are the Iudges of particular cities or townes being men of good esteeme and of honest life and conversation and not unskilfull in the lawes of the land In this supreame court are iudged causes of the whole kingdome as well criminall as ciuill and to this supreame court the subiect may from any inferiour Court of the kingdome appeale whereas they determine and iudge whether the inferiour court hath iudged right or no and from this court there is no appeale unlesse it be to the king himselfe in whosepower it is either to qualifie the punishment or to remit the offence Vnder this suprame court are immediatly subiected and subordinate two others that of criminall causes and that of the court or chamber The next to this colledge is the colledge of war wherein are handled all Martiall or Military affaires and is called the Court marshall or martiall To this court belongs the Councell of War wherein are all military matters deliberated and discussed and over this court presides the great Marshal1 of the kingdome His office is when the king cannot be present in his owne person as generall to command over the whole army This great officer hath with him ioyned diuers other associates and collegues amongst whom is chiefly he whom they call Riick-seirs Siigmeister as much to say as master of the Ordnance Besides there is also a field marshall and under him many other commanders both of the horse and foot forces The third colledge or court it that of the Chancerie in which are handled all manner of causes both civill and ecclesiasticall In this Court presides the Lord Chancellour of the kingdom who hath the chiefe charge of the broad seale

made if there were any need And if the country people did not oftentimes conceal some mines newly found out the profit which would arise out of these mynes would amount to a farre greater summe The next way by which the kings revenues are increased is from the fruits of the earth and his customes as well by sea as by land for the king hath the tythes of all manner of graine wheate rye barly c. as also of butter cheese of beasts hides fish and the like the certainty of which reuenues although it be not to us assuredly knowne yet no question ariseth it to no small summe and as is credible to little lesse then 9 or 10. millions say their writers but this must be understood of their owne coine and account not of Sterline money Now concerning his customes the king receiveth custome of all wares transported out of the kingdome or imported into the same And that there be no want of good silver coyne within the kingdome this order hath beene for many yeares agoe established to wit that for every hundreth dollors worth of merchandize transported out of the kingdome they shall pay into the custome-house tenne silver dollors in kind or else tenne ounces of silver for the which they receiue in present pay the worth in other small copper coine of Swedish money currant within the kingdome And for every hundreth dollars worth of wares so transported out of the kingdome the merchant is tyed to bring into the kingdome againe the worth of 90. dollors of such wares as are usefull for the kingdome and for these 90. dollors worth of wares they are to pay into the custome-house tenne dollors or tea ounces of silver of else the worth thereof in other money And whosoever shall faile in any of the premisses for the first fault hee shall pay 20 Swedish markes and the next time all his wares shall be confiscate As for the revenue and custome of rich skins and furs it is sometimes more and sometimes lesse according to the intensenesse and remisnesse of the cold and the abundance of snow For the greater is the snow the greater number of these wild beasts are taken Out of the country of Lapland the Northermost of all his Provinces the king receives a great number of these skins or rich furs And to the end he be not couzned he sendeth thither euery yeare an officer being a clerke who so narrowly inquireth into the number of these beasts so killed that very hardly can he be deceived These rich furs the king disposeth of among his kindred and friends and sometimes also hee exchangeth them with merchants for other wares wherewith they furnish his Court. The third sort of revenue consisteth in voluntary or arbitrary contributions answerable to our subsidies and fifteenes in this kingdome For whensoever the king is to undertake a warre offensive or defensive he calls a Parliament wherin he acquainteth the subiect with his purpose and what charges it is like to arise vnto and then the States of the kingdome agree vpon a certaine summe answerable to the busines to be undertaken But the Nobles and chiefe Gentrie and their tenants are for the most part freed from these impositions unlesse upon very urgent and important occasions But if there be an extreame necessitie and there be not otherwise sufficient supply then their vassals and tenants are tyed to pay halfe of the taxe or subsidie as well as those who are immediately subiect to the king himselfe Besides all this the subiect is tyed to contribute to the marriage of the kings daughters whose do wrie hath been hitherto 100000. dollors neare upon 40000. pound sterling money besides plate and other mooveables unto the which neverthelesse the king may adde at his pleasure as he seeth occasion And whensoever the king permits any of his Court deserving subiects to any preferment he commonly assignes him a certaine number of country people who are esteemed as his vassalls and subiects and are to doe him homage and pay him tribute and certaine duties CHAP. VII Of the Kings of this countrey of Sweden with some of their chiefe and memorable Acts. MOst of the Northerne nations have time out of mind had their Kings by election as the Dane Swedish Polonian and Bohemian The kings of Sweden have beene untill of late yeeres electiue And although it was a matter of no small difficulty among barbarous nations where Mars was more honoured then Minerva and good literature the meanes to eternize heroicall worth scarce heard of in these remote regions to finde out any thing concerning their kings worth the writing yet have we the names of divers kings of that nation recorded of old how be it a constant and continued succession without any interruption wee cannot reade of 1 In the first place then they tell us that Magog sonne to Iaphet Neahs son the founder of the Scythian nation in Europe having passed over the Venedicke gulfe into Gothland by the Latines afterward called by the name of Scythia reigned over those people called Gete Others and that of the more learned ascribe rather the originall of the Goths to Gomer Iaphets eldest sonne and make those two nations Goths and Gete different and distinct nations 2 Vnto Magog as they write succeeded Swennus from whom the nation tooke the name 3 Getbar 4 Vbbo who as they write builded Vpsalia before Abraham was borne And from that time untill our Lord and Saviour they reckon up 35. kings and distinguish them all by their severall names and many of those for their sanctitie of life and conspicuous and eminent vertues were by the rude rimes of those dayes highly commended And besides these divers other kings are yet recorded to have reigned ouer those who under the command of one Berico for feare of intestine warre fled their owne countrey and among those mention is made of one king of the Getes in order 22 Colison by name to whom Augustus Cesar betroathed his daughter Iulia about the which time also Antonius demaunded his daughter in marriage as may cleerely appeare by Suetonius in the life of Augustus Moreover about the time of our Savior reigned Ericus the third surnamed Disertus who for his worth and merit attained to this government To this Ericus succeded to the government of the Swedish nation 41 Godrichus his sonne and next to him 42 Haldanus during the reigne of this king lived that monster of strength for the same cause called Starcherus who is said at singular combats to have killed that great champion Ham which afterwards gave denomination to that famous City Hamburg After those is a long catalogue of their kings recorded but nothing concerning their acts worth the reading recorded that nation then standing more upon the point of valour and honour then upon penning of them for posteritie But farre more fortunate have they beene in their forreine expeditions and transmigrations when as

very day of his coronation killed all the Nobility by him suspected to bee of the contrary faction But by reason of his extraordinary cruelty the same moneth he came was againe expelled the kingdome Now before we proceed to the orderly succession of the ensuing kings something may bee said concerning the king of Denmarke and the originall of the claime he layes to the crowne of Sweden Christierne the 1. of that name of whom something hath been said already the whole royal race of Denmark being now quite extinguished of an Earle of Oldenburg by the consent of the Peeres of the kingdome was elected king and installed in the throne Royall and that chiefly by the commendation of Adolphus of Holsasia his mothers brother and afterwards there arising some broyles and tumults in the kingdome of Sweden the factious of the kingdome of whom was chiefe Iohannes Benedictus Archbishop of Vpsalia having before reiected their naturall king Carolus Canutus and is the pretended right the Dane claimes to the kingdome of Sweden After his decease Iohn his sonne for the space of thirty two years continued king of Denmark He was in like manner by the factious Goths elected king of Sweden after they had reiected Steno the elder who had succeeded his mothers brother Charles but was in a short space after by Swanto being the meanes of Henningus Gaddus Bishop of Lincopia by the consent of the States of the land elected in the roome of Steno againe driven out and in many conflicts being still put to the worse at length fled into Denmarke This Suanto shortly after dying the Peeres of the kingdome after great altercation the Danish faction willing to set against him Ericus Trollus the memory of paternall worth and vertue prevailing made choice of Steno Sture the younger sonne of the aforesaid Suanto Two yeares after the death of Suanto Christierne the second succeeded in the kingdome of Denmarke the greatest scourge that ever befell the kingdome of Sweden who presently resolves to prosecute the pretended right his father and grandfather had to this crowne Steno their new elected king seeing himselfe now as he thought setled in the peaceable possession of the kingdome giving too much eare to flatterers often too frequent in Princes Courts and by their evill counsel seduced committed many grosse and fowle faults in his government by which meanes there following an alienation of the minds of the Nobility he lost likewise at length the love of many of the commons also The Dane who left no wind unsailed to bring his purpose to passe thinking it now good fishing in a muddy water took eftsoone hold of this opportunity and gathering together a great army he begirt Stockeholme round about but Steno likewise with a great army opposing him raised the siege The wind in the meane time being contrary for his returne into Denmarke for the space of three moneths he was put to an extreame great strait for want of provision for his army Steno who used all possible meanes to winne his love and favour with all meanes of necessary provision for his countrey into Denmarke supplyed his present necessitie granting him free leave to returne without any trouble or molestation But this so great a curtesie and kindnesse was but ill requited For foure yeares after having about some matters of great importance as he pretended desired private conference with Steno hee had almost yeelded to goe aboard the enemies ship Being then thus prevented he wished Steno to send him some men of note as Ambassadors to conferre with him and having sent Gaddus and Gustavus sonne to Ericus and after king against his oath and promise carries them both captive into Denmarke This was but the beginning of the next yeres Tragedie Having then the next yeare gathered together a farre greater army then the former he invaded the country of the Vestrogoths and the battell being fought upon the ice Steno being shot thorow the thigh with a gunne dyes shortly after of this wound upon which followed the dissipation and dispersing of the Swedish army Immediately sfter was Christierne by the Danish faction in the principall city Stockeholme elected and crowned king having also after a solemne manner sworne the confirmation of all their priviledges and promised immunitie and pardon for whatsoever was past But the same day fearing lest afterwards in his absence the sonnes of Steno might by the contrary faction be elected having first commanded the gates of the City to be shut up and invited to a feast the chiefe of all the Nobility of the contrary faction in the fight of all the people now trembling and quaking for feare slew 94. of them leaving their dead bodies in the great Court before the towne hall for the space of three dayes for a terrour to the people The dead body of Steno was by the tyrants command taken out of the grave and as some write after he had like a dogge torne it with his teeth commanded to burne is to ashes with the others lately killed The inhabitants were also by the rude souldiers withour any regard off sexe or age cruelly killed and murdered and young children being hung up their heads were cut off from their shoulders The City was rifled and spoiled by the souldiers and no manner of outrage and insolency omitted After his departure from thence as some write he went into a monasterie where he was entertained after the best manner the Monkes were able but after service being Candlemasse day he commanded to take the Abbot and all his Monkes tying them hand and foot and threw them into a deepe river running by the Abbot having by some meanes untyed himselfe was swimming 'a shore which being by him perceived he caused to follow him with a boat and kill him Having thus committed many ontrages and insolencies the people of the land being much therewith distasted tooke courage and about some 30000. in armes pursued him now fleeing and marching more by night then by day untill at length he came inro Denmarke B●ing now so embrued in bloud he could not refraine from crueltie even against his owne kindred he was at length assanlted by Frederick Prince of Holstein ane those of Lubecke and his conscience now affrighting him with his wife Isabella the Emperours sister and his children flees into Zeland which was the third yeare after the massacre of Stockeholme 1523 CHAP. IX 124 GVstavus 1. called Erickson or sonne of Ericus after long imprisonment escaping out of Prison fled speedily out of Denmark and was at length by the generall consent of the States now surviuing accepted for king of the Realme being thereunto well furthered by those of the City of Lubecke which supplyed him with store of money This noble and praise-worthy Prince liued and reigned very peaceably with the love and good liking of his subiects the whole space of 38. yeares and dyed in 1560. The most memorable of his acts and was it not memorable