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city_n	call_v	river_n	run_v	9,063	5	8.1560	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A69607	The Present condition of the Muscovite empire till the year 1699 in two letters : the first from a gentleman who was conversant with the Muscovite ambassadour in Holland, the second from a person of quality at Vienna, concerning the late Muscovite embassy, his present czarish majesty, the Russian empire and Great-Tartary : with the life of the present emperour of China, by Father J. Bouvet, missionary / by the author of The antient and present state of Muscovy.	Crull, J. (Jodocus), d. 1713?; Bouvet, Joachim, 1656-1730.	1699 (1699)	Wing B3862; ESTC R19507	51,096	122

Prince his Son should be fit to Travel he would send him to the Court of Berlix to tarry there for some considerable Time No sooner had their High and Mightinesses the States General of the United Provinces received advice that this solemn Embassy was on their way towards their Frontiers but they sent some Deputies who were to receive their Excellencies in the name of the States General upon the Frontiers and orders were given not only to defray them at the Charge of the State but to welcome them with considerable Presents and by the discharge of the great Cannon of all the great Towns through which they passed their High and Mightinesses being willing upon so extaordinary an Occasion to eternalize the Memory of the Honour they were going to receive by so solemn an Embassy the most glorious that ever was seen in respect of Personal Apppearance of so great a Monarch with whom they were Engaged in a most strict Tye of Friendship and Commerce After they had travelled some Leagues in the Territories of the United Provinces his Czarish Majesty left the Embassy that he might with the more speed reach the City of Amsteldam and that by travelling thus in Disguise he might with the more freedom and unperceived take a view of every thing he thought worth his Curiosity Accordingly he came to Amsteldam accompanied only by two or three Gentlemen so disguised as not to be known by any body where he lodged at a Common-Inn for one night only The next day he went to Sordam a large Town on the opposite side of the River of Amsteldam and about two Leagues distant this place being most famous for the great number of Ship-Wrights and others who are there employed continually in building of Ships His Majesty immediately after his arrival there took up with a private lodgings at a Burgher's House which lay much out of the way his aim being to keep himself from being discovered as much as Possible could be His Chief and first empolyment in this place was to inform himself in person from the Work-mens own Mouths and to be an Eye-witness in what manner they built their Ships He bought a small Yacht of about twenty five or thirty Foot long which he took a particular Pleasure to steer himself and to Sail in the Company only of those three Gentlemen that attended him up and down the River of Amsteldam called the Tey where his greatest delight was to make his own Observations and to feed his eyes with that most beautiful Prospect of that vast number of Ships which not unlike a Forrest lie close together in the Road of that City But it was not many days before he was robbed of the Satisfaction of passing away his time thus undiscovered For a certain Lock-Smith who had lived a few years before in the City of Muscow happening to take particular Notice of him one day as he passed by knew him first and having told some of his Comrades the inhabitant flock'd in such Numbers about him when he appear'd abroad that being tired with the Crowd he resolved to leave Sordam sooner than he intended at first This News being come to Ears of the Merchants of Amsteldam Trading to Muscovy some of whom had the Honour to know His Majesty they immediately went in a Body to pay him all imaginable Respest and to pray him to honour them with his Presence in the City of Amsteldam where he arrived from Sordam some days before the Ambassadours who had received Orders to tarry for some time there before they went to the Hague in order to be Admitted to the publick Audience of Their High and Mightinesses In the mean while the Magistrates of Amsteldam took effectual Care to provide every thing for the Magnificent Reception of the said Embassy great store of Cannon being planted upon the Bastions facing the River Amstell which way the Ambassadours were to come All the young Men of the City mounted on Horseback with very splendid Equipages and those of the best Rank and Quality went to meet him in their Coaches The Magistrates deputed some of their Members to Compliment Their Excellencies at their Landing which was about a quarter of a League without the City whither they were conducted in the Yatchs of the State and received with a Discharge of all the Cannon round the Ramparts The three Ambassadours wire conducted by the Deputies into the Coach of one of the Chief Magistrates of the City the Deputies took their Places in the second and the rest of the Coaches were taken up by the Gentlemen of the Embassy among whom as it was reported was His Czarish Majesty But first of all rid the beforementioned Gentlemen on Horseback who leading the Van were followed by the Trumpets of the State and these by some Tartars Armed with Bows and some Muscovites on Horseback After these marched on foot twenty Pages belonging to Their Excellencies the Ambassadours very richly Clad their Coats being of Scarlet Cloth covered all over with very rich Gold and Silver Galloons These went immediately before the Coach wherein sat the three Ambassadours Guarded on each side by twelve Tall and lusty Fellows Cloath'd in a Slavonian Dress carrying each a Silver Ax in their hands and Cimmetars with Silver Hilts on their Sides They had red Cloaks over their Cassacques trimm'd on both sides with large Silver Buttons and large Plated Loops all which together made a very Glorious and Magnificent Show These Coaches were followed by a great many Footmen likewise clad in red Scarlet Cloath trimmed with Silver Galloons His Excellency the General Le Fort appeared that day in an Europian Habit and the other two Ambassadours in a Muscovite Dress but their Apparel was extreamly Rich. Thus they passed in very good order through the Chiefest Streets of Amsteldam to the Lodgings prepared for them where stood a Company of City Trained-bands in Arms to render their Reception the more Magnificent All the Streets through which they passed were crowded with an infinite number of People who were flock'd to the City to be Spectators of the most solemn Entrance that had been seen there for many years before and for several days after their Excellencies were treated with all the magnificence imaginable at the Charge of the City of Amsteldam all which though it amounted to a considerable Summ nevertheless the Magistrates being willing upon this Occasion to give the most ample Demonstrations that possible could be of their Esteem and Respect for His Czarish Majesty's person caused a great Fire-Work to be prepared representing a Triumphal-Arch in Honour of his Majesty It was erected upon the River Amstel which had communicated its Name to the Famous City of Amsteldam in a place where it might be seen at a great distance being of great height and having four Fronts alike to the four principal Corners of the World the whole Fabrick being of the Corinthian Order adorned with the Arms of His Czarish Majesty with Tritons Vessels

applied themselves to the Sea it is no great wonder if they have not neglected the Passage by Water into China by the Way of the Rivers Oby Genessai and Yamour and in lieu thereof have left nothing unattempted to open their Passage thither by Land 'T is true the Heaps of Ice which for the greatest part of the Year are to be met with at the Entrance of the River Oby the many Water-falls of the River Genessai and the Bulrushes which choak almost up the mouth of the River Yamour are Obstacles which though they might have been surmounted by industrious and expert Seamen yet were so terrifying to the Muscovites as to bereave them of all hopes of Success And to confess the Truth considering the Method used by the Russian Merchants and Caravans and the good Order taken for their convenient Passge through these Parts the same contribute not a little towards mitigating both the Trouble and Charge of so long a Journey They set forward most commonly from the City of Muscow in February when the Snow being well beaten they travel in nineteen or twenty days as far as Tobolskoy the Capital City of Siberia eight hundred English Miles distant from the City of Muscow If it happens to thaw about that time which is very seldom they take the conveniency of the Rivers on this and the other side of the River Oby by which means they cross the Country till they come to the Ostiakoi the first of the Eastern-Tartars Subject to the Czar of Muscovy But if the Frost continue they go on by Land the same way where they change their Horses for Renes or Rain-deers which carry them with incredible swiftness over the Snow and Ice to the City of Genessai built by the Muscovites upon the River of the fame Name for the conveniency of their Merchants traveling in those Parts Here it is they take Vessels which carry them upon the Rivers Tongusi and Augara against the Stream to the Lake of Baikala From this Lake they either take Shipping upon the River Schelinga as far as to a City of the same Name owing likewise its foundation to the Muscovites or else proceed in their Way by Land immediately after they have cross'd the beforementioned Lake through the Country of the Mongul Tartars who readily furnish them with Mules and Dromedaries to the Confines of China But for the better understanding of this Famous Passage by Land I will conclude this Letter with giving you the best Account I could get of several of the Muscovites here of the Road lately taken by several Embassy's sent into China They go from Muscow to the Famous Convent of Troitza about sixty English Miles from thence to the City of Peresla as many Miles from Troitza From Peresla they go to the City of Rostof sixty Miles from the last and so to the City of Jeresla near a hundred and twenty Miles distant from thence From Jeresla they go to the Great City of Wologda which lies one hundred and eighty Miles from the last From this place they continue their Journey to the small City of Tottma upon the River Wergno Suchuno and so to Vstiuga a considerable Place upon the River Suchana from thence to a small City call'd Lolowitzgotz upon the River Wietzegda which oxonerates it self in the. River Dwina About fifty Miles from thence they pass through a great Forrest above seven hundred Miles long after which they come to Kaigorod a City upon the Famous River Kama From Kaigorod they proceed to Solokamskoy a City upon the River Vsolsko which thereabouts discharges it self in the River Kama Thus they continue their Journey for one hundred and twenty Miles without any considerable River till they come to the River Lusowa where they take Shipping for stzogorod a goodly City near three hundred and fifty Miles distant from1 Solokamskoy From thence they go forward to Jat a Town upon the River Ajat and so by Romoshora upon the River Resh to Newagorod upon the River Newa the first Town of Siberia From hence they pass through a fertile and well Peopled Country to the Town of Zudna situate upon the River Nietza to the Towns of Niginiskoy Irbitskoy Kirginskoy Subrorawa and Jalaw the last of which lies upon the River Tura where the River Newa discharges it self into the same They continue their Journey from hence to the Town of Krasna to the City of Tumeen and so to the Town of Makoma upon the River Pishina where it discharges it self into the River Tura from thence to the Town of Siltska at the confluence of the two Rivers Tura and Tobol the last being on the right which brings them to the City of Tobolskoy the Capital of Siberia situate upon the confluence of the two Rivers Jotish and Tobol the last of which has given her its name From Tobolskoy they continue their Journey through the Towns of Demian and Samurskoyam and about two Miles beyond the last they meet with a Branch of the Famous River Oby which brings them to the City of Surguto and afterwards to the City of Narim situate upon the Banks of the River Oby Here they quit this River and proceed to the River Kett which brings them to the Town of Kettsway From hence they go to Makafskoy and after they have travelled for two days and nights through a great Forrest they come to the City of Jeneskay upon the River Jeneskay which is both very Navigable and its Banks inhabited by the Ostiaki After they have continued their Journey for some time upon this River they leave it to the Right and take their way towards the River Tungunsi whereabouts are the Habitations of the Tungeses which they leave again to the Right and proceed in their Journey to the City of Ilimskoy situate on the River Ilim the Country thereabouts being pretty well inhabited After they have travelled three days and nights through a Forrest they come to the River Augara which brings them to the City of Irkuskoy situate upon the River About thirty Miles from hence is the Lake of Baikala where the River Augara has its first rise being the utmost Boundary of Siberia From hence they continue their Journey through the Towns of Kabaria Belsko-Saimcko and Ostrog-Vdinskoy in the Province of Dauria inhabited by Tartars to the City of Jerawena situate upon a Lake of the same name After they have pass'd this Lake they are forced to travel through a great Desart which is watered however by the River Vda and at last come to the Lake called Schacks-Oser about two Miles over then they come to the Village of Plothus about a Mile from whence the Rivers Sueta and Onna fall into the River Ingeda which from thence forward is called Schilka and being augmented by the two Rivers Nertza and Arguna produces that Famous River the Yamour From hence they go to the City of Nertzinskoy upon the River Nertza being the last Fortress upon these Frontiers belonging to the Muscovites Then they travel for near three weeks thro' Desarts Forrests and Boggy-grounds till they come to Arguna a small City upon a River of the same name and the last Place under the Muscovite Jurisdiction in the Province of Dauria Here they meet in their way with the Rivers Derby Gann Kailar and Saduma all which discharge themselves into the Arguna till they come to the Source of the River Jal where they meet with he first Out-gards of the Chineses being a very fertile and well peopled Country inhabited by the Targutshini who are Pagans Subject to China Through these they pass to a Village called Suttigarski and from thence to the City of Naun three Miles distant from the former From hence they proceed in their Journey for several days through another Desart destitute of any Springs or other Water till they come to the River Casumur which discharges it self in the River Naun They pass afterwards by the Ruines of a great many Cities and at three days Journey from the Famous Chinese Wall through a Road cut out of the Rocks which brings them to the City of Karakaton After they have pass'd the Chinese Wall the first Place they meet with is the City of Galgan not above a Mile within the Wall from thence they go to Xantuming Xunguxu Xangote and Tunxo to Peking the Residence of the Emperours of China ` Being sensible that I have sufficiently tired your Patience I will add no more but in expectation of your next rest Sir Vienna Feb. 24. 1699. Yours c

there is all the Reason in the World to believe that he will always Triumph over the Turks at Sea who never did any thing Memorable in that Se'rvice and who according to all outward Appearance are less in a Condition than ever to signalize themselves upon the Watery Element at a time when their Empire appears in a declining State I will leave it to your own Judgment whether it would not shake the very Foundation of the Turkish Monarchy considering its present tottering Condition if the Muscovites should chase the Turks out of the Black-Sea and make themselves Masters of their Ports on these Coasts which from the City of Caffa as far as to the mouth of the Borysthenes must thereby be exposed to the Mercy of the Muscovites And it is not improbable that Constantinople it self might be hardly put to it or at least run the Hazzard of being laid in Ashes by a Bombardment What would in such a case become of the Crim-Tartary which being already enclosed on all sides by a good number of strong Fortesses must of necessity fall without making one Blow into the hands of the Muscovites if all Commerce and Correspondence betwixt the Peninsula and Constantinople should be cut off by the Muscovites becoming Masters of the Black-Sea Besides it is to be considered that as Places are attack'd now a-days they have only Precop and Caffa which are in a Condition to make some slender Defence But Sir being unwilling to tire your Patience with too long a Letter I will come to a Conclusion I must only repeat to you once more what I have intimated before That it was the greatest Over-sight the Turks could be guilty of not to take all the imaginable Precautions against the Muscovites becoming Masters of Asoph who thereby have opened themselves the way into the Black-Sea over which the Ottoman Empire always claim'd the Sovereignty in a most peculiar manner To make some Amends for so unpardonable an Error the most likely means they have left seems to be to conclude an everlasting Peace with the Muscovites thereby to lull them asleep that they may not lay hold of this Opportunity of rendring themselves redoubtable in the Black-Sea The Ottoman Port might thus reap a considerable Advantage by the Commerce with Muscovy by establishing certain Duties to be paid for the passage of Ships through the Channel leading to Constantinople in the same manner as it is practised in Denmark where the King of that Name receives Customs of the Ships that pass and repass the Sound in their going to and coming from the Baltick This appears to me the only most probable Means to plunge them out of that Misfortune which they have drawn upon themselves by their own Neglect it being allow'd by all that have any insight into the present State of Affairs in Muscovy That the present Czar Peter Alexiovitz has taken a firm Resolution not to rest satisfied till he has opened this Passage in order to establish a free Commerce with foreign Nations and to encourage them to come into his Ports near the Palus Meotis This Sir is the present Condition of the Russian Empire which was formerly look'd upon as most barbarous but which now bids fair for the Priority with any in Europe by reason of the Encrease of its Commerce with most Nations of the World by the indefatigable Vigilancy of their present Monarch who being scarce 28 Years of Age what is it that may not be expected from so Great a Prince if God pleases to bless him with a long Life For the Wolga is above five hundred Leagues to reckon from its first Spring to the Canal by which it is join'd with the River Don and this River from thence to the City of Asoph four hundred Leagues more fit for Ships of good Burthen and from the Canal of Communication betwixt these two noble Rivers there is two hundred Leagues distance to Asoph upon a straight Line all extream good Grounds Asoph and Astracan being situtuate under the most happy Climate in the World The Western side of the River Wolga is very well inhabited already and there is no great question but that the Conveniency of Commerce and Plenty of the Country will soon invite some of the Neighbouring vagabond Tartars to follow the footsteps of other more civiliz'd Nations when once they are made sensible of the Benefit of an Industrious and settled Life This is sufficiently verified by the Example of many of the Asiatick Tartars who have by degrees abandoned their vagabond and idle Life and follow'd their Prince into China where they are become Wealthy by their Traffick the like may be said of many of the Crim-Tartars those of Astracan Siberia Dauria and other parts subject to the Muscovites If we cast our eyes upon that Part of Muscovy whereabouts the Port of Arch-Angel is and consider that not above an Age ago these Patts were as little inhabited as any of Muscovy being low Grounds and situate under a very cold Climate But since the Establishment of Commerce in this Harbour the Country all thereabouts is very well stock'd with Inhabitants and many goodly Towns and Villages In the Southern Parts of Muscovy the Cities of Wologda Jeresla Rostof Pereslaw and others owe all their Encrease of Wealth to traffick Add to this the advantage of Commerce betwixt the Indies Persia and Muscovy by the way of the Caspian Lake or Sea all which Commodities may for the future be transported by the newly projected Canal betwixt the two Rivers Wolga and Don into all Parts of Europe what immense Profit and Riches must not by this means be conveyed into Muscouy which being already so considerable for its vast Extent and Advantageous Situation for Trade may in all probability thereby become the most Potent and Redoubtable in the World c. Amsteldam 30th October 1698. I am A LETTER FROM A Person of Quality Residing at the Imperial Court of VIENNA To his Friend in LONDON Concerning the late Solemn Muscovite Embassy AND SOME Other Matters Relating to His Present CZARISH MAJESTY THE Russian Empire and the Great TARTARY LONDON Printed for F. Coggan in the Inner-Temple-Lane MDDXCIX A LETTER FROM A Person of Quality Residing at VIENNA Concerning The present CONDITION OF THE Muscovite EMPIRE AS the late Journey of the present Czar Peter Alexiovitz has been for some time past the surprize of all Europe so I thought I could not make you a more Seasonable Return at this time for the Obligation you were pleased to lay upon me some Months ago in communicating to me your Observations concerning His Czarish Majesty's Stay in England and Holland than to inform you of what has past since his coming into this Court and his Return into Muscovy of which I have been partly an eye-witness the rest I stand indebted for the Correspondence of my Friends upon whose Integrity and Judgment I can fully rely I will not pretend to insist upon the Motives which induced the Czar

to Engage in so Extraordinary an Undertaking it being agreed on all hands that as his Design was to build the Frame of the present Russian Monarchy upon a much more solid Foundation than it was in former times so he judged nothing could more conduce to obtain this Great End than if he should take this Opportunity of being inform'd in Person concerning these Maxims which have rendred some of the European States so flourishing in our Age For whereas the Russian Monarchs used to make the Ignorance of their Subjects the Main Foundation-stone of their Authority so it is obvious to every unbyassed Person that his present Majesty looks upon the Improvements of all Arts and Sciences and the Establishment of a regular Discipline as the Main Pillars of the Greatness of this Monarchy It was in the Prosecution of this Grand Design he appear'd though Incognito in England and Holland and after having satisfy'd himself in those Matters which were the Chief Subject of his Curiosity he resolved to visit likewise the Imperial Court of Vienna where he arrived with the Muscovite Embassy towards the latter end of June last past He had scarce been a few days in this City when he received Letters from Asoph That part of that Garrison to the Number of betwixt seven and eight Thousand Men having receiv'd Intelligence That the Tartars had put a great Number of their best Horses in the circumjacent Pastures under the Guard of three thousand Men were marched out against them had defeated the Guard and brought near thirty thousand Horses into Asoph These Letters were in a few olays after follow'd by an Express from Muscovy with an Account That the Remainders of the antient Muscovite Guards whom they call Strelitzes had Mutiny'd under Pretence of Want of Pay and that being join'd by some others were marched towards Muscow the Capital City of the whole Empire with an Intention to Surprize and Ransack the Place The Strelitzes who formerly might be compared to the Janisaries of the Turks had given such frequent proofs of their Barbarity and Cruelty against the Inhabitants of this City upon such like Occasions that many of them being terrified by so unexpected a Revolt in the Czar's Absence left their Habitations and a general Consternation had seised the whole Empire as dreading the Effects of the Fury of these Insolent Soldiers The Princes Loff Kerilvitz Nariskin Procorofskoi and Boris Alexiovitz Gallizin who had the Supream Administration of the Government during the Czar's Absence were not wanting in their Duty to encourage the Inhabitants both by Words and their own Example and that nothing might be wanting on their side to reduce this rebellious Crew to their Duty sent some of the Nobility back'd by a good number of Troops to endeavour to appease their Fury but they were so far from hearkning to the Propositions offered them by the Deputies of the Governours that they fired at them and forced them to retire to the City Thus all fair means proving ineffectual General Gourdon was sent out with a good Body of faithful Troops Commanded for the most part by foreign Officers who meeting with the Rebels as they were advanced within four Leagues of Muscow Attack'd and totally Routed them killing many of them upon the Spot and carry the rest Prisoners to the City where many of them receiv'd afterwards the due Reward of their Treachery The Czar being over-joyed at the Success of his Arms against these Mutineers resolved not only to stay for some time at this Court but also to continue his Journey from hence to Vienice before his Return into Muscovy I have hinted to you before the Chief Motive which induced His Czarish Majesty to undertake so long and dangerous a Journey but besides this there may be alledged another having a peculiar Respect to the Imperial Courts For the Muscovites having by the Conquest of Asoph opened themselves a Gate into the Palus Meotis and consequently into the Black-Sea had all the Reason in the World to promise themselves the entire Conquest of the Crim-Tartary and the Tartarian Peninsula it self if the War should be carried on but for two years longer by the Confederates against the Infidels there being nothing but the Cities of Precop Crim and Caffa places of no great Strength which could make any considerable Resistance and prevent them from making themselves Masters of all the Coast from Asoph to the mouth of the River Borysthenes where they had already got firm footing by the Conquest of the Fortress of Kasikermeen in the Year 1695 and the Submission of many of the Cossacks upon the Frontiers to the Czar's Obedience His Czarish Majesty who from the beginning of his War with the Turks had had no less in view than the reducing of these Places and making himself Master of the Black-Sea had before his departure out of Muscovy made all the necessary Preparations for the promoting of so Great a Design He had not only strengthned the City of Asoph by some new Fortifications and erected a strong Fortress at some small distance from thence but had caused a new Port to be made for the Conveniency of his Navy This Great Prince who perfectly understands the advantageous Situations of his Dominions for Commerce one of the Main Pillars of the Prosperity of the Commonwealth has ever since his Accession to the Throne left no stone unturn'd to improve it to the utmost Advantage It is to the Muscovites Europe stands indebted for the Discovery of the Way by Land into China and by the frequent Embassy sent by the present Czar into that Country the Way through the Great-Tartary is as well or better known to the Russians than some Provinces of their own Empire Several goodly Cities and Villages have been built for the Conveniency of the Muscovite Carevans And a vast Tract of Ground has been incorporated with the Russian Empire It is incredible of what Consequences the China Trade by Land is to the Muscovites who by the Help of their Sleds drawn by Renes in the Winter-time perform this great Journey with much Expedition Many of the Vagabond Tartars incited by the Industry of the Muscovite Merchants trading in these parts have quitted their Solitudes and have settled themselves in Siberia and some other Provinces of Muscovy which were scarce inhabited within these hundred years The Communication betwixt Muscovy and some part of the Indies as well as the Persian Empire by help of the Caspian Sea as it is obvious to every body that will but cast an Eye upon the Maps so it is no less advantageous to the Russians than the China Trade The Banajans the most Trading People of all the Indies have a very considerable Settlement in the City of Astracan the Boundary of Europe and Asia on that side from whence they furnish Mascovy with all the most precious Things the Indies afford and by the continual passage of Merchants and others trading from the City of Muscow to Astracan and