judicious Antiquary The measure which the Germanes of old times used was the RASTA Viarum spatia rastas appellat universa Germania All Germany calleth the spaces of waies Rastae What quantity of way this contained we cannot know better then from the old Agrimensores or Surveyors of Land among the Gromaticall Authors where you read pag. 14. M lâ—…iarius dimidius apud Gallos Leuvam facit habentem passus mille quingentos Duae Levae seu milliarii tres apud Germanos unam rastem efficiunt A mile and half among the Gauls makes a league which contains M D. paces two leagues or three miles make a Râ—…sta among the Germanes To these we might add some other Dimensions of distances intended for the benefit of Travellers as the DEXTRI but to what people they belonged is uncertain The old Papias renders them Passus mensurandi apud quosdâ—…m but he tells us not whom you shall meet with them also in Florentius concerning the Acts of the Martyrdome of S. Felix A loco isto usque ad Castrum Toringum habentur dextri ducenti From thence to Toring Castle are reputed two hundred dextri We may take notice likewise of the MIGERIA among the Spaniards of old time three of which as you may learn out of the Partita being the second Volume of the ancient Spanish Lawes made a League So that it was some half a mile and not much more But the Mile was Roman called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by * S. Matthew Plutarch Dâ—…o c. by Paeâ—…nius the Greek Metophrast of Futropius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and commonly MILLIARIUM mille passus from a thousand paces of which exactly it did consist every pace containing five feet Roman somewhat larger then ours This measuring by feet was called Podismus of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was to measure by paces and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Stadium by which they computed their miles as well as by the Passus as Polybius witnesseth speaking of their miles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is heedfully but how heedfully we shall see anon The Stadium also consisted of paces as an old Author urged by Salmasiuâ—… tells us Per passus stadium per stadium milliarium At every miles end exactly as I said laid forth they used to set up a small Pillar of stone first ordered so by the appointment of the Gracchi as we find in Plutarch whence the usuall expression grew Ad tertium ab Urbe lapidem ad IV. ad V. c. That is so many miles from the City And from these Pillars which also were called Cippi we find in Strabo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because in the high waies from Rome such 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Pillars were placed at each miles end which Rutilius Numatianus an Heathen Poet hath very quaintly expressed Intervalla viae fessis praestare videtur Qui notat inscripius millia crebra Lapis The Weary well are pleas'd to see that Stone Tells them how many miles 't is to the Town Now the Romans took their account of miles from the Milliarium aureunt set up by Augustus in Rome in the head of the Forum under Saturn's Temple in unibilico urbis the count of their Journeys through all Italy beginning at it and ending there as it is commonly delivered Howbeit we are told by an old Lawyer Aemil. Macer that Mille passus non à mulliario urbis sed à continentibus adificiis numerandi sunt At new Rome too or Constantinople which imitated all things that were in the old was also a milliarium aurium you may see for it in Cedrenus the Greek Chronicler yet by him as also Suidas it is described rather as an Edifice when as the other is expresly called A Golden Pillar For the very same purpose as the Learned Camden is of opinion was that Stone set up with us in Canning-street called London-stone alledging to confirm his conjecture the placing of it in the midst of the City where it runs on in length and within that way the old Roman Street or High way did lead which forth with going along from it is called Watling-street of which elsewhere I shall have more occasion to speak In the mean while I must by no means let pass that the miles used in this Itinerary are much shorter then the shortest this day in Italy or any where else they being but precisely M. paces as aforesaid which in more places then one in this ensuing work we shall be put to it to remember you of For whereas the ordinary league now a daies is accounted three miles it may not be understood of these in the Itinerary but the usuall ones according to the measure of later ages This will appear by the intervalls of Stones remaining even to our times with their Inscriptions yet legible in divers places especially in Portugall wherein the Military or High-way to Emerita Augusta so called from the Emeriti placed there by Angustus now Merida the severall Pillars inscribed do distinguish the severall miles and they that have taken a dimension of the space among others is Charolus Clusins a very learned man do affirm that four of them do make up one league as it is considered now a daies And for the Mile so much The STADIUM which occurring in this place hath given us occasion to mention the foregoing measures was the more especiall dimension of the Grecians in ancient times and also in later as well by Sea as Land For the use of it by Sea this Itinerary in this very place doth shew it so that I need not much to urge that place in S. Iohns Gospel And putting forth about five and twenty or thirty 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Furlongs as we translate it Nor that neither in Cicero A portu Corcyraeorum ad Cassioperi stadia CXX processimus But that it contains the description of a Voyage of his from beyond the promontary of Leucas in Epire to Brundusium in Italy not unlike to that of S. Paul by Sidon from Caesarea to Puteoli and so to Rome most accurately set down by Luke the Historian of the Acts of the Apostles neither of them unsuitable to this discourse The Sea-stadium seems to have differed from that by Land which we observe from Thucydides where he tells us that the compass of Sicily is little less then eight daies sayl for a Ship and though so great is yet divided with no more then twenty Furlongs Sea measure from the Continent We cannot seek beyond Herodotus to learn the measure of the stadium which thus he expresseth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Interpreters thus render it Centum autens justi passus sunt stadium unum sex jugerum turnius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Passus which indeed is described by Pollux to be the measure or space from the extremity
much from me I onely add this that Diana indeed was worshipt here in the Roman time and had Temples here too this inscription will witness abundantly T. FLAVIUS POSTUMIUS VARUS V. C. LEG TEMPL DIANAE RESTITUIT But this Tradition for I may call it no better that St. Pauls Church was formerly a Temple of Diana was believed by many I by no means mean Mr. Selden among such yet he is pleased to sport for I have no reason to say he was in good earnest his wit which he had extraordinary and in most weighty matters surpassing other men in deriving the name of London and conjecture being free as he saith he could immagine it might be called at first Lhan Dien id est the Temple of Diana imitating the conceit of Humphrey Lhuid which you heard even now deriving Verulamium from Verlhan that is the Church upon the River Wer Now saith he that the antique course was to title their Cities ost times by the name of their power adored in them is plain by Beth-el among the Hebrews Heliopolis which in holy Writ is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aegypt and the same in Greece Phoenicia elsewhere and by Athens named from Minerva But especially from this supposed Deity of Diana to whom in substance Homer no less gives the Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 then to Pallas have diverse had their titles as Artemisium in Italy and Eubaea and that Bubastis in Aegypt so called from the same word signifying in Aegyptian both a Cat and Diana The same may be said concerning the Temple of Apollo on the Ruines of which the report is St. Peters in Westminster was founded not very far off for though the houses be quite contiguous now yet heretofore in our Fore-fathers daies as I find it written it was accounted from London thither two miles but I find no sufficient authority in any remote Antiquity for the Temple of Apollo The main testimony worth speaking of alledged for it is out of a Monk and he too but of obscure name and credit And the learnedest man I have known this last age in England tells us plainly that in his turning over of Succardus his Book on purpose he could find no such thing as hath neither Ioannes Fleet who after him and by the inspection of his work wrote a book of the Foundation of the same Church I could cite unto you if I thought it had any better credit the book of the Bishop of S. Asaph Ieffrey of Monmouths Britain History for another Temple of Apollo against which King Bladud dasht out his Brains at Bath when he was in one of his flying humours forsooth And as the story of Bladud is antienter then Iulius Caesars or the Romans being here so doth Caesar himself say that Apollo was esteemed a God before his comming hither Golunt Apolinem saith he de eo eandem fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem â—…um morbos depellere Vide Plinium lib. XVI cap. 44. Caesar indeed speaks of the Gauls but we must understand that they and the Britains were the same for matter of their Sacra as well as their language their rites they came to learn here most an end if you hear Caesar Disciplina inquit Druidum illi rebus divinis intersunt sacrificia publica ac privata procurant religiones interpretantur in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimutur nunc qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur And truly unquestionable testimonies out of the Monuments of the antients are yet extant which teach us that Apollo was worshipped in this Island by the name of Belatucadrus as of Abellio also in Gaul and Beleâ—…s or Beliâ—…us both among them and here too Hence it is that in Ausonius who himself was a Gaul the Sexton or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Deity being by a very suitable name called called Phaebitius and said to be stirpe satus Druidum it self is named Belenus Hence is it also that the Herba Apollinarea wherwith the antient Gauls are said to have tainted their arrows was also named Belenium In Tertullians Apologetic cap. XXIII Belinus is Nericorum Deus as Pierre Pithou reads it But where ever you find him he is still rendred by Apollo He was the Aquileians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Countrey-God saith Herodian in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. They call him Belis and worship him in extraordinary manner thinking him to be Apollo But by all means you must mend the Author and make it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iulius Capitolinus in the lives of the Maximini tells us that Menophilus and Crispinus two men of Consular dignity willing to have it so because they knew that the God Belenus had given assurance by the Southsayers that Maximinus should be overcome Whence also afterwards the Souldiers Maximinus being slain are said to have given it out that Apollo fought against him and that that victory was not Maximus's or the Senates but of the Gods themselves There are many Vota of the antients made to Apollo Belenus Augustus inscribed upon four-square Altars which are to be seen in the Hercules Prodicius of Stephanus Pighius and also Gruter The visible foot-steps of this name are to be found in Cassibelin and Cunobelin two Britain Kings mentioned in Caesar and Dio. And the very name whole in the British History in King Belinus the Brother as it is said of Brennus ' and from whom our Antiquaries will have Belins-gate in this great City so called Perhaps also thence was Beleus an antient King of the Cimbri or Gau's conquered by C. Marius for Lhuid saies that the name is familiar among his Countrey-men to this day Now whether Belinus be to be derived from the British word Belin which sounds as much as flavus or yellow accordingly as Apollo is both by Latin and Greek Poets so called and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 frequently or else from some Asiatick original I will not stand now to determine Truly in Hesychius we read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and which I may by no means omit in Cynobelinus his Coyn Belinus is impressed playing on his harp that you may know that Apollo is meant And now when I have taken notice that the learned Peter Pithou would deduce the name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a frequent Epithet of this Deity in Homer but I know not with how great judgement as also acquainted the Reader with the much celebrated Inscription of Apollo Grannus found in the North of Britain I will have done this discourse Besides what hath been said hitherto concerning this famous City matters gallant and magnificent enough there remain many other great and glorious things concerning it which deservedly challenge as their due room also in this place but that I have formerly wherewith
honoured at Triers in France as her Birth place for they deny her Britain for her Country as well as her glorious Son But the great Cardinall with others asserts it to both of them By the Inscriptions of that age wherein she lived we may gather what opinion and esteem the World had then of her for she was called Piissima therein and Venerabilis Augusta Many have thought that the City it self was called Colchester from a Colony in the Roman Time placed there But no such matter rather think we it so named from Coln the River wheron it stands as many other Towns else and whence also we find this of old time written Colon or Colun But of all we must not once think that this is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Ptolemie which it seems Surita did for first that was a City of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Damnii a People far away remote in the North of the Island then Ptolemie and other Greek Writers when they borow the Latine word Colonis they commonly spell it by 〈◊〉 whenas this is read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and no Colony at all VILLA FAUSTINI M. P. XXXV During the Romans Power and Sway in the Island this Station flourished there XXXV miles beyond Colonia but in some Copies it is only XXV It is not certain in what age for there is no mention left of it but here in Antoninus and once to imagine that Villa Faustini in Martial were meant of it will be extreamly rediculous It is thought to have taken up that ground where at this day the Hourishing Town of S. Edmunds-bury stands so heretofore though Talbot whose opinion our great Antiquary confirms by the distance thereof as well from Colonia as Iciani the two next Sations on either side Abbo Floriacensis who wrote the life of King Edmund so fouly murthered by the Danes calls it Villam Regiam and King Sigebert built a Church there an argument that it was in those times a place of good note for as we have formerly noted in severall places out of Beda the Villae Regiae of the Saxon times had still their abode where in the former ages the Roman Stations had been placed Let us note this after the learned Camden that the name of this place was in the Saxons time changed into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the same Abbo interprets Bederici Cortis id est Villa Now Bederick as well as Faustinus in the Latine it is not known who principally is intended either by the one or the other having the bodement or signification of felicity or favour we may imagine that the Saxon name doth but meerly render the sense of the Roman especially if we believe Hadrianus Junius who giving a reason of the name of Bateris the Son of Melon the Sicambrian such is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the learned man for in Strabo it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Brother makes it to mean as much as felicitate favore plenus Among our Antiquaries I find this Bederics-gueord is severally written as Beatrices worth Beodrices curte Out of an ancient Diploma or Priviledge granted in the yeare M LXXI to Baldeguinus Abbot of S Edmunds-bury by PP Alexander it is called Badrices hurde But you shall see in Weever's Monuments Budrices Yurthe out of a Charter of King Knute and he interprets it Bederics Court Farme or Mansion-house Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas So great mutations works long-aged Time The learned Fulk had noted to this place Halsted but upon what observation or what other reason I leave to others to find out But of Villa Faustini thus much and more perhaps then need ICIANIS M. P. XVIII Among the many and severall people of Britain in the Roman time the Iceni were also reckoned not only by Antoninus and Ptolemie but by Tacitus also who mentions Prasutagus their King the high undertakings of whose Queen Dowager Boadicia he hath celebrated with an immortall Pen. A portion of them these Iciani seem to have been for there are many reliques of their name in Suffolk especially Norfolk both which they are anciently thought to have inhabited Among the later of whom this Station is judged to have had its residence though Fulk would have had it at Exuey by New-Market or Hinkson between Cambridge and Walder But Talbot 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to use Strabo's words in the like case as more conversant and acquainted in these parts and so fitter to judge if he cannot have it at Thetford he judgeth it to have been at Ic-borough neer Suaffam and herein doth our Britain Pausanias Camden follow him CAMBORICO M. P. XXXV So had all the editions of Antoninus which I made use of that of Aldus of Simlerus and Surita and his written books also saving that of Longotius which had Camboritum the reading whereof our great Antiquary had rather follow for so as he saith very many Towns in Gaul also were terminated Now the name it self being interpreted signifies either the Foard of Cam for so they commonly call that River whereon it stood but Rith sounded a Foard to the old Britains or else it is a winding foard for that Cam signified also with them Which the very nature of the place seems to shew for it was set in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at the very winding and compass of the River as Ptolemy speaking of Euphrates so that it was called Grantcester afterwards by the Saxons the name being wonderfully changed it is at this day a very small village where I said by the River yet heretofore reckoned among the XXVIII most famous Cities of Britain the Catalogue of which Ninnius hath written and wherein it takes place of London it self But out of the ruines thereof that Cambridge did grow the other ornament of the Island of Britain or if I should call it the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rather as Synesius elegantly concerning Constantinople there is no body a little more then ordinarily versed in humane studies that is ignorant thereof Henr. Huntingdoniâ—…nsis Hist. lib. 1. Granteceastria quae modo dicitur Cantebrigia the name being compounded from Oranta which the same Author in the fifth book calls fluvium Cantabrigiae Therefore this River seems named Granta by the Saxons which in old time was called by the Britains Cam. There is mention thereof in William de Ramsey Abbat of Crowland in the life of Guthlac thus Est apud Angligenas à Orontae flumine longo Orbe per anfractus stagnosos fluviales Circumfusa palus Oronta with meandring streams Makes many Marshes Lakes and Fens Camden therefore seems that he would have deduced it from Oron a Saxon word which signifies a Fenny or Marshy place for Asserius Menevensis saith he calls the marshy places in Somersetshire once and again Gronnas paludosissimas by a Latino-Saxon name and a City of West-Friesland placed in a Marshie Soyle is
The River which through Nottingham runs into the Trent is at this day called Lin or rather Lind which rising out of Lindwood a little above the Village Linsey by the Priory of Newsted in a small Tract of ground suddenly encreased with the sources of many springs becomes an handsome River then running down by Lenton or Lynton Town Nottingham it is swallowed into the Trent before it hath well finished twelve miles from the Spring But by Lenton I think saies he that Lindum in this place is meant for Nottingham is very neer thereunto so that it may seem sometimes to have been part therof as which at this day is scarce one mile distant what if we should say that the old Town was there for it is not a thing unseldome seen that famous Towns have degenerated into little villages And bringing several arguments for the Antiquity of Lenton as also of Nottingham as that from London to York no body will chuse his road through Lincoln but ordinarily through Nottingham Then that the distance from Nottingham to York according to the Itinerary suits at this day exactly so also from Danum or Dancaster not amiss nothing more conveniently but from Lincoln to York and Dâ—…oaster it doth not hit out so right Again by longitude in Ptolemy it is plain that Lindum is not so much stretched out to the East as Eboracum But Lincoln is just so much but not so Nottingham now though all this may be well answered yet by these arguments saies he si qui 〈◊〉 mecum in eam sententiam descenderent facile adducerer ui arederem Lindum de quo hic apud Ptolemaeum fit mentio esse non quae nunc Lincolne sed quae Nottingham aut quae Lentonvocitatur But Camden is none of those who will come to be of the same opinion with him he then placeth Lindum or Lincoln at the Foss way where it and the River Wytham meet together the Britains called this City Lynd-coit from the woody situation thereof for which you have it misnamed in Ninnius Luit-coit The Many believed it called Lindum from the River Wytham which by an antienter name they say was Lindis but they have no authority for it of any standing With the Saxons it was Lindo-colin Camden knows not whether à collino situ and Lind-cyllan-ceaâ—… Camden rather deduceth it from Lhin a British word signifying a Lake and he brings many instances of the like The curious reader perhaps will look for farther Antiquity but there is none extant besides what we have brought yet if he please I bring that out of Beda Pradicabat autem Paulinus verbum etiam provinciae Lindisi qua est prima ad meridianam Humbri fluminis ripam pertingens usque ad mare Prafectumque Lindocolina civitatis cui nomen erat Blecca primum cum domo sua convertit ad Dominum In qua videlicet civitate Ecclesiam operis egregii de lapide fecit cujus tecto vel longa incuria vel hostili manu dejecto parietes hactenus stare videntur omnibus annis aliqua miracula sanitatum in eodem loco solent ad utilitatem â—…orum qui fideliter quaerunt ostendi He mentions it again in the XVIII chapter but Beda is beneath that authority which I pretend to SEGELOCIM M. P. XXIV This Station in this Journey is so called which elsewhere you have written Agelocum And this also is noted by Talhot and Simler by reason of the aequi-distance between Lindum and Danum or Dancaster Agelocum therefore is to be reckoned among those words to which the antients sometimes put an S. or Sibilus sometimes they omitted it So they called the Alpes which in Lycophrons Cassandra we find written 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And they who are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Insula by Dionysius the Periegetes the same in Strabo are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lying in the British Sea Salamantica of Spain is called by Polybius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Casars Swessiones in Ptolemy are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To adde one Common Noun out of Dioscorides what in Virgils Eglogues is Saliunca in him is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or rather take the whole place out of him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In our great Antiquaries judgement this place possessed the banks of Trent in Nottinghamshire where at this day Littleborough a little Town but very antient stands and that upon second cares At this day it is famous for nothing more then for the frequent pass of the River there That the Romans held it there are many things which cause a belief For the Military Way went here and the Tract of the Walls yet appears to be seen which yet the Inhabitants such is their captuâ—… do think were raised there to keep in the violence of the River Then there is so great plenty of Roman Coynes in the neighbouring Feilds that they are often rooted up by the very Swine whence it is that they are commonly called Swine-pennies The distance moreover from Lindum to Agelocum or Segelocum makes us not at all to doubt although the same learned man write in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his Work or former edition that it was Idleton a Countrey Village which is no where else to be found but by the River Idle whence also is the Name And it produced his Conjecture whereby he would in Antoninus have Adelocum restored for Agelocum For Agelocum Aulerton in Sherwood is the divination of Robert Talbot William Fulk for some small 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 would have it to be Agle a small Village not quite VI. whole miles distant from Lindum when as in Antoninus in any Copies that are extant of him Agelocum is from it fourteen miles at least DANO M. P. XXI This was that Station which in after ages was called Dancaster and the Name shewes as much It is Talbots conceit that the Water which runs here under a stately Bridge was Ptolemies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 called by him Humber for saies he the numbers in him of Longitude and Latitude added to this and to York are neer the same then there is none beside hereabout to which you may better apply it I know not this but I am sure Hieronymus Surita is wide here and that very much who would have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Durotriges in Ptolemie corrected into Danum as after Antoninus it is also called by the Notitia Provinciarum Occidentis where we read Sub dispositione Viri spectabilis Ducis Eritanniarum Praesectus Equitum Crispianorum Dano Chrispiana saith Pancirolus is a Town of Pannonia in this Itinerary whence these Crispiani may seem to be taken except as he thinkes we had better read for them Chrestini out of Velferus his old Papers who are a People of the Countrey of Dorilania in Belgica along the Rhine whence these might easily be brought hither In the Learned Doctor Ushers Edition of Ninnius the old Britains Catalogue of our Cities
as we read that the Germans were Scutalectissimis coloribus distringuere soliti and amongst them the Ary had tincta corporas and also nigra scuta and the Labici are yet known by that place in Virgil Et picti scuta Labici And th' Bucklers of the painted Labicus About these Brigantes here George Buchanan doth notably delirare as became a man of such imperiousness and insolency It is not very certain how the Brigantes became first subject to the Romans but certain it is they were often conquered by them It is worth the while to consult Tacitus from whom we have a full relation of their Affaires They were doubtless in the defection of Boadicia and a considerable part among the Britains in that their revolt Galgacus the Caledonian in his speech to his men to animate them against the Romans shews as much Brigantes saith he Femina duce exurere Colonias expugnare castra nisi felicitas in secordiam vertisset exuere jugum potuere Now whereas for the Brigantes in this place Camden doth substitute the Trinobantes I could wish that he had not done it against the authority of all books Galgacus his meaning is to incite his Caledonians to Valour and the study of liberty by the example of other Britains all whom he calls Brigantes who were better known to his men being a great deal the neerest unto them and the most populous people of the whole Island But they were not wholly subdued till Vespasians time as we find by the same Author when Petilius Cerealis fought against them multa praelia aliquando non incruentia magnamque Brigantum partem aut victoria amplexus aut bello In Hadrinans daies therefore a main defection of all the Britains hapned out Now if there be any place for conjecture the Brigantes seem to have revolted when Julius Severus was called out of Britain where he was President to go against the Jewes who then also rebelled Dio or rather Xiphilin out of him is our Author for it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But finally Hadrian himself in person came hither who conversis regio more militibus Britanniam petiit in qua multa correxit murumque per octoginta millia passuum primus duxit qui Barbaros Romanosque divideret Et compositis in Britannia rebus in Galliam transgressus est as Spartianus writes And in our daies too there are extant taken up amongst the Brigantes very many Antiquities which speak Hadrians being here and his doing many things amongst them Yet though subdued by him they took Heart again and as the Poets say victis redit in praecordia virtus for under Antoninus Pius they over-ran Genâ—…ia an associat Country here of the Romans but were againe brought under by his Legate here it should seem Lollius Urbicus and lost part of their owne Territories This is witnessed by a good Writer of those times 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are many other things of Antiquity which I might set down concerning the Brigantes as of their Nymph Verbeia and their Topick God Dui but as I said I will refer the Reader to my other Work which I have inscribed BRITANNIAE ROMANORUM where I have at large treated of them The other Stations of this Journey are formerly sufficiently spoken of in their places onely here let me tell you that Brocavio would better be Brovo as being abbreviated for Brovonacis which you have in the second Journey In the next Journey to this which is from London to Lindum or Lincoln you have the way more contracted a great deal thus then it is as you see it represented to your eyes in what followes BRITANNIARUM ITER VI. Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  ITER A LONDINIO   LINDUM M. P. CLVI sic  Verolani VEROLAMUM M. P. XXI Verolami Durocobrius DUROCOBRIUM M. P. XII Duro-Cobrius  MAGIOVINIUM M. P. XII   LACTODORUM M. P. XVI   ISANNAVATIA M. P. XII Isannavantia Isannavaria  TRIPONTIUM M. P. XII  Venonis VENNONIM M. P. IX Venonis Ratas RATIS M. P. XII Ratas  VEROMETUM M. P. XIII  12. MARGIDUNUM M. P. XIII Margindun 12. Ad Pontum AD PONTEM M. P. VII  Croco Cal. CROCOCALANUM M. P. VII Crorolana  LINDUM M. P. XII  THese five first Stations here even to Isannavatia which is altogether the same with Bennavenna you have before explained in the second Journey but converso Itinere the way lying there backward Here at Vennonis there is a diversion from the publick way which they call Watling-street See Talbot in VENNONIS But whereas in this Journey between Isannavatia or Bennavenna and Vennonis you see Tripontium put between that indeed is done as Camden thinks loco non suo out of its right place But see also Talbot in BENNAVENNA ISANNAVATIA M. P. XII Go to BENNAVENNA which seems to be the very same Station or City with it TRIPONTIUM M. P. XII Hierom Surita shews himself a stranger indeed to our affairs when he makes but so much as a doubt whether Ptolemies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an ancient City of the Selgovae here had any thing to do in this place Camden supposeth it to be that which now we call Torcester and that he hath remaining for it such arguments as are not languidae fidei For saith he if Trimontium a City of Thrace had its name à tribus montibus if Triturrita of Hetruria à tribus turribus if Tripolis à tribus urbibus then this Tripontium without doubt is denominated à tribus pontibus as it may plainly be seen also to this day here may also be seen the Praetorian or Military High-way which in very many places between this Town and Stony-Stratford shews it self Marianus Scotus hath this Towns name written Tovecester and indeed there want not many who would have the Town called so from the Tove running by it Age and time have at length so wasted it that now at length it owes to its situation name and antient Coyns that it is believed that it is old Of them indeed there have been some good store taken up there VENNONIM M. P. IX This is spoken to in the Second Journey already to which you may have a recourse RATIS M. P. XII Leicester called also by antient Writers and in old Records Legracester Legecester Legeocester Leogora and Caer-Lerion so called not of that fabulous King Leir whom Geffrey of Monmouth will have to be the first Builder thereof but for that it standeth upon the River Legra or Leir now called Sore as Leland holdeth signifying as much as the City standing upon the River Leir Many other Cities and places in this land are so denominated as Colchester upon the River Colne Lancaster upon the River Lune Riblechester upon the River Rible It standeth in the Center and heart of the Shire as I have said before bearing the proportion of an heart and being in
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Corinnium SPINIS M. P. XV. Cunetio or Kenet goeth by an ancient town whose name is not yet quite obliterated being as yet called Spene it is scarce a mile from Newberry a famous Town which sprung out of the Ruines thereof whence also it was called so and part yet thereof is still to this day called Spinam Lands to witness its Originall CALLEVA M. P. XV. I have spoken sufficiently to this Town in what goes before ABONEM P. IX Ita enim semper casu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sive ablativo quem vocant proferuntur ea opida mansiones quae in Antonini Itinerario occurrunt Id factum a descriptore ejus more prisci seculi quo urbium nomina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fere sive 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 esse volebant quod etiam nos pluribus docemus ad illud Itinerarium quod quantum ad Eritanniam pertinet restitutum jam in jublicum damus Quamobrem merito reprehendendus videatur Hieronymus Surita qua hoc in sua Antomini editione primus mutavit contra omnium coditum authoritatem quos tamen constat illum plures inspexisse Memoratur hoc opidum in XIV Itinere Brit. ab Isca Leg. 11. Augusta Gallenam Atrebatam instituto ad IX Mill distantiam à Venta Silurum Situm autem est in Conventu Gleucestriensis ad Sabrinam fl nec procul ab ipso ostio hodieque etiam Aventon appellatur de quo Vir Clariss atque idem felicissimus Antiquarum Originum vindex Guilielmus Camdenus Cum Avon inquit stumen Britannis denotet non absonum erit si à stumine sic dictum putemus eadem enim plane significatione ut alia omittam nos Waterton Bourne Riverton Latini Aquiâ—…um Fluentiam habuerunt Ita vir Eruditissimus quanquam eum hoc nomine sugillet cui tamen sua omnia debet plagiarius ille transfuga Richardus Vitus Basinstochius in Notis suis ad Historiam Britannicam miseris modis ab eo contaminatam quod palpitando scilicet vocabula Britannica studeat inde nomina locorum producere Norunt autem viri eruditi quod nos pace ipsius dictum volumus non aliunde locorum appellationes sive Urbium Origines quam ex ipsorum incolarum linguis petendas esse De Fluentia certe ex Plinio constat ita nominatam quod praefluenti Arno apposita esset lib. III cap. 5. Et Tenon è Cycladibus unam propter aquarum abundantiam Aristoteles Hydrussam appellatam ait teste eodem Plinio Lib. IV. cap 12. Eadem prorsus ratione Hydruntem in primis Italiae portuns nobilem nomen sortitam esse par est ut credamus cum ut ille idem â—…os docet Plinius lib. III. cap 2. ad discrimen Iönij Adriatici maris situm habeat qua in Graeciam brevissimus transitus Sed ad Abonem etiam Sabriani aestuâ—…rii trajectus olim fuit vide TRAIECIU Guilielmus Fulco Antiquarius patrum memoria Cantabrigiensis atque idem insignis Theologus inter praclara Academia illius decora merito censendus Abonem Bristoliam fuisse credidit sive ut veteres â—…uncuparant Emporium florentissimum ad Avonam fl quod Julio Caes. Bulengero Burgstovia perperam appellatur verum hujus erroris caussam inde fluxisse apparet quod opido huic fluvium illum cognominem videret Immensum autem quantum in hoc loco designando aberraverit Franciscus a Sacra-quercu vir quidem optimus quem pueri nos admodum Oxonijs in eodem contubernio senem novimus Abingdon enim sive ut in Monachorum libris legitur notissimum opidum ad Issidem fl nec Oxonijs procul it a nuncupatum scribit Sed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod dici solet alludente enim nomine tantum ratio itineraria heic plane repugnat BRITANNIARUM ITER XIV Editio Aldina Suritana Simlerians  ALIO ITINERE   AB ISCA   CALLEVAM M. P. CIII sic   VENTA SILURUM M. P. IX   ABONE M. P. IX   TRAJECTUS M. P. IX   AQUIS SOLIS M. P. VI.   VERLUCIONE M. P. XV.   CUNETIONE M. P. XX.   SPINIS M. P. XV.   CALLEVA M. P. XV.  VENTAM SI LURUM M. P. IX I before gave notice that there were three Venta's in this Itinerary one of the Belgae and one of the Iceni and this last is attributed to the Country of the Silures Tacitus names them in an old Copy the Nation of the Silures was changed with no feircenesse nor with clemency but that they would exercise War And in the life of Agricola that the Silures passed into Britaine he conjectures as a Colony of the old Iberi that saith he their coloured looks and curled hair for the most part and their scituation over against Spain cause a beleif that the old Iberi passed over and possessed those places And in the same Book Julius also Frontinus sustained the brunt a great man as far as he might and overcame in armes the strong and stout Nation of the Silures Ptolemy made the Demeta the utmost people of the Island towards the West and the Silures after them more to the East Amongst them is the Wy or Vaga the limit betwixt the Glocester-shire and Monmouth-shire men In former times this City was called Caer-Went TRAJECTUS M. P. IX This is named by Antoninus over against Abonis where there was wont to be a passage over the Sabrinian Sea at a place which is called to this day Oldbury i. e. Vetus Burgus now a dayes they passe over a little beneath at Aust a Village VERLUCIONEM M. P. XV. Diverril a little River passeth by here so called because it passeth under ground as the Anas in Spain and the Mole with us in Surrey and about a mile off it hasteneth to Cunetio a very ancient Towne which is now called Warminster and from the Saxon signifieth a Monestery CUNETIO M. P. XX. The River Kennet visiteth a City of its own name XX. miles from Verlucio mentioned likewise by Antoninus It is now called Marlburrow named so perhaps from Marga in Plinnie which they now call Marl and wherewith as by a kind of Melioration they dung their Land as with a kind of Chalk For it is ridiculous to deduce it from Merlin the Wizard which yet however some anciently have ventered to do SPINIS M. P. XV. CALLEVAM M. P. XV. AQUIS SOLIS M. P. VI. Ponitur hoc opidum ab Antonino in Itinere ab Isca Damnoniorum Gallenam Atrebatum Ptolemaeo in Geographia lib. II. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est Aquae calidae dicuntur Stephano vero Byzantino 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Badiâ—…a Nobis hodie Bathe a Thermis hie nobilissimis unde infima latinitas Bathoniam appellat Britanni antiqui Caer-badon quod Camdeno placere video Caer-Palladour vocabant Joannes Lelandus magni nominis superiori seculo
esteemed of which contains under ANTONINUS AUGUSTUS his Name the waies and Iourneys of all the Provinces of the Roman Empire which yeildeth to us an income of so wonderfull Profit that it affords most clear light to Strabo Pomponius Mela Pliny most excellent Authors in the explication of the whole World as it were in great darkness So far Robert Talbot Out of the Preface of the famous man Andrew Schot set before Antoninu's Edition of Surita at Coleyn M. DC IX Rutilius Numatianus afforded us his Itinerary in Elegiack Verses but Antonius or whether he is Antoninus Augustus in bare name which in a Land Journey and military way and march the Roman Captains made use of of which kind we see some in Italy and fewer in Spain used by Passengers where at this day they are carried on horses which are appointed for speed But for Itinerary Tables which are very usefull in matter of War Fl. Vegetius is to be seen lib. III. De re Militari cap. VI. Of what kind of Military Tables the famous man Mark Velfâ—…r one of the seven Magistrates of the Common-Wealth of Auspurg very well deserving of all Antiquity lately found out in the Library of Conrade Peutinger a noble man there and also adorned with Scholia's or Notes But Ortelius our friend the Prince of Geographers set forth all of it also cut into Brass by the Printing of Iohn Moret in which kind I think nothing of ancient Monuments to be extant either to be preferred or comparable to it I can bring nothing of certainty concerning the Writer Onely thus much That this Itinerary may seem to be written by some learned Measurer of Land well acquainted with the places but afterwards who by the command of some Emperour it is likely after Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius for good lucks sake retained the Sirname and publickly took the name and authority of Antoninus Augustus although most old Books have Antonii perhaps by the usuall fault of the Transcribers whereby they often confound Constantius and Constantinus Ierome Surita a very learned Spaniard prefers this Work to Antoninus the Son of Severus by reason of the mention of certain places of BRITAIN but Critiques contend and the strife is still before the Judge Now it appears that such an Itinerary was composed for the Captains and Souldiers with the Proconsulls and Pretors marching into the Provinces least they should mistake their way and fall into ambushes mistaking the right way How necessary these Itineraries were Fl. Vegetius is the Author and St. Ambrose in his Sermon upon the CXVIII Psalm Now the way did not alwaies lead strait as at this day but wheeling about yet more beaten and safe which are called by Ammianus the Kings High-way and the Souldiers way and wonted Journeys Concerning High-waies Galen the Prince of Physicians is to be seen lib. IX cap. VIII Methodius Procopius in the beginning of the second Book de bello Persico He writes I believe that the City Strata was so called by the Romans from the Military way which they called Strata It remains that the account of my undertaking may appear for this was principally intended while I searchd forth the Notes of Ierome Surita a learned man upon the Itinerary of Augustus which lay hidden in the dark Out of John Annius of Viterbium Antoninus Pius Caesar Augustus wrote an Itinerary Now the Itineraties which we have now are not Antoninus's but collected perhaps out of some fragments of some former to which many things added many things diminished more things changed an argument whereof you have two Fragments for the first Fragment it belongs to the Preface but to this which we have in our hands belongs no Preface besides the common ones use no miles which the Italians alone do use Again the common ones make use of the succession of Townes because you have described all the Journeys of the World in all Nations which succession of Townes is without miles whence it appears that Florence was not in the time of Antoninus by which it appears that these vulgar Books are not all of Antoninus but that there is a great corruption of the Book by men in after times through addition and diminution procured by private mens doings Out of John Leland Antiquary under Henry the eighth Antoninus lived in the times of Constantine the Great for he mentions Constantinopolis Dioclesianopolis Maximinopolis so unlikely it is that Antoninus the Emperour wrote the Itinerary which goes about commonly in his name Out of the excellent Doctor Usher in his learned Book which he hath Intituled De Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Primordiis pag. 78. Hence also in the Itinerary to which the ordinary Books give the title of Antoninus Flodoardus of Aethicus but the old MS. of Scotus Roma Romani Hence came those words Russian Rumney used by the old Britains and others Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas Great alterations grow by length of Time Out of William Harrisons second Edition in the same place A LIMITE ID EST A VALlo praetorio usque M. P. CLVI sic ABramenio Corstopitum M. P. XX. Vindomora M P. IX 5. Viconia M. P. XIX Vinovia Vinovium Cataractoni M. P. XXII Isurium M. P. XXIV 8. Eburacum legio VI. Victrix M. P. XVII Derventione M. P. VII Delgovitia M. P. XIII Praetorio M. P. XXV ITEM A VALLO AD PORtum Ritupis M. P. CCCC LXXXI 491. sic Ablato Bulgio castra exploratorum M. P. X. 15. alias a Blato Lugu-vallo M. P. XII alias a Lugu-valio Cairletl Voreda M. P. XIV Wrderad Brovonacis M. P. XIII Bravoniacis Burgham Verteris M. P. XX. 13. Wharton Lavatris M. P. XIV Lowthier Cataractone M. P. XVI Caturractonium Grynton Gritobrioge Isuriam M. P. XXIV Isoriam Eburacum M. P. XVIII Eboracum Calcaria M. P. IX Cacaria Helcaster Camboduno M. P. XX. Camborough Mammuncio M. P. XVIII Manucio Standish Condate M. P. XVIII 39. Deva legio XXIII CI. M. P. XX. Bovio M. P. X. 44. Bonio Mediolano M. P. XX. Rutunio M. P. XII Urio Conio M. P. XI Viroconium Uxacona M. P. XI Penno-Crucio M. P. XII Etoceto M. P. XII Utoxeter Utceter Touceter Mandues Sedo M P. XVI Mansfield Venonis M. P. XII Colewestford Bever Wansford Benna venta M. P. XVII Banna venta Lactorodo M. P. XII Lactodoro Maginto M. P. XVII 12. Magiovintum Stonystratford Duro-Cobrivis M. P. XII Dunstable Vero-Lamio M P. XII S. Albans Sullomacis M. P. IX Barnet Shelney between S. Stephens and Ilshe Longidinio M. P. XII Londini London Noviomago M. P. X. Leusham Vagniacis M. P. XVIII Maidston Durobrovis M. P. IX Duroprovis Rochester Durolevo M. P. XVI 13. Sittingborne Talb. Duror-Verno M P. XII Droverno Duroverno Durarvenno Darverno Ad portum Ritupis M. P. XII ITEM A LONDINIO AD portum Dubris M. P. LVI 66. sic Dubobrus M. P. XXVII Durobrovis Durobrius Durarvenno M. P. XV. 25. Ad portum Dubris M. P. XIV Dover haven ITEM A LONDINIO AD
Voyages or Places which they usually accustomed to touch at in their expeditions by Sea set down after the recension of our Britain Stations have the Inscription of Itinerarium maritimum not Iter for the Britains indeed were generally accounted by the Romans themselves during the severall Ages they continued Masters of them to be toto divisi orbe and their Countrey likewise diducta Mundo wholy severed from the World and therefore not onely by their Poets but by their graver Writers also thought worthy to be termed Alter or Al us Oâ—… and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 another habitable World And that not 〈◊〉 flourish only but in very good earnest in so much that Diâ—… a Consular Historian tels us That upon the apprehension hereof A. Plautius his Souldiers were very unwilling to follow him out of Gaul in his expedition hither seriously imagining it to be some service quite out of the World So that the Britains might very well seem to deserve a Notitia or Survey by themselves apart in the Description of the whole World Nature having first separated them by the vast and sometime thought unpassable Ocean More I could say by way of enlarging this Argument but I purposely forbear and refer it rather to another place Only this I add in this behalf that the word Iter doth not so fitly serve the turn in this place For first of all observe that here it doth no way exactly agree with what either the great Lawyer or Varro make the signification or meaning of the word to be in the latter of whom by the By I cannot choose but take notice of a Paradiorthosis or false emendation of Vertranius in that very place where he tels us what Iter is reading militare iter for limitare by which Varro understands nothing else but a small Path made in the confines of several mens Land ordered by a Law of the XII Tables to be not above V. Foot broad For had he meant those publick Through-fares or Waies which the Souldiers raised by uncessant and toilsome labor for their more convenient march from Station to Station call'd by Ammianus and others Aggeres itinerarii and actus publici by Herodian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Strata by Beda and such kind of Writers he would not have sayd Iter militare but via militaris the usuall word indeed Via as Iustinian teaches us containing in it both iter and actus and in ancient Authors iter militare is only quantum uno die militari gradu as Vegetius speaks conflci possit or One dayes march by Caesar and others call'd justum iter and by barbarous Writers dieta In the second place we may consider that here are XVI severall Itineraries or set marches not to be expressed by the singular Iter described from so many Garrisons to Garrisons it is likely of more esteem and concernment through others perhaps of less note here also set down to signifie all which Itinerarium must needs be thought far the more proper and significant notion by them that understand what it means and know besides to what excellent purpose such Itineraria were first instituted and appointed For they that are conversant in Antiquities of this nature cannot but take notice that to set down in writing likewise publish their particular Journeys and Marches by the several Camps Stations Mansions and Mutations so they were called by the Romans being places from which in after ages great Towns and Cities took their Originals was a thing for divers useful respects alwaies observed amongst the better managed and disciplin'd Nations and it was a business that tended to extraordinary advantage especially in great Empires and Dominions The people of Israel who had GOD for their Leader through the Wilderness to the Land of Promise most heedfully observed this course in their whole pilgrimage even from Romeses the place of their departure out of Egypt to the very Banks of Iordan and that not without the speciall Commandment of GOD himself These are saies Moses the Iourneys of the people of Israel which went forth out of the Land of Aegypt with their Armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron And Moses wrote their goings out according to their Iourneys by the Commandment of the LORD and these are their Iourneys according to their goings out And then he sets down no less then two and forty Journeys from the beginning of the Chapter to the 50. verse which S. Ierom calls Catalogum omnium mansionum per quas de Aegypto egrediens populos pervenit usque ad fluenta Iordanii Having passed over Iordan and under the Conduct of their victorious General either destroyed or dispossest the Inhabitants beyond it Three men are appointed out of each Tribe to go through the Land and describe it And the men went and passed through the Land and described it by Cities into seven parts in a Book and came again to Joshua to the Host at Shiloh As for the Kings of Persia we learn from Herodotus that they had the distances from Station to Station exactly set down through their great and vast Territories This is to be seen in him by that accurate enumeration of the severall Mansions from the Sea Coast in the lesser Asia even to Susa the Royall Palace containing in all C and XI Mansions All which described in a brazen Table with the Parasangs they were distant one from another Aristagoras the Militian brought to Cleomenes King of Sparta intending to urge the advantage he might gain thereby as a chief Argument to work him to the invasion of Persia. Although indeed he miss'd of his aime by unadvised and over-hastily telling him it would prove an expedition of some three months Journey before he had made it appear to him with what ease he might perform it his Marches and Quarter being by that Table before-hand scored out for him Buchanan therefore needed not to have sought so low for the antiquity of Draughts of this kind as the authority of Propertius Maps and Chorographicall descriptions being of so long standing And for Alexander the Great we may not imagine that so great a Commander would neglect so requisite and necessary a piece of Souldiership especially when we find that the Commentaries of his Marches were extant in Plinies time described by Diognetus and Beton whom he calls mensores itinerum Alexandri and he tells us a little before in the same Chapter that Comites Alexandri M. his followers diligently numbred and set down the Townes of that Tract of India which they had conquered and out of some of their Commentari s it is very likely was taken the summe of the 57. Chap. in Solinus inscribed 〈◊〉 Indicum Having spoken of â—…lexander I may by no meanes leave out his great parallel Iulius Caesar who though he hath left little to this purpose in those
monumentis consecrata as he sayes Perinde ac vana refugere Though we have the testimony but of an uncertain Author we are bold from thence to affirm that some such Description or Itinerary was published by Caesars authority and in following times by Antoninus also collected and framed out of which after many alterations and additions and interpolations by the injury of time and bad hands we have only continued to us these unperfect and corrupted Peices which in some Copies may perchance have retained their names by whose appointment such Works were first instituted and begun though now in a manner wholly changed and different from their first Originalls So in like manner the most learned Scaliger was of opinion that those Chorographicall or military Tables as some call them drawn out meerly for the use of the Roman Armies in regard of their Marches and Quarters and found out and illustrated with Notes by the Noble Mark â—…lser of Auspurg were nothing else but a Description of Stations and Cities out of Antoninus and Ptolemies Geography But that we should any farther question Caesar's care and provision in this respect Suetonius will not suffer us who plainly tells us That he never led his Army by any dangerous waies but where he had formerly diligently surveyed and observed the Situation of places And to confirm it Suetonius here sayes It is very observable out of his own words that when in his expedition against Ariavistus the German not only his Followers and Friends Centurions and Commanders of Horse but beaten Souldiers would out of Cowardize have abandoned the Service yet pretending among other things angustias itineris the troubles and casualties of the March he roundly takes them up and answers them That they dealt saucily to cloak their fears with a false conceit of the difficulty of the waies that it was his duty to look to that which they ought by no means to make question of Haec sibi curae esse de itinere Ipsos brevi tempore judicaturos They should ere long see that he had well enough provided for that Which he could not do better then by sitting and preparing Itinerary Tables and Descriptions to that purpose This wariness and forecast we see practised by Augustus Caesar his Successor when he sent his eldest Son Caius with an Army into Armenia to compose the Parthian and Arabian affairs dispatching before him Dionysius the Geographer ad commentanda omnia as Pliny tells us to describe and measure the distances of such Towns and Stations as he was to march by This Dionysius he calls Terrarum orbis situs recentissimum autorem and yet he mentions besides a Table of the World which M. Agrippa described out of his own Commentaries and intended to set it forth in a Poâ—…ticus for the publick view which being begun by his Sister and left imperfect was afterwards finished by Augustus himself Under whom when a Description was taken for it is not well translated Taxing in our Bibles Luke 2. 2. of Judaea Quirinius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the holy Text calls him or Procurator being then President and indeed of the whole World subject to the Roman power Proculdubio faith Simler singula oppida provinciarum omnium diligentissimè descripta fuerunt For truly the Text saith they went to be listed or enrolled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Every man unto his own City Such kind of Itineraries or Journying Tables with the removes and distances from place to place accurately for the most part set down were exceedingly usefull as I said before and advantageous in severall respects To let pass the great use that Students and men of Sedentary lives made thereof as often as in the reading of Histories they chanced to meet with forraign Expeditions long Marches Battelis Sieges and Descriptions of Cities and Countries and the helps likewise that may be gained from thence for the illustration and correction of Geographicall Writers such as Strabo Mela Pliny Ptolemie c. The direction and benefit was extraordinary much which Merchants Pilgrims and all kind of Wayfaring persons received thereby But especially they were intended for the use of Generals and Armies the trouble and danger of marching in strange Countries being accounted the first and greatest care by wise men in Cicero's judgment who was Commander enough to know that and the neglect thereof gave Sp. Posthumius the Consul w th all his Forces an ignominious overthrow by the Caudini as Livy relates The use benefit of such Tables we shall best learn find in Fl. Vegetius as in its most proper place he being almost the only ancient Roman Writer that is come to our hands concerning Military matters Primùm saith he Itinerariae omnium Regionum quibus bellum geritur plenissimè debet habere prescripta ita ut locorum intervalla non solùm passuum numero sed viarum qualitate perdiscat â—…er compendia diverticula montes flumina ad fidem descripta consideret Usque eò ut solertiores duces Itineraria Provinciarum in quibus necessitas gerebatur non tantùm annotata sed etiam pict a babuisse firmentur ut non solùm consilio mentis verùm etiam aspectu oculorum viam profecturus eligerat He tells us that wise and provident Commanders had not only Itinerary Tables wherein the distances of places were noted by the number of miles such as this in our hands which bears Antoninus's name but exact draughts also wherein the windings of Wayes Rivers and Hills also were lively describ'd exprest such as that Table 〈◊〉 is whereof we spake even now which being curiously cut in Brass was by the care and directions of Ortelius first published at Antwerp and since by Bertius joyned to his Edition of Ptolemie the latest and very best To this place of Vegetius I will only add another out of S. Ambrose who indeed was some time after him the one flourishing with the Title and Dignity of a Comes at CP under Valentinian to whom he inscribes his Works the other being Arch-bishop of Millain under Theodosius the elder It is a place very pertinent and will better then any illustrate our present Discourse by informing us to what purpose such Lineraries were first instituted and in this regard it will make amends for the length of it for I cannot forbear but transcribe all of it hither Miles qui ingreditur iter saith that Nectarian Doctor viandi ordinem non ipse disponit sibi nec pro suo arbitrio viam carpit nec voluntaria captat compendia ne recedat à signis sed Itineratium ab imperatore accipit custodit illud praescripto incedit ordine cum armis suis ambulat rectaque via cenficit iter ut inveniat commeatuum parata sibi subsidia Si alio ambulaverit itinere annonam non accipit mansionem paratam non invenit quia imperator iis jubet haec praepâ—…rari omnia
sub duobus Praesidibus constitutae Nam Anglia Gallia fuit una terra ab initio Interpreting which unam terram appellat Vivianus Continentem saith White And from his division from the Continent he conceives BRITAIN had its name corrupted from the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Perad-cain learning it as himself tells us from his Collegue at Doway Joannes Pallas a German and Regius Professor there of that Language But since our own Countrymen at home took the question in hand it hath found many to hold the Affirmative among whom the most confident for the maintaing of it is John Twyne deriving the name of the Island after the same signification from Brich which as he sayes is as much as Guith i. A separation in Welsh whence the Isle of Wight was so called Guith and Wight being soon made of each other And next to him is Richard Verstegan in his Restitution of decayed intelligence in Antiquities As for our other Antiquaries they are such who following the opinion the one of the other as the same Verstegan well observes are rather content to think it sometime to have been then to labour to find out by sundry pregnant reasons that so it was indeed I alwaies except the learned Camden whose resolution herein is very grave and discreet making it a high matter of Religion De divinis operibus Supinè sententiam ferre adding moreover that lands scattered in the middle of the Ocean the Divine Providence seeing it good it should be so do confer no less to the ornament of the Universe then great Lakes and Meers disperst up and down in the firm Land do as huge Mountains neer unto vast Plains But Antonine calls us aboard and as I said before we cannot stay Diâ—… nobis facilemque viam ventosque ferentes Grant us yee Gods faire way and prosperous Winds RITUPIS or Ritupiis IN PORTU BRITANNIARUM And now are we in good time arrived in BRITAIN at Ritupiae or Rutupiae as Ptolemie calls it making it one of the two for London is misplaced there for a third principall Cities of the CANTII or Kent not of the Atrebatiâ—… as Surita by a foule over-sight tells us they being far more inland In our Voyage from Gaul we have passed over a boysterous and surging Sea Attolli horrendis aestibus adsuetuâ—… saith Ammianus of it and therefore not without cause described such by Lucan in these brave Verses Veluti mediis qui intus in arvis Sicaniae rapidum nescit latrare Pelorum Aut vaga cum Tethys Rutupinaque littora fervent Unda Caledonios fallit turbata Britannos As who in midst of Sicily safe dwell When rough Pelorus barks can never tell As Northern Britains cannot hear the roare Of flowing Seas against the Kentish shore T. M. Juvenall expresses it by Rutupinus fundus calling it so from this famous Haven-town standing upon the shore where he celebrates the Oysters taken there and conveyed thence to Rome among other farfetcht Dainties and commends Montanus the Roman Senators judicious palate in the tasting of them Nulli major suit usus edendi Tempestate mea Circeis nata forent an Lucrinum ad saxâ—…m Rutupinone edita fundo Ostrea callebat primo deprendere morsu Et semel aspecti littus dicebat Echini in all My time his tast was most authenticall If Lucrin Rocks or Circe's th'Oysters bred Or were they with Richborough water fed He found at the first tast and by the look Of Crabfish told upon what Coast 't was took Sir R. Stapylton And truly we are not to understand Val. Maximus where he speaks of Fishes Ab Oceani littoribus infusae culinis Ostreae or Senica's Conchylia ultimi maris ex ignoto littore of any other then Oysters taken upon these shoars For Pliny expresly mentions Ostrea Britannica out of Muâ—…ianus making them indeed somewhat less luscious then those of the Lucrine Lake as likewise they were not so large as those of Cyzicum his words are Cyzicena majora Lucrinis suaviora Britannicis But in after ages Ausonius the Poet seems to have admired them above others in these words Sunt Aremorici qui laudent ostrea ponti Et quae Pictonici legit accola littoris quae Mirae Caledonius nonnunquam detegit aestus Some do the Guien Oysters highly fame Some those are gather'd by a Scottish Dame Some those the Flood leaves on the British shore They are in his IX Epistle to Axius Pontius the Rhetorician in which you have variety of good Oysters thither therefore I send you for better satisfaction or else to Apicius and the Doctors of his School the Gulae proceres for we must return to Rutupiae To pass by therefore the Interpreter as it is pretended of the British History who tells us that not onely Julius Caesar landed here in Rutupinum portum at his third entrance of which yet himself makes no mention but also that Vespasian being sent hither by Claudius to make all quiet Cum ad Rutupi portum applicare incaepissâ—…t was hindred from landing here and so forced to wheel about as far as Totnes in Cornwall In an unquestionable Writer Cornelius Tacitus we find this place called Portus Rutupensis for not onely all learned men in generall beyond the Seas approve this correction of that place by B. Rhenanus but Sir Henry Savile also his most accurate Interpreter whereas indeed before it was read Et simul classis secunda tempestate ac famâ—… Trutulensem portum tenuiâ—… unde proximo latere Britanniae tecto redierat i. And withall the Navy with prosperous wind and success arrived at the Port Trutulensis from whence it had departed coasting along the neerest side of Lr. tanny and so returned thither again By which it is plain that here was the usuall Harbour where the Romans Navy rode at Anchor and consequently that this was the ordinary landing-place from Gissoriacum or Bononia in those times as it was in after ages also which we shall shew As for this place of Tacitus if it be not so to be mended Trutulensis will sound nothing and be no where to be found But Ammianus will make it good A Writer who began his History of the Roman Emperours just where Tacitus left off and indeed he is the first after him except Juvenall who mentions Rutupiae the name of it being lost for so long togegether with the former part of his History even to the times of Constantius and Julian under whom Lupicinus being dispatch't into Britain to repulse the inrodes of the Scots and Picts Bononiam venit observato statu secundo ventorum ad Rutupias sitas ex adverso defertur petitque Lundinium And elsewhere he tells us That Theodotius appointed also hither by Valentinian cùm venisset ad Bononiae littus transmeato lentiùs freto defertur Rutupias stationem ex adverso tranquillam Was carried to Rutupiae a calm Harbour
the Ancients that mentions it Thanatos insula alluitur freto Gallico à britanniae continenti aestuario teâ—…ui separata selix srumentâ—…riis campis gleba ubâ—…ri Nec tantum sibi soli verùm aliis salubris locis Nam cùm ipsa nullo serpatur angue asportata inde terra quoquò gentium invâ—…ctasit angues necat All which is very true saving his last observation That not so much as a Snake creeps in this Isle and that the Earth of it conveyed from hence killeth them wheresoever they are found elsewhere which proving nothing so Isidore doth trifle who sayes It was so called from the death of Serpents brought thither Aldus Printed it Athanatis But Salmasius finding Adtanatis in a very ancient book mended it At Tanatis assuring us that is the true name of the Isle about which Camers and Delrio so much trouble themselves and of whom the former surmises it might be Etta corrupted in Antonine or else but in that he is the whole Seas wide to be Ptolemies Agatha which he places in the Mediterranean Sea over against Languedoc and Province whereas the site of Tanet is well known out of Solinus distant enough from thence With far more probability doth our Camden conjecture it to have been Ptolemies Toliapis especially finding it written Toliatis in some old Copies Beda calls it Tanatos and exactly describes it as it was an Island in his daies whose words I will here set for better satisfaction of them that seldome handle him Est ad Oriensalem Cantii plagam Tanatos insula non modica idest magnitudinis juxta cortsuetudinem aestimation is Anglorum familiarum D C. It is falsely Printed miliarium in all Editions I have seen quam à continenti terrae secernit Vantsumu qui est latitudinis circiter trium stadiorum duobus tantùm in locis est transmeabilis Utrumqâ—… enim caput protendit in marc That is On the East of Kent is Thanet no small Isle able to maintain six hundred Families which the River Wantsum divides from the main Land above a quarter of a mile over and fordable onely in two places being brancht two severall waies it runs into the Sea making it an Island But at this day it is but a Peninsula or By-land one of the streams being dryed up some hundred years ago or somewhat more which parted it from the Continent of Britain Now whereas Bede in the same place relates That Augustine minor for so Fabius Ethelwerd calls him to difference him from S. Augustine of Hipps the Monk who first converted the Saxons to the Christian Religion landed with his Company in this Island and that Ethelred the King of Kent came into the Island to visite him and also that ancient Writers likewise report That Ethelred had his Palace at old Rutupiae I cannot tell how Leland Lambard and Harrison could make it good that Rutupiae stood in the Island but that since as they say the water changing its course hath shut it clean out Contrary to what Camden seems to have thought and delivers concerning the ancient situation of the place Ad ausirale Wantsumi ostium quod alveum mutasse credunt è regione insulae apposita fuit urbs quae Ptolemaeo Rutupiae c. At the mouth of Wantsum Southward which some suppose sayes he hath changed its Channell quite over against the Isle was a City by Ptol. called Rutupiae c. And so likewise long before him Talbot whose conjecture also it is that Ptolemie therefore places it among the inland Cities Quod propter objectum Thanati sive Tenedi insulae pauso interrùs sita videatur Because it seemed to stand more inwardly by reason the Island Tanes was placed just over against it As for Ethelred's Palace that it was Rutupiae no man will question their authority that writ it who shall once understand that the old Saxon Kings through all Britain constantly held their residence in Roman Stations which afterwards by that meaas grew into great and frequented Townes and Cities as will easily appear to the not indiligent Reader of Beda and that in more then one place And although I conceive much may be said to prove that Rutupiae stood alwaies on the main land yet I of purpose forbeare to bring any thing of mine own the more to confirm it till such time as some good opportunity shall give me leave to visit the place and to become an eye-witness of the situation thereof My main undertaking here is onely to illustrate the names in this Itinerary with what I find in most ancient memories and Monuments of remotest times concerning them However in the mean while we may do well to observe the strange and dismall effects of the powerfull execution of Time Valleys exalted into Mountaines and great Hills abased into Valleys firm Land become a Sea and the Sea again turned into dry land and in all things so great and various a change that if our fore-Fathers who lived some Ages ago could awake now for a time out of their Graves as they say Epimenides did out of his long sleep they would meet with so far a greateâ—… alteration then he that they would either not at all find or else not know their own Country and the very Land in which they were born and drew their breath so long together So true is that of the excellent Poet. Eputae variant faciem per secula gentes Necse cognoscunt terrae vertentibus annis Th' Epulans still their Garb and Fashions change Whose Land in time unto it self growes strange And this is that Station or City Rutupiae notissima fama Rutupia most renown'd Dives opum Veteri Roma dum regna manebant Nunc tantùm simus statio malefida carinis Rich whilst old Rome did the Worlds Empire sway Now a wild Road for Ships and dang'rous Bay So famous in old time while the Roman name and power was able to manage its own Victories and greatness Now it hath little more to boast of then its Ruines which are themselves too almost perished Some Roman Coynes as well Gold as Silver The draught of its streets crossing one another which appear in the â—…eilds and are known to have been so by the thinness of Corn in them after it is come up the remainder of some Walls of a Castle of a rough Flint and long British Bricks in form of a Quadrant scarce all put together a shadow of its former Glory And after so many arguments both from the name and other antiquities to prove that Rutupia had here its being we shall have no need to confute them who did so mordicuâ—…â—…en re as Mr Floydâ—… words are Tooth and Nail maintain that Dover was anciently so called any other waies than by a bare relating of their opinion although indeed Dover was a famous Haven-town even in the Roman time and named Dubris in this same Itinerary in which it
seperates them from Tabellarii or Letter-carriers with whom learned men not withstanding have confounded them but of them more when we come to Ptolemies ALATA CASTRA The Glosses upon the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Imperiall Constitutions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who were sent ad explorandum si qui hostium motus existerent as Aurel. Victor speakes And Ammianus Marcellinus thus accurately describes his Speculatores Areani or Exploratores removed from their Stations in Britain by Theodosius upon a charge of Treason Id illis erat officium ut ultrò citroque pâ—…r longâ—… spatia discurrentes vicinarum gentium strepitus nostris ducibus intimarent He saies there that they were genus hominum a veteribus institutum but why so cal'd not a word Perhaps he had done it in actibus Constantis whither he refers us but they are utterly lost In the very later times of the Empire Constantinus Porphyrogeneta the Emperour calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and elsewhere 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 corruptly In the former place the learned Meursius mends it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and renders it Exploratores In the later place Bon. Vulcanius restores 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which at that time was usuall for Auscultatores of which see especially the admired Cujacius besides Meursius in his Greek Glossary But to have done In severall places else there is mention of the Exploratores in Britain perhaps in or neer upon the same age In the next Journey of Antoninus there is Castra Exploratorum And in the Notitia or Survey of the Westerne Empire Praefectus Numeri Exploratorum Lavatre a place on this side the Wall And Praepositus Numeri Exploratorum Portu Adurni sub dispositione V. Spectabili Comitis littoris Saxonici per Britanniam an Haven in Sussex-coast all which you shall meet with by that we leave off Briefly and not be troublesome the Stations appointed for the purpose we have all this while spoken of are handsomely called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Towns of view or discovery by Aristides the Orator in his Panegyrick of the City Rome Many of this kind did Dioclesian after other Emperors out of his providence appoint upon the Limets of the Empire as Zosimus relates all which that Constantine the Great did afterward dismantle I have some good reason from the writers no good effection to him not to believe And thus much for this Inscription so highly to be valued as I said before without which we had never known for Antonine where Bremenium was to be found though Ptolemie indeed afford some light thereto the situation well enough agreeing with the numbers in him and yet for all that among so many severall ruines of old Campes and Fortresses neer one another hardly otherwise to have been pointed out from the rest That it was therefore at Rochester besides what hath been said the name at this day as is before hinted will evidently conclude it signifying as much as Castrum in Rupe the Camp or Station on the Rock a fit place for the purpose it was here placed And indeed it is to be observed that all places ending in Chester fashioned in the Saxon times arise from the ruines of the old Roman Castra and therefore the ancient Stations about the Wall the carkasses of many of which at this day appear are called Chesters by the Country people Besides all the Roman Colonies Towns Stations or Forts generally were set upon Hills which Manilius the Poet doth elegantly in these verses expresse Ac veluti nudis surgunt cum moenibus Urbes Conditor vacuos muris circundare Colles Destinat And as great Cities rise with Turrets Crown'd Whose Hills when Builders skilfully surround With spacious Walls But it is a pittifull thing to see how other learned men have mis-placed this Garrison and in vain searcht for it Talbot looks for it at the East-end of the Wall but at last resolves it was at Bamborough Castle near Berwick Mich. Villanovanus and Paulus Jovius will have it at Berwick Jos. Moletius sets down Brevish a Town I am yet to seek for in the Map to his Ptolemie whom our Wil. Fulke a studious Antiquary as well as a great Divine dissents not from but to Antonine he noted Bambarow as Talbot had done before And Camden himself had pitched upon Bramton in Northumberland likewise til he had the good hap to light upon this Stone And so much of Bremenium We go forward CORSTOPILUM M. P. XX. Robert Talbot though Preist and Canon yet scarce shewes himselfe to be Sacerdos ad Grammaticam as he said when he tells us that in this Itinerary ferme est perpetuum ut nomen loci ad quem sit motus in Dativo ponatur Surita though a better Grammarian as putting the name of the place whereto motion is in the Accusative case according to rule not the Dative yet therein also is he far mistaken in these writings and others And though he lay the fault for that it is otherwise in omnibus codicibus upon the inscitia librariorum qui in summa earum rerum ignaratione temporum vitio versabantur yet truly therein he doth but discover his own inanimadvertency not taking notice that from the age Solinus lived in not long after Pliny and so downward by a custome they had they pronounced the names of Cities in the sixt or Ablative case that is as Monootes or undeclined Testimonies there are enough of this Vopiscus in the life of Aurelian Copto Ptolemaide urbes cepit and Salmasius desires you to see what he sayes to that place Solinus though falsly corrected in vulgar Prints otherwise then in the old written Books Ibi Olysipone Ulyxi condituni where you see no Concord Fronto the famous Orator in an Epistle to Hadrian the Emperour cited by the Grammarians Durocortono Athenae vestrae where you are to look for no Apposition As neither in the old Book De Colonijs where you constantly find Opidum Corseolis Colonia Veiis c. So that good Surita needed not so earnestly to contest and chafe himselfe about Popleto fiumen in Antonie But lest my credit should not be enough for alas what can a poor Country Schoolmaster doe heare him whose authority is unquestionable 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Itinerarium quod Antonini Augusti nomine publicatur saith Salmasius sic omnia fere urbium vocabula concipiebat quod mutatum non oportuit à doctis viris We should then by this read here Bremenio Corstopilo But all editions and MSS. having it in the Accusative Case and Salmasius himselfe as you see dispencing some-what with the generall Rule as it ordinarily happens take your pleasure for me which way you will have it written However I must not omit to note here that all other Editions as many as I have seen except that of Aldus have Corstopitum with little change of one letter And Surita denies not but that it
was so in one of his Manuscripts By the distance and site it seemed to the learned Camden to be the same with Ptolemies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Curia though indeed formerly for Corstopitum he had pitched upon Morpith Which conjecture as it may be countenanced perhaps by the distance from Bremenium and also by a like sound of both names upon the close yet hath it not to shew any Roman Antiquity now appearing Be it therefore Curia or rather 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Bertius his Ptolemy and then it will be Corbridge on Tine which here is laid over with a Bridge But in Corstopitum what the last syllables signifie I am to learne and which is worse have none to teach me Henry of Huntington calls it Cure so Antonines Curia among the Rhoeti is at this day called Chur by the Italians Coira Hoveden names it Corobrigg to have recourse to whom will be worth ones pains And yet not precisely Corbridge neither but rather Rotchester a place hard by well furnished with store of Roman ruines and rubbish which declare what it hath been formerly called most likely by the Saxons Corchester from this Coria but in processe of time as he said Aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo And from the ashes and carkasse of this had the present Towne its rise Besides the termination from Castrum that is a Garrison take notice that almost all our great Cities and Towns in Britain and elsewhere had their beginnings from the Roman Casira but were not alwaies placed in the very same site but at some distance though not very remote as S. Abane fâ—…om Verulamium and most others As for the account of distance here M. P. XX. It will be sufficiently convenient and suitable reckon which way so ever you are pleased VINDOMORAM M. P. IX Surita telling us he could not elsewhere find any mention concerning Vindomora addes moreover that all his written Books agreed in hanc auserendi casu lectionem which confirmes what we said e'rewhile From Corstopitum to this Station are IX miles set down and toward Newcastle along by the Wall at that distance is situate as the learned Pausanias of Britain tells us a small Village called Walls-end which now seems to have possession of the Room of this Station The signification saies he of the old as well as the modern name is the same for Vindomora in the Provinciall Language of the Britains at that time was nothing but Finis Muri or The end of the Wall For beyond it no Vestigia of the ductus or tract thereof appearing ever to have been there the River Tine it is to be thought served for a Rampier or antemurâ—…le to keep off the Enemy Neither doth Vindobala another ancient name of the same Village and of a like composition mentioned in the Notitia Occidentis signifie otherwise then so Wherefore from hence besides that the Wall in Salmasius his MS. Aethicus is called Ballum Britanniae we must take notice of that fraudulent distinction in the learned Presbyter Beda Murus de lapidibus Vallum de cespitibus c. which so deceived the good man that he beleived this Work of Severus even where he relates the thing done To be of Turfs in which were great stakes fastened not of Stone But if we compare Eutropius Jerom Orosius Cassiodorus and Aurelius Victors Epitone de Caesaribus where they use Vallum speaking of this structure of Severus with Aurel. Victor set forth by Andrias Schottus and others which have Murus we shall certainly see that they are but Synonima to expresse the same thing Spartinus as the place in him is rightly restored by the famous Salmasius hath it plaine Severus post Murum aut Vallum missum in Britannia And Bede himselfe makes mention of a Royall Towne qui vocatur ad Murum aee Palle as King Alfred renders it because it was placed by Severus Wall and at this day therefore called Walton So likewise our Antonine reckons up among the Townes of Pannonia prima or Hungary a place called Ad Muro which Wolfanyus Lazius takes for the same with Murocincta in Ammianus I beleive for no other cause or reason Now as it is needlesse to bring authority from the ancients to prove that this structure was of stone every one that at this day hath been in the least way an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or eye-witnesse thereof certainly knowing it so shall it serve for enough to demonstrate that Murus and Vallum signified the very same thing contrary to what the Venerable Bede beleived and wrote 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And consequently that Vindomora and Vindobala though somewhat differing names do yet belong to the very same Mansion And for what Camden saies that they were so called in the Provinciall Language of the Britains the studions Youth is to take notice that as the Provinciated part of the Roman Empire was Civitate donata or made free of the City and out of them their old Legions recruited and new ones also raised the un-reduced serving for Auxiliaries and that by a Law of Antoninus Pius the Emperor thus cited by Ulpian In Orbe Romano qui sunt ex Constitutione Imp. Antonini cives Romani effecti sunt Which Claudian the Poet speaking of Rome and instancing in Britain in particular hath neatly as his manner is thus expressed Nec stetit Ociano remisque ingressa profundum Vincendos alio quaestvit in orbe Britannos Haec est in gremium victos quae sola recepit Humanumque genus communi nomine fovit Matris non dominae ritu civesque vocavit Quos domuit nexuque piolong inqua revinxit Nor stops she there but crost the Sea with Oares Britain a new unconquer'd World explores Then in her lap receives whom she did tame And to all Nations gives one common name She as a Mother not a Victresse calls Them hers the distant joyning to her Walls So likewise in the Provinces a constant course put in practise by what ever Conqueror among a people newly subdued was the Roman tongue every where commended and urged for publick use to the Natives Imperiosa illa civitas c. That domineering City sayes S. Austine not onely put a yoke of servitude upon the conquered Nations but injoyned their Language also As for Britain there is a notable place of Tacitus in his Agricola where he speaks of the courses he took to civilize them Iam vero principum filios liberalibus artibus crudire ingenia Britannorum studijs Gallorum ante ferre ut qui modo linguam Romanorum abnuebant eloquentiam concupiscerent inde etiam habitus nostri honor frequens toga That is Moreover the Noble-mens sons he took and instructed in the liberall Sciences preferring the wits of the Britains before the Students of Gaul as being now curious to attain the eloquence of the Roman Language whereas they lately rejected the speech After that our attire grew to be in
in COCCIUM in the X. Journey Industrious Camden tells us that with all his searching he could not find out what these Deae Matres were However he cites a place out of Plutarch very much for their antiquity which would not be omitted here There is saith he a City in Cicilie called Engyium it is no great thing but a very ancient City of name by reason of the traffick thither for that there are certain Goddesses to be seen whom they worship called the * Mothers Some say the Cretans were the first Builders and founders of the Temple there where you shall see Speares and Helmets of Copper and upon them are graven the name of Meriones He meanes the associate of Idomeneus the King of Creet in Homer Camden and his Translator also hath Metio but amisse I beleive by the Printers fault and upon others Ulysses name also which are consecrated to these Goddesses Varro also hath made mention of some such Deities as I find by a place of his urged by Augustine Dijs quibusdam patribus Deabus Matribus sicut hominibus ignobilitatem contigisse If it were worth my while to conjecture and without the offence of the severe ones I should easily guesse them to be the three famous Goddesses highly worshiped by the Romans yet deduced from ancient originall among the Grecians Vesta Matuta and Tellus among whose indigitamenta or severall names and appellations you shall frequently find Mater or Mother And therefore it is likely that they may be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at least that is worshiped upon the same Altar and in some respects the very same Goddesses For Vesta Cicero is my Author Vestaeque Matris ceremonijs And Virgill Dij Patrij Indigites Romule vestaque Mater Our Countrys Gods Vesta and Romulus She is of that antiquity that the God of Poets makes her the Daughter of Saturne the Father of the Gods As for Matuta besides Livies testimony which were enough to prove her called Mother I might add out of Verrius Flaccus that her name is to be derived no way better then from Mater Matuta sayes he potius a Matre quae est originis Graecae He meanes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or as the Dorics pronounced it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And for Tellus Mater it were putid to heap Testimonies for it hither Who knows not Homers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Mother of Gods or Earth Mother of all or that Vesta and Mater Tellus were the same Deity as Plutarch Ovid and others say Now having thought thus much long ago meerly by way of conjecture and making farther enquiry whether Stata Mater whom I found mentioned by Festus Pompeius and whose Image he sayes was worshipped in Foro were not the same Deity with Mater Deum or Mater Tellus as most probably it is I luckily after some good space of time resuming into my hand the so much admired Syntagmata de diis Syriis of M. Selden that incomparable M. Selden I say who was to borrow Ennius his words Multarum veterum Legum Divumque Hominumque Prudens There many ancient Lawes of Gods and men Well understood If any one man ever were I found out of Apuleius that Deum Mater called also Tellus Mater was the same with Astarte or Dea Syria and withall satisfaction sufficient for any man concerning these Deae Matres from so learned a Pen that to what I have blotted the paper with thou maist favourable Reader use thy spongia deletilis if by chance thou so pleasest But let us heare himselfe who in all doubts is our Apollo Aperta In Britain also sayes he there is an inscription now shattered indeeed dedicated to the DEA SURIA or Syrian Goddesse by Licinius a Commander under Autoninus the Philosopher extant at this day in Sir Thomas Cottons Gardens at Conuington in Huntingtonshire I am not ignorant that the Mother of the Gods was called also Terra by the Ancients So Lucretius in his second Book explaines the matter And there is no body but knows that Heaven and Earth were wont to be confounded by the worshipers of Idolls Seing therefore Astarte or the Syrian Goddesse was the same who at first was the Mother of the Gods but afterwards called by many names from hence perhaps may conjecture be made who those Mother Goddesses were mentioned in old Altars never taken notice of untill this age For as many names as there were so many Goddesses were there accounted to be so many Mothers Then instancing in those two places brought before out of Plutarch and Pausanias and taking notice how this age inquisitive after the remainders of Antiquity hath found out in Europe many Altars so inscribed as also others to the Junones all to be seen in Gruter and Smetius and mentioning these two already spoken of at Riblechester and here at Pinnovia or Binchester he brings us a third taken up likewise in Britain and communicated unto him long since by M. Camden DEABUS MATRIBUS TRAMAI VEX CERMA c. It is to be seen at Louther in Cumberland What TRAMAI means sayes he I dare not once to guesse But now if Astartae were the Deum Mater it doth needs follow that the Astarte were the Deae Matres for so were they called in the Plurall number Astartae even as there were many Junos many Venus's many Syrian Goddesses by the reason of the multitude of their Images So also there were many 〈◊〉 which perhaps they meant who observing as well the Asiatick as their own Countrey Rites did dedicate Altars to the Mother Goddesses at least it is very likely so S. Austin indeed hath sayd almost as much in this that follows Juno without doubt is called by them the Paeni Astarte And bâ—… those Dialâ—…cts the Punic and Phaenicâ—…an do not much differ the Scriptuâ—…e is not amisse beleeved to speak this of the people of Israel that they served Baal Astartibus quia Jovi Junonibus Nâ—…ther ought it to mâ—…ve you that he sayd not Astarti that is 〈◊〉 but as if there were many Juno's he put this namâ—… in the Pluâ—…ll number For be would have the understanding refer'd to the â—…tuide of their Images because every Image of Juno was callâ—… Juno and hereby he would have so many Juno 's understood as â—…r wâ—…re Images of her So farr the all knowing Selden But of this more then too much For the wise men of the age will laugh broad at these nice and fruitlesse enquiries and I am loath to offend Things thiâ—…gs say they not words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The other Inscription taken up at Binchester is this but thus by time shattered and broken Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas So much doth time alter the state of things TRIB COHOR I. CARTOV MAR TI VICTORI GENIO LOCI ET BONO EVENTUI The name of the Tribune of the first Cohort of the Cartovii
who erected this is quite lost And so might well the name of the people be too except we had better information and intelligence concerning them out of Geography or History The Dedication was made to Mars the Câ—…nqueror every one knows him next to him to the Genius or Tutelar Spirit of the Place of whom a word Servius the learnedst Grammarian of the Ancients interpreting Virgil Genium dicebant antiqui naturalem Deum uniuscujusque loci aut hominis The one is that Genius which being born with every man still waits upon him either for his good or ill Fortune and of this Menander the Comick in these two Senaries as they are cited by Ammianus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Each man his Genius protects And in all Affaires directs Or for his hurt say others and hence is that expression Male advocatus Genius Pomp. Festus the Abbreviator of Verrius Flaccus speaks generally Genium appellabant Deum qui vim obtineret rerum omnium gerendarum where you may better read gignendarum as I see S. Austin did of old or else genendarum out of Censorinus the Verb of which Participle is to be restored to Lucretius in these Verses Nobis est ratio solis lunaeque meatus Qua fiant ratione qua vi quaeque genantur Reasons there are how the illustrious Sun And Moon their courses through the Zodiac run Before it was likewise read amisse quaeque gerantur See Censorinus De die Natali And if you be further curious consult the severall old Interpreters upon that in the Acts It is his Angel But that which we shall oftenest meet with here is the Genius of any Place or City Festus Alii Genium esse putarunt uniuscujusque loci Deum Hence it is that in Arnobius we read Civitatum Genios They also bestowed names on them And of this kinde are those they called Dii Topici Such as were here in Britain Deus Viterineus Deus Moguntis Deus Mounus Dui Civitatis Brigantum Camulus Deus Sanctus Gadunus c. which we find in the Inscriptions taken up here Such was Besa in Ammianus Opidum est Abydum in Thebaidis parte situm extrema hic Besae dei localiter appellati oraculum quondam futura pandebâ—… priscis circumjacentium regionum ceremoniis solitum coli It will be worth your while to have recourse to that excellent Schollar Peter Pithon in his Adversaria concerning the interpretation of this place The Image of the Genius was sometime exhibed by a Boyes visage most commonly by a Serpent and that for some mystery not here to be discoursed of When any City was besieged the enemies that lay against it used to call forth the Gods or Genii thereof which if it were to be taken straightway issued forth of which see Macrobius out of others In short they that worshiped according to Pagan superstition thought that as men had soules given them when they were born so Nations and Cities had their Genii bestowed on them when built And thus thought Symmachus a Heathen and a man of great esteem with the Emperours of his time Suus cuique mos suus cuique ritus est varios custodes Urbibus cunctis mens divina distribuit ut animae nascentibus ita populis fatales Genii dividuntur Et obsessis Hierosolymis audita vox est numen urbis alio migrare id est Genium But this opinion of his is stoutly impugned by Prudentius a Christian Poet whose brave Verses I cannot but set down and then I will beg pardon for my being troublesome Romans dico viros quos mentem credimus Urbis Non Genium cujus frustra simulatur imago Quanquam cur Genium Romae mihi fingitis unum Quam portis domibus thermis stabulis soleatis Adsignare suos Genios perque omnia membra Uibis perque locos Geniorum millia multa Fingere ne propria vacet angulus ullus ab umbra That Rome a Genius hath we do maintain Nor stands its Statue there set up in vain Why do you think her Walls one Genius hath When every Portall Stable House and Bath Their Guardians have Her Alleys Streets and Rodes Deities boast and many thousand Gods No Nook nor Hole wants a peculiar soule Next to the Genius of the place Bonus eventus or happy successe is here invocated by the Tribune For the Ancients worshipped this Deity so infinite was their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 among others which were not Gods but the fond conceits of their own distempered brains and lesse beneficiall and usefull then Stocks and Stones Gods the works of mens hands However they worshiped them which Varro witnesses Nec non etiam precor Bonum Eventum quoniam sine successu Bono eventu frustratio est non cultura The Image of it Pliny hath set down Simulacrum Boni eventus dextra pateram sinistra spicam papaver tenens Neither do the Coynes describe it otherwise in that of Titus it hath in the right hand a Charger or broad peice in the left it holds some Popy onely with Bonus Eventus Augusti In that of Severus it stands robed with corne in the Charger Popy and an eare of corne in the left according to Pliny Whether it were the same with Fatum Bonum in a like inscription found at OLENACUM or Elenborough in Cumberland I will leave to the Reader to bethinke him till I shall have occasion to speak of it elsewhere If in the meane while I have been somewhat tedious to you this saying will in some part excuse me Primus sapientiae gradus est falsa intelligere I have sayd nothing at all of the distance of the places for it was not needfull onely this I may not omit that there is a world of Roman Coyne taken up in this place which the neighbouring people of the Countrey call BINCHESTER PENNIES CATARACTONIUM M. P. XXII So the best Copies The Neapolitan had Catorastorium Others Cataractone and Cartoni abbreviatum pro Cataractonio saith Talbot Besides Antonine Ptolemie also mentions it in the second Book of his Geography among the Cities of the Brigantes calling it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Catarractonium and elsewhere in the same Work 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cataractonium maximum diem habet horarum XVIII distat ab Alexandria versus occasum horis II. triente From this place of Ptolemie as also another in his Great Construction the Arabians call it Almagest from their Particle Al and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so do they also compose with it many other words from the Greek as Alchymy Alembik Almanak c. we may easily guesse the celebrity and fame of this place in elder times There he takes an observation of the positure of the Heavens setting downe or describing the XXIV through Cataractorium in our Britain and making it distant from the
mighty Mount and four Bulwarks raised as it were with exceeding great labour up to a great height But now it is viculus pertenuis a very poor Countrey Village and as famous as it was of old times we may at this day seek it in its ruines and scarce or not at all find it I have done with it therefore and will shut up all in the words of the Psalmist Come sayes he behold the works of the Lord what desolations he hath made in the Earth Thus much shall be sayd of Cataractonium ISURIUM M. P. XXIV The distance between Catarick and Aldburgh which is put for Isurium will well agree with the number XXIV here between that and Cataractonium if you doe but remember and observe what I said e're now concerning the distances of old times and those at this day Taking notice also of the course they then took in their journeying which quite thorow this Itinerary is to be heeded In the 11. Journey this Station is called Isuria and in the fifth Isubrigantum that is Isurium Brigantum for Ptolemie also makes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be one of the Cities of the Brigantes They say it had its name from the Confluence of the Isis and the Urus a little above which it stood not far from Burrowbridge a place very famous of later ages but of old for three Roman Trophees set up not far from thence like Pyramids saith Leland a little from the High-way The Saxons called them both met together by one name the Ouse or Uyan That the old Britains had knowledge of Isis not onely as acquainted with the Romans worshipping her but otherwise also by their bearing armes for them in Egypt where she was most adored is to be made good by clear record The Notitia of the Provinces of the East Sub dispositione viri Spectabilis ducis Thebaidos Ala quarta Briconum Isui In the Itinerary it is Isiu Both places are to be mended Isij out of Plutarch in whom as also in Heliodorus you have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying the City and Temple of Isis of which Stephanus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 witnesses you have such large circuits of her Travellors in Cumens Alexandrinus that it were no more wonder to hear of her name in these Northern Climates then in Aegypt Hence it is sayd the Suides and Angles and Eudoses and other Germans in old time worshipped her Tacitus particularly of the Swedes Isidi sacrificant c. What reason they have to use that strange Sacrifice I know not saith he unlesse it be that the Image of that Goddesse being fashioned in modum liburnae in forme of a kinde of Boat doth declare that their Religion hath been brought them from a strange Countrey And therefore we wonder not now that we have three noted Rivers of her name among us For by the testimony of Pausanias and an old Coyn published by Golizius she hath also the Title of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Isis of the Sea And truely the indigitaments of old Deities were often inscribed to Rivers as Belisama a name of Minerva to the River Rible in Lancashire and others as the names of Saints are usually to divers places abroad at this day Now whereas they say the Aegyptians alwayes fashioned and Painted Isis with hornes some may conceit that done because her name is attributed to Rivers all Rivers being described horned by the Poets I and some called Hornes by reason of the windings of their Channels But the Fable affords a better reason which tells us Jo that is Isis the Daughter of the river Inachus was by Jupiter turned into a Cow and so conveyed into Aegypt where it should seem she and Apis were horned Deities But truly I must tell you I had rather have met with one antient authority out of Ptolemie or some other of old time whereby I might be assured these rivers were so called sometimes by the Romans then all that either Leland or Camden have wittily said for Leland seems to me one who had rather devise handsome names himself for any place then diligently tread the very and certain steps of Antiquity The Town out of its ruines is as I said called Aldburgh the name signifying The old Borough or Town On the very ground where Isurium sometime stood you may at this time see either cornfields or pasture Et campos ubi Troja suit Laborat annalium fides ut Veios fuisse credamus says the elegant Historian concerning the old Veii And our Antiquary saies that such Writers as mention Isurium would have much ado to make us believe it had once a being here were it not for the proportionable distance from York here set down and the great store of Roman coin found daily hereabout EBORACUM LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX M. P. XVII The distance here from Aldburgh to York is various according to the variety of Copies and the severall journeys in which we meet with it In the first journey you have seventeen miles in some books sixteen in the second eighteen and in this fourteen according to Surita but in his divers readings he takes notice of seventeen also which Aldus Simlerus and Harrison admit and this will make the generall number in the foot of the reckoning to agree with the particulars as is before observed Neither will the distance at this day unhandsomely sure if you conceive as you must that the antient site is somewhat altered The first mention you meet with of this place is this in Antonine except you make Ptolomie antienter as indeed he should be if it be true that he wrote in Antoninus Pius dayes as the common Chronologie gives it out Truly as it is already observed the time when this Itinerarie was published though commonly it bears Antoninus Pius name is not certain neither is it likely it was extant till under Severus For Britain indeed being by Julius Agricola the Pro-Pretor under Domitian wholy reduced and falling a way by little and little under Hadrian the Antonini and Commodus so that in Hadrian's time who in person did what he could to restore all the Romanes having not much above one half thereof and that not very usefull or beneficiall to them and in Antoninus Pius time the d Brigantes of whom Eboracum was a principall city revolting from them things me thinks could not be at this passe as they are represented in this Itinerary till Severus time especially if you consider the stirs and turmoiles at home for the Empire immediately before his arrivall here the Britains from thence taking ground for their defection But omitting here a more exact enquiry after the just time when either of them wrote we are to take notice that the VI. Legion that had the Title of Victrix from it's conquests brought over out of Germany saith Camden and yet for all Severus coin which follows he
illud flumen quod urbem alluit Isurum olim dictum suisse ab Iside Uro superius confluentibus Ise Fluvius à Saxonibus Ouse dictus Argumento sunt Ouseforde id est Isidis vadum Ousebourne id est Isidis aqua Si haec conjectura valet ut certe plurimum valere videtur Isurovicum aptum elegans rotundum etiam urbi nomen erit Isurovicum saies he would be a fit elegant an trim name for the City Camden does countenance this conceit of his but with more judgement and likelihood he addes That Eburacum should fiâ—…fie upon or by the river Urus So saies he the Eburovices in France were seated by the river Eure neer unto Evreux in Normandie The Eburenes in the Low Countries neer the river Ourt in the Diocess of Luick the French call it Liege And Eblana in Ireland stands hard by the river Lefny But here in deducing the name of Eburacum if I would I might wonder why Hect r Boethius the bold forging Scot and from him for I dare confidently say it Floriano de Campo the Spaniard bringing the Brigantes of Britain from the City Brigantia in Spain by the way of the Brigantes of Ireland of which in another place why they did not likewise derive Eboracum from Ebora a City also in Spain and that they had three Cities there whose names were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one of which Ptolomie calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hermolaus Byzantius the contractor of Stephanus Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is my witnesse But perhaps they never did light upon this Work for as Accursius used to say Graecum est non potest legi The Writer of Severus life calls it Civitatem by way of excellencie so they use to speak as appears in these words Et in Civitatem veniens quum rem divinam vellet facere But the most glorious name if we may beleeve William Harrison a very learned man of the former Age was Altera Romae another Rome By which saies he it was called because of the beauty and fine building of the same The conceit indeed may be liked if we consider withall that Britain was of old time commonly called Alter and Alius orbis and then shall Fboracum be its Rome But what shall we say then of France Must that be Alter orbis too because we finde that Burdegala or 〈◊〉 was honoured there with the same Title or Appellation You shall hear the Monk of Westminster 〈◊〉 dicta Altera Roma Viri civitatis diducto pulvere 〈◊〉 scriptum Dic tu qui transis portae limina tangis Altera Roma vale nomen geris Imperiale Say whosoe're shall to this City come Thou bearst th' Imperiall name farewell old Rome Scribebantur autem ibi hi versus ante mille annos But these rimedoggrill verses not Leonine as I think they are usually called confute the Monks count of time for they want many ages of it The same Harrison hath delivered that it was named Victoria of the Legion Victrix that lay there some time We want antienter record and authority for it And though Ptolomie hath an antient City of the Britains of that name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yet it stands too too far Northerly that we can by no means deem it to sute with Eboracum Later ages after the very declination of the Empire by changing the termination of the name as next before Isuri Isurium a thing indeed very usuall and therefore scarce worth observing expressed it Eboraca as Gregory the Great or first Pope so named in his Epistles to the sanguinary Monk Augustine of Canterbury And from hence I beleeve saith our Giraldus Cambrensis Eboraca quae nunc Eboracum dicitur XII Suffraganeos 〈◊〉 c. And in his Words not far before these you have Previnâ—…ia quarta Maxima id est Eboraca ab Imperatore Maximio dicta as if Maxima Caesariensis so he means one of the five portions or Provinces into which Britain was divided by the Romans containing all they say from Tine to Humber were otherwise named EBORACA which yet seemeth not to me To have done we finde in a very antient and credible Writer Sextus Aurelius Victor who hath succinctly written the lives of the Emperors that Eboracum which is known by all to have been a Colony was a Municipium too or Free Town which two have no coincidencie or suteablenesse It is in Severus life where he speaks of his death which all agree was at York Neque multo post Britannia Municipio cui Eboraci nomen annis regni duo deviginti morbo extinctus est A Municipium was as Agellius one of the antients teaches us where the inhabitants lived as so Rome making use of their own Laws and Constitutions capable onely of Honorarie Title in the State of Rome and thence called Municipes otherwise bound to no duties by any Law of the people of Rome It differed from a Colony saith all-knowing Selden most of all in that a Colonie was a Progenie of the City and this of such as were received into State-favour and friendship by the Romans But of a Municipium more fully as in its more proper place see VERULAMIUM or Caer Municip by which name St. Albans was antiently known to the Britains And yet here too let me tell you that it was of old a thing frequent enough that Colonies were changed into Municipia and contrary Camden out of A. Gelâ—…ius instanced in the Case of Praeuestint And we may adde the Puteoli very antiently a Colony which not withstanding in Ciceroes days was a Municipium as appears out of his Oration for M. Coelius Afterwards it was made a Colonie again by Augustus as Frontinus witnesses Though Tacitus relates that they obtained the priviledge and name of a Colony from Nero. But that Eboracum was ever such a Colonie or turned into a Municipium it is not this place of Aurelius Victor nor these precedent places alledged can induce me to be perswaded Camden truly our learned Antiquary tells us that this difference of names in the History of the Emperors is not altogether so exactly observed but that one and the same place may be found indifferently called both a Municipium and a Colony which if so I judge it rather the Historians oscitancie and supine negligence then so in the very nature of the thing But to expedite and clear the whole businesse We are to know that there were two sorts of Colonies one civil drawn out from among the gowned Citizens as well as the miscellane sort of people The other Military taken out of Legions and cohorts when they were past service and settled in towns or elsewhere for a reward of their blood spent for the Commonwealth The former of these became many times Municipia or free Burroughs but the later not so it being thought derogatory that such as had born arms should admit of an inferiour
parvam quod vix bene compleat Urnam At vivit totum quae gloria compleat Orbem Hac illi mensura viro respondet And of that great Achilles scarce remains So much as now a little Urn contains Yet still he lives his glory lightens forth And fills the world this answers his full worth His body was carried forth in a military manner by the Soldiers and so placed upon the fire So the Latine of Dio which though it may be so yet Dio's own words mean somewhat more 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est his body attired in the habit of a Souldier was laid on the Rogus or Pile to burn him on and honored with the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 decursion or running round it by his Sons and Souldiers This custome is to be fetcht down from the ages of the Heroes in Homer and from Virgil also in the Funeral rites of Pallas and others Aen. XI Ter circum accensos cincti sulgentibus armis Decurrere rogos ter maestum suneris ignâ—… Lustravere in equis Thrice round about the burning Pyres they go Girded in shining arms thrice fires of wo Mounted on mourning Horses they surround Concerning the place where the Bustum was our learned Antiquary tells us out of Radulfus Niger a writer of ours some ages ago that by Ackham not far off west from the City is a place called Sivers from Severus and that it was there a huge heap of earth yet to be seen as he saies is a token to prove it so And truly that doth not differ which you find in my Lord of Armaghs Chronology joined to his Primordia of the Britain Churches Corpus ejus rogo est impositum in loco qui ad hunc usque diem Severs hill sive Severi collis nomen retinet Such kind of Monuments called tumuli or cumuli were with no small cost and pains raised by the Romans to the memory of their dead especially if they were of better note We learn this expresly from Seneca Caetera quae per constructionem lapiduâ—… marmoreas moles terrenos tumulos in magnam eductos altiâ—…udinem constant non propagabunt longum diem quippe ipsa intereunt The former times have wondered at so great heaps caussa parum gnara saith a learned man to be met withall every where almost and yet were they ignorant for what cause they were so cast up In several places with us they are to be shewed I have seen a very notable one as you go to the Bath in the Plains beyond Malborough Barbarous Nations seem to have imitated the Romans herein as they did the more antient Greeks among whom you have Sarpedon King of Lycia buried 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 With Tomb and Pillar-stone which are the dead mans meed And these had it from the antienter Jews But return we to Severus Among divers presages or bodements of his death taken notice of by the Historian Spartianus this one may not go unremembred here because from thence we are informed that Bellona the famous Goddess of War Sister or Wife to Mars had a Temple then at York His words are Et in civitatem veniens quumrem divinam vellet facere primum ad Bellonae Templum ductus est errore aruspicis rustici deinde hostiae furvae sunt applicitae Quod cum esset aspernatus atque ad Palatium se reciperet negligentia ministrorum nigrae hostiae usque ad limen domus Palatinae Imperatorem sequulae sunt It were to be wished that those two learned men or at least one of them whose lucubrations are extant upon these lesser Writers of the Augustian History authors not every where so perspicious and plain had not passed over this place so in silence then perhaps they had removed some difficulties therein and cleared them which have occasioned great suspence to the ordinary reader such I mean as my self is As first for I am not skilled in the Tuscan Tages his Arâ—…spicina what might be conceived of this aruspex rusticus how he differed from those os the City That he was a cogging cheating knave as all the rest of them were is easie to ghess and enough like them we have in our daies How much their knowledge was in what they professed appears by a relation of Dio Cassius telling how after some strange prodigies seen in Rome the Aruspices or Soothsayers busying themselves forsooth in disposing what should be done to the Temples to pluck down some let others stand among them that were suffered to remain the Temple of Bellona was one which straitway fell down of it self and they never the wiser and for this they are noted by the wise Historian I once thought and perhaps was right he might be one of the Ministers of Bellona called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by Strabo and by others servâ—… as in that place of Minulius Felix Bellona servum suum haustu â—…ruoris humans imbuit As also that of Ael Languidius in Commodo Bellona servientes vere exsecare brachium pracepit studio crudelitatis By which it appears sometimes they forbore this cruelty These Hieroduli or sacred Servitors of hers called otherwise Bellonarii were no where more famous or frequent than at Comana in Cappadocia in the valleys of Antitaurus where as an Author as old as Caesars time writes was a most antient and most venerable Temple of the Goddess and so much reverenced that her chiefest Priest by the consent of the whole Nation was accounted next to the King in Majesty command and power It was called also by the Cities name Comana according to Strabo who saies he found there men and women not less then DCM. who all professed themselves to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or divinely inspired by Bellona Strabo saies not here indeed that any of them were dispersed about the Countrey or so much as that in their mad frantick fits they rambled and raved out up and down their dreary predictions Yet we must conceive it so For that was most frequent and usual with them in their assumed distempers Testimony enough there is of that take one or two which come next to hand The Heathen Poets Sed ut fanaticus aestro Percussus Bellona tuo divinat For he Divin'd Bellona as inspir'd by thee After whom it is not to be thought that eloquent Christian Lactantius can bely them Alia virtutis quam eandem Bellonam vocant in quibus ipsi sacerdotes non alieno sed suo cruore sacrificant Sectis namque humeris utraque manu districtos gladios exeâ—…entes currunt esseruntur insaniunt But Tertullian is plain that the Bellonarii of Carthage and sure they had all every where the same tricks and fegaries had their place of recourse or rendezvouz when they acted their seeming extasies which he calls Bellona montes and not far from the City as it is very likely Cum ob diversam
Polychronicon another tells you that the Sons of I know not what King Wetle made and denominated it Now whereas our Talbot thinketh that the course which this journey took was along the Watling street sure he meaneth it not of the whole Journey from the beginning for Chesler being the utmost bound that we have set down of the Watling he hath not any authority for what he saith neither is it probable there should be any elsewhere found The Fosse is derived by one consent out of Cornwal into Devonshire through Somerset over Cotes-wold by Tewksbury along neer Coventry to Liecester through Lincoln to Berwick and thence to Cathness the utmost of Scotland Our Antiquary supposeth the ditching of it on either side was the reason of the name Of Restitution of the other you may be desperate Rickneld street is to be found in Randall of Chester and by him derived from S. Dewies in Pembroke into Hereford and so through Worcester Warwick Derby and Yorkshire to Tinmouth which upon the credit of the learned Poet Michael Draytoâ—… reporting it is also justifiable by a very antient deed of Lands bounded neer Bermingham in Warwickshire by Rickneld In Henry of Huntingdon no such name is found but with the first two Ickenild and Ermingstreet Ickenild saith he goes from East to West Ermingstreet from South to North Another tells us that Ermingstreet begins at S. Dewies and conveys it self to Southampton which others attribute to Ichning begun upon the words community with the Iceni in the Eastern parts It 's not in my power to reconcile all these saith the most knowing Selden or elect the best I onely add that Ermingstreet being of English Idiom seems to have had its name from 〈◊〉 in that signification whereby it interprets an universall pillar worshipt for Mercury others say Mars however some Viacus or one of the Lares Viales President of Waies and is like enough if Huntingdon be in the right making it from South to North to have left its part in Stanstreet in Surrey where a way made with Stones and Gravell in a Soile on both sides very different continues neer a mile and thence neer the Easternshore in Sussex or some places seeming as other Reliques of it But I here determine nothing about the publick waies of Britain in old time either as set forth by King Belinus or since drawn out and described by our Monks We see nothing therein but obscurity and great uncertainty We rather adhere to what our learned Antiquary supplies us with where he informs us with more polite conceit and judicious authority that they were a work of the Romans for the better and more convenient marching of their Souldiers from Station to Station and therefore called by them Militares viae as also Consulares Praetoriae Publicae c This we may easily beleeve if we do but think how untaught how uncivilized how little seen and furnished they were in regard of publick conveniencies any way The Britains themselves make it their complaint by the mouth of their gallant Prince Galgacus in his brave Oration for Liberty that such hard service as rearing or making wales was first imposed on them by the Romans Corpora ipsa saith he ac manus sylvis ac paludibus emuniendis verbera inter ac contumelias conterunt And such was the course they took in every Province where they bore sway Vias publicas militares stratas ubique lapide aut glorea scimus saith one well skilled in such matters atque ita aequabiles sine salebris faciles meabiles curribus fuisse Whence these Waies or Streets were called Stratae of which we have spoken in what goes before And now it being warranted for indeed so it must that the High-waies of Britain were of the Romans raising it cannot seem likely that in a Province so abounding with Stations or Camps Fortresses and Cities to be seen in this Itinerary and elsewhere should have so few as four waies of any note in it the Stations being very many of them to be marched into by courses no way holding with these principal Waies whereof they speak so confusedly I may adde that we have sufficient testimonies by our eyes from the ruins of many such which yet visibly remain and appear to the Traveller besides such as we read of As of Julia Strata in Monmouthshire mentioned by Alexander Neckham our old Poetaster in these verses Intrat auget aquas Sabrini fluminis Osca Praeceps testis erit Julia Strata mihi Osca who entring swells the Severne Flood Clearly sets forth to me the Julian Road. And from the very name it is the conjecture of learned Camden that this way was raised by order from Julius Frontinus who by Tacitus is called vir magnus and he tells us besides that he brought under with his power validam pugnacem Silurum gentem super virtutem hostium locorum quoque difficultates eluctatus I might here also mention Strata Marcella which we find in Giraldus Cambrensis at no very far distance from thence in his journey of Wales which with the same probability we may denominate from Uâ—…pius Marcellus who was Propraetor here among us in Britâ—…n under Commodus not very long after Frontinus whose strictness extraordinary severity in Military discipline the excellent Roman Historian so much celebrateth A VALLO This Vallum here said to be raised bv Severus the Emperour cutting through the higher part of Cumberland called also as our learned Antiquary hath collected the several â—…nonyma thereof Vallum Barbaricum was a Clusura or Mound of defence to the Provinciated part of the Island The Roman Writers call it thus commonly as we see here in Antoninus besides Câ—…ssiodorus and some others some Murus as S. Aurelius Victor some by both names as Aelius Spartianus in the life of Severus The old Britains named it Gual Sever and Gal. Sever from the founder of it and also Mur Sever. The Scots called it Scottish-Waith The English generally gave it the name Picts or Pâ—…hits Wall calling it so from the unreduced Britains that were excluded thereby and they were named Picti for that not being civilized by the Romans they still retained their antient Countrey manner of painting their naked bodies of which writers say enough But to such as neighbour not far from it it is known by being called The Keep-Wall or plainly The Wall by a transcendant way of expression called in Greek commonly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That huge bulk of the Body of the Roman Empire being now come to its 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and to that vastness that it became unweildy and cumbersom to it self the wiser Princes began to think of setting it some boundaries and limits Hence it is that Cornelius Tacitus speaks thus of Augustus Addiderat consitium coercendi intra terminos imperti incertum metu an per invidiam And some deale plainer he
into C. especially if we consider the fashion it was of in old time 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by othâ—…r Libraries the L. scarely appearing it was quite left out and so the number became XXXII That by this means and occasion the error happened in so many Authors I presume we may be very consident And more then that middle number LXXXII the space of the place between Sea and Sea doth not afford As for Buchana we mind him not who would men Oâ—…sius and for CXXXII would have it read onely XXXII And this is all that shall be spoken in this place of Severi Vallum onely this may be added and that me seems very confidently that it remainâ—…d till after ages wherein Theodosius the youngers time there lay neer by it per Lineam Valli saith the Notitia Occidentis V. Spectabilis Dux Britanniarum with no lesse then XXIII Tribunes of Cohorts and Praefecti Alarum c. disposed up and down as he thought most convenient The next Praetentura or Rampier we meet with in the Roman History pertaining to Britain is that which C. Carausius made in the narrow passage where formerly Julius Agricola had placed his Watch or Garrison between the two Friths of Edenbrough and Dunbritton against the Inrodes of the barbarous Britans This Carausius being Menapiae Civis whether an Irishman or a Flemming I leave it to learned men to agree upon in Ptolemâ—… I must needs say is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Ireland and the people of the Countrey about are called thereafter but whether in other Copies it be Menapia as some think I do 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to affirm any thing till farther search knowing no City of that namâ—… save Menapia in Bactriana For as Doctor Usher hath truly noted there is not any City of that name among the 〈◊〉 in Belgica theirs being by him named Castellum yet for all that Camden or Usher have alledged he may be of Belgick etraction being plainly called by Eumeins the Rhetor terrae Batavâ—…ae alumnus This Carausius I say about the III. year of Dioclesian being brought up a Seaman from his youth was by him employed to guard the British Seas against the roving Pirates Franks and Saxons and being for some attempts threatned with death by Maximinian Augustus assumed to himself the purple and power that came thereby in Britain But when no good could be done upon him by the Emperours he was let alone with his Government Postquam jussiâ—…ac mâ—…mento incolarum contra gentes bellicosas opportuntor habitus During the time of his sway in the Island say the memories and records of our own Nation if perchance not excepted against that the Scythians having been formerly invited by Fulgenius to oppose the Emperour Severus this Carausius granted to the portion of them yet remaing room among the Britains in Caledonia and that he shut them out from the other inhabitants of the Island with a Wall as is aforesaid Our authority for this is to be had out of Ninnius or his Interpolator at least who ever he was Carausius Postea Imperator reaedisicavit septem castellis munivit inter utraque ostia domumque rotundam politis lapidibus super râ—…pam fluminis Carun quod à sua nomine nomen accepit fornicemque triumphalâ—…m in victoriae memoriam erigens construxit Besides that Aurelius Victor doth hint at it in his foregoing words This Wall at this day is called Grahams-dyke and the house Arthurs Oven and Julius Hâ—…ff Which Buchanan conceited to be a Temple of the God Terminus as you may see by his Words Id opus nonnulli falso prodidâ—…runt templum Claudii Caesaris fuisse Nos quantum conjectura possumus assequi Aedem Termini suisse credimus Erant item in ejusdem sâ—…minis ripa sinistra duo tumuli terreni in modica plaitie manu ut satis apparet congesti Minoris qui magis ad occasum vergit bona pars alluvione amnis est ablata Dunos pacis adhuc accolae vocant Besides now we must take heed that from hence or the like passages we do not with strangers foreiners feign to our selves that usual and acknowledged separation and division wont to be for very many ages between us and Scotland as Ioannes Sichardus hath noted to that of Eusebius Carausium sumpta purpura Britannias occupavisse these words Hic puto Scotiam ab Anglia primum divisam And with the like judgement Henricus Glareanus on Eutropius when he speaking of Severus Wall the other very learnedly you will say observes upon him sic bodie separatur Scotia ab Anglia The next after him for I forbear to mention Dioclesian although Zosimus highly praises him for that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 every where in the limets of the Empire he did so providently fence the whole 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For he never having been in Britain the Historian meant it is likely the Empires bounds elsewhere And I may make neer as good an excuse for leaving out Constantine the Great for though he were sometimes resident here and ordered things exceedingly well in the Island yet is he by the same Historian much traduced as who broke down such Munitions and defences as were formerly made that he removed the Souldiers from praesidiary Towns that stood on the borders to such as needed no garrison and finally laid open to the enemies incursions such as were already frequently alarum'd and assaulted by them Such and more heynous if might be are the criminations wherwith that lying Historian doth asperse Constantine whose parallel in such suffering in future ages I only name Iustinian a worthy gallant Prince standered by a blackmouthed relater of his great and glorious actions The next then as I was saying after Carausius was Theodosius who strengthned and fenced Britain and whose prowess and gallantry I had rather you were made acquainted with in Marcâ—…llirus his words then mine Hinc ad corrigenda plura conversus necessaria periculo peniâ—…us dempto eum aperte constare nulla ejus caepta propitiam deseruisse fortunam instaurabat urbes praesidiaria ut diximus castra limitesque vigiâ—…is tuebatur Praetenturis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 provinciam quae in diâ—…nem concesserat hoâ—…um ita reddiderat staâ—…ui pristino ut eodem referente rectorem haberet Legitimum Valentia deinde vocaretur arbitrio Principis And here I cannot moderate my self but bring out of the same Historian the very next words giving a clear testimony of his provident care for preserving the limets in punishing the Areani then fallen into foul neglect and abuse of their office Areanos saith he genus hominum a veteribus instâ—…utum super quibus aliqua in actibus Constantis retulimus paulatim prolapsos in vitia à stationibus suis removit aperte convictos acceptorum prâ—…missorumque magnitudine praemiorum allectos quae apud nos
Exploratores In the other place Bon. â—…ulcanius restores it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nomine saith he ea tempestate usitata pro Auscultatores But of these not to hold the Reader weary any longer let him see the incomparable Lawyer at his leasure when he thinks good As Cumberland of all the shires we have is accounted the best furnished with Roman Antiquities so doth this portion of it hereabouts supply us with the knowledge of somewhat in our affairs whereof in books there is altum silentium As some matters of Commodus the Emperour First Fuscianus II. Silanus II. Coss. Then how Atticus and Praetextatus being Coss. under Gordian that Nonnius Philippus was Propraetor or Legate in Britain and Aemilius Crispinus an African was Commander of the Ala Augusta Gordiana Next there may be seen Inscriptions to M. Julius Philippus the Emperour and his Son neither the same with Gordians Legat here yet both succeeded in the Empire There were found Inscriptions also to some Topicall Gods as Deo Sancto Belatucadro and Deo Ceai of which in another place better LUGUVALLUM M. P. XII That Luguvallum here or Lugubalia among the Monks was Carleil is past all doubt by the affirmation of all ages down along The difference in the names hath already been satisfied for as where you say Ballum for Vallum and elsewhere too So there will be no trouble about that But rather about the origination of the name wherein Leland doth fowly boggle and yet not clearly expedite himself Camden some deal better as who was far more skilled in learned Antiquities He then deduces it from the famous Vallum neer which it was and Lugos or such a like word which signifies a Tower and concludes it so by comparing Ptolemy with Pomponius Mela. For in the former the place that is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is in the later named Turris Augusti So that Luguvallum must signify the Tower or Muniment by the Vallum And had the French Antiquaries taken this course in deriving the names of their two antient and principal Cities Lugdunum and Lucotetia they had not made themselves so ridiculous to strangers deducing the one from Luâ—…um Dirt and the other from Lugdus I know not what imaginary King who built it which I will as soon believe as the building of Turonunt by Turonuâ—… in Geofrey of Monmouth vouching for it Hoâ—…ter but it is not my good lucke to know where I like better the origination thereof which I finde in Plutarch if he be the Author of the Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where he saies out of Clitophon's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iâ—… that Lugdunum was so called because the foundations of the City being laid the Crows suddenly appearing with fluttering wings filled all the Trees thereabout 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So that Lugdunum by this must signifie the Crows hill And truly as many Cities of Gaul and Britain as end in Dunum and there are not a few are found placed upon hills or rising grounds The Grecians called such kind of higher places 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which word the Grammarians out of Herodotus say is Libyan See more in Eustathius upon Homer But much rather do I like that which is to be had set before the Itineraries published by Andr. Schottus being a short glossary out of P. Pithaeus Library expounding certain Gallique words among which you have Lugdunum Desideratus moâ—…s wherein you have likewise the signification of Dunum asserted and made good For though other Writers consent not with Plutarch concerning the deduction of the former part of the name as we see and may do also by Henricus Benedictus Altissiodorensis who wrote neer eight hundred years agone in the age of Carolus Calvus in the life of St. German in these verses Lugduno celebrant Gallorum famine nomen Impositum quondam quod sit Mons lucidus idem The antient Gaul thy noble Pile From thy bright Hill Lugdunum stile Yet they do generally in the hinder part thereof As besides others Seneca in that Epistle where he tells of the burning of Lugdunum Civitas saith he uni imposita huic non altissimo monti Wherewith the learned Vossiuâ—… with very good judgment mended that place in Strabo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 reading it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Such being the situation of the place Now whereas it cannot be denyed but that Luguvallum was a Station or place neer the Vallum give me leave to speak freely what I think of it namely that Ael Spartianus in the life of Severus doth intend no other Mansion but it in these words Post Murum aut Vallum missum in Britannia quum ad proximam Mansionem rediret non solum Victor sed etiam in aetâ—…rnum pace fundata volvens animo quid ominis sibi occuâ—…reret Aethrops quidam è numero militari c. The very situation leads me to think that he means none other by that Proximam Minsionem then Luguvallum or Carleil Besides that which mainly induces me to beleeve so is that the Sixth Legion having dispatched the service Severus set them upon the rearing of the Wall left behind them here a remembrance of themselves yet to be seen in large and elegant Characters LEG VI. VIC P. F. G. P. R. F. There is to be seen here likewise another Inscription but of a later age made to preserve the memory of Marcus Trojanus set up by his Dearest Wife which they that will may see in Camden About the times of William II. William of Malmesbury speaking hath these Words Visum erat triclinium Romanum ex lapidibus forntcibus concamtratum quod nulla unquam tempestatum contumelia aut ignium flamma labe factari potuit in cujus fronte inscriptum erat MARII VICTORIAE The Wits of the former age did severally exercise themselves to know what the meaning might be some contending it belonged to Arviragus who in the British story is called Marius others thought it that Marius who in Gallienus his time was saluted Emperour But much amiss Our Antiquary informs us that the best Copies of Malmesbury had written MARTI VICTORI and that he likes best as I do also Such Inscriptions are not difficultly to be come by every where And having no Manuscripts of Malmesbury at hand I must be content So much therefore of Luguvallum shall be said at this time Adding this onely that Lugubalia from which contracted the Saxons name Luel by which they called this Town was written at the Monks pleasure with a single or double L. but the later is the best The Reader I hope will of himself take notice of the Enallage genetis and why with others I refer him not to Lucopibia in Ptolemy he shall know when I come to it VOREDA M. P. XIIII The distance of this Station from Luguvallum though a long while I
thought it to be incertae positionis and that for the very names sake it self is such that I can better confute Talbot in assigning where it was then positively affirm any thing my self He would have it be Ptolemies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 far away remote among the Veniconâ—…s a people in old time of that we now call Scotia which he with others say was Newcastle but that too is too too much distant then that it can agree with the number of miles set down here But more of that God willing to Ptolemy Camden in his Catalogue of the antient Cities of Britain sets down to this â—…oreda Old Perith and saies nothing else of it in his great work of which I know not what to say but that it was an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his for Old Perish is elsewhere called by him Petriana mentioned in the Notitia called so either from the river of a like name running neer or from the Ala Petriana residing there as is to be seen by an old Inscription which might occasion the alteration of the name Voreda into Petriana I list not here to determine However look for Petriana as you were before directed The learned Fulk will have Voredae to have been Wederuud not without some kinde of agnomination but because I know where it hath its being I will say no more of it BROVONACIS M. P. XIII So here But in the fift Journey Brocavo as Talbot and Surita read it but Brocovo as Aldus and Simler They are both the same Mansion for in both Journeys you finde it between Luguvallum and Verterae saving that here Voreda interposes between it and Luguvallum Yet is not Talbots conclusion so sure Porro quae hic est Voreda inter Brovonacas Luguvalium illic est omissa numeri aut hic aut illic sunt mendosi depravati Nam cum hic sit Lugu-valio Voredam XIV Voreda Brovonacas XIII si in summam redigas habebis XXVII Quamobrem aut illic esse debet Brovo Luguvalium XXVII aut hic duo particulares numeri sunt minuendi aut certe eorum alter sic ut simul uniti non nisi XXV faciant For some miles may be gained in not taking in a Town by the way but directly going on For they usually marched not strait forward but wheeled about sometimes as we see plainly according as their occasions required In the V. Journey Talbot would have it read Brovo the syllable ca being superfluous Debetque esse saith he Brovo quod est breviatum pro integro Brovonacis Itin. II. That it was the same Station with Brocovicus in the Notitia our Harrison hath observed after Simler but both are overseen in the name But plainly it was the same Station with Bravoniacum there where it is also placed next to Verterae as not only Surita Camden and Pancirolus who amiss names it Broconiacum have observed but even the matter it self tells us The very words of the Notitia are Sub dispositione V. Spectabilis Ducis Britanniarum Praefectus Numeri Defensorum Braboniaco At this day it is called Brougham in Westmerland in which some reliques of the old name yet remain Besides Roman Coyns here often digged up it is taken notice of for an antient Camp or Castra other Antiquities age it self hath consumed VERTERAE M. P. XIII But the emendation which Talbot brings is XX. and that is confirmed by two of Surita's Manuscripts in the other it is XIII as here But in the fift Journey it is XX. miles from Brovonacae to Verteris and it is thought the better reading because as they say Eadem est via Athenis Thebas Thebis Athenas Verterae it is thought stood not far off Ituna or Eden in Westmerland where it joines it self with other Streams Now it is decayed into a small village and its name is turned among us into Eurgh For our Countrey men call it Burgh under Stanemore or as our Monks name it Burgus sub Saxeto Vegetius tells us that under the later Emperours small Castles convenient for War and well stored with Corn for provision began to be called Burgi and that the Burgundians had their name from living in such Paulus Orosiur is sufficient Author Burgundionum quâ—…que novorum hostium novum nomen qui plusquam octoginta millia ut ferunt armatorum ripae Rheni sluminis insederunt Hos quâ—…ndam subacta interiore Germania à Druso Tiberio adoptativis filiis Caesaris per castrae dispositos aiunt in magnam coäluisse gentem atque ita etiam nomen ex opere praesumpsisse quiâ—… crebra per limitem habitacula constituta Burgos Vulgo vocant eorumque esse praevaâ—…idam perniciosam manum Galliae hodieque testes sunt Camden does boldly assure that this Burgh was this Verterae both in regard of the exact distance from the next Stations on both sides Brovoniaca and Lavatrae our miles being resolved into the Italick as also because it stands upon the High Way whose ridge here plainly appears The Notitia also of the West mentions this Station Sub dispositione Viri spectabilis Ducis Brittanniarum Praefectus Numeri Directorum Verteris The name of this Station in the Notitia had quite perished had it not been recovered out of this place for before it was Veneris Veterum without sense or probability of tolerable meaning But finding it here it seems to me to have lasted so long till the Roman power expired in the Iland LAVATRIS M. P. XIIâ—…I The Military Port way hence tending somewhat more Sâ—…uthernly brings you to old Lavatris as it is called here So in the V. Journey it is Levatris yet the same distance there between Verteris and it exactly as is here That which principally shews forth its Antiquity is a brave Stone such sure the Parson and Parish thought it when they used it for an Altar in their Church found out there inscribed to Hadrian the Emperour thus Imp. Caesari Divi Trajani Parthici Max. Fiâ—…io Divi Nervae Nepoti Trajano Hadriano Aug. Pont. Maxm Cos. I P. P. Coh IIII. F. Io. Sev. There was another Inscription likewise taken up here but somewhat maimed yet thereby it appears that I. Cohort of the Thracians resided here under the command of one Frontinus Neither lest they the Island so For again under Severus we find in the same place that the same Cohort who are said to have rebuilt the Bath there consumed with fire under the oversight and care of Val. Fronto Commander of a wing of the Vettones a people of Spain Virius Lupus being at that time Legaâ—… or Propraetor The dedication of this piece of Antiquity is DEAE FORTUNAE If any doubt concerning the word Ballineum let them have recourse to Sosipater Alduâ—… and others Much less let him marvel to find Baths in garrisoned Towns who shall take notice of such infinite numbers of them both publick and private in Rome whose
this same Dio and Herodian As for the Inscription found among us although I think not made use of by these Antiquaries I will make such answer as may be received for very good and sufficient And thus it is as it was taken up at Crowdundale-waith in Westmorland VARONIUS ECTUS LEG XX. V. V. By this we understand that Varronius was Praefectus of the Twentieth Legion which had the Titles of Victrix and Valens For the second V. meaneth nothing else as can be proved by Valerius Probus or any other examples to be produced from any whereelse so that we cannot think that Valeriana is intended thereby Again the learned Casaubons judgement is of this place of Dio that though he with others admit of two Vicessimae Legâ—…ones whereof the one had their Campin in the Upper Germany but was named by few and before Gâ—…rman Xylander leaves out 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yet doth he not press upon us that either were called Valeriana there being none such as we said to be found any where And therefore Camden said truly where he tells us that they who call the XX. Britannicam atque Valerianam Victricem do falso diteâ—…e but that to them he addes also Valentem that indeed I marvel at when as himself had the serious view of this stone That Chester flourished with the Honour of a Colony if the authorities which I have already produced were not sufficient I could prove it by a Coyn of Septimius Geta the Son of Severus which is in our learned Antiquary and on the adverse side whereof you have these Characters COL DIVANA LEG XX. VICTRIX But I would that other Testimonies of the antiquity and glory of the place came from such abetters as could cause a belief in us as well as we are prepared to hear any thing that might enlarge its lustre and fame Such I mean as our Monks are Among whom William of Malmesbury deserves the principal place Hear the most honoured Selden in his Annotations upon the Polyolbion You have largely in that our most learned Antiquary the cause of this name Caerlegion from the Tents of Roman Legions there about Vespasians time I will onely note that Leland hath long since found fault with William of Malmesbury for affirming it so called quod ibi Emeriti Legionum Iulianarum resedere whereas it is plain that Iulius Caesar never came neer this Territory Perhaps by Iulius he meant Agricola then Lieutenant here so named and then is the imputation laid on that best of the Monks unjust to help it with reading Militariuâ—… for Iulianarum as the printed book pretends I find not sufficiently warrantable in respect that my Manuscript is very antient as neer Malmesbury's time as it seems may be and hereto fore belonging to the Priory of St. Augustines in Canterbury evidently perswades the contrary Now if as it fares among good fellows our Monks might pass their words one for another then would not Malmesbury want a surety and witness for what he saies of Iulius Caesars having some knowledge of Chester it is Ranulphus Cestreâ—…sis who tells you of his coyn dig'd up there Viae sunt hic subterraneae lapideo opere mirabiliter testudineatae triclinia concamerata 〈◊〉 lapides praegrandes antiquorum nomina praeferentes hic numismata Julii Caesaris aliorumqui illustrium inscriptione insignita quandoque sunt effâ—…ssa But they are onely sit to study Arcadique Antiquities who hold us in hand that this Chester by the British called Caerlegion or Cair Lheonâ—…ar dâ—…ur anâ—… i. e. The City of Legion upon the River Dec. was so named from a Gyant the builder thereof I nor they knew not who he was or when he lived or indeed whether he came down out of the Moon or no. Far more learnedly have the Spaniards done who enquiring for the Antiquity of that Town which gave name to the Kingdome of Leon among them and particularly from the Seventh Roman Legion quartering there under the Emperour Nerva And indeed Roger a good Monk of Chester being ashamed of such fabulous narrations as ascribe and truly he might the origen of his City to other than Roman beginning hear him Intuenti fundamenta lapidum in viis enormium videtur poâ—…ius à Romano sive Giganteo labore quam Brittannico â—…udore fundata But in very good earnest the most famous Cities of Europe as is before proved taking their original from Roman Camps and Stations it is most probable not to say sure that Deva or Chester here had such beginning for that the Roman Souldiers were better builders than Gyants we may be all very confident But at what time precisely it became so that shall be our enquiry We are then to seek at what time they first arrived in the Island We find mention of them before in Tacitus speaking of them in the Lower Germany and their boisterous behaviour there and this could not be long before their coming hither So he in his first Annal in Tiberius time Primam ac Vicessimam Legiones Caecina Legatus in civitatem Ubiorum reduxit turpi agmine cum sisci de Imperatore rapti inter signa interque aquilas veherentur You have heard even now that Selden saies they were here about Vespasians time Our great Antiquary Camden writes that they were conveyed hither in Galba's second Consulship with Titus Viniuâ—… which being troublesome both to the Consular and Praetorian Legates at length received from Vespasian Julius Agricola for their Governour and sate down in this City after as he thought they had lain heavy upon the necks of the Ordovices But before this in Nero's time we find their good service in the memorable overthrow which the valiant Suetonius Paulinus his Propraetor gave to the numberlesse forces under Queen Boadicia Read Tacitus after her death almost in the very next words and before he mentions the Vexillarâ—…i Vicessimarâ—…i Afterward the same Tacitus tells us in another place that Roscius Coelius was Legate of the XX. Legion a bold man that out baffled the then Propraetor here Trebellius Maximus and made him flee to Vitellâ—…us for refuge In Vespasians time he was eased of his office by Julius Agricola that deserving Roman sent at length to take upon him the charge of all but first of his place of this the same Author Is that is Mucianus who had the command at Rome for Vespasian missum ad dilectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum Vicesimae Legioni tarde ad sacramentum transgressae praeposuit ubi decessor seditiose agere narrabatur quippe Legatis quoque consularibus nimia ac formidolosa erat Nec Legatus Praetorius ad cohibenoum potens incertum suo an militum ingenio ita successor simul ultor electu rarissima moderatione maluit videri invenisse bonos quam fecisse And concerning the affairs of the Twentieth Legion as also Deva the principall place of their quarters while their abode
could easily believe saith Iohn Leland But it is certain out of Beda that Dionothus was the Abbat there and sent for to meet Augustine that sanguinary Monk and Pseudo-Apostle at the Synod which he called here in the Island See the whole story in Beda The antient magnificence of the place the store of ruins in former ages enough witness To which let us take Malmesburies words Tot enim superfuerant hic antiquitatis indicia tot semiruti parietes tot anfractus portarum tanta turba ruderum quantum vix alibi cernas Yet hath it nothing left of its wonted lustre but the bare names of two Gates distant the one from the other some half a Mile that more North called Port-Hogan that on the South Port-Clais In the mid-place between the River Dee runnes along the old buildings being wholy ruined and corn fields now onely seen in their rooms William Harrison and Leland relate that the ploughmen usually find as they are at Work Monks bones and vestures much they should ly so long in the earth squared stones and Roman Coyn. But by no meanes may we let passe that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Malmesbury which through heedlessnesse hath happened in his writings making this Monastery the same with the Episcopall Seat which was sometime at Bangor in Caernarvonshire and so followes a vulgar errour when as this latter was like a Colony drawn out of the former But see that nobile par eruditorum Selden upon the Polyolbion Cant. XI and Usher in his Antiquities of the British Church cap. VIII Holyoke as elsewhere also following the vulgar mistake hath Bomium But the prodigious carelessness in publishing such kinde of Authors is a business deserves the publick Magistrates inspection and severity withal if it be only the Printers fault rather than mine MEDIOLANUM M. P. XX. This very Station is also mentioned in Ptolemies Geography called by him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mediolanium whence there is great light to Antoninus in the finding out where this place was situate of old for Ptolemy makes it belong to a people in Britain whom he names 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Ordovices ad extremum Occidentis spoken of by Tacitus too in more than one place And in the way or journey which passeth through their Territories we meet with it in Antoninus The learned David Powel of Wales following some others judgement as well as his own will have it to have been Maâ—…rafal in Montgomery shire Maâ—…rafal saies he quod praecipuum erat totius Provinciae palatium Hic Mediolanum quod Ptolemaeus Ethicus ad Occidentem per Ordovices posuerunt olim fuisse nonnulli affirmant Extant ibidem adhuc praeter constantem incolarum asseverationem 〈◊〉 parentibus ad posteros transmissam quamplurima venerandae antiquitatis monumenta quae urbis ejusdem vestigia maniseste indicant Here take wenotice that by Powel for Antoninus the name of Aethicus is set down a thing whereof we have spoken enough in the beginning of this work And whereas by our Historians we learn that the Princes of Powis land had their Palace here we the rather incline to believe that this was sometime Mediolanum because in the perusal of Beda up and down we see that British as well as Saxon Princes had their Palaces where formerly Roman Stations had their situation and being But our great Antiquary goes a little farther and out of the strait way in respect of the number of miles in the journey though not of the Itineraria ratio often before observed in this work to Lan-vethlin a market Town not full three miles off in the same shire for Methlin by a peculiar Idietism of the British tongue whereby also they say Caer-Verden for Caer-Merden Ar-von for Ar-mon Lhan-Vary for Lhan-Mary and the like And this cognation in the name comming as neer to Mediolanum as either Millano in Italy Le Million in Xanâ—…ign in France or Methlen in the Low Countries he thinks it sufficient to strengthen his conjecture modestly leaving the censure touching the truth of the whole to the judicious Reader Mediolanum in Italy as the Roman Historians affirm was a Plantation of the Gauls but how later ages came to give the original of the name from an Hog found there in the foundations whose skin bare half wool I am nothing at all solicitous And I should not be troubled with Claudian's saying it where he calls Millain Maenia Gallis Condita lanigeri suis ostentantia pellem The Gauls A Swines skin found building thy Walls As neither other Poets Ausonius Sidonius Gunterus Ligurinus c. If I did not find it also so set down by St. Ambrose himself the eloquent Archbishop so they call him thereof And I might well let pass Andreas Alciatus the learned Lawyer of that City who with the first laboured and with good praise too the refinement of the study of the Civil Law he brings quite another deduction of the name Quam Mediolanum sacram dixere puellae Terram nam vetus hoc Gallica lingua sonat Mediolan the Virgins call'd thy sacred Pile According to the antient Gallick stile For I list not at all to mention the suppositions and forged fopperies of Ioannes Annius the Viterbian Monk who brings it from I know not what Leaders Medus and Olanns men I dare say boldly that never were yet in the nature of things or Becanus his foolish Origenes who makes Mediolanum to be as much as regio virore camporum delectabilis as if at first it were Meyland from the Month May. I learned a better lesson from a far later Author and of greater modesty whom in such matters I heedfully mean to follow Ego sane ignorare Origines ejusmodi vocabulorum multo malo quam ridicule in eorum enodatione ineptire ac turpiter errare This then have I to say for our Mediolanum in Britain that the name and inhabitants of it were at first deduced out of Gaul according to Caesars authority which I have more than once alledged to this purpose in this book and to seek farther is for them who have a minde intemperately to abuse their pretious time and pains See CONDATE in what goes before The never sufficiently praised Usher out of Ninnius Collection of the antient British Cities restored by him out of the several Manuscripts le ts us know that this Mediolanum in Ptolemy and Antoninus was sometimes called by the old Britains Cair Meguaid aliter Metguod or as commonly Meivod in Montgomeryshire As for other Antiquaries of the inferiour bench who swallow all without chewing it will be enough to name them for they need not much confutation such are Cooper who to Mediolanum sets down Manchester as also Lhuyd and Nevil with Fulk who both follow him and with as little heed and judgement note to it Lancaster RUTUNIUM M P. XII There are the Ruines of a very
there yet to be seen and which at this day enclose some two acres of ground which they call Castlecroft as it were Castri Campum To this the inhabitants of the place by constant tradition say an old City was joined standing on the other side of the way guessing by the rubbish in such store the place where a Church sometime stood and which is the best proof of Antiquity they produce to shew the Caesars coines found here So that to borrow Tacitus words Veteris famae latae vestigia manent spatiumque cujus ambitu nunc quoque metiaris molem Or if you had rather take that of Veleius Paterculus the Court-Historian concerning the very old City Cumae Vires veteris ejus Urbis hodieque magni udo ostentat moenium The distance from Manduessedum in the Itinerary suits well with the places now and what ought to move also the old Highway with a fair visible and continued ridge comes from the Penâ—…ks bank even hitherto MANDUESSEDUM M. P. XVI Manduessedum was sometime a famous Roman Mansion as appears by Antoninus To find out the place where of old it stood among our many Antiquaries is not worth the while for even Talbot confesseth and so must they that he can neither divine nor devise whereabout it should be and yet he tells us that Manâ—…field in Shâ—…wood comes the neerest The difficulty in discovering it proceeds I conceive from not following a certain course for the finding it out next the uncertainty of distance Talbot telling us that the book he used having XVI M. P that the notes in the end would have it mended VI. the contrary of which was in the Longoâ—…an Manuscripts in which as Surita witnesses was to be found M. P. VI. XVI corrigitur Our very learned Antiquary Camden taking a sure course in these parts along Watlingstreet hath light uponit most luckily at a proportionable distance from Etocetum and thereby hath he found it not far from the River Anker where it is laid over with a stone-bridge Neither is the English Name at this day so totally dissonant from the old one but that it still retains some part of it for it is called Mancester in which what the addition of chester betokens you have formerly had notice given you In Ninnius his Catalogue of our old Cities it is named Mauncegaâ—…d and the all-knowing Usher agrees to all that is said here onely as he was more plentifully accomodated with Copies of Ninnius he produceth more varieties of reading Cair Maunguid alias Mauchgnid which whether at all material our friends the old Britains have most reason to know best Now whereas there is a Quarry of stones here by whence they have supplyed their need formerly cutting thence and seeing we are informed by the Glossaries of the British Language that as Main is a Stone so Fosswad in the Provincial speech hath the signification of digging from which two words joined together as they may easily produce Manduessedum so do they to the life expresse the Nature of the place The other course I was thinking on to find out the meaning of Manduessedum was to learn if possible I might meet with any one who could tell me what that sedum might signifie as I had seen the terminations of other Stations made significative for example dunum durus briga magus and divers others The studious youth may think of it as besides this here Mâ—…iosedum in Caesar and elsewhere more For my part I surcease all farther enquiry except I were better furnished with helps and means wherewithall to effect it And whosoever shall attempt it let him alwaies have this in his minde that the old Gallique tongue and the British were the very same How great soever it was in old time I know not now it makes shew of nothing antient praeter antiquam molem saith Camden which they call Aldbury and is as much as Antiquus Burgus The Town consists not of above fourteen houses Atherstone a Market Town on one side and Nonmeatus on the other side having in a manner exhausted it VENNONIS M. P. XII alias Bennonis for so it is other wise called Take therefore what is to be said concerning this Station from an eye-witness thereof after Camden the diligent and judicious William Burton Esquire in the LXXII page of his Description of that Shire Cleybroke in the Hundred of Guthlakeston standing upon the edge of Warwickshire neer Watlingstreet Neer unto this Town many ages since stood a great Roman City out of the ruines whereof this might seem to spring of the station called Bennones but by the Saxons after called Claycester through which went the great street way called Watlingstreet for on both sides of the Way have been plowed and digged up many antient Roman Coyns great square stones and bricks and other rubbish of that antient Roman building not far from a Beacon standing upon the way now called High Cross of a cross which there stood sometimes upon the cross meeting of another Great way Many of these coines here found have been delivered to me of which I will onely set down two the one the antientest the other the latest though that the rest being well viewed might give light perhaps to some other passages for as that excellent Graecian Geometrician that finding the length of Hercules foot upon the sand of the Hill Olympus drew all the lineaments of his whole body by the proportion of that one onely part So by the learned and judicious out of the observances of these small Coyns Inscriptions and such other Reliques may be found the Antiquity continuance greatness and other circumstances of this antient City now utterly perished and extinct The first and antientest of these Coyns here found is of the Emperor Caius Caligula in Copper stamped as Occo setteth down An. Dom. 42. upon the one side the Emperour with a Lawrel wreath with this Inscription viz. C. CAESAR DIVI AUG PRON. AUG P. M. T. R. P. IIII. PP Upon the reverse VESTA S. C. Vesta sitting in a chair holding in her right hand a dish The other Coyn is of Constantine the Great Emperour in Copper stamped An. Dom. 306. upon the one side the face with a Lawrel wreath circumscribed viz. CONSTANTINUS P. F. AUG Upon the reverse SOLI INVICTO COMITI T. F. P. R. The figure of the Sunne The Roman Emperours as Marguard Frehere in his Diatribe upon a piece of Coyn of Constantine Palaeologus the last Emperour of Constantinople well observes were very carefull in the graving and stamping of their Coines holding it no small lustre and ornament to their Majesties to have their devices neatly cut and their faces made to the life which was performed with that exquisite Art that though many of them of several sorts were mingled together yet by a judicious beholders view of the favour and Physiognomy without reading the inscription they might very easily be distinguisht which curious observance of theirs continued from
molesti coenobio oneri Coenobitis Equa ille aquam aliquando derivavit aridam redegit Personating the Genius of Verlam that ever famous Spenser sung I was that City which the Garland wore Of Britains pride delivered unto me By Roman Victors which is won of yore Though naught at all but ruines now I be And lie in mine own ashes as you see Verlam I was what boots it that I was Sith now I am but weedes and wastefull grass As under the Romans so in the Saxon times afterward it endured a second ruin and out of its corruption after the Abbey erected by K. Offa was generated that of Saint Albans whither in later times most of the stone-works and whatsoever fit for building was by the Abbots translated So that Now remains no Memory Nor any little monument to see By which the Traveller that fares that Way This once was she may warned be to say And now if to this place of our English virgil concerning the decay of Verulamium I bring as paralel the overthrow of Carthage out of one who if any other had his genius as well as house I know no reason why any one should be offended for my part I am delighted in it Qua devictae Carthaginis arces Procubuere jacentque iâ—…usto in Littore turres Eversae Quantum illa meâ—…us quantum illa laborum Urbs dedit insultans Latio Laurentibus arvis Nunc passim vix relliquias vix nomina â—…ans Obruitur propriis non agnoscenda ruinis Et querimur genus infelix humana labore Membra avo cum rogna-palâ—… mariantur urbes So wealthy Carthage Walls did fall before And ruined Bulwarks on that haplesse shore What Wars what troubles might she boast She brought on Rome and the Laurentian Coast. Now scarce her reliques nor her name is known Nor the uncertain ruins of that Town And we complain of our sad lives short date When Realms and Kingdomes perish by like fate Si quanta Romanorum numismatum copia quot imagines ex auro argento consiatae quot vasa quot columnae marmoreae quot epistylia quotque antiqui operis miracula hic eruta fuerint ex vulgi relatione percensore velim omnem fidem superaret oratio saith our Antiquary But he thinks Verulamiuns was equally famous for nothing as for that in Dioclesian the Emperours time under a grievous persecution of Christians it produced Alban the Protomartyr of the Britains a stout Champion of the Gospel to him therefore have recourse for his Story but especially to the never to be enough praised Dr. Usher lately Archbishop of Armagh who therein hath detected many errours and mistakes cleared all doubts and set right the whole Narration of his life and death and as Salomon saies what shall the man do that cometh after the King even that which hath been already done SULLONIACAE M. P. IX The Watlingstreet way goes on from Verulamium to London Longarum territor Regina viarum As he said of the Appian But there is some deflection in the course now which gave cause to Harrison to mistake Barnet for Sulloniacae But Talbot I know not what reason he had for it rather puts Edgeworth for it And Fulk Shelney between St. Stephens and Ilstree if by this he means Ellestrâ—…e perhaps he is not much out of the Way for much about this distance from Londinium is Sulloniacae to be found and our Antiquary hath light upon it at Brockley hill where are the remains of an old Station and very much rubbish digged up The Roman power at length expiring in the Island and all being set on fire by the Saxon with War an universal face of Barbarism over-run all and among the rest all that lay between the Chiltern was all overgrown with trees and bushes and almost to London and not restored again nor the way quitted till by Leoftan the twelfth Abbot of S. Albans a little before the Normans entrance Ille saith the Historian opaca nemora quâ—… à limbo Ciltriâ—… usque Londonium fere a pâ—…rte Septentrionali ubi pracipue Strata Legia quae Watlingstratu dicitur fecit resecari salebras explanari pontes fabricari abrupta viaâ—… in planitiem redigi tutioreâ—… But this old way being again restored was again deserted another by the licence of the Bishops of London between three and four hundred years ago through High-Gate and Barnet being laid open as is already observed by our learned Countreyman and diligent Antiquary LONDINIO M. P. IX Many glorious and very high are the expressions which they of old time used concerning Râ—…me Poleman the Sophist called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Summary or extract of the whole world In Mâ—…rtianus of Heracâ—…ea you find it stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the common Star of the whole Earth Terrarum dea gentiumque Roma Cui parâ—…st nihil nihil secundum Rome Empresie of the World alone Thou art without comparison As old Martial saith and little less we find said of the new City Byzâ—…ntium or CP And as for the gallant City Athens to omit those common ones in which it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the 〈◊〉 of Grâ—…ce and elsewhere the other eye of Greece that methinks of Hegesias in Strabo speaking of it is very brave where he calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Edifice of the Gods and gallant men in former time Now though this may very truly be said of London yet let me adde that the Piety Justice Wisdome and other Virtues have more preserved this City then ever the Ancilia Martis did Rome or the Palladium did Athens it self and rendred the Genius thereof so vital as we see For in that very respect it is wondred at by learned men Truly such hath been the Fate of this our great and famous City that it hath not onely survived the memory of many her Neighbors mentioned by Antonine Ptolemy the Notitia of the Western Empire c. whose burial places our Antiquaries of late have made such search and enquiry after but for the space of above one thousand five hundred fourscore and six years for so long it is since the Consulship of Caesonius 〈◊〉 and Petronius Turpiliaâ—…us in whose time London was accounted maxime celebre by an unquestionable Author and my intent is not to insist upon any Antiquity much beyond this hath flourished more for the stateliness and magnificence of her goodly buildings for the large extent of her bounds and jurisdiction for the religion and civility of her inhabitants for the wisdom and honor of her Magistrates whose 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 have abundant witnesses and appear in most Towns of the Kingdome for the profession of Arms all good letters and arts not to speak of her Traffique and commerce with all Countries and Ports of the known world more then any other whatsoever throughout all Christendome And notwithstanding it
thus goodly and thus abounding with the necessaries and pleasures of life Suetonius Paullinus possessed London at his return from Mona for the service of Caesar and of Caesars Roman-Britain And the utter desertion of it by him to the merciless cruelty of the incensed and victorious Britains you have in what followes in the same judicious and acute writer For such both here and elsewhere is all that proceedeth from him Now if you please in the mean while take a neerer notice of the names of this great City by way of Etymology and deduction thereof being very likely from thence to confer somewhat to the illustration of so antient and famous a place Here in Antoninus it is read Londinium but saepius Londonium saith Talbot in the old Copies and in the written Copies as Simler and Surita both witnesse it is likewise read Longidinium In Ptolemies Geography there is a people mentioned neer upon Sweden called by him Longididuni but between whom and Longidinium I know no more relation either of old time or now then I believe that our Londinum or Londinium was so called from Linden a Town of Holsâ—…in which yet we find said to be so in the great Theatrum Urbium or else from the City Lindos in the Iland Rhodes which is the far fetcht conceit of the great Erasmus who I thought had reason to have known us far better Nam Lindus civitas in Rhodo est saith he teste Stephano à qua deductum videri possit Londinum apud Britannos quam urbem Stephanus Lindonium vocat 〈◊〉 Marcianum anctorem Siquidem utraque insula est Rhodus Britannia ac vetus ejus genus lingua quae nunc Wallica dicitur satis iâ—…eat eam aut profectam à Graecis aut certe mixtam suisse Ne â—…ores quidem admodum dissident à Graecaâ—…icis To make that good which he quotes out of Stephanus these words of his are sufficient 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 As for Marcianus whom he cites we must know that there are two Writers extant of that name both of Heraclea the elder who wrote a Geography called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Iambic Greek verse 〈◊〉 forth by Frederick Morellus at Paris the later who wrote this very 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mentioned here by Stephanus and hath compiled his whole Work out of Ptolemy whence it is that I conjecture very rightly I believe that finding 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 constantly printed the word in him is by Marcianus or his Transcribers corrupted into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so to be no more taken notice of then Leodunum and Laodunum which likewise we meet with in later Authors for the right name Lâ—…ndinium as it is written here and also in â—…tur 〈◊〉 we see Neither may we have any other thought conâ—…ning Ptolemies own authority to the contrary For wherâ—… you may find it written 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 also in his MS. Canon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 joined with his Astronomical Canons not yet Printed what can you say else but that it was the supine negligeâ—…e and oscitancy of the Libraâ—…s And truly in my weak judgement as great a Clerk as Erasmus was he might with a deal â—…ado have brought the name of the City from Lindum in this very Island But neither place is to be thought on here Let us descend a little lower to the age of Constantius and in a Panegyrick to him we shall find Oppidum Londiniense the Latine Gentile name which must needs confirm what we say but for the Courteous Readers sake we shall not think it much to transcribe hither the whole place of that eloquent writer Eâ—…imvero Caesar inviâ—…e tanto Deorum 〈◊〉 tibi est addicta consensu victoria omnium quidem quâ—…s adorâ—… sueris hostium sed praecipue internecio Francorum ut illi quoqâ—…e milites vestri qui per errorem nebulosi maris abjuncti ad oppidum Londiniense pervenerant quidquid ix mercenaria illa multitudine Barbarorum pralio superfuerat cum direpta civitate sugaÌ„m capessere cogitarent passim tota urbe consecerint non soâ—…um provincialibus vestris in caede hostium dederint saluâ—…em sed etiam in spectaculo voluptatem O victoria multijuga innumerabilium triumphorum qui Britanniae restituta qua gentes Francorum penilus excisae qua â—…is praeterea gentibus in conjuratione ilâ—…us sceleris deprehensis imposita est necessitas obsequendi denique ad perpetuam quietem maria purgata sunt He means here the utter rout and overthrow given to the Franks by Constantius his men after they had plundered the goodly City but concerning this I shall refer you to our History of Britain But the last words of Fumenius put me in mind of the Naval strength and glory of Britain in those daies and withall of Camdens Etymologie of Londinium which be pleased to take in his own words where he tells us that this City unde celebritatem inde appellationem consecutam esse a Navibus scilicet quas Britanni sua singuâ—… Lhong vocant â—…a ut Londinium sonet Navale vel urbs Navium Urbem enim Dinas unde Latini Dinium deflexerunt â—…pant Britanni Hinc est quod alicubi Longidinium dicitur in Naenia antiquissimi Bardi Britannici Lhong-porth i. e. Navium Portus hoc ipso vocabuâ—… Bononia Galliae quae Ptolemaeo Gessoriacum Navale in Britannieo Glossario Bolung-Long vocatur Urbes enim plurimae à Navibus nomina tuâ—…uat uti Naupactus Naustathmos Naâ—…plia Navalia Augusti c. In the very next age to Constantius unless you shall find Londinium again in the best Editions of Ammianus Marcellinus and Lundinium too by the fault of the Librarii which gave occasion I do not say sufficient to Frâ—…derick Lindenbrogius to Print it so in all the three places of the Historian wherein it is mentioned as is in the first place where under Julian he tells us that Lupicinus the Migister Armorum was sent into Britain ad rationes componendas thus adulta â—…yeme dux Lupicinus Bononiam venit quasâ—…tisque novigiis omni imposito milite observato fâ—…u secundo ventorum ad Rutupias sitas ex adverso defertur petitque Lundinium ut exinde suscepto pro rei qualitate consilio festinaret ocyus ad procinctum The next is where he speake of the famous Theodosius his coming hither Egressus tendensque ad Lundinium vetus oppidum quod Augustam posteritas appellavit divisis plurifariam globis adorius est â—…gantes bostrum vistaterias maâ—… And lastly speaking of the same theodisius Vero dux nominis inclyti animo vigore collecto ab Augusta prosectus quam veteres appellavere Lundinium And in Nâ—…nius his Catalogue of British Cities it is accordingly written Caer-Lundeiâ—… And here by no means may I leave out that which the same Historian there relateth concerning this gallant General who presently after the landing
here and in his march up to London dividing his strength into divers bodies set upon the stragling and boot-haling Companies of such as had lately plundered London encumbred with their booty propere susâ—… pradam excussit quam tribut arii perdidere miserrimi Denique restituta omni prater partem exiguam impensam militibus fessis mersam difficultatibus suis anâ—…ac civitatem subito que solus sperari poâ—… recreatom in ovantis speciem latissimus introiâ—…t You hear that in Ammianus time it was thought Vetus Oppidum but then it was of new called Augusta A name full of the highest Dignity full of Majesty And the builders or restorers of Cities when as either they hoped or desired that their Cities might become flourishing and powerful they headfully looked to it that they had lucky names imposed Now amongst the lucky and most fortunate there was none more lucky or auspicate to borrow a word then that of Augusta For that best and greatest Emperour Octavius did not without the Judgement of the learnedst assume this name to himself Augusius saith Dia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who was so called as it were somewhat larger then humane nature Qua eâ—…im 〈◊〉 diguissâ—…ma 〈◊〉 sanctissima Augusta dicuntur saith suetonius and goes on thus Augusti cognomen assumpsit Munatii Pâ—…anci sententia cum quibusdam ceâ—…sentibus Roâ—…m appellari oportere quasi ipfâ—… conditorem urbis praevaluissâ—…t ut Augustus potius uocaretur non tantum â—…ovo sed etiam ampliore cognomine quod loca quoque religiosa in quibus augurato quid consecratur augusta dâ—…untur ab aâ—…ctu vel ab avium gestu gusiuve sâ—…ut etiam Ennius docet 〈◊〉 Augusto Augurio postquam inclyta condita Roma est Great Rome by sacred Augury was built Neither had any the priviledge or power to impose that name without leave or license obtained from the Augustus then being whereunto Virgil also alludes in that verse in the fifth of his Aeneis Urbem appellabant permisso nomâ—…ne Acestam By leave the City they Acesta call Idest ipso permittente Aceste Otherwise the free power to give way remained in the Senate There are store of examples every where to be found hereof the learned Saint Hierom Samaria in honorem Augusti ab Herode Graco sormone Augusta est nominata And again elsewhere Samariam Herodes rex Antipatri filius in â—…onorem Augusti Caesaris Graco nomine vocavit Sebastem id est Augustam But Augustus his indulgence thereunto is still to be preconceived As for the thing done Hierom I presume had his authority from Strabo a very good Author or else Josephus as is most likely in more then one place The same strabo relates how that Pythodorâ—… a most wise woman how that when her husband Polâ—…mo by the special grant of Augustus and Antonius had obtained the Kingdome of Colchis she repaired and enlarged the City Diospolis built by Ptolemy the great and altered the name to Augusta making it the Royal Seat And the Romans themselves that they might gain the Gods to themselves and so deal more happily by their favour and assistance call them too as they did their Caesars also Augustos as they were Prastites Imperâ—… Hence it is that we frequently meet with such inscriptions as these Caeseri Augustae Matri Agrorum Genio Augusto laribus Jano Augusto Sacrum Issidi Augustae sacrum Libero Aug. S. Lunae Aug. c. In nummis quoque Herculi Romano Augusto c. Now whereas it is reported by Symeon of Durham and other Writers of our own Countrey that Constantine the great at the suit of his Mother Helena did first of all fence this City with Walls and that as Camden witnesses many Coyns of herâ—… are often found about the Walls I am brought to believe that it was called Augusta by Constantinus himself in honour of his Mother Hâ—…na For he exceedingly honoured her in so much that he gave order that she should be styled Augusta Regina And for this we have Eusebiusâ—… a sufficiâ—… Author And Ammianus himself under Iulian and calls himself one inter protectores Principis before cited where he tells of the alteration of the name of the City doth not seem to me to speak otherwise then of a thing lately done Although indeed William Harrison saith it was called so from the famous Roman Legion here named in inscriptions as well as old Writers Augusta secunda But he hath no reason nor authority for it For that that Legion ever was resident at London there is no testimony at all extant That it lay indeed sometime aâ—… Sandwich in Kent or Buâ—…upiae the Noâ—…ia Imperii Occidentis sufficiently informs us And that some part thereof at least had sometime their being neer about Sterling in Scotland we are taught by inscriptions digged up there But that the main body of the Legion kept its constant rendevouz at Isca or Caer-Leon in Monmouthshire is as certain as it is most uncertain that ever it was at Exceâ—…r though Ptolemy seem to say so but it is one of those many mistakes to be taken notice of in him In the forenamed Notitia you shall light upon the Praepositus Thesaurorum AUGUSTENSIUM in britaâ—… sub dispositione viri illustris Comitis sacrarum Largiâ—…ionum Occidentis Such kind of Praeposita with their Officers are called by Valentinâ—… the Emperour Thesaurentes and are thought to have transported in Ships such species as were counted fit for the sacred or Imperial Largitians or Beneficence It is the learned Camdens conjecture that this Praepositus here was over some officina monetaria instituted by Constantine the Great for we read saith he in his coyns which he stampt in honour of his Father Constantius and others also P. LON. S. that is to say Money stampt at London Peter de Natalibus out of the Martyrologies of the Antients records one Augulius Pontifex Augustae Civitatis Britanmae in the year 304. which is before Constantine came to the Empire two years I know not of what esteem the word of Petrus De Natalibus is among learned men as also of Gilbert Genebrards who alike also on the seventh of February celebrates the departure of Augurius so he calls him Bishop of Ireland in the year CCCLXI. under Valentinian he means Iulian. But let others look to that I shall refer my courteous Reader for-better satisfaction to the all-knowing Usher of late that worthy Primate of Ireland now with God Certainly Restitutus who ten years after him was present at the first Councel at Arles as also at that at Sardica as may be collected out of Athanasius is not stiled Augustae Episcopus but Fx provincia Britanniae Cavitate Londinensi Restitutus Episcopus as appears by the Subscriptions of that Councel But there is a later edition of that Councel together with all the Councells of Gallia which we owe to the care and diligence
and reprehends him that he is interdum negligens Geographus etiam in iis locis quae ipse adiit But let the care of that be as indeed it belongs in the hands of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 among us And the manner of writing the Rivers name also seems not to admit of the usual composition of the name from Tama and Isis but to that let the learned Camden see and other diligent antiquaries But I am sure they speak more to the purpose and are rather to be hearkned to then the Author of that Greek Etymology who deduces the name of the River from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it separated or cut in sunder the land where it went except you will say he sported with our youth as did somtime that great Abbat who deriving the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tells us it was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so brings it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dorsum because men when they are dead are laid upon their backs Much better could I bear with that late Graecian who neerer our common pronuntiation of Tems hath written the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So much evident lucre and a certain sense of gain could effect with some men among us to suffer our Schools to be furnished with any thing it matters not what Et succus pecori lac subducitur agnis The Ewes of juice the Lambs of milk deprive But I said I would have done with the Thames in a few words At ille Lavitur habetur in omne volubilis aevum But it o're-floated rides And still doth keep its constant tides The state of London and the Trinobantes whose chief City it was at the comming of Julius Caesar and after him was thus as himself hath left recorded Cassibelaunus so he calls him had lately made War upon them and slain Imanuentius the chief Governour and Commander Whereupon Mâ—…ndubratius his Son Orosius and Beda after him name him Androgorius but others Androgeus applying himself unto Caesar and he having brought Cassibelaunus to terms of yielding he received likewise from him special Command at his last quitting of the Island that he should not presume to annoy Mandubratius or the Trinobantes as friends of the Roman State and Caesar. Thus much himself As for the gallant City I will take my leave of it and its admirers in the words of Otho out of that wise Oration of his for Tacitus made it for him a little before he became Emperour and his words concerning Rome very little altered Quid vos pulcerrimam hanc urbem domibus tectis congestu lapidum stare creditis Muta ista inanima intercidere ac reperari promiscue possunt Aeternitas rerum pax reipublicae incolumitate urbis firmatur NOVIOMAGO M. P. X. Besides in Antoninus here ' this station is likewise mentioned by Ptolemy who calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and names it as the chief City of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Regni or the Surrey-men as Camden pleaseth but Cluverius makes them to be Caesars Bibroci rather The most probable conjecture we can make concerning the old name of this place is that it was brought from beyond sea out of Gallia Belgica we have formerly produced authority sufficient for practice and custome here in this kind It seems to be very antient for it is taken notice of by that antient Geographer Marinus Tyrius as Ptolemy witnesses calling him nâ—…vissimum Geographorum finilimis hisce temporibus and reprehends him that he had placed Noviomagum of Britain by Climates more Northern then London and more Southern by Itinerary account But why may not we have Ptolemies own words see there they are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Military Tables published out of Conâ—… Pentingers Study have Madus a Towns name of which the learned Mark Velser of Auspurg not knowing what to make did by a slight conjecture conceive it to be the same with Noviomagus the first half of the word being worn out and lost in the other G. being turned into D. But Camden refers it to Maidstone in Kent For old Marinus I know not how to excuse him but sure I am that our Chorographers are a great deal farther wide then he while some of them will have Noviomagum to have been where i Chester now stands as Sir Thomas Eliat others at Iuckingham as George Lilly in his book of the Names of antient places some again at Guildsord as Humfrey Lhuid But worst of all i William Harrison who derives this Towns name from the first founder Magus the Son of Samoches the second King of the Celts that reigned in this Island two presumptuously when as from better authority by far we may learn that Magus amongst the old Gouls and so consequently the Britains signified oppidum or a Town Camden our learned Antiquary seems in his opinion to have lighted pat upon the place where this old station sometime stood in Surrey at Woodcote two miles Southward of Wimbledon on an hill in quo modicae urbis manifesta visuntur vestigia saith he And he thinks he is in the right both from the situation as also distance from London And before him a learned man Robert Talbot sought for it neer there about at Croydon adding that juxta Ptolemaeum non potest longe remota esse à Londino cum nec in longitudine nec in latitudine plene dimidiatum gradum And it is well known how easily and frequently Ptolemy both is and may be corrupted But a very rational Gentleman is not pleased with either of these and he saies he cannot conceive how Noviomagus should be a stage for this Rode A Londinio Rutupias and lye wide of London as Woodcote doth so many miles and consequently set the Traveller at as great a distance from the place whither he is bound Richborough as when he first set out of London Considering this and the distance between London and Rochester by the Itinerary I should rather place it about Crayford much about ten miles from London upon or along some Hill or Down since it is otherwise called Noviodunum Thus far he very judicially as he doth other things Yet we may be permitted to request satisfaction in some doubts which cause us not to give such assent to his words as we would be willing otherwise to do As first what we shall say to Ptolemy who places it among the Regni not amongst the Cantii and it is not likely that he there where he reprehendeth the want of care in another about the position of this place would himself be so overseen neither may it be said that the Cautian Territories were more contract then than they are at this day we would know likewise what ground or place may be the likeliest to be assigned and set forth for this station in old time to
have stood upon for it cannot be that there are no vestigia or so much as the very ruines to say Here once it was We would gladly know likewise where these divers readings are to be found which tell us that Noviomagum is otherwise called Noviodunum We know very well what Dunum signified among the old Britains and Gauls in composition of the names of Towns and Cities We have heard also but never in Britain of Noviodunum among the Aedni in France or old Gallia for we have it described by Caesar himself and it is at this day called Nivernium as one tells us then whom no body could tell better We might also question Iohn Twines judgement and authority whom he allegeth for the straitness alwaies and directness of the Roman waies in the Island when as we have already diverse times shewed that observation to be faulty and shall again when occasion offers it self do the like Talbot whom I named erewhile to answer for the Travellers much going awry and out of his way that setting out of London and bound for Sandwich or Rutupiae goes first 8. or 10. miles wide of London to Woodcote or as himself pleaseth to old Croydon and from thence to Maidston and so forward speaks of two several waies whereof the one was via longior quidem sed per loca inhabitatiora planioraque prorsus aptiora ad conductum exercitus Haec autem directior magisque compendiaria He adds moreover that Croydon being the possession of the Archbishops of Canterbury with other Towns was assigned per quas commodius parvis itineribus ad Concilia Regum ascendere Londinum descendere inde possent Sic prima die veniant Londino Croydonam secunda Otfordidiam quae super eandem viam sita est tertia Maidstonam quarta Charingas quinta demum die Cantuariam Quo vel uno die expiditiores properantioresque pervenire possent perviam Rochesiriensem Now he saies that he means old Croydon for that neer there is shewed a place which is called The old Town taking up almost a mile in length and farther off London then new Croydon so ceking out the way for the better consonancy of the distance VAGNIACIS M. P. XVIII This is a station of very uncertain positure and therefore Lhuid a knowing Antiquary lets it pass with these words only Quod nomen hoc tempore habet penitus ignoro The corruption of the numbers of the miles is to be thought the cause of this ignorance and difficulty And therefore Talbot considering that at this day it was but â—…7 miles from London to Rochester he mends the number in his journey and of â—…8 he makes 8. reckning thus from London to Noviomagus 10 from Noviomagus to Vagniacae 8. from Vagniacae to Duroprovae or Duropronae for the reading of this name is very divers 9. which small numbers being put together make up the fore spoken number Now he takes no notice of the obliquity of the way for somewhere he saith that Croydon is not multum extra viam Cantuarium versus but so have others done Will. Harrison another Antiquary of ours complaining much of the depravation of the numbers here lets us know that in one copy which he used to better his edition of Antoninus he found after Vagniacis only VI. miles and that perhaps faulty though not so much as XVIII on the other side Talbot thinks that Vagniacae is now Wrotham a Village at the foresaid distance And he hath to back him that prudent and learned Lawyer who lived not long after him and who also wrote the description of his own Country Kent Will. Lambert sometime of Lincolns Inn. The reason why I say what I do is because upon my knowledge Talbots book was in great request with him besides that he cites him divers times in his Xenagogus or Perambulation of Kent But I could have wished that either of them had brought us some reasons or grounds for what they say This later indeed tells us that the English name is corruptly written Broteham in Doomsday book and that he supposeth that Wyptham is the very right name given for the plenty of worts and good herbs there But Camden who lately was known to have been K. of Heralds and is reputed still by many of the best K. of our English Antiquaries is thought to mistake by keeping to the old number of miles XVIII and so concluding it to be Maidston a noted Town cal'd antiently by the Saxons Pebpeaâ—…on induced thereto as he confesseth himself by the answerable distances set down in the journey there being something sounding like the first sillable of Vagniacae in the Saxon name though he take no notice of it to the Reader but say some the journey will prove enormiously awry and out of the way to travel from Maidston to Rochester and thence to Lenham and so to Canterbury And even so it may be said that to go up to London from York through Wales is no straight or direct journying if we would be judged by any Northern Carrier and yet so is all the former part of this very Journey as is to be seen And although there be who think that Durobrovis or Rochester is rather intended by Ninnius in his Catalogue of British Cities by his Caer Medwag then Maidstone yet can no body deny him this that in the declining time of the Roman power in Britain Maidstone was antiently called Madus DUROPRONIS M. P. IX This Roman station is scare met withal I mean in any antient author except it be in this Itinerary again But here also so various is the reading of the name as well in regard of the several Copies as the journeys here which you would take to be the right is thereby rendred most difficult In regard of the journys there is this difference in this second journey you find Durobrovis in the third Dubobrus M. P. XXVII in the fourth Durobrius and again M. P. XXVII That the same place is intended in all three there need no doubt to be made at all and for the two last Simler a meer stranger could say so too by finding the same distance from Darvernum or Canterbury In regard of the several copies Hieronimus Surita the Spaniard who diligently compared many of them and diverse others will acquaint you for he found Duroprovis Duropronis Durobrivis Dubobrius Durobrovis In the Peutingerian Militarie Tables you have written Roâ—…bis for it concerning which see Petrus Bertius his edition From that contracted and the Latine word Castra a Camp changed into Ceaâ—… signifying to our fore-fathers a City or an assembly of men enjoying the same rites and privileges Rofchester hath proceeded and at this day Rochester Venerable Beda conceited it to be so called from one Roffus it is not known who he was and to me it is uncertain whether ever Hence is it that we have these words in him Et justus quidem ad civitatem Rhofi cui
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth in Greek a Port or station for Ships though there be now none there But such it was sometime as some of our own Writers still extant can make it good and I will cite one of the antientest of them Ethelward In Limneo poriu constituunt puppes Apoldre so I read for the Print is corrupted loco condicto Orientali Cantiae parte destruuntque ibi prisco opere caestrum propter quod rustica manus exigua quippe intrinsecus erat illicque hiberna castra confirmant And Henry of Huntington shall follow him who lands the Danes whom Ethelward means ad Portum Limenecum CCL navibus qui porius est in Orientali parte Cent juxta magnum nemius Andredslaige In which two several narrations you need not take notice of any difference more then the transposition of Letters in the name But of the amnis Limen out of our Historians and the differing relations among them concerning the Danes landing here in King Alfreds daies as a business beneath the time of my undertaking I forbear to speak commending the curious Reader for better satisfaction after Talbot and those antienter to what Lambert and Camden two most diligent Antiquaries have to that purpose besides that glory of our nation as Grotius calls him in this last age John Selden I had almost forgot to tell you that in the Illinerary Tables as they call them or the loose sheets found at Auspurg and set forth by the Noble Mark Velfer this place but falsly is called Lemavâ—…o But I excuse them there when I find it as much amiss Printed in our own Presses Linieno Our fâ—…gitive Count Palatine White or as he calls himself Vitus trifles with us as his usual custome is and would perswade us that it was so called from Lemanus an old imaginary King of the Celts in Pseudo Manethon of the old forging Monk Joannes Annius of Viterbium as was also saith he Lacus Lemaâ—… in France The Numeri Turnacenses which were said in old time to have resided here were so called of Tornacum a City of Gallia Belgica secunda called at this day Turnay taken by the English in our Grandfathers dayes BRITTANNIARUM ITER V. Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  ITER A LONDINIO LV.  Leguvallio GUVALLUM AD VALLUM M. P. CCCCXLIII sic   CAESAROMAGUM M. P. XXVIII   COLONIAM M. P. XXIV   VILLAM FAUSTINI M. P. XXXV 25.  ICIANOS M. P. XVIII   CAMBORICUM M. P. XXXV   DUROLIPONTEM M. P. XXV   DUROBRIVAS M. P. XXXV  Causennis CAUSENNIM M. P. XXX Gausennis  LINDUM M. P. XXVI   SEGELOSIM M. P. XIV   DANUM M. P. XXI  Legeolio LEGEOLIUM M. P. XVI Legeolio Ebur EBORACUM M. P. XXI Ebur  ISUBRIGANTUM M. P. XVII 16.  CATARACTONEM XXIV  Levat LAVATRIM M. P. XVIII Levat 14. VERTERIM M. P. XIII 14. Brocovo BROCAVUM M. P. XX. Brocovo Luguvalio LUGUVALLUM M. P. XXII Luguvallo ITER A LONDINIO LUGUVALLO AD VALLUM Talbot conceives that this AD VALLUM was added by the hand of some Sciolus or Smatterer seeing it is plain as he saies from the second Journey that the Wall was beyond Luguvallum above XX miles But by his leave it was so neer unto it that it may well challenge to it self the words of the Historian being proxima mansiâ—… to it and so it will appear to them who with their own eyes make a diligent search after the site and distance thereof But you must understand me so as speaking of the more noted and spatious kind of Stations CAESAROMAGO This station you have again repeated in Antoninus his IX Journie which is described from Venta Icenorum to Londinium Baromagus is put in the place thereof in the antient Itinerary table which was set forth out of the Library of Conrad Peutinger But that came to pass by the heedlesnesse of the describer as the noble and learned Velfer who published it hath rightly observed For when as he made no good use of his eyes and the former letters being blotted were scarce discernable it is plain that he mistook B. for S. that thereby Caesars City or Town is signified and that we the rather believe this Plinies authority causeth us who not obscurely telleth us that amongst the antient Gauls by the word Magus a Town was understood Industriam Oppidum ad Bodincum id est Padum fl vetustâ—… nomine Bodincomagum appellari quasi dicas Oppidum ad Bodincum And truly in all the Provinces in which there was any publike use of the Gallique tongue in the expressing of the Names of Cities this termination is frequent which sufficiently shews it to have been a Gallique word Although Geo. Euchanan contend that we may rather surmise this then they can for certain affirm it To omit the names of Cities abroad among which Drusomagus which we meet withall in Ptolemy is especially to be observed with us are found Noviomagus Citomagus besides this Caesaromagus here all which names whilst Richard White deduces from Magus I know not what imaginary King of the Celts he would stir the spleen as well as the Cholar of many who knew not that he held it of custom to dote now and then so small a matter was it with him still to have his fancy running upon the Trojan war except he also bring down our Britain affairs from beyond Cecrops the Arcadians themselvs But sober men and such as have their eyes open as they know that there were many Cities built throw the Provinces for the honour of the Augustaean Name called Augustae and Sebastae of which we have spoken before so may they learn from the Roman Historian Reges amicos atque Socios singulos in suo quemque regno Caesareas urbes condidisse And particularly In honorem Augusti Caesaris Mazaca civitas Cappadociae maxima Caesarea cognominabatur Jornandes or Jordanus as others call him is witnesse of the same thing Cappadoces magnam vivitatem suam Mazacam in honorem Tiberii Caesâ—…saris Caesaream appellaveâ—…unt Tiberius had both Titles Caesar and Augustus as well as others And though in the very age of Augustus not so many t as is observed so many Casorea urbes are not to be met withall among Geographers yet in the following when flattery grew more ripe many were new built and new named so and so it came to pass that adding to the name of Caesar either Dunum which with the old Gouls either was as much as Collis or a City set upon a high place you have Caesaro Dunum or by putting thereto Magus this Casaromagus in this place and another in Gallia Belgica named also by Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 belonging to the Bellovaci A great argument and token that the old language of the Britains was the same with the antient Gallique tongue accordingly
as we see learned men are pleased to have it so Two excellently learnedly men and most diligent in the explaining of the matters of their own Countrey Talbot and Camden do seek for this our Caesaromagus according as the ratio Itineraria doth require it yet in several places of whom the first believes it was that Town which now commonly is called Chensford or Chernsford The distance saith he for I do not think it much to translate his words hither because his Lucubrations upon Antoninus are hitherto unpublished very fitly agree for it is from London by modern computation XXV miles which indeed will make XXVIII Italick miles as you have in this Itinerary neither doth the name very much ablude And in the IX journey Caesaromagus is placed in the way which leads from Colchester to Londinium But you will say who at this day being to take his journey from London to Carlisle doth chuse his course by Chensford I answer that perhaps they did so some times formerly For also the Kings of Scotland as we have heard were wont to come up to the Parliament here this way and that they or some one of them built a Covent of the order of Dominicans or preaching Friers as they did also a house of Nunnes at Elstow or Elinstow by Bedford Adde moreover that the Author of this Itinerary who ever he was seems not to have followed the shortest cuts and straitest waies but thereafter as he attended the Proconsul or Legate who for his pleasure or business sake as either to hold Courts of justice or to list more forces or sometimes to confirm his Souldiers turned aside into greater Towns not quite out of his way might seem to have set down those places through which the Legate or Propraetor passed And this very journey which we have now in hand seems to be of such an one wherein he rode through Essex Suffolk Cambridge-shire and Huntington-shire to Lincoln and thence to York and so to Carlisle other wise what meant it as it is here two hundred and fifty miles more or less when as in the next journey to this from London to Lincoln there are but an hundred and fifty Wherefore we must confess by what hath been said that here the Pro-consul or what Magistrate soever took his journey through the Eastern and more noted Cities of the Maritine Countries and so perhaps they used to set forth but in the return they visited the more Mediterranean or Midland and Western places or on the contrary these in their setting forth the others in their return And hence perhaps it is that in the second journey between York and London there is so great a distance a brief and compendium whereof he sets down afterward namely in the third journey after this This wheeling and fetching compass about must needs be on this side York and Lincoln by reason of the breadth of the Island there that the people might more conveniently appear before the Magistrates beyond York there was no necessity of it by reason of the narrowness of the Island in those parts that they might meet from both the Seas to some one Town as Cataractonium or the like without any great grievance of the people Casaromagus seems to have signified as much as Caesaris Burgus as Neomagus in Ptolemy Novns Burgus Rotomagus as much as Rotonis burgus c. This I conjecture but I know not certain So far Talbot whose words I have translated hither because they seem to confer much to the explaining of the course of journeying here in Antoninus After Talbot comes Camden in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or former edition of his great work who in the place thereof hath Burgsted that is Burgi locus by which name the more antient places are commonly expressed at this day only a Country village called by the Saxons heretofore 〈◊〉 where by Florence of Worcester in the year DCCCXCIV the Danes are said to have raised firmam munitionem But after his second cares he supposeth Caesaromagus to have been neer Brent-wood Yet himself questions his own conjecture because saith he both the numbers in Antoninus are very corrupt and because he cannot bring the military way of the Romans as an argument thereof neither remaineth there any likeness of the name but very small in the Hundred of Ceasford now called Cheasford Wherefore as in a dead and forlorn business with age and antiquity we have nothing that we can â—…y for a certainty when as this Town perhaps faln deep into the Earth hath lain in the bowels thereof some Centuries of years Onely may we lament the fate of famous Cities whose tops and Towrs age hath not only demolished but sunk them down deep into the ground so that coucerning them I may make use of that which Demosthenes said of Olynthus and other neighbouring Cities That they were so defac'd that if any one came to the places where they stood they might call it in question whether ever men dwelt there or no so true is that which Rutilius Numatianus in his Itinerary hath expressed in elegant verse Agnosci nequeunt aevi monimenta prioris Grandia consumpsit mania tempus edax Non indignemur mortâ—…lia corpora solvi Cernimus exemplis oppida posse mori For antient Monuments cannot be known Since eating Time devouts great Walls of Stone Why should we grieve at this our lives short date When Cities be examples of like Fate COLONIA M. P. XXIV This famous Station named Colonia is only to be found in Antoninus and it differs from Colonia Camolodunum for you shall have them both in this same Journey in him In the last Edition of the Gallique Councels set forth by Jaques Sermond the Jesuit you have among the Subscriptions of the first Councel at Arles Adelphius de civitate Colonia Londinensium for one of the Bishops that came out of Britain and by the learned Usher Colonia there is thought to be this very Station or City but the incomparable Selden rather judgeth it to be Camolodunum whom take the pains to consult and it will be worth your while There is a World of Roman Coyn found neer about Colchester for that all our Antiquaries acknowledge to be the place where Colonia sometime had its being a great argument of the flourishing thereof under the Roman times and Command yet I hear of none ancienter then Gallienus the Tetrici the Victoriâ—…i â—…osthumus C. Carausius c. But its greatest glory was that it brought forth Flavia Julia Helena the Mother of Constantine the Great There are those which contend for that tanquans pro aris foâ—…is and they make her the Daughter of a British King Coel by name I am not ignorant that Zosimus makes her a mean and ignoble Woman but his studied obliquie against her and her thrice noble Son I am not now first of all to be acquainted with It is well known also how she is in the same manner
called Groningen as is well known Venerable Bede saith it was in his time civitatula desolata Venerunt are his words ad civitatulam quandam desolatam quae lingua Anglorum Gratacester vocatur mox invenerunt juxta muros civitatis locellum de marmore albo pulcherime factum operculo quoque similis lapidis aptissime tectum But the Students shew also at this day the dwelling of Beda himself at Cambridge wherein because afterwards there was a Proseucha or Synagogue of Jews settled there they name now the Jews House and yet Beda himself in plain words writes in his Epitome which he hath joyned to his History that when he was annorum septem cura propinquorum datus educandus reverendissimo Abbati Benedicto ac deinde Ceolfrido cunctumqueex eo tempus vitae in ejusdem monasterii habitatione peregisse inter observantiam disciplinae regularis quotidianum cantandi in Ecclesia curam But concerning the beginnings of the University of Cambridge for neither have we any need to have recourse to the dotages and fooleries of the Monks we have the same Beda a most sufficient witness In these times saith he about the year of Christ 637. regno Orientalium Anglorum post Corpwaldum Redwaldi successorem Sigberius frater ejus praefuit homo bonus ac religiosus qui dudum in Gallia dum inimicitias Redwaldi fugiens exularet lavacrum baptismi percepit patriam reversus ubi regno potitus est mox ea quae in Galliis bene disposita vidit imitari cupicus instituit scholam inqua pueri literis erudirentur juvante se Episcopo Felice quem de Cantia acceperat eisque paedagogos magistros juxta morem Cantuariorum praebente That word pueri in Beda King Alfred rendred 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 men that is Boys and young men or as John Cains interprets it discipuli juvenes Now whereas Gervase of Tilbury writes that Castrum Cantabriginse was antiently called Cantabricum any one might believe that this name was corrupted and altered from Camboricum who knew not that the Monks such was the acumen of that lurking crew did deduce it from I cannot tell what imaginary King of Spain Cantaber by name For Camboricum William Fulk himself also a Cambridge man a Divine of great name besides an Antiquarie as Dr. Usher informed me hath not noted down Cambridge but Comberton some three miles thence for it DUROLIPONTE M. P. XXV Talbot reads the number otherwise XXVIII And thinks it Huntington for saies he there is Dour and Pons which declare a place where the Water or River was past over with a Bridge Camden goes a little further who thinks it was over against Huntington and that it had its original thence but then he will have the name used in the Romans time to have been Durosiponte as if you should say The bridge at the River Ouse Use Ose and Ouse being promiscuously used And he will have the common name used at this day Goodman Chester to be read Gormon Chester from one Gormon a Dane in King Alfreds daies of whom see the History The Itinerary distance likes him well and the place at this day being famous for nothing more then frequent tillage the fields so often broken up afford great store of Roman Coyn. In Huntingtons time it was Villa non inamabilis and of old time it was nobilis urbs as he writes truly DUROBRIVAS M. P. XXXV Henry of Huntington in his recension of British Cities adds six to Ninnius Catalogue whereof this is one Cair Dorm id est Dormeceastre quae sita saies he in Huntedonensi provincia super flumen quod Vocatur Nen penitus destructa est What is left of it at this day is called Dornford neer unto Walmsford This in Camdens judgement is Antoninus his Durobrivae here which he interprets Fluminis trajectus and it shews the manifest tokens of a ruined City besides the antient coyn which are found here in that abundance that one would think they had been sowed here Two Military Waies whose Causseys are yet plain to be seen hereabout whereof the Erminstreet leades directly from Huntington as appears by very Antient Witnesse And it seems that the old City possessed both banks of the River See Camden concerning Caster in the County Northamptonshire and the reason of that name CAUSENNIS M. P. XXX It is Talbots conjecture that this Station Causennes or Gausennis gave the name to the hithermost part of Lincolnshire now called Casteven even as Lindsey another part thereof hath its name from Lindum but Camden calls it his opinion who yet pretends to no certainty of place or its antient standing except it be at Brigcasterton upon Wash or Gwash so making some affinity of name between the old name of the Station and the River at this day Better saies he he could not light on at this time the distance not gainsaying it The later name Brigcasterton also in which as he saies vetustatis nomen apparet so called quasi oppidum Castrorum or á Castris dictum because of a Camp there sometime of the Romans That Brig in the beginning thereof denotes the passage of the River there over a Bridge which also parted the Roman Military Way It is believed that the old Gausennae is now utterly ruined at such time as the Picts and Scots plundered the whole Countrey about as far as Stanford as Henry of Huntington is our Author when our Hengist with his Anglo-Saxons with unwearied prowesse and extraordinary valour so stopt the course of those outragious Barbarians that many of them being slain many taken Prisoners the rest shifted for themselves by flight LINDO M. P. XXVI Robert Talbot confesseth himself here at a great loss about the antient site of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Lindum in Ptolomy who sets it down for a City of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Coritavi and one of them which by him are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And no lesse appears by Antoninus in whom we have the VI. journey from London to Lindon which confirms what Ptolemy saies there is also in him another City of the very same name in the more Northern part of the Island but of that in its own place when we shall come to it The great doubt of Talbot was whether of the two he might resolve on for the old situation of Landum Nottingham or Lincoln or Lindecoln as it was most antiently called But he rather pitched on the former thinking that it was Nottingham and we will acquaint you with his particular reasons therefore First saies he Nottingham was as antient as any place of note hereabout and may be thought equal with the time of the Saxons entrance As for the old Town whatsoever the name thereof was in old time the inhabitants shew it with a well fortified Castle also a most certain argument of Antiquity What ever it was none rather or more probably comes into my thoughts then Lindum
tell you Whether it were the Castle of old time belonging to Clausentum I have not any thing to say the several Coyns of the Roman Emperours taken up hereabout are sufficient witnesses of its great antiquity If those ruins which Camden speaks of were not of the old Castle they were doubtlesly of those muniments and bul works quae Romani in littore Oceani ad meridianam plagâ—… as Gildas hath it ad reprimendas piraticas Saxonum depraedutiones collocarunt VENTA BELGARUM M. P. X. There were three Towns in Britain of this name Venta all mentioned by Antoninus and this by Ptolemy also Venta Icenorum is in a Ptolemy too were but his Copies rightly published The common books have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for Iceni but the Palatine set forth by Petrus Bertius neerer the truth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caer-Guent it was called by the Britains which Leland makes to signify White as if he would say The White City of which there wants not examples and this stands in a whitish or chalkish soil as do the rest they say elsewhere that are of that name too After the Christian time from this Venta in the most antient Monks we find the Bishop of Winchester called Episcopus Ventanus or Wentanus as Beda Malmesburionsis Eadmerus and others only the less experienced must take heed when he meets with this word Venlanus misprinted for it as he shall sometimes A City no doubt it was of very great request in the Romans time which we learn from the Notitia of the Western Empire for here was resident in this place the Procurator Gynaecii Britannis not Dremtensis or Biennensis but as it should be Ventensis So the flour of French Lawyers Jaques Cujas reads it Gynaecium and interprets it to mean the Sacrum Textrinum Guidus Pancirolus who set forth the Notitia is of no other opinion who writes that these Gynaecia were first appointed texendis Principis militumque vestibus naviumque velis stragulis linteis aliis ad instruendas mansiones necessariis Yet Wolsangus Lazius a learned German in his time thought that these Procurators also were imployed in taking care and making provision for the Emperours dogs for the Britist dogs carried away the Bell in those dayes from those of any other nation in Europe Strabo gives us good cause to say so for they have his commendation for hunting being said by him to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hence it is that the Shepheard saies in Nemesian under Caius the Emperour Divisa Britannia mittit Veloces nostrique orbis venatibus aptos Great Britain breeds fair hounds Whose sents are fit to hunt upon our grounds Meaning our British Dogs Of which long before him it is worth the while to peruse an excellent trim Poem written in Augustus age by Gratius Faliscus who intitles it Cunegeticon published of late years by an excellently learned Gentleman and accordingly it is set forth in Latin by him and translated also into English Quid freta si Morinum dubio refluentia Ponte Veneris atque ipsos libeat penetrare Britannos O quanta est merces quantum impendia supra Si non ad speciem mentitur osque decores Protinus haec una est catulis jactura Britannis Ad magnum cum venit opus promendaque virtus Et vocat extremo praeceps discrimine Mavors Non tunc egrogios tantum admirere Molossos Comparat his versuta suas Athamania fraudes Acyrusque Pheraeque clandestinus Acarnan Sicut Acarnanes subierunt pralia furto Sic canis illa suos taciturna supervenit hostes Wouldst thou Morinum seek and thee 't would please Britain to enter through uncertain Seas What profit there what benefit would rise Would thou not choose for beauty and for size Both which they want yet this the Britains boast In greatest need their dogs shew valor most And will his life forsake ere he retire Not then Mollosian hounds thou wilt admire Sly Athaman Dogs with Mastives not compare Acgran Pheran nor the close Acare As th' Acarnans steal in to battel so This breed with silence sets upon their Foe This is that Gratius whom Ovid his Co-temporary thought worthy to commend to Posterity and prolong his fame in that verse Aptaquâ—… venanti Gratius arma dabit Gratius for Hunting will accommodate Divers others have highly commended our Britain Dogs particularly the Agasaeus or base Hound was had in great esteem thus described by Oppian in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This kind though short are for quick scent renown'd Fit for a learned Poet to resound The painted Britain people fierce in Armes These Beagles breed and Agasean termes Th' are small want beauty have no comely mark That thou wouldst think th' are onely fit to bark Which Verses being part of them which the Emperour so highly prised Ioannes Bodinus hath done thus into Latine but he had for his paines I feare scarce so great a reward Est etiam catubi species indagine clara Corpus huic breve magnifico sed corpore digna Picta Britannorum gens illos effera bello Nutrit Agasaeosque vocat vilessima forma Corporis ut credas parasitos esse latrantes It should seem then that the little Beagle is appropriated to our Britain for that the Canis in Agasaeus in Oppian is so meant Ianus Ulitius who published Gratius beyond the Sea hath shewn to us against Iohn Caius who some age ago set forth a book De canibus Britannicis The old gallant Poet Claudian lets not our Mastives pass unspoken of in that Verse Magnaque taurorum fracturae colla Britannae Britain breeds Dogs can break the Neck of Bulls Neither were they others then our Mastives which are mentioned by Syâ—…achus in his Epistles although they be tearmed by him Canos Scotici which he makes his brag of at Rome and which he sayes were shewed at the Circensian Games to the great wonder of the people that looked upon them who could not think them brought thither otherwise then in Iron Cages In this City as our own Historians relate was that Monk Constans in the Roman time whom his Father Constantinus who had put on the Purple against Honorius out of a meer conceit and confidence of his own name had designed first to be Caesar and afterward Augustus For for a good while before this as Zosimus hath it speaking of that very time the Monks had frequent Colledges as well in Cities as Country Towns who lived before lurking up and down and haunted Mountains Woods and solitary places forlorn whence also they had their name Now those ancient remainders of Walls which are yet to be seen of such a thickness and lastingness at the Western-door of the Cathedrall seem to have been the ruines
here in the printed Edition of Aâ—…us as also in some Copies which Ierom Surita made use of for that somewhere Margitudis is put in by him out of others in what goes before it is just as much as nothing and so much seemed requisite to be said concerning the Eighth Journey but that here also is Bâ—…nnavantum or Bennaventum for what was before Bennavenna and Isannavatio BRITANNIARUM ITER IX Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  ITER A VENTA ICENORUM LONDINIUM M P. CXXVIII sic Icin XXXI SITOMAGUM M. P. XXXII XXXI Combret CAMIRETOVIUM M. P. XXII Comb.  AD ANSAM M. P. XV.  Camolodun CAMULODUNUM M P. VI. Camolod  CANONIUM M. P. IX   CAESAROMAGUM M. P. XII   DUROLâ—…UM M. P. XVI   LONDINIUM M. P. XV.  THis Journey is from Venta Icenorum or Caster to London some three miles distant from Norwich which place was so named from the Castra or Camps of the Romans sometimes hereabouts and not as the Cambridge Antiquary writes from Castor a King here placed by Julius Caesar. In Surita's MSS. and those Printed Copies of Antoninus which we use it is read Icinorum yet he following Tacitus rather and others mends Ptolemy making 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For it seems not likely to him that Ptolemy who wrote down the severall names of the Countrys Cities Rivers Ports Promontories c. throughout all Britain should leave out so powerfull a people as the Iceni are said to be Tacitus Quod primi Iceni abnuere valida gens nec praeliis concussa quia societatem nostram volentes accesserant And a little after Caterum clade Icenorum compositi qui bellum inter pacem dubitabant As they are corruptly called in Ptolemy Simeni so were they also Tigeni in Tacitus his old Copies to borrow his words elsewhere pacem exuebant magis nostra avaritia quam obsequi impatientes as plainly he shewes in his relation concerning them of later Writers see by all means Camden Surita for better distinction sake calls the station here Secunda Venta Ptolemai I might very well let passe their high flown fancy who would have the King Cynobellinus mentioned by Diâ—… Cassius to be as much as the Bellinus of the Icenians This station hath not so much in Ptolemy lost the right name of the people among whom it stood as it self too for they say nothing thereof remains now besides a few decayed Walls which enclose some thirty acres that shewes the ground there sometime inhabited and some Roman Coyn now and then taken up else there is nothing remaining But out of the ruines thereof in after times there arose Norwich a City whose antiquity the learned Author of Kets History hath most learnedly and elegantly in Latin set down It stands neer the confluents of Garienis and another River which they call Bariden Norwicus signifies as much as Aquilonare Castellum seu vicus Wic enim Alfrico Saxone teste Castellum sonat as Camden observes To say that Julius Caesar was founder thereof were to say with the Many which renders it much suspected As is also the tradition of some outlandish men very false who think to find something of Norwicus in the name of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a people of Britain in Ptolemy far enough dissite hence Yet of the name Venta there are plain vestigia to be seen in the neer River Wentsum or Wentsar as some doe call it SITOMAGUS M. P. XXXII With this Station this journey goes on here The name whereof is corruptly set forth in Peutingers Military Tables SIMOMAGUS and sometime SINOMAGUS but here in Antoninus it is right SITOMAGUS From the Saxon times it was called Thetford from the little River Thet and the Ford there besides the old British or Gallick word Magus a dwelling or house as you would say The mansion by the Thet. Thet and sit they say come very neer Olim frequens celebrata this Station was saith our great Antiquary praeter alia vetustatis indicia molem ostendit in magnam altitudinem aggestam duplicique vallo munitam moenibus ut ferunt olim firmatam quam Romanorum fuisse opus credunt nonnulli vel potius Saxonicorum Regum ut volent alii CAMBRETOVIUM M. P. XXII So many copies have it but amisse There is a small Town in Suffolk not far from the Source of the Breton lying low in a bottome This of old was Combretonium as if you should have said The Valley or bottom by Breton This sometimes it was Now scarce any thing appeares left else to say that ever it was In the room thereof you have in Peutingers Military Tables which the noble Mark Velfer set forth but corruptly for how could it be otherwise after so long time and so ungain Transcribers Comvetronum and Ad Coverin AD ANSAM M. P. XV. But you shall find that it is six miles from Camulodunum the Colony In Camden our excellent diligent Antiquary it is thought to be a Terminus of this Colony grounding his conceit upon the authority of Seculus Elarcus for so his name is to be written not Siculus and him you have published in the Volume of Writers De limitibus Agrorum Agri saith he Coloniis adjacentes variis Terminis definiebantur in limitibus constitutae erant pro Terminis res aliae atque aliae alibi Hermulae alibi spatuâ—…ae alibi rhombi alibi secundum vitalem Arcadium Termini erant Lagenares vel Orculares id est Lagenae Or. Upon which words that learned man thus infers Cur igitur non Ansa terminale signum fuerit vel diversorium aliquod ad Viam sub ejusmodi intersignio Cum ad Ansam non Ansae suo more dixerit Antoninus Nec alia quam signa terminalia vel diversoria erant quae eadem loquendi formula Romano saculo nomâ—…nabantur Which we may truly beleive to be said by him if we understand it concerning the Mutations only appointed in latter ages through the Provinces in publick Roads and were called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 furnished with beasts for publique carriage as also with their meat and provender but not with other accomodations and therefore distinguished from Mansions For otherwise places in the very City were expressed in this form of speaking Suetonius Domitianus natus est regione Urbis sexta Ad Malum Punicum domo quam postea in Templum gentis Flavia convertit P. Victor also mentions it in the same Region of the City and names it the House of Domitian where also he places Ad Gallinas Albas The name of this house was taken from the Viâ—…ntan Countrey-dwelling of the Caesars which was called Ad Gallinas from the brood of Chickens of that white Hen which an Eagle flying over let fall into Livias Lap. Lampridius Romae in
besides others in this place taken up the Inscriptions whereof one makes mention of HATERIANUS LEG AUG PR PR PROVINC CILIC There is another which mentions the Effigies of Diana and witnesseth that a Temple to her was restored by Titus Flavius Postumius Varus Veteran perhaps of the Cohors of the second Legion T. FLAVIUS POSTUMIUS VARUS V. C. LEG TEMPL DIANAE RESTITUIT A Monument which all that Gyantlike structure of Paules cannot shew the like though it be said most anciently to have been dedicated to this Deity Next to that is a votive Altar for Severus his Sons but with Getas name scraped out at such time as he being declared to be an Enemy was at length quite removed by his Brother Antoninus Bassiaâ—…us PRO SALUTE AUGG. N. N. SEVERI ET ANTON NI ET GETE CAES P. SALTIENUS P. F. MAECIA THALAMUS HADRI PRAEF LEG II. AUG C. VAMPEIANO ET LUCILIAN GALPHRIDUS MONOMETHENSIS HISTORIAE BRITANINCAE LIB I. CAP. XIX Belinus renovavit urbes ubicunque collapsae fuerant multas novas adificavit Inter cateras composuit unam super Oscam flumen prope Sabrinum mare qua multis temporibus Kaerosc appellata est Metropolis Glocestre fuerat Postquam autem Romani venerunt praefato nomine deleto vocata est urbs Legionum nomen nacta a Romanis legionibus qui ibidem hyemare solebant Ex Alexandro Elsebiensi Hic etiam sub ingressum Saxonum fuit gymnasium ducentorum Philosophorum qui Astronomia caterisque artibus eruditi cursus stellarum diligenter observabant ut scripsit Alexander Elsebiensis author rarus è quo mihi plurima descripsit Thomas James Oxoniensis vir eruditus vere 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qui se totum literis libris involvit jam publici boni studio in Angliae Bibliothecis excutiendis Deus opus secundet id molitur quod reip literariae imprimis erit usui Among the rubbish and fragments of stones here you shall also finde these too VIII 7. VALER MAXSIMI Hyeronimus Surita in Varijs Lectionibus in Antoninum Iscam Leg. II. Aug. M. P. XXVII In Bland Iscaelia Augusti M. P. XXVII in Meap Iscalegi Augusti M. P. XXVIII in Longol libris Iscalegia Augusti M. P. XXVII pro dictione Augusti Legi corrigtur XXVII M. P. Legionem II. Augustam eo loco constitutum indicat quod a Ptolemao definitur tametsi tanquam duo sint opida numeri longitudinis latitudinis utrique inepte attribuantur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Praterea legio secunda Augusta in Britannijs ab Auctore Notitiae Provinciarum recensetur sub Comite littoris Saxonici per Britanniam hoc modo Prapositus Legionis II. Augustae Butupis This Legion instituted by Augustus was taken into Britain by Claudius Casar and planted here where by the leading of Iulius Frontinus it recided against the Silures of whom Tacitus How great this Isca was read a little out of Giraldus in his Itinerary of Wales Erat haec urbs antiqua autentica a Romanis olim coctilibus muris egregie constructa Videas hic multa pristinae nobilitatis vestigia palatia immensa aureis olim tectorum fastigijs Romanos fastus imitantia eo quod a Romanis principibus primo constructa adificijs egregijs illustrata fuisset Turrim giganteam thermas insignes templorum reliquias loca theatralia muris egregijs partim adhuc extantibus omnia clausa c. Guil. Camden in Siluribus pag. 489. BURRIUM M. P. IX It stands where the stream of Birthin is mingled with the Isca The Britains at this day transposing the letters call it Brubege for Burenbege by Giraldus Castrum oscae but by the English Uske it now onely possesses the ground or room of a large and fortified Castle which most pleasantly lyes between the River Isca an Oilway the stream which under it passeth by the neat dwelling of the Earle of Worcester as it were under a Castle on the East GOBANNIUM M. P. XII At the confluents of Isca and Gobannius this Statio is placed whence Aber-Gevenne and contractedly Aber-Genne which signifies just as much H. S. MAGMIM M. P. H. S. XXII In Bland reliquis Magnis M. P. XXII Sub Duce Britanniarum in Notitia Provinciarum Prafectus Numeri Pacensium Magnis recensetur tam etsi in Manuscripto vulgatis Magis legitur nam infra in eis per Lineam valli Tribunus Cohortis II. Dalmatarum Magnis legitur Old Radnor in Brittish called Maiseveth â—…hean and from the steep ascent Pencrag which in the Reigne of King Iohn was by Rees Ap-Griffin burnt downe to the Ground If I shall say that this which Antoninus seems to call Magnos wherein Theodosius the younger time the praefectus of the Milites Pacenses had his being Sub Britanniarum Ducis I should perhaps misse of the truth in other mens opinion however not in mine own for the inhabitants of this whole Tract are called Magaseses and the Earles thereof Magesetenses and Masegetenses in the writers of the middle Age and the Reason of the account of Miles from Gobannium or Aber-Gevenne so also from Brangonium doth not in the least differ from that of Antoninus In lib. de Notitia imp Po. Ro. legitur praefectum numerorum Pacensium in prasidio Magis item in eodem lib. Tribunum cohortis secunda Magnis collocatum Magnos item in Itin. Ant. invenimus unumne oppidum an diversa sint non ausim pro certo affirmare Verum magis inclinat animus ut credam diversa Geor. Bukanan Rerum Scoticarum Fol. 24. An Chesteringwall it is called by Camden BRAVONIUM P. XXIV The name of a City of Britaine in the way to Wrokcester But Simlerus hath Bravinium and so hath he caused it to be published but Camden hath corrected it Brannomium most amendedly if I am able to Judge any thing aright In Piolemy it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brannogenium which William Fuâ—…k minded not who set down to it Bangor following as it seemes Ioseph Moletius and Paullus Iovius who yet pleased to have Bravium heretofore to be called Bridge-North as we see It is a City of the Ordovites and therefore by Camden who found it among the Cornavij rightly thought to be banished from its own Seat it is famous to Posterity for the Antiquity of it and the often variety of Fortune First it remained content under the safeguard of the Roman gentlenesse straightway the Danes troubling all with boundlesse Fury it passed diverse changes yet alwayes after the ruine it sprang up fresh again as at this day it flourisheth with very great celebrity whether you consider the splendidness of the Buildings and the magnificence of the Churches or whether the frequency of the Citizens themselves and inhabitants or whether the Nature of the Soil and Scituation by the River Severn upon no very sleep Hill on whose Easterne banck it was placed by the Romans
As also many other great Cities not upon this River alone to hold in the Transabrine Britains as also those which lived upon the bank of the Dee and the Rhine beyond Sea to hinder the irruption of the Germans into Gaul as it hath been already observed by learned men who instance in Strasbury Spira Mentz Bing Boppard Confluents Lonna and others Iohn Rossus of Warwick a learned Antiquary in our Grandfathers daies relates that it was founded by King Constantius In Ninnius his Catalogue of old Cities which he reckons to be XXVIII where it is related that it was in old time Romanorum superba moenibus old writings affirm and however I fear Camden is somewhat mistaken when he names to Worcester out of Ninnius Caer-Gorangon and Guarchon which in Doctor Ushers judgement are thought rather to be Warwick or Wrokencester Worcester being commonly at this day Caer-Urangon called by the Cambro-Britains as formerly by the Saxons 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Wire as some will have it a Woody Laune thereto adjoyned In old time it florished for nothing more then the Sanctimony and learning of the Bishops among whom some also were famous for the opinion of Miracles among the common people The Bishops Sea was restored about the yeare DCLXXX among whom I will only name Baldwinus to whom adorned with the dignity of the Arch-bishoprick of Canterbury Iosephus Exoniensis a man to be compared not only with the most excellent Wits of his own age but also with any of the Ancients dedicated his Book De bello Trojano so often published beyond Sea under Visard of Cornelius Nepos And this the studious Reader shall understand is the rather set down by us because he is thought the first to have called this City by the name Vigornia in this we have Iohn Lelands own words for it that it is not nomen admodum novum in this very work as they do also commonly at this day In numerum jam crescit honos Te tertia poscit Insula jam meminit Wigornia Cantia discit Romanus meditatur apex nausraga Petri Ductorem in mediis expect at cymba procellis Tu tamen occiduo degis contentus evili Tertius a Thoma Thomasque secundus alter Soloriens rebus successor moribus haeres Felices quos non trahit ambitus Thy Honour growes Thee the third Isle requires Worster remembers and all Kent admires Rome Thee expects and prayes thou wouldst appear Saint Peters crazy Ship through stormes to steer Thou in a Western Cure art pleas'd and want Who next Saint Thomas we a third place grant The rising Sun is to thy Vertues Heire Happy be those who not ambitious are The most learned man Gerard Langbain and my very good friend in Queens Colledge and almost the onely Ornament of Oxford caused these Verses to be thus written out of the MS. which were before wanting in the Printed Books This Baldwin following Richard the first in his Journey to the holy Land mightily assisted our Party by preaching counselling and communicating his store to the needy an example of most holy carriage till at length in the Siege of Ptolemais our men say Acre and Acon being taken with a greivous disease died about the year ∞ c x c. VIROCONIUM H. S. Variis lectionibus in Antoninum VIROCONIUM M. P. XXVII Viroconio habent Blandin exempl libri Longol Neapol Viroconio supra Viroconium adscribi debere advertimus ex hac mansione Ptolemaei Geographia BRITANNIARUM ITER XIII Editio Aldina Suritana Simleriana  ITERAB ISCA CALLEVAM M. P. CIX sic   BURRIUM M. P. IX   In locum istum Gobannium restituit Guilielmus Fulco   BLESTIUM M. P. XI   ARICONIUM M. P. XI   CLEVUM M. P. XV.   DUROCQRNOVIUM M. P. XIV   SPINAS M. P. XV.   CALLEVAM M. P. XV.  GOBANNIUM This is called Aber. Gevenne from the River there mingling it self with the River Isca BLESTIUM M. P. XI It is a Station in Antoninus in the Journey which is set down from Isca Leg. 11. Aug. to Callena Atrebatum that it was that little Town in the limits of Herefordshire which is called the old Towne the exact distance from the two Mansions passed on either side doth sufficiently witness Certainly if the reason thereof did not evince it the reason of the name would for as many as happen in Britaine and they are not a few the Romans being here Masters of all were military Stations and possessed by their Souldiers at this day they that are of the Brittaines issue and Language call it Caer Hean Francis Holyoke hath evilly published it Blestuin ARICONIUM M. P. XI It is only met withall in the Journey from Isca Leg. 11. Aug. to Gallena some Reliques of the Carcase of this City yet appear to be seene in that place which the Natives yet call Kenchester Walls by an Apherisis of Ar. which conjecture is mightily confirmed by the neighbouring part of this Shire in Doomsday booke There are Testimonies sufficient of its Antiquity stones of Musive worke British Bricks and Romane Coyne here frequently taken up They say that the old Towne perished by an Earthquake but yet in William Malmsburyes age out of its ruins Hereford sprung famous for a Bishoprick which Baldus calls Henefortensis for Henford in British signifies Vetus via or the old way CLEVUM M. P. XV. Sabrina or Severne passeth by the cheifest City of Glocester shire which in Antoninus is Clevum or Glevum but among the Britaines Caerglovi but with others Claudiocestre from Claudius who they say gave his daughter Genissa in marriage to Arviragus of whom Iuvenall in his fourth Satyr Regem aliquem capies vel de temon Britanno Excidet Arviragus Another King take or from 's Chariot shall Arviragus fall As if he had had more Daughters then Claudia Antonia and Octavia all whose Husbands Suetonius doth plainly acquaint us withall then what doth he in Claudius time slight notice of whom we light not on before Domitians Reigne when he was called Arivogus as Doctor Usher out of an ancient Coyn would perswade us but the Scholia's upon Iuvenall would have him named Arbilas Our learned Antiquary had rather a great deale more willingly bring down the name from Glovus Qui edificavit urbem magnam supra ripam Fl. Sab. quae vocatur Britannico sermone Cairgloni Saxonice autem Glecester his Thoughts were also upon Caerglowi it signified to the Britaine 's as much as Pulchrum or Splendidum and is as much to them as in Greek Calliponis There was a Colony deduced hither called Colonia Glevum in that Inscription DEC COLONIAE GLEV. VIXIT ANN. LXXXVI Yet to be seene in Bath walls neer the Northerne Gate DVROCORNOVIVM M. P. XIV So it is named in Antoninus that is the water Cornovium But in Ptolemaeus it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
here 171. And in Scotland 261 Apollo worshipped by the name of Belutacadrus in Britaine of Abellio in Gaul and of Belinus in both 170 Apollinarea Herba wherewith the Gaules tainted their Arrowes 171 Aquae Solis 257 Arces finales 231 Areani 107 Ariconium 254 Aruspex rusticus 69 Atrebates 222. seqq B. BAngor and the great Monastery there 130 Bath called Aquae Solis from the Suns influence upon it 260. Called also Akemanchester ib. Not founded by Bladud the British King and great Magitian 258. Minerva's Temple there 259. From her the Town called Caer-Palladour i. the City of Palladian Waters 260. Hercules's two Effigies holding in either hand a Serpent upon the Wall of that Town ib. Hot Bathes sacred to Minerva and Hercules 259. The Bathes at Thermopylae and in Sicilie sacred to Hercules ib. Bellona's Temple at Yorke 69. Her Preists ib. Her Temple at Comana in Cappadocia 69 70. The raving of her Preists and cutting themselves ib. Bellonae montes neer Carthage ib. The manner of denouncing War before a Pillar in her Temple 71 Bennavenna 142. The Bishops of England present at the Councils of Arles Nice and Ariminum 86. And at the generall Synod at Sardica it The mean Revenue of the Bishops of Ireland 87 Blatum Bulgium 114 Blestium 253 Bonium 130 Bonus Eventus worshipped as a God 52 Bovium 248 Bravonium 251 Bremenium 35 36. seqq Bremetonacum 242 Brigantes 207 Brige 265 Britanniae why in the plurall 10. It s division into Provinces 11. And by whom ib The number of its Provinces Cities Rivers Havens c. about Ptolemies time 12. The Higher and Lower Britaine 64. Whether one Continent ever with France 18 19. Made a Province by Vespasian 99. It s dangerous Sea 188. seqq Brovonacis 119 Burgi 120 Burrium 250 The Familie of the Burtons in Shropshire 136. seqq C. CAEsaromagus 195 Caishow Hundred in Hartfordshire whence so called 147 Calacum 241 Calcaria 122 Calcarienseâ—… ib. Calacum 241 Calates 14 Caligula's fond Expedition for Britaine 15. His Tower and Camp ib. Calleva Atrebatum 222 Camboricum 201 The University of Cambridge its Antiquity 202 Camodunum 123 Camulodunum 231 Ruined by the Iceni and others under Boadicia ib. Canonium 239 Camulus Mars ib. Carausius 105 Castra Exploratorum 114 Cataractonium 52. It s derivation 53. Burnt by Beornerd King of the Mercians 54. The uncertainty of its situation ib. Cansennis 203 Cester castrum 41 Chorographicall descriptions how ancient 3 Clausentum 217 Clevum 254 Comes Municipii 147. the difference of a Colonie and Municipium 149 Condate 124 Colonia 62 199. It s severall kinds 62 Conovium 239 Constantine the Great his Encomium 79 80. Whether borne in Britaine ib. Falsely aspersed by Zosimus 106 Constantius his Apotheofis 77 78 Corstopilum 41 42 Crococalaria 215 Cunetio 257 D. DAnum 206 Deae Matres who 48 Delgovitia 90 Deva 125 126 127. seqq Derventio 88 Called also Whirhale and Cynenge Cestria 129 Dextri 30 Dieta what 2 Dover Castle 186 187 Dubris 186. seqq Dunstable whence called 144 Duplares and Simplares 38 Durocobrivae 145 Durnonovaria 266 Durobrivae 203 Durocornovium 255 Durcliponte 202 Durolitum 239 Duroprovis 178 Duroverno 185 E. EBoracum 57. seqq Whence denominated 60. called Altera Roma 61 Equites Crispiani 206 Etocetum 139 Exploratores 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 39 F. FAstidins a Bishop of Britaine 168. His Tract De vitae Christiana ib. Villa Faustini 199 The Fore-land of Kent's distance from the oppesite Continent 33 34 G. GAlava 240 The Gaules and Britaines Language and Religion one and the same 170 The Goâ—…d and Evill Genius 50 51 The Genius of Places and Cities 51 their figure most frequently a Serpent ib. The custome of calling them forth from places beseiged ib. Each Nation had its peculiar Genius ib. Gessoriacum 13. seqq Glanoventa 240 Gobannium 250 Grantchester neer Cambridge anciently an eminent City 201 H. AT what Havens the Romans took shipping for Britaine their number and names 14 Flaevia Julia Helena the Mother of Constantine borne in Britaine and where 199 Hercules and Minerva 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 260 Hostiae survae 71 72 The British Houndes and Mastives excellencie above those of other Nations 219 220 I. ICianis 200 Isannav atia 211 Isca 249 Iscadum Nunniorum 266 The Goddesse Isis known in Britaine 56 Isis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ib. Why figured horned ib. Isu Brigantum 207 Isurium 55. 56. Whence called ib. The Itinerary Tables of Angustus and Agrippa 6. Of Julius Caesar 57 Itiner anciently used for iter 1 Itinerary Tables their great use 8 Iter militare what 2 Itinerarium 9 L. LActodorum 143 Lavatriae 120 Legeoliam 206 Legio VI. victrix where it resided 58 63 Legio XX. victrix 65 Legio X. 63 Legio Ferratensis 64 Legio vicesima Victrix Valens 126 Leuca a League its severall Dimensions 29 Leucarum 247 Lemanis Portus 193 Limes 35. The Lands neer it given by Severus to the Souldiers and their Heirs 35 36 Limitare iter what 2 Lindum 204 Londinium its Elogium 155. A Metropolis 158. seqq No Colonie 156. Of its name Augusta 164 165 London-stone for what end erected 31 Lugdunum whence named 116 Luguvallum ib. M. MAdus Maydston 178 Magmim 251 Magivinium 144 Manduessum 139 Manucium 124 Margidunum 214 Maximus the Tyrant whether by birth a Britain 22 Mediolanum 132 Mercuries Colledge at Rome 160 Merida in Portugal whence denominated 31 Migeria 30 Milâ—…s Provincialis 44 The Miles in Antoninus precisely 1000 paces ib. Milliarium 30 Milliarium aurâ—…um at Rome and CP 31 Milton in Kent the many Urnes digged up there 181. seqq Moridunum 266 Morini 14 Municipium 61 Mutationes 9 N. NIdus 248 The Notitia Imperii set forth by Thâ—…dosius the younger 66 Novioâ—…agum 175 O. OIsters carryed from Britains to Rome 20 P. PAgus what 17 Papinian the famous Lawyer 73 The cause and place of his death 75 Parasanga a measure used among the Persians 28. It s derivation ib. Pelagius the Heretike a Britaine and Abbot of Bangor 131. Called by the Britaines Morgan because borne upon the Sea ib. Pennocruciuâ—… 138 Picti 97 Pontes 225. Ad Pontem 152 Two Presidentships of Britain ordained by Severus 65. XIII Praefecti sub Duce Britanniarum 66. Et XXIII sub lineam Valli ib. Praetorium 36 91 Ptolemy the Author of the Geography whether of the Almagest also questionable 65 Q. QVatâ—…viri 64 R. RAsta what 29 Ratae 212 Rivers described horned and why 56. The names of Deities appropriated to Rivers ib. Rutunium 134 Rutupiae 20 21. seqq S. SCboenos what measure with the Aegyptians 27 Segontium 244 Segolocis 205 Severus his Wall 63. His Pallace 〈◊〉 York 67. His speeches neer his Death ib. The Presages of his end 69. Severicollis 〈◊〉 Hill 68 Sitomagus 229 Sordiodunum 26 Spinae 255 Stulicâ—… 107 108 Strata Iuliâ—… 96 Strata Marcella ib. Stadium what 27. 31. 32. The Sea-Stadium 32 Stationes Agrariae 35 〈◊〉 153 T. TEllus Mater Vesta
When one day sitting alone in his upper parlour at Longnor in meditation no doubt of Gods deliverance of his people he heard a general Ring of all the Bells in Shrewsbury whereunto in St. Ceadda's Parish his house belonged when strait his right-divining soul told him it was for Q. Maries death yet longing to know the truth more certainly and loath to trust his Servants therein for some reasons he sent his Eldest Son my Grandfather being then but a boy of sixteen years of age willing him to throw up his hat if it were so so impatient was his expection Who finding it and doing accordingly as he was directed the good man retiring presently from the window and recovering his Chair for extremity of joy which he conceived for the deliverance of the Saints of God he suddenly expired And this was his Nunc dimittis Domine But neither was the storm of persecution so quite blown over hereby but that still some scatterings did fall upon the Servants of God for they suffered some grievances still among which was their being debarred from Christian interment in Churches But facilis jactura sepulcri His friends made a shift to bury him in his Gardens by the Fish-ponds and set a Monument over him which being defaced by time and rain it happened in the year ∞ DC XIV that Edward Burton Esquire his Grandson inviting to Dinner the noble Sir Andrew Corbet then Lieutenant of the Shire with divers other Gentlemen of quality that the good Baronet desirous to see the place which preserved the reliques and memory of that excellent man as good men are still inquisitive after them whose vertues they honour but finding it much decayed by the weather after a friendly correption of his Host and serious injoynment to repair the Tomb whereby the memory of his most deserving Grandfather was kept alive he without any ado effected what he spake for and promised himself to become the Poet for an Epitaph And this is it which follows turned also into Latine verse but ex Anglicanis bonis Latina non item bona Haec mihi non vani nec erat cur fallere vellent Narravere Senes Here lieth the body of Edward Burton Esquire who deceased Anno Domini 1558. Was 't for denying Christ or some notorious fact That this mans body Christian burial lackt O no his faithful true profession Was the chief cause which then was held transgression When Pop'ry here did reign the Sea of Rome Would not admit to any such a Tomb. Within their Idol-Temple Walls but he Truly professing Christianity Was like Christ Iesus in a Garden laid Where he shall rest in peace till it be said Come faithful Servant Come receive with me A just reward for thy Integrity 1614. In Agro Salopiensi Longnorae ad Sabrinam Fl. ad Piscinas in Horto Iuxta Aedes patruelis mei Francisci Burtoni Proavi mei Epitaphium Quod scelus an Christi nomen temerare quod ausus Huic vetitum sacro condere membra solo Dii melius sincera fides nec tramite veri Devia causa illo tempore grande nefas Urbibus insultat nostris dum turbida Roma Rasaque gens sacris dat sua jura locis Noc saâ—…ri ritus nec honores suneris intra Moenia Christicolis heu malesancta 〈◊〉 piis At referens Dominum inculptae munere vitae Ad Domini exemplar funera â—…actus eret Ille â—…t odorifero tumulatus marmore inhorto Ossa etiam redolens hortus hujus habet Hic ubi expect at felix solantia verba Euge age mercedem jam Bone Serve Cape And now have we done with Wrokcester and Longâ—…or the former whereof I have finished as part of my task undertaken what I have said concerning the other the great respect I had of my worthy Progenitours memory would not let me omit And I might also take my leave of Shropshire but that Usocona an old Station in Antoninus and thought sometimes to have been neer the limits thereof makes me some short stay USOCONA M. P. XI Not very far from the foot of the Wrekin in somewhat a low bottom stands a small village called Oken-Yate not famous at this Day for any thing except it be for the much frequented Coal-pits Of old time that it was Usocona written also according to the variety of copies Usoccona and Uxacona a Roman Station mentioned here in Antoninus is the conjecture of our great Antiquary for these reasons First that it is by the Military or antient Roman High-way an infallible sign in his judgemeut especially if there accompany it any proportionable distance which he next observes The equidistance between Wroxcester and this village on the oâ—…e side and Pencridge on the other agreeing with that in the Ininerary exactly confirms it so that he concludes it with that peremptoriness that there is no cause saith he our quisquam dubitet He addes then nec abnuit ipsum nomen deducing it as his manner is from the old British the ignorance of which I have more then once in this Work openly professed Nam haec dictio Y S saith he Britannis inferius notat and is it seems added to notify the Low situation And though the Language of the antient Britains endured not an X. as is somewhere else taken notice of yet the reading of the Name so Uxacona among the Romans it being frequent in old books is thereby nothing hindered at all PENNOCRUCIUM M. P. XII The divers readings in Surita are not worth the heeding Talbot first of all assigned it to Pencridge in Staffordshire where is the notable Horse-â—…air Both names as well that which was in use in the Romans time as that which is at this day seem to be derived from the River there named Penck by a stone bridge over which the Military way which being there parted asunder is in a manner thereby joined again The distance of Miles in Antoninus from Uxacona also doth very handsomely suit ETOCETUM M. P. XII The divers readings of the Name are to be taken notice of for besides that set down you have in some old Copies Etoretum in others Erocetum But we follow the most common The learned Antiquary Camden confesseth he was out in his conjecture in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of his great Work entituled BRITANNIA conceiving it to have been Uâ—…exeter or Uâ—…r which is also the mistake of William Fulk in his time Yet I dare say boldly they two conferred not notes The errour I am perswaded was the sooner entertained because of some light consonancy in the Names as if the late one had signified as much as Etoceti Urbs. But he upon farther Enquiry and second thoughts is confident he hath found it there being the karcass of an old City as he saics lying by the antient Roman High-way distant from Lichfield which is South of it scarce a whole mile At this day it is called the Wall in Staffordshire from the ruins of Walls