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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A35758	A description of Candia in its ancient and modern state with an account of the siege thereof, begun by the Ottoman Emperour, in the year 1666, continued in 1667 and 1668, and surrendred the latter end of 1669 / the most part collected from private letters, during the siege, sent by one in the service of the republique.	One in the service of the republique.	1670 (1670)	Wing D1147; ESTC R10762	44,893	118

A DESCRIPTION OF Candia In its Ancient Modern State With an Account of the Siege thereof Begun by the Ottoman Emperour in the year 1666 continued in 1667 and 1668 and surrendred the latter end of 1669. The most part Collected from private Letters during the Siege sent by one in the service of the Republique Licensed Jan. 4. 1669 70. LONDON Printed by J. C. for William Crook at the Green-Dragon without Temple-bar 1670. To the Reader Courteous Reader I should not have attempted to trouble you with this Preface were it not to comply with the Mode of the Times and partly to fill up a vacant page This Treatise wherewith I present you is a Collection methodiz'd and reduc'd to Form and Order for the Readers advantage containing an exact description of Crete known now by the general name of Candia with a Relation of the various names of the Place according to the diversity of Masters it hath been subject unto and the Scituation thereof the fertility and commodity of the Soil the Nature of the Inhabitants and their Ancient and Modern both Civil and Ecclesiastical Government together with an account of the Original though pretended Cause of the Siege and the Transactions and Military Exploits in the year 1666 when this last Siege first began which was continued in 1667 and 1668 and surrendred to the Turk in 1669. All that I shall add is onely this that here you will finde both variety to divert and verity to satisfie you so that I presume there will be no cause for any person to repent of his pains in the perusal of this Compendious Relation which hath been so long and so earnestly desired by all parties to be seen in publick A DESCRIPTION OF Candia IT were altogether inconsistent with the truth of our intended Description of Candia and would swell it to a larger Volume then is design'd to acquaint you with the various Poetical Fictions and Fabulous Stories of Doting Antiquity concerning the same as that it was the Kingdom of Saturn in the Infancy of the World the Birth-place and Nursery of his Son Jupiter the Seat and Residence of Minas and Rhadamanthus whose Laws were afterwards imitated in the Prime Cities of Greece and the abode of the lustful Pasiphae as also that here was the so much celebrated Labyrinth made by Daedalus for the inclosing and securing the Minotaure nor must it be forgotten saith that Learned Knight Sir W. Rawleigh's History of the World that Strabo the Geographer who flourished in the time of Tiberius Caesar was of Cretan Parents though born in the City of Amasia in the Realm of Pontus which adds unto this Island as much true renown as any of the Fictions or Stories be they what they will of former times Therefore we shall onely glance upon them where the nature of the Subject requires it and endeavour to give you an exact compendious account of the Names and Scituation of the Place the fertility and Commodities of the Soil the nature of the Inhabitants and their Ancient as well as Modern Civil and Ecclesiastical Government and so proceed to the original cause of the Siege and the transactions in 1666 1667 1668 and part of 1669 till its surrender Candia hath in several Ages and in several Authors obtain'd several names as Sir Walter Rawleigh hath observ'd By Homer and Eustathius it is call'd Hecatompolis from the number of one hundred Cities it then contain'd but in proces of time and by the devastation of War they are all so destroy'd that the ruines of them are hardly visible By Pliny and Solinus Macaros and Macaroneses the happy or fortunate Island from the goodness of the Soil and temper of the Air. By Stephanus Idaea from Ida a famous Mountain there By Giraldus Telchinia from the Telchini Priests of Cybele the Wife of Saturn and Mother of the Gods who was the principal Goddess of this Island The general Name which hath prevailed most in all Writers is that of Crete called Creta quasi Cureta by the Figure Syncope from the Curetes the Inhabitants hereof and Priests of Cybele so called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from their tonsure or shaving of the head and this seems the best Etymology though some derive it from Cretes the Son of Jupiter and others from Crete the Daughter of Hesperus At present it is known by the name of Candia either à Candore from the whiteness of the Rocks which encompass it or from Candia the Metropolis thereof Candia is an Island and according to Cluverius in his Geography the largest of all the Isles that are adjacent to Greece being as Munster and our late Cosmographers write in length 270 in breadth 50 and incompass 590 Miles and scituated in the Mediterranean at so equal a distance from Europe Asia and Africa according to Sir Walter Rawleigh as if it were naturally design'd to be what Aristotle calls it The Lady and Mistress of the Sea for it is distant from Peloponnesus now called Morea one hundred Miles as many from Asia minor and not above one hundred and fifty from the shore of Africa verifying that of Virgil Creta Jovis magni medio jacet insula Ponto Jove's Birth-place Crete a fruitful Land I' th' middle of the Sea doth stand As to the Heavenly Bodies it is scituated under the beginning of the fourth Climate so that the longest day in a manner is but fourteen hours and a quarter It hath on the East the Carpathian on the West the Ionian on the North the Aegean and on the South the African or Lybian Sea In form it extends East and West with three Promontories that towards the East called anciently Samonium is now Capo di Salomone that on the South-West looking towards Africa formerly Hermaea is now name'd Capo Gabrasse and that on the North-West towards Peloponnesus of old called Cunarus is now Capo Chestin this last being opposite to Malta a Promontory of Laconia The Soil is very fruitful especially of those Wines which we call Muscadels of which according to Sir Walter Rawleigh they transport yearly twelve thousand Butts this Wine Munster calls Vinum Malviticum so nam'd from the Mountain Malva he saith it abounds herewith and hath store of Cypress-Trees There is also plenty of Gums Honey Sugar Olives Dates Apples Oranges Lemons Raisins Melons Citrons and Pomgranates There are many other things at present worthy observation First that this Island breeds no Serpent Venemous Ravenous or hurtful Creature so that their Flocks graze securely without a Shepherd Secondly if a Woman bites a man shrewdly it is not cured without difficulty which if true saith the Noble Knight then the last part of the forementioned priviledge that it breeds no hurtful Creature must be false Thirdly they have an Herb call'd Alinios which if chewed in the mouth will keep a man from hunger that day Fourthly here is besides many other Physical herbs that called Dictamnum or Dictamnus an excellent Antidote against Poyson which is onely

men who immediately sate down before Canea without the least declaration of War The Venetian being thus so unexpectedly surpriz'd made all possible provision to put themselves in a defensive posture but before they could rouze their ancient and accustom'd courage they lost the whole Kingdom except Candia and Carabusa Spina longa and Suda three adjoyning Insulets The Grand Signior being elated and puft up with this success gain'd by that happy crime in his opinion prosperous treachery own'd the War openly and publickly declar'd the Senates sheltring of the Malteses to be the cause though 't was privately decreed that if they met with any considerable force or resistance in the first assault that the Captain Bassa should lose his head to pacifie the Senate for attempting it without Order and so to perswade them it was onely a Capricio of his own brain and a plot of his own contrivance Anno 1648 they soon were Masters of the Field and began the Siege of Candia with so furious an onset that they made a breach and entred it and for the space of seven hours vvere vvithin the Town but the Defendants by their valour beat them out with infinite loss and damage Anno 1649 they made a second attempt which proving fruitless and ineffectual they then left it never expecting to win it by storm On a rising ground about three Miles from the old they have built another Town called New Candia which is the Residence of the Turkish Bassa where they have strongly fortified themselves blocking up the City so that now there is no commerce at all but by Sea which furnisheth the Candiots with plenty of provisions and all other necessaries whatsoever AN ACCOUNT Of the Siege of CANDIA HAving given you a Description of Candia we will proceed to the last Siege and Surrender thereof which we have no account of till about September 1666 and then all hopes of peace being laid aside the Turks made some attempts upon Almissa a strong place in Dalmatia but with little or no success and much about the same time fell upon Marcasca a Town upon the Sea-coasts which they intended to attaque but General Cornaro rallied up those Forces he had and could get together so suddenly and marched towards the Enemy manning out several Barques and Gallies that might play on them with their Cannon and do execution yet before he appear'd the Turks had made an assault but were so warmly receiv'd that they were beat off with the loss of nigh 150 of their men which were left dead upon the place besides a considerable number of wounded persons which they brought off with them and a few days after made another assault upon the Town but General Cornaro drew out of the Garrison all the men privately in the night undermining the Fort with an intent to blow up the Turks they came up furiously to the Walls but finding no Enemy grew jealous of the Stratagem and retreated and in a short time saw the Mine fired which made them march farther into the Country but the Venetian Forces returned to Spalatto and there continued to observe the Enemies motion Little was done by them till towards the latter end of this instant September at which time some Turks were discovered before Candia Nuova but they onely fired a few Guns and returned back to their Quarters the Garrison being well fortified and furnished with men and provisions At the same time they made an attempt upon Gradan a strong Fort near Marcasca but they were so vigorously entertained by the Besieged that they were forced to quit their Posts with the loss of four hundred men In October the Turks of Canea took the Field vvith their peeces of Cannon intending to leavy Contributions in the Country and to prevent all information set strong Guards upon the adjoyning Sea-coasts Tovvards the latter end of this Month Signior Barbaro Proveditor-General arrived in Candia his Predecessor Signior Priuli being upon his departure to Dalmatia in the quality of General The Morlacks vvho are Croats or Dalmatians so called from the Hills where they formerly lived being a sort of people that forsook the Turkish bondage and put themselves under the Senates Government about this time made several incursions into the Turkish Quarters vvith great success taking a considerable number of Slaves and bringing several droves of Cattle along vvith them In November the Grand Signior declar'd his resolution to make War with the Republique by making preparations both by Sea and Land to attempt Candia the next Spring to vvhich purpose he lays great Subsidies upon his people throughout all his Dominions and by his light Gallies hath landed some Forces in Canea This month also the Grand Visier arrived in Canea and was received with great joy which the Turks manifested by many days feasting who resolved to take the Field as soon as the Season would permit and to lay close Siege to Candia The Grand Signior himself giving all possible incouragement to the Levies and promising extraordinary pay to those that will list themselves among the Janisaries with an exemption from all Taxes and Subsidies The Turks preparations being now very considerable for some weighty designe the Senate doth strengthen the City again it all attempts and though it be so well fortified by Nature yet they defended it with above 1700 pieces of Cannon being very well furnisht with expert Veteran Officers and Souldiers In December the Grand Visiers intentions to besiege Candia are daily more and more discovered which occasion'd General Cornaro and Marquiss Villa to go to Candia with a considerable number of choice men to its assistance Towards the latter end of this Month the Grand Visier lay about Retimo having a Body of 40000 Turks drawn together in the Field and the Marquiss Villa disposed all things in good order and raised several outworks which did very much contribute to the strengthing of the City About this time there was talk of a Treaty to make the Christians careless in their defence In January the Turks drew near Candia and the Garrison made several brisk Sallies with some loss to the Turks in one of which Vertmiller was slightly hurt The Grand Visier upon a general Muster of his Forces in the Isle of Candia found his Army consisted of 23000 men and issued out Orders to all parts adjoyning in the Turks Dominions to hasten recruits of Men and Ammunition in order to the speedy besieging of Candia and to cast several vast Guns of extraordinary business to be employed in that service The Chief Visier continued still at Retimo making all necessary provisions for his intended design and sent several of his Officers to take a view of the City and her Fortifications which the Marquiss did take daily care to strengthen and for the removal of all combustible matter out of the Houses to avoid the execution of their Morter-pieces Toward the latter end of this Month the Venetian Convoy arrived at Candia under the command of

the Grand Visier being very apprehensive of the Christian succours from several parts was resolv'd to make a general assault on the Forts of Sabionera St. Andre and Santo Spirito ordering his Army which notwithstanding his recruits consisted but of 24000 into three Bodies to be imployed against those three places and for the better expedition of his designe did from several Batteries play for several days upon the Town and principally upon the Jews quarter upon which they had done some execution but he altered his minde as to the general assault for the present and call'd a Council of War being resolv'd if possible to oblige the Town to a surrender before the arrival of the Christian supplies and in order hereunto On the tenth of May two hours before break of day the Turks according to their usual custom fell upon the Bulwarks of Sabionera with great noise and fury but after a bloudy dispute of three hours continuance the Christians springing several Mines forced them to a rude and disorderly retreat leaving several scaling Ladders behind them and they lost in ' this service three Bassa's with several other eminent Officers besides a great number of men And about this time the Venetian Captain-General of the Armata having receiv'd intelligence that there were eighteen men of War belonging to Barbary enter'd into the Grand Signiors Service for that Summer and were set out from several parts of Alexandria Smyrna and Soria laden with Men Ammunition and Provisions bound for Canea divided twenty four Men of War under his Command into three Squadrons with orders to ingage the Enemy if discovered The Admiral himself sailing to the Eastward of Candia with ten Ships where he discovered them making all the Sail imaginable for Canea whom he immediately fell upon without any consideration of their number and a smart dispute was entertain'd for some time but the noise of the Guns brought in another Squadron of eight Venetian Ships to his assistance so that in a short time the Enemy was worsted six Vessels sunk and four taken the rest making away from him very much torn and in great disorder besides the number kill'd in that engagement they took 800 Turks Prisoners The Besiegers notwithstanding all these ill successes continued on Shore pressing the City on all parts plying it with their Batteries and Granadoes especially on the side of the Fort St. Andre where his Excellency Signior Cavalier Cattarin Cornaro Proveditor extraordinary of the Armata was kill'd unhappily by a Granado which wounded him in the flanck who receiv'd the Sacrament and dyed an hour after On Monday June the seventeenth S. N. the Senate made Election of his Excellency Signior Alvise Mocenigo to succeed in the place of the deceased Cavalier Cornaro and conferred the Dignity of Knighthood upon his Brother Signior Girolamo Cornaro in testimony of the high esteem they had to the party slain ordering a solemn Funeral to be celebrated for him upon the publick account and a stately Tomb to be erected to his memory On Saturday June the twenty second there arriv'd at Venice a Ship from Candia with the Body of the late deceased Proveditor extraordinary Cavalier Cattarin Cornaro The Venetians had now received several Recruits under the Command of Signior Priuli as well as the Turks who with somuch assiduity continued their Batteries Storms and Mines that they made themselves Masters of the most part of the Fort planted there a Battery of ten pieces of Cannon intending to play upon the Retrenchment of the Christians with the which they dismounted several of the Defendants Cannon and did great execution in the Town In these late actions Signior Giacomo Contarini receiv'd a very dangerous wound in the Arm Colonel Pini an experienc'd Officer was kill'd and Monsieur de St. Andre had a slight hurt in the Arm by the breaking of a Granado The French Succours put to Sea in June and arriv'd at Candia in his most Christian Majesties Fleet commanded by the Duke de Beaufort the Land-Forces being under the Command of the Duke de Navailles And the Duke de Beaufort went in person to visit the City of Candia who was receiv'd with the discharge of all their Artillery and with great acclamations who taking a view of the Enemies posture receiv'd a slight wound by a Hand-Granado About this time one Andrea Borazzi fleeing to the Enemy profer'd his service to the Visier promising to inform him which were the weakest parts of the Town who was sent accordingly with some Turkish Officers but he leading them to an Eminencie near the Walls that they might the better survey the Town the besieged fired a Mine under him which blew up the Officers he onely escaping but the Grand Visier commanded him at his return to be put in Irons suspecting his designe to be a meer piece of Treachery Still the Turks employed their whole strength against the Bulwark St. Andre and made a considerable Breach in the Retrenchment but the Christians oppos'd them undauntedly and repair'd by night what they beat down by day and sprung a Mine of 150 Barrels of Powder under the Enemies Battery upon the ruines of the Bastion which blew up a great number of the Turks and four of their Guns but the Besieged lost a person of great Resolution and Conduct the Noble Pietro Querini by a Bomb which breaking gave another Officer a mortal wound the Captain-General who flood between them observing the Enemies remaining untoucht The Sultan upon advice of the arrival of the French supplies proposed terms of peace as he had formerly done oftentimes onely to amuse them he being absolutely averse to any such thing in reality and to gain upon them the better by such fair propositions The Turks now had by their frequent assaults and mines made themselves Masters of the ruin'd Bastion of St. Andre except a part of an Orillon which was still in dispute But the General with a party of flout men made a sally upon the Turks who not being able to stand in opposition with them quitted their Posts This vacant time the Besieged spent in casting up a small Defence there which kept the Enemy at a farther distance Now that the French Forces were arriv'd and the Duke de Navailles had consulted with the Captain-General the Turks were advanced and had taken up their Posts upon the Bastions of St. Andre and la Sabionera upon this Consultation with the French and Venetian Officers it was thought very proper to attaque them upon the Sabionera and the Duke de Navailles the General of the Forces desir'd to have those Souldiers out of the Garrison that could be well spar'd which they condescended unto and farther order was given for five or six hundred Pioneers to be imployed in throwing down the Works made by the Enemy and a Sally to be made at the same time to divert them from sending relief to the other side The Duke de Beaufort unwilling to be an unactive spectator offer'd them