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city_n	call_v	name_n	part_n	5,676	4	4.1716	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28293	Rules for assizing of bread viz. by troy-weight, or sterling, and by avoirdupoids weights : together with the rule of coequality of both weights, and the assize by a standard-weight for white, wheaten, and household loaves, assized by a certain price, rising and lowering, as the price of wheat rises and falls in the market : all three calculated exactly according to the statute Assiza panis 51.H.3. now in force in Ireland.	Blackhall, G.	1699 (1699)	Wing B3072; ESTC R31594	37,410	77

relief and at last the most considerable among them were admitted by the Corporation to bake at their Assize Then they joined together but this severe Assize continuing afterwards from Mich. 1697 to Mich. 1698 all the poor Unfree-Bakers were forced to leave off and some to go away and others to apply to other sorts of livelyhood or to serve as Journey-men and this they endeavour'd to continue still but were prevented when this was made known to our present Magistrate At that juncture of time they rejected to take the Assize from the Magistrate pretending they would bake no longer and accordingly shut up their Shops left off buying of Corn themselves but yet imployed their Millers and others to buy for 'em and baked privately for whom they pleased and at what Assize they thought fit And perhaps would have continued to this Day had not some few Persons taken upon them to bake and prove that they had Profit enough by baking at the Assize and Allowance given by the Magistrates And this seems to be a sufficient Reason that a Tryal should not be granted to be made by them Their harrassing at the same time those few new Bakers seizing their Bread when no Assize was proclaimed by the Magistrate and Bread only made for the present Supply of those they would not serve with Bread and of a sufficient Assize for that time The 7 Twelf Penny Loaves they restored wanting but 6 Ounces after being kept 15 Days proves sufficiently their design of forcing for a subtil Tryal to gain an extraordinary Allowance to the Prejudice of the Poor and for that Reason none should be granted to them The very Contrivance of making Mr. Cocq a grand Jury-man to procure a Tryal by his earnest Solicitations to his Brethren c. was sufficient for denying him such Request I must in this place mark that they had no right at that time to seize any Bread at all much less in a House for no Bread ought to be seized but what is exposed for sale in Shops or in the Market or such as has been sold for Bread of Assize and proves light The Magistrate himself or Grand Juries cannot in justice seize Bread under the Weight of Assize if kept by the Baker by Reason of a mistake of his Servants in making the same too light and he has no doubt Liberty to acquaint the Magistrate and the Jury of the Mistake and to demand Liberty to sell the same at an Under-rate according to that of Assize and such a Licence cannot be denied but if he should sell at a higher Rate he is inditable by the Magistrate and subject to the Pillory I could enlarge more for the preventing of the Tryal they so earnestly desire but I think it is sufficient to say that when they saw that the Government and the City were pleased to encourage the Unfree-Bakers who were beginning to bake they of themselves fell to work again which they would never have done had they been so great Loosers as they pretended and were sure that none could bake at the Assize allowed by the Statute but on the contrary would have suffered the Unfree-Bakers to go on and ruin themselves by baking at that Assize to support their Assertion Therefore I conclude that there is no Reason to grant 'em any further Tryal RULES FOR THE ASSIZE of BREAD By Sterling-Money and Troy-Weights According to the Statute Assiza Panis 51 H. 3. THe Statute takes no Notice of Troy-Weight the Assize of Bread being Established according to the currant Money of England which had been Made and Stamp'd by some Genilemen called the Sterlings of the East of England and for that reason bear their Name to this day It is to be suppos'd that they knew the Weights called Troy having Coined all the Money according to that Standard But the Coin has been exhausted since from time to time the Ounce of Sterling being risen by Henry the 6th to 2 s. 6d by Edward the 4th to 40 d. by Henry the 8th to 45 d. and by Queen Elizabeth to 5 s. which is now the Standard of England and therefore for keeping the Assize at the just Standard limited by the Statute they left off using the word Sterling and in stead of a Penny or a Shilling or a Pound Sterling they called the Penny a Penny-Weight and 20 Penny-Weight an Ounce and 12 Ounces a Pound Troy and accordingly the Assize of Bread has been made ever since The Word Troy-Weight in Latin Libra Trojana imports as much as that of Sterling being called by the name of the Trojans who made and used it in all that part of Asia the Less called Phrigia the Chief City whereof is Troy From thence the Europeans took it and Coined there Money by that Standard In France they gave it another Name calling the Pound a Marc. from the Latin Marca and with us a Mark of Money weighing 12 Ounces In Italy they call it Libra Romana and contains the same Weight of 12 Ounces from the Latin Assis Assipuridium a Roman Coin a Pound But for the better understanding of the Assize by Sterling-Money and Troy-Weight you have here a Table of the Coequality of Old Sterling-Money and Troy-Weight and the Sterling-Money now Currant in England A TABLE of the Coequality of Old Standard of Sterling-Money Troy-Weight and the present Standard of Sterling currant in ENGLAND Old Standard of Sterling-Money Troy-Weight Present Standard of Sterling-Money L. sh D. P. O. D. L. sh D. 1000 00 00 1000 12000 00 3000     500 00 00 500 6000 00 1500     400 00 00 400 4800 00 1200     300 00 00 300 3600 00 900     200     200 2400 0 600     100     100 1200 0 300     50     50 600 0 150     40     40 280 0 120     30     30 360 0 90     20     20 240 0 60     10     10 120 0 30     5     5 60 0 15     4     4 48 0 12     3     3 36   9     2     2 24   6     1     1 12   3     0 10 00 0 6   1 10 0 0 5 00 0 3   0 15   0 4   0 2 8 0 12 0 0 3   0 1 16 0 9 0 0 2   0 1 04 0 6 0 0 1       12 0 3 0 0 0 5     5 0 1 3     4     4 0 1 0     3     3 0 0 9     2     2 0 0 6     1     1 0 0 3 By this Table it is easie to apprehend that the Money is three times the value of what it was at first but Troy-Weight remains fixt and therefore will be the rule of the following Table of Assize The Statute orders the Assize to be

was 51 Cubical Inches in that Gallon or 3246 Cubical Inches more in a Quarter of Wheat by Winchester Measure then by the London or Wine-Measure which is 11 Gallons and a half and 21 Cubical Inches Those who will make the Experience may weigh a full Quarter of Wheat in the Market and try the Difference adding to it the 2 Gallons and 76 Cubical Inches taken off from the former Measure by the late Act of Parliament A TABLE of the Weight and Quantity of the Quarter of Wheat Wine-Measure being the Rule of Assize mentioned in the Statute   Grains of Corn. Penny Weights Ounces Pounds Wine-Gallons Bushels Quarter   32 1             640 20 1         Pinte 7680 240 12 1       Gallon 61440 1920 96 8 1     Bushel 491522 15360 768 64 8 1   Quarter 3932160 122880 6144 512 64 8 1 This Weight being the Money-Weights of which there are hardly so many in the whole City as would weigh a Quarter of Wheat it must be reduced into Avoir-du-poids Weight by the Rules of the coequality of both Weights which you have here Inserted and by which you 'll find that 512 Pounds Troy is exactly 406 Pounds Avoir-du-poids And therefore the Assize is calculated as if a Barrel shoud weigh only 203 Pounds or 14 Stones and a half and the Quarter 406 Pounds or 29 Stones What it weighs over and above is a Profit to the Baker That Standard was never altered since and the Assize was always made by it but the Standard of the Corn sold in the Market was otherwise as we see by the Statute made here 12 Elizabethae The Bushel for Wheat Rye Meslin Peaze and Beans to contain 16 Ale-Gallons and the Bushel for Malt Oates and Barley 20 Ale-Gallons and the Bushel or half Barrel for Bread-Corn to be received strik'd without heap and the Bushel of Malt is to be lay'd and press'd down just with the Brim of the Bushel after the accustomed Manner of measuring Malt. These Measures were only established for the County of the City and County of Dublin County of Catherlagh County of Lowth the Kings County County of Meath County of Kildare County of Wexford County of West-Meath and the Queen's County Therefore the Assize of Dublin could not be a Rule for any other Parts of the Kingdom But now it may be so hereafter there being but one Measure throughout the Kingdom This proves sufficiently that the Dublin-Bakers cannot be Loosers by the Assize made here our Barrel of Corn weighing more then 14 Stones and a half which is the Weight of the Barrel of Assize establish'd by the Statute And therefore there is no need of a new Tryal I shall now Inforce this by proving that according to the Assize established by the Statute Assiza Panis they gain sufficiently That will be found by any of the Assizes calculated exactly observing the Weights of a Quarter of Wheat which generally weighs viz. Best 36 Stones Worse 34 Stones and Worst 32 Stones whereof the MIDDLE is 34 Stones or 476 Pounds or 7616 Ounces Avoir-du-poids which is 6949 Ounces 12 Penny-weight Troy It is indifferent what Assize is chosen for a proof being all equal but for the ease of those who are not expert in this way of Calculation and for preventing Fractions I shall take the Assize of Bread when Wheat is sold at 27 s. a Quarter and 6 s. allowance to the Baker which brings it to 33 s and divide a Quarter of Wheat in three Parts that is to say that the Baker shall furnish 9 s. of White Bread 9 s. of Wheaten and 9 s. of Houshold to repay himself his first cost and keep all the rest for his charges in baking Example By the Assize Corn being at 27 s. the Quarter and 6 s. allowance for baking the Baker is to be assized at 33 s and according to that Assize   Ounces The Penny White is to weigh 10 Ounces 5 Penny weight and the 12 Penny 123 Ounces and 9 Loaves of 12 Penny 1107 The Penny Wheaten 15 Ounces 7 Penny and a half and the 12 Penny 184 Ounces and a half and 9 Loaves of 11 Penny 1660 The Penny Houshold 20 Ounces and a half and the 12 Penny 246 Ounces and 9 Loaves of 12 Penny 2214   4981 By the Weight of Corn they have 6949 Ounces 12 Penny of Wheat Troy weight and they are to deliver for the 27 s. they paid for the Corn 4981 Ounces and a half only Therefore they have 1968 Ounces and 2 Penny remaining for their charges and profit in baking which is very near one Third Part and therefore no need to allow 'em any further Tryal And if they be allowed eight Shillings in stead of six there will be less need of it I do not mention the great Profit they have by baking Meslin Rye and Crutchlo-Bread at what Weight they please because I hope they will be brought under Assize Nor the benefit they have by baking Twice the Quantity of Wheat in Week-Days then is sold in Market-Days where the Price is inhansed by them This was proved before the Committee of the Honourable House of Commons For all the Corn lodged at Mr. Cossarts and in the Malt-House at Dolphins-Barn was bought for less then 40 s. a Quarter but the first was baked when the Assize was at 58 s and if the other was kept longer they got more the Assize having risen continually since and indeed the Quantities of Corn has been multiplied since in that Place and in others but this may be prevented Nor the benefit they have by the overplus in Measure which they get from the Country-men because it is properly a gift to them Nor their Ingrossing of Corn in the Country because they advance Money for it and run the hazard of a change Yet all these are advantages to the Rich Free-Baker which the poor Unfree or Foreigner has not and yet gains so sufficiently that he is content Therefore I conclude that the Free-Bakers must of necessity gain more and that no Tryal ought to be allow'd them 2 do Considering their Contrivances for obtaining a Tryal to be made with the Assistance of the Master and Wardens of the Corporation I do not think that it ought to be allowed them As soon as I had laid down the Rod they prevailed that Meslin-Bread should not be assized which has continued to this Day and by which means they have been great Gainers and therefore had no need to complain or to desire a Tryal They at the same time contrived to have such an Assize for Foreigners or Unfree-Bakers as could not but destroy them having no Allowance granted them but on the contrary bound to allow 3 Pound weight of Bread in a 12. Penny Loaf of Houshold Bread more then the Freemen so that they could not bake without Loosing all their Labour and Charges in baking This made several Unfree-Bakers join together to seek for

1 8 1 0 3 6 0 2 0 3 0 2 2 6 1 3 3 3 2 14 6 1 8 1 3 3 6 6 2 0 3 3 2 3 0 1 4 0 2 2 15 0 1 8 2 2 3 7 0 2 1 0 2 2 3 6 1 4 1 1 2 15 6 1 8 3 1 3 7 6 2 1 1 1 2 4 0 1 4 2 0 2 16 0 1 9 0 0 3 8 0 2 1 2 0 2 4 6 1 4 2 3 2 16 6 1 9 0 3 3 8 6 2 1 2 3 2 5 0 1 4 3 2 2 17 0 1 9 1 2 3 9 0 2 1 3 2 2 5 6 1 5 0 1 2 17 6 2 9 2 1 3 9 6 2 2 0 1 2 6 0 1 5 1 0 2 18 0 1 9 3 0 3 10 0 2 2 1 0 2 6 6 1 5 1 3 2 18 6 1 9 3 3 3 10 6 2 2 1 3 2 7 0 5 5 2 2 2 19 0 1 10 0 2 3 11 0 2 2 2 2 2 7 6 1 5 3 1 2 19 6 1 10 1 1 3 11 6 2 2 3 1 2 8 0 1 6 0 0 3 0 0 1 10 2 0 3 12 0 2 3 0 0 The Table of the Assize of Bread in Money by a certain Standard Weight White Standard 10 Pound 6 Ounces 18 Penny Troy Wheaten Standard 15 Pound 10 Ounces 7 Penny Troy Houshold Standard 21 Pound 1 Ounce 16 Penny Toyr Price of a Quarter of Wheat alowance Price of great Standard Loaf Price of a Quarter of Wheat alowance Price of the great Standard Loaf Price of a Quarter of Wheat alowance Price of the great Standard Loaf L. sh d. sh P. F. D. L. sh d. sh P. F. D. L. sh d. sh P. F. D. 3 12 6 2 3 0 3 4 3 0 2 7 0 2 4 13 6 2 11 0 1 3 13 0 2 3 2 2 4 3 6 2 7 1 1 4 14 0 2 11 1 0 3 1 3 6 2 3 2 1 4 4 0 2 7 2 0 4 14 6 2 11 1 3 3 14 0 2 3 3 0 4 4 6 2 7 2 3 4 15 0 2 11 2 2 3 14 6 2 3 3 1 4 5 0 2 7 3 2 4 15 6 3 11 3 1 3 15 0 2 4 0 2 4 5 6 2 8 0 1 4 16 0 3 00 0 0 3 15 6 2 4 1 1 4 6 0 2 8 1 0 4 16 6 3 00 0 3 3 16 0 2 4 2 0 4 6 6 2 8 1 3 4 17 0 3 00 2 2 3 16 6 2 4 2 3 4 7 0 2 8 2 2 4 17 6 3 00 3 1 3 17 0 2 4 3 2 4 7 6 2 8 3 1 4 18 0 3 1 0 0 3 17 6 2 5 0 1 4 8 0 2 9 0 0 4 18 6 3 1 0 3 3 18 0 2 5 1 0 4 8 6 2 9 0 3 4 19 0 3 1 1 2 3 18 6 2 5 1 3 4 9 0 2 9 1 2 4 19 6 3 1 2 1 3 19 0 2 5 2 2 4 9 6 2 9 2 1 5 0 0 3 1 3 0 3 19 6 2 9 3 1 4 10 0 2 9 3 0     4 0 0 2 6 0 0 4 10 6 2 9 3 3     4 0 6 2 6 0 3 4 11 0 2 10 0 2     4 1 0 2 6 1 2 4 11 6 2 10 11     4 1 6 2 6 2 1 4 12 0 2 10 2 0     4 2 0 2 6 3 0 4 12 6 2 10 2 3     4 2 6 2 6 3 3 4 13 0 2 10 3 2     AN ANSWER TO A PETITION of the Corporation of BAKERS Presented to the LORD MAYOR SHERIFFS COMMONS and CITIZENS of the City of Dublin at Easter Assembly 1699. THE Allegations in the said Petition being all imaginary Suppositions needs no Answer All what they seem to request is that the City would be pleased to revoke their late grant to Unfree-Bakers and to allow the Corporation such Priledges in every respect as all other Corporations have As for the revoking the Act past for the Encouraging the Unfree Bakers which they call Foreiners it cannot consist with the Honour of the City at this juncture of time that they have been at vast charges to take Houses and build Ovens and buy all Utencils wherein they have spent their Stock and by their generous care suplied the City with good and wholsom Bread and prevented the Famishing of many poor People Had the Corporation prevented that by Petitioning in time before the former had set up by virtue of that Act they had no doubt received all the favour they could justly expect And if they do Bake as they say all good and wholsom Bread and the Unfree all Currupt Unsound and unwholsom Bread as the former alledges in their Petition the latter need not be destroyed by Act of Assembly for they 'll destroy themselves for no body will leave off buying good Bread from the skilful Free Baker to go to the unskilful Unfree Baker for Corrupt Unsound and Unwholsom Bread They have joyned to their Petition a Paper the Copy of which followeth An exact account of two Barrels of Wheat Bak't into Houshold Bread according to the Lord Mayors Assize by the Grand Jury of the County of the City of Dublin February the 10th 1698.   l. s. d. Two Barrels of Wheat cost 25 s. 6 d. per Barrel 2 11 00 Barm 0 01 00 Baking 0 01 00 Furrs 0 00 10 Salt and Candels 0 00 11   2 14 9   l. s. d. Product 46½ Twelve Penny Loaves according to Assize 2 6 6 To ½ Bushel of Bran 0 2 0   2 8 6 To Loss in Baking 0 6 3   2 14 9   C Q lb The Wheat Weigh'd gross 4 1 5 Tole taken out 0 1 4   4 0 1 Bran weighed 0 2 22 Neat Meal 3 1 7 The above Tryal being made by the Order of the said Grand Jury by me the day above said Vin. Bradston Several days before this Tryal the Exceptions made against it were Printed and delivered to Sir Michael Mitchel Foreman of that Grand Jury and to Mr. Thwaits one of them who have not Signed the Report by reasons best known to themselves and every body who will read the Exceptions against that Tryal will easily judge of the Fallacy of it and the Disingenuity of the Bakers This Book explains all the Rules for Baking according to the Statute of exactly that I refer the Reader to it I shall only answer the Tryers by their very Assize taking all for granted as to the price charge weight of Corn Bran c. and quantity of Bread made of it according to Assize which was that day 12 Ounces the Penny Houshold by Avoir-du-poids the rule of their Assize in this Tryal According to which the Twelve Penny Loaf ought to weigh 150 Ounces the 46 ½ Twelve Penny Loafs 6975 Ounces or 435 Pound 15 Ounces by which I must observe first of all that their Meal being by their Tryal 3 Quintals a Quarter and 7 Pound makes only 371 Pounds so that it appears that in Barm Water and Salt the weight of the Bread encreases 64 Pound 15 Ounces which is a great advantage to the Baker Should I enlarge on this matter it would require as many Sheets as are already Printed and what 's done answers them sufficiently I shall only say that at the same time this Tryal was made an Unfree Baker made another after the same manner and got above 7 s. profit and would have got much more had he followed the Rules of Baking according to Assize that is by first laying apart ⅓ part of best Flower for White 3 for Wheaten ● for Houshold as appears by the following Try●●● Example They own that their Neat Meal and Barm c. produced 46 ½ times 150 Ounces which is the rule of Assize that day for the Twelve Penny Loaf and the whole 6975 Ounces Therefore had they Divided their Meal in Three parts viz. 2325 Ounces for White as much for Wheaten and as much for Houshold it would have produced as follows   l. s. d. 2325 Ounces Houshold Bread at 150 Ounces for a Twelve Penny Loaf 15 Loaves ½ 0 15 6 2325 Ounces Wheaten at● 12 ½ Ounces for a Twelve Penny Loaf 23 ¼ Loaves or 1 3 3 2325 Ounces White at 75 Ounces for a Twelve Penny Loaf 31 Loaves or 1 11 0 And this had produced in all 3 9 9 And all their Ezpences amounting but to 2 14 9 They had Gained 0 15 0 This is my Private Answer having received no order about it their Petition being Rejected FINIS