and_o those_o of_o curland_n on_o the_o other_o after_o this_o the_o envoy_n be_v permit_v to_o sit_v down_o to_o cover_v his_o head_n and_o have_v great_a civility_n pay_v he_o power_n this_o duke_n have_v all_o the_o regalia_z that_o the_o german_a sovereign_a prince_n have_v he_o coin_n money_n in_o his_o own_o name_n and_o have_v high_a and_o low_a justice_n over_o the_o nobleman_n of_o his_o country_n only_o in_o some_o extraordinary_a case_n appeal_n may_v be_v make_v to_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n court_n he_o have_v great_a demesn_n of_o which_o his_o revenue_n chief_o consist_v and_o keep_v a_o very_a pretty_a court_n have_v all_o his_o great_a officer_n as_o other_o prince_n have_v the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v officer_n the_o landhoff-meist_a or_o chief_a minister_n the_o high_a chancellor_n the_o supreme_a marshal_n and_o the_o supreme_a burgrave_n these_o be_v the_o four_o great_a state_n officer_n the_o more_o inferior_a be_v the_o councillor_n of_o state_n which_o be_v the_o supreme_a starostas_n whereof_o two_o be_v for_o curland_n viz._n the_o supreme_a starostas_n of_o goldingen_n and_o tuczkon_n and_o two_o for_o semigallia_n viz._n the_o supreme_a starostas_n of_o mittaw_n and_o selburg_n stagostas_n these_o staâ—ostas_n ought_v all_o to_o be_v noble_a native_n and_o landed-man_n next_o follow_v the_o governor_n of_o place_n military-officer_n etc._n etc._n gentry_n the_o gentry_n of_o this_o country_n be_v very_o ancient_a and_o very_a free_a be_v exceed_o jealous_a of_o suffer_v any_o upstart_n nobleman_n to_o come_v among_o they_o esteem_v nothing_o so_o much_o as_o ancient_a family_n and_o creation_n order_n before_o i_o proceed_v to_o give_v a_o far_a account_n of_o this_o country_n i_o must_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o more_o concern_v the_o livonian_a order_n and_o which_o i_o can_v not_o have_v do_v before_o unless_o i_o have_v break_v the_o chain_n of_o the_o connection_n choose_v the_o provincial_a master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o great_a chapter_n of_o prussia_n whereupon_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1439._o the_o livonian_a knight_n have_v elect_v one_o henry_n a_o bukenode_n for_o their_o master_n they_o be_v force_v to_o give_v a_o reason_n for_o their_o have_v so_o do_v and_o notwithstanding_o be_v afterward_o oblige_v to_o submit_v to_o a_o new_a election_n in_o prussia_n comendador_n next_o the_o provincial_a master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n be_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o order_n after_o who_o come_v the_o several_a commendador_n and_o the_o advocate_n the_o commendador_n be_v in_o number_n eleven_o whereof_o the_o two_o first_o be_v in_o curland_n and_o the_o three_o in_o semigallia_n order_n the_o advocate_n be_v nine_o two_o have_v be_v of_o curland_n and_o one_o of_o semigallia_n these_o knight_n have_v the_o title_n of_o the_o order_n of_o sword-bearer_n and_o their_o habit_n arm_n be_v a_o white_a mantle_n with_o a_o sword_n on_o the_o breast_n in_o pale_a and_o a_o star_n gules_a in_o chief_a but_o after_o their_o join_n with_o the_o teutonick_n order_n they_o have_v likewise_o their_o habit_n and_o cross_n curland_n for_o a_o geographical_a description_n of_o this_o country_n i_o must_v acquaint_v you_o sir_n that_o the_o two_o dutchy_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n have_v these_o several_a principal_a city_n and_o town_n for_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o any_o sub-division_n into_o jalatinate_n or_o district_n as_o i_o have_v perform_v in_o poland_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n be_v the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o goldingen_n cap._n vinda_n bish_n pilten_n liba_n erdwalen_n angermund_n grubin_n tuczkon_v frawenburg_n vschwend_n talsen_n candaw_n durben_n hasenpot_n and_o oendange_v goldingen_n of_o all_o which_o the_o chief_a city_n be_v goldingen_n in_o latin_a goldinga_n a_o city_n that_o stand_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n weet_v about_o seven_o german_a mile_n from_o vinda_n or_o windaw_n to_o the_o west_n and_o near_o fifteen_o from_o mittaw_n in_o semigallia_n to_o the_o east_n this_o city_n have_v a_o large_a jurisdiction_n vinda_n vinda_n or_o windaw_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n kiescz_n be_v a_o city_n and_o palatinate_n it_o have_v a_o castle_n knight_n build_v on_o the_o seashore_n and_o which_o be_v former_o residence_n to_o the_o livonian_a knight_n as_o likewise_o the_o place_n where_o they_o convene_v their_o parliament_n or_o general_n assembly_n now_o it_o have_v usual_o a_o garrison_n of_o pole_n but_o which_o be_v nevertheless_o under_o command_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n this_o city_n be_v one_o of_o the_o seaport_n of_o curland_n the_o other_o be_v liba_n pilten_n pilten_a be_v a_o town_n and_o palatinate_n of_o this_o duchy_n who_o gentry_n be_v protestant_n and_o offer_v themselves_o to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n protection_n he_o endeavour_v to_o re-establish_a a_o popish_a bishop_n there_o this_o have_v former_o be_v a_o catholic_n bishopric_n who_o land_n they_o then_o possess_v whereupon_o they_o alter_v their_o resolution_n and_o forthwith_o submit_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n curland_n these_o be_v the_o rich_a gentry_n in_o this_o prince_n dominion_n whereof_o the_o principal_a family_n be_v those_o of_o maydel_n beher_n sacken_n mandevil_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o semigallia_n be_v the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o mittaw_n metropolis_n of_o these_o dominion_n bauske_n doblin_n selburg_n radziwiliski_n nithaw_n birze_n pozwole_v lunka_n dalen_n schudding_n pilkall_n beher_n nersten_a and_o salatt_n of_o all_o which_o the_o capital_a of_o this_o duchy_n and_o metropolis_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n dominion_n be_v mittaw_n mittaw_fw-mi in_o latin_a mittavia_n or_o mittovia_n the_o usual_a place_n of_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n this_o city_n be_v build_v on_o the_o river_n musza_n and_o be_v a_o pretty_a large_a place_n contain_v about_o twelve_o thousand_o inhabitant_n it_o have_v a_o weak_a wall_n though_o nevertheless_o a_o well_o castle_n fortify_v and_o stately_a castle_n with_o two_o bastion_n which_o be_v surround_v by_o marsh_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a and_o numerous_a garrison_n house_n the_o street_n of_o this_o city_n be_v not_o pave_v for_o want_v of_o stone_n and_o the_o citizen_n house_n be_v either_o of_o brick_n or_o timber_n as_o in_o poland_n place_n this_o place_n lie_v about_o seven_o polish_v miles_n from_o riga_n in_o regal_a livonia_n and_o only_o four_o from_o the_o prontier_n of_o samogitia_n conquer_a it_o have_v be_v twice_o take_v of_o late_a by_o the_o swede_n but_o have_v be_v since_o regain_v and_o be_v at_o present_a whole_o subject_a to_o its_o duke_n bauske_n bauske_n another_o strong_a city_n in_o this_o duchy_n which_o have_v a_o well_o fortify_v castle_n and_o a_o numerous_a garrison_n curland_n the_o religion_n of_o this_o country_n be_v general_o lutheran_n though_o there_o be_v some_o few_o roman_a catholic_n and_o calvinist_n there_o church_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o first_o the_o late_a duke_n at_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n request_n give_v leave_v for_o the_o build_n of_o two_o roman_n catholic_n church_n one_o at_o mittaw_n and_o the_o other_o at_o goldingen_n the_o jesuit_n pretend_v to_o have_v buy_v this_o cureteship_n of_o mittaw_n and_o upon_o that_o account_n to_o have_v settle_v there_o but_o nevertheless_o they_o be_v frequent_o oppress_v and_o their_o college_n be_v break_v down_o not_o long_o since_o yet_o notwithstanding_o they_o still_o subsist_v mittaw_n the_o duchess_n of_o curland_n have_v be_v all_o hitherto_o calvinist_n have_v always_o have_v one_o church_n at_o mittaw_n set_v a_o part_n for_o they_o and_o their_o religion_n where_o the_o calvinist_n and_o protestant_n of_o livonia_n as_o likewise_o the_o english_a merchant_n of_o riga_n come_v to_o exercise_n their_o devotion_n there_o be_v no_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n allow_v throughout_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n dominion_n except_o at_o stockholm_n only_o where_o the_o french_a huguenot_n have_v be_v permit_v to_o build_v a_o church_n curland_n as_o to_o the_o government_n of_o curland_n there_o be_v first_o parliament_n the_o parliament_n or_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n of_o this_o duteby_n which_o be_v convene_v after_o this_o manner_n the_o duke_n as_o often_o as_o any_o urgency_n of_o state_n so_o require_v it_o send_v out_o his_o letter_n of_o summons_n to_o all_o the_o starostas_fw-la of_o his_o dominion_n together_o with_o a_o schedule_n of_o the_o point_n propose_v to_o be_v debate_v on_o require_v they_o and_o every_o of_o they_o to_o cause_v deputy_n or_o representative_n of_o the_o gentry_n to_o be_v forth_o with_o elect_v in_o their_o respective_a jurisdiction_n whereupon_o they_o be_v soon_o elect_v according_o and_o furnish_v with_o instruction_n from_o their_o elector_n how_o they_o shall_v behave_v themselves_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o poland_n these_o afterward_o meet_v at_o mittaw_n together_o with_o the_o four_o supreme_a counsellor_n consult_v
gnesna_n a_o address_n to_o this_o bishop_n be_v common_o admodum_fw-la reverendo_fw-la when_o other_o have_v only_o reverendo_fw-la the_o four_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o see_n bishop_n of_o cujavia_n and_o pomerania_n the_o see_v of_o who_o bishopric_n be_v at_o vladislaw_n upon_o the_o vistula_n four_o league_n below_o thorn_n in_o low_a poland_n authority_n his_o seat_n in_o the_o senate_n be_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o place_n he_o officiate_n in_o a_o inter-regnum_fw-la as_o your_o grace_n may_v have_v observe_v before_o his_o bishopric_n be_v former_o call_v the_o bishopric_n of_o cruswick_n because_o he_o have_v a_o cathedral_n church_n there_o but_o that_o be_v translate_v to_o vladislaw_n at_o this_o day_n it_o have_v sometime_o the_o name_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o vladislaw_n residence_n his_o usual_a residence_n when_o in_o poland_n be_v either_o at_o wolboria_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi or_o lagovia_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n and_o when_o in_o prussia_n be_v chief_o at_o sobkovia_n the_o five_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o vilna_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n on_o the_o river_n vilia_fw-la which_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o river_n niemen_n below_o cowno_n diocese_n his_o diocese_n extend_v itself_o through_o lithuania_n and_o white-russia_n even_o to_o the_o border_n of_o moscovy_n the_o six_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o posnan_n a_o city_n in_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la there_o be_v the_o tomb_n of_o several_a king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o this_o city_n all_o which_o be_v very_o magnificent_a diocese_n his_o diocese_n not_o only_o extend_v through_o the_o province_n of_o posnania_n but_o also_o through_o some_o part_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o masovia_n as_o warsaw_n etc._n etc._n the_o seven_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o plosko_fw-mi a_o small_a city_n in_o masovia_n on_o the_o river_n vistula_n five_o league_n above_o vladislaw_n jurisdiction_n he_o have_v the_o same_o jurisdiction_n over_o the_o territory_n of_o pultausk_n as_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n have_v over_o the_o duchy_n of_o severia_n and_o wherein_o there_o lie_v no_o appeal_n to_o the_o king_n see_n his_o episcopal_n see_v be_v at_o pultausk_n in_o masovia_n upon_o the_o river_n narew_n which_o run_v into_o the_o bug_n two_o league_n below_o the_o eight_o eclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o varmia_n in_o royal_a prussia_n which_o bishopric_n be_v so_o divide_v that_o the_o bishop_n have_v two_o part_n and_o the_o chapter_n the_o three_o and_o in_o which_o they_o have_v jurisdiction_n a_o free_a jurisdiction_n over_o the_o gentry_n exempt_v from_o the_o regal_a power_n see_n his_o episcopal_n see_v be_v at_o frawenberg_n a_o little_a town_n near_o frischaff_a the_o nine_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o luceoria_n or_o lucko_n which_o be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o high_a volhynia_n diocese_n his_o diocese_n contain_v part_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o masovia_n podlachia_n and_o briescia_n or_o polesia_n in_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n the_o ten_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o premislia_n or_o premislaw_n a_o city_n of_o red-russia_n on_o the_o river_n san_n six_o league_n above_o jeroslaw_n and_o twelve_o from_o leopol_n bishop_n in_o this_o city_n there_o be_v a_o greek-schismatic_n bishop_n it_o be_v here_o that_o a_o canon_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n name_v orikowski_n in_o the_o beginning_n of_o lutheranism_n maintain_v the_o first_o that_o priest_n may_v marry_v and_o who_o marry_v afterward_o himself_o in_o the_o year_n 1549._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o the_o eleven_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o samogitia_n who_o obtain_v from_o pope_n curland_n vrban_n viii_o that_o he_o may_v likewise_o be_v bishop_n of_o curland_n see_n this_o bishop_n have_v no_o particular_a see_v appoint_v but_o sometime_o reside_v at_o midnich_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a town_n in_o that_o province_n the_o twelve_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o culm_n a_o city_n of_o royal_a prussia_n on_o the_o river_n vistula_n six_o league_n above_o the_o city_n of_o thorn_n precedence_n this_o bishop_n former_o precede_v the_o bishop_n of_o varmia_n see_n his_o episcopal_n see_v be_v at_o lubavia_n as_o likewise_o at_o stargardie_a which_o the_o german_n call_v althousen_n the_o thirteen_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o chelm_fw-ge in_fw-ge red-russia_n there_o be_v beside_o in_o this_o city_n a_o greek-schismatick_a bishop_n wherefore_o the_o bishop_n of_o chelm_fw-ge have_v for_o some_o time_n translate_v his_o see_n to_o kranostaw_fw-mi a_o town_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n of_o chelm_fw-ge build_v upon_o a_o great_a lake_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n nieper_n this_o translation_n be_v occasion_v by_o the_o frequent_a eruption_n of_o the_o tartar_n and_o cosak_n and_o who_o have_v altogether_o destroy_v the_o city_n of_o chelm_fw-ge the_o fourteen_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o kiovia_n capital_a city_n of_o low_a volhynia_n honorary_a and_o of_o all_o vkraina_n moscovy_n here_o be_v moreover_o a_o greek-schismatick_a bishop_n formerly_z primate_n of_o all_o russia_n or_o moscovy_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o city_n be_v all_o of_o the_o greek_a persuasion_n and_o at_o present_a be_v subject_a to_o the_o great_a czar_n the_o fifteen_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o honorary_a bishop_n of_o caminiec_n capital_a of_o podolia_n which_o be_v now_o under_o the_o turk_n the_o sixteen_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o honorary_a bishop_n of_o smolensko_n upon_o the_o river_n vistula_n capital_a of_o the_o duchy_n of_o the_o same_o name_n this_o duchy_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o lithuania_n but_o now_o be_v also_o subdue_v by_o the_o moscovite_n court_n every_o one_o of_o these_o bishop_n have_v a_o great_a retinue_n and_o a_o kind_n of_o little_a court_n have_v several_a ecclesiastical_a and_o secular_a officer_n about_o he_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o also_o have_v suffragans_fw-la because_o they_o believe_v themselves_o chief_o make_v bishop_n to_o have_v a_o right_a to_o sit_v in_o the_o senate_n and_o not_o to_o be_v trouble_v with_o the_o duty_n of_o their_o office_n and_o therefore_o allow_v these_o a_o small_a pension_n to_o perform_v all_o episcopal_a function_n for_o they_o guagnini_n say_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1506._o there_o be_v a_o great_a contest_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o lublin_n between_o the_o ecclesiastical_a and_o lay_v senator_n for_o the_o latter_a pretend_v to_o have_v a_o right_a to_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n on_o his_o left_a hand_n but_o which_o at_o length_n the_o bishop_n overpower_a they_o in_o and_o thereby_o retain_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n revenue_n krzistanowic_n in_o his_o state_n of_o poland_n say_v that_o such_o be_v the_o piety_n of_o the_o pole_n that_o immediate_o after_o they_o become_v christian_n they_o prefer_v their_o clergy_n to_o their_o laity_n and_o allow_v they_o many_o noble_a immunity_n and_o privilege_n which_o they_o enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n most_o of_o the_o bishop_n have_v very_o large_a revenue_n wherewith_o they_o may_v not_o only_o live_v splendid_o and_o comfortable_o themselves_o but_o also_o be_v assistant_n to_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o charitable_a to_o the_o poor_a lithuania_n here_o i_o must_v beg_v leave_n to_o give_v your_o grace_n by_o way_n of_o digression_n some_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o religion_n both_o in_o poland_n and_o lithnania_n together_o with_o a_o few_o historical_a circumstance_n relate_v as_o well_o to_o modern_a as_o more_o remote_a time_n and_o wherein_o i_o shall_v all_o along_o endeavour_v to_o be_v as_o concise_a and_o comprehensive_a as_o the_o several_a particular_n i_o have_v to_o go_v through_o will_v admit_v pole_n your_o grace_n may_v first_o be_v inform_v that_o the_o pole_n become_v christian_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o miecislaus_fw-la i._o in_o the_o year_n 964._o as_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o life_n of_o that_o king_n the_o first_o tenet_n they_o embrace_v be_v those_o of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n but_o however_o the_o russian_n entertain_v the_o greek_a persuasion_n which_o they_o continue_v in_o many_o place_n of_o that_o province_n to_o this_o day_n they_o be_v utter_o averse_a to_o the_o roman_n catholic_n religion_n and_o term_v its_o professor_n by_o way_n of_o contempt_n latin_n their_o service_n be_v in_o that_o language_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o greek_a church_n in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o schismatic_n and_o the_o vniat_n whereof_o the_o latter_a differ_v only_o from_o the_o roman_a catholic_n in_o that_o their_o devotion_n be_v all_o in_o the_o greek_a language_n the_o priest_n of_o both_o these_o church_n be_v call_v popi_n the_o word_n pop_n in_o polish_v signify_v a_o
any_o presumption_n i_o have_v to_o lay_v down_o any_o thing_n which_o may_v in_o the_o least_o contribute_v or_o add_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o general_n officer_n of_o your_o experience_n my_o lord_n militia_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o the_o polish_v empire_n the_o pole_n be_v rather_o force_v by_o a_o arbitrary_a power_n than_o command_v by_o indulgent_a law_n to_o defend_v their_o country_n and_o extend_v its_o limit_n but_o since_o christianity_n have_v be_v receive_v among_o they_o bolestaus_fw-la chrobry_n their_o first_o king_n ordain_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o horse_n out_o of_o every_o palatinate_n and_o district_n and_o a_o set_a company_n of_o foot_n out_o of_o every_o city_n and_o town_n to_o be_v ready_a at_o a_o short_a warning_n and_o to_o bring_v their_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n along_o with_o they_o this_o be_v what_o they_o call_v their_o pospolite_n ruszenie_v or_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o militia_n of_o the_o kingdom_n gather_v together_o under_o one_o head_n or_o general_n at_o a_o place_n and_o time_n appoint_v by_o the_o king_n and_o those_o of_o the_o senate_n that_o be_v always_o to_o attend_v he_o as_o his_o privy-council_n horse_n to_o this_o general_a expedition_n first_o all_o land_a gentry_n as_o well_o public_a as_o private_a a_o few_o only_o except_v which_o i_o shall_v name_v hereafter_o be_v oblige_v to_o come_v 2._o all_o gentry_n that_o live_v in_o city_n or_o town_n upon_o usury_n or_o otherwise_o 3._o all_o citizen_n that_o enjoy_v land_n or_o tenement_n these_o beside_o all_o in_o prussia_n be_v those_o of_o cracow_n vilna_n and_o leopol_n 4._o all_o tenant_n that_o have_v hire_v land_n be_v to_o go_v themselves_o or_o to_o send_v out_o other_o 5._o the_o king_n tenant_n 6._o ecclesiastical_a scultet_n or_o advocate_n 7._o in_o case_n of_o imminent_a danger_n all_o citizen_n in_o general_n be_v order_v either_o to_o send_v or_o go_v themselves_o 8._o even_o those_o gentry_n that_o be_v clap_v up_o in_o jail_n for_o heinous_a crime_n be_v to_o be_v let_v out_o to_o assist_v at_o the_o pospolite_n yet_o when_o that_o be_v once_o over_o they_o be_v to_o return_v to_o prison_n again_o to_o expiate_v the_o whole_a extent_n of_o their_o sentence_n both_o all_o these_o be_v to_o be_v horse_n well_o accoutre_v but_o as_o a_o army_n can_v be_v complete_a without_o some_o foot_n this_o pospolite_n also_o do_v consist_v former_o of_o the_o 20_o boor_n out_o of_o every_o village_n or_o rather_o farm_n who_o be_v to_o be_v arm_v with_o a_o scymitar_n long_a gun_n and_o pole-ax_n but_o which_o be_v often_o now_o change_v to_o a_o mulct_n to_o hire_v foreigner_n yet_o there_o be_v still_o some_o polish_v foot_n though_o of_o small_a esteem_n every_o citizen_n that_o be_v now_o worth_a 8000_o florence_o be_v to_o find_v a_o horse_n and_o he_o that_o have_v only_o 4000_o be_v to_o set_v out_o a_o foot-soldier_n well_o provide_v the_o boor_n also_o be_v to_o fit_v out_o one_o among_o 28_o family_n and_o to_o furnish_v he_o with_o provision_n sufficient_a for_o half_a a_o year_n the_o pole_n term_v both_o these_o wybrancy_n that_o be_v pick_v or_o select_v man_n so_o that_o wybraniecka_n piechota_n be_v a_o pick_v soldier_n if_o any_o of_o all_o these_o refuse_v to_o appear_v upon_o the_o three_o summons_n their_o land_n or_o good_n be_v immediate_o confiscate_v to_o the_o king_n use_n serve_v those_o gentry_n that_o be_v excuse_v from_o appear_v at_o the_o pospolite_n be_v 1._o such_o as_o may_v depute_v other_o in_o their_o room_n viz._n superannuated_a or_o sick_a person_n widow_n orphan_n minor_n and_o last_o the_o clergy_n for_o their_o temporality_n when_o any_o public_a or_o private_a nobleman_n be_v sick_a he_o must_v notisie_n and_o attest_v it_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o several_a sufficient_a witness_n also_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o in_o lithuania_n a_o clergy_n man_n must_v send_v out_o both_o for_o his_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a estate_n as_o likewise_o in_o poland_n where_o there_o be_v any_o temporal_a land_n annex_v to_o his_o benefice_n 2._o those_o that_o have_v estate_n in_o several_a palatinate_n or_o district_n be_v oblige_v but_o to_o appear_v for_o one_o 3._o the_o poor_a sort_n of_o gentry_n be_v ease_v in_o some_o measure_n for_o several_a of_o they_o may_v join_v in_o the_o fit_v out_o of_o one_o horse_n which_o be_v practise_v especial_o in_o masovia_n also_o brother_n that_o be_v joint-tenant_n may_v depute_v one_o to_o appear_v for_o all_o 4._o the_o king_n court_n and_o retinue_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o muster_n under_o the_o palatine_n and_o where_o the_o king_n do_v not_o go_v into_o the_o field_n in_o person_n they_o be_v to_o be_v total_o excuse_v 5._o about_o 30_o of_o the_o gentry_n of_o the_o queen_n court_n be_v exempt_a 6._o about_o 12_o of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n court_n and_o oftentimes_o some_o officer_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n and_o other_o bishop_n court_n especial_o where_o their_o attendance_n be_v otherwise_o require_v by_o the_o republic_n 7._o all_o minister_n to_o foreign_a court_n together_o with_o their_o domestic_n be_v absolute_o to_o be_v dispense_v with_o 8._o all_o starosta_n that_o be_v leave_v in_o garrison_n and_o their_o tribune_n and_o last_o the_o great_a constable_n or_o governor_n of_o cracow_n castle_n with_o his_o deputy_n the_o burgraves_n and_o two_o captain_n of_o foot_n be_v to_o be_v excuse_v several_a province_n and_o palatinate_v likewise_o have_v peculiar_a privilege_n relate_v to_o this_o general_a meeting_n for_o in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o masovia_n and_o plockzko_n six_o brother_n although_o they_o have_v distinct_a estate_n send_v but_o one_o horseman_n in_o podlachia_n out_o of_o ten_o farm_n they_o send_v but_o one_o light-horse_n and_o out_o of_o twenty_o but_o one_o cuirassier_n the_o palatinate_v of_o kiovia_n and_o braclaw_n have_v likewise_o peculiar_a privilege_n in_o a_o general_a expedition_n the_o gentry_n of_o podolia_n be_v to_o continue_v in_o garrison_n at_o caminiec_n while_o the_o pole_n have_v that_o city_n in_o possession_n the_o prussian_n also_o need_v not_o march_v beyond_o the_o river_n vistula_n ossa_n and_o drebnicz_n and_o last_o lithuanian_n be_v not_o to_o go_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o great_a duchy_n now_o as_o to_o the_o great_a number_n assemble_v at_o this_o pospolite_n basko_n a_o polish_v writer_n say_v that_o only_o in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lenschet_fw-mi in_o the_o time_n of_o boleslaus_n chrobry_n 2000_o cuirassier_n and_o 4000_o light-horse_n be_v raise_v at_o one_o time_n starovolscius_fw-la say_v that_o uladislaus_n have_v 100000_o horse_n against_o the_o prussian_a knight_n over_z and_o above_o what_o he_o have_v leave_v to_o defend_v the_o province_n i_o may_v observe_v several_a other_o prodigious_a lustration_n out_o of_o the_o aforesaid_a author_n but_o for_o brevity_n sake_n i_o omit_v they_o only_o i_o may_v affirm_v with_o boterus_n in_o his_o description_n of_o poland_n that_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n the_o pole_n can_v raise_v upward_o of_o 100000_o horse_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n 70000_o but_o starovolscius_fw-la be_v of_o opinion_n they_o can_v both_o raise_v above_o 200000_o horse_n without_o expense_n also_o fredro_n think_v that_o the_o pole_n can_v raise_v above_o 200000_o horse_n the_o number_n of_o polish_v foot_n be_v uncertain_a they_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o appear_v or_o to_o be_v excuse_v for_o money_n starovolscius_fw-la say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n they_o do_v not_o amount_v to_o many_o hundred_o be_v discourage_v by_o the_o rigour_n of_o their_o starosta_n and_o whole_o confine_v to_o their_o rustic_a drudgery_n though_o continue_v he_o they_o be_v more_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o hardship_n of_o war_n then_o either_o the_o german_n or_o hungarian_n who_o can_v scarce_o live_v in_o the_o polish_v air._n he_o also_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o polish_v infantry_n if_o encourage_v may_v amount_v to_o a_o considerable_a number_n and_o be_v not_o a_o little_a serviceable_a the_o foreign_a hire_a foot_n have_v sometime_o exceed_v 30000_o when_o the_o cosack_v serve_v the_o pole_n but_o they_o fight_v also_o on_o horseback_n and_o king_n stephen_n in_o his_o expedition_n against_o the_o suede_n in_o livonia_n have_v above_o 16000_o german_a and_o hungarian_a foot_n in_o his_o pay_n muster_v now_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v and_o muster_v this_o vast_a body_n of_o men._n when_o a_o pospolite_n be_v once_o agree_v by_o the_o general_n diet_n to_o be_v summon_v the_o king_n after_o the_o ancient_a manner_n send_v out_o his_o writ_n or_o letter_n into_o all_o the_o palatinate_v or_o district_v of_o his_o kingdom_n which_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o inferior_a officer_n they_o be_v fasten_v by_o a_o small_a cord_n to_o a_o long_a pole_n whence_o they_o be_v call_v
primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n a_o title_n give_v he_o by_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n and_o moreover_o style_v himself_o the_o pope_n legate_n bear_v by_o a_o grant_n of_o the_o council_n of_o lateran_n all_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n that_o have_v be_v determine_v in_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n or_o any_o of_o the_o other_o bishop_n court_n may_v be_v reverse_v or_o confirm_v in_o a_o appeal_n to_o he_o his_o power_n and_o authority_n be_v exceed_o great_a and_o even_o next_o to_o the_o king_n be_v it_o be_v death_n to_o draw_v a_o sword_n in_o his_o presence_n or_o to_o quarrel_v in_o any_o manner_n whatsoever_o before_o he_o when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o king_n or_o the_o diet_n there_o be_v always_o a_o golden_a cross_n carry_v before_o he_o and_o when_o he_o sit_v his_o chaplain_n hold_v it_o behind_o his_o chair_n he_o have_v his_o marshal_n who_o be_v a_o castellan_n and_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o person_n on_o horseback_n carry_v a_o staff_n before_o his_o coach_n but_o salute_v none_o with_o it_o except_o the_o king_n when_o the_o archbishop_n and_o he_o happen_v to_o meet_v this_o marshal_n have_v likewise_o the_o honour_n to_o carry_v the_o like_a staff_n before_o the_o king_n where_o the_o other_o marshal_n be_v absent_a when_o the_o archbishop_n come_v to_o wait_v on_o the_o king_n the_o great_a chamberlain_n or_o some_o other_o great_a officer_n always_o receive_v he_o at_o the_o stair-foot_n and_o the_o king_n afterward_o come_v out_o of_o his_o chamber_n to_o meet_v he_o in_o the_o antichamber_n he_o never_o pay_v any_o visit_n out_o of_o duty_n but_o to_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n and_o to_o he_o only_o but_o once_o he_o visit_v no_o king_n ambassador_n though_o they_o visit_v he_o first_o rex_fw-la after_o the_o king_n death_n he_o be_v the_o supreme_a regent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n till_o a_o new_a one_o be_v choose_v during_o which_o time_n he_o may_v coin_v money_n in_o his_o own_o name_n a_o privilege_n grant_v he_o by_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a but_o which_o nevertheless_o have_v not_o be_v practise_v no_o money_n have_v ever_o be_v see_v of_o his_o coin_n the_o revenue_n also_o of_o the_o crown_n belong_v to_o he_o in_o the_o inter-regnum_n he_o convoke_v the_o diet_n and_o dissolve_v it_o at_o pleasure_n and_o in_o case_n there_o happen_v any_o thing_n extraordinary_a the_o government_n assign_v he_o several_a senator_n for_o his_o assistant_n in_o short_a he_o be_v tantum_n non_fw-la rex_fw-la he_o only_o can_v proclaim_v the_o king_n when_o elect_v and_o crown_v he_o afterward_o except_o where_o he_o die_v as_o in_o the_o follow_a case_n which_o be_v so_o very_o considerable_a that_o he_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o ambassador_n and_o envoy_n of_o the_o candidate_n as_o the_o only_a person_n upon_o who_o the_o success_n of_o their_o negotiation_n depend_v and_o therefore_o all_o of_o they_o do_v their_o utmost_a to_o make_v he_o their_o friend_n hereupon_o i_o must_v acquaint_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n john_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1674._o when_o one_o czartoreski_n be_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o be_v entire_o in_o the_o austrian_a interest_n and_o a_o great_a friend_n to_o the_o chancellor_n patz_n and_o by_o consequence_n both_o a_o enemy_n to_o the_o french_a and_o john_n sobieski_n party_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v bring_v to_o proclaim_v he_o but_o as_o it_o happen_v he_o die_v three_o day_n before_o the_o election_n and_o that_o power_n devolve_v to_o trzebicki_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v altogether_o for_o the_o grand_a marshal_n forthwith_o proclaim_v he_o with_o joy_n much_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o republic_n entrust_v this_o great_a authority_n to_o a_o clergyman_n be_v for_o fear_n that_o if_o it_o be_v bestow_v on_o a_o secular_a senator_n he_o may_v make_v use_n of_o it_o to_o advance_v himself_o to_o the_o throne_n see_n this_o archbishops_n see_v be_v at_o lowitz_n a_o city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o rava_n in_o low_a poland_n he_o be_v bear_v a_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n of_o plosko_fw-mi the_o second_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n be_v the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o red-russia_n so_o name_v from_o a_o sovereign_a duke_n of_o that_o province_n call_v leo_n who_o be_v subdue_v by_o a_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n in_o the_o year_n 1279_o and_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o lescus_n vi._n leopol_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o three_o bishop_n viz._n the_o roman-catholick_n archbishop_n the_o armenian-catholick_n archbishop_n and_o a_o russian_a greek_a schismatic_a bishop_n these_o two_o archbishop_n have_v the_o same_o belief_n and_o religion_n only_o the_o armenian_a have_v some_o particular_a ceremony_n wherein_o they_o differ_v and_o the_o woman_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o man_n in_o the_o church_n persuasion_n the_o russian_a or_o greek-schismatic_a bishop_n can_v marry_v because_o they_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o order_n of_o friar_n of_o st._n basil_n who_o all_o make_v a_o vow_n of_o chastity_n nevertheless_o the_o parish_n priest_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o live_v in_o coelibacy_n that_o be_v if_o they_o be_v admit_v into_o order_n after_o their_o marriage_n for_o they_o can_v be_v constrain_v to_o leave_v their_o wife_n but_o however_o when_o their_o wife_n die_v they_o can_v marry_v again_o unless_o they_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o relinquish_v their_o priesthood_n ornoment_n their_o liturgy_n be_v in_o the_o russian_a language_n be_v as_o the_o polish_v a_o dialect_n of_o the_o sclavovian_a their_o tenet_n be_v that_o the_o holy_a ghost_n proceed_v from_o the_o father_n by_o the_o son_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n be_v not_o head_n of_o all_o the_o church_n but_o only_o the_o first_o of_o the_o two_o patriarch_n whereof_o they_o of_o constantinople_n be_v the_o second_o and_o independent_a of_o the_o first_o in_o other_o article_n of_o belief_n they_o agree_v with_o the_o roman_a church_n their_o ceremony_n and_o ornament_n differ_v from_o the_o roman_a and_o armenian_a they_o pray_v stand_v though_o they_o make_v frequent_a genuflexion_n they_o receive_v the_o communion_n in_o both_o kind_n after_o this_o manner_n the_o priest_n consecrate_v several_a little_a piece_n of_o bread_n make_v with_o leaven_n after_o which_o he_o receive_v himself_o and_o then_o break_v the_o bread_n in_o divers_a little_a piece_n which_o do_v he_o put_v they_o into_o the_o chalice_n with_o the_o consecrate_a wine_n and_o then_o with_o a_o little_a silver_n spoon_n make_v for_o that_o purpose_n he_o communicate_v to_o the_o people_n who_o all_o stand_v with_o their_o arm_n across_o upon_o their_o breast_n when_o they_o receive_v this_o do_v the_o communicant_n follow_v the_o priest_n thrice_o about_o the_o altar_n with_o fold_a arm_n who_o all_o the_o while_n advise_v and_o charge_v they_o to_o make_v good_a cheer_n for_o seven_o day_n together_o and_o to_o fast_v the_o next_o seven_o day_n after_o that_o the_o russian_n likewise_o make_v their_o child_n communicate_v though_o never_o so_o young_a when_o they_o have_v all_o take_v the_o sacramenâ—â—_n the_o priest_n consume_v the_o rest_n at_o his_o pleasure_n this_o digression_n be_v curious_a i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o insert_v it_o but_o now_o i_o must_v proceed_v to_o the_o three_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n who_o be_v the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n lie_v in_o high_a or_o little_a poland_n power_n this_o be_v first_o a_o archbishopric_n establish_v by_o miecislaus_fw-la i._o in_o the_o year_n 964._o immediate_o after_o he_o have_v embrace_v the_o christian_a faith_n but_o be_v afterward_o lose_v by_o mean_n of_o one_o lampert_n who_o be_v make_v archbishop_n and_o value_v himself_o too_o much_o on_o his_o birth_n neglect_v to_o send_v to_o rome_n for_o consecration_n whereupon_o the_o pope_n order_v it_o for_o the_o future_a to_o remain_v only_o a_o bishopric_n what_o be_v remarkable_a in_o this_o bishopric_n be_v that_o the_o archbishopric_n and_o that_o have_v frequent_o be_v hold_v by_o the_o same_o person_n this_o bishop_n style_v himself_o duke_n of_o severia_n in_o which_o all_o the_o people_n be_v subject_a both_o to_o his_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a jurisdiction_n residence_n his_o usual_a residence_n be_v either_o at_o bozentium_n a_o small_a town_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o bald_a mountain_n or_o else_o at_o kielsk_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n he_o have_v in_o his_o diocese_n 1018._o church_n of_o which_o thirteen_o be_v collegiate_n precedence_n his_o seat_n in_o the_o senate_n be_v on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o king_n and_o next_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n though_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v on_o the_o right_n he_o be_v the_o first_o bishop_n in_o the_o kingdom_n this_o bishopric_n be_v former_o join_v to_o
king_n revenue_n arise_v within_o their_o district_n and_o may_v discount_n a_o four_o part_n for_o their_o trouble_n jurisdiction_n the_o starostas_fw-la without_o jurisdiction_n be_v those_o who_o be_v proper_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la they_o have_v no_o power_n to_o exercise_v justice_n unless_o in_o very_o slight_a case_n office_n burgraves_n and_o tribune_n have_v the_o custody_n of_o castle_n fort_n etc._n etc._n and_o be_v to_o keep_v constant_a guard_n there_o either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o deputy_n these_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o starostas_fw-la starostaship_n the_o revenue_n of_o starostaship_n partly_o arise_v from_o agriculture_n and_o partly_o from_o manufacture_n and_o handicraft_n they_o have_v be_v sometime_o know_v to_o have_v be_v mortgage_v to_o raise_v the_o king_n revenue_n more_o speedy_o especial_o those_o without_o jurisdiction_n what_o here_o likewise_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o mine_n call_v zuppars_n in_o polish_v may_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o who_o have_v divers_a officer_n and_o substitute_n under_o they_o the_o minor_a ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a officer_n and_o person_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v in_o all_o respect_n like_v to_o those_o of_o other_o nation_n i_o have_v purposely_o omit_v they_o thus_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v go_v through_o the_o several_a particular_n which_o i_o propose_v to_o entertain_v your_o grace_n and_o the_o public_a with_o yet_o at_o the_o same_o time_n can_v but_o be_v high_o sensible_a of_o my_o presumption_n in_o prefix_v your_o great_a name_n to_o so_o imperfect_a a_o account_n therefore_o hope_v your_o grace_n pardon_n upon_o a_o humble_a acknowledgement_n i_o beg_v leave_v to_o subscribe_v myself_o my_o lord_n your_o grace_n most_o obedient_a and_o most_o humble_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n iii_o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a james_n vernon_n esq_n principal_a secretary_n of_o state_n of_o the_o grand_a diet_n little_a diet_n and_o other_o general_a assembly_n in_o poland_n with_o a_o account_n of_o all_o the_o several_a court_n of_o justice_n from_o the_o high_a to_o the_o low_a as_o likewise_o of_o the_o judge_n law_n and_o punishment_n in_o that_o kingdom_n sir_n a._n the_o present_a king_n in_o his_o throne_n bb._n the_o ten_o crown_n officer_n c._n the_o a_o bp._n of_o gnesna_n with_o the_o the_o cross_n bear_v behind_o he_o dddd_n the_o other_o ecclesiastical_a senator_n eeeee_o foreign_a ambassador_n admit_v only_o to_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n ffffff_n the_o palatine_n &_o castellan_n in_o the_o three_o row_v on_o each_o side_n gggggg_n the_o deputy_n s_o in_o the_o two_o back_n row_v on_o each_o side_n h._n the_o nuncio_n martial_n or_o speaker_n of_o deputy_n s._n four_o vacant_a seat_n for_o such_o other_o as_o be_v sometime_o admit_v 1._o the_o arm_n of_o poland_n 2._o the_o arm_n of_o lithuania_n sir_n be_v the_o grand_a diet_n or_o parliament_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o native_n call_v seym_n walny_n be_v a_o assembly_n of_o the_o king_n senators_z and_o nuncio_n or_o deputy_n of_o every_o province_n meet_v together_o in_o any_o city_n or_o town_n of_o poland_n or_o lithuania_n in_o order_n to_o deliberate_v upon_o state_n affair_n and_o the_o mean_n to_o secure_v and_o preserve_v the_o kingdom_n both_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o war._n meet_a it_o be_v the_o king_n or_o during_o a_o inter_fw-la regnum_fw-la the_o primate_n who_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o convoke_v this_o great_a assembly_n as_o likewise_o to_o determine_v the_o place_n where_o and_o the_o time_n when_o it_o shall_v sit_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o king_n be_v oblige_v to_o call_v a_o diet_n every_o three_o year_n and_o of_o every_o three_o successive_o call_v two_o must_v be_v hold_v in_o poland_n most_o common_o at_o warsaw_n and_o the_o three_o in_o lithuania_n in_o the_o city_n of_o grodno_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o troki_n twenty_o league_n from_o vilna_n capital_a of_o this_o great_a duchy_n so_o that_o every_o nine_o year_n the_o king_n with_o all_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n of_o the_o kingdom_n go_v into_o lithuania_n and_o every_o three_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n of_o lithuania_n come_v into_o poland_n the_o reason_n of_o the_o diet_n be_v be_v hold_v in_o lithuania_n be_v because_o the_o lithuanian_n complain_v that_o it_o be_v not_o a_o little_a inconvenient_a for_o they_o to_o come_v so_o far_o as_o poland_n thereupon_o when_o the_o king_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o convoke_v this_o general_a meeting_n he_o be_v to_o send_v out_o circular_a letter_n six_o week_n before_o the_o time_n he_o appoint_v for_o its_o session_n by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1613._o to_o all_o the_o palatine_n of_o the_o province_n acquaint_v they_o with_o his_o design_n together_o with_o the_o time_n he_o intend_v it_o shall_v meet_v he_o send_v they_o likewise_o a_o list_n of_o all_o the_o affair_n and_o article_n which_o be_v to_o be_v treat_v of_o in_o that_o diet._n whereupon_o every_o palatin_n or_o his_o deputy_n in_o his_o own_o respective_a government_n forthwith_o dispatch_v notice_n to_o all_o the_o castellan_n starostas_n and_o other_o gentry_n require_v they_o at_o a_o certain_a time_n to_o meet_v together_o in_o order_n to_o deliberate_v on_o the_o article_n and_o affair_n propose_v by_o the_o king_n letter_n as_o likewise_o to_o choose_v a_o nuncio_n or_o deputy_n to_o represent_v their_o intention_n and_o decision_n in_o the_o great_a diet._n these_o letter_n be_v proclaim_v by_o a_o herald_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n wozny_n and_o afterward_o past_v up_o upon_o all_o the_o town-gate_n and_o church-door_n these_o assembly_n in_o the_o province_n be_v term_v by_o they_o comitiola_n in_o the_o polish_v language_n seymiki_n or_o little_a diet_n in_o case_n of_o extremity_n six_o week_n notice_n need_v not_o be_v give_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o year_n 1638._o meet_v the_o several_a place_n these_o little_a diet_n meet_v at_o be_v as_o follow_v poland_n in_o lower_n or_o great_a poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o posuan_n and_o kalisch_n siradia_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o sroda_n schadkow_n in_o the_o castellany_n of_o vielunia_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o vielun_n in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o lanschet_fw-mi bresty_n and_o inowlocz_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi radzieiow_n appoint_a by_o the_o 257._o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1510._o in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o dobrina_n the_o little_a diet_n meet_v in_o the_o town_n of_o ripin_n appoint_a by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1567._o in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o plosko_fw-mi rava_n in_o three_o place_n in_o the_o city_n &_o town_n of_o radzanow_n rava_n sochaczow_n gombin_n podlachia_n masovia_n in_o the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n in_o three_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o droghiczin_n mielnik_n bransko_n masovia_n in_o ten_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o cirna_n warsaw_n wisna_n wissegrod_n zakrol_n ciekanow_n lombze_n rozan_n liw_n and_o nur._n little-poland_n in_o the_o province_n of_o upper_a or_o little_o poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n in_o two_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o zator_n for_o the_o duchy_n of_o oswieczin_n and_o prossovia_n for_o the_o palatinate_n by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o year_n 1667._o in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o sendomir_n and_o lublin_n in_o the_o city_n &_o town_n of_o opatow_n and_o lublin_n lithuania_n in_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o vilna_n in_o four_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o vilna_n osmian_n wilcomitz_n braclaw_n troki_n in_o five_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o troki_n grodno_n cowno_n lida_n ponienwiez_n polocz_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o polocz_n novogrodec_n in_o two_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o slonim_n wolkowizko_n witebsko_fw-mi in_o two_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o witebsko_n orska_n briescia_n or_o polesia_n in_o two_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o briescia_n pinsko_n mscislaw_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o msceislaw_n minsk_n in_o three_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o minsk_n modzir_fw-it reczycza_fw-it prussia_n in_o the_o province_n of_o prussia_n in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o pomerania_n marienburg_n culm_n elbing_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o imprimis_fw-la in_o all_o the_o district_n then_o in_o stargar-stuma_a die_v michalovia_n and_o graudentz_n elbing_n russia_n in_o the_o province_n of_o russia_n in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o russia_n in_o five_o place_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o leopol_n praemislaw_n sanoch_n halitz_n chelm_fw-ge belsko_fw-mi podolia_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o belsko_n caminiec_fw-la since_o caminiec_n be_v take_v by_o the_o turk_n its_o little_a diet_n meet_v at_o leopol_n in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o kiovia_n braclaw_n in_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o
jurisdiction_n of_o poland_n be_v whole_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n or_o his_o general_n although_o the_o palatine_n and_o castellan_n who_o general_o accompany_v his_o majesty_n to_o the_o war_n retain_v their_o authority_n over_o their_o respective_a inferior_n but_o where_o those_o be_v refractory_a a_o court-marshal_n adju_v the_o debate_n law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v on_o all_o hand_n agree_v that_o it_o have_v none_o till_o the_o time_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a and_o then_o but_o very_o few_o make_v by_o he_o although_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o pole_n hadlong_o before_o be_v christian_n and_o be_v well_o enough_o verse_v in_o the_o human-learning_n yet_o be_v there_o never_o any_o law_n or_o statute_n of_o any_o prince_n commit_v to_o write_v but_o that_o people_n be_v content_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o custom_n and_o manner_n of_o their_o ancestor_n hand_v down_o to_o they_o from_o father_n to_o son_n casimir_n iii_o therefore_o call_v the_o great_a from_o his_o prudent_a administration_n observe_v the_o disadvantage_n his_o kingdom_n labour_v under_o by_o the_o german_n who_o then_o frequent_o come_v into_o poland_n on_o account_n of_o trade_n receive_v the_o saxon_a law_n now_o call_v magdeburg-law_n from_o the_o city_n of_o saxony_n whence_o they_o be_v take_v by_o which_o poland_n be_v at_o this_o day_n principal_o govern_v although_o the_o gentry_n have_v many_o peculiar_a custom_n and_o some_o statute_n which_o have_v be_v since_o make_v and_o which_o in_o the_o time_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n be_v compile_v into_o one_o volume_n by_o learned_a man_n be_v entitle_v the_o statute_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o since_o some_o have_v be_v approve_v and_o augment_v and_o other_o change_v and_o alter_v in_o several_a diet_n have_v obtain_v the_o name_n of_o constitution_n of_o poland_n to_o which_o nevertheless_o all_o that_o kingdom_n be_v not_o subject_a lithuania_n and_o volhynia_n observe_v its_o own_o law_n prussia_n likewise_o both_o regal_a and_o ducal_z have_v a_o municipal_a law_n of_o its_o own_o common_o style_v the_o law_n of_o culm_n from_o which_o notwithstanding_o three_o city_n be_v exempt_a viz._n elbing_n bransberg_n and_o fraumberg_n all_o which_o make_v use_v of_o the_o law_n of_o lansberg_n poland_n the_o punishment_n in_o poland_n be_v various_a and_o differ_v only_o according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o crime_n and_o not_o of_o the_o person_n for_o a_o thief_n be_v to_o be_v hang_v of_o what_o degree_n soever_o he_o be_v and_o capital_a offender_n of_o all_o other_o kind_n and_o quality_n be_v to_o be_v behead_v except_o in_o notorious_a villainy_n where_o the_o offender_n be_v common_o break_v on_o the_o wheel_n or_o else_o torture_v by_o cut_v off_o two_o thong_n or_o long_a piece_n out_o of_o the_o skin_n of_o his_o back_n a_o nobleman_n be_v sometime_o punish_v by_o forfeit_v half_o his_o estate_n to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o rest_n to_o a_o informer_n and_o sometime_o by_o imprisonment_n only_o servant_n master_n also_o have_v a_o power_n of_o chastise_v their_o servant_n which_o they_o do_v after_o this_o manner_n if_o the_o servant_n they_o be_v about_o to_o punish_v be_v a_o polish_v gentleman_n than_o they_o make_v he_o lie_v down_o on_o his_o belly_n on_o a_o carpet_n spread_v on_o the_o ground_n or_o upon_o a_o stool_n when_o another_o gentleman-servant_n lay_v he_o on_o unmerciful_o on_o the_o back_n with_o a_o rope_n or_o stick_n give_v he_o as_o many_o blow_v and_o lash_n as_o the_o master_n who_o be_v then_o present_a order_n after_o which_o he_o that_o be_v beat_v embrace_n the_o knee_n of_o he_o that_o have_v command_v he_o to_o be_v beat_v and_o salute_v he_o with_o the_o good-natured_a title_n of_o benefactor_n this_o discipline_n seem_v a_o little_a too_o severe_a but_o however_o the_o temper_n of_o these_o people_n make_v it_o necessary_a the_o peasant-servant_n be_v punish_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n only_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o they_o have_v no_o carpet_n spread_v under_o they_o some_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n think_v it_o a_o honour_n to_o be_v so_o lash_v which_o honour_n they_o always_o receive_v liberal_o as_o often_o as_o they_o deserve_v it_o beat_v this_o custom_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o punish_v their_o gentlemen-servant_n so_o rigid_o ought_v not_o much_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v that_o they_o may_v serve_v in_o the_o mean_a office_n without_o derogate_a from_o the_o nobility_n of_o their_o birth_n or_o incapacitate_v themselves_o for_o the_o high_a preferment_n for_o say_v hauteville_n i_o have_v know_v some_o who_o from_o be_v footboy_n to_o great_a lord_n and_o drummer_n in_o a_o company_n of_o dragoon_n have_v be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o senator_n also_o in_o general_n nothing_o debase_v nobility_n in_o this_o country_n but_o a_o handicraft_n or_o mechanic_n employment_n this_o sir_n be_v all_o that_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o by_o various_a read_n relate_v to_o the_o legislative_a and_o executive_a justice_n in_o poland_n and_o which_o though_o not_o capable_a to_o pass_v your_o censure_n with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o regular_a composition_n i_o hope_v may_v obtain_v effect_n of_o your_o candour_n under_o the_o regret_v title_n of_o a_o hasty_a compilation_n i_o be_o sir_n with_o all_o humility_n your_o most_o obedient_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n iu._n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a john_n earl_n of_o marlborough_n governor_n to_o his_o highness_n the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n of_o the_o election_n and_o coronation_n of_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o proceed_n in_o the_o inter-regnum_fw-la and_o all_o other_o ceremony_n as_o likewise_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o queen_n my_o lord_n to_o who_o can_v this_o letter_n which_o treat_v of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n more_o proper_o address_v itself_o than_o to_o your_o lordship_n who_o have_v late_o be_v pitch_v upon_o by_o the_o wise_a of_o monarch_n to_o be_v governor_n to_o the_o presumptive_a heir_n of_o his_o crown_n no_o doubt_v his_o majesty_n see_v those_o unite_a qualification_n in_o you_o which_o be_v but_o to_o be_v single_o meet_v with_o in_o all_o other_o and_o which_o moreover_o can_v not_o but_o be_v require_v to_o copy_v a_o successor_n from_o so_o great_a a_o original_a as_o himself_o these_o consideration_n my_o lord_n have_v embolden_v i_o to_o present_v your_o lordship_n with_o this_o imperfect_a account_n but_o which_o i_o hope_v in_o regard_n it_o have_v be_v extract_v from_o so_o many_o volume_n may_v favourable_o pass_v your_o discern_a censure_n though_o it_o must_v not_o in_o the_o least_o pretend_v to_o deserve_v your_o approbation_n my_o lord_n way_n the_o crown_n of_o poland_n may_v be_v vacant_a four_o way_n for_o either_o the_o king_n abdicate_v voluntary_o and_o public_o like_o john_n casimir_n be_v depose_v for_o his_o vice_n as_o locticus_n be_v run_v out_o 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and_o to_o set_v strong_a guard_n every_o where_o on_o the_o frontier_n to_o oppose_v a_o invade_a enemy_n next_o spy_n be_v send_v into_o all_o neighbour_a kingdom_n to_o have_v intelligence_n of_o what_o they_o design_n or_o do_v then_o all_o person_n be_v prohibit_v either_o to_o go_v out_o or_o come_v into_o the_o kingdom_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la as_o likewise_o to_o carry_v any_o horse_n out_o of_o it_o all_o foreign_a letter_n direct_v to_o any_o member_n of_o the_o senate_n be_v intercept_v all_o the_o highway_n be_v block_v up_o with_o tree_n fell_v down_o and_o ambuscadoe_n be_v place_v about_o they_o none_o of_o the_o senate_n nor_o no_o foreigner_n be_v permit_v to_o write_v to_o the_o army_n all_o the_o gentry_n be_v command_v to_o have_v every_o thing_n in_o readiness_n for_o public_a defence_n the_o common_a use_n of_o gun_n be_v forbid_v tavern_n be_v shut_v up_o and_o concert_n of_o music_n silence_v
hearth_n have_v no_o chimney_n and_o the_o smoke_n have_v only_o a_o little_a hole_n to_o get_v out_o at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o house_n in_o poland_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o subsist_v a_o night_n without_o these_o hearth_n and_o therefore_o not_o only_o the_o peasant_n but_o gentry_n likewise_o be_v oblige_v to_o have_v they_o though_o the_o last_o be_v of_o different_a make_n and_o material_n from_o the_o former_a go_v the_o peasant_n child_n especial_o in_o russia_n go_v naked_a till_o they_o be_v four_o or_o five_o year_n old_a they_o be_v not_o teach_v to_o go_v till_o they_o be_v indifferent_a strong_a and_o then_o their_o mother_n set_v they_o against_o the_o threshold_n of_o the_o door_n where_o they_o first_o begin_v to_o essay_n their_o strength_n after_o they_o have_v roll_v about_o till_o they_o be_v sufficient_o dirty_a she_o take_v they_o and_o wash_v they_o in_o cold_a water_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o so_o that_o this_o be_v first_o consider_v it_o need_v not_o be_v wonder_v that_o they_o afterward_o become_v so_o exceed_o hardy_a i_o have_v see_v some_o of_o these_o child_n say_v hauterille_n that_o will_v slide_v along_o upon_o the_o ice_n for_o a_o good_a way_n together_o stark_o naked_a woman_n for_o the_o habit_n which_o these_o peasant_n use_v in_o winter_n they_o be_v a_o sheep_n skin_n with_o the_o wool_n on_o and_o in_o summer_n a_o close-bodyed_a coat_n of_o course_n stuff_n of_o a_o colour_n much_o like_o our_o chimneysweeper_n they_o also_o wear_v ordinary_a cap_n on_o their_o head_n sometime_o they_o have_v boot_n for_o their_o leg_n but_o most_o common_o the_o rind_n of_o tree_n only_o wrap_v round_o they_o with_o the_o thick_a part_n to_o guard_v the_o sole_n of_o their_o foot_n against_o stone_n the_o same_o custom_n be_v use_v in_o lithuania_n as_o may_v be_v see_v hereafter_o the_o women-peasant_n be_v habit_v in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o other_o country_n except_o that_o their_o smock_n and_o petticoat_n be_v exceed_v short_n those_o in_o russia_n go_v general_o in_o summer_n in_o their_o smock_n with_o a_o apron_n before_o they_o that_o reach_v low_a than_o ordinary_a poland_n now_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o inform_v your_o lordship_n how_o nobility_n be_v acquire_v in_o poland_n which_o be_v first_o by_o birth_n where_o both_o the_o parent_n be_v noble_a nevertheless_o now_o a-days_o by_o a_o long_a tract_n of_o custom_n not_o only_o such_o be_v repute_v noble_a but_o likewise_o those_o who_o mother_n be_v plebeians_z for_o nothing_o be_v at_o present_v more_o practise_v in_o poland_n than_o for_o the_o gentry_n to_o match_v with_o the_o commonalty_n especial_o with_o those_o that_o be_v rich_a second_o nobility_n be_v acquire_v by_o creation_n which_o former_o be_v whole_o at_o the_o king_n be_v pleasure_n but_o of_o latter_a day_n be_v only_o at_o the_o disposal_n of_o the_o senate_n or_o diet._n gentleman_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v a_o gentleman_n be_v this_o the_o king_n not_o be_v sole_a sufficient_a for_o that_o purpose_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o send_v to_o all_o the_o little_a diet_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o their_o consent_n which_o afterward_o also_o must_v be_v approve_v by_o the_o great_a diet_n and_o then_o a_o gentleman_n may_v have_v his_o diploma_n and_o be_v enroll_v all_o this_o ceremony_n and_o a_o great_a deal_n more_o go_v to_o the_o make_n of_o a_o gentleman_n in_o poland_n a_o jew_n be_v make_v a_o gentleman_n first_o by_o become_v a_o christian_n and_o then_o by_o signalize_v himself_o in_o the_o war_n when_o he_o be_v propose_v by_o the_o king_n to_o the_o little_a diet_n and_o afterward_o confirm_v by_o the_o great_a one_o it_o may_v be_v here_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v better_a to_o be_v bear_v than_o create_v noble_a for_o these_o last_o call_v by_o the_o pole_n scartabelli_n be_v subject_a to_o several_a imposition_n and_o inconvenience_n which_o the_o other_o be_v exempt_a from_o noble_a there_o be_v a_o three_o way_n of_o become_v noble_a which_o be_v by_o serve_v as_o magistrate_n in_o some_o privilege_v city_n particular_o in_o cracow_n and_o vilna_n where_o the_o consul_n or_o senator_n be_v qualify_v to_o transmit_v their_o privilege_n to_o their_o posterity_n it_o also_o as_o nobility_n be_v to_o be_v gain_v so_o likewise_o it_o may_v be_v forfeit_v three_o way_n first_o by_o some_o heinous_a crime_n for_o example_n where_o a_o nobleman_n permit_v one_o that_o be_v ignoble_a to_o usurp_v his_o coat_n of_o arms._n second_o by_o exercise_v any_o trade_n or_o merchandize_v or_o any_o sordid_a call_v in_o any_o city_n or_o town_n whereby_o he_o immediate_o forfeit_v his_o privilege_n and_o quality_n and_o three_o by_o be_v a_o magistrate_n in_o any_o city_n not_o privilege_v restore_v however_o though_o nobility_n may_v by_o these_o mean_n be_v lose_v and_o forfeit_v yet_o many_o have_v be_v know_v to_o be_v restore_v where_o their_o parent_n have_v quit_v their_o quality_n through_o poverty_n the_o pole_n just_o consider_v the_o force_n of_o that_o condition_n which_o be_v able_a to_o drive_v man_n to_o the_o most_o ignoble_a action_n pole_n to_o give_v your_o lordship_n a_o character_n of_o the_o pole_n i_o may_v affirm_v that_o they_o exceed_v all_o the_o nation_n of_o europe_n in_o vivacity_n of_o spirit_n strength_n of_o body_n and_o live_v long_o which_o can_v be_v occasion_v by_o their_o climate_n because_o the_o swede_n moscovite_n and_o german_n live_v all_o under_o the_o same_o parallel_n and_o yet_o enjoy_v not_o the_o like_a vigour_n and_o health_n and_o therefore_o must_v proceed_v first_o from_o their_o diet_n which_o as_o to_o meat_n be_v general_o fresh_a roast_a flesh_n for_o they_o scarce_o ever_o eat_v any_o boil_a or_o salt_n and_o fowl_n which_o increase_v the_o volatile_a and_o fix_a salt_n and_o thence_o come_v their_o vigour_n and_o vivacity_n second_o from_o their_o drink_n which_o be_v spirituous_a and_o strong_a be_v chief_a hungarian_a wine_n burn_v or_o aniseed_n water_n both_o which_o they_o guzzle_v down_o in_o great_a quantity_n almost_o all_o the_o day_n long_o the_o poor_a sort_n have_v a_o liquor_n distil_v from_o wheat_n oat_n or_o barley_n which_o the_o gentry_n rectify_v with_o anniseed_n or_o aromatics_n three_o from_o their_o live_n hardy_o for_o they_o hate_v effeminacy_n and_o a_o poor_a country_n cottage_n please_v they_o as_o well_o as_o a_o palace_n and_o they_o frequent_o weave_v tapestry_n and_o arras_n as_o they_o travel_v along_o upon_o the_o road_n nay_o many_o of_o they_o will_v sleep_v in_o time_n of_o frost_n and_o snow_n without_o any_o bed_n or_o other_o conveniency_n and_o the_o little_a child_n two_o month_n after_o they_o be_v bear_v have_v be_v see_v carry_v about_o stark_o naked_a four_o from_o hunt_v which_o be_v very_o much_o in_o use_n among_o they_o and_o particular_o of_o a_o wild_a beast_n which_o they_o call_v zubra_n have_v no_o cleave_v foot_n they_o eat_v these_o animal_n which_o they_o find_v only_o in_o lithuania_n the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o addict_v to_o and_o expert_a in_o horsemanship_n which_o may_v probable_o occasion_v the_o arm_n of_o lithuania_n five_o from_o other_o exercise_n for_o the_o pole_n be_v very_o much_o incline_v to_o dance_a leap_v vault_a jump_v etc._n etc._n as_o likewise_o exceed_o give_v to_o talk_v and_o conversation_n wherein_o they_o agree_v with_o the_o french_a six_o their_o bed_n fast_v and_o temperance_n in_o eat_v very_o much_o contribute_v towards_o their_o live_n long_o for_o hard_a bed_n knit_v their_o bone_n and_o temperance_n refine_v their_o spirit_n the_o slave_n among_o they_o have_v no_o bed_n and_o the_o master_n seldom_o use_v any_o but_o quilt_n and_o the_o like_a and_o seventh_o their_o health_n vigour_n and_o vivacity_n may_v reasonable_o be_v augment_v by_o their_o great_a freedom_n and_o privilege_n for_o where_o slavery_n hebetates_fw-la and_o blunt_v the_o mind_n and_o consequent_o enervate_v the_o body_n liberty_n exhilarate_v the_o one_o and_o by_o that_o mean_n strengthen_v the_o other_o etc._n the_o complexion_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v general_o incline_v to_o fair_a as_o likewise_o their_o hair_n to_o a_o pale_a yellowish_a colour_n their_o stature_n be_v common_o of_o the_o middle_a sort_n though_o a_o little_a tend_v to_o the_o tall_a their_o constitution_n be_v general_o good_a and_o their_o body_n gross_a yet_o the_o woman_n of_o quality_n make_v it_o their_o chief_a study_n to_o make_v themselves_o lean_a and_o slim_v but_o paint_v and_o wash_v to_o meliorate_v their_o complexion_n they_o abhor_v neither_o have_v they_o any_o occasion_n for_o they_o men._n the_o polish_v man_n cut_v their_o hair_n about_o their_o ear_n like_o monk_n as_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o history_n they_o raze_v away_o all_o the_o hair_n from_o their_o face_n leave_v only_o one_o large_a whisker_n they_o walk_v grave_o
kingdom_n have_v a_o right_n to_o any_o of_o these_o mine_n as_o likewise_o to_o those_o of_o any_o metal_n find_v upon_o their_o land_n there_o be_v by_o the_o constitution_n no_o royal_a mine_n in_o poland_n except_o those_o of_o white_a salt_n only_o which_o belong_v peculiar_o to_o the_o king_n papermill_n throughout_o all_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o corn_n and_o cachat-mill_n but_o scarce_o any_o for_o full_v or_o paper_n yet_o which_o they_o may_v very_o well_o have_v by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a number_n of_o rapid_a stream_n in_o this_o and_o in_o other_o respect_n the_o pole_n be_v very_o negligent_a of_o their_o own_o interest_n be_v content_a to_o pay_v great_a rate_n for_o cloth_n and_o paper_n when_o they_o may_v easy_o have_v both_o of_o their_o own_o manufacture_n fish_n as_o for_o leather_n though_o no_o people_n use_v it_o more_o have_v almost_o all_o boot_n and_o chariot_n which_o they_o call_v ridevans_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o care_n to_o take_v the_o trouble_n of_o dress_v it_o themselves_o but_o suffer_v foreigner_n to_o do_v it_o for_o they_o and_o which_o common_o they_o pay_v very_o dear_a for_o when_o do_v the_o pole_n trade_n very_o much_o in_o fresh_a fish_n among_o themselves_o and_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o fish_n i_o imagine_v may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o your_o excellency_n have_v something_o peculiar_a in_o it_o fish_v their_o lake_n and_o fishpond_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n be_v general_o so_o large_a that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o impossible_a ever_o to_o drain_v they_o they_o usual_o choose_v to_o fish_v they_o in_o winter_n when_o they_o be_v all_o freeze_a up_o they_o first_o make_v a_o great_a hole_n in_o the_o ice_n to_o let_v down_o their_o net_n and_o afterward_o several_a little_a one_o from_o place_n to_o place_n that_o they_o may_v draw_v they_o along_o from_o hole_n to_o hole_n with_o a_o rope_n fasten_v to_o a_o long_a pole_n till_o they_o bring_v they_o back_o to_o the_o first_o large_a open_n when_o the_o two_o end_n of_o the_o net_n be_v bring_v together_o they_o pull_v they_o up_o and_o bring_v out_o with_o they_o all_o the_o fish_n that_o happen_v to_o be_v within_o the_o space_n of_o water_n through_o which_o the_o net_n be_v draw_v for_o they_o can_v possible_o leap_v over_o they_o because_o of_o the_o ice_n produce_v throughout_o all_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n there_o be_v huge_a quantity_n of_o honey_n to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o wood_n either_o in_o hollow_a tree_n hole_n of_o the_o ground_n or_o any_o where_o else_o that_o the_o bee_n can_v find_v to_o settle_v in_o of_o this_o honey_n as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o people_n make_v several_a sort_n of_o mead_n with_o which_o and_o the_o wax_n that_o come_v from_o it_o they_o trade_v very_o much_o into_o the_o neighbour_a country_n now_o be_v it_o not_o a_o great_a wonder_n that_o these_o bee_n can_v produce_v so_o great_a plenty_n of_o honey_n in_o so_o cold_a a_o climate_n but_o it_o seem_v they_o find_v something_o in_o the_o fir-tree_n whereof_o there_o be_v great_a number_n in_o every_o wood_n that_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o flower_n which_o they_o suck_v their_o material_n from_o in_o other_o country_n prussia_n before_o i_o proceed_v to_o give_v your_o excellency_n a_o description_n of_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o dantzic_n i_o must_v take_v some_o cursory_a notice_n of_o the_o former_a trade_n of_o prussia_n before_o its_o inhabitant_n come_v to_o have_v the_o use_n of_o money_n in_o the_o xiiith_o century_n the_o teutonic_n knight_n come_v out_o of_o germany_n into_o prussia_n bring_v along_o with_o they_o the_o coin_n of_o their_o country_n for_o before_o that_o time_n the_o prussian_n only_o barter_v commodity_n with_o their_o neighbour_n their_o chief_a trade_n than_o lie_v in_o electrum_n or_o amber_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o which_o hartman_n a_o late_a german_a author_n give_v this_o account_n he_o say_v that_o since_o it_o can_v neither_o be_v melt_v down_o nor_o be_v malleable_a it_o be_v impossible_a it_o shall_v be_v metal_n and_o because_o it_o be_v too_o solid_a a_o body_n to_o come_v under_o the_o species_n of_o sulphur_n or_o bitumen_n it_o must_v necessary_o be_v rank_v among_o the_o precious_a stone_n this_o amber_n be_v of_o divers_a colour_n and_o notwithstanding_o hartman_n insinuate_v it_o to_o be_v always_o solid_a yet_o be_v it_o certain_a that_o sometime_o it_o be_v as_o liquid_a as_o oil_n there_o be_v a_o black_a sort_n of_o it_o which_o be_v no_o other_o than_o what_o we_o call_v jet_n a_o description_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n siâ—ate_a to_o come_v to_o the_o description_n of_o dantzic_n in_o latin_a dantiscum_n or_o gedanum_n your_o excellency_n may_v be_v please_v to_o understand_v that_o it_o be_v the_o capital_a and_o largest_n city_n in_o royal_a prussia_n and_o lie_v in_o 41_o degree_n and_o 30_o minute_n of_o longitude_n and_o in_o 54_o degree_n and_o 20_o minute_n of_o latitude_n it_o be_v situate_a in_o one_o of_o the_o three_o island_n of_o which_o regal_a prussia_n consist_v call_v by_o the_o germane_a der_fw-mi dantzicher_n werder_n the_o other_o two_o have_v the_o name_n of_o der_fw-mi marienbursche_n werder_n and_o der_fw-mi elbingsâ—her_n werder_n this_o name_n der_fw-mi werder_n imply_v proper_o so_o many_o piece_n of_o solid_a ground_n encompass_v by_o fen_n and_o bog_n call_v by_o who_o this_o city_n be_v first_o build_v remain_v as_o yet_o undetermined_a becanus_n will_v have_v the_o dane_n to_o have_v be_v the_o founder_n of_o it_o and_o from_o they_o to_o have_v be_v call_v danes-wick_n i._n e._n danes-town_n but_o this_o derivation_n seem_v to_o have_v too_o much_o dutch_a in_o it_o therefore_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o to_o the_o word_n dan_fw-mi cdan_n or_o gdan_n be_v add_v the_o sclavonian_a term_n scke_n signify_v a_o town_n which_o make_v it_o danscke_o cdanscke_n or_o gdanscke_n and_o which_o may_v very_o reasonable_o be_v suppose_v afterward_o for_o better_a pronunciation_n sake_n to_o be_v change_v into_o dantzig_n or_o dantzic_n place_n it_o be_v distant_a about_o 80_o polish_v miles_n from_o cracow_n 40_o from_o posnan_n 50_o from_o warsaw_n 30_o from_o gnesna_n 22_o from_o throne_n 24_o from_o koningsberg_n 8_o from_o elbing_n 6_o from_o marienburg_n and_o near_o 4_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o be_v build_v on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o vistula_n on_o the_o north-west_n side_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a island_n strength_n the_o town_n itself_o be_v water_v by_o the_o river_n rodawn_n and_o motlaw_n and_o divide_v by_o the_o former_a into_o two_o part_n the_o old_a and_o the_o new_a on_o the_o southern_a and_o western_a side_n it_o be_v surround_v with_o high_a mountain_n and_o be_v well_o fortify_v with_o bulwark_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1656._o it_o have_v a_o large_a and_o high_a wall_n so_o broad_a that_o coach_n easy_o go_v round_a the_o rampart_n and_o so_o large_a in_o compass_n that_o it_o be_v three_o hour_n journey_n round_o which_o i_o may_v very_o well_o compute_v at_o six_o english_a mile_n at_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o rodawn_n on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o have_v a_o strong_a fort_n wherein_o there_o be_v common_o keep_v a_o garrison_n of_o 1000_o soldier_n it_o be_v impossible_a this_o city_n shall_v be_v bombard_v from_o the_o sea_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o distance_n from_o it_o but_o from_o the_o neighbour_a hill_n it_o may_v and_o therefore_o some_o work_n be_v raise_v there_o and_o always_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o soldier_n with_o store_n of_o cannon_n and_o ammunition_n place_v in_o they_o for_o its_o great_a security_n town_n this_o city_n be_v at_o present_a a_o famous_a mart_n and_o one_o of_o the_o principal_a of_o the_o hanse-town_n be_v altogether_o govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n though_o under_o protection_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n from_o which_o it_o have_v a_o castellan_n appoint_v over_o it_o half_a of_o the_o suburb_n belong_v to_o that_o crown_n and_o the_o other_o half_a to_o the_o city_n for_o in_o some_o part_n the_o crown-land_n reach_v to_o the_o suburb_n but_o in_o other_o the_o city-land_n go_v several_a miles_n together_o into_o the_o country_n garden_n there_o be_v twenty_o parish_n in_o the_o city_n and_o the_o suburb_n the_o house_n be_v general_o of_o brick_n and_o the_o street_n most_o common_o very_o large_a and_o well_o pave_v though_o somewhat_o dirty_a in_o winter_n as_o most_o of_o the_o town_n in_o poland_n be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o city_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n die_v rechte_v stadt_n be_v build_v by_o conrade_n wallenrodt_n master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n about_o the_o year_n 1388._o there_o be_v no_o garden_n in_o the_o city_n but_o nevertheless_o several_a very_a fine_a and_o large_a
one_o in_o the_o suburb_n religion_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o city_n and_o suburb_n be_v general_o germane_a and_o compute_v to_o be_v upward_o of_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o soul_n whereof_o the_o great_a part_n have_v adhere_v to_o the_o auspurg_n confession_n ever_o since_o the_o year_n 1525._o and_o the_o lutheran_n alone_o be_v admit_v to_o a_o share_n in_o the_o government_n yet_o all_o other_o sect_n be_v tolerate_v and_o allow_v a_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n church_n the_o public_a building_n of_o this_o city_n be_v first_o their_o church_n whereof_o there_o be_v two_o very_a famous_a viz._n st._n mary_n and_o st._n peter_n the_o former_a of_o which_o be_v by_o much_o the_o stately_a fabric_n in_o all_o prussia_n be_v very_o highvaulted_a and_o have_v in_o it_o exceed_o fine_a organ_n beside_o it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v 48_o altar_n 3722_o window_n and_o a_o font_n make_v at_o antwerp_n which_o cost_v 24000_o rixdollar_n or_o 5400_o pound_n sterling_a town-house_n next_o there_o be_v the_o town-house_n where_o the_o magistrate_n sit_v this_o be_v a_o very_a magnificent_a fabric_n with_o a_o exceed_a high_a spire_n it_o have_v abundance_n of_o noble_a inscription_n in_o several_a room_n into_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v the_o court_n of_o judicature_n here_o be_v very_o fine_a be_v all_o build_v with_o freestone_n and_o name_v arlus-house_n from_o its_o founder_n magazine_n in_o this_o city_n be_v three_o magazine_n whereof_o one_o be_v very_o considerable_a and_o plentiful_o provide_v with_o all_o kind_n of_o store_n and_o ammunition_n for_o land-force_n etc._n here_o be_v no_o university_n but_o however_o a_o very_a famous_a college_n with_o professor_n of_o all_o faculty_n yet_o who_o do_v not_o give_v the_o degree_n of_o doctor_n here_o be_v likewise_o a_o tolerable_a exchange_n for_o merchant_n to_o meet_v in_o the_o palace_n of_o st._n dominick_n a_o beautiful_a edifice_n a_o college_n for_o jesuit_n etc._n etc._n government_n the_o jurisdiction_n of_o dantzic_n extend_v to_o above_o 40_o english_a mile_n circumference_n it_o send_v two_o deputy_n to_o the_o diet_n of_o poland_n as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o book_n the_o absolute_a government_n of_o it_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o thirty_o senator_n elder_n or_o magistrate_n whereof_o the_o great_a part_n be_v person_n of_o learning_n though_o some_o few_o be_v merchant_n but_o of_o no_o other_o trade_n none_o of_o the_o clergy_n can_v be_v of_o this_o magistracy_n though_o any_o foreigner_n may_v yet_o none_o of_o any_o other_o religion_n but_o the_o lutheran_n except_o the_o calvinist_n whereof_o there_o must_v always_o be_v four_o in_o the_o whole_a senate_n division_n the_o senator_n when_o once_o create_v continue_v the_o same_o for_o life_n the_o first_o and_o chief_a among_o they_o be_v the_o four_o burgomaster_n or_o as_o they_o call_v they_o proconsul_n out_o of_o which_o a_o precedent_n be_v choose_v every_o year_n under_o these_o there_o be_v thirteen_o consul_n who_o choose_v the_o aforesaid_a burgomaster_n out_o of_o their_o body_n as_o often_o as_o they_o die_v away_o they_o likewise_o have_v the_o choose_v of_o all_o other_o officer_n belong_v as_o well_o to_o the_o old_a as_o the_o new_a city_n syndic_n there_o be_v twelve_o scabin_n or_o judge_n for_o all_o manner_n of_o process_n from_o who_o there_o lie_v appeal_n to_o the_o thirteen_o consul_n and_o four_o burgomaster_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n the_o thirty_o senator_n be_v their_o syndic_n or_o orator_n who_o be_v like_o a_o master_n of_o the_o ceremony_n to_o receive_v and_o compliment_v any_o foreign_a minister_n or_o agent_n he_o take_v place_n of_o all_o the_o scabin_n as_o the_o consul_n and_o burgomaster_n do_v of_o he_o king_n the_o king_n nominate_v every_o year_n out_o of_o the_o consul_n or_o burgomaster_n a_o burgrave_n to_o represent_v his_o person_n in_o the_o senate_n and_o all_o sentence_n of_o death_n must_v be_v sign_v by_o he_o in_o the_o king_n name_n for_o no_o body_n can_v be_v execute_v here_o without_o such_o sign_v i_o may_v take_v notice_n to_o your_o excellency_n that_o there_o be_v a_o distinction_n in_o execute_v criminal_n of_o this_o city_n for_o native_n must_v always_o be_v execute_v before_o arlus-house_n and_o foreigner_n near_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o city_n where_o the_o prison_n lie_v all_o that_o be_v execute_v in_o the_o city_n be_v behead_v but_o all_o thief_n and_o robber_n be_v to_o be_v hang_v about_o two_o mile_n out_o of_o town_n at_o a_o famous_a gallow_n support_v by_o four_o pillar_n of_o brick_n power_n to_o represent_v the_o grievance_n of_o the_o people_n and_o to_o maintain_v their_o privilege_n there_o be_v a_o hundred_o burgher_n choose_v to_o inspect_v the_o conduct_n of_o the_o senate_n they_o have_v likewise_o a_o vote_n in_o elect_v the_o clergy_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o senate_n within_o this_o city_n and_o its_o jurisdiction_n there_o be_v no_o bishop_n but_o only_o a_o college_n of_o the_o clergy_n who_o have_v no_o power_n except_o to_o examine_v such_o as_o be_v design_v to_o be_v elect_v priest_n by_o the_o senate_n and_o centumviri_n the_o manner_n of_o who_o election_n be_v this_o priest_n the_o candidate_n first_o make_v his_o application_n to_o the_o clergy_n to_o examine_v he_o which_o do_v they_o give_v he_o a_o certificate_n that_o they_o think_v he_o capable_a and_o allow_v he_o a_o liberty_n to_o preach_v after_o which_o the_o people_n or_o congregation_n of_o some_o parish_n present_v he_o to_o the_o senate_n and_o centumviri_n desire_v he_o may_v be_v elect_v for_o their_o minister_n when_o by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n he_o be_v elect_v according_o and_o thereupon_o send_v back_o to_o the_o college_n of_o the_o clergy_n to_o be_v ordain_v which_o be_v perform_v by_o imposition_n of_o hand_n read_v of_o prayer_n and_o some_o other_o ceremony_n this_o be_v likewise_o the_o manner_n of_o elect_v and_o ordain_v the_o clergy_n in_o most_o lutheran_n country_n church_n in_o this_o city_n there_o be_v four_o roman-catholick_n church_n whereof_o one_o be_v the_o king_n chapel_n and_o the_o rest_n be_v for_o monk_n there_o be_v also_o two_o for_o calvinist_n where_o the_o senate_n have_v no_o power_n to_o nominate_v the_o clergy_n i_o may_v here_o observe_v to_o your_o excellency_n that_o in_o dantzic_n there_o be_v a_o particular_a custom_n relate_v to_o marriage_n which_o be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o roman-catholick_n official_a a_o priest_n who_o by_o his_o power_n can_v oblige_v any_o person_n to_o marry_v a_o woman_n that_o he_o have_v but_o promise_v or_o give_v any_o present_n to_o whatsoever_o though_o the_o party_n never_o mean_v any_o such_o thing_n which_o occasion_n a_o great_a deal_n of_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n here_o as_o for_o the_o king_n power_n in_o this_o city_n he_o can_v save_v any_o body_n life_n that_o he_o please_v though_o condemn_v to_o die_v by_o the_o magistrate_n to_o he_o half_o the_o port-custom_n come_v and_o one_o mill_n bring_v he_o in_o every_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n and_o night_n 24_o gold_n ducat_n this_o mill_n be_v move_v by_o the_o rodawn_n which_o run_v through_o the_o city_n it_o grind_v such_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n all_o the_o year_n round_o that_o its_o revenue_n amount_v to_o 4320_o pound_n sterling_a to_o the_o state_n and_o the_o king_n beside_o the_o profit_n make_v by_o the_o proprietor_n the_o city_n be_v oblige_v to_o put_v the_o king_n effigy_n on_o one_o side_n of_o their_o coin_n though_o they_o common_o have_v their_o own_o arm_n on_o the_o other_o when_o the_o king_n come_v thither_o they_o be_v to_o treat_v he_o and_o his_o court_n for_o three_o day_n together_o but_o however_o he_o can_v bring_v but_o a_o few_o of_o his_o guard_n into_o the_o city_n the_o dantzicker_n be_v oblige_v to_o have_v always_o a_o secretary_n at_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n who_o as_o dr._n connor_n say_v in_o his_o time_n be_v one_o mr._n alberti_n a_o ingenious_a gentleman_n now_o or_o late_o syndic_n of_o dantzic_n privilege_n as_o for_o the_o city-privilege_n they_o can_v coin_v their_o own_o money_n without_o the_o king_n leave_n choose_v their_o magistrate_n make_v their_o own_o law_n and_o determine_v absolute_o in_o matter_n of_o debt_n to_o the_o value_n of_o 500_o guilder_n but_o where_o the_o action_n exceed_v that_o sum_n a_o appeal_n lie_v to_o the_o tribunal_n of_o poland_n yet_o in_o such_o case_n the_o appellant_n be_v oblige_v to_o lay_v down_o 100_o guilder_n in_o the_o townhouse_n before_o he_o can_v proceed_v and_o this_o be_v to_o deter_v people_n from_o make_v such_o appeal_v for_o the_o dantzicker_n do_v not_o much_o care_n that_o any_o of_o their_o money_n shall_v get_v into_o poland_n but_o where_o they_o can_v help_v it_o sea_n this_o
severia_n city_n belong_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n 243._o siradia_n pal._n its_o arm_n 230._o sendomir_n pal._n it_o be_v division_n into_o district_n 249._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n 251._o their_o several_a description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n sendomir_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 250._o sanoch_n town_n it_o be_v description_n 273._o sâ—â—â—giâ—ta_fw-la province_n 290._o its_o bound_n 291._o manner_n of_o people_n ib._n their_o superstition_n 292._o manner_n of_o sacrifice_v ib._n etc._n etc._n division_n into_o district_n 293._o principal_a town_n ib._n description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n t_o teutonic_n order_n call_v into_o poland_n 43._o establish_v in_o prussia_n 51._o prove_v troublesome_a to_o the_o pole_n ib._n therefore_o excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n 52._o rout_n the_o prussian_n and_o casimir_n iu._n 64._o tartar_n first_o inroad_n 44._o second_o incursion_n 61._o three_o incursion_n with_o the_o moscovite_n and_o moldavian_n 71._o turk_n take_v podhais_n 170._o thorn_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 261._o its_o arm_n ib._n native_a town_n of_o copernicus_n ib._n etc._n etc._n troki_n city_n build_v 315._o it_o be_v description_n 329._o troki_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 328._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n 329._o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 330._o u._n visimirus_n 10._o his_o conquest_n 11._o his_o death_n ibid._n venda_fw-la 13._o her_o death_n ib._n uladislaus_n i._n 30._o his_o war_n ib._n his_o marriage_n and_o death_n 31._o ii_o when_o elect_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 33._o persecute_v his_o brother_n 34._o a_o severe_a revenge_n ib._n his_o flight_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o death_n 35._o iii_o uladislaus_n lasconogus_n 42._o surrenders_n his_o crown_n ib._n iv._o whence_o so_o call_v 48._o when_o begin_v his_o reign_n and_o how_o long_o reign_v 49._o his_o war_n and_o vice_n ib._n be_v dethrone_v ib_a restore_v 50._o meet_v with_o difficulty_n ib._n etc._n etc._n his_o speech_n to_o his_o army_n 52._o overthrow_v the_o teutonic_n order_n 53._o be_v crown_v with_o his_o queen_n ib._n his_o death_n ib._n uladislaus_n v._o vide_fw-la jagello_n vi_o when_o elect_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 60._o regent_n during_o minority_n 61._o crown_v king_n of_o hungary_n ib._n his_o war_n with_o the_o turk_n ib._n etc._n etc._n be_v compliment_v on_o a_o victory_n 62._o kill_v and_o rout_v by_o the_o turk_n 63._o epitaph_n upon_o he_o ib._n his_o perfidy_n awaken_v the_o turk_n ib._n vii_o elect_v proclaim_a and_o crown_v 121._o his_o marriage_n and_o war_n ib._n with_o the_o cosack_n 122._o his_o death_n 123._o ukraina_n country_n of_o the_o cosack_n whence_o so_o call_v 93._o how_o divide_v ib._n to_o who_o ancient_o belong_v ib._n its_o inhabitant_n vide_fw-la cosacks_n vielunia_n territory_n it_o be_v division_n 229._o principal_a town_n ibid._n arm_n 230._o uladislaw_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 234._o varmia_n bishopric_n and_o pal._n exempt_a from_o regal_a jurisdiction_n 263._o it_o be_v chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n their_o several_a description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n vinnicza_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 277._o volhynia_n province_n division_n into_o district_n 294._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 296._o vilna_n city_n build_v 316._o it_o be_v description_n 325._o its_o arm_n 328._o vilna_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 325._o it_o be_v chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 328._o vitebsko_fw-mi vide_fw-la witebsko_n w._n woievod_n xii_o their_o government_n 12_o 14._o depose_v ib._n wenceslaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n crown_v king_n of_o poland_n and_o how_o long_o reign_v 49._o go_v into_o bohemia_n ib._n lose_v his_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o die_v 50._o warsaw_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 285_o etc._n etc._n witebsko_fw-mi pal._n have_v but_o one_o district_n 335._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n their_o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 336._o witebsko_fw-mi city_n it_o be_v description_n 335._o z._n ziemovitus_fw-la 23._o his_o war_n character_n and_o death_n ib._n ziemovistus_n ib._n his_o character_n and_o death_n ib._n etc._n etc._n zulava_n island_n it_o be_v division_n 263._o zamoisk_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 283._o table_n ii_o ☞_o note_v this_o second_o volume_n have_v be_v put_v to_o two_o printing-house_n a_o second_o alphabet_n be_v necessary_a to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o therefore_o to_o avoid_v mistake_v the_o reader_n be_v desire_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o this_o asterism_n *_o after_o the_o folio_n for_o the_o distinction_n of_o the_o second_o part._n a._n armenian_n in_o poland_n where_o inhabit_v 49._o have_v peculiar_a prelate_n etc._n etc._n ib._n service_n in_o what_o language_n ibid._n acknowledge_v the_o see_v of_o rome_n ib._n associate_n to_o judge_n 77._o army_n polish_v it_o be_v division_n 9_o *_o of_o the_o horse_n ib._n etc._n etc._n *_o of_o the_o foot_n 11_o *_o manner_n of_o pay_v the_o army_n 20_o *_o inferior_a officer_n of_o the_o army_n 31_o etc._n etc._n *_o auxiliary_n what_o 16_o *_o example_n ib._n *_n b._n bishopric_n polish_v how_o many_o 36_o etc._n etc._n their_o several_a diocese_n 37._o peculiar_a jurisdiction_n ib._n bishop_n polish_v each_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o little_a court_n 46._o have_v also_o suffragans_fw-la ib._n contest_v with_o lay-senator_n for_o precedence_n ib._n have_v most_o of_o they_o large_a revenue_n 47._o bishop_n greek_n in_o premislaw_n 44._o in_o kiovia_n be_v former_o primate_n of_o moscovy_n 45._o burgraves_n their_o office_n 80._o bath_n in_o poland_n private_a and_o public_a with_o their_o effect_n 199._o burial_n order_n of_o procession_n at_o they_o 206._o other_o proceed_n 207._o particular_n of_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n interment_n ib._n c._n commonalty_n polish_v their_o condition_n 5._o wherefore_o enslave_v ib._n incapable_a of_o preferment_n except_o some_o few_o 167._o how_o first_o enslave_v 182._o live_v satisfy_v notwithstanding_o 183._o their_o present_a condition_n 184._o enrich_v their_o lord_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n how_o fix_v in_o a_o farm_n 185._o cosacks_n a_o further_a account_n of_o they_o 11_o etc._n etc._n *_o their_o council_n of_o war_n 12_o *_o way_n of_o fortify_v their_o camp_n and_o boat_n ib._n *_n their_o power_n 13_o *_o crown_n of_o poland_n mean_v to_o continue_v it_o in_o one_o family_n 26._o vacant_a four_o way_n 126._o custom_n polish_v way_n of_o hunt_v wild_a ox_n 209._o manner_n of_o take_v bear_n 211._o way_n of_o order_v cabbage_n 212._o pole_n eat_v but_o little_a bread_n 215._o custom_n at_o feast_n vide_fw-la feast_n manner_n at_o table_n 217._o way_n of_o take_v tobacco_n 218._o custom_n in_o travel_v vide_fw-la travel_v manner_n of_o peculiar_a country_n 224._o custom_n in_o grind_v corn_n 227._o rustic_n employment_n within_o and_o without_o door_n 229._o manner_n in_o husbandry_n 233._o way_n of_o prune_v tree_n ib._n manner_n of_o sow_v ib._n etc._n etc._n way_n of_o secure_v and_o order_v corn_n 234._o peculiar_a custom_n in_o prussia_n ib._n manner_n of_o fish_v in_o poland_n 40_o *_o manner_n of_o elect_v and_o ordain_v priest_n in_o dantzic_n 47_o *_o counsellor_n privy_a who_o in_o poland_n 31._o four_o senator_n particular_o assign_v 31_o 35._o castellan_n what_o and_o whence_o so_o call_v 35._o name_n and_o precedence_n from_o 61_o to_o 67._o their_o duty_n 60._o their_o division_n qualification_n office_n and_o title_n ib._n etc._n etc._n name_v in_o polish_v 68_o cracow_n bishop_n of_o his_o residence_n and_o precedence_n 42._o bishopric_n and_o power_n ib._n how_o address_v to_o 43_o cracow_n palatin_a of_o wherefore_o prefer_v 55._o cujavia_n bishop_n of_o he_o see_v precedence_n and_o authority_n 43._o have_v several_a place_n of_o residence_n ib._n culm_n bishop_n of_o his_o precedence_n and_o see_v 45._o chelm_fw-ge bishop_n of_o he_o see_v translate_v and_o wherefore_o 45._o caminiec_fw-la bishop_n of_o honorary_a be_v under_o the_o turk_n 46._o church_n greek_n two_o sort_n 47._o priest_n how_o call_v and_o wherefore_o ib._n calvinist_n in_o what_o part_n of_o poland_n 48._o king_n oblige_v to_o protect_v they_o ib._n name_n in_o polish_v ibid._n first_o nobleman_n that_o become_v calvinist_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n clergy_n regular_n their_o privilege_n 51._o dissolute_a life_n ib._n clergy_n secular_a their_o manner_n 52._o division_n ib._n church_n polish_v fine_a and_o well_o adorn_v 53._o a_o rich_a cope_n at_o leopel_n ib._n chancellor_n great_a and_o vice_n qualification_n of_o those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n 70._o both_o have_v seal_n and_o equal_a authority_n 71._o their_o office_n and_o power_n ib._n succeed_v each_o other_o 72._o how_o ought_v to_o be_v qualify_v ib._n cavalry_n polish_v what_o require_v in_o vain_a of_o they_o 7_o *_o great_a force_n with_o example_n 24_o etc._n etc._n *_o cupbearer_n carver_n etc._n etc._n 77._o custom-house_n commissioner_n 78._o chamberlain_z vice_n of_o district_n his_o office_n 78._o chamberlain_n under_o he_o ib._n convocation_n
literae_fw-la restium_fw-la by_o some_o and_o by_o other_o wici_n signify_v in_o polish_v a_o staff_n and_o carry_v alo_v to_o every_o one_o of_o the_o chief_a nobleman_n of_o the_o district_n thrice_o in_o a_o month_n and_o proclaim_v as_o often_o in_o all_o city_n and_o to_n all_o court_n of_o justice_n cease_v at_o the_o three_o read_v of_o these_o letter_n unless_o it_o be_v those_o of_o the_o vice_n starosta_n who_o exercise_n their_o jurisdiction_n as_o before_o after_o the_o last_o read_v of_o these_o letter_n a_o place_n be_v appoint_v by_o several_a private_a assembly_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o every_o district_n for_o particular_a muster_n and_o afterward_o for_o the_o general_n muster_v of_o every_o palatinate_n here_o the_o palatine_n and_o castellan_n take_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o man_n horse_n arm_n etc._n etc._n neither_o of_o which_o can_v be_v change_v after_o that_o muster_n at_o the_o same_o time_n also_o the_o palatin_n divide_v the_o district_n among_o the_o several_a castellan_n and_o order_n they_o their_o several_a post_n in_o those_o palatinate_v where_o there_o be_v but_o one_o castellan_n there_o part_n of_o his_o duty_n be_v perform_v by_o a_o vice-chamberlain_n etc._n etc._n and_o in_o lithuania_n by_o a_o marshal_n of_o every_o district_n this_o particular_a muster_n be_v over_o the_o castellan_n of_o every_o district_n lead_v the_o gentry_n under_o his_o command_n to_o the_o place_n of_o general_a muster_n for_o the_o palatinate_n where_o the_o palatin_a muster_n they_o again_o and_o take_v a_o account_n of_o the_o defaulter_n before_o the_o castellan_n come_v to_o the_o palatine_n justice_n be_v absolute_o in_o their_o hand_n but_o afterward_o they_o must_v resign_v it_o to_o the_o palatin_n though_o capital_a crime_n be_v always_o reserve_v for_o the_o determination_n of_o the_o general_n or_o rather_o of_o the_o king_n who_o of_o late_a day_n have_v have_v a_o council_n of_o war_n assign_v he_o for_o that_o purpose_n i_o may_v here_o observe_v that_o the_o gentry_n be_v always_o muster_v and_o register_v annual_o by_o their_o respective_a officer_n starovolscius_fw-la reasonable_o cavalry_n require_v two_o necessary_a quality_n in_o the_o polish_v horse_n which_o they_o seldom_o or_o never_o have_v and_o those_o be_v expedition_n and_o obedience_n as_o to_o the_o former_a he_o say_v they_o be_v always_o unwilling_a to_o leave_v their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o therefore_o never_o care_v for_o appear_v before_o they_o be_v force_v by_o the_o three_o summons_n and_o as_o for_o the_o latter_a when_o they_o be_v get_v together_o he_o say_v think_v themselves_o powerful_a they_o be_v always_o plot_v and_o ready_a to_o rebel_n against_o their_o superior_n and_o the_o reason_n be_v that_o although_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o plenty_n yet_o in_o every_o expedition_n almost_o the_o soldier_n be_v ready_a to_o starve_v which_o be_v occasion_v by_o a_o shameful_a neglect_n of_o the_o chief_a officer_n to_o furnish_v the_o army_n with_o requisite_a provision_n whence_o it_o often_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o though_o matter_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o near_a issue_n yet_o they_o be_v general_o forsake_v before_o they_o be_v accomplish_v the_o soldier_n head_n run_v after_o nothing_o but_o forage_v and_o plunder_n which_o they_o take_v wherever_o it_o come_v in_o their_o way_n whereby_o the_o country_n be_v general_o injure_v instead_o of_o be_v right_v and_o defend_v there_o be_v other_o cause_n of_o this_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n in_o the_o army_n which_o i_o shall_v speak_v of_o hereafter_o rendezvous_n when_o the_o gentry_n have_v be_v thus_o muster_v by_o the_o palatine_n they_o be_v next_o to_o be_v lead_v by_o their_o officer_n to_o the_o place_n of_o general_a rendezvous_n where_o every_o palatin_n deliver_v up_o his_o charge_n to_o the_o supremacy_n of_o the_o great_a general_n in_o their_o march_n they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v quarter_v upon_o any_o of_o the_o king_n be_v or_o gentry_n estate_n but_o be_v to_o encamp_v in_o the_o open_a field_n that_o they_o may_v make_v no_o disturbance_n in_o the_o city_n at_o this_o day_n the_o general_n power_n be_v very_o much_o limit_v in_o respect_n of_o what_o it_o be_v former_o for_o then_o a_o general_n be_v altogether_o absolute_a and_o his_o will_n alone_o go_v for_o a_o law_n but_o now_o he_o can_v do_v little_a without_o the_o consent_n of_o such_o as_o the_o republic_n have_v assign_v he_o beside_o the_o great_a general_n and_o field-marshal_n the_o king_n by_o the_o law_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v in_o the_o army_n in_o person_n this_o appear_v by_o the_o example_n of_o king_n alexander_n who_o by_o reason_n the_o gentry_n demand_v his_o presence_n among_o they_o though_o sick_a be_v force_v to_o be_v carry_v in_o a_o litter_n into_o the_o camp_n this_o be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v plot_v by_o the_o contrivance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o glinski_n who_o hope_v thereby_o that_o the_o king_n will_v catch_v his_o death_n horse_n before_o i_o proceed_v any_o far_a i_o ought_v to_o give_v your_o grace_n a_o division_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n and_o therein_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v compose_v of_o different_a kind_n of_o soldier_n as_o first_o of_o the_o pospolite_n or_o militia_n 2._o of_o hire_a soldier_n 3._o of_o auxiliary_n 4._o of_o quartarian_a hireling_n and_o 5_o of_o volunteer_n and_o again_o it_o consist_v both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o those_o native_n and_o foreigner_n the_o native_n be_v for_o the_o great_a part_n horse_n or_o cavalry_n and_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o four_o sort_n which_o may_v also_o be_v consider_v in_o two_o manner_n as_o first_o heavy-armed_a and_o second_o light-horse_n the_o former_a be_v 1._o the_o hussartz_n which_o with_o their_o horse_n be_v both_o in_o close_a armour_n and_o 2_o the_o tovarzysz_n which_o have_v only_o a_o breastplate_n helmet_n and_o gorget_n these_o be_v both_o choice_a man_n and_o the_o latter_a be_v so_o name_v from_o a_o word_n in_o polish_v which_o signify_v companion_n arm_v the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v arm_v with_o short_a lance_n sabres_fw-es and_o pistol_n and_o the_o second_o with_o carabine_n bow_n and_o arrow_n etc._n etc._n these_o short_a lance_n be_v call_v by_o the_o pole_n kopye_n whence_o also_o the_o body_n of_o man_n that_o use_v they_o be_v term_v kopiynick_n these_o kopiie_n be_v about_o 6_o foot_n long_o and_o tie_v to_o the_o horsmen_n wrist_n with_o string_n of_o silk_n when_o they_o come_v near_o their_o enemy_n they_o dart_v their_o lance_n with_o all_o their_o force_n against_o they_o and_o if_o they_o miss_v their_o body_n they_o sudden_o snatch_v back_o the_o lance_n by_o help_n of_o the_o silken_a string_n but_o where_o they_o have_v mortal_o wound_v any_o than_o they_o slip_v the_o silk_n and_o leave_v the_o lance_n in_o their_o body_n till_o such_o time_n as_o they_o can_v ride_v up_o to_o they_o to_o cut_v of_o their_o head_n with_o a_o broad_a well_o temper_v sabre_n which_o always_o hang_v by_o their_o saddle_n both_o the_o hussartz_n and_o tovarzysz_n with_o their_o horse_n look_v frightful_o be_v stick_v all_o over_o with_o wing_n of_o stork_n crane_n turkey-cock_n etc._n etc._n and_o clothe_v over_o their_o armour_n with_o skin_n of_o leopard_n tiger_n bear_n lion_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o they_o do_v to_o make_v themselves_o the_o more_o terrible_a to_o their_o enemy_n these_o cavalry_n for_o the_o most_o part_n set_v themselves_o also_o off_o wilh_v various_a partycoloured_a mantle_n which_o oftentimes_o shine_v with_o jewel_n gold_n and_o silver_n of_o the_o hussartz_n there_o be_v but_o 5_o company_n in_o poland_n every_o company_n consist_v of_o about_o 300_o man_n all_o arm_a cap-a-pe_n they_o have_v but_o one_o lieutenant_n in_o each_o company_n which_o they_o call_v poruczknik_n and_o one_o korazy_a or_o trumpeter_n with_o a_o particular_a sort_n of_o trumpet_n which_o they_o call_v koronzy_n one_o of_o these_o the_o present_a king_n of_o france_n cause_v to_o be_v bring_v into_o his_o kingdom_n with_o design_n to_o have_v the_o like_v make_v but_o be_v extreme_o costly_a and_o not_o like_a to_o be_v of_o any_o great_a use_n among_o the_o cannon_n he_o lay_v his_o intention_n aside_o horse_n the_o light_a horse_n be_v also_o of_o two_o sort_n and_o be_v either_o with_o armour_n or_o without_o the_o first_o sort_n wear_v coat_n of_o mail_n and_o differ_v in_o name_n as_o they_o do_v in_o country_n the_o pole_n call_v they_o pancerznicy_n koragwy_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n petihorsky_n koragwy_n which_o last_o differ_v something_o in_o their_o dress_n from_o the_o former_a the_o number_n of_o these_o far_o exceed_v that_o either_o of_o the_o hussartz_n or_o tovarzysz_n they_o be_v both_o separate_a company_n and_o be_v incorporate_v into_o no_o regiment_n they_o be_v in_o all_o about_o 6_o or_o 7000_o