kingdom_n etc._n etc._n and_o after_o present_o discourse_v upon_o what_o by_o some_o author_n have_v be_v affirm_v viz._n that_o either_o the_o conqueror_n or_o his_o brother_n odo_n bring_v it_o thither_o out_o of_o normandy_n and_o there_o plant_v it_o by_o the_o pattern_n and_o practice_n of_o his_o own_o country_n with_o much_o reason_n add_v for_o have_v it_o be_v from_o thence_o transplant_v probable_o it_o will_v not_o have_v be_v confine_v to_o kent_n a_o corner_n only_o of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o have_v spread_v itself_o rather_o over_o the_o whole_a by_o the_o conqueror_n mean_n who_o inclination_n and_o endeavour_n to_o propagate_v and_o implant_v here_o the_o custom_n of_o his_o own_o country_n be_v too_o eminent_a and_o notorious_a to_o be_v doubt_v of_o i_o may_v by_o the_o same_o reason_n argue_v that_o this_o custom_n be_v current_n in_o more_o ancient_a time_n may_v have_v its_o being_n not_o only_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o saxon_a government_n but_o its_o beginning_n long_o before_o and_o for_o my_o part_n i_o make_v no_o question_n but_o in_o elder_a time_n it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o all_o europe_n if_o not_o of_o all_o the_o world_n especial_o then_o when_o the_o inhabitant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o paucity_n can_v so_o easy_o afford_v ground_n and_o room_n to_o their_o branch_a and_o spread_a generation_n such_o thought_n have_v thucydides_n of_o the_o first_o plantation_n and_o incolae_fw-la of_o greece_n for_o it_o be_v evident_a say_v he_o that_o that_o which_o be_v now_o call_v hellai_n viz._n greece_n be_v not_o of_o old_a constant_o inhabit_v but_o that_o at_o first_o there_o be_v often_o removal_n every_o one_o easy_o leave_v the_o place_n of_o his_o abode_n to_o the_o violence_n always_o of_o some_o great_a number_n and_o every_o man_n so_o husband_v the_o ground_n as_o but_o bare_o to_o live_v upon_o it_o without_o any_o stock_n of_o riches_n and_o plant_v nothing_o because_o it_o be_v uncertain_a when_o another_o shall_v invade_v they_o and_o carry_v all_o away_o especial_o not_o have_v the_o defence_n of_o wall_n but_o make_v account_n to_o be_v master_n in_o any_o place_n of_o such_o necessary_a sustenance_n as_o may_v serve_v they_o from_o day_n to_o day_n they_o make_v little_a difficulty_n to_o change_v their_o habitation_n for_o the_o goodness_n of_o the_o land_n increase_v the_o power_n of_o some_o particular_a man_n both_o cause_v sedition_n whereby_o they_o be_v ruin_v at_o home_n and_o withal_o make_v they_o more_o obnoxious_a to_o the_o insidiation_n of_o stranger_n and_o a_o modern_a author_n out_o of_o homer_n write_v of_o those_o first_o solutum_fw-la first_o sallust_n cite_v by_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o mare_n claus_n l._n 1._o c._n 7._o de_fw-la aborigiaibus_fw-la in_o conjurat_fw-la catilinae_fw-la say_v they_o be_v genus_fw-la hominum_fw-la agreste_fw-la sine_fw-la legibus_fw-la sine_fw-la imperio_fw-la liberum_fw-la atque_fw-la solutum_fw-la planter_n say_v in_o tâ—guriis_fw-la atque_fw-la antris_fw-la habitabant_fw-la ac_fw-la sine_fw-la legibus_fw-la sine_fw-la certis_fw-la sedibus_fw-la palantes_fw-la vagerentur_fw-la et_fw-la trojanis_fw-la temportbus_fw-la in_o sicilia_n describit_fw-la homerus_fw-la illus_fw-la aetatis_fw-la imaginem_fw-la nec_fw-la fora_fw-la conciliis_fw-la fervent_a nec_fw-la judice_fw-la tantum_fw-la antra_fw-la colunt_fw-la umbrosa_fw-la altis_fw-la in_o montibus_fw-la aedes_fw-la quisquesuas_fw-la regit_fw-la vxorem_fw-la natosque_fw-la nec_fw-la ulli_fw-la incommune_fw-la vacat_fw-la socias_fw-la extendere_fw-la curas_fw-la then_o be_v it_o i_o believe_v that_o they_o prudent_o use_v this_o kind_n of_o partition_n which_o extend_v itself_o no_o further_o than_o a_o division_n of_o stock_n and_o good_n by_o it_o equal_o to_o enable_v all_o the_o participant_n to_o settle_v to_o a_o livelihood_n and_o decline_v rapine_n which_o be_v the_o use_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o first_o incolae_fw-la this_o be_v also_o describe_v by_o thucydide_n discourse_v of_o the_o ancient_a greek_n report_v that_o they_o in_o old_a time_n and_o such_o barbarian_n as_o in_o the_o continent_n live_v near_o unto_o the_o sea_n or_o else_o inhabit_v the_o island_n after_o once_o they_o begin_v to_o cross_v over_o one_o to_o another_o in_o ship_n become_v thief_n rifle_v the_o weak_a and_o make_v this_o the_o best_a mean_n of_o their_o live_n be_v a_o matter_n at_o that_o time_n no_o where_o in_o disgrace_n this_o say_v thucydides_n of_o his_o own_o age_n be_v manifest_a by_o some_o that_o dwell_v on_o the_o continent_n among_o who_o so_o it_o be_v perform_v noble_o it_o be_v still_o esteem_v as_o a_o ornament_n it_o be_v in_o those_o elder_a time_n that_o riches_n consist_v not_o in_o have_v a_o propriety_n to_o land_n but_o rather_o in_o the_o number_n of_o servant_n to_o manage_v and_o defend_v their_o great_a stock_n and_o herd_n of_o catel_n and_o this_o i_o guess_v to_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o many_o have_v rational_o derive_v pecunia_n from_o pecus_fw-la and_o 119._o and_o it_o be_v long_o after_o the_o first_o plantation_n of_o our_o island_n that_o money_n be_v in_o use_n and_o long_o before_o the_o king_n due_n be_v pay_v in_o mony_n for_o judge_n doderidge_n out_o of_o gervasius_n tilburiensis_n a_o learned_a man_n who_o flourish_v in_o the_o day_n of_o king_n hen._n 2._o in_o his_o dialogue_n of_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o king_n exchequer_n have_v in_o effect_n as_o follow_v until_o the_o time_n say_v he_o of_o king_n hen_n 1._o the_o king_n use_v not_o to_o receive_v money_n of_o their_o land_n but_o victual_n for_o the_o provision_n of_o their_o house_n and_o towards_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o soldier_n wage_n and_o such_o like_a charge_n money_n be_v raise_v out_o of_o the_o city_n and_o castle_n in_o which_o husbandry_n and_o tillage_n be_v not_o use_v and_o exercise_v but_o at_o length_n when_o the_o king_n be_v in_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n need_v ready_a money_n for_o and_o towards_o the_o furniture_n of_o the_o war_n and_o his_o subject_n and_o farmer_n complain_v that_o they_o be_v grievous_o trouble_v by_o carriage_n of_o victual_n into_o sundry_a part_n of_o the_o realm_n far_o distant_a from_o their_o dwelling_n the_o king_n direct_v commission_n to_o certain_a discreet_a person_n who_o have_v a_o regard_n of_o those_o victual_n shall_v reduce_v they_o into_o reasonable_a sum_n of_o money_n the_o levy_n of_o which_o sum_n they_o appoint_v to_o the_o sheriff_n taking_z order_z withal_o that_o he_o shall_v pay_v they_o at_o the_o scale_n or_o beam_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o he_o shall_v pay_v sixpence_n over_o and_o above_o every_o pound_n weight_n of_o money_n because_o they_o think_v that_o the_o money_n in_o time_n will_v wax_v so_o much_o the_o worse_o for_o the_o wear_n exit_fw-la camden_n &_o littleton_n treatise_n of_o nobility_n pag._n 118_o 119._o pecunia_n in_o our_o ancient_a saxon_a law_n be_v often_o make_v use_n of_o for_o pecus_fw-la and_o then_o we_o must_v imagine_v they_o rather_o pastor_n than_o landlord_n such_o who_o change_v their_o land_n at_o pleasure_n and_o their_o habitation_n together_o for_o the_o better_a accommodation_n of_o their_o stock_n whose_o wealth_n be_v sum_v up_o as_o job_n by_o servant_n and_o catel_n but_o as_o people_n multiply_v and_o their_o number_n increase_v so_o that_o they_o have_v not_o conveniency_n of_o wander_v as_o former_o by_o the_o reason_n that_o land_n be_v general_o occupy_v according_a to_o the_o ability_n of_o family_n in_o their_o stock_n and_o number_n of_o catel_n than_o do_v land_n also_o by_o degree_n become_v impropriate_v observe_v nevertheless_o the_o same_o manner_n of_o partition_n of_o such_o land_n as_o before_o they_o have_v do_v of_o good_n for_o as_o before_o when_o they_o may_v have_v have_v land_n enough_o what_o shall_v they_o have_v do_v with_o it_o without_o stock_n so_o now_o when_o land_n be_v impropriate_v what_o shall_v they_o do_v with_o stock_n without_o land_n and_o for_o fear_n of_o that_o violence_n i_o before_o discourse_v of_o come_v first_o of_o all_o cohabitancia_n that_o be_v live_v together_o in_o society_n which_o without_o any_o disgrace_n be_v villeinage_n and_o so_o from_o family_n rise_v village_n and_o from_o they_o city_n by_o this_o mean_n we_o see_v how_o man_n come_v to_o be_v proprietor_n both_o of_o land_n and_o good_n of_o which_o tacitus_n make_v observation_n among_o the_o ancient_a german_a custom_n caeteris_fw-la seruis_fw-la except_o those_o only_o employ_v about_o merchandise_n non_fw-la in_fw-la nostrum_fw-la morem_fw-la descriptis_fw-la perfamiliam_fw-la ministeriis_fw-la utuntur_fw-la svam_fw-la cuique_fw-la sedem_fw-la suos_fw-la penates_fw-la regit_fw-la frumenti_fw-la modum_fw-la dominus_fw-la aut_fw-la pecoris_fw-la aut_fw-la vestis_fw-la ut_fw-la colono_fw-la injungit_fw-la &_o servus_n hactenus_fw-la patet_fw-la here_o be_v their_o ancient_a manner_n of_o live_v their_o ancient_a manner_n of_o reserve_v rent_n not_o unlike_o those_o which_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o scotland_n and_o believe_v be_v in_o
kingdom_n of_o kent_n concern_v ethelbert_n the_o four_o king_n after_o hengist_n of_o who_o he_o use_v these_o word_n this_o noble_a king_n have_v a_o care_n for_o they_o that_o shall_v come_v after_o bring_v the_o law_n of_o his_o country_n into_o their_o own_o mother_n tongue_n observe_v here_o that_o by_o this_o time_n from_o the_o saxon_n first_o arrival_n it_o be_v probable_a the_o kentish_a speak_v the_o saxon_a tongue_n their_o language_n before_o be_v british_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o island_n the_o country_n of_o king_n ethelbert_n be_v kont_a and_o his_o mother_n tongue_n be_v saxon_a now_o ethelbert_n find_v the_o law_n of_o his_o country_n british_a the_o saxon_a tongue_n general_o speak_v bring_v those_o law_n out_o of_o british_a into_o saxon_n and_o this_o be_v the_o naked_a meaning_n of_o it_o i_o find_v judicialis_fw-la find_v bedas_n eccl._n hist_n l._n 2._o cap._n 5._o ait_fw-la ethelbertum_n cantiae_fw-la regem_fw-la scripsisse_fw-la idiomate_fw-la saxonice_n libellum_fw-la cvi_fw-la nomen_fw-la indidit_fw-la decreta_fw-la judiciorum_fw-la atque_fw-la judicia_fw-la illa_fw-la vel_fw-la sva_fw-la memoria_fw-la tradit_fw-la suisse_fw-la observata_fw-la aluredus_fw-la in_o praefatione_fw-la legum_fw-la satetur_fw-la se_fw-la ex_fw-la ethelberto_n sumpsisse_fw-la nonnulla_fw-la quid_fw-la plura_fw-la asserius_fw-la menevensis_fw-la olim_fw-la aluredo_fw-la regi_fw-la familiaris_fw-la prodit_fw-la ipsum_fw-la regen_n saxonicis_n mandasse_fw-la literis_fw-la judiciorum_fw-la decreta_fw-la verum_fw-la ad_fw-la nos_fw-la non_fw-la pervenire_fw-la injuria_fw-la temporum_fw-la this_o out_o of_o the_o glossary_a to_o the_o saxon_a law_n under_o this_o word_n libre_fw-la judicialis_fw-la reference_n in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o saxon_n law_n to_o a_o old_a book_n of_o law_n as_o if_o these_o be_v but_o only_a excerption_n out_o of_o it_o as_o in_o the_o five_o law_n of_o king_n aethelstan_n de_fw-fr irruptione_n in_o templum_n it_o be_v say_v triplicis_fw-la ordalii_fw-la sententia_fw-la convincatur_fw-la be_v prout_fw-la in_o libro_fw-la habetur_fw-la judiciali_fw-la compenfato_fw-la and_o this_o in_o the_o saxon_a be_v call_v domboc_a not_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n as_o the_o domesday_n we_o have_v in_o the_o exchequer_n of_o which_o sort_n writer_n do_v also_o mention_v a_o former_a both_o of_o they_o be_v only_o survey_v or_o description_n of_o land_n but_o a_o book_n of_o judgement_n for_o so_o do_v doom_n signify_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n the_o like_a i_o find_v in_o the_o five_o law_n of_o king_n edgar_n where_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o he_o that_o do_v not_o observe_v the_o lord_n day_n funnan_n dae_fw-la ges_fw-la poenas_fw-la in_fw-la judiciali_fw-la libro_fw-la descriptas_fw-la pendito_fw-mi so_o likewise_o in_o the_o eight_o of_o king_n edovards_n law_n si_fw-mi quis_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v etiam_fw-la id_fw-la compensationis_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o libro_fw-la judiciali_fw-la continetur_fw-la praestato_fw-la molmutii_fw-la praestato_fw-la leges_fw-la molmutii_fw-la duawalloâ—is_fw-la gildas_n cambrius_n in_o latinum_fw-la sermonem_fw-la transtulit_fw-la &_o alphredus_fw-la magnus_fw-la in_o saxonicum_fw-la balaeus_n in_o vita_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la molmutii_fw-la which_o book_n i_o suppose_v contain_v their_o ancient_a law_n translate_v out_o of_o the_o british_a though_o perhaps_o since_o the_o receive_n of_o christianity_n intermingle_v with_o much_o of_o the_o mosaical-judicial-law_n introduce_v both_o by_o the_o britain_n and_o the_o zealous-primitive-christian-saxon_a king_n to_o which_o law_n and_o perhaps_o may_v be_v the_o effect_n thereof_o eleutherius_fw-la the_o pope_n or_o bishop_n of_o rome_n counsel_v and_o refer_v lucius_n the_o brytain_n long_a time_n afore_o this_o age_n we_o be_v now_o write_v of_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o they_o have_v diversity_n of_o law_n as_o they_o be_v improper_o call_v viz._n merchenlaege_n westsaxonlaege_n and_o danelaege_n which_o not_o at_o all_o relate_v to_o a_o different_a law_n kind_a custom_n or_o usage_n but_o to_o several_a sort_n of_o amerciament_n mulct_n and_o fine_n for_o the_o transgression_n of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o law_n i_o say_v this_o be_v general_o so_o and_o so_o be_v it_o to_o be_v understand_v in_o the_o second_o of_o king_n alured_n law_n in_o the_o case_n of_o such_o as_o violate_v sanctuary_n and_o be_v this_o mulcta_fw-la vel_fw-la ipsa_fw-la capitis_fw-la aestimatione_fw-la prout_fw-la ejus_fw-la gentis_fw-la feret_fw-la consuetudo_fw-la etc._n etc._n this_o difference_n of_o fines_n and_o pecuniary_a imposition_n i_o find_v frequent_o but_o very_o little_o beside_o which_o be_v also_o all_o the_o impression_n that_o i_o can_v perceive_v the_o rude_a dane_n make_v upon_o the_o english_a in_o relation_n to_o their_o law_n for_o during_o their_o time_n edward_n the_o confessor_n look_v not_o at_o all_o upon_o the_o law_n as_o alter_v but_o say_v they_o be_v asleep_a for_o above_o threescore_o year_n as_o in_o a_o discourse_n concern_v they_o he_o have_v it_o and_o magnify_v they_o so_o high_o that_o in_o his_o restoration_n of_o they_o he_o will_v have_v they_o think_v to_o be_v very_o ancient_a though_o he_o report_v they_o make_v by_o his_o frand-father_n confessoris_fw-la frand-father_n omnes_fw-la proceres_fw-la regni_fw-la &_o milites_fw-la &_o liberi_fw-la hominâ—s_fw-la uniuâ—â—st_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la britanniae_fw-la facere_fw-la debent_fw-la in_fw-la pleno_fw-la folcmote_a fidelitatem_fw-la domino_fw-la regi_fw-la coram_fw-la episcopis_fw-la regm_n hanc_fw-la legem_fw-la invenit_fw-la arthuruâ—_n qui_fw-fr quoadam_n suis_fw-la inclytissimus_fw-la rex_fw-la brytonum_fw-la &_o ita_fw-la consolidavit_fw-la &_o confoederavit_fw-la regnuâ—n_fw-la britanniae_fw-la universum_fw-la semper_fw-la in_o unum_fw-la huius_fw-la legis_fw-la authoritate_fw-la expulit_fw-la arthurus_n praedictus_fw-la saracenos_n &_o inimicos_fw-la a_o regno_fw-la lex_fw-la enimista_fw-la diu_fw-la sopita_fw-la fuit_fw-la &_o sepulta_fw-la donec_fw-la edgdrus_n rex_fw-la anglorum_fw-la illam_fw-la excilavit_fw-la etc._n etc._n in_o leg_n 35._o edovardi_fw-la confessoris_fw-la edgar_n by_o which_o he_o labour_v to_o put_v a_o repute_n upon_o they_o for_o edgar_n be_v a_o wife_n and_o prudent_a prince_n and_o do_v urgent_o press_v the_o execution_n of_o they_o so_o that_o king_n edward_n ascribe_v they_o unto_o he_o as_o these_o very_a law_n after_o the_o norman_a conquest_n be_v call_v the_o law_n of_o holy_a king_n edward_n and_o be_v the_o same_o that_o the_o saxon_a king_n before_o edgar_n do_v use_v notwithstanding_o all_o which_o when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o corroboration_n of_o the_o privilege_n and_o immunity_n of_o the_o ancient_a city_n of_o london_n as_o to_o their_o husâ—â—ings_n and_o other_o court_n he_o declare_v the_o antiquity_n of_o they_o to_o be_v far_o great_a than_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edgar_n and_o i_o believe_v be_v coetanious_a with_o the_o ancient_a british_a law_n if_o we_o shall_v grant_v and_o allow_v the_o same_o antiquity_n to_o town_n and_o city_n with_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o the_o isle_n he_o say_v debet_fw-la etiam_fw-la in_o london_n quae_fw-la est_fw-la caput_fw-la regni_fw-la &_o legum_n semper_fw-la curia_fw-la domini_fw-la regius_fw-la singulis_fw-la septimanis_fw-la die_fw-la lunae_fw-la hustengis_fw-la sedere_fw-la &_o 〈◊〉_d â—â—nd_v at_o a_o enim_fw-la erat_fw-la olim_fw-la &_o aedisicata_fw-la ad_fw-la instar_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la â—â—â—dum_fw-la &_o in_o memoriom_n veteris_fw-la magnae_fw-la trojae_fw-la &_o ufque_n in_o bodiernum_fw-la diem_fw-la leges_fw-la &_o jura_fw-la &_o dignitates_fw-la libertates_fw-la regiasque_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la untiquae_fw-la magnae_fw-la trojae_fw-la in_o se_fw-la continet_fw-la &_o consuetudines_fw-la svas_fw-la una_fw-la semper_fw-la inviolabilitate_fw-la coâ—servat_fw-la here_o i_o shall_v observe_v that_o as_o well_o as_o london_n enjoy_v her_o privilege_n and_o immunity_n not_o at_o all_o infringe_v from_o so_o great_a antiquity_n notwithstanding_o the_o several_a revolution_n under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o roman_n saxon_n and_o dane_n other_o place_n of_o the_o same_o island_n may_v also_o probable_o enjoy_v the_o same_o favour_n and_o hold_v their_o custom_n law_n and_o tenor_n from_o as_o great_a antiquity_n but_o i_o have_v do_v with_o this_o revolution_n let_v we_o now_o inquire_v what_o probability_n we_o have_v to_o believe_v that_o chap._n iu._n william_n the_o conqueror_n alter_v not_o but_o confirm_v the_o saxon_a law_n the_o antiquity_n and_o different_a use_n of_o juries_n english_a claim_n and_o recover_v their_o land_n by_o law_n against_o the_o norman_n of_o our_o common_a law_n our_o custom_n forfeiture_n seal_v coverfeu_n exchequer_n fashion_n language_n write_v manner_n of_o fights_z fortification_n and_o building_n have_v pass_v through_o these_o mist_n and_o cloud_n of_o elder_a time_n let_v we_o now_o come_v to_o see_v what_o loss_n or_o alteration_n in_o relation_n to_o our_o law_n and_o custom_n we_o receive_v by_o the_o haereditatis_fw-la the_o the_o denomination_n here_o of_o william_n the_o first_o by_o conquestor_n or_o conqueror_n and_o this_o the_o norman_a conquest_n have_v stumble_v many_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o if_o it_o carry_v with_o it_o the_o enslave_v of_o the_o eaglish_a by_o his_o victorious_a success_n over_o harald_n and_o so_o be_v loath_a to_o afford_v it_o any_o courteous_a reception_n
one_o that_o reject_v it_o be_v able_a to_o produce_v of_o another_o original_n i_o tell_v you_o before_o what_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n write_v concern_v the_o city_n of_o london_n that_o fundata_fw-la erat_fw-la olim_fw-la &_o aedificata_fw-la ad_fw-la instar_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la modum_fw-la &_o in_o memoriam_fw-la veteris_fw-la magnae_fw-la trojae_fw-la he_o call_v it_o veteris_fw-la magnae_fw-la trojae_fw-la as_o if_o there_o be_v a_o young_a troy_n for_o perhaps_o that_o age_n have_v the_o conceit_n also_o of_o its_o be_v call_v troynovant_n found_v and_o build_v in_o the_o memory_n of_o the_o other_o old_a troy_n which_o in_o case_n it_o shall_v prove_v to_o be_v so_o call_v what_o reason_n have_v the_o first_o founder_n to_o make_v it_o ad_fw-la modum_fw-la and_o in_fw-la memoriam_fw-la thereof_o unless_o they_o have_v be_v relate_v thereunto_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o the_o city_n of_o london_n have_v its_o site_n in_o the_o country_n of_o the_o trinobantes_n the_o sound_n of_o which_o name_n may_v very_o probable_o administer_v much_o to_o the_o conceit_n but_o my_o design_n now_o be_v to_o weaken_v the_o vulgar_a opinion_n begin_v by_o the_o secret_a distaste_v of_o polydore_n virgil_n and_o follow_v by_o very_a many_o impute_v it_o to_o be_v the_o fiction_n of_o galfridus_n monumethensis_fw-la who_o be_v the_o translator_n only_o of_o a_o history_n out_o of_o such_o a_o language_n as_o polydore_v do_v not_o understand_v notwithstanding_o his_o be_v a_o canon_n of_o hereford_n and_o so_o consequent_o live_v very_o near_o to_o wales_n who_o set_v out_o his_o english_a history_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o eight_o in_o which_o as_o much_o as_o in_o he_o lay_v he_o labour_v to_o disparage_v the_o british_a antiquity_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o under_o the_o patronage_n of_o king_n henry_n have_v power_n to_o search_v all_o record_n be_v report_v to_o have_v seize_v the_o most_o ancient_a thereof_o that_o be_v in_o be_v in_o the_o treasury_n of_o landaf_n and_o to_o have_v destroy_v they_o something_o of_o which_o nature_n i_o have_v also_o see_v for_o in_o a_o register_n book_n compile_v by_o hereford_n by_o bishop_n of_o hereford_n st._n thomas_n de_fw-fr cantilupe_n i_o find_v three_o leaf_n cut_v out_o which_o by_o a_o constant_a and_o confident_a tradition_n of_o the_o register_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o hereford_n in_o who_o custody_n that_o book_n be_v it_o be_v aver_v that_o this_o be_v do_v by_o polydore_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o his_o history_n be_v make_v public_a he_o be_v encounter_v by_o sir_n john_n price_n in_o his_o book_n entitle_v defensio_fw-la historiae_fw-la brytannicae_n contra_fw-la polydorem_fw-la virgilium_fw-la unto_o his_o labour_n i_o shall_v refer_v the_o desirous_a reader_n but_o among_o other_o thing_n well_o worth_a the_o view_n he_o show_v the_o probability_n of_o the_o first_o british_n planter_n here_o their_o extraction_n and_o derivation_n from_o the_o grecian_n back_v with_o many_o considerable_a argument_n and_o unvulgar_a observation_n upon_o antiquity_n take_v from_o their_o language_n letter_n name_n etc._n etc._n but_o here_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o conjecture_n of_o trojanism_n be_v far_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o virgilian_a opinion_n will_v make_v it_o to_o be_v not_o only_o by_o what_o i_o have_v gather_v out_o of_o that_o discourse_n new_o cite_v of_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n concern_v the_o exemplar_n of_o the_o foundation_n of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n but_o also_o long_o before_o this_o from_o a_o expression_n of_o textor_n of_o m.s._n peâ—es_o authorem_fw-la &_o citat_fw-la à _fw-fr joanne_n prisaeo_n in_o defension_n sva_fw-la histor._n brit._n etc._n etc._n of_o who_o balaeus_n among_o his_o ancient_a writer_n say_v teliesin_n claruit_fw-la anno_fw-la salutis_fw-la humanae_fw-la 540._o arthurâ—_n adhuc_fw-la in_fw-la brytannia_n regnante_fw-la mr._n wheelock_n out_o of_o a_o ancient_a m.s._n in_o trinity_n coll._n camb._n in_o his_o comment_n upon_o â—ede_n cite_v this_o of_o he_o come_v þe_o good_a bruigt_n Æ¿at_o Æ¿a_v þe_v furste_v man_n ðat_v loverd_v Æ¿ar_n in_o engelond_n that_o be_v of_o he_o viz._n dardan_n come_v the_o good_a brute_n that_o be_v the_o first_o man_n that_o be_v honour_v in_o england_n or_o lord_v there_o sir_n edw._n biss_fw-ge my_o honour_a friend_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o vpton_n write_v p._n 41._o joannes_n hantvillensis_n sive_fw-la hantwillensis_n nostras_fw-la claruit_fw-la anno_fw-la 1200._o regnante_fw-la joanne_n libros_fw-la de_fw-la bruto_fw-la xvi_o quemadmodum_fw-la in_fw-la gesnerianae_n bibliothecae_fw-la simleriana_n legitur_fw-la epitome_n sed_fw-la pitseus_fw-la ait_fw-la poëmâ—t_fw-la id_fw-la libris_fw-la ix_o constare_fw-la ludebat_fw-la archithrenium_fw-la autem_fw-la appellavit_fw-la etc._n etc._n atqui_fw-la hinc_fw-la ipse_fw-la etiam_fw-la archithreniâ—â—_n nominatus_fw-la eum_n laudat_fw-la petrarcha_fw-la giraldus_n vives_z vossius_fw-la textor_n balaeus_n &_o textor_n ambrose_n telesinus_n a_o monk_n of_o bangor_n who_o live_v in_o the_o first_o age_n of_o the_o saxon_n enterprise_n upon_o brytain_n and_o by_o the_o welsh_a be_v honour_v with_o the_o title_n of_o penbeird_n i._n e._n princeps_fw-la bardorum_fw-la he_o in_o one_o of_o his_o cant_n large_o discourse_v of_o the_o saxon_n their_o violence_n and_o rapine_n by_o a_o apostrophe_n revert_v from_o they_o to_o give_v comfort_n to_o his_o countryman_n the_o britain_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o such_o disaster_n express_v himself_o thus_o now_o will_v i_o return_v y_o weddilion_n trojon_n to_o the_o relic_n of_o troy_n plain_o by_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n intend_v the_o britain_n who_o he_o suppose_v to_o be_v the_o offspring_n of_o the_o preserve_v remainder_n after_o the_o siege_n of_o troy_n and_o those_o that_o have_v endeavour_v the_o reducement_n of_o british_a word_n and_o denomination_n to_o a_o original_a from_o the_o greek_a have_v do_v it_o with_o good_a success_n and_o without_o any_o such_o force_n as_o many_o etymologist_n of_o other_o language_n have_v labour_v under_o and_o perhaps_o the_o ancient_a name_n of_o this_o our_o island_n will_v with_o more_o probability_n be_v find_v from_o that_o language_n than_o from_o any_o other_o for_o sure_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o greek_a termination_n as_o in_o several_a appellation_n believe_v to_o be_v by_o they_o impose_v upon_o place_n be_v to_o be_v perceive_v like_v as_o in_o lusitania_n mauritania_n tingitania_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v take_v to_o signify_v regio_n a_o region_n but_o to_o mr._n s_n question_n strengthen_v with_o this_o position_n viz._n that_o with_o they_o the_o elder_a son_n by_o prerogative_n of_o primogeniture_n monopolise_v the_o whole_a inheritance_n i_o answer_v that_o if_o our_o britain_n do_v claim_v descent_n from_o the_o trojan_n those_o that_o have_v but_o look_v into_o the_o trojan_a british_a history_n may_v with_o small_a labour_n have_v find_v that_o brute_n the_o trojan_a have_v three_o son_n camber_n loeger_n and_o albanact_n and_o have_v the_o whole_a island_n at_o his_o dispose_n divide_v it_o among_o they_o from_o who_o name_n it_o be_v affirm_v by_o those_o that_o write_v this_o story_n that_o the_o triplicite_a division_n of_o cambria_n loegria_n and_o albania_n first_o take_v their_o original_a and_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o the_o britain_n the_o ancient_a proprietor_n and_o inhabiter_n of_o this_o land_n know_v not_o themselves_o under_o the_o denomination_n of_o welsh_a littleton_n welsh_a north-gale_n wales_n wallia_fw-la come_v of_o the_o saxon_a word_n wealk_v which_o signify_v peregrinus_n or_o exterus_fw-la for_o the_o saxoas_n so_o call_v they_o because_o in_o troth_n they_o be_v stranger_n to_o they_o be_v the_o remain_n of_o the_o old_a and_o ancient_a britain_n a_o wise_a and_o warlike_a nation_n inhabit_v in_o the_o west-part_n of_o england_n these_o man_n have_v keep_v their_o proper_a language_n for_o above_o these_o thousand_o year_n past_a and_o they_o to_o this_o day_n call_v we_o englishman_n saison_n that_o be_v saxon_n coke_n upon_o littleton_n that_o word_n be_v as_o much_o a_o stranger_n to_o they_o as_o in_o its_o own_o natural_a signification_n it_o be_v unto_o itself_o for_o by_o it_o do_v the_o dutch_a call_v the_o border_v french_a and_o italian_n unto_o this_o day_n and_o be_v that_o appellation_n which_o the_o saxon_n impose_v on_o the_o britain_n who_o like_o unmannerly_a guest_n call_v their_o landlord_n or_o host_n the_o true_a proprietor_n even_o as_o i_o may_v say_v in_o their_o own_o house_n the_o stranger_n but_o the_o britain_n do_v ancient_o and_o still_o do_v call_v themselves_o cwmri_n their_o language_n cwmraeg_n and_o this_o fancy_a to_o be_v from_o camber_n the_o same_o britain_n call_n england_n in_o their_o own_o language_n lloiger_n upon_o the_o same_o fancy_n as_o before_o suppose_v to_o be_v denominate_v from_o loeger_n another_o of_o the_o son_n of_o brute_n yet_o notwithstanding_o they_o call_v such_o inhabitant_n as_o live_v in_o this_o part_n and_o division_n by_o they_o
observe_v original_o british_n come_v of_o their_o mael_n which_o say_v he_o in_o the_o welsh_a vocabulary_a be_v in_o latin_a render_v lucrum_fw-la emolumentum_fw-la quaestus_fw-la as_o maelio_n the_o verb_n lucrari_fw-la quaestum_fw-la facere_fw-la and_o yet_o this_o welsh_a word_n be_v not_o only_o make_v saxon_a or_o english_a but_o for_o the_o great_a use_n they_o have_v of_o it_o a_o sort_n of_o latin_a also_o for_o we_o find_v some_o land_n be_v hold_v ancient_o per_fw-la gablum_fw-la &_o malum_fw-la the_o name_n of_o town_n be_v like_o the_o ancient_a nuptial_n of_o which_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n speak_v betwixt_o the_o saxon_n and_o britain_n by_o which_o they_o become_v one_o nation_n so_o that_o the_o denomination_n of_o ancient_a city_n and_o place_n do_v and_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n participate_v of_o both_o as_o in_o durham_n dunholne_n dorchester_n the_o first_o syllable_n be_v british_n the_o late_a saxon._n chester_n be_v a_o saxon_a imitation_n of_o the_o latin_a castrum_n for_o which_o the_o britain_n have_v a_o word_n of_o their_o own_o viz._n taer_n and_o all_o those_o denomination_n of_o place_n with_o the_o faid_a saxon_a termination_n of_o checter_n be_v demonstration_n of_o roman_a fortification_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n as_o well_o as_o note_n of_o the_o saxon_a intermixture_n of_o which_o sort_n there_o be_v very_o many_o in_o the_o like_a manner_n may_v it_o fall_v out_o with_o this_o termination_n of_o our_o word_n in_o controversy_n that_o in_o case_n kind_a shall_v chance_v to_o be_v a_o saxon_a affix_v such_o a_o mixture_n will_v not_o prove_v a_o thing_n unusual_a in_o their_o practice_n and_o may_v very_o proper_o be_v so_o conjoin_v if_o kind_a or_o as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o saxon_a gecynd_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o in_o mankind_n and_o be_v in_o latin_a render_v genus_fw-la humanum_fw-la aut_fw-la natura_fw-la it_o may_v then_o be_v suppose_v that_o the_o saxon_n meet_v with_o the_o british_a gavel_n and_o understand_v it_o to_o be_v their_o common_a tenure_n add_v something_o to_o express_v it_o to_o their_o own_o apprehension_n which_o be_v set_v together_o will_v signify_v and_o that_o proper_o enough_o genus_fw-la tenurae_fw-la for_o that_o kind_a of_o tenure_n deserve_v to_o have_v a_o denomination_n of_o great_a remark_n it_o be_v if_o not_o the_o only_a yet_o the_o most_o eminent_a and_o most_o general_a tenure_n among_o they_o but_o have_v already_o herein_o profess_a scepticism_n profess_a scepticism_n scepticism_n i_o will_v not_o attempt_v to_o impose_v upon_o the_o reader_n either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o though_o either_o of_o they_o may_v pass_v without_o the_o least_o injury_n to_o the_o tenure_n leave_v it_o to_o the_o investigation_n of_o some_o more_o at_o leisure_n provide_v that_o you_o conceive_v i_o not_o to_o have_v forsake_v my_o ground_n or_o give_v back_o in_o the_o concernment_n of_o the_o main_a part_n of_o the_o word_n and_o that_o which_o be_v most_o material_a to_o the_o original_n of_o gavel_n although_o it_o have_v as_o many_o termination_n as_o either_o a_o latin_a or_o greek_a word_n decline_v in_o its_o several_a case_n and_o therefore_o leave_v it_o only_o desire_v a_o acceptation_n of_o this_o essay_n in_o good_a part_n without_o a_o condemnation_n thereof_o until_o a_o better_a can_v be_v produce_v and_o so_o i_o pass_v my_o discourse_n over_o to_o treat_v somewhat_o chap._n xii_o concern_v the_o german_a landscheutan_a and_o their_o ignorance_n of_o gavelkynd_n notwithstanding_o the_o uncertainty_n we_o labour_v under_o as_o to_o the_o termination_n in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n yet_o in_o this_o we_o shall_v show_v how_o that_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o german_n have_v the_o use_n of_o this_o partible_a tenure_n from_o great_a antiquity_n have_v a_o particular_a denomination_n for_o it_o not_o make_v use_n of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o word_n in_o question_n and_o mr._n s._n himself_o in_o his_o 45_o page_n write_v thus_o that_o such_o be_v the_o nature_n and_o condition_n of_o gavelkind-land_n be_v not_o only_o subject_a and_o liable_a to_o what_o the_o civilian_n in_o their_o phrase_n be_v wont_a to_o call_v judicium_fw-la or_o actio_fw-la familiae_fw-la herciscundae_fw-la de_fw-la communi_fw-la dividundo_fw-la the_o â—eudists_n adaequatio_fw-la paragium_fw-la we_o in_o our_o language_n call_v it_o coparcenary-land-shifting_a and_o the_o like_a but_o withal_o so_o subject_a to_o it_o as_o that_o partition_n do_v always_o accompany_v land_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o be_v indeed_o as_o inseparable_a from_o it_o as_o the_o contrary_a from_o knights-service-land_n what_o be_v here_o call_v coparcenary-land-shifting_a will_v afford_v we_o one_o glimpse_n of_o light_n more_o to_o our_o undertake_n for_o if_o the_o actio_fw-la de_fw-fr communi_fw-la dividundo_fw-la according_a to_o the_o civillian_n join_v with_o adaequatio_fw-la and_o paragium_fw-la according_a to_o the_o feudist_n be_v put_v in_o parallel_n with_o land-shifting_a they_o will_v all_o prove_v to_o express_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o gavelkind_n do_v for_o although_o the_o german_n have_v this_o tenure_n of_o partition_n as_o i_o have_v say_v yet_o understand_v they_o not_o nor_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o word_n gavelkynd_n nor_o of_o its_o sound_n which_o have_v it_o be_v of_o a_o saxon_a pedigree_n assure_o they_o will_v have_v find_v out_o the_o kindred_n and_o relation_n it_o have_v to_o their_o speech_n and_o how_o all_o germany_n shall_v so_o irrecoverable_o lose_v the_o denomination_n of_o a_o thing_n of_o so_o great_a consequence_n as_o this_o tenure_n have_v be_v and_o be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o nominate_v it_o by_o a_o word_n that_o have_v not_o any_o affinity_n of_o sound_n to_o our_o gavelkynd_n and_o notwithstanding_o all_o this_o that_o this_o gavelkynd_n shall_v be_v of_o a_o saxon_a original_a and_o foster_v and_o know_v in_o our_o island_n and_o after_o many_o century_n of_o year_n again_o father_v upon_o they_o who_o neither_o by_o themselves_o nor_o by_o their_o neighbour_n can_v fasten_v any_o acquaintance_n with_o it_o be_v consideration_n very_o strange_a and_o wonderful_a to_o i_o the_o tenure_n they_o have_v and_o express_v it_o i_o say_v by_o a_o genuine_a and_o significant_a word_n of_o their_o own_o calling_z it_o land-skiftan_a as_o i_o find_v it_o most_o common_o write_v which_o some_o expound_v to_o signify_v part-land_n and_o i_o think_v be_v improper_o write_v land-shifting_a for_o land_n be_v as_o well_o say_v to_o be_v shift_v when_o upon_o the_o father_n decease_n they_o descend_v to_o one_o son_n as_o when_o they_o be_v part_v among_o many_o so_o that_o shift_a do_v not_o so_o proper_o signify_v a_o partition_n as_o it_o do_v a_o alienation_n but_o proper_o i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v the_o procedure_n of_o a_o word_n in_o dutch_a name_v scheut_n or_o as_o in_o the_o plural_a number_n it_o be_v scheuten_n which_o be_v the_o denomination_n for_o that_o which_o the_o latin_n call_v surculus_fw-la and_o believe_v that_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o we_o in_o our_o english_a call_v young_a twig_n or_o branch_n shoot_v so_o that_o land-skiftan_a or_o landscheutan_a be_v the_o same_o in_o signification_n with_o gavelkynd_n both_o signify_v tenura_n or_o terra_fw-la familias_fw-la progenici_fw-la stirpis_fw-la aut_fw-la surculorum_fw-la which_o be_v the_o tenure_n or_o the_o land_n belong_v unto_o the_o young_a twig_n or_o branch_n of_o a_o family_n or_o generation_n if_o you_o grant_v i_o the_o entire_a british_a interpretation_n thereof_o but_o whether_o it_o be_v denominate_v as_o mr._n s._n and_o other_o have_v it_o land-shifting_a or_o this_o way_n which_o i_o adhere_v unto_o i_o will_v not_o make_v it_o my_o business_n about_o it_o to_o contend_v only_o let_v i_o re-mind_n you_o that_o this_o custom_n be_v so_o far_o and_o free_o own_v among_o the_o german_n even_o among_o their_o prince_n in_o relation_n to_o the_o divide_v and_o part_v the_o land_n of_o their_o principality_n as_o ever_o it_o have_v be_v in_o former_a time_n among_o the_o welsh_a and_o that_o all_o those_o other_o tenor_n by_o which_o land_n be_v now_o hold_v be_v to_o be_v reckon_v and_o esteem_v but_o as_o so_o many_o intruder_n and_o novice_n over_o all_o europe_n they_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o policy_n of_o conqueror_n for_o the_o more_o secure_a settlement_n of_o their_o militia_n which_o usher_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o next_o chapter_n which_o shall_v be_v to_o show_v chap._n xiii_o when_o and_o for_o what_o reason_n primogeniture_n have_v the_o preference_n although_o this_o theme_n may_v give_v i_o occasion_n to_o look_v very_o far_o backward_o to_o the_o first_o grant_v preference_n to_o primogeniture_n yet_o i_o shall_v undertake_v no_o further_o than_o to_o discourse_v upon_o it_o in_o contemplation_n of_o what_o mr._n s._n say_v in_o his_o page_n viz._n the_o conqueror_n consent_v to_o the_o succession_n
be_v to_o say_v perhaps_o they_o be_v as_o servi_fw-la before_o or_o villani_fw-la and_o now_o they_o become_v liberi_fw-la much_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n mr._n lambard_n show_v we_o out_o of_o a_o old_a piece_n of_o saxon_a where_o the_o reputation_n of_o a_o thane_n consist_v in_o have_v among_o other_o thing_n a_o church_n a_o hall_n a_o porch_n etc._n etc._n which_o show_v the_o cohaerence_n of_o the_o saxon_a custom_n with_o the_o british_a and_o thus_o by_o judge_n dodaridge_n out_o of_o he_o it_o be_v render_v in_o his_o treatise_n of_o baron_n pag._n 152._o it_o be_v sometime_o in_o the_o english_a law_n that_o the_o people_n and_o law_n be_v in_o reputation_n than_o be_v the_o wise_a of_o the_o people_n worship-worthy_a in_o his_o degree_n earl_n and_o chorle_n theyne_n and_o undertheyne_a and_o if_o a_o chorle_fw-mi so_o thrive_v that_o he_o have_v full_o five_o hide_n of_o land_n of_o his_o own_o a_o church_n and_o a_o kitchen_n a_o bellhouse_n and_o a_o gate_n a_o seat_n a_o several_a office_n in_o the_o king_n hall_n then_o be_v he_o from_o thenceforth_o the_o theine_n right-worthy_a and_o if_o a_o theyn_z so_o thrive_v that_o he_o serve_v the_o king_n on_o his_o message_n on_o his_o journey-ward_n in_o his_o household_n if_o he_o than_o have_v a_o theyn_z which_z him_z followed_z who_o to_o the_o king_n experience_n have_v five_o hide_n and_o in_o the_o king_n palace_n his_o lord_n have_v serve_v and_o thrice_o with_o his_o errand_n have_v go_v to_o the_o king_n he_o may_v afterward_o with_o his_o fore-oath_n his_o lord_n part_v play_v at_o need_n and_o if_o a_o thein_n that_o he_o become_v a_o earl_n than_o be_v he_o from_o henceforth_o the_o theins_n right-worthy_a and_o if_o a_o scholar_n so_o thrive_v through_o learning_n that_o he_o have_v degree_n and_o serve_v christ_n he_o be_v thenceforth_o of_o dignity_n and_o peace_n so_o much_o worthy_a as_o thereunto_o belong_v unless_o he_o forfeit_v so_o that_o he_o the_o use_n of_o his_o degree_n ne_o might_n again_o among_o the_o same_o law_n for_o forfeiture_n for_o burn_a of_o house_n it_o be_v thus_o provide_v that_o for_o the_o burn_a of_o odin_n regis_n dimid_n libre_fw-la optimatis_fw-la lx._n den_n villani_n regis_fw-la xxx_o den_n villani_n optimatis_fw-la xxiv_o den_n hoc_fw-la de_fw-la illis_fw-la est_fw-la intelligendum_fw-la qui_fw-fr piben_fw-ge habent_fw-la de_fw-la aliis_fw-la tercia_fw-la pars_fw-la pretii_fw-la cadit_fw-la for_o the_o understanding_n whereof_o that_o odin_n be_v translate_v formax_n which_o in_o this_o place_n signify_v a_o kilne_n wherewith_o to_o make_v malt_n because_o that_o piben_fw-ge signify_v a_o kilne-hole_n the_o burn_a of_o which_o sort_n of_o kilne_n be_v that_o which_o be_v here_o mean_v which_o unless_o it_o have_v a_o kilne-hole_n the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o prescribe_a forfeiture_n decrease_v that_o which_o i_o cause_v it_o to_o shoot_v quite_o blank_a against_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o no_o villain_n before_o the_o conquest_n which_o this_o law_n show_v to_o the_o contrary_a in_o give_v you_o a_o account_n of_o such_o even_a at_o this_o time_n of_o the_o collection_n of_o these_o law_n kingsvillein_n and_o noblemens-villeins_a in_o another_o law_n it_o be_v that_o si_fw-mi filia_fw-la villani_n eat_v in_o rapinam_fw-la cum_fw-la aliquo_fw-la postea_fw-la ab_fw-la eodem_fw-la sit_fw-la repudiata_fw-la reddat_fw-la 〈◊〉_d animalia_fw-la tria_fw-la supradicte_n etatis_fw-la another_o law_n provide_v what_o the_o wife_n of_o a_o nobleman_n may_v bestow_v without_o her_o husband_n consent_n and_o what_o she_o may_v lend_v without_o his_o consent_n but_o enact_v that_o uxor_fw-la villani_n nichil_fw-la potest_fw-la dare_v sine_fw-la lioentia_fw-la villani_n nec_fw-la mitram_fw-la nec_fw-la aliquod_fw-la accommodare_fw-la nisi_fw-la cribrum_fw-la tam_fw-la long_o quod_fw-la vox_fw-la ejus_fw-la possit_fw-la audiri_fw-la stans_fw-la in_o limine_fw-la domû_v sue_v dum_fw-la clamat_fw-la propter_fw-la illud_fw-la all_o these_o law_n be_v of_o several_a concernment_n but_o do_v all_o express_o prove_v villeinage_n above_o one_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o norman_a conquest_n and_o so_o by_o what_o i_o have_v say_v before_o concern_v the_o law_n of_o howel-dda_a probable_o to_o be_v a_o ancient_a british_a usage_n for_o the_o word_n clown_n think_v to_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o latin_a word_n colonus_n from_o whenâ—e_n also_o be_v the_o british_a word_n klw_v and_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o dutch_a word_n boer_n which_o by_o a_o syncope_n be_v use_v for_o bouwer_n from_o the_o word_n bouwen_n id_fw-la est_fw-la arare_fw-la colere_fw-la agrum_fw-la as_o minshew_n have_v it_o what_o reproach_n can_v there_o probable_o be_v in_o that_o denomination_n yet_o now_o what_o ignominy_n do_v it_o carry_v with_o it_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o last_o which_o be_v call_v paganus_fw-la in_o latin_a but_o in_o english_a pain_n which_o become_v a_o surname_n to_o a_o family_n and_o a_o christian_a name_n to_o several_a great_a person_n but_o minshew_n have_v this_o story_n of_o the_o original_a of_o the_o name_n which_o carry_v in_o my_o judgement_n no_o great_a store_n of_o probability_n with_o it_o but_o as_o it_o be_v i_o will_v transcribe_v it_o under_o the_o word_n pagan_a he_o say_v a_o judaeis_n defluxâ—ssâ—â—mos_fw-la hic_fw-la &_o appellatio_fw-la rei_fw-la videtur_fw-la cum_fw-la enim_fw-la inter_fw-la judaeos_fw-la hâ—erosolyma_n tantum_fw-la civitas_fw-la erat_fw-la nullisque_fw-la nisi_fw-la judaeis_n ad_fw-la illam_fw-la dabatur_fw-la accessus_fw-la reliqur_n own_v hebraeis_n erant_fw-la pagani_n in_o pagis_fw-la quasi_fw-la extra_fw-la cioitatem_fw-la &_o populum_fw-la dei_fw-la constituti_fw-la &_o out_o of_o the_o eight_o book_n of_o isid_n he_o bring_v another_o story_n much_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n pagani_n inquie_n ex_fw-la â—â—agis_fw-la atheniensium_fw-la dicti_fw-la ubi_fw-la exorti_fw-la sunt_fw-la ibi_fw-la enim_fw-la in_o locis_fw-la agrestibus_fw-la &_o pagis_fw-la gentile_n lucos_fw-la idolaque_fw-la statuerunt_fw-la &_o a_o tali_fw-la inilio_fw-la vocabulum_fw-la sortitisunt_fw-la i_o be_o persuade_v that_o paganus_fw-la come_v from_o pagus_n but_o i_o find_v that_o cyflifc_n the_o saxon_a pagan_n have_v great_a priveleges_n than_o a_o villain_n for_o that_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o military_a service_n as_o in_o the_o 52_o and_o 64_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n which_o for_o brevity_n sake_n i_o shall_v pass_v by_o only_o take_v notice_n that_o of_o all_o such_o denomination_n there_o have_v rise_v term_n of_o disgrace_n which_o be_v not_o so_o in_o the_o first_o usage_n thereof_o so_o be_v it_o familiar_o give_v to_o we_o concern_v the_o common_a denomination_n of_o the_o term_n knave_n which_o be_v a_o word_n take_v from_o the_o britain_n who_o call_v a_o household_n servant_n or_o rather_o such_o a_o one_o as_o attend_v upon_o the_o person_n of_o another_o in_o their_o language_n knaf_n and_o be_v also_o one_o that_o be_v not_o yet_o proper_o say_v to_o be_v a_o man_n but_o be_v betwixt_o a_o boy_n and_o a_o man_n in_o the_o sense_n of_o a_o servant_n it_o be_v use_v in_o stat._n 1._o cap._n 3._o an._n 14_o ed._n 3._o but_o in_o its_o corruption_n and_o as_o it_o be_v now_o receive_v it_o be_v a_o word_n of_o great_a disgrace_n and_o express_v one_o that_o falsify_v his_o trust_n christ_n m_o s._n obit_n eccles_n heref_o penes_fw-la authorem_fw-la paul_n in_o our_o elder_a translation_n be_v render_v the_o knave_n of_o jesus_n christ_n to_o express_v that_o which_o we_o now_o read_v the_o servant_n of_o jesus_n christ_n in_o a_o old_a obit_n book_n that_o i_o have_v former_o belong_v to_o the_o church_n of_o hereford_n there_o be_v mention_n of_o a_o benefactor_n call_v simon_n gods-â—nave_a from_o who_o i_o believe_v at_o this_o day_n a_o certain_a place_n in_o the_o city_n of_o hereford_n be_v call_v gods-knave-inne_n which_o certain_o have_v no_o more_o in_o the_o signification_n than_o the_o servant_n of_o god_n by_o this_o we_o see_v that_o from_o such_o like_a word_n and_o denomination_n as_o these_o be_v surname_n be_v derive_v though_o it_o may_v now_o seem_v strange_a to_o we_o to_o meet_v with_o such_o appellation_n it_o appear_v that_o they_o be_v not_o so_o curious_a of_o procure_v excellent_a one_o to_o transmit_v to_o their_o posterity_n but_o accept_v of_o any_o serious_a or_o jocular_a some_o from_o shape_n of_o body_n other_o from_o quality_n of_o the_o mind_n some_o from_o trade_n office_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o can_v let_v that_o pass_n without_o notice_n which_o for_o a_o surname_n i_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o second_o volume_n of_o domesdey_n in_o the_o survey_n of_o the_o connty_n of_o essex_n be_v there_o register_v as_o one_o of_o the_o trans_n tenentes_fw-la of_o that_o county_n where_o it_o be_v thus_o record_v 53._o record_v the_o land_n of_o roger_n god_n save_o the_o lady_n for_o the_o word_n domina_fw-la say_v judge_n dodaridge_n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o baron_n pag._n 151._o signify_v lady_n or_o dame_n so_o woman_n after_o