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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A12567	Certain discourses, vvritten by Sir Iohn Smythe, Knight: concerning the formes and effects of diuers sorts of weapons, and other verie important matters militarie, greatlie mistaken by diuers of our men of warre in these daies; and chiefly, of the mosquet, the caliuer and the long-bow; as also, of the great sufficiencie, excellencie, and wonderful effects of archers: with many notable examples and other particularities, by him presented to the nobilitie of this realme, & published for the benefite of this his natiue countrie of England	Smythe, John, Sir, ca. 1534-1607.	1590 (1590)	STC 22883; ESTC S117657	85,512	138

ambush more than a league beyond the towne of Ard towardes Teroüenne where encountring with the English light horsemē auant courirs they did ouerthrowe them which being perceiued by the English Captaines of the conuoy they presently reduced their carriages into a conuenient forme and placing conuenient numbers of Archers in the two open places of the carriages before and behind and forcing all other places betwixt carriages and carriages with Archers where the French Launces might haue anie entrance after a long fight and many charges by the men at armes of France and their shot giuen the terrible effect of the volees of arrowes was such that a great number of their horses were wounded or slaine and one of their chief Captaines called Monsieur de Plessis lifting vp his sword to strike was with an arrowe shot in at the arme hole through his gusset of maile and there slaine with many other men at armes French Gentlemen of good accompt In such sort that the French which did farre exceed the English in number were that day repulsed and ouerthrowne by the excellencie of Archers And at this action there is an old English Gentleman yet aliue whose name is Master Caudwell that was there present And these examples aforesaid are sufficient I thinke to conuince and confound the vaine opinions and obiections before mentioned Now if the effect of volees of arrowes bee so terrible both against horsemen and footmen armed as I haue before declared by so many reasons examples what then are the volees of arrowes able to performe against Mosquettiers and Harquebuziers that are in a manner altogether disarmed whose weapons of fire in the field doo rather terrifie and make afraid yonglings and nouices of warre with smoake and noyse than with anie often killing hurting or wounding them with bullets whereof not onlie old soldiers but horses also that are a little vsed to their fire crackes and smoake are not anie thing amazed nor afraid but three or foure volees of arrowes lighting amongst anie number of Mosquettiers or Harquebuziers how old and braue soldiers soeuer they bee will so amaze and terrifie them that they shall faile to charge their peeces to put touch powder into their pannes their matches into their serpentines Besides that they will either wound kill or mischiefe them in such sort as happie those that with three or foure arrowes in their bodies faces armes or legges throwing downe their Harquebuzes and Mosquets can escape out of the terror and daunger of the volees of arrowes For confirmation wherof there be diuers moderne examples with verie honorable testimonie of such as are yet liuing verie honorable by birth and parentage as also by titles of honor and worthines of the which that noble Gentleman Ambrose Earle of Warwicke is one that accompanied the Duke of Northumberland his father then Earle of Warwicke a man of great valour and sufficiencie for the gouerning and conducting of an Armie who in the yeare 1548. was sent by King Edward the sixt as his Lieutenant generall with an Armie of horsemen and footmen to suppresse the rebellion of Ket in Norffolke who at that time lay encamped with a great power of notorious and hardie rebells by the Citie of Norwich vppon a high hill called Mount Surrey to the which Citie the Duke with his Armie being come he with great order did encampe and lodge himselfe and his Armie on the other side of the citie and riuer the next day he entred the towne and brought in foure and twentie field peeces to the chiefe charge whereof he appointed the Coronell Courpenick an Alman and a great soldier with his regimēt of Almans which was twelue hundred the most of them braue shot and all old soldiers with diuers other English bands and valiant Captaines of our owne nation for the gard of the same but before they could throughlie entrench themselues those furious Rebels contrarie to all expectation descended downe their hil with such a furie of shot of arrowes being al Bowmen Swords and Bills that they gaue such a terror and feare to our people both strangers and English as they were faine to runne away with the losse of the Ordinance and slaughter of a great sort of soldiers and before the Duke could make head against them they had recouered eighteen field peeces and carried them vp to their hill euen with verie force of men And within two or three daies after those gallants did not let to abide the battaile against the Duke his whole Armie in the plaine field where the battaile was so manfullie fought on both sides that it could be hardlie iudged by the best soldiers that were there which side was like to preuaile but in the end God giuing the victorie it was seene by that battaile that arrowes were a most noble weapon And whereas the Duke at his first assembling and forming of his Armie had chaunged many Archers into Harquebuziers because he had no opinion of the Long Bowe he after that victorie and suppression of the Rebels vpon the experience that he in those actions had of the daunger and terror of arrowes his owne horse being wounded vnder him at that battaile with three or foure arrowes whereof he died did both then many times after openlie protest his error before Count Malatesta Baglion an ancient and a noble soldier Italian and other great Captaines Italians and Almans saying that from that time forward he would hold the Bowe to be the onelie weapon of the world and so did all the notable Captaines both English and strangers affirme the same And this I haue set downe almost verbatim from the report of the aforesaid Ambrose Earle of Warwicke that now is who was present at that action and had his horse also wounded vnder him with two or three arrowes In the same yeare of the raigne of King Edward the sixt also in the same sommer Sir Iohn Russel knight Lord priuie seale that was after Earle of Bedford being sent by the King as his Lieutenant generall with a great power both of horsemen and footmen against the Rebells of the West parts accompanied with the Lord Grey of Wilton Sir William Herbert after Earle of Penbrooke the Lord of Hunsdon that now is with manie others both Knights Esquiers of great worship and comming to certeine skirmishes encounters with the Rebells the Archers of the Rebells did so behaue themselues with their volees of arrowes against diuers old bands Harquebuziers Italians and Spaniards that they draue thē from all their strengths as from bancks ditches hedges and other aduantages of ground to the great mischiefe of manie of those strangers And of these great effects of Archers against Harquebuziers I haue heard the Lord 〈…〉 aforesaid who was there an eye witnes verie notably report Besides that manie yeares past I haue heard Captaine Spinola an Italian who was a verie braue soldier and wounded with arrowes in those seruices and

insufficiencie of our such men of warre of the Lowe Countries by the lack of skill imperfections and insufficiencies of their trained souldiers according to the old prouerbe In discipulis magister videtur like masters like men Which aforesaid action at Tilburie doth not onlie make manifest that our such old soldiers Harquebuziers are now as vnskilfull as the newe Soldiers Vison̄os Spaniards of two moneths pay were manie yeares past but if that anie forraine enemie with such vnskilfull Harquebuziers as they were should assaile a quarter of the like number of our Archers they should not be able to abide two volees of arrowes without casting away their peeces and turning their backes And now hauing in this my discourse made manifest the excellencie of our Long-bowes and Archers by many reasons examples ancient and moderne both against well horsed and armed Launces as also Harquebuziers which I thinke by all reason may suffice to conuince and confound all the ignorant opinions and friuolous obiections of our such men of warre as also to induce all such as are of any right consideration and iudgement to acknowledge the sufficiencie excellencie of that weapon that it is further euident by all forren Histories that haue made any mention of the differences of Bowes vsed by many Nations as also by such as haue trauailed in many parts of Europe Affricke or Asia that our English Bowes arrowes and Archers do exceed and excell al other Bowes vsed by all forren Nations not only in substance strength but also in the length bignes of the arrowes I will now further shewe the wonderfull effects that hath bene wrought by diuers sorts of forren Bowes as Gothian Parthian Arabian Turkish and Tartarian all which as aforesaid are inferiour vnto ours that by such notable effects by thē performed all such as are of sound iudgement not caried with toyes fancies and new fashions may very well knowe that God hath giuen such exceeding and excellent effects vnto that weapon that of all others it hath euer bene and yet may be iustly accounted the chiefe weapon of battells and conquests I thinke it is most manifest by all Histories that haue written of puissant and conquering Nations that in many and diuers ages vnder their great and notable Captaines haue giuen themselues to enlarge their dominions or with force to possesse the habitations of other forren people that they haue erected some kinde of milicia and discipline militarie to atchieue and performe the same And as the best kinds of weapons in the handes of well disciplinated obedient and exercised souldiers is a principall part of a milicia to atchieue victories so I thinke it is most euident that all those conquering Nations haue made chiefe choise of the Bowe as of the most excellent kind of weapon for victories and conquests And although they haue not vsed in their armies that weapon alone but other weapons also incorporated with them yet it is most manifest that the greatest number of such mightie armies haue consisted more of Archers either on horsebacke or on foote than of any other sorts of weapons and by their excellent effects chiefly haue beene atchieued most notable and wonderfull victories as for example Were not diuers Emperors and great Captains Romains with puissant armies many times inuading the Parthians and Persians sometimes ouerthrowne and many times repulsed by them and that chieflie by their Archers Were not Crassus and Cassius with a mighty armie which did consist of many legions of olde soldiers Romaines ouerthrowne and vanquished in the plaine fields with the force of the Parthian arrowes And was not Valerian the Emperour ouerthrowne and taken prisoner in a great battaile by the Persians and that chiefly by the great effect of their arrowes Besides all which it is most euident by diuers Histories that neither the notable Consulls of the ancient Romanes nor yet after them the Emperors Romans with their conquering milicia were euer able to conquere the Parthians and Persians defending themselues chiefly with that excellent weapon of Archerie on horsebacke But now to speake of foure mightie and conquering Nations that of later yeares but in diuers ages haue vanquished and subdued diuers great partes of the world It doth appeare by many Histories that the Gothes Vandalls Alans and other septentrionall Nations vnder their notable Princes great Captains making warre at diuers times vpon the Emperour Romanes and inuading Greece did besiege the imperiall citie of Constantinople and did spoile the Panonias now called Hungarie and Austria with Illyria Dalmatia and many other prouinces Also they inuaded and wasted Italie sacked the most auncient and famous citie of Rome with a great number of other Cities And in diuers notable battailes wounded and killed many great Captaines and some Emperours their Generals with their arrowes After which they passed through spoiled Frāce inuaded and conquered Spaine and caried their armies to the straights of Hercules now called Gibraltar Also the same Vandalls and Alans passed the straights and inuaded Affrike and conquered in a maner all the Leuant sea coasts of the same now called Barbarie And it is most euident that they did performe atchieue al those their battailes victories and conquests more with the effect of their Archers and Bowes than with all the rest of their weapons And not many yeres after that the Arabians a nation before that time litle spoken of vnder their false Prophet Mahomet his successors Halifas with infinit numbers of Arabian Bowmen on horseback some numbers of Zagaias which are double headed Lances did inuade the dominions of the Empire of Constantinople And with those weapons chiefly did conquere al Mesopotamia Suria Armenia and Persia. Also they did win Ierusalem and many other Cities and Prouinces and brought the Emperour Heraclius and some other of his successours to be tributaries vnto them And in diuers great battailes with their arrowes did wound and take some Emperours and many of their Generals prisoners Also they inuaded Affrike conquered Egypt and subdued all Barbarie euen to the very Ocean sea And shortly after passing ouer the straights of Gibraltar into Spaine and finding the Gothes Vandalls possessours of the same through the exacting and tyrannicall gouernement of their two last kings Gothes Vitissa and Don Rodrigo brought from all their ancient exercises militarie and vse of their Bowes they did conquere the kingdome euen to the very mountains Perinëos and atchieued many other notable victories and conquests in Italie Greece Sicilie Candia and other Islands of the Archipelago and all those chieflie by the wonderfull effectes of their Arabian Bowes After all which notable conquests atchieued by the Arabiās vnder their Halifas that they through long peace and some ciuil dissention were now growen into ambition enuie and couetousnes and to neglect their ancient discipline militarie and vse of their Bowes the Turkes a new Nation at that time in a maner vnknown

alleage two the one ancient the other of this time The first is of the Arabians which nation vnder Mahomet that false prophet his successors Halifas conquered a great part of Europe Affrike and Asia were so long as they had but one supreme Halifa or Prince to gouerne the Arabians and al their dominions by them conquered so mighty through their excellent Milicia that no forren Nation durst assaile them But after by their long liuing in peace and great prosperitie in the end through the viciousnes and insufficiencie of one of their supreme Halifas that at that time raigned ouer them fell into reuolt and intestine wars amongst themselues striuing for the supreme throne and gouernement in such sort that in few yeres they did so corrupt and confound their ancient discipline Militarie so weaken themselues by many cōfused battels sackings and spoiles and by diuiding their great Empire into diuers partes vnder diuers Halifas that the Turkes a new Nation who had an excellent Milicia did inuade their dominions and within few yeares brought them into subiection to the Turkie Empire Now the other example which is of our time is Fraunce which kingdome vntill Lewes the eleuenth did serue himselfe with mercinaries had a well ordered Milicia offensiue and defensiue and that chiefly on horsebacke and yet diuers yeares had some reliques and remnants of the same but nowe in this later time the French Nation hauing continued seauen or eight and twenty yeares in ciuile warres amongest themselues they haue so corrupted and confounded all their ancient orders and proceedings in matters Militarie that they haue at this present no shew token nor mention of the same but disorder disobedience and confusion which hath proceeded of the like causes that brought the Arabians and many other Nations through intestine warres to corrupt and confound their Arte and Science Militarie as it shall more particularly appeare by that which followeth I think all men of experience iudgement in matters of warre do know that the first principall thing that is requisite to assemble and forme an armie or armies and to keepe the same in obedience with good effect is treasure to maintaine pay and reward with seuere execution of excellent Lawes Militarie Which what Prince soeuer he be that hath with sufficient Generals other Officers to commaund and gouerne may very well haue a well ordered Milicia by reason that no souldiours well payd and chiefly being subiects to the Prince that they serue can vse any excuses not to obserue all lawes and orders Militarie of Sea or Land Towne Campe or Field Besides that vpon any transgression of orders it is lawfull for the Captains and higher Officers to correct reforme and punish according to the lawes and ordinances Militarie from whence it commeth to passe that euen as the Citizens of a wel ordered Citie through the execution of good lawes ciuil and criminall by excellent gouernors doo liue in great order quietnes and prosperitie without any ciuile dissention Euen so an Armie in the field being well payed prouided for and gouerned doo liue as orderly in towne campe and field without robbing spoiling or otherwise iniuring any other but the common enemie Now to maintaine and continue the same it dooth behoue a King in his kingdome and chieflie in the bodie of the same to be well obeyed that by the quiet obedience of his subiects he may receiue all his customes rents and reuenewes with all other subsidies and aides that of antiquitie his progenitors haue accustomed to receiue with newe supplies of men and munitions from time to time to ranforce his Armie or Armies All which the French Kings through their subiects so often taking Armes and such intestine warres so manie yeares haue so come to want that they haue not had anie meanes possible to maintaine any other but a deformed and disordered Milicia by reason that the Nobilitie and Princes of the bloud vppon diuers legitimate causes by them pretended with their friends and followers taking Armes against them a great part of the reuenewe of the Crowne with all other customes subsidies and aides haue in diuers Cities Townes and Prouinces come to cease and the same to be enioyed by the Kings enemies armed by meanes whereof the French Kings that haue liued in the times of these intestine warres haue not had treasure to pay their Armies whereby to keepe their men of warre in any discipline Besides that by those continuall dissentions they haue lackt a great part of their Nobilitie and subiects to ranforce their Armies The Nobilitie also and Princes of the bloud that haue continued in Armes against their Kings notwithstanding their vsurped reuenewe and treasure of the Crowne haue beene as little or lesse able to pay their men of warre so that all the intestine and ciuill warres that haue continued so manie yeares in France with the slaughter and destruction of such infinite numbers of all sorts of people haue beene maintained and continued tumultuaritie more by spoyle sedition passion and faction than by any pay order and discipline Militarie Whereof it hath come to passe that such Armies as haue serued vnder the French Kings or vnder the Nobilitie that haue continued in armes against them how good Officers gouernors soeuer they had could not haue any certen nor ordered Milicia by reason that through the lacke of certaine pay and no hope of reward for extraordinary deserts it hath come to passe that the souldiors thereby being made voluntary haue obeyed their Captaines no otherwise than hath pleased themselues altering and changing their weapons as also themselues out of one band into an other and sometimes horsemen to become footemen and footemen to become horsemen besides their forraging and stragling from their Ensignes without order as also their negligence and lacke of vigilancie in their watches bodies of watches and centinels and by disordering themselues vpon euery light occasion both in battallion squadron and troupe Captaines also haue oftetimes formed or rather deformed their bands both on horsebacke and on foote with armors and weapons new inuented by themselues without controlment different from all orders Militarie The Generals and whole armies also both of the one side and of the other haue very seldome or neuer according to the Arte Militarie lodged themselues in any campe formed but dispersed and scattered by bands in many Townes and Villages with great disorder Besides that both Captaines Souldiors and all other men of warre for lacke of ordinary pay haue liued a great deale more vpon the spoile and misusing of the common people their fellow-subiects and friends than vpon any spoile or annoying of the enemy armed through which great disorders and lack of pietie contrary to all diuine humane lawes it hath come to passe that such Officers Captains and Souldiours that haue serued any long time in such licentious and tumultuarie wars be they subiects or mercenaries can very hardly after be reformed and