their_o drum_n and_o trumpet_n and_o by_o discharge_v several_a volley_n of_o canon_n round_o their_o camp_n the_o new-raised_a polander_n believe_v that_o they_o be_v rejoice_v for_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o tartar_n who_o they_o expect_v which_o put_v they_o into_o such_o a_o consternation_n that_o they_o resolve_v upon_o a_o sudden_a flight_n their_o officer_n not_o be_v able_a to_o stop_v they_o the_o disorder_n be_v so_o great_a and_o the_o flight_n so_o precipitate_a that_o the_o cossack_n be_v for_o a_o whole_a day_n of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v only_o a_o faint_a to_o draw_v they_o from_o their_o post_n but_o at_o last_o have_v detach_v some_o troop_n to_o observe_v the_o enemy_n they_o understand_v that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o soldier_n leave_v in_o the_o polish_v camp_n whereupon_o they_o march_v immediate_o and_o pillage_v all_o the_o baggage_n that_o the_o polander_n have_v leave_v and_o the_o tartar_n arrive_v afterward_o in_o their_o army_n they_o carry_v terror_n and_o desolation_n into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n such_o be_v the_o fatal_a effect_n of_o a_o panic_n fear_v that_o surprise_v those_o new-raised_a and_o undisciplined_a troop_n the_o polish_v army_n be_v thus_o total_o disperse_v at_o pilaveze_n a_o small_a city_n in_o upper_a volhinia_n about_o two_o league_n from_o chmielnich_n on_o the_o river_n bugg_n the_o tartar_n and_o cossack_n besiege_v leopold_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 300000_o man_n and_o at_o the_o first_o assault_n take_v the_o castle_n but_o they_o meet_v with_o a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a resistance_n from_o the_o town_n though_o it_o be_v neither_o strong_a by_o nature_n nor_o art_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o small_a garrison_n when_o these_o barbarian_n perceive_v that_o they_o can_v not_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o city_n they_o demand_v 200000_o crown_n of_o gold_n for_o its_o ransom_n and_o the_o burgher_n not_o be_v able_a to_o pay_v so_o exorbitant_a a_o sum_n and_o fear_v the_o event_n of_o a_o siege_n give_v they_o 1200_o mark_n of_o uncoined_a silver_n among_o which_o there_o be_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o church-plate_n but_o they_o not_o be_v satisfy_v with_o so_o small_a a_o sum_n continue_v to_o press_v the_o city_n which_o oblige_v the_o burgher_n to_o give_v they_o 16000_o livre_n more_o which_o they_o raise_v with_o extraordinary_a difficulty_n and_o beside_o they_o give_v they_o the_o holy_a ornament_n cloth_n silk_n and_o abundance_n of_o fur_n for_o though_o the_o city_n want_v the_o convenience_n of_o a_o river_n it_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a trade_n because_o it_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o all_o russia_n thus_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n raise_v the_o siege_n of_o leopold_n october_n 24_o 1648_o after_o which_o they_o ravage_v the_o country_n and_o after_o the_o tartar_n return_v home_o the_o cossack_n alone_o lay_v siege_n to_o zamoiscia_n a_o town_n seat_v upon_o a_o lake_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o belcz_n fortify_v with_o seven_o bastion_n and_o beautify_v with_o a_o academy_n which_o john_n zamoski_n chancellor_n and_o general_n of_o the_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n found_v there_o it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o vigorous_a resistance_n it_o make_v against_o chemelnski_n general_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o besiege_v it_o with_o a_o army_n of_o above_o 60000_o man_n towards_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n 1648._o the_o year_n follow_v king_n john_n casimir_n send_v deputy_n to_o chemelnski_n to_o endeavour_v to_o bring_v he_o to_o a_o sense_n of_o his_o duty_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o entreat_v he_o to_o restrain_v the_o violence_n of_o his_o troop_n and_o to_o hinder_v they_o from_o make_v incursion_n but_o chemelnski_n answer_v fierce_o that_o he_o will_v put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o port_n if_o the_o polander_n will_v not_o grant_v he_o all_o the_o condition_n he_o require_v the_o king_n who_o be_v resolve_v to_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o overcome_v the_o obstinacy_n of_o the_o cossack_n send_v other_o deputy_n to_o treat_v with_o they_o concern_v article_n of_o peace_n they_o find_v chemclnski_n at_o pereaslaw_n where_o they_o deliver_v to_o he_o in_o the_o king_n name_n the_o batoon_n of_o a_o general_n on_o the_o 20_o of_o february_n 1649_o and_o receive_v his_o proposal_n which_o look_v rather_o like_v absolute_a command_n than_o condition_n of_o peace_n for_o he_o exclaim_v with_o great_a vehemency_n against_o visnovieshi_n and_o czaplinski_n and_o declare_v with_o a_o infupportable_a insolence_n that_o he_o will_v never_o be_v at_o quiet_a till_o he_o have_v chastise_v they_o for_o all_o the_o injury_n they_o have_v do_v to_o the_o cossack_n that_o visnovieski_n must_v be_v punish_v and_o czaplinski_n put_v into_o their_o hand_n as_o the_o author_n of_o all_o these_o disaster_n that_o potoski_n be_v not_o free_a from_o the_o crime_n of_o have_v persecute_v the_o cossack_n even_o into_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n whither_o they_o have_v retire_v to_o save_v their_o life_n that_o nevertheless_o potoski_n who_o be_v then_o a_o slave_n in_o the_o crim_n be_v punish_v sufficient_o for_o all_o his_o pernicious_a design_n that_o to_o those_o three_o he_o may_v add_v the_o great_a standard_n bearer_n of_o the_o crown_n who_o have_v rob_v he_o of_o his_o inheritance_n and_o have_v quarter_v his_o troop_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o cossack_n where_o they_o commit_v all_o manner_n of_o barbarity_n but_o that_o he_o do_v not_o impute_v all_o those_o disorder_n so_o much_o to_o he_o as_o to_o visnovieski_n and_o czaplinski_n that_o therefore_o the_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o the_o blame_v aught_o to_o fall_v upon_o those_o two_o and_o that_o if_o they_o be_v not_o punish_v he_o will_v perish_v with_o all_o the_o army_n of_o the_o cossack_n or_o poland_n itself_o shall_v perish_v with_o its_o senate_n generals_z lord_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n king_n casimir_n perceive_v the_o design_n of_o the_o cossack_n by_o this_o answer_n draw_v his_o force_n together_o and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n chemelnski_n call_v in_o the_o tartar_n who_o come_v to_o his_o assistance_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n and_o attack_v a_o body_n of_o the_o polish_v troop_n which_o be_v encamp_v at_o zbaras_n a_o small_a city_n of_o lower_n podolia_n upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o lower_n volhinia_n about_o ten_o league_n from_o braclaw_n towards_o the_o north_n famous_a for_o the_o brave_a defence_n that_o a_o small_a number_n of_o polander_n make_v against_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n who_o keep_v they_o invest_v for_o two_o month_n and_o thrice_o attack_v their_o retrenchment_n without_o be_v able_a to_o force_v they_o for_o the_o polander_v defend_v themselves_o with_o so_o incredible_a a_o valour_n that_o they_o give_v their_o king_n time_n to_o come_v to_o their_o relief_n the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n hear_v of_o their_o approach_n march_v secret_o to_o zborow_n on_o the_o river_n bog_n to_o meet_v he_o where_o be_v defeat_v by_o king_n casimir_n and_o understanding_n that_o another_o party_n of_o cossack_n be_v rout_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n they_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n which_o be_v afterward_o ratify_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o same_o year_n 1649._o after_o the_o peace_n be_v conclude_v with_o the_o cossack_n at_o zborow_n chemelnski_n their_o general_n grow_v daily_o more_o powerful_a and_o insolent_a assist_v the_o cham_n of_o tartary_n against_o the_o circassian_n without_o the_o king_n be_v leave_v and_o afterward_o have_v receive_v succour_n from_o the_o cham_n he_o attack_v the_o hospodar_n of_o moldavia_n from_o who_o he_o exact_v a_o great_a ransom_n with_o a_o promise_n to_o give_v his_o daughter_n in_o marriage_n to_o his_o son_n timothy_n but_o not_o be_v satisfy_v with_o so_o considerable_a a_o alliance_n he_o send_v deputy_n anno_fw-la 1650_o to_o the_o port_n to_o desire_v some_o auxiliary_a force_n and_o to_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o turk_n thus_o he_o shake_v off_o the_o yoke_n of_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o cossack_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o vkrania_n which_o be_v a_o extraordinary_a mortification_n to_o the_o polish_v nobility_n who_o have_v just_o re-entered_a upon_o the_o estate_n they_o have_v lose_v during_o the_o insurrection_n of_o those_o rebel_n king_n casimir_n have_v lose_v all_o hope_n of_o reduce_v they_o by_o promise_n or_o favour_n resolve_v once_o more_o to_o have_v recourse_n to_o force_v in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o resolution_n he_o summon_v the_o arrierban_n in_o the_o year_n 1651_o and_o lead_v they_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n into_o the_o field_n which_o depend_v upon_o the_o city_n of_o lesinow_n beyond_o beretesko_n a_o city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o luceoria_n on_o the_o river_n stir_v about_o a_o league_n from_o the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n in_o
year_n 1386._o by_o the_o duke_n de_fw-fr jagillon_n who_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n that_o he_o may_v marry_v hedwige_n daughter_n to_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n and_o who_o with_o his_o religion_n change_v also_o his_o name_n and_o be_v call_v viadislaus_n for_o the_o polander_n be_v christian_n long_o before_o have_v receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n ann_n 964_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o miecislans_n i._n who_o after_o he_o have_v divorce_v seven_o pagan_a wife_n be_v convert_v and_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n king_n of_o bohemiae_n who_o be_v a_o christian_n these_o two_o estate_n be_v contiguous_a to_o one-another_o and_o be_v now_o but_o one_o body_n be_v unite_v in_o the_o same_o interest_n under_o the_o government_n of_o the_o same_o king_n and_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o the_o same_o religion_n especial_o since_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n on_o the_o river_n bug_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o the_o year_n 1413._o where_o the_o union_n be_v renew_v and_o where_o it_o be_v conclude_v that_o for_o the_o future_a they_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o law_n and_o privilege_n and_o that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o joint_a consent_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o two_o estate_n which_o be_v ratify_v and_o sign_v by_o all_o the_o senator_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n nevertheless_o they_o be_v govern_v by_o distinct_a officer_n each_o of_o they_o have_v a_o grand_a marshal_n and_o a_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n who_o they_o call_v the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n a_o chancellor_n vicechancellor_n and_o treasurer_n who_o be_v all_o senator_n those_o of_o the_o crown_n for_o poland_n and_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n for_o lithuania_n and_o be_v equal_a in_o dignity_n and_o power_n only_o those_o of_o the_o crown_n take_v place_n of_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o peace_n and_o prevent_v tumult_n or_o disturbance_n both_o in_o the_o diet_n and_o in_o the_o king_n household_n to_o punish_v offender_n even_o with_o death_n and_o without_o appeal_n from_o his_o judgement_n except_o in_o case_n of_o great_a importance_n which_o may_v be_v bring_v before_o the_o king_n he_o have_v also_o power_n to_o command_v silence_n to_o give_v leave_n to_o speak_v to_o introduce_v ambassador_n to_o appoint_v they_o their_o lodging_n and_o to_o fix_v the_o price_n of_o all_o commodity_n and_o merchandize_n this_o last_o branch_n of_o his_o authority_n be_v extreme_o advantageous_a to_o he_o for_o the_o merchant_n give_v he_o very_o considerable_a present_n that_o they_o may_v have_v leave_n to_o sell_v their_o good_n at_o exorbitant_a rate_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v choose_v by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n but_o those_o of_o the_o duchy_n be_v always_o layman_n the_o chancellor_n and_o the_o vicechancellor_n make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o seal_n and_o either_o of_o they_o may_v be_v use_v indifferent_o for_o they_o have_v both_o a_o equal_a authority_n only_o the_o latter_a give_v place_n to_o the_o former_a and_o never_o give_v judgement_n but_o in_o his_o absence_n the_o chancellor_n by_o his_o office_n be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o civil_a affair_n and_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o king_n revenue_n it_o be_v also_o his_o duty_n to_o take_v care_n that_o nothing_o be_v do_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n or_o injurious_a to_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n and_o that_o the_o intrigue_n of_o foreigner_n may_v not_o be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o republic_n the_o authority_n of_o the_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o several_a case_n they_o may_v affix_v their_o seal_n without_o the_o king_n order_n and_o refuse_v to_o seal_v such_o thing_n for_o he_o as_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o state_n it_o be_v the_o office_n of_o the_o chancellor_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n of_o the_o vicechancellor_n to_o answer_v all_o the_o harangue_n that_o be_v make_v to_o the_o king_n by_o ambassador_n and_o he_o of_o the_o two_o who_o be_v a_o clergyman_n have_v power_n over_o the_o secretary_n priest_n and_o preacher_n of_o the_o court_n and_o over_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n the_o treasurer_n be_v proper_o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o public_a treasure_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o he_o by_o four_o other_o officer_n who_o keep_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o it_o and_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v one_o copy_n to_o the_o king_n and_o another_o to_o the_o treasurer_n his_o office_n empower_n he_o to_o prevent_v the_o waste_n or_o embezel_v of_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o of_o those_o which_o be_v appoint_v for_o maintain_v the_o king_n table_n and_o therefore_o he_o ought_v to_o sign_v all_o the_o contract_v the_o king_n make_v which_o otherwise_o will_v be_v void_a he_o ought_v also_o to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o republic_n do_v not_o sustain_v any_o damage_n by_o the_o contract_n that_o be_v make_v for_o the_o coin_n of_o new_a money_n when_o the_o treasurer_n be_v call_v to_o a_o account_n the_o general_n diet_n order_v a_o committee_n of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n to_o examine_v his_o account_n and_o to_o give_v he_o a_o acquittance_n without_o which_o the_o republic_n may_v still_o call_v he_o to_o a_o account_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o his_o employment_n and_o therefore_o since_o this_o acquittance_n be_v of_o such_o vast_a importance_n to_o the_o grand_a treasurer_n great_a interest_n be_v always_o make_v about_o the_o nomination_n of_o the_o commissioner_n that_o be_v appoint_v to_o examine_v his_o account_n because_o he_o be_v oblige_v not_o only_o to_o entertain_v the_o commissioner_n but_o also_o to_o give_v they_o considerable_a present_n to_o obtain_v his_o discharge_n the_o petty_a or_o sub-marshal_n or_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n who_o be_v the_o last_o of_o the_o five_o officer_n that_o be_v member_n of_o the_o senate_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o the_o grand_a marshal_n in_o his_o absence_n and_o in_o case_n of_o the_o death_n or_o demise_n of_o that_o officer_n he_o succeed_v in_o course_n as_o the_o vice_n chancellor_n be_v in_o such_o case_n promote_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o chancellor_n so_o that_o before_o a_o man_n can_v be_v grand_a marshal_n or_o chancellor_n he_o must_v first_o be_v petty_a marshal_n or_o vice_n chancellor_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o division_n of_o poland_n into_o province_n the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n former_o contain_v fifteen_o great_a province_n which_o the_o king_n retain_v still_o in_o his_o title_n as_o king_n of_o poland_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n livonia_n volhinia_n kiovia_n podolia_n podlassia_n smolensko_n siâ—eria_n and_o czerniechovia_n but_o at_o present_a there_o be_v no_o more_o than_o nine_o province_n subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n viz._n great_a and_o little_a poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n upper_a volhinia_n and_o podlassia_n or_o podlachia_n great_a poland_n be_v so_o call_v because_o lechus_n first_o king_n of_o the_o polander_n settle_v his_o residence_n at_o gnesna_n in_o this_o province_n it_o be_v also_o call_v lower_n poland_n and_o posnania_n be_v the_o principal_a city_n this_o province_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n posnâ—â—â—_n kalisch_n lencici_n breast_n inowlocz_n siradiae_n kawa_n and_o ploosko_fw-mi it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o prussia_n on_o the_o south_n with_o little_a poland_n on_o the_o east_n with_o massovia_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o silesia_n and_o the_o new_a marquisate_n of_o brandâ—nburg_n the_o river_n warta_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o province_n little_a poland_n which_o be_v also_o call_v upper_a poland_n contain_v three_o 〈◊〉_d cracow_n saâ—domir_n and_o lublin_n it_o border_n with_o massovia_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o north_n mount_v crapat_v on_o the_o south_n black_a russia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o silesia_n on_o the_o west_n and_o the_o river_n vistula_n run_v through_o it_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o province_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o starosta_n of_o cracow_n be_v not_o only_a governor_n of_o the_o castle_n but_o also_o the_o defender_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o of_o the_o public_a tranquillity_n which_o entitle_v he_o to_o a_o large_a jurisdiction_n both_o over_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o the_o gentry_n as_o for_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n though_o jagillon_n begin_v to_o unite_v it_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n anno_fw-la 1386_o and_o though_o that_o union_n be_v afterward_o renew_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o grodeck_n between_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n in_o 1413_o yet_o it_o still_o retain_v its_o own_o duke_n and_o
of_o his_o bishopric_n but_o that_o prelate_n resolve_v to_o maintain_v the_o honour_n and_o interest_n of_o his_o country_n and_o be_v equal_o proof_n against_o promise_n and_o threaten_n reply_v that_o he_o be_v sensible_a their_o master_n deserve_v a_o crown_n but_o that_o he_o can_v not_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o lithuania_n without_o violate_v the_o oath_n he_o have_v take_v touch_v the_o union_n of_o that_o state_n with_o poland_n and_o therefore_o he_o advise_v he_o to_o lay_v aside_o that_o pernicious_a design_n which_o will_v be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v either_o honourable_a or_o advantageous_a to_o he_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o eternal_a reproach_n to_o he_o and_o will_v hasten_v the_o ruin_n of_o his_o country_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o flatter_v himself_o with_o think_v that_o the_o german_n and_o teutonic_n knight_n will_v be_v his_o faithful_a ally_n since_o they_o be_v irreconcilable_a enemy_n both_o to_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o polander_n that_o their_o only_a design_n be_v to_o weaken_v both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o and_o of_o most_o firm_o unite_a friend_n as_o they_o be_v to_o make_v they_o become_v mortal_a enemy_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o execute_v their_o design_n upon_o those_o two_o nation_n and_o make_v they_o the_o instrument_n of_o their_o own_o ruin_n that_o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n can_v not_o forbear_v discover_v his_o treacherous_a intention_n declare_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o ostentation_n that_o he_o have_v cast_v a_o bone_n between_o two_o dog_n that_o they_o may_v worry_v one-another_o vitold_v be_v so_o mortify_v with_o this_o answer_n that_o his_o grief_n throw_v he_o into_o a_o fit_a of_o sickness_n and_o his_o death_n which_o follow_v soon_o after_o break_v the_o measure_n which_o sigismond_n have_v take_v to_o disunite_v lithuania_n from_o poland_n i_o have_v insist_v the_o long_a upon_o this_o story_n to_o show_v that_o after_o the_o german_n have_v take_v silesia_n from_o the_o polander_n they_o be_v still_o form_v new_a project_n to_o weaken_v '_o they_o and_o from_o hence_o we_o may_v also_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o terrible_a consequence_n of_o the_o mistake_a politics_n of_o some_o prince_n who_o intrust_v their_o subject_n with_o too_o large_a a_o share_n in_o the_o government_n for_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o by_o a_o excessive_a kindness_n to_o his_o uncle_n this_o excellent_a king_n be_v in_o danger_n of_o lose_v both_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n by_o the_o peace_n conclude_v in_o the_o abbey_n of_o oliva_n near_o dantzick_n the_o three_o of_o may_n 1660_o of_o which_o the_o french_a king_n be_v guarantee_n the_o polander_n yield_v up_o livonia_n to_o the_o swede_n and_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o as_o for_o silesia_n it_o be_v so_o long_a since_o they_o lose_v it_o that_o they_o think_v no_o more_o of_o recover_v it_o for_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o their_o peculiar_a quality_n to_o lose_v the_o remembrance_n of_o their_o loss_n thus_o poland_n be_v at_o present_a border_v on_o the_o north_n with_o livonia_n and_o muscovy_n on_o the_o south_n with_o upper_a hungary_n and_o transylvania_n on_o the_o east_n with_o vkrania_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o dutchy_n or_o palatinate_n of_o smolensko_n siberia_n czernichowia_fw-la and_o kiowia_fw-la which_o be_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o sitesia_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n since_o i_o observe_v that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o all_o vkrania_n and_o bring_v the_o tartar_n into_o poland_n i_o must_v in_o the_o next_o place_n take_v a_o short_a view_n of_o those_o two_o nation_n and_o first_o of_o the_o tartar_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o tartar_n it_o be_v observe_v of_o this_o warlike_a and_o barbarous_a nation_n that_o they_o never_o fight_v in_o rank_n and_o that_o in_o their_o flight_n they_o shoot_v arrow_n behind_o they_o that_o their_o poverty_n and_o their_o swiftness_n make_v they_o in_o a_o manner_n invincible_a and_o that_o they_o seem_v only_o to_o be_v bear_v to_o pillage_n and_o impoverish_v their_o neighbour_n they_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o great_a tartar_n of_o asia_n and_o leave_v mount_n imaus_n beyond_o the_o caspian_a sea_n in_o the_o year_n 1188._o extend_v themselves_o along_o the_o volga_n the_o tanais_n and_o the_o neighbour_a place_n and_o in_o that_o peninsala_n which_o the_o ancient_n call_v taurica_n chersonesus_n and_o which_o be_v now_o call_v the_o crim._n this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o be_v and_o have_v be_v know_v by_o divers_a name_n for_o those_o who_o inhabit_v the_o peninsula_n be_v call_v crim_n tartar_n those_o who_o extend_v themselves_o to_o the_o river_n don_n or_o tanais_n which_o come_v from_o muscovy_n and_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o palus_n maeotis_n be_v call_v nogais_n and_o both_o of_o they_o be_v call_v petty_a tartar_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o great_a tartar_n of_o asia_n the_o crim_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o northern_a and_o the_o southern_a the_o latter_a be_v cut_v through_o the_o middle_n by_o very_o high_a and_o almost_o inaccessible_a mountain_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o this_o peninsula_n be_v caffa_n which_o be_v a_o considerable_a port_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o eastward_o which_o mahomet_n the_o emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n take_v from_o the_o genoese_a in_o the_o year_n 1475._o the_o whole_a peninsula_n be_v but_o 78_o league_n in_o length_n and_o 40_o in_o breadth_n it_o be_v border_v with_o the_o palus_n sukamorzi_n towards_o the_o north_n the_o black_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n and_o west_n the_o palus_n maeotis_n and_o the_o cimmerian_a bosphorus_n which_o separate_v it_o from_o circassia_n towards_o the_o east_n it_o be_v join_v to_o the_o continent_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a isthmus_n towards_o the_o north_n near_o the_o town_n of_o precop_n after_o the_o year_n 1188_o when_o the_o tartar_n come_v into_o that_o peninsula_n it_o continue_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o one_o sovereign_n independent_a from_o the_o grand_a signior_n but_o as_o division_n among_o prince_n be_v frequent_o the_o occasion_n of_o their_o ruin_n so_o the_o crim_n become_v subject_a to_o the_o turk_n by_o the_o animosity_n that_o happen_v betwixt_o two_o brother_n for_o machmetkirey_n chan_n of_o the_o crim_n tartar_n the_o ally_n and_o friend_n of_o the_o turk_n have_v two_o brother_n who_o revolt_v against_o he_o but_o not_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o resist_v he_o they_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o machmetkirey_n after_o he_o have_v several_a time_n in_o vain_a demand_v they_o of_o that_o king_n pray_v amurath_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n to_o require_v they_o in_o his_o own_o name_n the_o grand_a signior_n comply_v with_o his_o request_n and_o prevail_v with_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o send_v they_o to_o constantinople_n with_o a_o ambassador_n to_o assist_v at_o the_o circumcision_n of_o his_o son_n but_o when_o amurath_n have_v those_o two_o prince_n in_o his_o power_n instead_o of_o restore_v they_o to_o machmetkirey_n their_o brother_n he_o resolve_v to_o retain_v they_o as_o hostage_n for_o his_o fidelity_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n to_o keep_v he_o in_o a_o perpetual_a dependence_n upon_o the_o port._n the_o grand_a signior_n be_v at_o that_o time_n engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o persian_n he_o desire_v the_o cham_n of_o tartary_n to_o assist_v the_o turk_n in_o asia_n and_o upon_o that_o condition_n promise_v to_o deliver_v up_o his_o brother_n upon_o this_o assurance_n machmetkirey_n march_v ed_z from_o tartary_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n in_o order_n to_o assist_v he_o but_o understanding_n as_o he_o be_v pass_v through_o mingrelia_n that_o the_o turk_n be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o persian_n he_o march_v back_o to_o his_o own_o country_n where_o he_o expect_v to_o find_v his_o brother_n but_o perceive_v that_o amurath_n have_v disappoint_v he_o he_o be_v so_o enrage_v that_o the_o grand_a signior_n be_v force_v to_o appease_v he_o with_o present_n and_o to_o send_v ambassador_n to_o make_v his_o excuse_n for_o not_o perform_v his_o promise_n pretend_v that_o he_o be_v afraid_a to_o send_v back_o the_o two_o prince_n in_o his_o absence_n lest_o they_o shall_v have_v raise_v some_o disturbance_n and_o assure_v he_o that_o he_o will_v put_v they_o very_o speedy_o into_o his_o hand_n not_o long_o after_o these_o two_o prince_n make_v their_o escape_n from_o constantinople_n and_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o other_o tartar_n and_o of_o the_o muscovite_n raise_v a_o new_a war_n against_o their_o brother_n which_o oblige_v machmetkirey_n to_o demand_v succour_n of_o amurath_n who_o promise_v to_o furnish_v he_o with_o some_o troop_n but_o send_v
person_n of_o all_o rank_n and_o sex_n into_o slavery_n so_o that_o thracia_n scythia_n and_o almost_o all_o asia_n be_v fill_v with_o polish_v slave_n the_o tartar_n be_v natural_o so_o hardy_a that_o they_o swim_v over_o the_o river_n in_o the_o winter_n when_o there_o be_v no_o ice_n which_o without_o doubt_n proceed_v from_o the_o mother_n wash_v their_o infant_n with_o cold_a water_n they_o cross_v the_o great_a river_n such_o as_o the_o boristhenes_n after_o this_o manner_n each_o of_o they_o prepare_v several_a faggot_n or_o bundle_n of_o rush_n or_o reed_n which_o he_o tie_v to_o two_o pole_n upon_o these_o he_o lay_v his_o clothes_n arm_n saddle_n and_o all_o that_o he_o intend_v to_o carry_v along_o with_o he_o then_o he_o tie_v this_o little_a bridge_n of_o faggot_n to_o his_o horse_n tail_n after_o which_o with_o one_o hand_n he_o take_v hold_v of_o the_o horse_n main_n and_o whip_v he_o with_o the_o other_o and_o in_o this_o equipage_n pass_v the_o river_n stark_o naked_a when_o the_o tartar_n take_v the_o field_n to_o make_v incursion_n they_o agree_v beforehand_o that_o when_o they_o be_v press_v too_o hard_o by_o the_o enemy_n they_o shall_v divide_v into_o several_a party_n each_o of_o which_o shall_v retire_v by_o a_o different_a way_n and_o that_o they_o shall_v afterward_o rendezvous_n at_o a_o certain_a place_n they_o take_v these_o precaution_n that_o those_o who_o pursue_v they_o see_v many_o tract_n of_o horse_n foot_n may_v not_o know_v which_o to_o follow_v they_o be_v so_o afraid_a of_o be_v kill_v or_o take_v prisoner_n that_o when_o they_o be_v press_v by_o their_o enemy_n they_o fly_v with_o such_o a_o amaze_a swiftness_n that_o have_v tire_v one_o of_o their_o horse_n they_o leap_v from_o he_o at_o a_o full_a gallop_n upon_o the_o back_n of_o another_o without_o dismount_v and_o if_o they_o find_v that_o they_o be_v still_o hot_o pursue_v they_o first_o throw_v away_o their_o sabre_n then_o their_o bow_n and_o their_o arrow_n and_o at_o last_o without_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n they_o cut_v the_o girth_n and_o drop_v the_o saddle_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n ease_v their_o horse_n if_o in_o their_o flight_n they_o meet_v with_o a_o defile_v or_o narrow_a passage_n they_o gallop_v through_o it_o with_o so_o much_o precipitation_n and_o disorder_n that_o they_o ride_v over_o one-another_o without_o mind_v those_o who_o command_v they_o no_o not_o the_o cham_n who_o be_v their_o prince_n which_o be_v a_o evident_a sign_n that_o they_o be_v all_o extreme_o apprehensive_a of_o be_v kill_v or_o take_v prisoner_n the_o cham_n who_o at_o present_a govern_v the_o crim_n tartar_n be_v of_o the_o family_n of_o gilerey_n and_o both_o he_o and_o all_o those_o of_o his_o race_n be_v clothe_v in_o silk_n the_o officer_n in_o cloth_n and_o the_o rest_n in_o sheepskin_n with_o the_o woolly_a side_n next_o their_o skin_n in_o the_o winter_n but_o they_o turn_v they_o outward_o in_o the_o summer_n or_o in_o rainy_a weather_n they_o wear_v no_o turban_n as_o the_o turk_n and_o persian_n do_v but_o cap_n like_o the_o polander_n their_o arm_n be_v a_o sabre_n with_o a_o bow_n and_o arrow_n every_o one_o of_o they_o carry_v a_o knife_n and_o a_o awl_n to_o make_v whip_n and_o strap_n which_o serve_v to_o tie_v the_o slave_n who_o they_o take_v in_o their_o incursion_n they_o be_v extreme_o afraid_a of_o fire-arm_n their_o great_a strength_n consist_v in_o the_o swiftness_n of_o their_o horse_n which_o be_v very_o ugly_a but_o never_o tire_v and_o each_o tartar_n have_v many_o of_o they_o which_o he_o lead_v along_o with_o he_o and_o they_o know_v their_o master_n so_o well_o that_o they_o follow_v they_o when_o they_o fly_v without_o lose_v they_o or_o run_v away_o from_o '_o they_o their_o usual_a food_n be_v horseflesh_n which_o they_o like_v so_o well_o that_o they_o prefer_v it_o before_o beef_n i_o have_v see_v some_o tartar_n who_o be_v prisoner_n in_o poland_n eat_v horse_n that_o die_v of_o any_o distemper_n and_o even_o devour_v the_o head_n foot_n and_o entrail_n none_o but_o the_o rich_a eat_v bread_n and_o the_o rest_n live_v upon_o milk_n millet_n and_o turkey_n wheat_n they_o be_v very_o lazy_a when_o they_o be_v in_o their_o own_o country_n but_o be_v extreme_o laborious_a and_o vigilant_a when_o they_o go_v abroad_o upon_o a_o expedition_n the_o poor_a kill_v no_o horse_n to_o eat_v unless_o they_o be_v sick_a and_o when_o they_o kill_v one_o they_o give_v part_n of_o it_o to_o their_o neighbour_n they_o make_v a_o sort_n of_o pudding_n with_o the_o blood_n of_o the_o horse_n they_o kill_v and_o the_o meal_n of_o turkey_n wheat_n or_o millet_n which_o they_o reckon_v to_o be_v a_o very_a delicious_a ragou_n they_o eat_v but_o little_a salt_n because_o they_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v bad_a for_o the_o eye_n and_o since_o they_o be_v mahometan_n it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o add_v that_o they_o eat_v no_o bacon_n these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o most_o remarkable_a observation_n i_o make_v during_o my_o abode_n in_o crim_n tartary_n the_o tartar_n be_v divide_v into_o horde_n or_o canton_n almost_o like_o the_o swisser_n these_o horde_n be_v unequal_a in_o bigness_n number_n and_o strength_n the_o great_a of_o they_o all_o be_v that_o betwixt_o kilia_n and_o bialogrod_n which_o be_v two_o town_n one_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o niester_n and_o the_o other_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o danube_n next_o to_o this_o the_o most_o considerable_a be_v that_o of_o oczacow_n a_o city_n and_o fort_n which_o the_o turk_n call_v dziarerimenda_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o small_a of_o all_o the_o horde_n be_v that_o of_o kipozako_fw-mi which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n that_o run_v by_o the_o town_n the_o cham_n of_o the_o tartar_n never_o go_v out_o of_o the_o crim_n to_o take_v the_o field_n unless_o all_o the_o horde_n march_v with_o he_o there_o be_v also_o some_o mahometan_a tartar_n subject_n to_o poland_n who_o live_v in_o lithuania_n near_o vilna_n where_o they_o possess_v land_n and_o work_v as_o the_o other_o lithuanian_n do_v they_o be_v establish_v there_o by_o vitold_a uncle_n to_o king_n vladislaus_n jagellon_n after_o he_o have_v expel_v they_o out_o of_o the_o low_a volhinia_n king_n jagellon_n have_v also_o tartar_n in_o his_o army_n when_o he_o rout_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o the_o year_n 1386._o after_o this_o short_a account_n of_o the_o tartar_n i_o proceed_v to_o take_v a_o view_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o first_o of_o vkrania_n chap._n v._o of_o ukrania_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o livonian_o lower_v volhinia_n and_o lower_n podolia_n be_v both_o comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o vkrania_n which_o in_o the_o sclavonish_a tongue_n signify_v a_o frontier_n because_o those_o province_n be_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n who_o be_v the_o most_o terrible_a enemy_n of_o poland_n this_o be_v a_o very_a large_a country_n contain_v above_o 300_o mile_n from_o east_n to_o west_n and_o above_o 180_o from_o north_n to_o south_n kiovia_n situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n be_v the_o capital_a city_n and_o be_v once_o one_o of_o the_o large_a town_n in_o europe_n but_o it_o have_v be_v so_o often_o pillage_v and_o harass_v by_o the_o tartar_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v see_v in_o it_o at_o present_a but_o ruin_v house_n and_o cottage_n with_o a_o fort_n in_o which_o the_o muscovite_n keep_v garrison_n the_o boristhenes_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a river_n in_o europe_n run_v through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o country_n and_o receive_v all_o the_o other_o river_n that_o water_n it_o the_o first_o rendezvous_n of_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v original_o russian_a peasant_n be_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n especial_o that_o of_o tamahoâ—ka_fw-mi from_o whence_o they_o spread_v themselves_o through_o all_o vkrania_n betwixt_o the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o czyrkassy_n at_o that_o time_n they_o live_v only_o by_o hunt_v and_o fish_v they_o be_v call_v the_o zaporovian_a cossack_n because_o they_o inhabit_v along_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o those_o who_o live_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o tanais_n or_o don_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o palus_n meotis_n stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o first_o who_o bring_v the_o cossack_n under_o military_a discipline_n and_o appoint_v they_o the_o city_n of_o trethymirow_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o twelve_o league_n below_o kiowia_fw-la for_o their_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n for_o heretofore_o they_o have_v no_o leader_n and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v discipline_n that_o they_o march_v rather_o like_v freebooter_n than_o soldier_n but_o from_o that_o time_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v
this_o place_n he_o find_v the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n join_v together_o who_o he_o attack_v and_o fight_v for_o three_o day_n together_o during_o which_o time_n the_o battle_n be_v very_o obstinate_a on_o both_o side_n but_o at_o last_o the_o polish_v army_n obtain_v a_o entire_a victory_n over_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n and_o put_v chemelnski_n and_o the_o cham_n who_o command_v in_o person_n to_o flight_n this_o deseat_n oblige_v chemelnski_n to_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n which_o be_v conclude_v sept._n 28._o 1651_o but_o last_v not_o long_o for_o soon_o after_o the_o cossack_n be_v enrage_v by_o the_o insolency_n of_o the_o polish_v nobility_n and_o fear_v to_o fall_v again_o into_o their_o ancient_a bondage_n attack_v the_o army_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o total_o rout_v it_o i_o observe_v before_o that_o chemelnski_n have_v always_o the_o policy_n to_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o such_o prince_n who_o be_v best_a able_a to_o support_v he_o in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o maxim_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o understand_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v a_o peace_n with_o poland_n not_o dare_v to_o rely_v upon_o his_o own_o single_a strength_n he_o put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o they_o which_o cost_v the_o polander_n the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o the_o muscovite_n take_v the_o same_o year_n chemelnski_n die_v anno_fw-la 1658_o the_o cossack_n choose_v one_o vihowski_n for_o their_o general_n and_o threaten_v that_o they_o will_v put_v themselves_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n or_o the_o d._n of_o muscovy_n if_o the_o republic_n will_v not_o grant_v all_o that_o they_o demand_v upon_o which_o king_n john_n casimir_n consider_v that_o it_o will_v be_v equal_o disadvantageous_a to_o his_o kingdom_n whether_o they_o submit_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n or_o the_o turk_n conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o they_o by_o which_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o all_o their_o captain_n shall_v be_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n that_o vihowski_n their_o general_n shall_v be_v palatin_a of_o kiowia_fw-la that_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o greek_a religion_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o the_o chief_a office_n and_o that_o the_o metropolitan_a of_o kiowia_fw-la shall_v have_v the_o rank_n of_o a_o senator_n beside_o the_o starostie_a of_o lubomliana_n be_v give_v to_o vihowski_n and_o that_o of_o bobrois_fw-mi to_o nieczaio_n on_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v they_o as_o fief_n of_o the_o republic_n these_o condition_n be_v afterward_o ratify_v by_o the_o diet_n and_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o cossack_n captain_n from_o miserable_a peasant_n of_o russia_n as_o they_o be_v by_o their_o birth_n be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o polish_v nobleman_n i_o have_v already_o observe_v that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n be_v partly_o occasion_v by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o polish_v gentleman_n for_o they_o be_v their_o lord_n and_o have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o they_o as_o they_o have_v still_o in_o poland_n over_o all_o their_o peasant_n those_o of_o vkrania_n not_o be_v able_a to_o support_v their_o insolency_n begin_v to_o revolt_v and_o by_o degree_n expel_v all_o the_o nobility_n there_o be_v several_a great_a lord_n who_o by_o this_o revolution_n lose_v above_o 100000_o crown_n a_o year_n among_o who_o be_v the_o above_o mention_v prince_n visnovieski_n who_o son_n i_o have_v see_v in_o poland_n so_o poor_a that_o he_o have_v only_o a_o yearly_a pension_n of_o six_o thousand_o livre_n which_o queen_n mary_n lovise_n allow_v he_o to_o subsist_v upon_o but_o fortune_n afterward_o raise_v he_o to_o the_o throne_n upon_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n casimir_n as_o i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o observe_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n that_o fatal_a revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n which_o begin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_n augment_v by_o degree_n under_o the_o follow_a king_n not_o only_o deprive_v many_o polish_v gentleman_n of_o their_o estate_n and_o give_v the_o tartar_n occasion_n to_o carry_v away_o above_o a_o million_o of_o person_n into_o slavery_n but_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o decay_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n throughout_o vkrania_n for_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o suppose_v that_o the_o turk_n endeavour_v to_o settle_v mahometism_n in_o that_o country_n in_o imitation_n of_o all_o conqueror_n who_o the_o letter_n to_o secure_v the_o fidelity_n of_o the_o people_n who_o they_o subdue_v force_v they_o to_o receive_v their_o religion_n as_o the_o most_o effectual_a way_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o obedience_n to_o their_o new_a master_n and_o even_o though_o the_o turk_n shall_v not_o endeavour_v to_o settle_v mahometism_n in_o all_o their_o conquest_n it_o will_v at_o last_o become_v the_o modish_a religion_n since_o it_o be_v usual_a for_o people_n to_o take_v the_o language_n and_o religion_n of_o a_o prince_n who_o favour_n they_o be_v desirous_a to_o procure_v the_o cossack_n have_v under_o several_a general_n maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o polander_n who_o perpetual_o labour_v to_o reduce_v they_o they_o be_v at_o last_o oblige_v to_o call_v in_o the_o turk_n and_o to_o put_v themselves_o under_o their_o protection_n thus_o be_v those_o infidel_n admit_v into_o vkrania_n and_o easy_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n which_o they_o find_v destitute_a of_o all_o sort_n of_o provision_n nevertheless_o they_o take_v it_o by_o capitulation_n but_o they_o be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v the_o article_n they_o have_v grant_v by_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v to_o continue_v still_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o their_o ancient_a religion_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v master_n of_o the_o place_n they_o carry_v away_o into_o slavery_n all_o the_o people_n of_o that_o unhappy_a city_n and_o leave_v no_o mark_n of_o its_o have_v be_v once_o inhabit_v by_o christian_n but_o only_o the_o cathedral_n church_n which_o they_o have_v also_o turn_v to_o a_o mosque_n these_o be_v the_o fatal_a consequence_n of_o the_o insupportable_a tyranny_n of_o the_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o their_o unjustifiable_a cruelty_n to_o their_o subject_n but_o long_o before_o the_o turk_n invade_v poland_n they_o look_v upon_o vkrania_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o resolve_v to_o conquer_v at_o any_o rate_n and_o which_o they_o may_v easy_o subdue_v if_o the_o cossack_n shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o desire_v their_o protection_n beside_o they_o be_v willing_a to_o take_v hold_n of_o so_o favourable_a a_o opportunity_n to_o deliver_v themselves_o from_o such_o cruel_a and_o formidable_a enemy_n who_o have_v so_o often_o harass_v they_o by_o their_o piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n they_o have_v make_v peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n and_o consequent_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o keep_v a_o army_n in_o hungary_n and_o after_o the_o abdication_n of_o king_n john_n casimir_n who_o be_v a_o valiant_a prince_n the_o people_n have_v choose_v a_o peaceable_a king_n in_o his_o place_n they_o consider_v also_o that_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossack_n give_v they_o a_o free_a passage_n into_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fertile_a country_n such_o as_o vkrania_n certain_o be_v and_o invite_v they_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n which_o be_v the_o key_n of_o that_o province_n for_o that_o city_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o upper_a podolia_n be_v fortify_v by_o nature_n be_v situate_v on_o a_o rock_n environ_v by_o a_o very_a deep_a broad_a and_o sleep_v ditch_n which_o be_v fill_v with_o water_n by_o the_o river_n smotrzy_n which_o almost_o quite_o surround_v the_o city_n so_o that_o it_o leave_v only_o a_o narrow_a passage_n into_o it_o and_o it_o be_v that_o entry_n only_o which_o be_v fortify_v by_o art_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v sufficient_o defend_v by_o nature_n nevertheless_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o hill_n that_o be_v beyond_o the_o ditch_n be_v high_a than_o the_o city_n the_o garrison_n in_o a_o siege_n may_v be_v very_o much_o incommode_v with_o artillery_n but_o it_o be_v not_o such_o a_o inconveniency_n as_o this_o that_o can_v oblige_v a_o place_n of_o strength_n to_o surrender_v nor_o will_v it_o ever_o be_v reduce_v by_o so_o distant_a a_o attack_z and_o after_o all_o the_o city_n of_o caminiec_n will_v never_o be_v retake_v by_o the_o polander_n unless_o the_o port_n be_v one_o day_n reduce_v as_o low_a as_o poland_n be_v when_o the_o turk_n take_v it_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n the_o polander_n be_v so_o firm_o persuade_v of_o the_o impossibility_n of_o reduce_v that_o place_n and_o of_o the_o difficulty_n of_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o war_n with_o the_o grand_a signior_n that_o they_o make_v a_o shameful_a peace_n with_o he_o and_o oblige_v themselves_o to_o pay_v he_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n
but_o the_o diet_n which_o be_v afterward_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n will_v not_o ratify_v that_o peace_n so_o that_o the_o war_n between_o poland_n and_o the_o port_n be_v renew_v with_o great_a vigour_n than_o before_o the_o two_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o of_o the_o duchy_n advance_v towards_o podolia_n the_o one_o command_v by_o general_n sobieski_n and_o the_o other_o by_o general_n patz_n and_o march_v together_o to_o attack_v that_o of_o the_o turk_n which_o be_v encamp_v at_o chotzin_n on_o the_o niester_n about_o five_o league_n from_o caminiec_n where_o they_o fight_v and_o entire_o rout_n '_o they_o this_o victory_n which_o be_v very_o considerable_a will_v have_v doubtless_o restore_v the_o affair_n of_o poland_n to_o a_o good_a condition_n and_o contribute_v very_o much_o to_o the_o retaking_n of_o caminiec_n if_o the_o general_n have_v make_v a_o right_a use_n of_o so_o important_a a_o advantage_n but_o the_o battle_n be_v no_o soon_o over_o than_o they_o carry_v home_o their_o troop_n the_o one_o into_o poland_n and_o the_o other_o into_o lithuania_n in_o which_o they_o imitate_v their_o predecessor_n swirâ—zowski_n and_o ostrogski_n who_o after_o they_o have_v obtain_v a_o memorable_a victory_n over_o the_o muscovite_n return_v home_o instead_o of_o march_v to_o attack_v smolensko_fw-mi which_o they_o have_v lose_v a_o little_a before_o and_o may_v then_o have_v easy_o retake_v the_o error_n which_o those_o two_o general_n commit_v by_o neglect_v so_o invite_v a_o opportunity_n to_o reduce_v smolensko_fw-mi be_v so_o unaccountable_a and_o so_o direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o maxim_n of_o policy_n and_o even_o of_o common_a prudence_n that_o i_o can_v forbear_v insert_v the_o whole_a story_n in_o the_o year_n 1512_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o the_o count_n of_o scepusz_n which_o so_o incense_v the_o emperor_n maximilian_n that_o he_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o involve_v poland_n either_o in_o a_o civil_a or_o foreign_a war._n it_o be_v in_o pursuance_n of_o this_o design_n that_o in_o a_o diet_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n he_o complain_v of_o king_n sigismund_n proceed_n allege_v that_o he_o be_v contrive_v indirect_a method_n to_o expel_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n out_o of_o prussia_n which_o they_o have_v purchase_v with_o their_o blood_n and_o where_o they_o have_v extirpated_a paganism_n and_o establish_v the_o faith_n of_o jesus_n christ_n but_o see_v he_o can_v not_o prevail_v with_o the_o prince_n to_o declare_v war_n against_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n at_o a_o time_n when_o all_o the_o christian_n be_v ready_a to_o enter_v in_o a_o confederacy_n against_o the_o turk_n he_o make_v a_o league_n with_o basil_n duke_n of_o muscovy_n and_o persuade_v he_o to_o declare_v war_n against_o the_o polaender_n and_o to_o invade_v lithuania_n the_o muscovite_n rely_v upon_o this_o new_a alliance_n with_o the_o emperor_n scruple_v not_o to_o violate_v the_o peace_n he_o have_v make_v with_o king_n sigismond_n he_o raise_v a_o army_n enter_v lithuania_n and_o after_o he_o have_v destroy_v the_o country_n sit_v down_o before_o smolensko_n but_o can_v not_o take_v it_o though_o at_o the_o same_o time_n sigismond_n be_v in_o poland_n and_o have_v no_o troop_n on_o foot_n to_o oppose_v he_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v inform_v of_o the_o treachery_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n who_o have_v break_v the_o peace_n without_o any_o cause_n call_v a_o diet_n at_o radom_n in_o the_o year_n 1513_o to_o concert_v the_o measure_n that_o be_v to_o be_v take_v in_o so_o press_v a_o exigency_n the_o czar_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n send_v to_o demand_v succour_n from_o the_o emperor_n his_o ally_n who_o only_o send_v he_o some_o engineer_n who_o cast_v 300_o piece_n of_o cannon_n for_o he_o the_o year_n follow_v the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n have_v assemble_v a_o army_n of_o 80000_o man_n march_v with_o his_o 300_o piece_n of_o cannon_n to_o besiege_v smolenske_a which_o he_o batter_v in_o a_o very_a furious_a manner_n the_o city_n be_v so_o close_o block_v up_o and_o the_o avenue_n so_o well_o guard_v that_o 500_o horse_n who_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n send_v to_o its_o relief_n can_v not_o get_v into_o the_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o garrison_n make_v so_o vigorous_a a_o defence_n that_o the_o muscovite_n be_v discourage_v by_o the_o obstinate_a resistance_n of_o the_o polander_n raise_v the_o siege_n and_o ravage_v lithuania_n a_o second_o time_n after_o they_o have_v send_v their_o booty_n to_o muscovy_n they_o return_v to_o the_o siege_n of_o smolensko_n but_o the_o garrison_n defend_v the_o place_n with_o so_o much_o courage_n and_o resolution_n that_o the_o czar_n despair_v of_o success_n resolve_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n but_o glinski_n a_o lithuanian_a rebel_n persuade_v he_o to_o continue_v it_o insinuate_a that_o he_o can_v not_o without_o expose_v himself_o to_o eternal_a infamy_n suffer_v a_o impotent_a and_o dishearten_v enemy_n to_o insult_v over_o such_o a_o formidable_a army_n at_o last_o the_o cunning_a traitor_n who_o have_v engage_v basil_n in_o this_o enterprise_n perceive_v that_o he_o can_v not_o take_v the_o city_n by_o force_n resolve_v to_o try_v the_o success_n of_o a_o stratagem_n to_o this_o end_n he_o desire_v leave_v to_o speak_v with_o the_o governor_n to_o who_o he_o represent_v that_o his_o master_n be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o relieve_v he_o that_o the_o garrison_n can_v not_o hold_v out_o much_o long_o and_o that_o unless_o he_o be_v resolve_v to_o bury_v himself_o in_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o city_n he_o ought_v to_o consult_v his_o own_o true_a interest_n and_o accept_v the_o vast_a recompense_n which_o the_o czar_n be_v willing_a to_o give_v he_o thus_o the_o governor_n be_v persuade_v to_o surrender_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v possess_v for_o the_o space_n of_o a_o hundred_o year_n as_o soon_o as_o king_n sigismond_n have_v receive_v at_o radom_n the_o news_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o that_o important_a place_n he_o go_v immediate_o to_o lithuania_n in_o september_n and_o assemble_v all_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o that_o duchy_n at_o vilna_n to_o deliberate_v with_o they_o how_o they_o may_v effectual_o oppose_v the_o progress_n of_o their_o victorious_a enemy_n 10000_o horse_n 20000_o foot_n and_o some_o light_a horse_n be_v raise_v in_o lithuania_n with_o which_o and_o with_o the_o army_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o necessary_a artillery_n the_o king_n set_v out_o from_o vilna_n with_o a_o design_n to_o attack_v the_o muscevite_n the_o czar_n have_v receive_v advice_n of_o the_o march_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n reassembled_a his_o troop_n and_o encamp_v near_o smolensko_n lest_o the_o king_n shall_v sit_v down_o before_o it_o after_o he_o have_v reinforce_v the_o garrison_n he_o march_v with_o his_o army_n to_o lithuania_n and_o advance_v to_o the_o river_n berezina_fw-la in_o the_o palatinate_n 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so_o long_a a_o pursuit_n the_o czar_n who_o be_v at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n of_o 80000_o man_n despise_v that_o of_o poland_n which_o be_v not_o half_a so_o numerous_a and_o insolent_o boast_v that_o his_o soldier_n shall_v not_o so_o much_o as_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o draw_v their_o sabres_fw-es against_o the_o polander_n but_o drive_v they_o all_o to_o muscovy_n with_o whip_n like_o herd_n of_o ox_n or_o flock_n of_o sheep_n nor_o be_v this_o a_o mere_a rhodomontade_fw-la for_o he_o actual_o give_v order_n to_o his_o soldier_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o draw_v their_o sabres_fw-es but_o let_v the_o polander_n pass_v the_o baristhenes_n without_o opposition_n and_o then_o whip_v they_o to_o muscovy_n but_o that_o insolent_a and_o haughty_a prince_n have_v the_o mortification_n to_o be_v convince_v by_o a_o very_a fatal_a and_o unwelcome_a experiment_n that_o a_o great_a army_n shall_v never_o despise_v a_o feeble_a
ix_o of_o the_o senate_n in_o particular_a and_o first_o of_o the_o bishop_n all_o the_o bishop_n be_v senator_n and_o precede_v the_o secular_a member_n there_o be_v but_o 16_o bishopric_n in_o the_o kingdom_n 3_o of_o which_o be_v usurp_v by_o its_o enemy_n viz._n those_o of_o smolensko_n and_o kiovia_n by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o that_o of_o caminiec_n by_o the_o turk_n nevertheless_o the_o dignity_n be_v still_o retain_v and_o when_o they_o become_v vacant_a there_o be_v always_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o competitor_n who_o solicit_v the_o king_n for_o those_o title_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v apostolical_a legate_n by_o his_o office_n the_o first_o of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o senator_n and_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n these_o privilege_n be_v annex_v to_o this_o see_v by_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n whither_o he_o who_o be_v then_o archbishop_n be_v send_v by_o king_n vladislaus_n 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council_n of_o lateran_n obtain_v of_o leo_n the_o xth_o for_o himself_o and_o all_o his_o successor_n the_o quality_n of_o legatus_fw-la natus_fw-la of_o the_o holy_a apostolic_a see_n the_o authority_n of_o this_o prelate_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a to_o draw_v a_o sword_n or_o so_o much_o as_o to_o speak_v indecent_o in_o his_o presence_n beside_o when_o the_o king_n act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n the_o archbishop_n may_v assemble_v the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n to_o oppose_v he_o and_o during_o a_o interregnum_fw-la he_o have_v power_n to_o coin_n money_n the_o cross_n be_v carry_v before_o he_o when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o king_n or_o to_o the_o diet_n and_o when_o he_o sit_v on_o almoner_n hold_v it_o behind_o his_o chair_n and_o as_o a_o far_a mark_n of_o his_o grandeur_n he_o have_v a_o senator_n and_o castellan_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o his_o marshal_n who_o ride_v before_o his_o coach_n bear_v his_o staff_n upright_o which_o he_o never_o 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and_o so_o considerable_a a_o privilege_n that_o the_o ambassador_n of_o the_o candidate_n look_v upon_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n as_o the_o person_n on_o who_o the_o success_n of_o their_o negotiation_n depend_v and_o leave_v no_o mean_n unattempted_a to_o gain_v his_o favour_n because_o the_o king_n can_v be_v due_o elect_v unless_o he_o be_v afterward_o proclaim_v to_o confirm_v this_o i_o shall_v relate_v what_o happen_v at_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n john_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1674._o one_o czartoreski_n of_o the_o faction_n of_o austria_n an_z intimate_v friend_n of_o chancellor_n putz_n and_o consequent_o a_o great_a enemy_n to_o the_o french_a faction_n and_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n who_o be_v choose_v king_n be_v then_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o in_o that_o quality_n have_v the_o power_n of_o proclaim_v the_o king_n he_o will_v never_o have_v be_v prevail_v with_o to_o proclaim_v the_o great_a marshal_n but_o die_v three_o day_n before_o the_o election_n the_o right_a of_o proclamation_n be_v devolve_v upon_o trzebicki_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v a_o friend_n to_o the_o marshal_n sobieski_n proclaim_v he_o with_o joy_n there_o be_v but_o 16_o bishopric_n in_o poland_n as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v but_o they_o be_v general_o of_o a_o vast_a extent_n and_o endow_v with_o great_a revenue_n which_o may_v be_v easy_o believe_v if_o we_o consider_v that_o that_o kidgdom_n after_o all_o its_o loss_n be_v still_o as_o large_a as_o france_n the_o first_o be_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n in_o low_a poland_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kalisch_n about_o 9_o league_n from_o that_o city_n towards_o the_o north._n this_o place_n which_o be_v once_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v now_o only_a a_o great_a unwal_v village_n without_o the_o conveniency_n of_o a_o river_n the_o second_o be_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o leopold_n which_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o black_a russia_n and_o take_v its_o name_n from_o leo_n duke_n of_o that_o province_n who_o as_o he_o be_v ravage_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n of_o tartar_n and_o russian_n be_v entire_o defeat_v by_o the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n ann._n 1279_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o lesko_n the_o black_n this_o city_n be_v seat_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n very_o mean_o fortify_v without_o a_o river_n and_o defend_v only_o by_o a_o inconsiderable_a castle_n upon_o a_o eminence_n it_o be_v famous_a for_o the_o many_o sieges_n it_o have_v sustain_v have_v be_v once_o besiege_a by_o the_o cossack_n and_o tartar_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n at_o another_o time_n by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o cossack_n with_o a_o army_n of_o 120000_o man_n for_o the_o space_n of_o two_o month_n and_o a_o half_a after_o which_o they_o be_v constrain_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o in_o the_o last_o place_n by_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n miâ—â—â—el_n this_o city_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o 3_o bishop_n viz._n a_o latin_n catholic_n archbishop_n a_o armenian_a catholic_n archbishop_n and_o a_o russian_a scismatical_a greek_a bishop_n the_o first_o latin_a archbishop_n be_v a_o polish_v gentleman_n call_v christinus_fw-la who_o be_v consecrate_a by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesâ—a_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o king_n casimir_n who_o erect_v this_o see_n anno_fw-la 1361._o i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o of_o the_o archbishop_n since_o they_o differ_v not_o from_o other_o catholic_n only_o the_o armenian_n have_v their_o particular_a ornament_n and_o ceremony_n and_o the_o man_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o woman_n in_o the_o church_n but_o i_o shall_v take_v this_o occasion_n to_o give_v a_o brief_a account_n of_o the_o peculiar_a rite_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o russian_n their_o bishop_n be_v always_o a_o unmarried_a person_n because_o he_o be_v choose_v among_o the_o monk_n of_o
boldness_n to_o attack_v poland_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n where_o they_o enter_v vkrania_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n and_o easy_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminieck_n which_o the_o polander_n can_v never_o retake_v since_o but_o as_o poland_n can_v not_o choose_v a_o poor_a so_o they_o can_v not_o have_v choose_v a_o more_o liberal_a prince_n than_o king_n michael_n and_o as_o he_o be_v whole_o destitute_a of_o the_o mean_n to_o display_v that_o noble_a and_o princely_a quality_n so_o providence_n order_v that_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v proclaim_v king_n he_o find_v himself_o master_n of_o rich_a furniture_n and_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o plate_n than_o any_o of_o the_o king_n his_o predecessor_n have_v ever_o enjoy_v for_o all_o the_o senator_n and_o gentleman_n who_o be_v able_a to_o make_v any_o considerable_a present_n strive_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o emulation_n to_o express_v their_o affection_n to_o their_o new_a sovereign_n so_o that_o on_o the_o day_n of_o his_o election_n he_o be_v so_o amaze_v at_o such_o a_o sudden_a and_o unexpected_a alteration_n that_o he_o can_v hardly_o forbear_v look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o golden_a dream_n he_o be_v no_o soon_o proclaim_v but_o the_o chancellor_n begin_v to_o insinuate_v that_o he_o owe_v his_o crown_n to_o he_o nor_o be_v it_o a_o difficult_a task_n to_o impose_v upon_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v easy_o govern_v and_o have_v more_o good_a nature_n than_o judgement_n thus_o the_o chancellor_n have_v the_o pleasure_n to_o see_v that_o his_o power_n be_v as_o great_a as_o his_o ambition_n but_o that_o satisfaction_n be_v sufficient_o moderate_v by_o the_o trouble_n and_o division_n that_o happen_v under_o his_o ministry_n for_o have_v persuade_v the_o king_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n to_o marry_v the_o emperor_n sister_n by_o who_o he_o have_v no_o child_n there_o be_v such_o a_o considerable_a party_n form_v against_o that_o prince_n that_o he_o be_v in_o perpetual_a danger_n of_o be_v dethrone_v and_o reduce_v in_o a_o cloister_n to_o great_a misery_n than_o that_o which_o he_o suffer_v before_o his_o election_n and_o to_o heighten_v his_o assliction_n he_o perceive_v that_o queen_n eleanor_n his_o wife_n be_v engage_v in_o the_o party_n that_o will_v have_v oblige_v he_o to_o resign_v his_o crown_n that_o she_o may_v marry_v a_o handsome_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o picture_n she_o have_v see_v and_o who_o without_o doubt_n have_v be_v king_n of_o poland_n if_o death_n jealous_a of_o the_o happiness_n of_o that_o country_n have_v not_o snatch_v he_o away_o in_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o age_n to_o the_o regret_n of_o all_o the_o world_n and_o particular_o of_o q._n eleanor_n who_o can_v not_o forbear_v express_v her_o sorrow_n by_o her_o tear_n when_o she_o hear_v the_o news_n of_o his_o death_n among_o the_o several_a prince_n who_o pretend_v to_o dispossess_v king_n michael_n duke_n augustus_n ernest_n of_o brunswick_n bishop_n of_o osnabrug_n who_o will_v have_v willing_o exchange_v both_o his_o bishopric_n and_o religion_n for_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v one_o but_o he_o be_v marry_v he_o will_v have_v meet_v with_o great_a obstacle_n than_o the_o prince_n i_o just_a noun_n mention_v chap._n xv._o of_o the_o diet_n in_o general_n though_o as_o a_o mark_n of_o the_o obedience_n and_o respect_n which_o christian_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v to_o the_o clergy_n the_o polander_n have_v think_v fit_a to_o give_v the_o bishop_n the_o precedency_n in_o their_o diet_n as_o be_v the_o minister_n and_o dispenser_n of_o holy_a thing_n it_o have_v be_v sometime_o observe_v that_o the_o laity_n have_v take_v the_o liberty_n to_o dispute_v that_o honour_n with_o they_o thus_o at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o lublin_n 1501._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o alexander_n the_o ii_o there_o happen_v a_o great_a contest_v betwixt_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o temporal_a senator_n for_o though_o the_o latter_a be_v willing_a that_o the_o bishop_n shall_v be_v seat_v all_o in_o a_o row_n on_o the_o king_n be_v right_a hand_n they_o desire_v that_o they_o may_v also_o sit_v in_o a_o row_n on_o his_o left_a hand_n that_o so_o they_o may_v not_o be_v altogether_o beneath_o they_o this_o controversy_n be_v long_o and_o hot_o agitate_a but_o at_o last_o the_o king_n decide_v it_o in_o favour_n of_o the_o bishop_n declare_v that_o they_o shall_v still_o enjoy_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n to_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n both_o on_o his_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n a_o general_n diet_n in_o poland_n be_v a_o meeting_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o one_o place_n to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o republic_n the_o king_n may_v appoint_v the_o meeting_n where_o he_o think_v fit_a except_o the_o diet_n of_o the_o coronation_n which_o can_v only_o be_v hold_v at_o cracow_n but_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n it_o have_v be_v always_o in_o the_o king_n power_n to_o appoint_v the_o place_n of_o their_o meeting_n it_o be_v true_a that_o for_o some_o time_n they_o have_v be_v always_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n but_o the_o lithuanian_n have_v make_v a_o complaint_n some_o year_n ago_o that_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o all_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o a_o long_a and_o tedious_a journey_n it_o be_v agree_v that_o one_o of_o three_o diet_n shall_v for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n be_v hold_v at_o grodno_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o troki_n on_o the_o river_n niemen_n about_o twenty_o league_n from_o vilna_n it_o be_v seat_v partly_o upon_o a_o plain_a and_o partly_o upon_o a_o eminence_n and_o be_v defend_v by_o a_o castle_n which_o be_v take_v and_o sack_v by_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o when_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v harass_v by_o the_o swede_n the_o other_o two_o diet_n be_v to_o be_v hold_v at_o warsaw_n which_o from_o the_o election_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o to_o that_o of_o john_n iii_o be_v always_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n in_o the_o province_n of_o massovia_n and_o the_o diocese_n of_o posnania_n there_o be_v a_o fine_a palace_n in_o this_o city_n which_o sigssmund_n build_v after_o his_o election_n but_o there_o be_v no_o avenue_n to_o it_o and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v situate_v be_v so_o straighten_v that_o one_o must_v in_o a_o manner_n divine_a how_o to_o go_v into_o it_o it_o have_v a_o very_a fine_a prospect_n but_o be_v whole_o destitute_a of_o water_n garden_n or_o tree_n nor_o can_v those_o defect_n be_v supply_v because_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o be_v bound_v by_o the_o house_n of_o the_o city_n and_o on_o the_o other_o by_o the_o vistula_n warsaw_n be_v compose_v of_o two_o city_n join_v together_o the_o old_a town_n which_o be_v wall_v with_o brick_n be_v small_a and_o ill_o pave_v as_o be_v all_o the_o city_n of_o poland_n but_o to_o make_v amends_o it_o be_v populous_a and_o enjoy_v a_o good_a trade_n the_o new_a town_n which_o be_v join_v to_o it_o be_v not_o considerable_a beside_o those_o two_o city_n there_o be_v also_o the_o great_a suburb_n of_o cracow_n the_o house_n of_o which_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n build_v and_o cover_v with_o wood_n except_o some_o palace_n which_o certain_a person_n of_o quality_n have_v begin_v to_o build_v before_o the_o swedish_n invasion_n both_o because_o the_o king_n vladislaus_n and_o casimir_n have_v a_o palace_n there_o where_o they_o usual_o reside_v and_o because_o those_o prince_n design_v to_o enclose_v that_o suburb_n and_o the_o two_o city_n with_o 16_o bastion_n which_o they_o have_v already_o mark_v out_o and_o whereof_o some_o footstep_n be_v yet_o to_o be_v see_v the_o abovementioned_a palace_n where_o the_o king_n vladislaus_n and_o casimir_n reside_v have_v a_o garden_n but_o be_v destitute_a both_o of_o water_n and_o tree_n there_o be_v still_o a_o chapel_n in_o that_o suburb_n call_v the_o muscovite_n chapel_n which_o sigismond_n iii_o build_v for_o the_o bury_v place_n of_o a_o duke_n of_o muscovie_n and_o his_o brother_n who_o die_v in_o prison_n at_o gostynin_n in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o rava_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o city_n of_o plocsko_n upon_o the_o vistula_n to_o leave_v to_o posterity_n a_o monument_n of_o his_o victory_n over_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v some_o time_n ago_o give_v to_o the_o dominican_n friar_n who_o have_v settle_v a_o convent_n in_o it_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o poland_n to_o hold_v petty_a diet_n in_o all_o the_o palatinat_n before_o they_o hold_v a_o great_a or_o general_a diet._n these_o petty_a diet_n must_v be_v summon_v three_o week_n before_o they_o can_v be_v hold_v and_o hold_v six_o week_n before_o the_o general_a diet_n in_o order_n to_o their_o meeting_n the_o king_n send_v
be_v not_o entire_o unite_v to_o the_o kingdom_n till_o the_o year_n 1501_o by_o albert_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n this_o duchy_n contain_v eight_o palatinate_n viz._n vilnae_n troki_n bressici_fw-la nowogrodeck_n minsk_n mseislaw_n vitepsk_n and_o polosk_n it_o be_v a_o hundred_o league_n long_o and_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o broad_a and_o be_v border_v by_o muscovy_n on_o the_o north_n and_o east_n by_o russia_n and_o volhinia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o by_o samogitia_n prussia_n and_o podlachia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n be_v the_o nieman_n and_o the_o dzwina_n the_o province_n of_o russia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n by_o king_n casimir_n the_o great_a anno_fw-la 1341_o be_v border_v by_o lithuania_n on_o the_o north_n and_o by_o the_o mountain_n of_o hungary_n and_o transilvania_n on_o the_o south_n it_o have_v upper_a volhinia_n and_o upper_a podolia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o little_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n it_o contain_v three_o palatinate_n leopold_n chelm_fw-ge and_o belch_n the_o principal_a river_n that_o run_v through_o it_o be_v the_o bugg_n bokutia_n which_o be_v part_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o leopold_n be_v a_o small_a country_n border_v on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o niester_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o carpathian_n mountain_n it_o be_v sell_v to_o poland_n with_o the_o town_n of_o sniatyn_n and_o kolomey_n upon_o the_o river_n prut_fw-mi by_o alexander_n palatin_n of_o valachia_n for_o 500_o ounce_n of_o silver_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o pokutia_n be_v halioz_n on_o the_o niester_n whither_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n transfer_v the_o archbishopric_n of_o leopold_n anno_fw-la 1375_o with_o a_o design_n to_o join_v russia_n podâ—lia_n and_o pokutia_n to_o hungary_n because_o of_o their_o sertility_n but_o the_o whole_a polish_v nobility_n take_v up_o arm_n to_o oppose_v that_o enterprise_n and_o make_v so_o much_o noise_n about_o it_o in_o the_o diet_n that_o the_o archbishopric_n be_v restore_v to_o leopold_n prussia_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o balâ—â—k_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n with_o great_a poland_n and_o masâ—â—â—_n 〈◊〉_d the_o east_n with_o lithuania_n and_o on_o the_o west_n 〈…〉_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n be_v long_a 〈◊〉_d with_o a_o cruel_a and_o bloody_a war_n about_o the_o procession_n of_o this_o province_n for_o when_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o syria_n by_o the_o saracen_n they_o be_v receive_v by_o conrade_n duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o brother_n to_o lescus_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o find_v himself_o unable_a to_o defend_v his_o country_n against_o the_o continual_a incursion_n of_o the_o idolatrous_a prussian_n call_v in_o those_o knight_n to_o his_o assistance_n in_o the_o year_n 1228_o promise_v they_o half_o of_o what_o they_o can_v conquer_v in_o prussia_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n put_v they_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o province_n of_o culm_n till_o they_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o some_o part_n of_o the_o country_n this_o be_v the_o fatal_a spring_n of_o all_o the_o difference_n which_o engage_v poland_n in_o a_o war_n that_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o so_o obstinate_a a_o fury_n for_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n grow_v at_o last_o so_o formidable_a to_o their_o neighbour_n and_o by_o successive_a victory_n raise_v their_o power_n to_o such_o a_o height_n that_o after_o they_o have_v subdue_v all_o prussia_n they_o give_v many_o battle_n to_o the_o polander_n who_o can_v never_o utter_o expel_v they_o though_o they_o sometime_o obtain_v considerable_a victory_n over_o they_o as_o in_o the_o battle_n which_o jagillon_n fight_v against_o grunwald_n and_o tanneberg_n in_o the_o year_n 1400._o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o teutonick_n knight_n be_v so_o proud_a of_o their_o new_a conquest_n that_o forget_v their_o original_a and_o scorn_v the_o humble_a and_o samiliar_a name_n of_o brother_n with_o which_o their_o religious_a constitution_n oblige_v they_o to_o content_v themselves_o they_o begin_v open_o to_o claim_v the_o title_n of_o lord_n notwithstanding_o the_o pious_a zeal_n of_o their_o great_a master_n vlric_n who_o endeavour_v to_o oppose_v so_o scandalous_a a_o innovation_n and_o though_o they_o be_v frequent_o beat_v by_o the_o polander_n they_o cease_v not_o to_o continue_v the_o war_n because_o they_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o emperor_n and_o by_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o austrian_a family_n can_v never_o endure_v that_o the_o polander_n shall_v recover_v prussia_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o follow_a instance_n when_o sigismond_n k._n of_o poland_n send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o diet_n at_o augsburg_n anno_fw-la 1530_o to_o justify_v his_o pretension_n to_o that_o province_n the_o difference_n be_v adjust_v in_o favour_n of_o poland_n but_o the_o execution_n of_o it_o be_v leave_v to_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v_n the_o resolution_n of_o the_o diet_n take_v no_o effect_n these_o knight_n assume_v such_o a_o absolute_a and_o independent_a authority_n that_o they_o will_v not_o submit_v even_o to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o pope_n for_o locticus_n king_n of_o poland_n have_v send_v to_o avignon_n to_o complain_v that_o these_o military_a friar_n have_v usurp_v one_o of_o his_o province_n the_o pope_n order_v they_o to_o restore_v it_o upon_o pain_n of_o excommunication_n but_o they_o have_v so_o little_a regard_n to_o his_o menace_n that_o they_o refuse_v positive_o to_o quit_v their_o possession_n under_o the_o same_o loctâ—us_a the_o chancellor_n of_o pomerania_n a_o factious_a man_n and_o a_o secret_a enemy_n to_o his_o sovereign_n plot_v to_o deliver_v up_o that_o province_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n but_o he_o be_v take_v and_o put_v in_o prison_n before_o he_o can_v execute_v his_o treacherous_a design_n nevertheless_o the_o king_n pardon_v he_o at_o the_o request_n of_o his_o brother_n however_o it_o seem_v the_o affront_n he_o think_v he_o have_v receive_v make_v a_o strong_a impression_n upon_o he_o than_o the_o spare_n of_o his_o life_n for_o not_o long_o after_o he_o put_v several_a town_n of_o pomerania_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o city_n of_o danâ—â—c_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n one_o bâ—â—â—sia_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o the_o citadel_n of_o daâ—tzâ—c_n for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n defend_v that_o place_n and_o acquaint_v his_o master_n with_o the_o present_a exigency_n of_o his_o affair_n but_o before_o the_o polanâ—â—_n can_v come_v up_o to_o his_o assistance_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o call_v in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d knight_n allow_v they_o half_o the_o government_n of_o the_o ciradel_n of_o dartzie_n provide_v they_o will_v defend_v it_o entire_o a_o whole_a year_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o citadel_n be_v not_o only_o preserve_v but_o the_o town_n itself_o be_v retake_v but_o the_o polander_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o boast_v of_o that_o success_n for_o their_o pretend_a friend_n be_v so_o far_o from_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o promise_a reward_n of_o their_o service_n that_o they_o resolve_v to_o make_v themselves_o the_o sole_a master_n of_o the_o citadel_n notwithstanding_o the_o repeat_v remonstrance_n of_o bogusta_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o faithful_a polander_n and_o this_o open_a violation_n of_o a_o solemn_a treaty_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o bloody_a war_n which_o create_v so_o implacable_a a_o animosity_n betwixt_o the_o polander_n and_o their_o encroach_a neighbour_n that_o the_o least_o pretence_n be_v sufficient_a to_o rekindle_v the_o flame_n and_o afterward_o when_o casimir_n the_o grandson_n of_o locticus_n renew_v his_o complaint_n against_o they_o and_o prevail_v with_o the_o pope_n to_o excommunicate_v they_o if_o they_o will_v not_o restore_v that_o usurp_a province_n they_o slight_v both_o he_o and_o his_o excommunication_n but_o at_o last_o by_o the_o peace_n which_o be_v conclude_v betwixt_o casimir_n and_o the_o order_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o the_o great_a master_n shall_v be_v acknowledge_v as_o a_o prince_n and_o senator_n of_o the_o republic_n under_o the_o protection_n and_o dominion_n of_o poland_n some_o time_n after_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n call_v the_o royal_a and_o ducal_z prussia_n albert_n of_o brandenburg_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n have_v turn_v lutheran_n and_o be_v marry_v fix_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o province_n and_o sigismond_n yield_v up_o to_o he_o the_o ducal_z prussia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o poland_n and_o by_o the_o peace_n of_o oliva_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1660_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v final_o yield_v up_o to_o the_o elector_n of_o brendâ—â—â—ing_n thus_o at_o present_a it_o
be_v only_o the_o royal_a prussia_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n and_o even_o though_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o republic_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n and_o enjoy_v particular_a privilege_n they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a treasury_n and_o a_o treasurer_n and_o when_o the_o king_n summon_v the_o arrierban_n the_o nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o palatinate_n culm_n marienburg_n and_o pomerania_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v thorn_n upon_o the_o vistula_n elbing_n a_o league_n from_o frischlaff_n and_o dantzic_n which_o be_v the_o most_o considerable_a of_o they_o all_o and_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o country_n westward_o of_o the_o vistula_n to_o the_o confine_n of_o germany_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o prussia_n the_o wave_n of_o the_o sea_n cast_v amber_n upon_o the_o shore_n which_o the_o fisherman_n take_v up_o in_o net_n it_o be_v soft_a at_o first_o but_o soon_o after_o grow_v so_o hard_a that_o it_o may_v be_v turn_v or_o engrave_v and_o cut_v into_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n it_o be_v also_o find_v in_o certain_a great_a lake_n in_o the_o same_o province_n especial_o in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n there_o be_v also_o many_o lake_n that_o abound_v with_o fish_n almost_o in_o every_o part_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o marienburg_n there_o be_v the_o lake_n of_o drausen_n which_o send_v forth_o the_o river_n elbing_n that_o discharge_v itself_o in_o the_o frischaff_n which_o be_v a_o bay_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n about_o twenty_o league_n in_o length_n and_o two_o in_o breadth_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n there_o be_v a_o lake_n betwixt_o konicz_n and_o schochaw_n which_o be_v seven_o league_n long_o and_o five_o broad_a and_o be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n bro_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o vâ—stula_n about_o four_o league_n above_o culm_n there_o be_v also_o three_o other_o almost_o as_o large_a as_o the_o former_a in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n near_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o both_o the_o palatinate_n of_o culm_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o warmia_n be_v so_o full_a of_o lake_n that_o it_o will_v be_v almost_o a_o endless_a labour_n to_o mention_v every_o one_o of_o they_o particular_o massovia_n have_v prussia_n on_o the_o north_n little_a poland_n on_o the_o south_n podlassia_n on_o the_o east_n and_o great_a poland_n on_o the_o west_n the_o vistula_n and_o the_o bugg_n be_v the_o principal_a river_n that_o water_n it_o this_o province_n begin_v to_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o ziemowit_n who_o be_v prince_n thereof_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a but_o the_o union_n be_v not_o full_o perfect_v till_o the_o death_n of_o the_o duke_n john_n and_o stanislaus_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o anno_fw-la 1526._o it_o contain_v only_o one_o palatinate_n which_o former_o take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o town_n of_o czersk_n but_o be_v now_o call_v after_o the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n samogitia_n or_o samojedia_n which_o be_v a_o dependency_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v border_v by_o courland_n on_o the_o north_n the_o river_n niemen_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n the_o christian_a religion_n be_v introduce_v into_o this_o country_n anno_fw-la 1413_o by_o the_o pious_a care_n of_o king_n jagellon_n who_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o instruct_v those_o people_n himself_o because_o they_o can_v not_o understand_v the_o polish_v priest_n the_o chief_a town_n in_o samogitia_n be_v rosienia_n on_o the_o river_n dubissa_n and_o miednich_n there_o be_v no_o palatinate_n here_o but_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a starosty_n or_o government_n of_o castle_n and_o the_o first_o starosta_n be_v a_o senator_n since_o courland_n depend_v upon_o poland_n and_o be_v the_o frontier_n of_o samogitia_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o it_o here_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n courland_n and_o semigallia_n the_o river_n dzwina_n separate_v it_o from_o livonia_n on_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v with_o samogitia_n on_o the_o south_n lithuania_n on_o the_o east_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n this_o country_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v a_o vassal_n and_o feudatory_a of_o poland_n since_o the_o year_n 1561_o that_o godfrey_n ketlâ—r_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o livonia_n have_v voluntary_o resign_v his_o office_n put_v all_o livonia_n with_o the_o town_n of_o riga_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o province_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o nicholas_n radziwill_n in_o the_o name_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n who_o give_v he_o courland_n and_o semigallis_n which_o be_v then_o reckon_v part_n of_o liuâ—ia_n on_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v remain_v a_o vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o city_n of_o mittauw_n in_o sâ—â—â—â—â—ita_n be_v at_o present_a the_o metropolis_n of_o that_o little_a state_n and_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n upper_a volhinia_n reach_v from_o polesia_n on_o the_o north_n to_o upper_a pâ—dâ—ia_n on_o the_o south_n and_o from_o low_a volbinia_n on_o the_o east_n to_o black_a russia_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v lucko_n or_o lusuck_n or_o luceowia_fw-la on_o the_o river_n stir_v and_o kremienice_n which_o be_v situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n izwa_fw-mi about_o eight_o league_n from_o luceowia_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n which_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1569_o be_v bound_v by_o lithuania_n towards_o the_o east_n and_o massovia_n towards_o the_o west_n it_o be_v ten_o league_n broad_a and_o thirty_o league_n long_o it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v augustow_v and_o biclsk_v which_o give_v name_n to_o a_o palatinate_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o state_n of_o poland_n with_o respect_n to_o its_o neighbour_n and_o of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o war_n in_o which_o it_o have_v be_v engage_v with_o '_o they_o poland_n reach_v heretofore_o from_o the_o black_a sea_n to_o the_o baltic_a and_o from_o 〈◊〉_d to_o hungary_n but_o as_o all_o the_o state_n in_o the_o world_n be_v subject_a to_o great_a and_o frequent_a revolution_n poland_n have_v have_v its_o share_n in_o the_o general_a calamity_n and_o be_v at_o present_a confine_v within_o much_o narrow_a bound_n for_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o general_a that_o every_o republic_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o its_o neighbour_n as_o a_o country_n which_o they_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o right_a to_o invade_v and_o the_o same_o remark_n may_v in_o a_o peculiar_a manner_n be_v apply_v to_o poland_n both_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o manner_n and_o constitution_n of_o its_o government_n and_o the_o insatiable_a ambition_n of_o all_o its_o neighbour_n of_o which_o the_o turk_n tartar_n and_o moscovite_n be_v most_o formidable_a it_o be_v long_a since_o the_o turk_n dismember_a valachia_n and_o moldavia_n from_o this_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o the_o cossack_n be_v oppress_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o restrain_v from_o their_o wont_a piracy_n on_o the_o black_a sea_n resolve_v to_o shake_v off_o a_o yoke_n which_o they_o can_v no_o long_o bear_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n give_v the_o turk_n a_o opportunity_n to_o invade_v vbrania_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n michael_n and_o to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o caminiec_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n and_o the_o only_a place_n of_o strength_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v upon_o that_o frontier_n that_o fatal_a war_n continue_v after_o the_o death_n of_o k._n michael_n and_o disturb_v the_o reign_n of_o his_o successor_n john_n iii_n till_o the_o polander_n be_v at_o last_o constrain_v to_o make_v a_o peace_n at_o zurawno_n in_o pokutia_n for_o the_o army_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v so_o numerous_a and_o formidable_a that_o year_n that_o it_o consist_v of_o above_o 180000_o effective_a man_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n that_o of_o the_o polander_n be_v so_o weak_a that_o they_o can_v not_o bring_v above_o 12000_o man_n into_o the_o field_n because_o they_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o force_n of_o lithuania_n who_o be_v draw_v together_o near_o leopold_n under_o prince_n michael_n of_o radziwill_n their_o general_n but_o can_v not_o join_v the_o grand_a army_n because_o the_o infidel_n have_v block_v up_o all_o the_o avenue_n to_o the_o camp_n so_o that_o the_o general_n be_v oblige_v to_o continue_v at_o leopold_n with_o the_o marquis_n de_fw-fr bethune_n and_o the_o l._n hide_v ambassador_n from_o the_o k._n
glad_a of_o such_o a_o opportunity_n to_o be_v revenge_v for_o the_o ill_a usage_n he_o have_v receive_v from_o he_o according_o he_o cut_v off_o his_o master_n head_n upon_o a_o log_n of_o wood_n as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v a_o piece_n of_o beef_n and_o be_v force_v to_o give_v he_o several_a slash_n before_o he_o can_v entire_o separate_v his_o head_n from_o his_o body_n stephen_n battori_n king_n of_o poland_n besiege_v the_o city_n of_o polotta_n in_o muscovy_n anno_fw-la 1579._o and_o after_o a_o most_o vigorous_a resistance_n the_o besiege_a find_v themselves_o unable_a to_o hold_v out_o long_o offer_v to_o surrender_v the_o place_n the_o capitulation_n be_v at_o last_o agree_v upon_o by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o garrison_n and_o inhabitant_n except_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o governor_n who_o continual_o animate_v the_o soldier_n and_o the_o burgher_n to_o make_v a_o obstinate_a defence_n represent_v to_o they_o that_o it_o will_v be_v more_o honourable_a to_o die_v in_o the_o service_n of_o their_o prince_n than_o to_o save_v their_o life_n by_o a_o ignominious_a treaty_n and_o indeed_o neither_o the_o bishop_n nor_o the_o governor_n will_v sign_v the_o capitulation_n but_o retire_v into_o the_o church_n of_o st._n sophia_n whence_o steven_n battori_n cause_v they_o to_o be_v bring_v forth_o and_o commit_v they_o to_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o treasurer_n of_o lithuania_n when_o the_o polish_v garrison_n enter_v the_o town_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o it_o and_o to_o receive_v the_o store_n and_o ammunition_n according_a to_o the_o article_n of_o the_o capitulation_n they_o be_v surprise_v to_o behold_v so_o many_o mark_n of_o a_o horrible_a and_o brutish_a cruelty_n which_o the_o muscovite_n have_v practise_v on_o the_o polish_v prisoner_n they_o find_v some_o of_o they_o most_o barbarous_o tear_v in_o piece_n some_o half_a boil_a in_o great_a kettle_n with_o their_o hand_n tie_v behind_o their_o back_n and_o other_o who_o have_v be_v miserable_o butcher_v by_o rip_v up_o their_o belly_n the_o polander_n be_v so_o transport_v with_o rage_n and_o indignation_n at_o the_o sight_n of_o such_o a_o dismal_a scene_n of_o horror_n that_o they_o will_v have_v revenge_v the_o death_n of_o their_o countryman_n upon_o the_o whole_a muscovitish_a garrison_n but_o king_n stephen_n generous_o consider_v that_o no_o provocation_n can_v excuse_v the_o breach_n of_o a_o solemn_a treaty_n restrain_v the_o fury_n of_o his_o soldier_n and_o send_v the_o muscovite_n back_o to_o their_o own_o country_n under_o the_o convoy_n of_o two_o troop_n of_o horse_n i_o can_v easy_o produce_v many_o other_o example_n of_o this_o nature_n but_o what_o i_o have_v already_o say_v be_v sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o muscovite_n be_v natural_o cruel_a i_o return_v now_o to_o that_o memorable_a irruption_n which_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n make_v into_o poland_n with_o so_o much_o violence_n and_o success_n that_o king_n john_n casimir_n and_o his_o queen_n lovise_n mary_n be_v force_v to_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o retire_v into_o silesia_n for_o almost_o all_o the_o nobility_n and_o even_o the_o polish_v army_n have_v abandon_v they_o and_o follow_v the_o rapidity_n of_o the_o conqueror_n fortune_n but_o the_o polander_n afterward_o be_v sensible_a of_o the_o fault_n they_o have_v commit_v in_o forsake_v their_o king_n and_o those_o who_o have_v still_o continue_v faithful_a to_o he_o resume_v fresh_a courage_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o general_n czarneski_n they_o by_o degree_n expel_v the_o swede_n who_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n and_o of_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n which_o they_o have_v take_v in_o three_o day_n thus_o the_o kingdom_n be_v reconquer_v and_o the_o swede_n be_v oblige_v to_o enter_v into_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n which_o be_v conclude_v in_o the_o abbey_n of_o oliva_n prince_n be_v so_o apt_a to_o be_v jealous_a of_o a_o neighbour_a conqueror_n that_o they_o be_v even_o willing_a to_o assist_v a_o former_a enemy_n against_o the_o unequal_a force_n of_o a_o ambitious_a and_o successful_a invader_n for_o when_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o poland_n at_o a_o time_n when_o the_o polander_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o cossack_n who_o have_v besiege_v leopold_n the_o muscovite_n who_o have_v also_o invade_v lithuania_n immediate_o quit_v that_o duchy_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o swede_n in_o livonia_n in_o order_n to_o make_v a_o diversion_n and_o the_o tartar_n who_o be_v natural_o enemy_n to_o all_o christian_n and_o in_o a_o particular_a manner_n to_o the_o polish_v nation_n not_o only_o send_v a_o potent_a army_n to_o assist_v the_o k._n of_o poland_n but_o force_v the_o cossack_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n of_o leopold_n and_o to_o join_v with_o they_o in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o same_o reason_n which_o induce_v the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o tartar_n to_o succour_v the_o polander_n oblige_v the_o emperor_n also_o to_o send_v they_o some_o troop_n but_o he_o make_v they_o pay_v dear_a for_o his_o assistance_n for_o the_o saltwork_n be_v mortgage_v to_o he_o for_o some_o year_n he_o cause_v so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o salt_n to_o be_v make_v and_o export_v that_o the_o work_n be_v almost_o ruin_v nor_o be_v the_o muscovite_n and_o tartar_n the_o only_a troublesome_a neighbour_n to_o poland_n for_o it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o follow_a relation_n that_o the_o misfortune_n of_o that_o nation_n be_v in_o some_o measure_n owe_v to_o the_o german_n vladislaus_n jagellon_n king_n of_o poland_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n who_o be_v master_n of_o prussia_n and_o have_v raise_v a_o powerful_a army_n of_o polander_n lithuanian_n and_o prussian_n be_v in_o a_o condition_n to_o overpower_v his_o enemy_n and_o to_o expel_v they_o utter_o out_o of_o his_o dominion_n when_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n of_o luxemburg_n desire_v he_o to_o refer_v the_o difference_n that_o occasion_v the_o war_n to_o his_o arbitration_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o grant_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n a_o truce_n for_o two_o year_n jagellon_n accept_v the_o offer_n and_o disband_v his_o army_n but_o since_o the_o emperor_n design_v only_o to_o gain_v time_n that_o the_o knight_n may_v be_v able_a to_o put_v themselves_o in_o a_o posture_n of_o desence_n he_o be_v so_o far_o from_o take_v care_n to_o adjust_a these_o difference_n that_o he_o be_v glad_a the_o polander_n be_v divide_v fear_v that_o after_o they_o have_v drive_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n they_o will_v make_v a_o vigorous_a attempt_n to_o retake_v silesia_n which_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n have_v late_o usurp_v king_n jagellon_n perceive_v that_o the_o emperor_n have_v disappoint_v he_o send_v to_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o his_o promise_n but_o it_o seem_v sigismond_n have_v either_o forget_v or_o be_v not_o willing_a to_o remember_v the_o service_n which_o the_o polander_n have_v do_v he_o in_o the_o year_n 1414_o when_o they_o oblige_v the_o turk_n to_o restore_v all_o the_o prisoner_n they_o have_v take_v and_o to_o grant_v he_o a_o truce_n for_o six_o year_n and_o that_o jagellon_fw-mi not_o only_o refuse_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n which_o the_o revolt_a hussites_n have_v offer_v he_o but_o exhort_v they_o to_o return_v to_o their_o obedience_n to_o the_o church_n and_o to_o their_o prince_n thus_o without_o consider_v those_o important_a service_n and_o without_o examine_v the_o matter_n he_o give_v judgement_n against_o the_o polander_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n which_o so_o incense_v king_n jagellon_n that_o he_o dispatch_v one_o immediate_o to_o reproach_v he_o with_o his_o ingratitude_n and_o injustice_n and_o to_o tell_v he_o that_o he_o renounce_v his_o friendship_n whereupon_o sigismond_n endeavour_v to_o excuse_v himself_o by_o pretend_v that_o he_o be_v impose_v upon_o by_o the_o knight_n though_o the_o emperor_n know_v that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v just_a cause_n to_o be_v angry_a with_o he_o he_o be_v so_o far_o from_o seem_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o his_o resentment_n that_o he_o go_v as_o far_o as_o luceoria_n to_o see_v he_o and_o his_o uncle_n vitold_v pretend_v a_o earnest_a desire_n to_o be_v reconcile_v to_o they_o though_o his_o real_a design_n be_v to_o divide_v '_o they_o he_o know_v that_o the_o latter_a be_v a_o violent_a and_o ambitious_a prince_n and_o that_o his_o nephew_n have_v entrust_v he_o with_o a_o very_a great_a authority_n in_o lithuania_n and_o resolve_v to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o opportunity_n to_o corrupt_v his_o fidelity_n and_o inspire_v he_o with_o a_o inclination_n to_o revolt_v he_o insinuate_v that_o a_o prince_n of_o so_o much_o merit_n ought_v not_o to_o depend_v â—pon_o his_o nephew_n but_o to_o think_v how_o
war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n and_o give_v they_o also_o occasion_n to_o make_v frequent_a inroad_n into_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1614_o the_o cossack_n make_v such_o great_a and_o successful_a incursion_n as_o far_o as_o asia_n minor_a that_o they_o take_v the_o city_n of_o sinope_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n and_o strike_v a_o terror_n into_o constantinople_n for_o they_o be_v so_o brave_a a_o people_n that_o in_o the_o war_n betwixt_o sigismond_n iii_n and_o osman_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n anno_fw-la 1620_o four_o hundred_o of_o they_o who_o come_v to_o serve_v in_o the_o polish_v army_n careless_o straggle_v at_o a_o considerable_a distance_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o force_n be_v attack_v by_o osman_n whole_a army_n with_o which_o they_o fight_v three_o day_n and_o defend_v themselves_o with_o such_o incredible_a valour_n that_o the_o turk_n lose_v a_o vast_a number_n of_o man_n before_o they_o can_v force_v they_o to_o submit_v and_o after_o they_o be_v beat_v the_o ottoman_a army_n which_o be_v very_o formidable_a design_v to_o hinder_v the_o other_o cossack_n from_o join_v the_o polander_n attack_v they_o in_o their_o passage_n but_o after_o a_o fight_n that_o last_v eight_o whole_a day_n they_o join_v the_o polish_v army_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o the_o opposition_n of_o so_o numerous_a a_o army_n and_o in_o a_o word_n they_o do_v wonder_n that_o campaign_n but_o after_o the_o christian_n have_v gain_v the_o battle_n they_o threaten_v to_o leave_v the_o army_n because_o they_o want_v bread_n whereupon_o prince_n vladislaus_n who_o command_v the_o army_n of_o the_o king_n his_o father_n appease_v they_o with_o a_o promise_n of_o fifty_o thousand_o livre_n which_o so_o encourage_v they_o that_o they_o steal_v secret_o from_o the_o polish_v army_n and_o attack_v and_o take_v the_o baggage_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o chief_a reason_n why_o osman_n declare_v war_n against_o poland_n be_v because_o the_o polander_n do_v not_o restrain_v the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n into_o his_o dominion_n it_o be_v true_a king_n sigismond_n be_v so_o unwilling_a to_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o the_o grand_a signior_n that_o he_o do_v all_o that_o lay_v in_o his_o power_n to_o oblige_v the_o cossack_n to_o give_v over_o their_o piracy_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o find_v themselves_o restrain_v from_o pillage_n they_o turn_v their_o arm_n against_o the_o christian_n on_o the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n where_o they_o be_v total_o rout_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o ostrog_n after_o which_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o one_o nalevaik_n a_o man_n of_o mean_a birth_n but_o of_o a_o intrepid_a fierceness_n they_o invade_v the_o frontier_n of_o russia_n a_o second_o time_n and_o march_v against_o the_o polander_n over_o who_o they_o obtain_v some_o advantage_n in_o the_o beginning_n but_o at_o last_o they_o be_v rout_v and_o their_o leader_n take_v and_o carry_v prisoner_n to_o warsaw_n where_o he_o be_v behead_v thus_o it_o be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_n that_o the_o cossack_n begin_v to_o revolt_v but_o this_o sedition_n be_v so_o happy_o quiet_v that_o afterward_o they_o do_v very_o considerable_a service_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n anno_fw-la 1620_o as_o i_o intimate_v before_o after_o the_o peace_n be_v conclude_v between_o poland_n and_o the_o port_n the_o cossack_n not_o be_v able_a to_o give_v over_o their_o wont_a piracy_n embark_v on_o the_o black_a sea_n in_o the_o year_n 1624._o and_o go_v to_o the_o very_a suburb_n of_o constantinople_n from_o whence_o they_o carry_v away_o a_o great_a booty_n the_o next_o year_n they_o enter_v the_o crim_n without_o king_n sigismund_n leave_n of_o which_o the_o grand_a signior_n complain_v to_o the_o republic_n as_o a_o infraction_n of_o the_o treaty_n conclude_v with_o the_o port_n and_o from_o that_o time_n general_n koniesspolski_n begin_v to_o restrain_v they_o from_o make_v incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o cossack_n not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v such_o a_o constraint_n revolt_v a_o second_o time_n in_o the_o year_n 1630_o at_o the_o solicitation_n of_o a_o monk_n of_o kiowia_fw-la and_o defeat_v some_o of_o king_n sigismund_n troop_n but_o general_n koniecspolski_n surprise_v they_o near_o pereaslaw_n a_o little_a city_n in_o lower_n volhiniv_n upon_o the_o river_n trubiecz_n about_o three_o league_n above_o the_o place_n where_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o after_o he_o have_v defeat_v part_n of_o their_o army_n the_o rest_n promise_v to_o send_v the_o author_n of_o the_o revolt_n to_o the_o approach_a diet_n vladislaus_n iv_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1633_o resolve_v to_o suppress_v the_o insolence_n of_o the_o cossack_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n in_o the_o year_n 1637_o build_v fort_n kudack_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n about_o five_o league_n below_o the_o place_n where_o the_o river_n samara_n discharge_v itself_o into_o that_o river_n but_o as_o a_o dam_n that_o be_v build_v across_o a_o great_a river_n to_o stop_v the_o current_n of_o its_o water_n serve_v only_o to_o spread_v they_o through_o the_o neighbourhood_n so_o the_o erect_n of_o fort_n kudack_n instead_o of_o restrain_v the_o cossack_n from_o make_v incursion_n upon_o the_o infidel_n serve_v only_o to_o turn_v their_o fury_n against_o the_o polander_n and_o prove_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o new_a revolt_n king_n vladislaus_n be_v inform_v of_o the_o disorder_n they_o commit_v send_v general_n potoski_n to_o reduce_v they_o who_o have_v oblige_v they_o to_o deliver_v up_o pauluc_n who_o be_v their_o leader_n with_o the_o other_o officer_n he_o send_v they_o all_o to_o warsaw_n where_o pauluâ—_n be_v behead_v in_o the_o year_n 1638_o which_o so_o enrage_v the_o cossack_n that_o they_o take_v up_o arm_n immediate_o under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o demetrius_n timoszevit_n but_o they_o be_v quick_o oblige_v to_o submit_v partly_o by_o force_n and_o partly_o by_o promise_n in_o the_o winter_n they_o cover_v their_o body_n with_o rough_a sheepskin_n and_o be_v so_o hardy_a that_o they_o endure_v hunger_n thirst_v wind_n rain_n heat_v cold_a and_o all_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o wether_n with_o much_o less_o trouble_n than_o any_o other_o people_n when_o they_o make_v incursion_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n they_o do_v not_o use_n boat_n or_o vessel_n like_o other_o pirate_n but_o the_o large_a hollow_a trunk_n of_o a_o certain_a tree_n about_o sixty_o foot_n long_o into_o each_o of_o these_o trunk_n they_o put_v fifty_o man_n arm_v not_o with_o bow_n and_o arrow_n like_o the_o tartar_n but_o with_o musket_n with_o which_o they_o shoot_v so_o just_a that_o they_o seldom_o miss_v the_o mark._n when_o they_o embark_v upon_o any_o expedition_n they_o prohibit_v under_o severe_a penalty_n the_o take_n in_o of_o any_o intoxicate_a liquor_n lest_o drunkenness_n shall_v enervate_v they_o and_o so_o render_v they_o incapable_a of_o put_v their_o design_n in_o execution_n when_o they_o encamp_v they_o do_v not_o raise_v trench_n but_o place_v their_o cart_n round_o they_o and_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o this_o enclosure_n which_o they_o call_v tabor_n they_o defend_v themselves_o with_o a_o incredible_a obstinacy_n their_o troop_n be_v divide_v into_o regiment_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o thousand_o man_n each_o so_o that_o they_o have_v very_o few_o officer_n in_o which_o they_o differ_v very_o much_o from_o other_o nation_n who_o be_v general_o persuade_v that_o the_o strength_n of_o a_o army_n consist_v in_o the_o multitude_n of_o officer_n one_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o revolt_n be_v the_o change_n of_o religion_n which_o the_o lord_n of_o poland_n will_v have_v introduce_v into_o vkrania_n and_o russia_n where_o all_o the_o people_n adhere_v to_o the_o greek_a church_n for_o the_o polander_n find_v that_o they_o will_v not_o be_v prevail_v with_o to_o embrace_v the_o romish_a religion_n have_v recourse_n to_o violent_a method_n and_o so_o force_v they_o to_o exchange_v their_o custom_n and_o the_o grecian_a ceremony_n for_o those_o of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n and_o to_o receive_v the_o reformation_n of_o the_o calendar_n which_o be_v make_v by_o gregory_n xiii_o but_o the_o russiant_a not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v such_o a_o innovation_n and_o disdain_v to_o bear_v the_o yoke_n that_o be_v impose_v on_o they_o the_o more_o they_o be_v press_v to_o submit_v to_o it_o the_o more_o vehement_o they_o complain_v against_o and_o threaten_v those_o who_o will_v have_v compel_v they_o to_o receive_v a_o alteration_n to_o which_o they_o have_v so_o strong_a and_o so_o natural_a a_o aversion_n at_o last_o they_o resolve_v to_o call_v in_o the_o cossack_n who_o be_v all_o of_o their_o own_o religion_n this_o difference_n in_o religion_n occasion_v such_o a_o implacable_a animosity_n betwixt_o the_o polander_n and_o
nay_o even_o his_o lady_n though_o a_o french-woman_n of_o the_o house_n of_o mailly_n can_v never_o be_v bring_v to_o side_n with_o the_o french_a faction_n though_o very_o advantageous_a offer_n be_v make_v to_o she_o she_o be_v lady_n of_o honour_n to_o queen_n eleonor_n and_o have_v promise_v she_o to_o be_v faithful_a to_o she_o which_o she_o do_v inviolable_o this_o unshaken_a fidelity_n in_o a_o austrian_a french-woman_n be_v such_o that_o even_o the_o french_a themselves_o can_v not_o but_o admire_v and_o esteem_v it_o it_o be_v their_o nature_n to_o prefer_v that_o virtue_n to_o all_o the_o advantage_n that_o can_v be_v propose_v to_o they_o to_o engage_v they_o to_o part_v with_o it_o france_n have_v then_o almost_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n its_o enemy_n but_o be_v still_o so_o fortunate_a that_o heaven_n will_v not_o somuch_o as_o suffer_v she_o to_o compass_v those_o thing_n which_o she_o most_o earnest_o desire_v when_o in_o process_n of_o time_n those_o thing_n may_v have_v be_v prejudicial_a to_o her_o interest_n thus_o the_o divine_a providence_n will_v not_o permit_v the_o prince_n of_o newburgh_n to_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n though_o france_n use_v all_o her_o endeavour_n to_o make_v the_o choice_n fall_v upon_o he_o which_o if_o it_o have_v take_v effect_n will_v undoubted_o have_v be_v disadvantageous_a to_o that_o nation_n for_o that_o prince_n will_v not_o have_v fail_v to_o have_v prove_v her_o enemy_n as_o do_v his_o father_n soon_o after_o have_v marry_v his_o daughter_n to_o the_o emperor_n i_o return_v now_o to_o what_o i_o have_v already_o say_v that_o it_o be_v in_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n power_n to_o dispose_v of_o all_o the_o place_n and_o office_n in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o duchy_n those_o on_o who_o he_o bestow_v they_o ought_v not_o only_o to_o be_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n but_o aught_o also_o to_o be_v possess_v of_o some_o estate_n in_o land_n in_o the_o state_n or_o country_n to_o which_o the_o say_a place_n or_o office_n proper_o belong_v so_o that_o a_o gentleman_n who_o estate_n lie_v all_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n can_v have_v a_o office_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n neither_o can_v he_o who_o estate_n be_v altogether_o in_o the_o duchy_n have_v a_o office_n in_o the_o kingdom_n which_o order_n be_v regular_o observe_v though_o the_o polander_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n be_v now_o proper_o but_o one_o body_n and_o be_v no_o more_o than_o one_o people_n differ_v but_o in_o few_o thing_n as_o to_o their_o manner_n of_o live_v nevertheless_o in_o the_o time_n that_o i_o live_v in_o lithuania_n i_o have_v observe_v that_o the_o polite_a part_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n come_v near_o to_o to_o the_o french_a than_o the_o polander_n do_v in_o all_o their_o way_n and_o particular_o in_o their_o briskness_n and_o gayty_n though_o lithuania_n be_v remote_a from_o france_n than_o poland_n when_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n enter_v a_o city_n the_o magistrate_n ought_v always_o to_o bring_v he_o the_o key_n and_o he_o have_v power_n to_o make_v his_o own_o regiment_n of_o guard_n keep_v watch_v at_o the_o gate_n the_o citizen_n of_o dantzick_n alone_o have_v the_o privilege_n of_o guard_v their_o own_o gate_n when_o the_o king_n enter_v that_o city_n nay_o they_o have_v a_o right_a to_o hinder_v any_o force_n from_o enter_v with_o the_o king_n and_o to_o go_v the_o round_n all_o night_n in_o the_o street_n as_o long_o as_o he_o stay_v within_o their_o wall_n but_o it_o must_v indeed_o be_v acknowledge_v that_o dantzic_n which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a hans-town_n be_v proper_o a_o free_a republic_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o poland_n consequent_o it_o have_v all_o the_o mark_n of_o a_o entire_a sovereignty_n for_o it_o condemn_v to_o death_n without_o appeal_n even_o the_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n themselves_o if_o they_o happen_v to_o commit_v any_o crime_n there_o that_o deserve_v a_o capital_a punishment_n it_o have_v a_o mint_n of_o its_o own_o and_o coin_n its_o own_o money_n without_o any_o previous_a leave_n or_o permission_n obtain_v from_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n though_o they_o stamp_v the_o king_n image_n upon_o it_o and_o they_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o take_v in_o payment_n the_o base_a money_n of_o that_o state_n however_o though_o the_o people_n of_o dantzic_n may_v thus_o be_v reckon_v a_o republic_n and_o particular_a sovereign_a state_n they_o be_v nevertheless_o oblige_v to_o send_v to_o the_o diet_n some_o deputy_n who_o never_o fail_v to_o speak_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o senate_n of_o dantzic_n and_o who_o consequently_n never_o fail_v to_o be_v interrupt_v by_o the_o chancellor_n who_o always_o desire_v they_o to_o be_v silent_a forbid_v they_o to_o take_v that_o quality_n upon_o they_o which_o yet_o they_o be_v sure_a to_o take_v afterward_o in_o the_o follow_a diet_n dantzic_n be_v situate_v about_o a_o league_n from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o almost_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n vistula_n that_o city_n till_o the_o year_n 1170_o consist_v only_o of_o some_o fishermen_n cottage_n but_o have_v raise_v itself_o since_o that_o time_n to_o such_o a_o height_n of_o greatness_n that_o it_o pass_v now_o for_o one_o of_o the_o principal_a city_n of_o europe_n it_o must_v indeed_o be_v own_a that_o it_o be_v a_o fine_a and_o stately_a place_n and_o its_o port_n or_o harbour_v very_o famous_a but_o of_o difficult_a access_n because_o the_o vistula_n divide_v itself_o into_o several_a branch_n before_o it_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o that_o branch_n which_o go_v to_o dantzic_n be_v one_o of_o the_o least_o of_o they_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o great_a ship_n have_v not_o water_n enough_o to_o anchor_v with_o their_o lade_n through_o that_o branch_n into_o the_o harbour_n of_o dantzic_n between_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n and_o the_o port_n there_o lie_v a_o fort_n which_o be_v call_v the_o light-house_n because_o there_o be_v a_o beacon_n in_o it_o where_o there_o be_v a_o light_a every_o night_n that_o the_o ship_n which_o be_v come_v into_o the_o harbour_n may_v discover_v it_o a_o far_o off_o dantzic_n be_v the_o town_n of_o the_o great_a trade_n in_o all_o prussia_n most_o of_o which_o traffic_n consist_v in_o corn_n as_o do_v almost_o all_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n the_o dantzicker_n have_v such_o a_o privilege_n that_o none_o but_o themselves_o can_v be_v allow_v to_o buy_v any_o corn_n of_o the_o polander_n when_o once_o it_o be_v enter_v in_o their_o port_n whether_o vast_a quantity_n be_v bring_v to_o they_o from_o all_o part_n by_o the_o vistula_n half_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o port_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n since_o the_o time_n that_o king_n sigismond_n augustus_n oblige_v the_o dantzicker_n to_o grant_v he_o that_o tribute_n for_o their_o presumption_n in_o propose_v some_o provoke_v condition_n to_o he_o before_o they_o will_v suffer_v his_o deputy_n to_o come_v into_o their_o city_n dantzic_n be_v the_o capital_a city_n of_o all_o prussia_n it_o be_v about_o seven_o league_n from_o elbing_n and_o twenty_o six_o from_o thorn_n it_o be_v well_o enough_o fortify_v consider_v the_o country_n since_o the_o irruption_n which_o the_o sweede_v make_v into_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1655._o but_o there_o be_v some_o ground_n that_o overlook_v and_o command_v it_o on_o the_o westside_n from_o this_o town_n the_o polander_n draw_v what_o good_n they_o want_v of_o foreign_a growth_n and_o manufacture_n as_o cloth_n silk_n stuff_n leather_n paper_n sugar_n oil_n and_o all_o the_o spice_n which_o they_o use_v in_o very_o great_a quantity_n to_o season_n their_o fish_n and_o other_o meat_n i_o do_v not_o speak_v of_o the_o wine_n and_o brandy_n nor_o of_o the_o salt_n which_o be_v bring_v thither_o from_o france_n and_o worth_a but_o a_o crown_n the_o french_a muid_n or_o hogshead_n because_o as_o for_o wine_n the_o pole_n like_o no_o other_o but_o that_o of_o hungary_n as_o for_o brandy_n they_o make_v it_o at_o home_n with_o corn_n and_o as_o for_o salt_n their_o country_n abound_v with_o it_o thus_o the_o wine_n brandy_n and_o salt_n that_o come_v from_o france_n to_o dantzic_n serve_v only_o for_o prussia_n however_o there_o be_v such_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o other_o good_n export_v from_o dantzic_n to_o poland_n and_o so_o great_a a_o return_v make_v from_o that_o kingdom_n thither_o in_o corn_n money_n and_o other_o thing_n that_o as_o it_o be_v the_o only_a place_n from_o which_o they_o draw_v all_o their_o necessary_n and_o to_o which_o they_o trade_n it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o least_o to_o be_v admire_v how_o that_o town_n be_v come_v to_o be_v so_o rich_a and_o considerable_a all_o the_o dantzicker_n be_v former_o roman_a catholic_n but_o they_o embrace_v the_o
capital_a city_n of_o upper_a podolia_n it_o be_v now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o insidel_n the_o sixteenth_o be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o smolensko_n which_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o metropolis_n of_o a_o duchy_n and_o of_o a_o palatmate_n heretofore_o depend_v upon_o lithuania_n but_o now_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o most_o of_o the_o bishop_n have_v in_o their_o diocese_n a_o suffragan_n or_o subordinate_a bishop_n in_o partibus_fw-la infidelium_fw-la because_o those_o who_o bear_v the_o title_n imagine_v that_o they_o be_v only_o make_v bishop_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n and_o enjoy_v a_o sufficient_a revenue_n to_o support_v that_o dignity_n they_o allow_v a_o small_a pension_n to_o their_o substilty_n for_o the_o pain_n they_o take_v in_o give_v order_n and_o perform_v all_o other_o episcopal_a function_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o palatine_n castellan_n and_o officer_n of_o state_n who_o be_v senator_n the_o first_o secular_a senatos_fw-la be_v 36_o in_o number_n viz._n 32_o palatine_n who_o be_v proper_o governor_n of_o province_n 3_o castellan_n and_o one_o starosta_n the_o first_o of_o all_o the_o secular_a senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v advance_v to_o that_o dignity_n by_o king_n boleslaus_n crivoustus_n about_o the_o year_n 1103._o this_o prince_n be_v provoke_v by_o the_o insolence_n of_o scarbimirus_n palatin_n of_o cracow_n who_o be_v perpetual_o endeavour_v to_o stir_v up_o the_o people_n to_o rebellion_n expel_v he_o out_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o throw_v he_o into_o prison_n where_o he_o die_v and_o that_o he_o may_v leave_v a_o eternal_a mark_n of_o his_o resentment_n to_o posterity_n he_o make_v a_o edict_n or_o constitution_n by_o which_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o for_o the_o future_a the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n shall_v always_o precede_v the_o palatin_n the_o second_o and_o three_o place_n belong_v by_o turn_v to_o the_o palatin_n of_o cracow_n and_o posnania_n the_o palatinat_a of_o cracow_n be_v in_o upper_a poland_n and_o that_o of_o posnanania_n in_o the_o low_a or_o great_a poland_n in_o this_o palatinate_n there_o be_v a_o town_n call_v srim_a situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la about_o four_o league_n above_o posnania_n near_o which_o there_o be_v a_o mountain_n where_o they_o dig_v up_o pot_n pitcher_n and_o other_o earthen_a vessel_n all_o form_v by_o nature_n which_o be_v soft_a and_o afterward_o harden_v in_o the_o air._n the_o four_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o vilna_n in_o lithuania_n the_o five_o the_o palatine_a of_o pandomir_n a_o city_n of_o upper_a poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n the_o six_o the_o castellan_n of_o vilna_n the_o seven_o the_o palatin_n of_o kalisch_n a_o city_n of_o great_a poland_n the_o eight_o the_o palatin_n of_o troki_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v upon_o a_o lake_n the_o nine_o the_o palatin_n of_o siradia_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la about_o six_o league_n from_o kalisch_n and_o eleven_o from_o lencicia_n the_o ten_o the_o castellan_n of_o troki_n the_o eleven_o the_o palatin_n of_o lencici_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v upon_o a_o eminence_n about_o four_o league_n eastward_n from_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la the_o twelve_o the_o starosta_n of_o samogitia_n the_o thirteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o breast_n or_o bressici_fw-la a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n of_o polesia_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n bug._n the_o fourteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o kiovia_n in_o low_a volhinia_n but_o this_o palatinat_n be_v only_o titular_a because_o the_o muscovite_n have_v keep_v the_o possession_n of_o the_o town_n ever_o since_o the_o cossack_n put_v it_o into_o their_o hand_n the_o fifteen_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o inowlocz_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n germ_n about_o two_o league_n below_o the_o lake_n guplo_n and_o five_o from_o the_o viscula_fw-la the_o sixteenth_o the_o palatin_n of_o russia_n so_o call_v from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n though_o there_o be_v several_a palatinat_n in_o it_o and_o though_o he_o be_v only_o palatin_a of_o leopold_n the_o seventeen_o the_o palatin_n of_o upper_a volh_n nia_fw-la or_o of_o lucâ—oria_n the_o eighteen_o the_o palatin_n of_o upper_a podolia_n which_o be_v farmer_o a_o province_n of_o poland_n there_o be_v many_o wild_a ox_n and_o ass_n in_o this_o country_n it_o extend_v from_o upper_a volhinia_n to_o the_o niester_n and_o from_o low_a podolta_n to_o russia_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o upper_a podolta_n be_v caminiec_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n smotrzy_n and_o bar_n seat_v on_o the_o row_n which_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o bug_n about_o seven_o league_n below_o braclaw_n but_o this_o palatinat_n be_v at_o present_a a_o mere_a titular_a dignity_n because_o the_o turk_n have_v be_v master_n of_o it_o ever_o since_o the_o loss_n of_o caminiec_n the_o nineteenth_o the_o palatine_a of_o smolensko_n this_o palatinat_n be_v also_o titular_a because_o the_o muscovite_n have_v possess_v it_o since_o the_o year_n 1654._o the_o twenty_o the_o palatin_n of_o lublin_n a_o city_n in_o upper_a poland_n seat_v on_o a_o brook_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n vieprz_n about_o two_o league_n below_o the_o town_n the_o 21th_o the_o palatin_n of_o losk_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n dzwina_n the_o 22th_o the_o palatin_n of_o belcz_n a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n about_o three_o league_n eastward_o from_o the_o river_n bug._n in_o this_o palatinat_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n which_o grow_v dry_a once_o every_o three_o year_n the_o water_n retire_v with_o a_o great_a noise_n into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o neighbour_a hill_n but_o they_o return_v some_o time_n after_o and_o it_o be_v only_o during_o this_o interval_n that_o they_o can_v take_v the_o fish_n the_o 23th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o nowogrodeck_n a_o city_n of_o lithuania_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o river_n niemen_n the_o 24_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o plocsko_n a_o city_n of_o lower_n poland_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n about_o three_o league_n from_o the_o duchy_n of_o massovia_n the_o 25_o the_o palatin_n of_o vitepsk_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n dzwina_n the_o 26_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o massovia_n which_o be_v a_o province_n of_o poland_n the_o metropolis_n whereof_o be_v warsaw_n situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n the_o 27_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o polaquia_fw-la or_o of_o bielsk_n a_o small_a city_n about_o four_o league_n from_o the_o river_n narew_n in_o this_o palatinat_n be_v the_o lake_n augustow_v which_o be_v five_o league_n long_o and_o half_a a_o league_n broad_a the_o 28_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o rava_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n poland_n the_o 29_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o brzesty_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n poland_n about_o four_o league_n from_o plocsko_n in_o this_o palatinat_n be_v the_o lake_n gulplo_n which_o be_v very_o full_a of_o fish_n and_o be_v four_o league_n long_o and_o one_o broad_a this_o lake_n be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o river_n germ_n which_o run_v to_o inowlocz_n and_o in_o the_o palatinat_a of_o kalisch_n change_v its_o name_n to_o netec_n and_o afterward_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la the_o 30_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o chelm_fw-ge a_o city_n of_o black_a russia_n about_o seven_o league_n from_o the_o river_n bug_n towards_o the_o east_n in_o this_o palatinat_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n call_v biale_n which_o signify_v white_a it_o be_v water_n be_v extreme_o black_a and_o the_o fish_n very_o good_a it_o be_v say_v the_o water_n of_o this_o lake_n polish_v every_o thing_n that_o be_v wash_v with_o it_o during_o the_o month_n of_o april_n and_o may._n the_o 31th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o mseislaw_n a_o city_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lithuania_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n sosz_n which_o empty_v its_o self_n into_o the_o borysthenes_n about_o forty_o league_n low_o the_o 32th_o be_v the_o palatin_n of_o marienburg_n a_o city_n in_o royal_a prussia_n situate_v on_o one_o of_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o vistula_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o frischaff_n this_o city_n be_v heretofore_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o in_o the_o church_n of_o the_o castle_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v a_o great_a many_o form_n or_o seat_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o those_o religious_a knight_n of_o st._n mary_n the_o 33th_o the_o palatin_n of_o braclaw_n a_o city_n in_o lower_n podolia_n scate_v on_o the_o river_n bug._n this_o palatinat_a which_o contain_v all_o the_o low_a podolia_n be_v at_o present_a only_o titular_a there_o be_v a_o lake_n in_o the_o desert_n betwixt_o this_o province_n and_o
on_o they_o and_o to_o all_o the_o city_n according_a to_o what_o have_v be_v ordain_v in_o the_o precede_a diet_n and_o to_o what_o shall_v afterward_o be_v ordain_v in_o the_o follow_a diet_n shall_v be_v inviolable_o keep_v and_o preserve_v and_o that_o he_o shall_v issue_v out_o his_o letter_n patent_n to_o confirm_v they_o in_o all_o their_o clause_n and_o condition_n they_o also_o frequent_o add_v several_a other_o article_n according_a to_o the_o exigency_n of_o the_o present_a juncture_n and_o the_o quality_n and_o circumstance_n of_o the_o elect_v prince_n as_o for_o the_o ceremony_n that_o be_v use_v when_o they_o make_v the_o king_n swear_v the_o capitulation_n the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o deputy_n carry_v it_o before_o he_o after_o the_o mass_n be_v say_v and_o require_v he_o to_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o observe_v it_o according_a to_o his_o promise_n then_o the_o king_n be_v upon_o his_o knee_n before_o the_o great_a altar_n say_v after_o the_o chancellor_n we_o n._n choose_a king_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n massovia_n samogitia_n kiovia_n volhinia_n podolia_n podlassia_n livonia_n smolensko_n siberia_n and_o czernichovia_n promise_v to_o almighty_a god_n and_o swear_v upon_o the_o holy_a evangelist_n of_o jesus_n christ_n to_o observe_v maintain_v and_o accomplish_v all_o the_o condition_n agree_v upon_o at_o our_o election_n by_o our_o ambassador_n with_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n and_o confirm_v by_o the_o oath_n of_o our_o ambassador_n and_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o according_a to_o all_o the_o clause_n point_n article_n and_o condition_n mention_v therein_o and_o in_o such_o sort_n that_o the_o speciality_n can_v derogate_v from_o the_o generality_n nor_o the_o generality_n from_o the_o speciality_n all_o which_o we_o promise_v to_o ratify_v by_o our_o oath_n on_o the_o day_n of_o our_o coronation_n after_o the_o king_n have_v swear_v to_o keep_v the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la the_o chancellor_n give_v he_o the_o decree_n of_o his_o election_n write_v in_o parchment_n and_o sign_v by_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n the_o republic_n of_o poland_n use_v these_o precaution_n at_o the_o election_n of_o their_o king_n that_o if_o afterward_o he_o shall_v act_v contrary_a to_o what_o he_o promise_v to_o obsorve_v the_o senator_n may_v have_v a_o right_a to_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o his_o duty_n it_o be_v the_o breach_n of_o one_o of_o those_o article_n which_o give_v the_o polander_n occasion_n to_o complain_v of_o king_n michael_n for_o in_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la which_o he_o swear_v to_o observe_v they_o have_v insert_v this_o article_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o marry_v any_o princess_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n nevertheless_o without_o ask_v their_o consent_n he_o marry_v the_o emperor_n sister_n and_o the_o party_n that_o be_v form_v against_o he_o look_v upon_o this_o as_o a_o sufficient_a ground_n to_o compel_v he_o to_o abdicate_v if_o the_o prince_n who_o be_v elect_v be_v not_o present_a at_o warsaw_n he_o take_v the_o oath_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o deputy_n who_o the_o republic_n send_v for_o that_o purpose_n and_o oblige_v himself_o before_o they_o to_o observe_v all_o the_o article_n of_o the_o capitulation_n it_o be_v thus_o that_o sigismond_n the_o three_o swear_v to_o keep_v the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la in_o the_o abbey_n of_o oliva_n near_o dantzick_n anno_fw-la 1587._o as_o they_o be_v draw_v up_o by_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o nobility_n it_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o poland_n that_o the_o great_a marshal_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n the_o petty_a marshal_n carry_v the_o staff_n erect_v before_o the_o king_n when_o he_o go_v to_o any_o ceremony_n but_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o from_o the_o time_n of_o his_o election_n to_o his_o coronation_n they_o carry_v the_o staff_n bow_v down_o that_o when_o the_o king_n issue_n out_o any_o letter_n order_n or_o constitution_n he_o only_o assume_v the_o quality_n of_o king_n elect_a and_o that_o no_o dispatch_n can_v be_v seal_v but_o with_o the_o little_a seal_n of_o the_o closet_n which_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o the_o election_n be_v perfect_v by_o the_o coronation_n which_o be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o seal_n of_o it_o chap._n xix_o of_o the_o king_n coronation_n a_o king_n of_o poland_n can_v exercise_v the_o royal_a authority_n before_o his_o coronation_n for_o he_o can_v neither_o dispose_v of_o any_o office_n nor_o benesice_n nor_o so_o much_o as_o grant_v any_o favour_n nor_o use_v the_o great_a seal_n of_o the_o chancery_n and_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v keep_v in_o his_o name_n and_o be_v shut_v up_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la can_v make_v a_o decree_n till_o after_o his_o coronation_n it_o be_v the_o new_a king_n who_o appoint_v the_o day_n for_o this_o ceremony_n which_o must_v be_v perform_v at_o cracow_n in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n in_o the_o castle_n this_o city_n take_v its_o name_n from_o king_n cracus_n who_o build_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 700_o after_o he_o have_v leave_v gnesna_n which_o be_v former_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o vistula_n in_o upper_a poland_n it_o be_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o bishop_n who_o be_v a_o suffragan_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n the_o city_n be_v very_o large_a fine_a and_o well-built_a but_o the_o street_n be_v ill_o pave_v as_o in_o most_o other_o city_n of_o that_o country_n however_o the_o street_n be_v very_o broad_a and_o straight_o with_o a_o great_a square_n in_o the_o middle_n where_o the_o townhouse_n be_v build_v the_o castle_n or_o the_o king_n palace_n be_v seat_v upon_o a_o little_a eminence_n or_o rock_n the_o foot_n of_o which_o be_v wash_v by_o the_o vislula_n the_o circumference_n of_o this_o eminence_n be_v very_o small_a and_o consequent_o the_o palace_n be_v of_o no_o very_a great_a extent_n and_o as_o for_o the_o church_n though_o it_o be_v the_o cathedral_n of_o a_o great_a diocese_n and_o the_o buryingplace_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o small_a and_o least_o beautiful_a structure_n of_o that_o kind_n that_o i_o have_v have_v occasion_n to_o see_v in_o that_o country_n it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o king_n house_n be_v real_o well_o build_v but_o beside_o the_o extraordinary_a smallness_n and_o obscurity_n of_o the_o court_n it_o have_v neither_o garden_n wood_n nor_o water_n nor_o be_v it_o adorn_v with_o any_o wall_n or_o avenue_n it_o be_v former_o a_o strong_a place_n when_o the_o strength_n of_o place_n consist_v in_o the_o height_n of_o their_o situation_n but_o it_o be_v now_o only_o fit_a to_o refist_n some_o fly_a party_n of_o horse_n it_o be_v here_o where_o the_o jewel_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v keep_v with_o the_o royal_a ornament_n that_o be_v use_v at_o the_o king_n coronation_n there_o be_v also_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o little_a hill_n or_o rise_v ground_n on_o which_o it_o stand_v the_o cave_n or_o den_n of_o that_o furious_a dragon_n which_o make_v such_o a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o all_o the_o neighbour_a place_n and_o which_o it_o be_v say_v cracus_n kill_v by_o lay_v some_o meat_n for_o he_o mix_v with_o pitch_n and_o brimstone_n when_o the_o coronation-day_n draw_v near_o the_o king_n make_v his_o entry_n into_o cracow_n on_o horseback_n the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o city_n carry_v a_o canopy_n of_o state_n before_o he_o the_o troop_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n march_v before_o with_o their_o officer_n and_o be_v follow_v by_o the_o palatine_n bishop_n and_o ambassador_n on_o horseback_n the_o ceremony_n be_v doubtless_o very_o splendid_a and_o i_o know_v not_o where_o a_o traveller_n can_v have_v occasion_n to_o see_v a_o more_o magnificent_a cavalcade_n a_o man_n who_o ride_v on_o horseback_n before_o the_o king_n scatters_z some_o small_a piece_n of_o silver_n stamp_v with_o the_o effigy_n of_o the_o new_a king_n among_o the_o people_n in_o the_o street_n but_o this_o liberality_n cost_v he_o so_o little_a that_o i_o do_v not_o believe_v there_o be_v a_o hundred_o crown_n distribute_v thus_o the_o king_n be_v conduct_v from_o the_o city_n gate_n to_o the_o castle_n pass_v through_o the_o public_a place_n where_o there_o be_v several_a triumphal_a arch_n adorn_v with_o statue_n device_n and_o various_a inscription_n on_o the_o day_n that_o precede_v the_o coronation_n which_o be_v call_v the_o day_n of_o expiation_n they_o perform_v the_o funeral_n of_o the_o decease_a king_n who_o body_n be_v carry_v to_o the_o church_n of_o st._n stanislaus_n at_o schalka_n where_o the_o marshal_n break_v their_o staff_n and_o the_o chancellor_n their_o seal_n against_o the_o king_n coffin_n the_o new_a king_n go_v also_o thither_o
which_o he_o restore_v the_o key_n and_o make_v some_o of_o the_o burgess_n of_o the_o city_n or_o of_o some_o other_o place_n golden_a knight_n by_o strike_v they_o soft_o with_o his_o naked_a sword_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n this_o do_v the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o crown_n scatter_v some_o piece_n of_o silver_n among_o the_o people_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o king_n go_v to_o a_o house_n that_o look_v into_o the_o square_n and_o afterward_o return_v to_o the_o castle_n with_o the_o same_o train_n that_o accompany_v he_o to_o the_o townhouse_n i_o have_v already_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o get_v himself_o crown_v as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v possible_a and_o i_o shall_v take_v this_o occasion_n to_o show_v what_o advantage_n he_o receive_v by_o it_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o assoon_o as_o the_o polish_v nobleman_n have_v choose_v their_o king_n they_o begin_v to_o look_v upon_o he_o as_o a_o usurper_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o king_n look_v upon_o the_o nobility_n as_o a_o formidable_a body_n that_o oppose_v all_o his_o design_n now_o he_o can_v either_o weaken_v they_o or_o strengthen_v himself_o more_o effectual_o than_o by_o make_v they_o pay_v dear_a for_o the_o favour_n he_o bestow_v upon_o '_o they_o for_o it_o be_v in_o his_o power_n to_o dispose_v of_o all_o the_o office_n benesices_n and_o royal_a gift_n which_o amonnt_n to_o a_o three_o part_n of_o all_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o he_o can_v do_v till_o after_o his_o coronation_n nevertheless_o the_o late_a king_n be_v so_o far_o from_o observe_v this_o maxim_n that_o though_o he_o may_v have_v be_v crown_v immediate_o after_o the_o day_n of_o his_o election_n which_o be_v may_n 19_o 1674._o he_o do_v not_o appoint_v the_o day_n for_o his_o coronation_n till_o feb._n 2._o 1676._o during_o which_o time_n he_o make_v two_o campagnes_n one_o in_o vkrania_n and_o the_o other_o in_o podolia_n as_o for_o that_o in_o vkrania_n he_o set_v out_o from_o warsaw_n august_n 22._o 1674._o and_o advance_v towards_o leopold_n where_o his_o army_n be_v to_o rendezvous_n there_o he_o be_v inform_v that_o the_o queen_n his_o wife_n lie_v sick_a at_o casimir_n upon_o the_o vistula_n whereupon_o he_o leave_v the_o camp_n at_o leopold_n and_o arrive_v at_o casimir_n on_o the_o 8_o of_o october_n not_o long_o after_o he_o return_v to_o the_o army_n because_o the_o night_n begin_v to_o grow_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o turk_n who_o be_v not_o accustom_a to_o such_o a_o cold_a climate_n begin_v to_o think_v of_o retire_v after_o the_o turk_n have_v withdraw_v their_o force_n the_o king_n lead_v the_o army_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o that_o of_o lithuania_n which_o both_o together_o amount_v to_o about_o 30000_o man_n into_o vkrania_n where_o he_o keep_v they_o so_o long_o that_o the_o lithuanian_a troop_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o great_a general_n patz_n abandon_v he_o to_o avoid_v the_o miserable_a fate_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n which_o be_v so_o harass_v with_o hunger_n and_o cold_a that_o it_o be_v reduce_v to_o less_o than_o 3000_o man_n for_o the_o king_n stay_v in_o vkrania_n till_o april_n and_o arrive_v on_o the_o 25_o of_o that_o month_n at_o sloczow_n whither_o the_o queen_n be_v come_v to_o receive_v he_o the_o turk_n understanding_n that_o the_o polish_v army_n be_v ruin_v in_o vkrania_n that_o the_o king_n be_v go_v back_o with_o the_o miserable_a remnant_n of_o his_o force_n and_o that_o those_o of_o lithuania_n have_v leave_v he_o against_o his_o will_n they_o return_v with_o a_o great_a army_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o july_n 1675_o when_o the_o king_n be_v at_o jawarow_n think_v of_o nothing_o but_o to_o refresh_v himself_o after_o the_o fatigue_n of_o the_o precede_a campaign_n but_o upon_o the_o first_o advice_n of_o the_o march_n of_o the_o ottoman_a army_n which_o consist_v of_o 30000_o turk_n and_o 80000_o tartar_n he_o set_v out_o from_o jawarow_a the_o 10_o of_o july_n and_o march_v in_o haste_n to_o leopold_n which_o the_o turk_n threaten_v to_o besiege_v he_o encamp_v near_o the_o city_n with_o about_o 3000_o man_n who_o he_o have_v draw_v together_o and_o the_o turk_n be_v inform_v of_o his_o weakness_n send_v a_o body_n of_o 14000_o tartar_n to_o force_v his_o camp_n but_o they_o dare_v not_o attack_v he_o it_o be_v give_v out_o that_o a_o great_a number_n of_o tartar_n be_v kill_v on_o the_o 24_o of_o august_n 1675_o in_o the_o attack_z of_o the_o camp_n at_o leopold_n though_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o there_o be_v only_o one_o horse_n wound_v with_o a_o arrow_n for_o the_o tartar_n retire_v without_o lose_v one_o of_o their_o man_n or_o wound_v one_o of_o their_o enemy_n the_o turk_n as_o i_o intimate_v before_o be_v not_o able_a to_o bear_v the_o extreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o winter_n in_o poland_n for_o have_v once_o enter_v russia_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n and_o not_o return_v soon_o enough_o they_o be_v surprise_v with_o so_o violent_a a_o cold_a that_o above_o 40000_o of_o they_o be_v freeze_v to_o death_n and_o many_o be_v find_v dead_a in_o their_o horse_n belly_n into_o which_o they_o have_v creep_v to_o secure_v themselves_o from_o the_o cold._n and_o it_o be_v this_o that_o oblige_v they_o to_o retire_v out_o of_o poland_n by_o the_o end_n of_o october_n at_o far_a chap._n xx._n of_o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n have_v discourse_v at_o length_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o their_o election_n and_o coronation_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v some_o account_n of_o the_o queen_n it_o be_v certain_o of_o great_a importance_n to_o the_o republic_n that_o a_o king_n when_o he_o marry_v shall_v choose_v a_o princess_n who_o alliance_n may_v be_v advantageous_a to_o the_o state_n and_o therefore_o this_o article_n be_v insert_v in_o the_o paeta_n conventa_fw-la which_o the_o new_a king_n swear_v to_o observe_v that_o he_o shall_v not_o marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n for_o they_o be_v as_o much_o concern_v as_o the_o king_n himself_o in_o the_o choice_n of_o a_o queen_n though_o the_o polish_v nobility_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o choose_v any_o of_o his_o child_n to_o succeed_v he_o so_o that_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n can_v marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n unless_o he_o resolve_v to_o violate_v his_o oath_n and_o expose_v himself_o to_o the_o jealousy_n and_o hatred_n of_o his_o people_n who_o be_v not_o easy_o pacify_v on_o such_o occasion_n thus_o when_o sigismond_n iii_o marry_v ann_n of_o austria_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o cause_v she_o to_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n in_o the_o year_n 1592._o he_o meet_v with_o so_o much_o opposition_n in_o the_o diet_n that_o be_v afterward_o hold_v at_o warsaw_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o acknowledge_v his_o fault_n as_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n can_v marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n so_o he_o can_v divorce_v his_o wife_n without_o the_o same_o approbation_n for_o when_o sigismond_n augustus_n the_o last_o of_o the_o race_n of_o the_o jagellon_n separate_v from_o elizabeth_n of_o austria_n because_o of_o a_o crime_n with_o which_o she_o be_v false_o charge_v and_o after_o her_o death_n marry_v one_o radziwill_n a_o widow_n of_o a_o palatin_n of_o troki_n the_o senator_n be_v so_o exasperate_v that_o they_o have_v almost_o proceed_v to_o declare_v the_o throne_n vacant_a because_o he_o slight_v his_o fair_a and_o chaste_a queen_n and_o wife_n and_o marry_v the_o widow_n of_o a_o simple_a palatin_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n but_o vladislaus_n the_o iv_o pursue_v wise_a maxim_n he_o be_v sensible_a of_o the_o danger_n of_o irritate_v a_o stubborn_a and_o seditious_a people_n and_o have_v a_o more_o tender_a regard_n to_o the_o article_n he_o have_v swear_v to_o observe_v for_o when_o the_o king_n of_o england_n offer_v he_o his_o niece_n the_o elector_n palatine_n daughter_n in_o marriage_n he_o decline_v the_o match_n and_o declare_v that_o he_o neither_o can_v nor_o will_v marry_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n which_o in_o that_o case_n he_o can_v not_o expect_v to_o obtain_v because_o the_o princess_n be_v a_o protestant_n when_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n marry_v after_o his_o coronation_n the_o queen_n can_v be_v crown_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n but_o if_o he_o be_v marry_v before_o he_o may_v cause_v she_o also_o to_o be_v crown_v without_o ask_v their_o consent_n so_o that_o the_o report_n which_o be_v spread_v abroad_o after_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n john_n iii_o be_v false_a and_o groundless_a for_o it_o be_v give_v out_o that_o the_o queen_n his_o wife_n will_v
not_o be_v crown_v and_o that_o the_o austrian_a faction_n oppose_v it_o both_o because_o she_o be_v a_o french-woman_n bear_v and_o because_o she_o be_v but_o a_o private_a gentlewoman_n but_o the_o event_n show_v the_o contrary_a for_o she_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n with_o her_o husband_n without_o the_o least_o opposition_n but_o if_o a_o queen_n of_o poland_n be_v not_o a_o catholic_n she_o can_v be_v crown_v as_o it_o happen_v to_o helen_n the_o wife_n of_o alexander_n i._o and_o daughter_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o muscovy_n who_o be_v of_o the_o greek_a church_n and_o refuse_v to_o embrace_v the_o roman_n catholic_n faith_n the_o republic_n will_v never_o consent_v that_o she_o shall_v be_v crown_v though_o according_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n both_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o poland_n ought_v to_o be_v crown_v at_o cracow_n we_o find_v that_o this_o ceremony_n have_v be_v sometime_o perform_v in_o other_o place_n for_o queen_n cecilia_n the_o wife_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o be_v crown_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1637._o and_o though_o there_o be_v a_o law_n make_v the_o next_o year_n that_o the_o queen_n shall_v always_o be_v crown_v at_o warsaw_n anno_fw-la 1670._o it_o be_v true_a this_o be_v do_v with_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n when_o the_o queen_n be_v crown_v the_o king_n must_v desire_v it_o of_o the_o republic_n he_o must_v be_v present_a at_o the_o ceremony_n himself_o conduct_v she_o to_o the_o church_n and_o present_v she_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n or_o to_o the_o bishop_n who_o be_v to_o perform_v the_o ceremony_n the_o archbishop_n anoint_v she_o with_o the_o consecrate_a oil_n and_o put_v the_o crown_n upon_o her_o head_n the_o sceptre_n into_o her_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o globe_n of_o gold_n into_o her_o left_a the_o queen_n of_o poland_n have_v no_o officer_n but_o a_o marshal_n and_o a_o chancellor_n neither_o of_o who_o be_v senator_n but_o only_a judge_n of_o the_o difference_n that_o happen_v among_o her_o domestic_n they_o answer_v the_o harangue_n that_o be_v make_v to_o the_o queen_n when_o a_o ambassador_n make_v she_o a_o compliment_n in_o his_o master_n name_n or_o when_o a_o present_a be_v make_v to_o she_o at_o the_o marriage_n of_o a_o maid_n of_o honour_n the_o king_n furnish_v the_o queen_n with_o money_n to_o defray_v the_o charge_n of_o her_o household_n but_o after_o the_o king_n death_n she_o must_v maintain_v herself_o and_o all_o her_o retinue_n with_o the_o revenue_n which_o the_o king_n bestow_v upon_o she_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o republic_n both_o for_o her_o dowry_n and_o for_o her_o marriage-present_a these_o revenue_n be_v call_v the_o reformation_n and_o consist_v of_o the_o reversion_n of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o starosty_n which_o she_o can_v enjoy_v till_o they_o become_v vacant_a by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o present_a possessor_n so_o that_o a_o queen_n of_o poland_n be_v frequent_o keep_v from_o her_o estate_n till_o she_o be_v just_o ready_a to_o leave_v it_o for_o sometime_o those_o who_o possess_v the_o starosty_n that_o be_v in_o her_o reformation_n outlive_v she_o but_o if_o the_o king_n die_v before_o the_o queen_n reformation_n be_v settle_v upon_o she_o the_o republic_n allow_v she_o a_o yearly_o pension_n out_o of_o the_o crown-land_n as_o they_o do_v to_o queen_n eleanor_n in_o the_o year_n 1674_o after_o the_o election_n of_o king_n john_n for_o they_o be_v so_o king_n to_o that_o princess_n as_o to_o give_v she_o a_o yearly_o pension_n of_o 120000_o livre_n by_o a_o express_a article_n which_o be_v afterward_o insert_v in_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la but_o she_o choose_v rather_o to_o quit_v both_o that_o and_o the_o kingdom_n than_o to_o see_v a_o french_a gentlewoman_n succeed_v a_o princess_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o polish_v army_n there_o be_v so_o little_a order_n or_o discipline_n observe_v in_o the_o polish_v army_n that_o the_o country_n be_v frequent_o harass_v by_o those_o who_o be_v pay_v to_o defend_v it_o and_o the_o republic_n be_v oblige_v to_o raise_v new_a troop_n every_o year_n at_o the_o first_o there_o be_v few_o city_n in_o poland_n but_o when_o the_o inhabitant_n grow_v more_o industrious_a in_o cultivate_v the_o ground_n they_o be_v perpetual_o molest_v by_o their_o neighbour_n who_o by_o frequent_a inroad_n endeavour_v to_o deprive_v they_o of_o the_o fruit_n of_o their_o labour_n in_o order_n to_o oppose_v these_o invasion_n the_o king_n cause_v castle_n and_o fortress_n to_o be_v build_v in_o the_o city_n which_o always_o subsist_v so_o long_o as_o they_o be_v protect_v by_o the_o royal_a authority_n and_o defend_v by_o good_a officer_n and_o discipline_v soldier_n but_o since_o those_o fort_n be_v neglect_v several_a lord_n have_v endeavour_v to_o usurp_v the_o possession_n of_o they_o that_o they_o may_v extend_v their_o dominion_n over_o the_o city_n and_o oppress_v the_o burgher_n as_o they_o do_v the_o peasant_n in_o the_o village_n those_o who_o the_o king_n entrust_v with_o the_o government_n of_o those_o place_n do_v not_o employ_v the_o revenue_n that_o be_v annex_v to_o they_o in_o repair_v the_o wall_n and_o fortificatious_a whence_o it_o come_v that_o all_o their_o city_n be_v open_a and_o that_o the_o soldier_n who_o be_v put_v there_o into_o winter_n quarter_n may_v go_v out_o when_o they_o please_v and_o ravage_n the_o country_n for_o when_o a_o regiment_n be_v to_o be_v send_v from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o the_o other_o the_o commander_n be_v only_o order_v to_o set_v out_o and_o to_o go_v to_o the_o place_n appoint_v without_o mention_v either_o the_o time_n or_o the_o place_n through_o which_o he_o be_v to_o march_v or_o the_o city_n where_o he_o be_v to_o quarter_n so_o that_o he_o may_v run_v through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o so_o sometime_o spend_v a_o month_n or_o six_o week_n in_o march_v to_o a_o place_n which_o he_o may_v have_v reach_v in_o eight_o day_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o these_o disorderly_a march_n must_v of_o necessity_n waste_v and_o destroy_v the_o city_n and_o village_n through_o which_o the_o soldier_n pass_v nor_o be_v the_o law_n able_a to_o to_o remedy_v such_o a_o insupportable_a grievance_n because_o it_o be_v not_o the_o custom_n in_o poland_n to_o establish_v magazine_n and_o storehouse_n in_o any_o place_n the_o gentleman_n who_o go_v to_o the_o army_n spend_v the_o best_a part_n of_o their_o estate_n in_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o magnificent_a arm_n fine_a horse_n and_o rich_a apparel_n maintain_v a_o numerous_a train_n of_o servant_n their_o estate_n alone_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o defray_v so_o vast_a a_o charge_n and_o beside_o they_o receive_v no_o pay_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n after_o they_o enter_v into_o the_o service_n so_o that_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n constrain_v to_o oppress_v the_o people_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o support_v their_o extravagant_a vanity_n some_o who_o be_v natural_o of_o a_o less_o violent_a temper_n endeavour_v to_o excuse_v a_o fault_n which_o they_o be_v force_v to_o acknowledge_v by_o lay_v the_o blame_n upon_o the_o court_n pretend_v that_o the_o king_n bestow_v the_o royal_a gift_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o the_o office_n and_o dignity_n upon_o the_o courtier_n or_o other_o great_a lord_n who_o either_o have_v no_o need_n of_o they_o or_o do_v not_o deserve_v they_o in_o stead_n of_o give_v they_o to_o those_o who_o have_v do_v good_a service_n in_o the_o army_n where_o they_o have_v spend_v their_o estate_n and_o expose_v their_o life_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o country_n other_o accuse_v those_o who_o be_v entrust_v with_o the_o management_n of_o the_o finance_n who_o make_v they_o wait_v very_o long_o for_o their_o pay_n and_o even_o then_o oblige_v they_o to_o quit_v part_n of_o it_o that_o they_o may_v procure_v the_o rest_n these_o grievance_n exasperate_v their_o mind_n and_o frequent_o occasion_n great_a complaint_n in_o the_o diet._n when_o they_o levy_v soldier_n in_o foland_n the_o captain_n exact_a contribution_n on_o those_o place_n where_o they_o raise_v their_o man_n and_o give_v very_o little_a to_o the_o soldier_n retain_v the_o money_n they_o receive_v on_o the_o public_a account_n always_o find_v some_o unjust_a pretext_n to_o defraud_v the_o soldier_n of_o their_o pay_n who_o be_v consequent_o under_o a_o strong_a temptation_n to_o rob_v and_o pillage_v the_o country_n the_o officer_n not_o dare_v to_o restrain_v a_o disorder_n which_o be_v occasion_v by_o themselves_o to_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o these_o irregularity_n it_o have_v be_v frequent_o propose_v to_o the_o diet_n by_o some_o wise_a and_o consider_v person_n to_o keep_v the_o soldier_n always_o
always_o afraid_a that_o he_o shall_v never_o be_v pay_v other_o travel_v on_o horseback_n and_o carry_v along_o with_o they_o a_o small_a stich_v quilt_n to_o lie_v upon_o be_v about_o a_o inch_n thick_a and_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a which_o they_o fold_v double_a and_o lay_v it_o under_o the_o saddle_n and_o when_o they_o arrive_v at_o the_o inn_n they_o give_v the_o gospodarz_n money_n to_o bring_v they_o some_o brown_a bread_n beer_n and_o a_o little_a oat_n so_o that_o all_o the_o charge_n for_o the_o lodging_n of_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n and_o of_o his_o horse_n do_v not_o often_o amount_v to_o above_o 5_o or_o 6_o gros_n which_o be_v worth_a no_o more_o than_o two_o penny_n and_o consequent_o that_o which_o be_v so_o incommodious_a to_o stranger_n be_v very_o convenient_a for_o those_o of_o the_o country_n because_o they_o can_v travel_v 100_o league_n on_o horseback_n without_o spend_v above_o 50_o penny_n as_o for_o the_o lord_n and_o lady_n they_o travel_v always_o in_o coach_n and_o carry_v wagon_n along_o with_o they_o with_o provision_n and_o bed_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o woman_n but_o their_o attendant_n who_o follow_v they_o on_o horseback_n be_v force_v to_o content_v themselves_o with_o such_o lodging_n as_o i_o describe_v before_o i_o must_v not_o forget_v to_o intimate_v that_o a_o traveller_n ought_v to_o be_v very_o careful_a in_o pass_v over_o the_o bridge_n because_o they_o be_v general_o bad_a and_o the_o polander_n take_v no_o care_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o repair_n those_o who_o travel_v in_o winter_n ought_v to_o provide_v a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o brandy_n and_o a_o fur_v bag_n to_o put_v their_o foot_n into_o for_o it_o be_v so_o cold_a in_o poland_n that_o those_o who_o be_v in_o a_o coach_n wagon_n or_o calash_n can_v otherwise_o endure_v it_o and_o since_o the_o lake_n and_o river_n be_v so_o freeze_v that_o they_o easy_o travel_v upon_o the_o ice_n they_o must_v take_v care_n when_o the_o earth_n be_v cover_v with_o snow_n to_o procure_v a_o sledge_n upon_o which_o they_o must_v place_v the_o coach_n or_o calash_n and_o draw_v the_o sledge_n with_o the_o horse_n traveller_n be_v very_o much_o incommode_v in_o winter_n especial_o on_o holiday_n for_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o pierce_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o be_v in_o a_o chamber_n without_o a_o stove_n in_o it_o and_o beside_o on_o such_o solemn_a occasion_n all_o the_o peasant_n of_o the_o village_n who_o usual_o drink_v nothing_o but_o water_n meet_v together_o to_o carouse_n with_o beer_n and_o brandy_n and_o then_o sing_v and_o dance_v all_o night_n so_o that_o the_o weary_a traveller_n can_v so_o much_o as_o shut_v his_o eye_n i_o have_v say_v enough_o to_o convince_v the_o reader_n that_o the_o manner_n of_o travel_v in_o poland_n be_v extreme_o inconvenient_a to_o stranger_n as_o for_o the_o native_a polander_n who_o travel_v on_o horseback_n in_o the_o winter_n they_o have_v great_a boot_n into_o which_o they_o put_v chaff_n or_o chopped_a straw_n to_o keep_v their_o foot_n warm_a and_o before_o they_o mount_v their_o horse_n they_o drink_v a_o large_a draught_n of_o brandy_n to_o preserve_v they_o from_o the_o cold._a the_o coachman_n use_v the_o same_o precaution_n from_o the_o cold_a for_o otherwise_o they_o can_v never_o endure_v the_o sharpness_n of_o the_o wether_n which_o be_v so_o excessive_o violent_a that_o when_o a_o man_n travel_n with_o his_o face_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n his_o nose_n sometime_o freeze_v those_o who_o have_v the_o misfortune_n to_o meet_v with_o such_o a_o disaster_n must_v apply_v snow_n to_o the_o part_n and_o careful_o avoid_v enter_v into_o a_o room_n wherein_o there_o be_v a_o stove_n or_o into_o any_o warm_a place_n for_o otherwise_o they_o will_v run_v the_o hazard_n of_o lose_v their_o nose_n there_o be_v no_o travel_v by_o post_n in_o poland_n though_o there_o be_v post_n for_o carry_v letter_n and_o pacquet_n this_o custom_n be_v first_o establish_v by_o order_n of_o the_o republic_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o vladislaus_n iv_o anno_fw-la 1647._o for_o before_o that_o time_n the_o king_n order_n be_v carry_v by_o gentleman_n of_o the_o court_n who_o oblige_v the_o starosta_n to_o furnish_v they_o with_o horse_n and_o provision_n chap._n xxix_o of_o the_o polish_v coin_n the_o piece_n of_o gold_n which_o pass_v current_o in_o poland_n be_v ducat_n which_o be_v worth_a 2_o french_a crown_n or_o 2_o german_a rix_n dollar_n or_o 7_o livre_n of_o dantzick_n money_n or_o 12_o livre_n of_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o poland_n that_o be_v in_o chelons_n a_o chelon_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o copper_n small_a than_o a_o french_a denier_n 3_o chelons_n make_v a_o polish_v gros_n and_o 3_o gross_a 2_o penny_n of_o the_o country_n money_n so_o that_o to_o make_v up_o these_o 2_o penny_n which_o be_v not_o worth_a above_o one_o of_o our_o pennys_n there_o must_v be_v 9_o chelons_n which_o be_v not_o worth_a and_o weigh_v no_o more_o than_o 2_o english_a farthing_n whereby_o one_o may_v easy_o judge_v how_o much_o the_o country_n be_v ruin_v by_o so_o base_a a_o coin_n which_o be_v first_o introduce_v in_o a_o press_a exigency_n to_o satisfy_v the_o army_n which_o have_v confederated_a for_o want_v of_o their_o pay_n the_o introduce_v of_o base_a money_n into_o poland_n be_v no_o new_a thing_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o that_o which_o be_v coin_v by_o the_o officer_n of_o casimir_n iu._n and_o afterward_o occasion_v a_o complaint_n to_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o peortrkow_n in_o 1459._o for_o at_o that_o time_n the_o king_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v the_o money_n and_o the_o first_o who_o yield_v it_o up_o to_o the_o republic_n be_v sigismond_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1632._o there_o be_v another_o base_a coin_n in_o poland_n call_v tinfe_fw-mi which_o be_v also_o bring_v into_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o to_o pay_v the_o confederated_a army_n the_o tinfe_fw-mi which_v be_v a_o little_o large_a than_o a_o french_a fifteen_o penny_n be_v of_o silver_n of_o a_o base_a alloy_n it_o be_v worth_a 30_o gros_n of_o chelons_n which_o make_v 20_o penny_n of_o poland_n or_o 10_o common_a penny_n beside_o the_o tinfe_v there_o be_v another_o sort_n of_o money_n call_v choustack_n which_o be_v also_o a_o piece_n of_o silver_n of_o base_a alloy_n and_o less_o than_o a_o french_a sou_n it_o be_v worth_a 10_o gros_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o 3_o of_o they_o make_v a_o tinfe_fw-mi these_o base_a coin_n do_v not_o pass_v so_o current_o at_o dantzick_n nor_o in_o any_o part_n of_o prussia_n for_o the_o tinfe_v be_v not_o worth_a above_o 18_o gros_n and_o the_o choustack_n six_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n money_n because_o the_o chelons_n of_o dantzick_n be_v worth_n more_o than_o those_o of_o poland_n which_o do_v not_o go_v at_o all_o there_o the_o money_n of_o dantzick_n consist_v in_o ducat_n of_o gold_n ourt_n choustaques_n and_o chelons_n the_o ducat_n as_o i_o intimate_v before_o be_v worth_a 2_o rix_n dollar_n or_o 2_o french_a crown_n a_o ourt_n be_v a_o silver_n coin_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o french_a piece_n of_o fifteen_o penny_n and_o be_v worth_a 18_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n or_o 30_o gros_n of_o polish_v money_n a_o choustaque_fw-la be_v worth_a 6_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n 10_o gros_n of_o polish_v money_n and_o there_o must_v be_v 3_o chelons_n dantzick_n to_o make_v a_o gros_n yet_o 18_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n chelons_n make_n 30_o gros_n of_o polish_v chelons_n thus_o a_o tinfe_fw-mi which_o be_v worth_a 30_o gros_n of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 18_o gros_n of_o dantzick_n chelons_n the_o ducat_n which_o be_v worth_a 12_o franc_n of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 7_o frank_n of_o currant_n money_n of_o dantzick_n five_o choustaques_n or_o a_o ourt_n and_o 2_o choustaques_n make_v a_o livre_fw-fr of_o dantzick_n money_n because_o 5_o choustaques_n make_v 30_o gros_n and_o 30_o gros_n make_v 20_o penny_n this_o difference_n in_o the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n ought_v to_o be_v heedful_o observe_v by_o stranger_n who_o have_v occasion_n to_o pass_v through_o dantzick_n because_o the_o banker_n take_v all_o opportunity_n to_o impose_v upon_o '_o they_o a_o appendix_n contain_v a_o chronological_a abridgement_n of_o the_o history_n of_o poland_n some_o remark_n upon_o the_o government_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o the_o abdication_n of_o k._n john_n casimir_n and_o a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o socinianism_n in_o that_o country_n lechus_n 550._o an._n dom._n 550._o the_o polish_v historian_n asscribe_v the_o foundation_n of_o their_o monarchy_n to_o lechus_n and_o some_o of_o they_o think_v that_o the_o pole_n or_o polander_n be_v first_o call_v polach_n from_o the_o name_n of_o this_o prince_n he_o build_v the_o city_n of_o gnesna_n
all_o against_o who_o the_o severity_n of_o this_o law_n be_v direct_v will_v suffer_v for_o the_o cause_n of_o christ_n and_o truth_n but_o alas_o a_o great_a many_o housekeeper_n more_o than_o we_o can_v wish_v that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v oblige_v to_o other_o for_o supply_n provide_v for_o their_o own_o safety_n by_o be_v already_o shake_v from_o their_o steadfastness_n and_o by_o abscond_v in_o their_o own_o country_n whereas_o there_o be_v but_o few_o who_o be_v so_o bold_a as_o to_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o yoke_n of_o christ_n open_o nor_o do_v those_o who_o be_v within_o the_o city_n of_o crucburgh_n and_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o it_o dare_v appear_v lest_o they_o shall_v be_v find_v out_o by_o the_o informer_n of_o breslaw_n a_o warm_a calvinist_n many_o be_v disperse_v in_o safe_a place_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n namely_o in_o the_o upper_a silesia_n marchia_n prussia_n transilvania_n and_o some_o in_o holstein_n and_o the_o palatinate_n in_o a_o anbeim_fw-ge we_o all_o hold_v a_o mutual_a correspondance_n together_o notwithstanding_o the_o distance_n of_o our_o habitation_n as_o far_o as_o it_o be_v allow_v we_o and_o where_o we_o can_v we_o administer_v to_o one_o another_o necessity_n as_o for_o the_o money_n late_o send_v it_o be_v faithful_o and_o impartial_o distribute_v to_o all_o who_o be_v in_o want_n throughout_o silesia_n marchia_n prussia_n poland_n transilvania_n and_o holstein_n and_o reach_v even_o our_o brethren_n at_o rotterdam_n and_o other_o distant_a country_n in_o behalf_n of_o they_o we_o touch_v with_o a_o due_a sense_n of_o that_o favour_n return_n our_o most_o unfeigned_a thanks_o pray_v the_o great_a god_n of_o heaven_n the_o giver_n of_o all_o goodness_n to_o power_n down_o on_o your_o liberal_a soul_n the_o full_a stream_n of_o his_o bounty_n and_o that_o he_o who_o have_v promise_v that_o a_o cup_n of_o cold_a water_n shall_v not_o go_v unrewarded_a will_v repay_v you_o this_o extraordinary_a refreshment_n of_o your_o afflict_a brethren_n in_o full_a measure_n press_v down_o and_o run_v over_o oh_o how_o sweet_a a_o smell_n do_v such_o a_o holy_a sacrifice_n send_v up_o to_o god_n how_o high_o commendable_a be_v it_o in_o the_o sight_n of_o he_o who_o look_v down_o from_o above_o how_o deep_o do_v it_o reproach_n the_o delay_n and_o niggardliness_n of_o other_o he_o love_v the_o cheerful_a giver_n he_o desire_v nothing_o from_o the_o unwilling_a nothing_o from_o the_o sad_a and_o discontent_a soul_n he_o eye_v the_o mind_n of_o the_o giver_n not_o the_o gift_n nor_o will_v we_o be_v think_v to_o be_v over_o importunate_a in_o desire_v a_o necessary_a relief_n if_o they_o can_v spare_v a_o little_a out_o of_o their_o abundance_n who_o among_o we_o will_v desire_v to_o defraud_v the_o poor_a of_o it_o since_o we_o ourselves_o be_v likewise_o poor_a and_o will_v not_o be_v so_o cruel_a to_o those_o in_o want_n but_o we_o be_v ready_a to_o impart_v to_o they_o even_o that_o little_a which_o we_o 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and_o make_v it_o the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n after_o the_o death_n of_o lechus_n the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v commit_v to_o twelve_o palatine_n cracus_n 700._o an._n d._n 700._o he_o build_v cracow_n and_o transfer_v the_o court_n or_o residence_n of_o the_o prince_n from_o gnesna_n to_o that_o city_n lechus_n ii_o he_o assassinate_v his_o father_n cracus_n in_o a_o wood_n and_o give_v out_o that_o he_o be_v tear_v in_o piece_n by_o a_o bear_n queen_n venda_fw-la 750._o an._n d._n 750._o a_o princess_n equal_o famous_a for_o her_o beauty_n and_o valour_n after_o her_o death_n the_o kingdom_n be_v again_o govern_v by_o twelve_o palatine_n primislaus_n or_o lescus_n i._n 760._o an._n d._n 760._o a_o person_n of_o mean_a birth_n but_o of_o extraordinary_a courage_n and_o wisdom_n he_o be_v make_v prince_n or_o duke_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o consideration_n of_o the_o important_a service_n 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white_a 1195._o an._n d._n 1195._o he_o be_v attack_v by_o this_o uncle_n miecislaus_fw-la the_o age_a and_o defend_v himself_o with_o various_a success_n till_o he_o be_v at_o last_o surprise_v as_o he_o be_v bathe_v himself_o and_o thrust_v through_o with_o a_o spear_n during_o the_o turbulent_a reign_n of_o this_o prince_n the_o country_n be_v miserable_o harass_v and_o the_o sovereign_a power_n be_v for_o some_o time_n assume_v by_o miecislaus_fw-la and_o afterward_o by_o vladislaus_n lasconogus_n boleslaus_n v._o surname_v the_o chaste_a 1226._o an._n d._n 1226._o in_o his_o time_n the_o tartar_n make_v a_o terrible_a havoc_n in_o poland_n lesco_n vi_o surname_v the_o black_n 1279._o an._n d._n 1279._o he_o be_v assist_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n against_o conrade_n who_o have_v besiege_v cracow_n premislaus_n ii_o 1295._o an._n d._n 1295._o he_o reassume_v the_o regal_a title_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o be_v crown_v by_o james_n 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the_o last_o lewis_n 1370._o an._n d._n 1370._o king_n of_o hungary_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n he_o rout_v the_o lithuanian_n in_o a_o memorable_a battle_n vladislaus_n iu._n or_o ii_o call_v jagello_n 1386._o an._n d._n 1386._o this_o prince_n who_o be_v duke_n of_o lithuania_n and_o a_o pagan_a marry_v hedwige_v the_o daughter_n of_o king_n lewis_n and_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n he_o unite_v the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o extirpated_a paganism_n out_o of_o that_o country_n he_o obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o prussia_n vladislaus_n v._o or_o iii_o 1434._o an._n d._n 1434._o he_o be_v choose_v king_n of_o hungary_n and_o be_v kill_v by_o the_o turk_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o varna_n casimit_n iv_o surname_v the_o great_a 1447._o an._n d._n 1447._o he_o take_v several_a town_n from_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n john_n albert._n 1492._o an._n d._n 1492._o he_o die_v as_o he_o be_v 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elegy_n in_o