to their Right so manifest upon many Entries in the Common-Hall Journals According to what is said in Slade's Case The Returns of Sheriffs or Entries of Clerks without challenge of the Party or consideration of the Court being contrary to common Law and Reason are not allowable And therefore whatever may have been entred in the Books of the Common-Council it shall not be suppos'd that the Common-Hall ever admitted any Man to have been discharg'd till they had actually consented to it or did it virtually in chusing another in his stead And the same may be applied to Exemptions of which I will admit there are some Instances to be found in the Books of the Common-Council 4 th That no Man was ever duly discharged or exempted till there was the Consent of the Common-Hall may sufficiently appear by what I have shewn of the By-Laws and Custom in this Matter And yet if both favour'd the Mayor Aldermen and Common-Council I shall make it evident that they would be void in Law To which purpose I shall shew 1. That the exempting a Person from being chosen Sheriff within the City of London and the discharging or amoving one chosen is contrary to the common-Law Right of the Electors 2. That it is contrary to their Charters confirm'd by Parliaments 3. That Magna Charta and other Acts of Parliament declaratory of the Common-Law have so vested the exemption and discharge in the Electors that if their free Consent out of Parliament might divest them of it for certain nothing less can 4. That they have never parted with or quitted it Yet if they had are restor'd to their Right by his present Majesty's gracious Act of Restitution A Canon of Waltham having in the Reign of H. 6. been arrested by a Serjeant of the City in the Close of St. Martin le Grand the Legality of it coming in question because of the pretended Privilege of that Place granted by W. 1. there called Conqueror The Mayor and Citizens justify and say All the Close is and ought to be and of all time beyond memory of Man was of and in the Liberty and Jurisdiction of the said City For the verifying which they say and shew divers Reasons and Evidences First they say That the said City is and beyond memory of Man was the Capital City of the whole Kingdom of England before the rest of the Cities and Towns of the same adorn'd as well with Honours as Liberties and very many free Customs of divers Kinds For it was founded of Old by the famous Progenitors of our Lord the King that now is after the likeness and manner and in memory of Antient Troy the Great and from hence was long called Trinovant Which City in the time of St. Edward King and Confessor and of all time before was of it self and in it self one sole and entire County and one sole and entire Jurisdiction and Liberty held at Farm by the said Citizens and their Predecessors of the said King and his Predecessors And the same Citizens then and from all the time aforesaid by reason of their said Jurisdiction and Liberty have among other such Liberties and free Customs to wit to chuse and make of themselves every Year certain principal Officers in the said â—â—â—y who may faithfully answer the King of the said Farm and immediately under him the People of the said City and others resorting to the same in Peace and Justice according to its antient Laws and Customs to rule And also they could ought and for all the times aforesaid us'd to make other Ministers under them in aid of the sustaining and 〈◊〉 â—â—ising the Premisses So that all the said time no Summons Attachment Distress or Execution ought or us'd to be made in the Place where the said Close now is nor elsewhere in any Part of the City unless by the Officers and Ministers aforesaid except on their failure And they say That the said Lord William the Conqueror before the Foundation of the Church aforesaid and the making the said Charter of which before was mention by the Authority of his Parliament and by two Charters which the said Mayor and City here proffer to wit by one of them demised to the Citizens of London the whole said City and County with all its Appendences Things and Customs to them in any manner appertaining And by the other he granted and by the Authority aforesaid confirm'd to the same Citizens and their Successors that they should have the said and all other their Liberties and Free Customs unhurt which they had in the time of the said holy King Edward his Progenitor and that they should peaceably use and enjoy them c. And speaking of other Kings his Successors Which Kings severally some by their Charters and some by their Charters and the Authority of divers their Parliaments granted and confirmed to the said Citizens and their Successors all the said City and County with all the Rights Jurisdictions Liberties and Free Customs before-mentioned with their Appurtenances whatsoever in Fee Farm Indeed I find no Judgment upon this but it seems the Plea quieted the Dispute That the Plea was rightly founded may appear from two considerable Authorities not to name more 1. The Confessor's Law received and sworn to by Wil. 1. more than once out of which the Passage concerning the Antiquity of the City and its being founded in Imitation and in Memory of Old Troy is transcribed That Law derives the City's Laws Rights Liberties and Royal Customs from its first Foundation and says it has preserved them with an entire Inviolability and consequently affirms those Laws Rights Liberties and Royal Customs to have been at Common Law before any Charter A Charter passed in Parliament 1 E. 3. and at the Request of the City express'd by the Recorder enrolled in the King's-Bench soon after This Charter mentioning the great Charter's Confirmation of all the City's antient Liberties and Customs adds that at the making of that Charter and in the times of Edward King and Confessor and of William the Conqueror and other E. 3 d's Progenitors the said Citizens had divers Liberties and Customs as well by Charters of Kings as without of antient Custom Where the Custom is laid from before the reputed Conquest And thus their Plea above which I find likewise pleaded or prepared 25 H. 8. is in effect warranted by Act of Parliament It appears that the Charter to St. Martins which occasioned this Plea was granted 2 Will. 1. and that in Parliament for it was at the Queenâ—s Coronation which as appears by the old Rituals and Histories could not then be without the Consent of the States Though in the Charter to be seen in the Tower by inspeximus there are Words exempting the Place from all secular Jurisdiction yet the whole County of London being the City's Farm Jurisdiction in every part of it was such an Incident as could not be taken away by
and the generality of the Free-men having rested contented with their Livery-men Such Sufferance and Consent has made that become a legal Settlement which at first could be no more than Matter of Advice And according to this I find Writs from the Crown and Acts of Common-Council place the legality of such Restrictions in the Custom of the City But I must submit to Consideration whether there is not better ground to believe That the Livery-men were the standing Representatives of the rest of the Free-men before ever such a Council as now acts had any setled Being or at least before the time of E. IV. than there is to think that the Words of either of the Ordinances of his time so much as recommend any other designation of Electors than what Custom and consequently the Consent of the Free-men had setled before In short it has appear'd That the Resolution of the Judges cited on the other side and more particularly mother upon the like Occasion us'd by me are strong for the Common-Hall That according to that very Act of Common-Council 7 Car. I. on which the Vindicator relies no Man chosen Sheriff is dischargeable unless for want of sufficiency in Estate Nor is there any ground for other Exemption And whatever Discharge or Exemption may have been given by any besides the Common Hall the Party is nevertheless elegible as if he had never been discharged or exempted This is made yet more evident by comparing the Act of Common-Council 7 Car. I. with former Acts But chiefly with the Act of Common-Hall 24 E. III. which was reinforc'd 18 Hen. VIII and to this very Day stands in full Virtue declaring the Sense of the Body of Free-men That for the Common-Council to vacate or defeat their Elections is to the Prejudice of particular Persons who are oblig'd to serve through Default of others and of the whole City in general who may want sufficient Persons to serve Or at least cannot find Men of the like Qualifications in every respect with those whom they first chose If we look into the Custom it is manifest That the Authority of the Common-Hall and of none besides to Discharge or Exempt has been fully exerted and own'd not only by Common-Councils but by the Crown and that in Times neither too long since past nor such wherein Precedents on the side of the Commons could have obtain'd if their Right had not been undoubted And as this Authority has been exercised by the Common-Hall before ever any Common Council of the present Form or Nature had a setled Being so it has been after and since the Time that the Vindicator supposes the Livery Common Hall to have been instituted And the seeming Practice of later Days to the contrary has been of such kind as has been far from proving any Authority to go along with Acts of Common-Council for the discharging or exempting any one Person The Discharge arising from the Common-Hall's proceeding to a new Choice Farther yet if either By-Laws or Custom or both have crept in to the seeming Diminution of the Right of the Electors as has appeared they would have been void in Law being contrary to their Common-Law Right declared by Charters and confirmed by Acts of Parliament And whatever Force Custom and By-Laws supposing them clear might have had against Rights so established the Act of Restitution 2 W M. being made while the Commons were in Possession of their Power to oblige the Person whom they had chosen to hold notwithstanding any pretended Discharge certainly wrought a Remitter to their antient Right And this was remitted and restored to the Livery-men I may add that by the express Words of that Statute it is enacted that the several Companies that is the Mysteries so often named in the City-Journals shall have all their lawful Liberties and particularly every Person admitted into the Freedoms or Liberties of the Companies shall enjoy the Rights and Privileges of a Freeman and Livery-man Which confirms the Livery-men in the Possession of the Common-Hall with all the Rights and Incidents belonging to that Possession And whereas the Vindicator supposes that the Common-Council can set aside the Rights and Privileges of the Livery-men as they of the Common-Council are the City's Legislators If they were such the Restrution 2 W. M. settles the Livery men beyond being shaken by any Authority within the City for the making By-Laws And in truth the Authority of making By-Laws both at Common-Law and by Charter originally rested with the whole Body of Freemen and has formerly been regularly exercised by the whole Body in their Assemblies in Guildhall or other Folkmote The Exerâ—ice of this has by Custom been confined to Guildhall and is now become impracticable elsewhere Of this Common-Hall and the Authority of this Court the Livery-men with the Mayor and Aldermen were in full legal possession before such a Common Council as now acts had any settled Being nor has any Act of Common-Council so much as occasioned the Privileges of the Livery-men much less has it created them But according to the Presumption of Law they have had an uninterrupted Possession from before 8 E. 2. nor does it appear that any Man can gave any Vote among them otherwise than as a Livery-man the Right of Suffrages in the Common-Hall being settled in the Livery-men who have been and yet are the true Common-Council of the â—ity On the other side that which now obtains the Name of the Common-Council has been from its several Institutions and yet is a mere Creature of the Common-Hall and dependent upon its Pleasure at the most is but of the Nature of a Committee and has no greater or higher Relation than of a Part to the whole and whether it acts by it self or in Conjunction with the greater Body must be concluded by the Majority To close this Argument which may seem tedious to many and yet possibly is no more labour'd than the strength of Prepossession requires I may well say with the Vindicator While some strive to make Breaches my business shall be to promote Peace But it must be consider'd That Men have very different Notions of Peace When our Governors in Church and State valued themselves upon the Peacefulness of former Reigns many who now would have the Commons of the City of London to sacrifice their Right to the quieting this Controversie were thought properly to have applied that old Sarcasm They make Solitude and call it Peace For my part I always thought the asserting and adhering to the Fundamental Constitution of the Great Community in the first place and next of the City of London which according to the Confessor's Law is the Head of the Great Body to be the best means to secure such a Peace as English Men may rejoice to transmit to Posterity And I cannot but hope That both Sides may receive this my sincere Endeavour as a seasonable Peace-Offering FINIS Sold by Richard Baldwin near the
words of any Charter or Prescription Yet this Power the Common-Hall undoubtedly has and I may say incommunicably till that part of their Court or the Committee from them which sits in the Council-Chamber shall have legally possess'd themselves of the Hall I shall add but one Precedent of many where the Mayor Aldermen Common-Council and Commons acted together as one Court and true Common-Council of the City and that since the time that the present Common-Council and Livery Common-Hall are suppos'd to have been setled A Mayor dying in his Mayoralty the Locum tenens or Senior Alderman with the rest of the Aldermen appoint a Day for the choice of a new Mayor and order the Servants of the Chamber to summon the immense Community of the City There met the Common-Council and the immense Multitude of Commoners in their last Livery but one Aylmer was there chosen Mayor and sworn before the Aldermen and Commons In that Common-Hall they after the Election was over acted together as a Council For whereas the Mayor should as it seems according to the usual course in such Cases have been sworn to the King the next Day The Aldermen and Commons for certain Reasons moving them thereto appointed a farther Day That the Commons who did this were the Livery-men appears by what immediately follows in the same Entry Where it is said That the Aldermen conducted the new Mayor to the taking his Oath in their Violet-colour'd Gowns and the Common in their last Livery 5. That there is no colour to believe That the Common-Hall as now compos'd receiv'd its Being or Authority from such a Common-Council as now acts or from any thing but the general Consent of the Free-men express'd in some Act of Common-Hall before the time of E. IV. or implied in the long submission of the rest of the Free-men before that time may sufficiently appear by what has been prov'd under former Heads And yet if any Act or Acts of Common-Council in the Reign of E. IV. were the occasion of Elections having been restrain'd to the Livery-men it may appear by what has been formerly shewn That the submission of the Free-men implied in the Custom ever since that time gave the only force to that Restriction that of it self carrying no manner of Authority to diminish the Right of the Common-Hall But any one who remembers the Evidence that the Mysteries had Representatives of their own before the time of E. IV. and the Legal Presumption that those Representatives were the Livery-men will be more fully satisfied that they were so before the time of E. IV. when he observes the words of those Orders which are pretended to have given Being to the Livery Common-Hall The first Order is thus At a Common-Council holden on Wednesday in the 7th Year of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth it was agreed by John Young Mayor John Norman c. Aldermen and the Commonalty of the City of London inter alia That the Election of the Mayor and Sheriffs shall hereafter be made only by the Common-Council The Master and Wardens of every Mystery of the said City coming in their Liveries and by other honest Men for that purpose specially summoned 1. It must be remember'd That the Common-Council in Hen. the Sixth's time was the Council of the Mysteries and consequently unless an alteration can be shewn must be thought to have continued so at the time of that Order 7 E. IV. 2. This Representation of the Commons being so large as has appear'd above their Act is call'd The Act of the Commonalty of the City And this we must suppose to have been made in Common-Hall 3. None besides the Masters and Wardens are by this Act oblig'd to come in Liveries 4. Here is no restriction of Elections to the Liveries but to the Common-Council That is as is there explained the Masters and Wardens and other honest Men of the Mysteries specially summoned To which special Summons as has been shewn before the Livery-men and no others were entituled Wherefore this was no more than a repeating or affirming former Orders often occasioned upon the breaking in of other Free-men to the disturbance of Elections before plac'd in the more discreet which the Custom has interpreted to be the Livery-men Who according to this Ordinance with which the present Common-Council triumph were the only Common-Council at that time And thus as appears by the Entry before-cited 6 Hen. VII they continued after this Ordinance and after the next 15 E. IV. which has these words Then in the same Common-Council it is agreed That the Master and Wardens of the Mysteries of the City in their Halls or other Places of the City fit and convenient associating to them the honest Men of their Mysteries being clothed in their last Livery shall go together to the Guild-Hall of their City for the Election of Mayor c. And in their last Livery but one to the Election of the Sheriffs of the City c. And that no others besides the honest Men of the Common-Council of the City shall be present at the said Elections All that this adds to the former Provision 7 E. IV. is only the requiring all the Livery-men for distinction's sake to go in their Liveries to prevent the interposition of others Which was no restraint upon Persons but a requiring the Persons who came according to their former Right to wear their proper Habit to distinguish 'em from others Some may suppose that this speaks of honest Men of the Common-Council besides the honest Men of the Mysteries Whereas the Common-Council is plainly here mentioned as exegetical or explanatory of the honest Men of the Mysteries That is to say such honest Men of the Mysteries as are of the Common-Council and no others shall be present at the Elections Which as has appear'd were long before that Ordinance the Livery-men only If this and the other be not taken in this Sense then they neither confine the Election to Livery-men nor suppose the Livery-men only to have right to come but allow any Commoner who is chosen to the Common Council to Vote at the Elections tho' no Livery-man Whereas they who would derive the Authority of the Common-Hall from these Ordinances suppose that they restrain Elections to the Livery-men only But could it be imagin'd that those Ordinances or either of them is or are conceiv'd in terms importing a restriction of Elections to the Livery-men and that the Ordinances were made by a Common-Council chosen by the Wards it appears by the Ordinance which laid the moveable Foundation upon which following Common-Councils of the Wards have built up themselves besides other Evidences of the Superior Authority continuing in the Common-Hall the true Common-Council of the Mysteries or Crafts as it is called 8 R. II. That the force of such restraint could not proceed from the Authority of the Common-Council but that subsequent Common-Halls not having thought fit to alter this
THE RIGHTS AND AUTHORITY OF THE COMMONS OF THE City of LONDON In their COMMON-HALL assembled Particularly in the Choice and Discharge OF THEIR SHERIFFS Asserted and Cleared In Answer to the Vindication of the Lord-Mayor Court of Aldermen and Common-Council LONDON Printed in the Year MDCXCV The Rights and Authority of the Commons of the City of London in their Common Hall assembled Particularly in the Choice and Discharge of their Sheriffs asserted and cleared In Answer to the Vindication of the Lord-Mayor Court of Aldermen and Common-Council IF the present Controversy in the City of London be unhappy and ill-tim'd the blame of continuing if not of raising it must fall upon that Side which shall appear to have been in the wrong But since such a Contest is begun in some Respects the present Time may be thought propitious for bringing it to a fair Decision For 1. There is the less Danger in it because it happens chiefly among Men united in the same Cause and Common Interest who have always stood up for the Rights of the City and are likely to manage the Question who are principally entrusted with the Care of its Rights without Animosities and quietly to submit to Authority or Conviction 2. The Learning and Integrity of the present Judges and the Independency of their Places assure the right Side of Justice 3. If it could be imagin'd that they would be influenc'd by the Court It is an happiness that there is no colour to suspect that our present Ministry should interpose to the Prejudice of either's Right And as no Prince who is not truly popular himself can be pleas'd to have Power lodg'd in any great Body of his People the Common Hall could not in any Reign but this since Queen Elizabeth's have expected to bring on their Cause without great Disadvantage And certain it is there never was so great a Body of Men of more steady Loyalty to their Prince than this Common Hall is to his present Majesty King William Yet I cannot but hope that this Controversy may be ended without recourse to Westminster-Hall or the last resort to Parliament For to me it seems there wants nothing to the quieting the Controversy but the setting it in a true Light Which I shall endeavour to do with that faithfulness and impartiality which becomes a constant Servant to Truth and the Old English Liberties But I must premise that tho the Author of the pretended modest Essay runs the Dispute as high as if the Common-Council and Common-Hall were like Rome and Carthage The sole Point now in Question is Whether the Lord-Mayor and Court of Aldermen by themselves or in conjunction with the Common-Council as now composed or acting have rightful Power to discharge any Person whom the Citizens assembled in Common-Hall have chosen Sheriff and to exempt him or others from the Service for a Year or Years to come Bating what relates to the higher Controversy he uses but three Topicks to justify the defeating or vacating the Election of the Common-Hall I. The Resolution of the Judges 40 41 Eliz. II. By-Laws III. Custom Every one of which I shall shew to be fully against him and that both such By-Laws and Custom unless of another Nature than is or can be pretended would be absolutely void I. The Resolution of the Judges is no more in Substance than this That tho the Choice of Officers in Cities and Towns incorporated by Charters be granted to Mayor and Commonalty or the like yet antient and usual Elections by a certain select Number are warrantable by reason of By-Laws made to avoid popular Confusions by virtue of a Power of making By-Laws given by the Charters And that tho such By-Laws cannot be found they shall be presum'd and that this was by common Assent because of such especial manner of antient and continual Election And according to this Resolution the Elections are said to have been in the City of London But since the Common-Council do not pretend to chuse the Sheriffs otherwise than as part of the Common-Hall which has long been in possession of this Right it is evident that the Resolution of the Judges is so far from proving the pretended Authority of the Common-Council to set aside Elections made by the greater Body of the City that it manifests the illegality of the Attempt since according to this Resolution the Common-Hall is to this Purpose at least not only the fullest but the truest Representative or the Body of Citizens who according to Grotius his Distinction are the Common Subject of this Power while their Representatives assembled in Common-Hall are the Proper Subject by which it is exercised And if it were admitted that an Authority to make this Power useless or to weary them out of it were by some By-Law given to the Common-Council as now composed or that the Custom has so long been on their Side that such a By-Law is now to be presumed yet it is very evident that there is nothing to warrant it in that Resolution For besides that as I have observed already it only concerned Elections 1. The Case is only of such Provisions as have been made or are presumable to have been made to avoid popular Confusions which the Common-Council may if they please urge for the setting aside the Usage for Elections in Common-Hall But then they must consider that an Arbitrary Court would be sure to fight them with their own Weapon and with parity of Reason to set them aside And I submit it to their calm Consideration whether the indefeazibleness of Elections without the Consent of those who made them or the defeating them at the Pleasure of others and from time to time requiring a new Choice be the most likely to occasion popular Confusions 2. The Case put is only of Corporations by Charter and deriving their Power of making By-Laws from such Charters in most if not all of which that Power is by the Charters lodg'd in a select â—umber there appointed When as I shall shew the Citizens of London were a Body Politick with Power of making Laws for the Welfare of the City and had the â—hoice of their Portreve since called Mayor and of the Sheriff of their â—ity by Prescription before they had any Charter Which if they had tho the Sheriffwick of Middlesex were annex'd to London by Charter that would fall under the same Government and be subject to an Authority independent on any Charter especially if such Annexation has been before time of memory and confirmed by Acts of Parliament And further yet if it will appear that no Charter to the City of London about making By-Laws appoints any select Number for the exercice of this Power it will if possible be more evident that the Resolution of the Judges has nothing to support the Authority claim'd by the present Common-Council However it must be remember'd that the Resolution says Such especial manner of antient and continual Election
drawing to themselves Jurisdiction or Authority from a greater and higher Court in being and full exercice of Authority and of which they make but a small part yet what is call'd Argumentum ad Hominem is never to be neglected For to prove that those very Arguments in which Men place their Strength make directly against them is to disarm if not convince them To this end it may be of Service to shew what Provisions had formerly been made in this Matter and what has been omitted by the Vindicator out of the Order 7 C. 1. agreeing with those former Provisions In the 24 th of E. 3. a publick Act or Ordinance had been made which taking notice That many sufficient Persons us'd to absent themselves out of the City to avoid the Office of Sheriff by means whereof Persons less sufficient were chosen thro their Default to the great Mischief of them and to the Desolation of the City and so following to the great Jeopardy of the Franchises of the same Disfranchises such Absenters and allows of no Excuce unless they swear with six Vouchers that they did not absent themselves for that Purpose This was manifestly made in Common-Hall For one Evidence of which it is to be observâ—d that it was on the Feast of St. Matthew which had been the usual Day for such Elections till the Day was altered 19 H. 8. And it is observable that tho the Common-Council 19 H. 8. as some would think to colour their Authority to alter the Day and Penalty say it was ordain'd and establish'd by the Mayor Aldermen and Commons in their Common-Council 24 E. 3. yet it is plain it was the Common-Council of all those who assembled at that Day for the Election And the Common-Council 18 H. 8. voting that antient Act to be put in execution in the Case of one Hynde and of all other such Offenders calls it according to the Stile it had at the making An Ordinance made by Walter Turk Mayor Simon Franceys and others with the Assent of the whole City It will further appear that whatever Councils may before the time of that old Act have been summon'd to particular Purposes no Common-Council separate from them that used to assemble in the Common-Hall was ever settled as a standing Council of any considerable Authority before that time This publick Act of the whole City having therefore absolutely required all sufficient Persons chosen Sheriffs to serve upon pain of Disfranchisement and allowing of no Excuce but Insufficiency in Estate all Acts of Common-Council allowing any less or other Court to discharge sufficient Persons chosen or to exempt 'em from being chosen must be void in themselves And according to what the City has declared in its fullest Authority is the assuming a Power not only to injure those Persons who thro the Default of others serve before their turn Which is a stretch beyond the Exercice of a Dispensing Power by the most Arbitrary of our Kings But as it tends to the Desolation of the City and hazards the loss of its Franchises is beyond and contrary to any Power that they can pretend to for the making By-Laws which can be only for the Benefit of the City But in truth it will appear that Common-Councils after this solemn Declaration of the Sense of the City only took care to inforce the Substance of what was then enacted expressing what shall be adjudged Sufficiency and making other Penalties more likely to be effectual than the Bugbear of Disfranchisement can be with a wealthy Citizen who is above his Trade or any need of the Privileges of the City Wherefore the Common-Council 19 H. 8. having alter'd the Day of Election to a more convenient Day than the Feast of St. Matthew which was too near the Day on which Sheriffs were to be presented at the Exchequer making almost the same recital with the Act 24 E. 3. provides That if the Person chosen shall make Default he shall pay 200 l. to the Vse of the Commonalty of the City 100 l. of which shall be given to him who next serves thro his Default But expresly declares That every Person so making Default at all times be eligible unto the said Room and Office of Sheriffwick the said former Act or any ☞ thing therein contained to the contrary or the paiment of the said 200 l. for such Default notwithstanding Thus the By-Laws in this Matter stood till 13 Eliz. when an Order of Common-Council was made expresly affirming or confirming all former Acts of Common-Council and Decrees of Court herein Where Decrees of Court may well be taken to include the Decrees of the Common-Hall pronounc'd on the Hustings and consequently that 24 E. 3. as to the requiring Persons chosen to hold without any Excuce but Insufficiency stands affirm'd 13 Eliz. That of the 13 th of Eliz. continued the same Penalty as 19 H. 8. but made nothing under 2000 l. to be a sufficient Qualification Yet that as well as the Order 19 H. 8. stood in need of some amendment Wherefore 34 Eliz. it was prudently provided 1. That the Day of Election being within too few Days of the Time for presenting the Sheriffs at the Exchequer should be put back to the 24 th of June 2. There being no sufficient Means of securing the City before-hand that they might depend on a Person 's standing a Bond was required for that purpose 3. The Penalty proving over-mild it was rais'd from 200 l. to 400 Marks and if the Person chosen were an Alderman to 600 Marks 4. It was not express'd 19 H. 8. what Estate should qualify a Person for the Service and the Qualification required 13 Eliz. became insufficient wherefore the Order 34 Eliz. requir'd 5000 l. Upon these Accounts it repeal'd all former Orders about this Matter that a more effectual one might take place But then it must be agreed that till the 34 th of Eliz. there was no manner of colour to imagine that paying a Fine could discharge any Man without Consent of the Common-Hall And as it has appeared already that 7 Car. 1. made no Alteration herein or plac'd any Power of discharging or exempting where it had not been before Neither did that 37 Eliz. which that 7 C. 1. transcribes as to this Matter But notwithstanding the requisite Alterations made 34 Eliz. the Expensiveness of Shrievalties and Mens backwardness to hold occasioned the Provision 7 Car. 1. which has given Ground tho no true Colour for the present Dispute That Act repeals all former Acts of Common-Council but does not pretend to repeal any Act of Common-Hall So that all the Obligation which lay upon Citizens to be concluded by their own Consent publickly and solemnly declared 24 E. 3. still remains unshaken Nor does the Act 7 C. 1. repeal former Acts of Common-Council as too severely keeping Men to their Duty but for that the same have not taken so good Effect as might be wished by
reason that the Penalties and Forfeitures therein contained have been over-mil'd and thereby his Majesty's Services have been in danger of Prejudice and the good Citizens of this City by reason of the often refusals of the said Office of Shrievalty have been much troubled and disquieted The better to secure good Sheriffs it appoints the Day of Election to be the 24 th of June And that no Freeman of the said City so to be chosen or elected as aforesaid shall be exempted from the execution of the said Office of Shrievalty by supposition or excuce of defect or insufficiency of Wealth except he will voluntarily take his Corporal Oath before the Mayor and greater part of the Aldermen in open Court of Lord-Mayor and Aldermen for the Time being that he then is not of the Value of Ten thousand Pounds c. Now considering how the former Provisions were this is as much as if it said Whereas according to former By-Laws no sufficient Person is to be discharged or exempted from holding Sheriff and what was Sufficiency then is not so now but the Penalties upon sufficient Persons were over-mil'd therefore every sufficient Person chosen shall serve upoin pain of forfeiting the sum of 600 Marks if an Alderman and 400 l. if a Commoner unless he can swear as is hereby required Wherefore according to the plain scope and meaning of this Order and which indeed is expressed in that very Part which the Vindicator uses no Man is to be discharged or exempted but for insufficiency in Estate But however that Order were it is evident that the Act of Common-Hall 24 E. 3. is far from being antiquated or repealed and is of force as to the Obligation which the Body of the City laid upon every individual Person of the City and upon all Inferiour Courts or Councils and if the Penalty be duly taken away that will not weaken the Sanction of such a declaratory Law And surely no Man can say that because of this Alteration the exempting or discharging a sufficient Person from being Sheriff will not be to the Prejudice of less sufficient Persons who shall be oblig'd to serve before their turn or that it will not tend to the Desolation of the City and to the Hazard of its Franchises As I take it all the Citizens are precluded by this Act from saying otherwise than themselves did so long since by their Predecessors and yet speak in this their standing Law III. I come now to consider how the Custom has been which by what has already appeared could not signify much if it were contrary to these By-Laws and yet as I shall shew that is quite otherwise than the Vindicator would seem to believe In the 18 th Edw. II. one John Causton had been chosen Sheriff at the usual time he not appearing whether upon personal Notice by Order of the Common-Hall or upon a Proclamation is uncertain the Aldermen and Commons were summon'd to be at Guildhall the Michaelmas Day next following On which Day Causton was disfranchised and put out of his Aldermanship And one Alan Gill was chosen Sheriff and sworn Afterwards at the Hustings holden on Monday next after the Feast of Simon and Jude Causton came and put himself upon the Mercy of the Mayor Aldermen and Commonalty and begg'd to be restored to his former Estate proffering to take the Shrievalty upon him The Mayor Aldermen and Commons having the same Day consulted together and Respect being had to the Impotency or Insufficiency of Gill Causton was admitted to his former State and sworn Sheriff after which he was accepted and sworn at Westminster Observe 1. Here was a Disfranchisement by Common Hall before any Act of other Common Council was made in the Matter and indeed as it will appear before there was any other Common Council or any Authority to make By-Laws given or confirmed to the City by any Charter 2. The Common Hall restores a Man who had been disfranchised 3. It discharges a Man who had been actually sworn Sheriff To come to Times after the supposed Settlement of the present Common-Council and of the Livery Common-Hall In the 18 th Hen. 8. one Thomas Hinde was chosen Sheriff by the Common Hall He not appearing his Default was recorded and the Mayor directed the Persons that were of the Common Council of the City to resort up to their Place accustomed there to hold a Common Council and that all others should abide within the Hall In that Common Council the Ordinance above-mentioned 24 Edw. 3. was read and agreed to be put in execution Hynde not yet appearing it was shewn to the Commons by the Common Clerk in the Recorder's Absence that inasmuch as the City was destitute of a Sheriff and also in consideration that the Day of presenting the Sheriff at the Exchequer drew near they should immediately proceed to a new Election Then the Commons chose Simon Rice on a Saturday The Day for presenting the Sheriffs being the next Monday the Commons were appointed to meet on the Sunday But Rice not being to be found such Persons as were of the Common-Council were again ordered to resort up to their Place accustomed to Council where it was ordered that every Citizen who had depâ—â—â—ed out of the City since the Friday before should forfeit 20 l. Thereupon the Commons being ordered to proceed to another Election chose William Robins who appearing before the Lord Mayor Aldermen and Commons swore before them all that he was not worth 1000 Marks upon which Oath he was immediately clearly dismissed The Commons being again commanded by the Mayor to proceed to a new Election the Mayor and Aldermen returned to the great Chamber in whose Absence the Commons chose Mr. William Lok who making humble Supplication to the Mayor Aldermen and Commons shewed them that considering his Youth and great Charges he was nothing apt nor liable to take the Office upon him which Mayor Aldermen and Commons having Pity and Compassion of the said Mr. William Lok upon his said Declaration clearly discharged him for that time without making of any Oath The Commons being commanded to proceed to a new Election the Mayor and Aldermen withdrew as before and the Commons chose Mr. Nicholas Lamberd who was sworn Sheriff At this time it is evident beyond Contradiction that though the Lord Mayor gave the Rule as Chief in the Common-Hall and he with the Common-Council in the Council-Chamber set the Penalty upon Absenters the Discharge of the Persons chosen was in the Common-Hall and the Act of the Common Hall Within three Years after this the Authority of the Common-Hall in this Matter exclusive of all other Powers is asserted in a very remarkable Instance They having chosen Sheriff one Mr. Ralph Rowlet an Officer in the Royal Mint the King wrote to the Mayor and Citizens shewing that Mr. Rowlet was occupied in the Charge of the Mint and therefore
transacted in the first Common-Hall where Richmond petition'd the whole Commons as well as the Mayor and Aldermen for a Discharge which he could not then obtain and further the Commons agreed That he should be committed to Prison Wherein they with the Mayor and Aldermen acted as a Court of Justice and Common-Council If the Council of the City which urg'd an Act of Common-Council were the Common-Council it self then it is evident that they acted there but as of Counsel or Advice to the Common-Hall in which that Entry places the Authority of Discharging If they were the Cities Counsel at Law who mention'd this then the Common-Council had no share in any part of that Transaction otherwise than as part of the Common-Council in Common-Hall assembled who consented to the committing Richmond Still some will hang upon that part of the Entry concerning the Second Common-Hall where Richmond is said to be discharged by the said Common-Counsail there holden When it manifestly was the very same Body of Men to whom he petitioned for a Discharge which he could not then obtain and by whose Consent he was committed to Prison for his Disobedience and Obstinacy To give colour to their Sense they must have it that tho' Richmond sued to the Mayor Aldermen Common-Council and Common who would not then discharge him and tho' after he had fined all met to discharge him and chuse another yet the Commons met only to chuse another and the Mayor Aldermen and Common-Council to discharge him And tho' the Discharge is plainly shewn to have been in Common-Hall where the Common-Council cannot pretend to act as a Council with Authority and that at length after the Commons as well as the Common-Council had been applied to by the Recorder yet they must fansie that the Common-Council withdrew out of the Common-Hall and went up to the Council-Chamber to make a particular Order for his Discharge Of which there is not the least mention or intimation in relation to that Second Common-Hall But as this is meer Imagination not only without ground but directly contrary to the careful and solemn entry of the Proceedings from the beginning to the end it is evident That the Common-Council was but part of the Common-Counsail there holden consisting of Mayor Aldermen Common-Council and other Commoners Farther yet if it should appear by other Evidences as I make no doubt but it will That the Commons of the City with their Officers and Council assembled in their Common-Hall or other Folk-mote in their own Persons or by Representation have from long before the reputed Conquest to this Day been and continued the Common-Council of the City and that the Common-Hall wherein Richmond was discharged from serving Sheriff was a true Representative of all the Commons it will be certain that all together were properly called a Common-Counsail And if the Common-Hall as now compos'd be the same with that which discharg'd Richmond it will also follow That the Right of Discharging belongs to this Common-Hall And that it is the true Common-Counsail or rather Council of the City Take all the Precedents together as they strengthen and give Light to one another and I think there can be no question but they will so explain and govern following Orders of Common-Council that not one of them shall be taken as a Precedent to the Contrary Unless it can be shewn that the Person discharged by the Common-council has been look'd upon in Law as duly discharged before the Commons have allowed of the Discharge by proceeding to a new Choice and even tho' they absolutely refus'd to chuse again However lest it should be thought that all the Entries since the Reign of H. VIII to 7 Car. I. when the Order was made on which the Vindicator lays his chief stress are on the Side of the Common-Council I shall give the Words of the Journal of the Common-Hall 1 Eliz. which may govern all the Entries to 7 Car. I. Common Hall In Congregatione Majoris Aldror ' Communitatis Civitatis Lond ' apud Cuihalde xxi Die Sept ' Anno Reg ' dnae Eliz. Dei Grat ' Ang ' Franciae Hiberniae Reg ' Fidei Defensor ' c. primo Forasmuch as Mr. Walter Jobson Citizen and Cloth-worker of the said City of London who was lawfully elect and chosen the 11th Day of August last past by the Commons of this City one of the Sheriffs of the same City and of the County of Middlesex for the Year next ensuing after the Feast of St. Michael the Arch-Angel now next ensuing hath since that time signified and given sufficient knowledge unto my said Lord-Mayor and Aldermen that he by reason of Sickness and debility of Body wherewith he a long time hath been and yet is fore vexed detain'd and troubled as he saith is not in any wise able to take upon him the exercice and execution of the same Office accordingly In consideration whereof the said Commons have this Day eftsoons assembled for the Election of one other able and sufficient Person to bear and exercise the said Room and Office of Shrievalty for the said time in the stead aâ—d place of the said Mr. Jobson did this Day elect and chuse Mr. Roger Martin Alderman one of the Sheriffs of the said City and County of Middlesex to have occupy and exercise the said Office of Shrievalty from the Feast of St. Michael the Arch-Angel now next coming unto the Feast of St. Michael the Arch-Angel then next ensuing accâ—rding to the ancient custom of this City in that behalf Here observe 1. That in the First of Eliz. the Common-Hall was a Court which kept the Journals of its Proceedings 2. That the Matter of which the Mayor and Aldermen had taken Cognizance was not within any By-Law So that they could not pretend to any Authority to discharge Nor is it said that the Party was discharged tho' they were satisfied that he was not able to hold Wherefore this Matter represented to the Common-Hall could be no more than as the Opinion and Advice of the Mayor and Aldermen 3. Accordingly the Common-Hall takes the Matter into consideration For they being assembled for the Election of another did elect in consideration of the Matter represented to them in Common-Hall 4. To put this Matter beyond Controversie it is observable That no Common-Council was held upon this Occasion and there is no colour of Authority or ancient Usage pretended for the Mayor and Aldermen to discharge without the Consent of the Common-Council Therefore Mr. Jobson must have been discharged by the Common-Hall or otherwise he continued Sheriff which 't is certain he did not 5. No other discharge of the Party is mentioned or implied than the Common-Hall's proceeding to a new Choice And if in any following Instances they have proceeded to new Elections upon such Inducements as they had at the respective times whether upon taking Fines or otherwise the Entries of Clerks can be no Prejudice
Liberties of the City rested in the whole Body of the Freemen and the whole Body of them have regularly voted in making Laws for the Benefit and Government of the City before they had any Charters and since 2. That whoever are legally possess'd of the publick Common-Hall are intituled to all the Authority which the whole Body ever had especially in those Matters wherein the present Possessors exercise Authority and that the Livery-men have this Right 3. That a Representation of the Commons by the Mysteries was settled in the Council-Chamber with Authority to make By-Laws before any Common-Council of the present Form had such Authority And however that the Authority of that Council was soon taken away by Act of Common-Hall and lodg'd for some time in the Representation by the Mysteries 4. That whoever are intituled to the Council-Chamber that Council is a meer Creature and Committee of the Common-Hall by it entrusted with the dispatch of some things and for preparing others for its ease And whatever Power they have about Circumstances cannot by their Act deprive the Common-Hall of any Right 5. That there is no colour to believe that the Common-Hall as now compos'd received its Being or Authority from such Common-Council as now acts or from any thing but the general Consent of the Freemen express'd in some Act of Common-Hall before the Time of E. 4. or imply'd in the long submission of the rest of the Freemen before that Time or since 1. As I before observ'd the Confessor's Law derives the City's Laws Rights Dignities and Royal Customs from its first Foundation I may add that it says in every County there ought to be a Folkmote on the first of the Kalends of October there to provide who shall be Sheriff and who shall be their Heretochs and there to hear their just Precepts by the Counsel and Assent of the Peers and Judgment of the Folkmote That London had such a Folkmote and the Judgment of that Folkmote extended to the making By-Laws before the Time of the Confessor appears by the following Instance In the Time of King Athelstan above 120 Years before the reputed Conquest Laws had been made at Gratelie Exeter and Winresfeld or rather the Laws made at Gratelie were ratified at the two other Places all the wise Men not being able to meet at the first These Laws are not only received by the Earls or rather Companions and Townsmen or Citizens of London but they make considerable Additions to them for the Good of the City Their Act or Judgment is called the Constitution which the Bishops and Head-boroughs who belong to the Court of London have made or published and which the Earls or rather Companions or Companies and Townsmen have confirm'd by Oath in their Free-Gild There among other things they provide that no Thief above 12 Years old found guilty by Inquisition or upon Trial shall be spared And that he who was rob'd having receiv'd his Capital or Principal the King should have half the Society should share the rest with the Lord of whom he held Book-Land or Bishops-Land It provides for a Common Stock for the Good of all and that all in common shall inquire into the disposal of it It settles Decennaries or Tythings and that there shall be one over 'em who shall summon them for their common Profit and take an Account what they send when they are to contribute or be taxed and what when they receive Money by Order of all the Citizens upon their treating together With other Particulars which I need not mention this being enough to shew their Authority at Common Law before the reputed Conquest Then which was above 750 Years since they had their Guildhall and as the Confessor's Law shews their Court of the Hustings which in that Law is spoken of as an antient Court and all things of Moment seem to have been transacted there till the Numbers of Freemen so encreased that they could not all meet in the Hall but were forc'd to keep their Folkmotes in the open Air at St. Paul's Cross where was a very wide Field before there were Buildings to the Water-side I shall not detain the Reader with the many Presidents of their Assemblies there upon all emergent Occasions but must observe that as late as 19 E. 2. they prescribed to a Right of holding Assemblies there I shall give but one Instance how early the Aldermen with those who called themselves the more discreet of the City would have usurp'd upon the Rights of the Commons in their Guildhall or Folkmote in the open Air. At the end of H. 3 's Reign the Citizens according to Custom had met in Guildhall for the Election of a Mayor the Aldermen and more discreet of the City would have chosen Philip the Taylor the Commonalty contradicted it with great Noise and chose one Hervey and placed him in the Chair Upon this the Aldermen and their Party complain to the King that they were over-run by the Commonalty The People follow'd them with great Noise to the Disturbance of the King who lay upon his Death-bed and cried that they were the Commons and to them belong'd the Election of a Mayor The others said they were the Head and the People but the Members the King's Council put them off till next Day and bid Hervey not to come to Court with more than ten in his Company However he summoned all the Citizens except those who adhered to the Aldermen And next Day a vast Number of Horse and Foot came to Westminster The King's Council finding they could not agree threatned to amove Hervey and put a Custos over them To avoid which they agreed that five should be chosen of each side to settle who should be Mayor However this being in Diminution of the Right of the Commons took no effect H. 3. dying the Archbishop the Earl of Glocester and others of the Nobility came into the City where they caused E. 1. to be proclaimed King and then went into Guildhall where a Common Hall was then assembled and enquiring about the Business of the Mayor the Aldermen told them the Matter was left to Arbitration The Earl of Glocester not valuing this bids them hold a Folkmote the next Day at St. Paul's Cross and he should be the Mayor to whose Election the major Part of the City should assent The great Men going into the Church with the Aldermen perswaded them to yield upon which Hervey was declared Mayor before all the People And thus were they in full Possession of their Right 1 E. 1. That this People who had the Right to carry Elections and other Matters in Guild-hall or their Folkmote in the open Air were the Freemen appears by the Words of some of their Charters declaratory of their antient Right Many of which are granted to the Citizens which the Charter pass'd in Parliament 1 E. 3. explains
the Common Seal which was in his Custody without the Assent of the Aldermen and others which others as I could shew were to be particularly chosen by the Common-Hall for that purpose For these Offences among others against the whole Commonalty of the City and contrary to his Oath he was judicially degraded from his Aldermanship and for ever incapacitated to be of the Council of the Citizens which was plainly a depriving him of his former Right of voting in Gildhall and indeed a Disfranchisement as it turn'd him out of the Gild. And thus I find Privileges in Canterbury granted to all the Burgesses of the Gild of Merchants 5. The present Possession of the Common-Hall is or must be agreed to be a legal Possession and therefore in all things which they have not parted with the Possessors are the legal Successors to them who exercised Power in greater Numbers 6. Even when those Numbers could regularly meet they were concluded by such a Number as came upon general Notice though the Number which met were very small according to the Resolution 33 Eliz. in the Case of the Vestry of St. Saviour's in Southwark 7. Though it may be proved that the great Barons in Parliament were antiently only those who held by Baronies or were created in Parliament yet those who have been made Peers by Patent or Writ succeed to the same Jurisdiction as they are possessed of the same House which the Lords formerly had 8. A Corporation by one Name is entituled to the prescriptional Rights which that City or Town had by another Name And thus it was held that though the Town of Colchester was incorporated by the Name of Bayliffs and Commonalty the Mayor and Commonalty might prescribe to the antient Customs of that Town That the Livery-men have such a Right to the Common-Hall appears by their long Possession for which according to the Resolutions of Judges before-mentioned we are to presume that there had been the express Assent of the Body of Freemen or of such of them as met upon a general Summons If I shew an Act of Common-Hall as antient as the Time of E. 3. for the Mysteries to chuse such as should represent the Commons which I shall have Occasion to shew under the next Head if we find that they had been represented in Common-Hall by the Mysteries before that Time and downwards to this Day and no Act of Common-Council or Common-Hall will appear to have first settled the Right of Elections in the Livery-men of the Mysteries then it will be evident that tho Originally the Mysteries might have been represented by such as they should chuse from time to time It is to be presumed that they agreed to be represented by the Livery-men as a standing Representative 8 E. 2. above 30 Years before the Pretence to any Act of Common-Council or Common-Hall which may be thought to restrain the Freemen from the exercice of the Power originally vested in them I find a Writ to prohibit the Multitude from meeting to chuse a Mayor and Sheriffs alledging that such Elections for Times past us'd to be made by the more discreet Men of the City especially summon'd But then lest this special Summons should seem at the Discretion of the Mayor and Aldermen it forbids all to meet unless specially summon'd or at the Time bound to come And a Proclamation which was publish'd in the City in pursuance of that Writ says That no Man upon pain of Imprisonment shall come to any Election but Mayor Sheriff Alderman and other good People of the chief of the City who by the Mysteries are especially summon'd to come thither or to whom it belongs to be there These Representatives of the Mysteries according to what I have before observed of the legal Possession of the Common-Hall are to be supposed to have been the Livery-men and none others but because the Partiality of the Masters and Wardens might occasion the not summoning some of the Livery-men therefore there is Liberty left for them who had Right to come though not summoned That they and none others had this Right will further appear when I come to prove that no Act can be found from whence their Right exclusive of others is or could be derived or so much as occasioned 3. That a Representation of the Commons by the Mysteries was settled in the Council-Chamber with Authority to make By-laws before any Common-Council of the present Form had any such Authority And however that the very Being of a Council of the present Form was soon taken away by Act of Common-Hall and a Representation by the Mysteries settled in their Places with greater Authority will appear very evidently I must agree that 20 E. 3. it was ordered by the Common-Hall That every Alderman at the holding of his Wardmote yearly should cause 8 6 or 4 of the ablest and wisest of his Ward to be chosen to treat of the Affairs concerning the Commonalty of the City But upon this it is observable 1. That though according to the Lord Coke the Wardmote is of the Nature of an Hundred Court that is in relation to the Districts or Divisions of the City and chiefly as to the Returns of Juries but in Relation to the present Debate it is more fully of the Nature of a Court Leet where all Resiants are obliged to attend and upon the Account of Resiancy are to bear Offices and contribute in several things together with the Citizens who in this Respect are as the Barons or Free-Tenents of a Mannor Wherefore this Order does not restrain Foreigners from being Electors or elected 2. This is not said to be appointed for the Common-Council of the City but in truth the Common-Hall as they were before then continued the only Common-Council Nor taking the Original Entry of that Order to import more than Affairs does the treating of the Affairs concerning the Commonalty in this Place imply more than such Affairs as concern them according to their Divisions by Wards in the Choice of Constables or the like or the assessing of Aids and Tallages for which Purpose I find certain Numbers in every Ward appointed very antiently before there is the least Pretence of the Settlement of any other Common-Council besides the Common-Hall But it is far from appearing that the Men of the Wards appointed to treat of Affairs 20 E. 3. were to treat of such as concerned the Commonalty as divided or acting by Mysteries Or however if the treating of Affairs extends to all the Affairs of the City it can here imply no more than treating of them by way of Advice to that supreme Power in the City which made them what they were and divested it self of no Authority nor indeed could any form of Words have passed away the Authority of that much less of succeeding Common-Halls And it is certain that antiently whatever Power the Common-Hall placed elsewhere they never thought