put_v on_o a_o clean_a shirt_n if_o the_o russian_a woman_n be_v as_o constant_a church-woman_n as_o our_o lady_n they_o will_v be_v oblige_v to_o build_v their_o porch_n big_a than_o the_o church_n most_o of_o these_o festival_n be_v also_o solemnize_v among_o the_o muscovite_n with_o procession_n among_o which_o that_o upon_o palm-sunday_n represent_v the_o entrance_n of_o our_o saviour_n into_o jerusalem_n be_v perform_v in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n and_o the_o patriarch_n himself_o in_o the_o city_n of_o moscow_n and_o throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n by_o the_o wayvode_n and_o metropolitan_o of_o the_o province_n who_o represent_v the_o great_a duke_n and_o patriarch_n the_o great_a duke_n go_v from_o the_o castle_n palm-sunday_n processâ—â—on_n palm-sunday_n with_o the_o patriarch_n to_o the_o church_n call_v jerusalem_n without_o the_o castle-gate_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n after_o a_o hundred_o or_o more_o scavenger_n have_v clear_v the_o way_n through_o which_o the_o procession_n be_v to_o pass_v there_o first_o come_v a_o very_a large_a chariot_n most_o like_a a_o pageant_n draw_v by_o six_o horse_n in_o which_o be_v place_v a_o tree_n garnish_v with_o abundance_n of_o apple_n fig_n and_o grape_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o branch_n round_o about_o it_o be_v place_v four_o or_o five_o lad_n with_o surplisses_n sing_v hosannah_n next_o to_o the_o chariot_n come_v a_o great_a many_o priest_n in_o their_o surplice_n and_o cope_n some_o carry_v book_n and_o cross_n other_o banner_n and_o image_n upon_o long_a pole_n some_o sing_v other_o cast_z incense_n among_o the_o people_n after_o these_o march_v the_o duke_n factor_n and_o merchant_n then_o the_o secretary_n knez_fw-fr and_o boyare_n who_o go_v immediate_o before_o the_o great_a duke_n most_o of_o they_o with_o palm_n twig_n in_o their_o hand_n the_o grand_a duke_n himself_o march_v on_o foot_n rich_o clad_v with_o a_o crown_a bonnet_n upon_o his_o head_n support_v on_o both_o side_n by_o two_o of_o the_o principal_a bojare_n or_o counsellor_n of_o state_n and_o lead_v by_o the_o bridle_n which_o be_v three_o or_o four_o yard_n long_v the_o patriarch_n horse_n this_o horse_n which_o be_v cover_v all_o over_o with_o a_o white_a fine_a linen_n cloth_n be_v disguise_v like_o a_o ass_n with_o great_a artificial_a ear_n upon_o which_o the_o patriarch_n ride_v sideling_o have_v upon_o his_o head_n a_o round_a low_o crown_v cap_n with_o a_o narrow_a brim_n line_v with_o ermine_n and_o rich_o beser_fw-ge with_o pearl_n over_o which_o appear_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o diadem_n in_o his_o right_a hand_n he_o have_v a_o cross_n of_o diamond_n wherewith_o he_o bless_v the_o people_n who_o receive_v his_o benediction_n with_o very_o low_a submission_n bow_v their_o head_n to_o the_o ground_n and_o make_v the_o sign_n of_o the_o cross_n he_o be_v surround_v by_o metropolitan_o and_o other_o priest_n whereof_o some_o carry_v book_n other_o censer_n as_o they_o pass_v along_o there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n of_o boy_n place_v on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o way_n some_o of_o which_o pull_v off_o their_o upper_a garment_n which_o they_o scatter_v along_o the_o way_n other_o lay_v piece_n of_o cloth_n of_o several_a yardâ—_n long_o upon_o the_o ground_n for_o the_o great_a duke_n and_o 〈◊〉_d to_o pass_v over_o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o thus_o they_o march_v to_o the_o above_o mention_v church_n where_o have_v stay_v above_o 〈◊〉_d a_o hour_n they_o return_v in_o the_o same_o order_n till_o they_o come_v to_o a_o certain_a platform_n where_o the_o patriarch_n after_o have_v present_v the_o czar_n and_o some_o of_o the_o bojare_n with_o palm-twig_n take_v off_o the_o great_a duke_n cap_n and_o have_v lay_v it_o upon_o a_o silver_n plate_n he_o present_v his_o diamond-cross_n to_o he_o to_o kiss_v this_o be_v do_v with_o a_o most_o profound_a reverence_n by_o the_o czar_n the_o patriarch_n wave_v it_o on_o high_a all_o round_o about_o first_o towards_o those_o upon_o the_o platform_n who_o also_o receive_v this_o benediction_n with_o the_o utmost_a respect_n and_o then_o to_o all_o the_o people_n who_o at_o the_o same_o instant_a prostrate_a themselves_o upon_o the_o ground_n especial_o the_o czar_n guard_n that_o attend_v there_o and_o upon_o this_o occasion_n appear_v the_o most_o zealous_a in_o their_o devotion_n they_o conclude_v with_o some_o hymn_n which_o have_v lengthen_v the_o whole_a devotion_n to_o a_o hour_n the_o procession_n march_v from_o thence_o back_o to_o the_o castle_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o they_o go_v first_o to_o the_o church_n the_o patriarch_n as_o a_o acknowledgement_n of_o the_o honour_n receive_v from_o his_o czarrish_a majesty_n in_o lead_v his_o horse_n present_v he_o with_o a_o purse_n contain_v to_o the_o value_n of_o a_o hundred_o guineas_n eight_o day_n after_o this_o procession_n be_v the_o feast_n of_o easter_n easter_n their_o easter_n which_o the_o muscovite_n celebrate_v with_o great_a ceremony_n and_o rejoice_n as_o well_o in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o resurrection_n of_o our_o saviour_n as_o that_o it_o put_v a_o end_n to_o their_o mortification_n which_o they_o have_v endure_v in_o their_o lent_n their_o rejoice_n continue_v for_o 15_o day_n during_o which_o they_o feast_n one_o another_o with_o all_o manner_n of_o good_a cheer_n and_o to_o make_v thmselves_fw-mi a_o full_a amends_o for_o their_o suffering_n during_o the_o lent_n they_o ply_v the_o drinking-house_n so_o warm_o that_o they_o be_v fill_v up_o every_o where_n with_o person_n of_o all_o sort_n man_n and_o woman_n ecclesiastic_n and_o laic_n and_o the_o street_n almost_o not_o to_o be_v pass_v for_o the_o multitude_n of_o drunkard_n at_o night_n they_o sell_v for_o these_o fifteen_o day_n egg_n ready_a dâ—ed_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o colour_n but_o especial_o of_o a_o red_a or_o crimson_a which_o they_o send_v as_o prâ—â—â—nts_n to_o one_o another_o to_o some_o one_o some_o two_o some_o three_o and_o if_o they_o meet_v one_o another_o in_o this_o 〈◊〉_d they_o salute_v one_o another_o with_o these_o word_n christ_n wos_n chrest_n that_o be_v christ_n be_v rise_v whereto_o the_o other_o have_v answer_v wâ—stin_n wo_v chre_v that_o be_v he_o be_v certain_o rise_v they_o kiss_v one_o another_o he_o that_o salute_v first_o be_v oblige_v to_o present_v the_o other_o with_o a_o egg_n no_o body_n of_o what_o condition_n sex_n or_o quality_n soever_o dare_v to_o refuse_v either_o the_o kiss_n or_o the_o egg._n the_o great_a duke_n himself_o do_v not_o only_o present_a egg_n to_o the_o principal_a counsellor_n and_o lord_n of_o his_o court_n but_o also_o to_o his_o military_a officer_n reside_v in_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n who_o all_o come_v to_o kiss_v his_o hand_n and_o his_o majesty_n impart_v to_o they_o his_o royal_a benediction_n they_o have_v many_o such_o like_a procession_n october_n procession_n on_o the_o first_o of_o october_n upon_o several_a occasion_n and_o the_o great_a duke_n go_v frequent_o on_o pilgrimage_n with_o his_o whole_a court_n the_o first_o of_o october_n be_v among_o other_o day_n celebrate_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o ceremony_n the_o great_a duke_n attend_v by_o his_o bojare_n and_o officer_n of_o his_o household_n and_o the_o patriarch_n accompany_v by_o some_o metropolitan_o and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o other_o priest_n with_o book_n and_o cross_n in_o their_o hand_n go_v in_o procession_n to_o the_o same_o church_n we_o have_v mention_v before_o call_v by_o they_o that_o of_o the_o bless_a trinity_n and_o by_o the_o german_n and_o most_o other_o stranger_n jerusalem_n but_o before_o they_o come_v quite_o to_o the_o church_n there_o be_v a_o theatre_n erect_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o go_v to_o it_o rail_v in_o all_o about_o before_o which_o be_v plant_v two_o great_a piece_n of_o cannon_n whereof_o the_o boar_n be_v near_o half_a a_o ell_n diameter_n the_o grand_a duke_n and_o patriarch_n without_o admit_v any_o body_n else_o be_v get_v within_o the_o rail_n upon_o the_o theatre_n the_o patriarch_n present_v to_o the_o great_a duke_n a_o certain_a image_n paint_v upon_o a_o piece_n of_o pasteboard_n which_o fold_v together_o in_o the_o middle_a not_o unlike_o a_o book_n and_o be_v enrich_v with_o silver_n at_o the_o four_o corner_n to_o which_o the_o czar_n make_v a_o very_a low_a reverence_n touch_v it_o with_o his_o forehead_n whilst_o the_o priest_n without_o the_o rail_n be_v mutter_v over_o certain_a prayer_n appoint_v for_o that_o solemnity_n this_o do_v the_o patriarch_n present_v to_o he_o a_o golden_a cross_n beset_v with_o diamond_n of_o about_o a_o foot_n in_o length_n which_o after_o the_o great_a duke_n have_v kiss_v the_o patriarch_n touch_v his_o forehead_n and_o temple_n with_o it_o and_o so_o to_o church_n they_o go_v where_o the_o service_n be_v perform_v and_o the_o solemnity_n end_v for_o that_o day_n with_o no_o less_o
the_o absolute_a power_n they_o have_v over_o their_o subject_n life_n and_o fortune_n they_o may_v be_v parallel_v at_o least_o if_o not_o prefer_v to_o the_o emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n in_o particular_a with_o a_o description_n of_o its_o chief_a city_n mvscovy_n as_o have_v be_v mention_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n be_v common_o divide_v into_o four_o part_n viz._n in_o the_o two_o northern_a part_n border_v on_o sweden_n and_o tartary_n the_o southern_a muscovy_n and_o the_o tartarian_a kingdom_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o russian_a empire_n we_o will_v in_o this_o chapter_n treat_v of_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n in_o particular_a reserve_v its_o more_o northern_a province_n to_o the_o follow_v and_o the_o description_n of_o the_o tartarian_a kingdom_n of_o astrachan_n casan_n siberia_n and_o other_o tartarian_a country_n call_v muscovy_n proper_o so_o call_v to_o the_o four_o and_o five_o chapter_n the_o southern_a muscovy_n comprehend_v ten_o province_n the_o first_o be_v the_o province_n of_o muscovy_n proper_o so_o call_v which_o have_v communicate_v its_o name_n to_o the_o whole_a empire_n it_o be_v a_o flat_a country_n beautify_v with_o great_a store_n of_o forest_n most_o of_o they_o of_o sir_n and_o beech-tree_n lakes_n and_o river_n abound_v in_o every_o thing_n requisite_a for_o the_o sustenance_n of_o human_a life_n the_o forest_n abound_v with_o honey_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o game_n as_o the_o plain_n do_v with_o grass_n and_o corn_n and_o the_o river_n and_o lake_n furnish_v the_o whole_a country_n with_o a_o prodigious_a quantity_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o fish_n except_o carp_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v here_o or_o if_o they_o be_v in_o some_o place_n they_o eat_v harsh_a and_o be_v quite_o neglect_v in_o a_o country_n where_o they_o have_v such_o store_n of_o the_o best_a fish_n in_o the_o world_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o this_o province_n be_v musco_n musco_n a_o description_n of_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n to_o which_o it_o have_v give_v its_o name_n as_o it_o have_v derive_v its_o own_o from_o the_o river_n moska_n which_o pass_v through_o and_o divide_v that_o part_n of_o the_o city_n call_v strelitza_n slaâ—oda_n from_o the_o rest_n and_o after_o have_v receive_v the_o two_o small_a river_n of_o neglina_n and_o yagusa_n and_o join_v its_o current_n with_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la fall_v afterward_o into_o the_o great_a river_n wolga_n it_o be_v situate_v in_o a_o very_a fair_a plain_n betwixt_o the_o three_o abovementioned_a river_n its_o figure_n be_v almost_o circular_a contain_v in_o its_o circumference_n fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o mile_n at_o least_o though_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o conflagration_n which_o frequent_o happen_v in_o this_o city_n both_o its_o form_n and_o extent_n do_v not_o continue_v many_o year_n in_o the_o same_o condition_n it_o lie_v almost_o in_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n be_v at_o a_o equal_a distance_n from_o the_o frontier_n which_o on_o either_o side_n be_v above_o 600_o mile_n it_o be_v elevation_n be_v 55_o degree_n and_o 36_o min._n latitude_n its_o longitude_n 66_o degree_n before_o the_o crim_n tartar_n in_o the_o year_n 1571_o destroy_v it_o and_o the_o pole_n burn_v it_o to_o the_o ground_n all_o but_o the_o castle_n in_o the_o year_n 1611._o it_o be_v doubtless_o much_o big_a than_o it_o be_v now_o nevertheless_o there_o be_v by_o computation_n number_v near_o â—0000_n house_n â—0000_n â—0000_n this_o with_o the_o largeness_n of_o its_o street_n and_o the_o interval_n betwixt_o the_o house_n make_v it_o one_o of_o the_o great_a and_o most_o considerable_a though_o not_o the_o most_o populous_a city_n of_o europe_n the_o city_n of_o musco_n like_o most_o of_o all_o the_o other_o town_n in_o muscovy_n be_v build_v all_o of_o wood_n except_o the_o palace_n of_o person_n of_o the_o first_o rank_n some_o church_n and_o chapel_n and_o the_o house_n of_o some_o very_a rich_a merchant_n which_o be_v of_o brick_n or_o stone_n it_o be_v the_o general_a custom_n throughout_o all_o muscovy_n to_o build_v their_o â—ouses_n of_o wood_n make_v up_o of_o beam_n and_o cross-piece_n of_o fir_n lay_v and_o join_v one_o upon_o another_o the_o vacuity_n be_v fill_v up_o with_o moss_n they_o be_v cover_v with_o bark_n of_o tree_n upon_o which_o they_o sometime_o lie_v another_o cover_n of_o turff_n the_o better_a to_o defend_v themselves_o against_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o winter-season_n the_o street_n of_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n be_v very_o spacious_a and_o handsome_a enough_o in_o dry_a wether_n but_o after_o the_o least_o rain_n very_o dirty_a and_o will_v for_o some_o time_n of_o the_o year_n be_v render_v quite_o unpassable_a be_v it_o not_o for_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o fir_n post_n which_o be_v lay_v across_o the_o street_n like_o a_o bridge_n serve_v instead_o of_o a_o pavement_n the_o combustible_a matter_n of_o which_o their_o house_n be_v compose_v together_o with_o the_o carelessness_n and_o disorderly_a housekeep_n of_o the_o muscovite_n they_o be_v much_o give_v to_o drunkenness_n make_v their_o house_n very_a subject_n to_o the_o mischance_n of_o fire_n in_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n there_o be_v certain_a interval_n leave_v from_o place_n to_o place_n and_o the_o soon_o to_o quench_v the_o fury_n of_o the_o flame_n the_o guard_n and_o watch_n in_o the_o nighttime_n carry_v pole-ax_n wherewith_o they_o instant_o break_v down_o the_o next_o adjoin_v house_n to_o those_o that_o be_v on_o fire_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o precaution_n there_o be_v seldom_o a_o week_n without_o some_o damage_n do_v by_o fire_n which_o however_o the_o muscovite_n be_v the_o less_o disturb_v at_o by_o how_o much_o more_o common_a it_o be_v and_o may_v be_v repair_v without_o any_o considerable_a loss_n to_o the_o owner_n their_o furniture_n consist_v common_o of_o a_o few_o bench_n only_a which_o also_o serve_v instead_o of_o bed_n and_o some_o earthen_a or_o wooden_a dish_n and_o as_o for_o their_o house_n they_o be_v almost_o as_o soon_o repair_v as_o lose_v there_o be_v a_o certain_a market_n without_o the_o white_a wall_n of_o this_o city_n where_o at_o a_o very_a easy_a rate_n wood_n be_v so_o over-plenty_n in_o this_o country_n they_o buy_v a_o house_n of_o what_o bigness_n they_o please_v ready_o build_v which_o in_o a_o little_a time_n be_v take_v down_o and_o transport_v to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o other_o house_n stand_v before_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o this_o great_a city_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o distinct_a quarter_n or_o circuit_n quarter_n musco_n divide_v into_o four_o quarter_n the_o first_o which_o the_o muscovite_n call_v cataygorod_n or_o the_o mid-city_n mid-city_n cataygorod_n or_o the_o mid-city_n be_v situate_v in_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o other_o be_v divide_v from_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o brick_n wall_n call_v cresne_n stenna_n or_o red_a stone_n and_o surround_v almost_o by_o the_o two_o river_n of_o mosca_n and_o neglina_n the_o first_o pass_v by_o it_o on_o the_o south_n and_o join_v with_o the_o latter_a on_o the_o north-side_n behind_o the_o castle_n musco_n the_o castle_n of_o musco_n the_o castle_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n call_v cremelena_n by_o the_o russian_n take_v up_o near_o one_o half_a of_o it_o be_v at_o least_o two_o mile_n in_o circumference_n and_o very_o well_o fortify_v with_o a_o triple_a strong_a wall_n very_o well_o mount_v with_o cannon_n and_o strengthen_v by_o a_o very_a good_a ditch_n the_o palace_n itself_o stand_v at_o the_o further_a end_n of_o the_o castle_n next_o adjoin_v to_o that_o of_o the_o patriarch_n be_v build_v of_o stone_n after_o the_o italian_a manner_n about_o fifty_o year_n ago_o notwithstanding_o which_o the_o czar_n use_v during_o the_o winter-season_n to_o eat_v and_o to_o sleep_v in_o some_o apartment_n make_v of_o wood_n as_o be_v less_o moist_a than_o the_o other_o beside_o that_o there_o be_v several_a boyar_n who_o have_v great_a place_n at_o court_n and_o live_v within_o the_o castle_n in_o very_o fair_a house_n of_o stone_n there_o be_v several_a convent_v of_o monk_n and_o nun_n and_o near_o fifty_o church_n and_o chapel_n of_o stone_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v those_o of_o st._n mary_n st._n nicholas_n and_o that_o of_o st._n michael_n famous_a for_o the_o tomb_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o russia_n among_o a_o great_a many_o other_o steeple_n which_o adorn_v these_o church_n and_o be_v all_o cover_v with_o copper_n â—nd_v large_a cross_n gild_v on_o the_o top_n of_o they_o which_o â—eing_v burnish_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n give_v they_o 〈◊〉_d resemblance_n of_o gold_n at_o a_o distance_n two_o be_v most_o particular_o worth_a take_v notice_n of_o be_v both_o in_o â—he_n centre_n of_o the_o castle_n the_o first_o call_v
juan_n â—elike_o or_o great_a john_n be_v build_v by_o czar_n john_n basiâ—vitz_n stand_v by_o itself_o cover_v with_o copper_n â—ilt_n its_o height_n be_v compute_v to_o be_v near_o the_o same_o â—ith_n that_o of_o st._n mark_n be_v in_o venice_n the_o second_o be_v â—nly_o remarkable_a for_o its_o great_a bell_n which_o be_v â—ot_n to_o be_v manage_v but_o by_o the_o hand_n of_o thirty_o man_n 〈◊〉_d seldom_o make_v use_n of_o but_o on_o great_a festival_n and_o 〈◊〉_d honour_n the_o entrance_n or_o audience_n of_o a_o great_a ambassador_n there_o be_v also_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o â—e_a castle_n keep_v several_a of_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n â—e_z exchequer_n and_o the_o grand_a magazine_n of_o proâ—â—sion_n and_o ammunition_n immediate_o without_o the_o â—ates_n of_o the_o castle_n wall_n be_v a_o very_a fair_a church_n on_o â—â—e_z south_n side_n call_v st._n trinity_n or_o jerusalem_n â—hich_v appear_v so_o extraordinary_a a_o piece_n of_o architecture_n to_o that_o great_a tyrant_n john_n basilovit_n that_o as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v finish_v he_o cause_v the_o architect_n eye_n to_o be_v pull_v out_o to_o prevent_v his_o attempt_v any_o thing_n like_o it_o hereafter_o the_o castle_n be_v face_v by_o a_o very_a fair_a spacious_a place_n the_o chief_a market_n of_o the_o whole_a city_n and_o place_n of_o resort_v not_o only_o for_o buyer_n but_o for_o person_n of_o all_o degree_n eveâ—_n 〈◊〉_d the_o very_a slave_n the_o midst_n of_o it_o be_v take_v up_o for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o sempstresses_n shop_n and_o 〈◊〉_d store_n of_o other_o women-trader_n who_o 〈…〉_o of_o sell_v ring_n set_v with_o ruby_n and_o 〈…〉_o endeavour_v to_z vend_fw-mi their_o hide_a 〈…〉_o but_o what_o be_v the_o most_o regular_a and_o beautiful_a be_v that_o each_o particular_a street_n lead_v to_o this_o marketplace_n have_v a_o certain_a trade_n allot_v by_o itself_o so_o that_o the_o merceâ—_n do_v not_o intermingle_v with_o the_o woollen-draper_n noâ—_n the_o linen-draper_n with_o the_o goldsmith_n furry_a tailor_n or_o shoemaker_n but_o every_o trade_n have_v its_o proper_a station_n the_o buyer_n may_v with_o the_o great_a conveniency_n in_o the_o world_n in_o a_o instant_n cast_v his_o eye_n upon_o such_o commodity_n as_o will_v serve_v his_o occasion_n it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v forget_v here_o that_o the_o painter_n have_v none_o of_o the_o mean_a station_n among_o the_o rest_n here_o for_o their_o employment_n be_v to_o furnish_v the_o muscovite_n with_o the_o image_n of_o saint_n they_o deal_v with_o their_o chapman_n by_o way_n of_o exchange_n or_o truck_v where_o they_o be_v sure_a to_o make_v their_o own_o market_n for_o a_o muscâ—vite_n look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o point_n of_o conscience_n to_o buy_v or_o bargain_n for_o a_o saint_n seldom_o refuseâ—_n the_o painter_n demand_n the_o remain_a part_n of_o this_o inner_a circuit_n or_o quarter_n of_o the_o city_n be_v take_v up_o with_o the_o house_n of_o the_o principal_a merchant_n beside_o thâ—se_a of_o some_o knez_n and_o muscovian_a lord_n the_o second_o quarter_n city_n czaargorod_n or_o the_o royal_a city_n which_o include_v the_o first_o iâ—_n a_o semicircle_n be_v call_v czaargorod_n or_o the_o city_n royal_a the_o little_a river_n neglina_n pass_v through_o it_o be_v enclose_v in_o a_o particular_a wall_n call_v biela_n stenna_n oâ—_n the_o white_a wall_n here_o be_v the_o arsenal_n and_o the_o place_n call_v poggana_n appoint_v for_o the_o cast_n of_o gunâ—_n and_o bell_n in_o which_o the_o muscovite_n be_v not_o behind_n hand_n with_o any_o other_o european_a artificer_n in_o thâ—â—_n part_n also_o live_v a_o great_a many_o knez_n lord_n and_o gentleman_n beside_o a_o prodigious_a number_n of_o trader_n of_o all_o sort_n the_o rest_n be_v fill_v up_o with_o butcher_n baker_n drinking-house_n corn-chandlers_n meal-shop_n and_o the_o grand_a duke_n stable_n the_o three_o quarter_n which_o run_v from_o the_o east_n all_o along_o the_o north-side_n to_o the_o west_n skoradom_n the_o three_o quarter_n of_o musco_n call_v skoradom_n include_v the_o quarter_n of_o czaargorod_n be_v call_v skoradom_n the_o little_a river_n jagusa_n run_v through_o it_o and_o afterward_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n mosca_n in_o this_o quarter_n be_v the_o abovementioned_a place_n for_o sell_v and_o buy_v of_o house_n the_o four_o and_o last_o circuit_n be_v that_o call_v strelitza_n slavoda_n slavoda_fw-it the_o four_o quarter_n call_v â—trelitza_fw-it slavoda_fw-it or_o the_o suburb_n of_o the_o musqueteer_n belong_v to_o the_o great_a duke_n guard_n who_o have_v this_o part_n of_o the_o town_n assign_v they_o for_o their_o place_n of_o abide_v it_o lie_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n mosca_n southly_a from_o that_o part_n of_o the_o city_n call_v cataygorod_n its_o rampart_n and_o bastion_n be_v all_o of_o wood_n be_v design_v against_o the_o eruption_n of_o the_o tartar_n musco_n be_v inhabit_v not_o only_o by_o muscovite_n but_o also_o by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o tartar_n persian_n and_o greek_n the_o latter_a be_v most_o agreeable_a to_o the_o muscovite_n both_o in_o religion_n and_o manner_n be_v prefer_v by_o they_o before_o all_o other_o stranger_n they_o allow_v nevertheless_o the_o public_a exercise_n of_o religious_a worship_n not_o only_o to_o the_o lutheran_n and_o other_o protestant_n but_o also_o to_o the_o turk_n persian_n and_o tartar_n except_o the_o jew_n and_o former_o the_o roman_a catholic_n there_o be_v a_o large_a slaboda_n or_o suburb_n without_o the_o city_n gate_n of_o prokoski_n slaboda_n the_o suburb_n call_v nova_n inasemska_n slaboda_n call_v nova_n inasemska_n slaboda_n where_o most_o of_o the_o foreign_a christian_n live_v together_o every_o one_o according_a to_o their_o own_o country_n fashion_n in_o which_o place_n the_o german_n english_a and_o dutch_a etc._n etc._n do_v most_o common_o reside_v beside_o the_o grand_a duke_n palace_n and_o the_o castle_n that_o which_o appear_v most_o beautiful_a to_o the_o eye_n of_o stranger_n be_v the_o great_a number_n of_o church_n and_o chapel_n in_o the_o city_n and_o suburb_n of_o musco_n of_o which_o their_o be_v two_o thousond_n in_o number_n every_o lord_n have_v his_o private_a chapel_n and_o each_o street_n one_o at_o least_o some_o two_o or_o three_o build_v of_o stone_n and_o of_o a_o circular_a figure_n who_o steeple_n be_v all_o cover_v with_o copper_n make_v a_o most_o glorious_a glitter_a show_n at_o a_o distance_n especial_o if_o you_o happen_v to_o approach_v the_o town_n in_o a_o bright_a sun-shiny_a day_n the_o next_o city_n of_o note_n in_o this_o province_n be_v call_v columna_fw-la columna_fw-la columna_fw-la situate_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n mosca_n about_o 70_o english_a mile_n distance_n from_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n by_o land_n it_o be_v near_o sevenscore_n miles_n by_o water_n it_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a bigness_n and_o environ_v with_o a_o very_a fair_a stone_n wall_n and_o tower_n a_o thing_n not_o very_o common_a in_o muscovy_n it_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o a_o weywode_n or_o russian_a governor_n which_o show_v it_o to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a of_o the_o province_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v but_o one_o bishop_n in_o all_o muscovy_n who_o keep_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o city_n but_o what_o be_v most_o remarkable_a here_o be_v that_o about_o three_o mile_n above_o this_o place_n near_o the_o convent_n of_o kolutin_n serge_n monarstir_v found_v by_o one_o sergius_n a_o great_a saint_n among_o the_o muscovite_n occa._n the_o river_n occa._n the_o mosca_n fall_v into_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la which_o come_v from_o the_o south_n be_v not_o only_o much_o largeâ—_n and_o broad_a than_o the_o former_a but_o have_v besides_o that_o on_o both_o side_n a_o noble_a country_n very_o populous_a and_o fruitful_a and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o fair_a oak_n oâ—_n both_o shore_n which_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o rarity_n 〈◊〉_d muscovy_n render_v it_o the_o most_o delightful_a in_o the_o world_n two_o day_n journey_n from_o columna_fw-la near_o the_o border_n of_o the_o province_n of_o rhesan_n be_v the_o city_n of_o peresla_n or_o preski_n seat_v upon_o the_o very_a bank_n of_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la at_o 42_o degree_n 42_o min._n elevation_n be_v govern_v by_o its_o particular_a weywode_n or_o governour_n there_o be_v also_o in_o this_o province_n some_o otherâ—_n less_o considerable_a which_o for_o brevity_n sake_n we_o must_v pass_v by_o in_o silence_n the_o second_o province_n of_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n 〈◊〉_d the_o province_n of_o werotin_n werotin_n werotin_n have_v borrow_v its_o name_n from_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o same_o name_n beside_o which_o it_o have_v two_o city_n more_o the_o first_o call_v croom_n the_o latter_a arvel_n all_o three_o of_o they_o so_o inconsiderable_a as_o not_o to_o deserve_v a_o particular_a description_n here_o
the_o three_o province_n be_v the_o dukedom_n of_o rhesan_n betwixt_o the_o two_o river_n of_o don_n and_o occa_fw-la lie_v southward_o from_o muscovy_n rhesan_n rhesan_n from_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o river_n aka_fw-mi be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o fruitful_a province_n of_o all_o muscovy_n abound_v in_o wheat_n honey_n fish_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o venison_n and_o fowl_n its_o capital_a city_n be_v call_v likewise_o rhesan_n former_o a_o very_a considerable_a place_n which_o have_v give_v its_o name_n to_o the_o whole_a province_n but_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 1568_o total_o destroy_v as_o be_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o dukedom_n by_o the_o crim-tartar_n the_o great_a duke_n have_v take_v into_o consideration_n the_o fertility_n of_o the_o country_n all_o along_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la which_o from_o thence_o extend_v its_o self_n to_o that_o great_a trench_n which_o serve_v for_o a_o fence_n against_o the_o eruption_n of_o those_o barbarian_n on_o that_o side_n and_o have_v get_v together_o the_o disperse_a inhabitant_n and_o furnish_v they_o with_o material_n he_o order_v the_o build_n of_o a_o new_a city_n at_o forty_o miles_n distance_n from_o the_o former_a which_o be_v call_v peresla_n resanski_n because_o a_o great_a many_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n of_o peresla_n heretofore_o mention_v come_v hither_o to_o settle_v themselves_o notwithstanding_o which_o the_o old_a city_n of_o rhesan_n retain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o honour_n of_o be_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o archbishop_n beside_o which_o this_o province_n have_v also_o the_o city_n of_o domkagorod_n corsira_n and_o tulla_n the_o latter_a be_v situate_v upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n the_o four_o be_v the_o province_n of_o wolodimer_n wolâ—dimer_n wolâ—dimer_n former_o the_o chief_a of_o whole_a muscovy_n the_o capital_a city_n have_v its_o name_n from_o its_o first_o founder_n prince_n wolodimer_n who_o live_v in_o the_o year_n 928_o and_o be_v from_o â—hence_o communicate_v to_o the_o whole_a province_n which_o â—e_v situate_v in_o the_o most_o fruitful_a country_n of_o all_o musâ—ovy_n above_o 150_o mile_n eastward_o from_o musco_n between_o the_o two_o river_n of_o occa_fw-la and_o wolga_n this_o city_n which_o be_v situate_v near_o the_o river_n clesna_n be_v â—or_a a_o considerable_a time_n the_o residence_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n till_o the_o imperial_a seat_n be_v transfer_v to_o musco_n by_o prince_n danilou_n michâ—elovits_n since_o which_o time_n it_o be_v much_o decay_v from_o its_o former_a splendour_n the_o ruin_n of_o its_o wall_n and_o house_n be_v undeniable_a demonstration_n of_o its_o former_a greatness_n unto_o this_o province_n be_v annex_v the_o two_o tartarian_a principality_n of_o cassinou_n and_o mordwa_n mordwa_n cassinou_n and_o mordwa_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o first_o be_v cassinogord_n situate_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la as_o one_o come_v from_o musco_n surround_v with_o a_o great_a many_o goodly_a village_n and_o monastery_n most_o pleasant_o seat_v among_o the_o wood_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o second_o be_v moruma_n be_v inhabit_v partly_o by_o muscovite_n partly_o by_o tartar_n but_o altogether_o under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la the_o river_n clesna_n which_o come_v from_o wolodimer_n fall_v into_o it_o at_z about_z 10_o or_o 12_o mile_n distance_n the_o five_o province_n be_v nisenovogorod_n nisâ—â—ovogorod_n nisâ—â—ovogorod_n have_v receive_v its_o name_n as_o most_o other_o in_o this_o country_n from_o its_o capital_a city_n call_v nisenovogorod_n thâ—â—_n city_n be_v build_v at_o the_o conflux_n of_o the_o two_o greâ—_n rivers_n occa_fw-la and_o wolga_n at_o 56_o degree_n 28_o min._n neâ—â—_n 500_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n by_o land_n and_o above_o 700_o by_o water_n receive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o novogorod_n the_o inhabitant_n 〈◊〉_d which_o be_v by_o order_n from_o the_o great_a duke_n basâ—â—â—_n translate_v to_o this_o place_n it_o be_v true_a it_o fall_v far_o shoâ—â—_n in_o bigness_n of_o what_o the_o city_n of_o novogorod_n be_v 〈◊〉_d former_a age_n nevertheless_o it_o have_v very_o strong_a tower_n and_o wall_n of_o stone_n and_o the_o suburb_n exceed_v 〈◊〉_d bigness_n the_o city_n itself_o be_v near_o three_o miles_n 〈◊〉_d circumference_n and_o inhabit_v by_o tartar_n muscovite_n and_o some_o dutch_a the_o most_o of_o they_o merchant_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o have_v here_o a_o protestant_a church_n whereas_o the_o city_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n take_v up_o with_o military_a officer_n victualler_n sutler_n &_o â—â—_o be_v all_o under_o the_o government_n of_o a_o weywode_n thâ—_n next_o city_n in_o this_o province_n be_v basiligorod_n build_v like_o wise_a by_o the_o great_a duke_n basili_n who_o give_v it_o 〈◊〉_d name_n and_o make_v it_o a_o frontierplace_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n call_v ceremiss_n of_o whoâ—_n we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v immediate_o it_o 〈◊〉_d situate_v at_o 55_o deg_fw-la 51_o min._n at_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o mountain_n on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o volga_n to_o reckon_v from_o its_o source_n the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v from_o all_o the_o other_o place_n mention_v in_o this_o treatise_n at_o the_o fall_n in_o of_o the_o small_a river_n sura_n heretofore_o the_o common_a boundary_a betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o tartar_n of_o casan_n since_o the_o muscovite_n have_v extend_v their_o conquest_n over_o the_o tartar_n on_o that_o side_n even_o to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n this_o place_n have_v be_v neglect_v its_o wall_n be_v quite_o ruin_v and_o its_o edifice_n altogether_o of_o wood_n it_o resemble_v now_o more_o a_o great_a village_n than_o a_o city_n the_o tartar_n ceremiss_n ceremiss_n the_o tartar_n ceremiss_n who_o we_o mention_v just_a now_o have_v their_o habitation_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n betwixt_o this_o place_n and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o casan_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v a_o short_a account_n of_o they_o in_o this_o place_n they_o be_v a_o nation_n barbarous_a treacherous_a and_o cruel_a live_v upon_o robbery_n and_o addict_v to_o sorcery_n their_o food_n be_v honey_n and_o wild_a fowl_n they_o take_v in_o the_o wood_n and_o milk_n which_o their_o pasture_n furnish_v they_o with_o they_o 〈◊〉_d not_o inhabit_v house_n but_o most_o wretched_a hut_n those_o that_o live_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n wolâ—a_n be_v call_v nagorni_n or_o mountaineer_n as_o those_o inhabit_v on_o the_o left_a side_n be_v call_v lugoivi_n from_o â—heir_a meadow_n which_o supply_v they_o on_o both_o â—ides_n of_o the_o river_n with_o hay_n they_o be_v general_o speak_v heathen_n use_v neither_o circumcision_n â—or_a baptism_n they_o give_v a_o child_n its_o name_n from_o â—he_n first_o person_n they_o meet_v that_o day_n when_o this_o â—eremony_n be_v to_o be_v perform_v which_o be_v six_o month_n â—fter_o its_o birth_n they_o acknowledge_v a_o immortal_a â—od_n the_o author_n of_o all_o good_a who_o ought_v to_o be_v adore_v but_o ridicule_n the_o immortality_n of_o the_o soul_n â—ho_n '_o they_o do_v not_o believe_v a_o hell_n they_o dread_v the_o â—evil_n as_o the_o author_n of_o all_o their_o misfortune_n â—hom_n therefore_o they_o pretend_v to_o appease_v with_o saâ—ifices_n their_o chief_a devotion_n and_o pilgrimage_n â—hich_v they_o do_v to_o the_o devil_n be_v perform_v at_o a_o place_n â—â—lled_v nemda_n among_o the_o fen_n where_o every_o body_n 〈◊〉_d oblige_v to_o carry_v a_o present_a when_o they_o offer_v â—â—eir_n sacrifice_n to_o god_n they_o kill_v a_o hoâ—se_n a_o ox_n or_o a_o sheep_n some_o of_o the_o flesh_n thereof_o be_v roast_v and_o put_v into_o a_o dish_n and_o hold_v in_o the_o other_o hand_n another_o vessel_n fill_v with_o hydromel_n or_o some_o other_o liquor_n both_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o fire_n make_v for_o that_o purpose_n before_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o creature_n that_o be_v sacrifice_v be_v extend_v upon_o a_o pole_n lay_v a_o crosâ—_n two_o tree_n this_o skin_n they_o adore_v in_o order_n to_o intercede_v for_o they_o with_o god_n unto_o who_o they_o also_o make_v sometime_o their_o address_n the_o whole_a subject_n of_o their_o devotion_n tend_v to_o some_o conveniency_n 〈◊〉_d another_o of_o this_o life_n but_o most_o common_o to_o the_o augment_v the_o number_n of_o their_o cattle_n they_o pay_v a_o great_a veneration_n even_o to_o adoration_n to_o the_o suâ—_n and_o moon_n who_o they_o believe_v the_o author_n of_o the_o production_n of_o the_o earth_n they_o make_v use_v of_o no_o church_n priest_n or_o book_n their_o sacrifice_n and_o other_o religious_a exercise_n be_v perform_v near_o somâ—_n torrent_n or_o another_o polygamy_n be_v use_v amongâ—_n they_o even_o so_o as_o to_o marry_v two_o or_o
three_o sister_n at_o 〈◊〉_d time_n their_o woman_n and_o maid_n be_v all_o wrap_v up_o iâ—_n a_o piece_n of_o coarse_a white_a cloth_n scarce_o any_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v see_v but_o their_o face_n the_o man_n wear_v a_o lonâ—_n coat_n make_v of_o linen_n cloth_n under_o which_o thâ—â—_n wear_v breeches_n they_o all_o shave_v their_o head_n thâ—_n young_a man_n who_o be_v unmarried_a leave_v however_o for_o distinction_n sake_n a_o long_a tress_n of_o hair_n hang_v upon_o their_o back_n their_o language_n be_v peculiar_a 〈◊〉_d themselves_o have_v no_o relation_n with_o that_o of_o the_o â—ther_o neighbour_a tartar_n or_o with_o the_o turkish_a 〈◊〉_d muscovian_a language_n though_o some_o of_o they_o that_o aâ—â—_n conversant_a with_o the_o muscovite_n have_v attain_v soâ—â—_n knowledge_n of_o their_o tongue_n but_o it_o be_v time_n to_o return_v to_o the_o description_n of_o the_o five_o remain_a province_n of_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n which_o be_v muâ—â—_n less_o considerable_a than_o those_o we_o have_v describe_v bâ—fore_o we_o will_v treat_v of_o with_o all_o the_o brevity_n imaginable_a scarce_o any_o thing_n but_o the_o name_n of_o their_o 〈◊〉_d place_n be_v to_o be_v know_v by_o foreigner_n the_o six_o therefore_o be_v the_o province_n of_o jarostve_n 〈◊〉_d jarostaf_n jarostaf_n jarostaf_n have_v beside_o its_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o samâ—_n name_n two_o city_n call_v riâ—iena_n and_o nova_fw-la româ—_n the_o seven_o be_v susdal_n susdal_n susdal_n have_v also_o borrow_v its_o name_n from_o its_o capital_a city_n of_o that_o name_n which_o 〈◊〉_d also_o the_o seat_n of_o a_o archbishop_n beside_o which_o 〈◊〉_d contain_v the_o town_n of_o jorgowitz_n and_o castroâ—mow_n the_o eight_o be_v call_v rosthou_fw-mi roâ—thou_fw-mi roâ—thou_fw-mi its_o capital_a city_n be_v vglitz_n these_o three_o dukedom_n be_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n appropriate_v to_o the_o use_n of_o and_o enjoy_v by_o the_o young_a brother_n of_o muscovy_n till_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o john_n basilovitz_n viz._n in_o the_o year_n 1565._o they_o be_v reunite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o muscovy_n north-east_n of_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n be_v the_o nine_o province_n belong_v to_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n be_v it_o be_v calâ—ed_v it_o be_v it_o have_v receive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o capital_a city_n it_o be_v as_o the_o latter_a be_v indebt_v for_o its_o name_n to_o the_o river_n it_o be_v which_o together_o with_o â—he_n river_n of_o volga_n pass_v by_o it_o the_o city_n be_v siâ—uated_v at_o the_o side_n of_o a_o hill_n about_o forty_o mile_n from_o hence_o more_o to_o the_o north_n be_v another_o town_n â—alled_v torsock_n build_v likewise_o on_o the_o descent_n of_o a_o â—ill_n not_o altogether_o so_o big_a as_o it_o be_v but_o surround_v â—ith_n rampart_n and_o bastion_n of_o wood._n both_o of_o â—â—em_n have_v their_o particular_a weywode_n oâ—_n governor_n the_o ten_o and_o last_o of_o these_o province_n be_v roshovie_n roshovie_n roshovie_n â—aving_a not_o any_o thing_n remarkable_a but_o its_o capital_a city_n â—f_n that_o name_n if_o it_o be_v not_o for_o the_o three_o famous_a â—ivers_n of_o volga_n the_o dwina_n and_o the_o boristhenes_n â—hich_v have_v their_o rise_n in_o this_o province_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o northern_a province_n of_o muscovy_n the_o northern_a province_n of_o muscovy_n be_v divide_v into_o those_o which_o border_n upon_o sweden_n and_o those_o border_n upon_o tartary_n lapland_n muscoviâ—â—_n lapland_n we_o will_v begin_v with_o the_o first_o where_o the_o muscovian_a lapland_n offer_v itself_o to_o our_o consideration_n it_o be_v subdivide_v into_o three_o lesser_a province_n the_o first_o call_v mouremankois_n have_v the_o city_n of_o kola_n the_o capital_a of_o the_o province_n and_o swanchet_n the_o second_o call_v terskoi_n where_o be_v the_o city_n of_o jokena_n and_o polin-osâ—ro_a the_o three_o call_v bellamoresko_n contain_v the_o city_n of_o kondulatz_n omay_n and_o komi_n the_o second_o in_o order_n of_o the_o great_a northern_a province_n belong_v to_o muscovy_n be_v the_o province_n of_o dwina_n dwina_n dwina_n have_v derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n duina_n which_o have_v its_o rise_n at_o the_o conflux_n of_o the_o river_n of_o jagel_n and_o sachona_n fall_v into_o the_o white_a sea_n near_o the_o city_n of_o archangel_n this_o province_n be_v the_o great_a and_o most_o northern_a on_o the_o swediâ—â—_n side_n of_o muscovy_n be_v in_o former_a age_n subject_a to_o thâ—_n duke_n of_o novogorod_n and_o have_v but_o one_o city_n calleâ—_n duina_n in_o the_o very_a centre_n of_o it_o but_o since_o thâ—_n english_a dutch_a and_o hanseatick_a town_n remove_v theâ—_n traffic_n from_o the_o city_n of_o narva_n to_o archangel_n thâ—_n province_n be_v become_v one_o of_o the_o most_o considerabâ—â—_n of_o the_o russian_a empire_n as_o the_o city_n of_o archangel_n be_v now_o the_o staple_n of_o the_o whole_a continent_n of_o mâ—â—scovy_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o safe_a and_o commodious_a hâ—â—bour_n the_o city_n of_o archangel_n or_o st._n michael_n archangel_n a_o archbishops_n seat_n archangel_n archangel_n and_o now_o the_o capital_a of_o 〈◊〉_d province_n be_v situate_v at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o riâ—â—â—_n duina_n on_o the_o left_a side_n as_o you_o enter_v it_o from_o the_o wâ—â—â—_n sea_n where_o it_o make_v the_o island_n of_o podesemski_n 〈◊〉_d none_o of_o the_o large_a but_o withal_o so_o populous_a that_o no_o other_o place_n in_o whole_a muscovy_n be_v comparable_a to_o it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o merchant_n which_o flock_v thither_o from_o the_o circumjacent_a province_n to_o truck_v their_o commodity_n which_o consist_v in_o corn_n caviarr_n fur_n hemp_n russia_n leather_n and_o wax_n against_o cloth_n velvet_n damask_n spice_n tin_n lead_v wine_n and_o strong-water_n import_v by_o the_o english_a dutch_a and_o hamburgher_n so_o that_o sometime_o 300_o or_o 400_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v see_v of_o several_a nation_n in_o the_o port_n of_o archangel_n the_o custom_n of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o amount_v yearly_o to_o near_o 200000_o l._n sterling_n it_o be_v above_o sevenscore_n year_n ago_o since_o the_o english_a begin_v to_o remove_v their_o trade_n from_o narva_n to_o this_o place_n for_o king_n edward_n vi._n have_v set_v out_o a_o fleet_n for_o the_o establish_n a_o trade_n in_o some_o unknown_a country_n they_o have_v follow_v the_o northern_a passage_n be_v at_o last_o bring_v into_o the_o port_n of_o archangel_n john_n basilovitz_n the_o then_o grand_a czar_n of_o muscovy_n be_v very_o desirous_a to_o draw_v the_o english_a traffic_n thither_o â—o_o encourage_v their_o undertake_n grant_v they_o a_o privilege_n of_o commerce_n without_o any_o custom_n or_o impost_n so_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1555._o the_o english_a settle_v a_o company_n there_o under_o the_o direction_n of_o one_o mr._n killingworth_n and_o the_o muscovy_n trade_n have_v be_v ever_o since_o continue_v from_o that_o place_n to_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n though_o at_o the_o same_o time_n it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o since_o the_o year_n 1591._o when_v the_o town_n become_v a_o mart_n the_o dutch_a and_o hamburgher_n have_v interfere_v with_o the_o english_a in_o their_o commerce_n it_o have_v a_o considerable_a castle_n which_o be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 1506._o and_o the_o town_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n reduce_v to_o ash_n in_o the_o year_n 1663._o be_v since_o that_o time_n restore_v to_o a_o more_o flourish_a condition_n than_o before_o in_o the_o gulf_n which_o the_o sea_n make_v near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a river_n dwina_n there_o be_v three_o small_a island_n call_v soloska_n anger_n and_o colova_n the_o first_o whereof_o be_v heretofore_o famous_a for_o the_o sepulchre_n of_o a_o muscovian_a saint_n who_o body_n be_v about_o fifty_o year_n ago_o translate_v from_o thence_o to_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n beside_o this_o and_o the_o beforementioned_a city_n of_o dwina_n st._n nicholas_n lapas_n and_o korela_n be_v the_o most_o worth_a take_v notice_n of_o in_o this_o country_n the_o next_o considerable_a in_o rank_n though_o not_o in_o order_n pleskou_fw-fr pleskou_fw-fr of_o these_o northern_a province_n be_v the_o dukedom_n of_o pleskou_n have_v take_v its_o name_n from_o its_o capital_a city_n call_v pleskou_n the_o muscovite_n call_v it_o pskou_n from_o a_o lake_n about_o two_o or_o three_o mile_n distant_a from_o it_o from_z whence_o arise_v a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n which_o run_v by_o the_o city_n and_o have_v communicate_v its_o name_n not_o only_o to_o this_o city_n but_o the_o whole_a province_n both_o the_o city_n and_o duchy_n be_v former_o govern_v by_o their_o own_o prince_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1509._o the_o great_a duke_n john_n basilovit_n reunited_a both_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o muscovy_n the_o town_n be_v not_o extraordinary_a large_a but_o very_o convenient_a and_o pleasant_a by_o
siberie_n or_o severia_n a_o province_n different_a from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o siberia_n in_o tartary_n be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a extent_n severia_n severia_n be_v former_o govern_v by_o its_o own_o prince_n who_o be_v nevertheless_o tributary_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o lithuania_n of_o which_o this_o dukedom_n have_v a_o dependence_n it_o be_v situate_v betwixt_o the_o province_n of_o smolensko_n the_o precopian_a tartary_n podolia_n and_o lithuania_n south-west_n of_o smolensko_n the_o prince_n of_o siberie_n have_v revolt_v from_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n under_o casimir_n son_n of_o jagellon_n their_o king_n put_v himself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n till_o the_o great_a duke_n basili_n eject_v the_o duke_n of_o siberie_n and_o unite_v the_o province_n to_o his_o crown_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o this_o duchy_n be_v call_v novogorod_n sieberski_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o new_a city_n of_o siberia_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o two_o or_o three_o other_o call_v novogorod_n under_o the_o czar_n obedience_n the_o other_o city_n of_o note_n belong_v to_o this_o province_n be_v czerrigou_n bransko_n starodub_n and_o petivola_n but_o now_o we_o must_v turn_v our_o course_n more_o north-east_n wiatkaâ—_n wiatkaâ—_n where_o the_o province_n of_o wiatka_n be_v situate_v upon_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o tartar_n ceremiss_n surname_v logovi_n its_o capital_a city_n be_v of_o the_o same_o name_n both_o of_o they_o be_v denominate_v from_o the_o river_n wiatka_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n kama_n the_o next_o province_n border_v upon_o wiatka_n towards_o the_o siberian_a tartar_n be_v permia_n be_v count_v one_o of_o the_o great_a of_o muscovy_n it_o be_v capital_a city_n be_v call_v permia_n veliki_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n vishora_n which_o at_o about_o 60_o miles_n distance_n from_o this_o place_n kama_n the_o river_n kama_n fall_v into_o the_o river_n kama_n this_o river_n have_v its_o rise_n in_o this_o province_n and_o about_o 60_o mile_n beyond_o casan_n fall_v into_o the_o river_n volga_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o province_n have_v a_o language_n and_o character_n peculiar_a to_o themselves_o they_o eat_v no_o bread_n but_o feed_v upon_o herb_n they_o pay_v their_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o great_a duke_n in_o horse_n and_o fur_n their_o next_o neighbour_n to_o the_o north-east_n be_v the_o tartar_n of_o tumen_n border_v upon_o siberia_n inhabit_v the_o province_n of_o candora_n candora_n candora_n its_o chief_a city_n be_v warchaturia_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n tura_fw-la beside_o which_o it_o have_v the_o city_n of_o tumen_n near_o the_o conflux_n of_o the_o two_o river_n tumen_n and_o tura_fw-la further_o to_o the_o north_n be_v the_o province_n petzora_n petzora_n petzora_n which_o extend_v itself_o towards_o the_o north-east_n all_o along_o the_o freeze_a sea_n the_o river_n of_o petzora_n which_o have_v give_v its_o name_n to_o the_o province_n fall_v by_o six_o several_a channel_n into_o the_o sea_n near_o a_o little_a city_n call_v pustiziero_n on_o both_o side_n of_o it_o be_v the_o mountain_n mountain_n the_o riphean_a mountain_n which_o the_o ancient_n call_v ripheans_n or_o hyberboreans_n and_o by_o the_o muscovite_n be_v call_v zimnopoja_v that_o be_v the_o girdle_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o afford_v the_o best_a sable_n and_o hawk_n in_o all_o muscovy_n but_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o violent_a and_o durable_a in_o this_o province_n that_o the_o river_n be_v freeze_v up_o above_o nine_o month_n in_o the_o year_n the_o province_n of_o obdorie_n obdorie_n obdorie_n derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n oby_n which_o have_v its_o source_n from_o the_o great_a lake_n cataisko_n and_o run_v from_o east_n to_o north_n oby_n the_o river_n oby_n fall_v into_o the_o freeze_a sea_n both_o these_o province_n border_n upon_o the_o samojede_n of_o who_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v more_o hereafter_o among_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o russia_n juhora_fw-it juhora_fw-it be_v also_o reckon_v the_o province_n of_o juhora_n famous_a for_o nothing_o but_o that_o the_o hungarian_n be_v say_v to_o have_v their_o offspring_n out_o of_o this_o country_n the_o province_n of_o wachines_n wachines_n wachines_n only_a note_v for_o its_o two_o fortress_n call_v cameni_n and_o pensolog_n the_o principality_n of_o bielski_n bielski_n bielski_n derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o capital_a city_n biela_n the_o duchy_n of_o kraina_n have_v the_o two_o city_n kraina_n kraina_n jalatz_n and_o brasowa_n the_o province_n of_o pole_n pole_n pole_n the_o city_n of_o bretock_n and_o bogenaer_n not_o to_o mention_v here_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiow_n kiow_n kiow_n which_o lie_v upon_o the_o border_n of_o podolia_n and_o lithuania_n 〈◊〉_d part_n of_o it_o be_v under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o tartarian_a kingdom_n of_o casan_n and_o astrachan_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o great_a river_n volga_n and_o the_o caspian_a sea_n the_o kingdom_n of_o caesar_n and_o astrachan_n with_o some_o other_o tartarian_a province_n under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n volga_n the_o river_n volga_n be_v situate_v near_o the_o famous_a river_n volga_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o join_v the_o description_n of_o those_o country_n with_o that_o of_o the_o say_a river_n there_o be_v in_o the_o province_n of_o roshovie_n of_o which_o mention_n have_v be_v make_v in_o the_o 2_o chapter_n ten_o mile_n from_o its_o capital_a city_n bear_v the_o same_o name_n in_o the_o great_a forest_n of_o wolkowskiles_n a_o lake_n call_v vronow_v or_o fronowo_o out_o of_o which_o rise_v a_o river_n that_o ten_o mile_n from_o that_o place_n fall_v into_o another_o lake_n call_v volga_n which_o give_v it_o its_o name_n it_o be_v thence_o forward_o call_v volga_n or_o wolga_n it_o be_v doubtless_o the_o same_o which_o ptolemy_n call_v rha_n and_o the_o tartar_n edel_n the_o great_a river_n in_o europe_n be_v from_o its_o source_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n into_o which_o it_o exonerate_v itself_o above_o 2900_o mile_n long_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o this_o river_n from_o its_o source_n to_o the_o city_n of_o nise_n novogorod_n run_v for_o above_o 400_o mile_n through_o the_o southern_a part_n of_o muscovy_n carry_v but_o a_o indifferent_a stream_n and_o touch_v upon_o few_o place_n of_o note_n till_o be_v increase_v by_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la near_o the_o abovementioned_a place_n it_o be_v four_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o geometrical_a foot_n wide_a at_o the_o meeting_n of_o these_o two_o river_n we_o have_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n describe_v that_o city_n and_o basiligorod_n belong_v to_o the_o ceremiss_n both_o border_a upon_o that_o river_n and_o be_v oblige_v to_o give_v a_o accoâ—â—â—_n in_o this_o chapter_n of_o the_o tartarian_a province_n of_o casan_n and_o astrachan_n we_o will_v follow_v the_o tract_n of_o this_o great_a river_n as_o far_o as_o â—o_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o begin_v with_o the_o tartarian_a kingdom_n of_o casan_n forty_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o city_n of_o basiligorod_n casan_n the_o kingdom_n of_o casan_n be_v the_o city_n of_o kusmademianski_n situate_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o mountain_n on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n the_o whole_a country_n thereabouts_o be_v like_o one_o continue_a forest_n of_o elm_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a compass_n forty_o mile_n further_o down_o the_o river_n and_o on_o the_o same_o shoar_n be_v the_o city_n of_o sabakzar_n the_o most_o pleasant_a for_o its_o situation_n in_o those_o part_n and_o 25_o mile_n low_a after_o you_o have_v pass_v two_o or_o three_o small_a island_n on_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o volga_n a_o little_a city_n call_v kockshage_n on_o the_o same_o side_n some_o mile_n low_a be_v the_o city_n of_o suiatski_n build_v on_o the_o aâ—cent_a of_o a_o hill_n the_o castle_n and_o some_o church_n be_v of_o stone_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o building_n and_o fortification_n of_o wood._n it_o 〈◊〉_d 20_o mile_n on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o city_n of_o casan_n the_o shoar_n all_o along_o betwixt_o these_o two_o place_n be_v cover_v with_o chalky_a and_o sandy_a mountain_n the_o city_n of_o casan_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o fruitful_a plain_n casan_n the_o city_n of_o casan_n in_o 55_o degree_n 38_o min._n elev_n seven_o miles_n distant_a from_o the_o river_n wolga_n upon_o the_o river_n casanska_n which_o have_v give_v the_o name_n both_o to_o the_o city_n and_o province_n it_o be_v a_o very_a large_a city_n but_o its_o house_n and_o fortification_n as_o most_o all_o other_o in_o those_o part_n of_o wood._n but_o the_o castle_n and_o its_o fortification_n which_o consist_v in_o four_o bastion_n and_o a_o good_a many_o tower_n be_v of_o stone_n the_o river_n serve_v for_o a_o ditch_n about_o it_o the_o garrison_n be_v compose_v of_o muscovite_n only_o
passage_n to_o the_o boat_n over_o the_o 〈◊〉_d island_n the_o river_n volga_n contain_v a_o prodigious_a store_n of_o fish_n of_o all_o sort_n a_o very_a good_a commodity_n in_o musâ—ovy_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a number_n of_o their_o fast-day_n which_o both_o the_o tartar_n and_o muscovite_n catch_v with_o a_o cord_n but_o in_o a_o different_a manner_n the_o tartar_n fasten_v to_o the_o end_n of_o a_o long_a cord_n a_o pretty_a big_a stone_n which_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n several_a great_a piece_n of_o wood_n be_v fasten_v to_o the_o other_o end_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o which_o swim_v upon_o the_o water_n all_o along_o this_o great_a cord_n many_o little_n once_o be_v fasten_v at_o some_o distance_n from_o one_o another_o each_o of_o these_o have_v at_o the_o end_n a_o goodâ—ook_n bait_v with_o a_o certain_a fish_n which_o they_o know_v the_o rest_n to_o be_v greedy_a of_o by_o which_o invention_n they_o catch_v often_o fish_n of_o ten_o twelve_o and_o more_o foot_n long_o the_o muscovite_n take_v also_o a_o cord_n with_o a_o â—ook_v fasten_v to_o the_o end_n of_o it_o this_o cord_n be_v tyâ—d_v about_o a_o piece_n of_o a_o well_o plain_v board_n tin_a over_o its_o â—igness_n about_o 4_o or_o 5_o inch_n square_a which_o be_v drag_v behind_o a_o boat_n by_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sun_n resemble_v the_o scale_n of_o fish_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o draw_v up_o fish_n of_o a_o very_a great_a seize_v to_o the_o bait_n and_o into_o the_o snare_n among_o other_o fish_n wherewith_o this_o river_n abound_v the_o sturgeon_n be_v none_o of_o the_o least_o considerable_a who_o egg_n afford_v that_o ragout_n which_o the_o italian_n call_v cavayar_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o and_o the_o muscovite_n 〈◊〉_d the_o egg_n be_v put_v into_o a_o paste_n be_v prepare_v 10_o or_o 12_o day_n with_o salt_n this_o commodity_n afford_v a_o considerable_a trade_n to_o muscovy_n be_v export_v from_o thence_o to_o all_o part_n of_o europe_n where_o it_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o the_o best_a of_o this_o kind_n for_o which_o reason_n the_o czar_n keep_v this_o trade_n to_o himself_o some_o mile_n below_o the_o abovementioned_a ruin_v place_n the_o shoar_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o river_n be_v very_o mountainous_a yet_o not_o â—o_o but_o that_o the_o valley_n afford_v very_o pleasant_a pasture_n the_o first_o that_o appear_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v a_o mountain_n out_o of_o which_o the_o muscovite_n get_v great_a store_n of_o salt_n which_o be_v prepare_v in_o certain_a hut_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n be_v send_v from_o thence_o by_o the_o river_n to_o mâ—sâ—o_v almost_o opposite_a to_o this_o be_v another_o mountain_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o which_o the_o river_n vssa_n fall_v into_o the_o wolga_n on_o both_o side_n be_v very_o fine_a meadow_n border_v upon_o the_o shoar_n but_o at_o some_o distance_n from_o thence_o be_v very_o thick_a wood_n a_o place_n of_o retreat_n for_o the_o cosack_n which_o make_v it_o very_o dangerous_a for_o traveler_n below_o this_o lie_v the_o mountain_n diwiagora_n or_o maids-mountain_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o several_a steepy_a '_o hill_n of_o various_a colour_n and_o bear_v pine-tree_n in_o so_o regular_a a_o order_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v plant_v there_o on_o purpose_n make_v it_o appear_v very_o pleasant_a to_o the_o eye_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o this_o rises_z another_z which_o reach_v near_o 40_o mile_n along_o the_o river_n but_o what_o be_v most_o remarkable_a here_o valley_n thâ—_n cyâ—â—â—_n valley_n be_v the_o valley_n betwixt_o they_o which_o be_v store_v with_o appletree_n afford_v very_o good_a cider_n be_v call_v by_o the_o muscovite_n jabla-new-quas_a which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o drink_v of_o apple_n some_o of_o these_o mountain_n reach_v a_o great_a way_n into_o the_o country_n other_o border_v only_o upon_o the_o riverside_n at_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o river_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o the_o shoar_n lie_v the_o city_n of_o samara_n belong_v to_o the_o abovementioned_a tartarian_a province_n of_o bulgar_a and_o above_o 300_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o city_n of_o casan_n it_o be_v form_n be_v square_a its_o building_n all_o of_o wood_n except_o the_o church_n and_o monastery_n which_o be_v three_o in_o number_n the_o river_n of_o samar_n from_o whence_o it_o derive_v its_o name_n fall_v about_o three_o mile_n below_o into_o the_o volga_n about_o 100_o mile_n from_o hence_o be_v the_o mountain_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v all_o bare_a without_o any_o wood_n it_o serve_v for_o a_o retreat_v place_n to_o the_o cosack_n live_v upon_o the_o don_n or_o tanais_n and_o have_v from_o thence_o get_v its_o denomination_n betwixt_o this_o and_o the_o city_n of_o saratof_n above_o 200_o mile_n distant_a from_o hence_o be_v abundance_n of_o small_a island_n in_o this_o river_n so_o that_o at_o certain_a season_n it_o have_v be_v fordable_a and_o consequent_o very_o incommodious_a for_o ship_n of_o burden_n who_o at_o such_o place_n be_v oblige_v to_o unload_v part_n of_o their_o cargo_n in_o small_a boat_n which_o they_o carry_v along_o with_o they_o for_o that_o purpose_n the_o city_n of_o saratof_n be_v situate_a in_o a_o very_a fair_a large_a plain_n about_o four_o mile_n from_o the_o riverside_n upon_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o wolga_n it_o be_v inhabit_v by_o muscovite_n soldier_n who_o be_v put_v there_o as_o a_o guard_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n call_v kalmuches_n kalâ—uches_n tartar_n kalâ—uches_n inhabit_v a_o vast_a tract_n of_o ground_n which_o extend_v towards_o the_o caspian_a sea_n betwixt_o this_o river_n and_o the_o river_n jaika_fw-mi about_o three_o hundred_o mile_n low_a 50_o mile_n on_o this_o side_n the_o city_n of_o zariza_n tanais_n the_o river_n tanais_n the_o river_n don_n the_o tanais_n of_o the_o ancient_a geographer_n advance_v within_o a_o day_n journey_n near_o the_o river_n volga_n as_o some_o mile_n below_o the_o say_a city_n behind_o a_o certain_a island_n call_v the_o isle_n of_o zerpinsko_n there_o fall_v a_o little_a river_n call_v kamous_a which_o rise_v out_o of_o the_o beforementioned_a river_n don_n into_o the_o river_n volga_n but_o it_o be_v very_o shallow_a afford_v scarce_o passage_n for_o small_a boat_n notwithstanding_o which_o there_o be_v some_o who_o affirm_v that_o it_o may_v be_v render_v more_o navigable_a and_o consequent_o a_o communication_n be_v establish_v betwixt_o these_o two_o considerable_a river_n near_o the_o first_o of_o these_o two_o abovementioned_a place_n wolga_n the_o first_o branch_n of_o the_o wolga_n before_o you_o come_v to_o the_o city_n of_o zariza_n near_o achtobska_n vtska_n the_o river_n volga_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o branch_n whereof_o one_o take_v its_o course_n to_o the_o left_a into_o the_o country_n carry_v its_o stream_n for_o a_o mile_n to_o the_o north-east_n quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o current_n of_o the_o great_a river_n but_o afterward_o reassume_v its_o former_a course_n returns_z to_o the_o southeast_n till_o it_o fall_v into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n about_o 40_o mile_n from_o hence_o at_o 5_o mile_n distance_n from_o the_o riverside_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o great_a city_n former_o call_v zaaresgorod_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o 〈◊〉_d royal_a build_v as_o it_o be_v relate_v by_o tamerlain_n its_o palace_n and_o wall_n be_v all_o of_o brick_n which_o have_v furnish_v the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n for_o these_o many_o year_n with_o material_n for_o their_o wall_n church_n and_o monastery_n a_o few_o mile_n from_o this_o place_n lie_v the_o city_n of_o zariza_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o hill_n on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n 49_o degree_n and_o 42_o min._n elevation_n it_o be_v fortify_v with_o several_a bastion_n and_o tower_n but_o all_o of_o wood_n it_o be_v a_o frontier-garison_n against_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n and_o cossack_n and_o inhabit_v only_o by_o soldier_n who_o also_o serve_v for_o a_o convoy_n to_o the_o vessel_n pass_v this_o way_n up_o and_o down_o the_o river_n all_o about_o here_o and_o even_o as_o far_o as_o astrachan_n itself_o the_o country_n except_o the_o beforementioned_a island_n of_o zerpinsko_n which_o be_v twelve_o mile_n long_o and_o furnish_v the_o cattle_n belong_v to_o the_o garrison_n with_o grass_n the_o soil_n be_v so_o barren_a that_o it_o afford_v no_o manner_n of_o corn_n which_o defect_n however_o be_v easy_o supply_v by_o help_n of_o the_o river_n the_o fertile_a ground_n about_o casan_n furnish_v these_o part_n and_o even_o the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n with_o wheat_n at_o a_o very_a cheap_a rate_n about_o sixscore_o mile_n below_o the_o city_n of_o zariza_n the_o river_n wesowi_n near_o a_o small_a island_n of_o the_o same_o name_n fall_v into_o the_o wolga_n on_o the_o right_a side_n as_o do_v the_o river_n wolodinerski_n vtsga_n 30_o mile_n low_o
monster_n those_o other_o europaean_n that_o have_v of_o late_a year_n sail_v deep_a into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n have_v neither_o see_v nor_o hear_v any_o thing_n like_o it_o except_o they_o will_v take_v the_o seadog_n which_o be_v in_o great_a number_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o wolga_n for_o such_o prodigious_a monster_n sea_n error_n of_o modern_a author_n concern_v the_o caspian_a sea_n by_o the_o experience_n of_o those_o also_o it_o be_v sufficient_o contradlct_v what_o petrejus_n in_o his_o history_n of_o muscovy_n relate_v with_o so_o much_o confidence_n that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v as_o black_a as_o ink_n that_o it_o be_v full_a of_o island_n well_o stock_v with_o inhabitant_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o city_n and_o village_n the_o water_n be_v of_o the_o same_o colour_n with_o that_o of_o all_o other_o sea_n and_o there_o be_v not_o one_o island_n in_o it_o that_o have_v either_o city_n or_o village_n and_o if_o the_o persian_n tartar_n and_o muscovite_n live_v thereabouts_o may_v be_v believe_v there_o be_v only_o the_o isle_n of_o ensil_n near_o ferebath_n which_o have_v very_o good_a pasture_n the_o neighbour_a inhabitant_n who_o keep_v their_o cattle_n there_o have_v a_o few_o hut_n to_o defend_v they_o against_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o wether_n during_o the_o time_n their_o cattle_n grase_n there_o of_o the_o same_o stamp_n be_v what_o contarinus_n in_o his_o travel_n and_o father_n bizarous_a in_o his_o history_n of_o persia_n relate_v concern_v a_o certain_a round_a fish_n without_o a_o head_n to_o be_v find_v in_o this_o sea_n of_o a_o ell_n and_o a_o half_a diameter_n of_o which_o they_o say_v there_o be_v draw_v a_o certain_a oil_n which_o the_o persian_n use_v in_o their_o lamp_n and_o to_o greese_v their_o camel_n whereas_o there_o be_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n of_o barmach_n near_o the_o city_n of_o baku_n whole_a rivulet_n of_o a_o oily_a substance_n by_o they_o call_v nefte_v nefte_a nefte_a which_o furnish_v they_o with_o a_o sufficient_a quantity_n of_o this_o kind_a for_o that_o use_v at_o a_o much_o cheap_a rate_n it_o be_v from_o thence_o transport_v into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o they_o be_v fall_v into_o this_o error_n by_o the_o superficial_a description_n of_o a_o certain_a fish_n in_o the_o caspian_a sea_n call_v naka_n glutton_n the_o glutton_n or_o glutton_n which_o have_v some_o resemblance_n to_o that_o mention_v by_o they_o for_o it_o have_v not_o only_o a_o very_a short_a nose_n but_o the_o whole_a head_n be_v as_o it_o be_v within_o the_o belly_n and_o its_o tail_n be_v round_o and_o its_o length_n and_o breadth_n near_o the_o same_o and_o sometime_o of_o six_o or_o seven_o foot_n it_o come_v pretty_a near_o a_o circular_a figure_n this_o fish_n will_v fasten_v itself_o with_o the_o tail_n under_o the_o fisher-men_n boat_n so_o as_o to_o overturn_v they_o as_o will_v also_o the_o white_a fish_n which_o make_v the_o fisherman_n be_v very_o cautious_a of_o theâ—â—_n they_o catch_v the_o first_o with_o the_o liver_n of_o beef_n 〈◊〉_d mutton_n which_o the_o fish_n much_o delight_n in_o thâ—â—_n they_o put_v as_o a_o bait_n upon_o iron_n hook_n tie_v to_o good_a strong_a cord_n and_o so_o draw_v he_o to_o the_o shoar_n but_o i_o can_v imagine_v upon_o what_o authority_n they_o have_v found_v their_o relation_n when_o they_o say_v that_o there_o be_v 〈◊〉_d other_o fish_n in_o the_o caspian_a sea_n it_o be_v sufficient_o know_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v very_o well_o store_v not_o only_o with_o abundance_n of_o salmon_n sturgeon_n and_o herring_n but_o also_o with_o several_a kind_n of_o fish_n as_o be_v catch_v in_o river_n and_o keep_v in_o pond_n as_o barbel_n bream_n and_o trout_n before_o we_o leave_v the_o caspian_a sea_n it_o will_v perhaps_o not_o be_v amiss_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o a_o certain_a species_n of_o wild_a goose_n or_o rather_o 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shoar_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o desert_n of_o astrachan_n mention_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n to_o the_o city_n of_o derbent_n circassia_n circassia_n on_o the_o confine_n of_o persia_n the_o dagesthan_a tartar_n be_v subject_a neither_o to_o the_o persian_n nor_o muscovite_n the_o mountain_n which_o they_o inhabit_v serve_v they_o for_o a_o fence_n against_o these_o two_o potent_a neighbour_n but_o the_o circassian_n tartar_n divide_v from_o the_o former_a by_o the_o river_n bustro_n which_o ptolemy_n call_v gerrus_fw-la border_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n of_o astrachan_n and_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o grand_a czar_n of_o muscovy_n we_o will_v treat_v of_o they_o first_o take_v our_o course_n from_o the_o great_a desert_n of_o astrachan_n first_o to_o the_o river_n bustro_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o frontier_n of_o persia_n the_o country_n of_o circassia_n be_v situate_a all_o along_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n from_o the_o south-west_n to_o north-east_n encompass_v it_o about_o in_o form_n of_o a_o crescent_n and_o make_v a_o very_a spacious_a bay_n the_o circassian_n be_v possess_v of_o that_o part_n of_o albania_n which_o have_v for_o its_o frontier_n on_o the_o east_n and_o westside_n the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o mount_n caucasus_n and_o on_o the_o south_n and_o north_n the_o river_n bustro_n and_o the_o desert_n of_o astrachan_n very_o few_o historian_n whether_o ancient_a or_o modern_a have_v make_v any_o mention_n of_o they_o some_o have_v assign_v their_o habitation_n beyond_o the_o mount_n caucasus_n near_o the_o euxin_n sea_n whereas_o they_o be_v more_o proper_o to_o be_v call_v the_o caspian_a sarmatian_n their_o capital_a city_n be_v terki_n terki_n the_o city_n of_o terki_n above_o 300_o mile_n from_o astrachan_n by_o land_n situate_v near_o three_o mile_n from_o the_o shoar_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n upon_o a_o small_a river_n call_v timenski_n a_o branch_n of_o the_o great_a river_n bustro_n which_o be_v former_o call_v terck_n have_v give_v the_o name_n to_o this_o city_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a spacious_a plain_n very_o fenny_a towards_o the_o seaside_n under_o 43_o deg_fw-la 23_o min._n elev_n it_o be_v in_o compass_n about_o two_o mile_n well_o fortify_v with_o rampart_n and_o bastion_n of_o earth_n after_o the_o modern_a way_n store_v with_o cannon_n and_o have_v always_o a_o considerable_a garrison_n in_o it_o of_o muscovite_n under_o the_o command_n of_o a_o weywode_n the_o tartarian_a prince_n who_o reside_v here_o have_v 500_o of_o they_o allow_v he_o for_o his_o guard_n since_o the_o reduction_n of_o those_o part_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n they_o have_v put_v in_o all_o place_n of_o strength_n not_o only_o their_o garrison_n but_o also_o governor_n magistrate_n and_o priest_n for_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o
be_v for_o the_o man_n to_o steal_v child_n not_o spare_v even_o their_o near_a relation_n who_o they_o sell_v to_o the_o neighbour_a persian_n leave_v the_o care_n of_o their_o cattle_n to_o their_o wife_n they_o have_v a_o odd_a custom_n at_o their_o wedding_n to_o wit_n for_o every_o man_n there_o present_a to_o shoot_v his_o arrow_n into_o the_o floor_n where_o they_o be_v leave_v till_o they_o be_v rot_v or_o fall_v of_o themselves_o they_o be_v all_o mahometan_n use_v circumcision_n and_o all_o other_o ceremony_n of_o the_o turk_n their_o clothing_n be_v a_o long_a close_a coat_n habit_n their_o habit_n common_o of_o a_o dark_a gray_a or_o black_a coarse_a cloth_n over_o which_o they_o wear_v a_o cloak_n of_o the_o same_o stuff_n and_o sometime_o of_o sheep's-skin_n they_o wear_v a_o square_a cap_n sew_v together_o of_o a_o great_a many_o piece_n their_o shoe_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n make_v of_o horse_n hide_v sew_v only_o together_o atop_o at_o the_o instep_n the_o poor_a among_o they_o be_v provide_v with_o a_o coat_n of_o mail_n head-pice_a and_o buckler_n beside_o a_o scymitar_n javelin_n bow_n and_o arrow_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n be_v the_o city_n of_o tarku_n tarku_n tarku_n situate_v within_o the_o mountain_n among_o steepy_a rock_n which_o be_v as_o hard_o as_o flint_n and_o afford_v several_a most_o pleasant_a spring_n to_o the_o city_n which_o contain_v about_o 1200_o house_n build_v of_o brick-stone_n bake_v in_o the_o sun_n after_o the_o persian_a manner_n but_o not_o so_o high_a it_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o one_o of_o their_o petty_a prince_n but_o be_v not_o surround_v with_o any_o fortification_n not_o so_o much_o as_o a_o wall_n next_o to_o this_o the_o most_o frequent_a place_n of_o this_o country_n be_v rustain_v boinack_n and_o andre_n be_v three_o several_a principality_n lie_v in_o the_o road_n betwixt_o persia_n and_o the_o river_n wolga_n the_o town_n of_o boinack_n be_v situate_a upon_o the_o ascent_n of_o a_o steepy_a hill_n near_o the_o seaside_n that_o of_o andre_n be_v build_v upon_o a_o rise_a ground_n near_o the_o river_n koisu_n by_o ptolemy_n call_v albanus_n which_o rise_v out_o of_o mount_n caucasus_n its_o water_n be_v very_o muddy_a and_o its_o current_n very_o swift_a the_o most_o remarkable_a thing_n here_o be_v a_o certa_v spring_n of_o seethe_a water_n which_o arise_v near_o the_o town_n and_o fall_v at_o some_o distance_n into_o a_o pool_n make_v the_o water_n fit_a for_o bathe_v about_o some_o mile_n low_a the_o river_n koisu_n let_v out_o a_o branch_n by_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v askai_n probable_o the_o river_n caesius_n of_o ptolemy_n which_o run_v with_o a_o very_a slow_a current_n at_o last_o be_v reunite_v with_o the_o say_a river_n near_o the_o sea_n the_o river_n bustro_n mention_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o chapter_n know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o gerrus_fw-la in_o ptolemy_n be_v the_o boundary_a betwixt_o the_o circassian_n and_o dagesthan_n tartar_n and_o about_o 25_o mile_n before_o its_o entrance_n into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o branch_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v call_v terck_n or_o timenski_n have_v give_v the_o name_n to_o the_o city_n of_o terki_n the_o metropolis_n of_o circassia_n the_o second_o branch_n be_v call_v kiselar_a very_o near_o as_o broad_a as_o the_o other_o but_o not_o so_o deep_a be_v fordable_a for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o summer_n but_o before_o we_o leave_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o russian_a empire_n on_o this_o side_n it_o may_v perhaps_o not_o be_v beyond_o our_o scope_n to_o insert_v here_o short_a description_n of_o the_o city_n of_o derbent_n both_o for_o its_o antiquity's-sake_n and_o its_o be_v the_o frontier-town_n of_o persia_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o dagesthan_a tartar_n especial_o since_o we_o intend_v to_o treat_v of_o some_o other_o part_n border_v upon_o muscovy_n in_o the_o next_o follow_v chapter_n the_o city_n of_o derbent_n be_v situate_a in_o the_o province_n derbent_fw-la derbent_fw-la call_v by_o the_o persian_n lengerkunan_n upon_o the_o very_a shoar_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n which_o sometime_o wash_v its_o wall_n under_o the_o 41_o degr_n 51_o min._n of_o latitude_n it_o be_v length_n reach_v from_o east_n to_o west_n near_o five_o mile_n but_o its_o breadth_n be_v not_o proportionable_a to_o its_o length_n it_o be_v not_o only_o the_o frontierplace_n of_o persia_n lie_v upon_o its_o utmost_a confine_n on_o this_o side_n but_o may_v well_o be_v call_v the_o gate_n of_o it_o reach_v from_o the_o mountain_n quite_o down_o to_o the_o seashore_n the_o whole_a city_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o distinct_a quarter_n the_o first_o be_v the_o mid-city_n which_o the_o persian_n affirm_v to_o be_v build_v by_o alexander_n the_o great_a as_o also_o that_o wall_n which_o surround_v the_o city_n on_o the_o southside_n these_o wall_n be_v of_o a_o great_a height_n and_o about_o six_o foot_n broad_a and_o at_o a_o distance_n appear_v as_o if_o they_o be_v build_v of_o the_o best_a freestone_n in_o the_o world_n but_o according_a to_o the_o relation_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n the_o stone_n of_o it_o be_v make_v of_o mussle-shell_n and_o small_a piece_n of_o freestone_n beat_v and_o mould_v together_o into_o brick_n which_o by_o the_o long_a tract_n of_o time_n be_v reduce_v to_o that_o degree_n of_o hardness_n as_o to_o exceed_v marble_n itself_o there_o be_v even_o to_o this_o day_n upon_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n remain_v a_o inscription_n resemble_v the_o syriack_n character_n as_o there_o appear_v in_o another_o place_n some_o arabic_a word_n but_o so_o deface_v by_o length_n of_o time_n as_o not_o to_o be_v legible_a the_o castle_n which_o lie_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n be_v also_o relate_v to_o owe_v its_o foundation_n to_o that_o great_a conqueror_n and_o be_v now_o always_o keep_v by_o a_o very_a good_a garrison_n of_o persian_n the_o second_o quarter_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o mountain_n be_v the_o most_o populous_a as_o the_o low_a town_n which_o reach_v to_o the_o seaside_n be_v not_o much_o frequent_v now_o be_v former_o inhabit_v by_o greek_n but_o ever_o since_o the_o persian_n regain_v it_o from_o mustapha_n the_o turkish_a emperor_n convert_v into_o garden_n the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o city_n be_v encompass_v with_o a_o very_a strong_a wall_n so_o broad_a that_o a_o wagon_n may_v drive_v on_o they_o without_o inconvenience_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v all_o mahometan_n except_o some_o jew_n who_o chief_a business_n be_v to_o buy_v such_o steal_a child_n as_o the_o neighbour_a dagesthan_n tartar_n bring_v thither_o or_o else_o some_o turk_n or_o muscovite_n which_o they_o have_v pick_v up_o in_o some_o encounter_n they_o send_v thither_o to_o market_n to_o be_v from_o thence_o further_o carry_v into_o persia_n the_o mountain_n above_o the_o city_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n cover_v with_o wood_n afford_v another_o piece_n of_o antiquity_n to_o wit_n the_o ruin_n of_o a_o wall_n which_o if_o the_o inhabitant_n may_v be_v believe_v former_o serve_v for_o a_o communication_n betwixt_o the_o caspian_a and_o euxin_n sea_n and_o extend_v itself_o near_o 300_o mile_n in_o length_n thus_o much_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o the_o ruin_n appear_v now_o in_o some_o place_n six_o foot_n high_a in_o some_o other_o two_o or_o three_o the_o tract_n be_v quite_o lose_v in_o other_o and_o on_o some_o of_o the_o adjacent_a hill_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o several_a old_a castle_n of_o a_o four_o square_a form_n two_o of_o which_o remain_v undemolish_v to_o this_o day_n and_o be_v garrison_v by_o the_o persian_n there_o be_v a_o remarkable_a monument_n of_o another_o kind_n near_o this_o city_n to_o wit_n the_o sepulchre_n of_o tzumtzume_n of_o who_o the_o persian_n relate_v the_o follow_a fable_n out_o of_o their_o poet_n fiesull_n they_o relate_v that_o essi_n this_o be_v the_o name_n they_o give_v to_o our_o saviour_n come_v into_o those_o part_n find_v thereabouts_o a_o certain_a dead_a man_n skull_n which_o have_v take_v particular_a notice_n of_o he_o desire_v of_o god_n who_o favourite_n he_o be_v to_o bring_v the_o decease_a person_n to_o life_n again_o which_o be_v do_v according_o essi_n then_o ask_v he_o who_o he_o be_v he_o answer_v that_o his_o name_n be_v tzumtzume_v that_o he_o have_v be_v the_o most_o powerful_a king_n of_o that_o country_n where_o he_o have_v keep_v a_o vast_a court_n compose_v of_o a_o great_a many_o thousand_o musician_n page_n and_o other_o servant_n at_o last_o tzumtzume_n have_v ask_v essi_n who_o he_o be_v and_o what_o religion_n he_o profess_v christ_n make_v answer_v i_o be_o essi_n and_o by_o the_o religion_n i_o profess_v all_o the_o world_n be_v to_o be_v save_v if_o this_o be_v true_a reply_v
fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o day_n but_o before_o we_o part_v with_o our_o travel_a merchant_n i_o can_v forbear_v to_o mention_v here_o a_o certain_a way_n they_o use_v in_o those_o part_n of_o ease_v these_o reen_o or_o sled-stag_n in_o their_o travel_n it_o be_v the_o more_o surprise_v the_o less_o any_o thing_n of_o that_o nature_n be_v practise_v among_o the_o europaean_n though_o i_o remember_v to_o have_v some_o year_n since_o see_v something_o not_o unlike_a to_o it_o in_o holland_n viz._n a_o certain_a machine_n drive_v forward_o by_o the_o help_n of_o sail_n upon_o a_o level_n this_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o help_n of_o sail_n which_o when_o the_o wind_n favour_n they_o put_v up_o in_o their_o sled_n so_o that_o by_o this_o mean_v they_o be_v drive_v along_o sometime_o over_o the_o land_n cover_v with_o snow_n sometime_o over_o the_o river_n freeze_v with_o ice_n the_o dog_n and_o deer_n supply_v the_o defect_n of_o the_o wind_n in_o a_o country_n all_o level_n china_n why_o the_o muscovite_n travel_v by_o land_n into_o china_n such_o as_o be_v that_o vast_a tract_n of_o ground_n betwixt_o siberia_n and_o mount_n caucasus_n as_o the_o oar_n in_o a_o vessel_n when_o becalm_v or_o labour_v against_o the_o wind._n it_o will_v perhaps_o seem_v strange_a to_o those_o who_o have_v some_o knowledge_n of_o these_o north-eastern_a part_n that_o whereas_o these_o travel_a merchant_n may_v with_o more_o ease_n and_o less_o charge_n take_v the_o advantage_n of_o those_o great_a number_n of_o river_n which_o be_v betwixt_o china_n and_o muscovy_n they_o shall_v choose_v the_o way_n by_o land_n as_o be_v both_o more_o chargeable_a and_o troublesome_a but_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v sufficient_o evident_a out_o of_o what_o have_v be_v say_v that_o the_o grand_fw-fr tartary_n betwixt_o china_n and_o muscovy_n be_v not_o so_o desert_n as_o have_v be_v imagine_v there_o be_v insurmountable_a obstacle_n in_o these_o river_n which_o be_v sufficient_a to_o deter_v even_o the_o 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to_o eat_v because_o they_o use_v to_o eat_v the_o body_n of_o their_o dead_a friend_n mix_v with_o their_o venison_n in_o the_o last_o of_o which_o this_o country_n abound_v and_o always_o be_v and_o be_v to_o this_o day_n their_o ordinary_a food_n some_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v the_o same_o abii_n of_o which_o curtius_n speak_v that_o they_o send_v ambassador_n to_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o that_o they_o be_v call_v obii_fw-la from_o the_o river_n oby_n though_o they_o have_v no_o city_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o live_v a_o vagabond-life_n like_o most_o of_o the_o tartar_n but_o have_v their_o settle_a habitation_n which_o be_v certain_a cabans_n or_o hut_n some_o foot_n deep_a under_o the_o ground_n of_o a_o circular_a figure_n build_v vault-wise_a a_o top_n have_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o a_o hole_n underneath_o which_o be_v the_o fire-place_n round_o about_o which_o they_o lie_v during_o the_o winter_n it_o serve_v both_o for_o a_o chimney_n and_o sometime_o for_o a_o door_n through_o which_o they_o let_v in_o the_o air_n when_o the_o other_o be_v stop_v up_o by_o the_o snow_n which_o fall_v here_o often_o six_o or_o seven_o foot_n high_a during_o this_o season_n which_o last_v six_o month_n and_o keep_v they_o in_o continual_a darkness_n their_o correspondence_n be_v maintain_v betwixt_o they_o by_o the_o trench_n or_o walk_n under_o ground_n from_o one_o hut_n to_o another_o by_o which_o mean_v they_o visit_v one_o another_o the_o absence_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v supply_v by_o the_o melancholy_a light_n of_o lamp_n feed_v with_o oil_n draw_v of_o a_o certain_a fish_n of_o which_o as_o well_o as_o of_o all_o other_o necessary_n they_o make_v provision_n in_o the_o summer_n which_o season_n begin_v here_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o the_o equinoctial_a line_n and_o enter_v into_o the_o septentrional_a sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n and_o rejoice_v
foot_n of_o this_o castle_n be_v another_o small_a town_n or_o rather_o suburb_n call_v narva_n muscovite_n be_v inhabit_v by_o muscovite_n but_o subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o swedish_n governor_n of_o the_o castle_n betwixt_o revel_v and_o narva_n there_o be_v in_o the_o wood_n bear_n and_o wolf_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a bigness_n which_o during_o the_o winter-season_n do_v abundance_n of_o mischief_n to_o the_o peasant_n there_o be_v in_o narva_n to_o be_v see_v the_o skin_n of_o a_o wolf_n of_o a_o prodigious_a size_n which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v kill_v six_o peasant_n out_o of_o twelve_o he_o meet_v upon_o the_o road_n before_o he_o be_v kill_v himself_o they_o fasten_v common_o a_o great_a stick_n to_o their_o sled_n which_o noise_n they_o believe_v frighten_v the_o wolf_n and_o make_v they_o run_v away_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o second_o province_n in_o livonia_n riga_n riga_n which_o be_v call_v lettie_n be_v the_o city_n of_o riga_n it_o be_v origin_n be_v somewhat_o doubtful_a both_o as_o to_o the_o time_n and_o the_o true_a name_n of_o its_o first_o founder_n some_o have_v ascribe_v it_o to_o albert_n the_o three_o bishop_n of_o livonia_n in_o the_o year_n 1196._o other_o to_o one_o bertold_v of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o white_a friar_n abbot_n of_o locken_n in_o the_o country_n of_o shovenburgh_n in_o the_o diocese_n of_o mindea_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v build_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 1189_o and_o to_o have_v make_v it_o a_o bishop_n seat_n but_o it_o be_v beyond_o question_n that_o in_o the_o year_n 1215_o it_o be_v raise_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o a_o archbishopric_n and_o make_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o metropolitan_a of_o all_o livonia_n prussia_n and_o courland_n this_o occasion_v afterward_o great_a jarâ—ngs_n betwixt_o the_o livonian_a knight_n and_o that_o archbishop_n as_o also_o betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n in_o prussia_n concern_v the_o sovereignty_n and_o administration_n of_o justice_n in_o this_o place_n which_o be_v at_o several_a time_n divide_v betwixt_o they_o till_o the_o reformation_n put_v a_o stop_n to_o their_o further_a difference_n by_o take_v from_o they_o all_o the_o authority_n they_o former_o have_v in_o this_o city_n it_o surrender_v itself_o by_o a_o voluntary_a rendition_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1561_o during_o the_o war_n the_o muscovite_n make_v in_o livonia_n about_o that_o time_n since_o which_o it_o be_v twice_o but_o in_o vain_a besiege_v by_o charles_n duke_n of_o sudermannia_n uncle_n to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o sweden_n after_o he_o have_v get_v into_o possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n but_o gustavus_n adolphus_n take_v it_o at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1621._o by_o composition_n after_o a_o siege_n of_o six_o week_n and_o the_o swede_n remain_v ever_o since_o in_o possession_n of_o it_o for_o though_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o truce_n conclude_v betwixt_o the_o two_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n 1635_o the_o same_o be_v not_o grant_v to_o the_o swede_n any_o long_a than_o till_o the_o peace_n they_o be_v according_a to_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n conclude_v betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n in_o the_o monastery_n of_o oliva_n near_o dantzick_n in_o the_o year_n 1666_o wherein_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n also_o resign_v his_o pretention_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n put_v into_o the_o entire_a possession_n of_o this_o city_n and_o the_o whole_a livonia_n it_o be_v situate_a upon_o the_o river_n dune_n which_o about_o ten_o or_o twelve_o mile_n from_o hence_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o be_v near_o this_o city_n above_o a_o mile_n broad_a in_o a_o very_a spacious_a and_o pleasant_a valley_n it_o be_v well_o fortify_v on_o the_o landside_n to_o wit_n with_o six_o regular_a bastion_n and_o as_o many_o half_a moon_n the_o counterscarp_n be_v pallisadoe_v it_o be_v very_o populous_a because_o of_o the_o extraordinary_a concourse_n of_o people_n that_o flock_v hither_o both_o in_o winter_n and_o summer_n on_o the_o account_n of_o commerce_n which_o while_o the_o baltic_a sea_n be_v navigable_a be_v carry_v on_o with_o the_o english_a dutch_a and_o hanseatick_a town_n and_o when_o the_o frost_n and_o snow_n have_v fit_v the_o road_n and_o river_n for_o sled_n with_o the_o muscovite_n all_o sort_n of_o provision_n be_v extreme_o cheap_a here_o but_o especial_o venison_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o peasant_n have_v a_o privilege_n hereabout_o to_o hunt_n at_o pleasure_n the_o lutheran_n be_v the_o establish_a religion_n here_o with_o exclusion_n of_o all_o other_o whether_o protestant_n catholic_n or_o muscovite_n the_o high-dutch_a and_o stavonian_a language_n be_v equal_o understand_v by_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n but_o the_o high-dutch_a be_v look_v upon_o as_o the_o principal_a not_o only_o all_o people_n of_o any_o fashion_n both_o in_o speak_v and_o write_v but_o also_o the_o magistrate_n in_o his_o public_a act_n and_o the_o minister_n in_o their_o sermon_n make_v use_v of_o it_o except_o it_o be_v in_o two_o particular_a church_n where_o sermon_n be_v make_v in_o the_o slavonian_a and_o courland_n language_n for_o such_o of_o the_o mean_a sort_n as_o perhaps_o do_v not_o so_o exact_o understand_v the_o high-dutch_a tongue_n the_o next_o city_n in_o rank_n be_v call_v derpt_v or_o torpat_v derpt_v derpt_v it_o be_v seat_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o all_o livonia_n upon_o the_o river_n eimbec_n between_o the_o two_o lake_n of_o worzero_n and_o peipis_fw-la the_o remnant_n of_o its_o ancient_a building_n show_v it_o to_o have_v be_v none_o of_o the_o least_o considerable_a in_o those_o part_n before_o the_o frequent_a revolution_n which_o happen_v in_o this_o country_n during_o the_o war_n betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n pole_n and_o swede_n have_v render_v its_o condition_n much_o decline_v from_o what_o it_o be_v in_o former_a age_n it_o be_v call_v by_o the_o muscovite_n jupogorod_n who_o be_v possess_v of_o it_o till_o the_o year_n 1230_o when_o it_o be_v take_v by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n who_o make_v it_o also_o the_o seat_n of_o a_o bishop_n in_o the_o year_n 1558_o john_n basilovit_n grand_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n have_v unexpected_o advance_v with_o a_o army_n near_o to_o the_o city_n strike_v such_o a_o consternation_n into_o its_o inhabitant_n that_o without_o strike_v one_o blow_n they_o surrender_v to_o the_o grand_a duke_n but_o the_o year_n 1571_o prove_v most_o fatal_a to_o this_o city_n for_o one_o reinold_n rose_n a_o gentleman_n of_o livonia_n have_v lay_v a_o design_n to_o put_v the_o city_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o magnus_n duke_n of_o helstein_n and_o be_v discover_v before_o it_o can_v be_v put_v in_o execution_n the_o citizen_n pay_v dear_o for_o it_o the_o muscovite_n exercise_v all_o manner_n of_o cruelty_n upon_o they_o without_o distinction_n of_o age_n or_o sex_n pursuant_n to_o the_o treatise_n of_o peace_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1582_o between_o the_o grand_a duke_n john_n basilovit_n and_o stephen_n battory_n king_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v surrender_v to_o the_o latter_a with_o the_o rest_n of_o livonia_n that_o remain_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o till_o the_o year_n 1625_o when_o james_n the_o la'garde_n general_n of_o the_o swedish_n army_n take_v it_o from_o they_o who_o keep_v it_o ever_o since_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o truce_n make_v betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n in_o the_o year_n 1635_o which_o be_v since_o confirm_v by_o the_o peace_n conclude_v in_o the_o year_n 1666_o at_o the_o monastery_n of_o oliva_n gustavus_n adolphus_n found_v a_o university_n here_o in_o the_o year_n 1632_o but_o it_o be_v not_o much_o frequent_v unless_o it_o be_v by_o a_o few_o finlander_n the_o livonian_a nobility_n send_v their_o son_n for_o the_o most_o part_n abroad_o to_o the_o university_n in_o germany_n to_o this_o province_n also_o belong_v the_o city_n of_o parnau_n parnau_n parnau_n have_v receive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n parnau_n or_o pornou_n upon_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v it_o be_v divide_v into_o the_o new_a and_o old_a town_n and_o be_v former_o a_o member_n of_o the_o hanseatick_a league_n but_o its_o trade_n be_v much_o decay_v of_o late_a year_n the_o only_a thing_n they_o now_o deal_v in_o be_v wheat_n it_o be_v not_o very_o big_a but_o have_v a_o pretty_a good_a castle_n build_v of_o wood_n after_o the_o muscovian_a fashion_n the_o river_n pornou_n rise_v out_o of_o a_o great_a forest_n near_o the_o castle_n of_o weissenstein_n situate_v upon_o the_o little_a river_n become_v and_o be_v in_o its_o passage_n augment_v by_o the_o two_o river_n fela_n and_o perukeja_n exonerate_v its_o self_n into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n not_o far_o below_o this_o city_n it_o
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archangel_n and_o other_o place_n where_o they_o be_v truck_v off_o for_o silk_n cloth_n velvet_n cloth_n of_o gold_n and_o such_o other_o commodity_n as_o the_o czar_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o it_o be_v a_o custom_n in_o muscovy_n for_o the_o czar_n to_o bestow_v his_o grace_n among_o his_o subject_n in_o silk_n velvet_n sable_n and_o such_o like_a as_o his_o houshold-servant_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n pay_v with_o meal_n honey_n fish_n nut-oil_n oaâ—s_n beer_n mead_n and_o other_o necessary_n his_o revenue_n out_o ofâ—the_a fur_n and_o caviar_n as_o also_o the_o ithyocolla_n and_o agarick_n â—_o must_v needs_o be_v very_o great_a forasmuch_o as_o he_o monopolize_v these_o commodity_n bath-stove_n be_v so_o common_a in_o muscovy_n that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o village_n so_o small_a but_o have_v one_o or_o more_o of_o they_o the_o impost_n lay_v upon_o those_o that_o keep_v they_o for_o public_a use_v amount_n to_o a_o vast_a sum_n but_o as_o the_o tavern_n and_o other_o house_n 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military_a expense_n be_v almost_o incredible_a the_o vastness_n of_o his_o territory_n oblige_v he_o to_o keep_v above_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o man_n in_o constant_a pay_n which_o in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v sometime_o augment_v to_o three_o hundred_o thousand_o his_o war_n be_v more_o expensive_a to_o he_o than_o most_o other_o prince_n of_o europe_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a number_n of_o foreign_a officer_n as_o well_o as_o soldier_n he_o entertain_v in_o his_o army_n who_o be_v both_o very_o plentiful_o and_o punctual_o pay_v so_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o vastness_n of_o his_o revenue_n at_o the_o commencement_n of_o any_o war_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o lay_v extraordinary_a imposition_n upon_o his_o subject_n the_o great_a duke_n coin_n coin_n have_v only_o the_o power_n of_o coin_v money_n the_o same_o be_v common_o farm_a out_o to_o several_a merchant_n of_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n novogorod_n it_o be_v and_o plescou_n these_o four_o city_n enjoy_v alone_o the_o 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such_o coin_n in_o muscovy_n but_o only_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o commerce_n to_o avoid_v the_o multiplication_n of_o copee_n beside_o this_o small_a money_n they_o make_v use_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o rixdollar_n and_o some_o spanish_a real_n the_o first_o they_o call_v jâ—simâ—i_n from_o the_o word_n joachim_n a_o name_n of_o a_o certain_a saint_n who_o image_n be_v former_o stamp_v upon_o one_o side_n of_o these_o rixdollar_n and_o who_o have_v communicate_v his_o name_n to_o a_o certain_a city_n in_o bohemia_n call_v joachimstad_v where_o in_o the_o year_n 1519_o these_o rixdollar_n be_v first_o coin_v and_o be_v in_o germany_n to_o this_o day_n call_v joachim_n dollar_n the_o czar_n rare_o appear_v in_o public_a unless_o it_o be_v on_o festival_n or_o some_o other_o extraordinary_a occasion_n when_o he_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o utmost_a splendour_n none_o but_o his_o domestic_n and_o lord_n in_o office_n be_v admit_v to_o approach_v within_o the_o inward_a court_n the_o guard_n which_o be_v within_o the_o court_n be_v keep_v under_o so_o exact_a a_o discipline_n that_o they_o stand_v at_o their_o duty_n silent_a and_o as_o it_o be_v immovable_a he_o dine_v but_o seldom_o in_o public_a and_o whether_o at_o dinner_n or_o supper_n there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o noise_n make_v by_o the_o sound_a of_o trumpet_n or_o otherwise_o but_o a_o certain_a officer_n go_v to_o the_o cellar_n and_o kitchen-door_n where_o he_o call_v to_o the_o servant_n godusar_n kushinung_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o grand_a signior_n will_v be_v serve_v when_o immediate_o the_o meat_n be_v carry_v up_o the_o grand_a duke_n always_o dine_v alone_o but_o if_o he_o invite_v any_o of_o his_o lord_n they_o be_v place_v at_o another_o table_n at_o some_o distance_n from_o he_o and_o be_v serve_v with_o the_o same_o meat_n that_o have_v be_v present_v to_o the_o grand_a duke_n for_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o grand_a duke_n have_v always_o fifty_o dish_n dress_v 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of_o the_o current_n at_o part_v they_o cross_v themselves_o and_o cry_v prosti_n farewell_o person_n of_o great_a fortune_n or_o quality_n adorn_v their_o saint_n with_o pearl_n or_o precious_a stone_n but_o these_o demigod_n be_v so_o tenacious_a of_o what_o they_o have_v once_o get_v into_o their_o clutch_n that_o they_o will_v never_o part_v with_o any_o of_o it_o again_o to_o the_o owner_n though_o never_o so_o necessitous_a there_o be_v not_o want_v example_n that_o upon_o a_o pinch_n some_o have_v make_v bold_a to_o borrow_v of_o their_o saint_n against_o their_o will_n what_o former_o be_v their_o own_o who_o have_v pay_v for_o it_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o both_o their_o hand_n if_o any_o one_o be_v excommunicate_v his_o saint_n as_o well_o as_o his_o person_n be_v exclude_v from_o the_o church_n the_o muscovian_a monk_n and_o priest_n miracle_n their_o miracle_n as_o ignorant_a as_o they_o be_v in_o other_o matter_n have_v be_v cunning_a enough_o not_o to_o despoil_v the_o 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happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1563._o their_o head_n as_o they_o say_v do_v not_o only_o remain_v entire_a to_o this_o day_n but_o also_o that_o of_o sergius_n if_o one_o may_v believe_v they_o have_v not_o lose_v its_o military_a operation_n for_o when_o this_o monastery_n be_v besiege_a by_o the_o pole_n the_o head_n of_o sergius_n only_o force_v they_o to_o raise_v the_o siege_n have_v cause_v they_o to_o turn_v their_o arm_n against_o themselves_o during_o the_o assault_n it_o be_v true_a this_o monastery_n be_v besiege_a by_o the_o pole_n under_o their_o general_n john_n sapicha_n who_o be_v force_v to_o abandon_v the_o enterpize_n and_o thus_o far_o the_o monk_n be_v in_o the_o right_n of_o it_o but_o they_o be_v mistake_v in_o the_o true_a circumstance_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o asmuch_o as_n it_o be_v not_o the_o head_n of_o their_o saint_n or_o their_o own_o bravery_n put_v the_o swedish_n army_n that_o oblige_v the_o pole_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n but_o they_o be_v not_o 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not_o advisable_v to_o be_v the_o first_o aggressor_n he_o dissemble_v his_o notice_n and_o content_v himself_o with_o fortify_v the_o two_o quarter_n of_o the_o city_n call_v catangorod_n or_o the_o mid-city_n and_o czargorod_n or_o the_o city-royal_a which_o be_v surround_v with_o good_a stonewall_n and_o contain_v the_o castle_n with_o the_o royal_a palace_n all_o the_o magazine_n and_o great_a house_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o merchant_n he_o propose_v to_o himself_o as_o a_o safe_a retreat_n upon_o all_o occasion_n the_o polish_v general_n gaziouski_n have_v scarce_o finish_v his_o work_n before_o the_o russian_n find_v by_o the_o precaution_n use_v by_o the_o pole_n that_o their_o design_n have_v take_v vent_n resolve_v to_o put_v it_o in_o execution_n trust_v more_o in_o their_o number_n than_o their_o conduct_n and_o have_v on_o the_o three_o day_n after_o palm-sunday_n draw_v together_o a_o incredible_a number_n of_o people_n by_o the_o ring_n of_o the_o bell_n they_o 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off_o the_o blemish_n of_o his_o former_a conduct_n in_o the_o muscovian_a war._n a_o general_a assault_n be_v therefore_o resolve_v on_o to_o be_v make_v on_o the_o 13_o day_n of_o june_n the_o soldier_n encourage_v by_o the_o hope_n of_o the_o booty_n of_o so_o vast_a and_o rich_a a_o city_n show_v a_o great_a eagerness_n to_o attack_v the_o place_n the_o assault_n be_v make_v on_o the_o east_n side_n by_o the_o palatine_a of_o braclow_n and_o on_o the_o west_n where_o then_o be_v the_o king_n quarter_n storm_v smolensko_fw-mi storm_v by_o general_n wyer_n who_o command_v the_o german_n the_o soldier_n have_v find_v mean_n before_o break_v of_o day_n to_o raise_v ladder_n in_o several_a place_n upon_o the_o wall_n unperceived_a by_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o at_o the_o signal_n give_v the_o german_n first_o mount_v and_o get_v up_o to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o wall_n as_o do_v also_o not_o long_o after_o the_o pole_n under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o palatine_a without_o much_o 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ready_a to_o be_v cut_v towards_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o november_n or_o the_o begin_n of_o december_n they_o sow_v it_o but_o once_o in_o three_o year_n but_o the_o first_o year_n produce_v the_o best_a when_o the_o leaf_n be_v cut_v off_o within_o a_o foot_n of_o the_o ground_n the_o stalk_n be_v throw_v away_o as_o useless_a and_o the_o leave_v lay_v a_o dry_n in_o the_o sun_n which_o do_v they_o be_v put_v a_o put_v a_o soak_v for_o four_o or_o five_o day_n in_o a_o stone_n trough_n the_o water_n with_o the_o leaf_n be_v often_o stir_v till_o such_o time_n that_o the_o water_n have_v sufficient_o extract_v the_o whole_a tincture_n of_o the_o herb._n then_o the_o water_n be_v smooth_o draw_v off_o into_o another_o stone_n trough_n in_o order_n to_o let_v it_o settle_v for_o one_o night_n the_o next_o day_n all_o the_o water_n be_v again_o draw_v off_o to_o the_o settlement_n and_o what_o be_v thus_o leave_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o trough_n be_v strain_v through_o a_o course_n cloth_n and_o so_o set_v a_o dry_n in_o the_o sun_n and_o this_o be_v true_a indigo_n which_o however_o the_o banyan_o frequent_o adulterate_a by_o mix_v with_o it_o a_o certain_a earth_n of_o the_o same_o colour_n and_o because_o the_o excellency_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v judge_v by_o its_o lightness_n they_o have_v cunning_a enough_o to_o add_v to_o it_o some_o oil_n to_o make_v it_o swim_v upon_o the_o water_n the_o second_o year_n the_o stalk_v which_o be_v leave_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o year_n before_o shoot_v forth_o other_o leaf_n but_o they_o be_v not_o comparable_a to_o those_o of_o the_o first_o though_o they_o much_o exceed_v the_o wild_a indigo_n wherefore_o they_o reserve_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o second_o year_n product_v for_o seed_n that_o of_o the_o three_o year_n be_v as_o much_o infersour_n in_o goodness_n to_o that_o of_o the_o second_o as_o that_o be_v in_o comparison_n of_o that_o of_o the_o first_o and_o be_v therefore_o in_o no_o 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the_o vast_a number_n of_o river_n that_o exonerate_v themselves_o into_o it_o render_v the_o commerce_n with_o persia_n and_o consequent_o with_o the_o infidel_n very_o commodious_a to_o the_o muscovite_n among_o other_o the_o great_a city_n gangea_n one_o of_o the_o fair_a and_o best_a in_o persia_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o advantageous_a situation_n for_o trade_n upon_o the_o confluence_n of_o several_a river_n and_o the_o great_a crowd_n of_o stranger_n that_o resort_v thither_o on_o the_o account_n of_o traffic_n be_v frequent_o visit_v by_o the_o muscovian_a factor_n the_o banyan_o and_o armenian_n but_o shamachie_n be_v the_o place_n shamachi_n the_o city_n of_o shamachi_n which_o chief_o furnish_v the_o muscovite_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o nearness_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n with_o such_o indian_a and_o persian_a commodity_n as_o they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o this_o city_n be_v indeed_o former_o much_o big_a than_o it_o be_v now_o the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o have_v be_v about_o twenty_o year_n ago_o ruin_v by_o a_o eathquake_n yet_o notwithstanding_o this_o misfortune_n it_o be_v still_o very_o considerable_a there_o be_v not_o in_o all_o the_o persian_a empire_n a_o city_n where_o there_o be_v so_o general_a a_o resort_n of_o stranger_n of_o all_o nation_n to_o wit_n of_o armenian_n banyan_o georgian_n greek_n turk_n circasian_o and_o muscovite_n the_o latter_a of_o which_o have_v their_o particular_a caravansera_n or_o public_a storehouse_n where_o they_o truck_v their_o tin_n russia_n leather_n copper_n fur_n and_o other_o merchandise_n for_o the_o precious_a commodity_n of_o india_n and_o persia_n and_o which_o afterward_o be_v convey_v into_o to_o russia_n either_o by_o land_n by_o the_o way_n of_o derbent_n through_o the_o dagesthan_n and_o circasian_n tartar_n over_o the_o great_a desert_n of_o astrachan_n to_o the_o river_n wolga_n or_o else_o be_v ship_v in_o the_o road_n of_o nizora_n the_o most_o safe_a and_o most_o convenient_a for_o ship_n in_o all_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o from_o thence_o be_v carry_v up_o the_o wolga_n to_o the_o river_n ocâ—a_n and_o so_o by_o the_o inopea_n to_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o empire_n the_o project_n which_o by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o present_a czar_n of_o muscovy_n have_v be_v set_v on_o foot_n of_o 〈◊〉_d a_o communication_n betwixt_o the_o great_a river_n the_o wolga_n and_o the_o don_n will_v when_o perfect_v be_v of_o incredible_a advantage_n to_o the_o muscovite_n in_o transâ—â—â—ing_v not_o only_o their_o own_o but_o all_o the_o sarick_a indian_a persian_a and_o chinese_n commodity_n into_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n especial_o if_o his_o present_a czarish_n majesty_n shall_v be_v so_o successful_a against_o the_o crim_n tartar_n as_o to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o taurica_n chersonesus_n and_o consequent_o of_o the_o city_n and_o port_n of_o caffa_n former_o so_o famous_a when_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o geneâ—ses_n and_o the_o port_n of_o erzotra_n situate_v on_o the_o black_a sea_n i_o have_v hitherto_o withal_o the_o enquiry_n i_o can_v make_v not_o be_v able_a to_o be_v full_o instruct_v in_o what_o place_n it_o be_v that_o this_o communication_n betwixt_o these_o two_o river_n be_v to_o be_v perfect_v but_o thus_o much_o be_v most_o probale_n that_o it_o must_v either_o be_v effect_v by_o cut_v a_o canal_n on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o first_o branch_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n wolga_n communication_n betwixt_o the_o river_n don_n and_o wolga_n near_o the_o city_n of_o zariza_n where_o the_o don_n advance_v within_o seven_o league_n of_o the_o wolga_n for_o else_o by_o render_v the_o small_a river_n of_o kamous_a navigable_a which_o rise_v out_o of_o the_o don_n fall_v below_o the_o say_a city_n of_o zaria_n behind_o the_o islle_v of_o zerpinsk_n into_o the_o river_n wolga_n as_o to_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o chinese_n trade_n in_o muscovy_n trade_n the_o chinese_n trade_n how_o the_o way_n thither_o be_v first_o discover_v and_o improve_v by_o the_o sable_a hunter_n of_o siberia_n and_o how_o by_o the_o river_n of_o obi_n genessay_n lena_n and_o yomour_n and_o by_o the_o conveniency_n of_o their_o sled_n draw_v by_o rain-deer_n during_o the_o winter_n season_n they_o carry_v on_o that_o trade_n have_v be_v circumstantial_o relate_v in_o the_o first_o part_n in_o that_o chapter_n where_o we_o treat_v of_o siberia_n we_o have_v therefore_o only_o thus_o much_o to_o add_v here_o that_o as_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o banyan_o and_o armenian_n 〈◊〉_d muscovite_n maintain_v a_o constant_a correspondence_n with_o the_o indian_n and_o persian_n so_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o those_o they_o call_v kitachi_n they_o keep_v up_o their_o communication_n with_o china_n these_o kitachi_n go_v common_o under_o the_o name_n of_o chineses_n in_o muscovy_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o muscovite_n call_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n betwixt_o the_o river_n oby_n the_o wolga_n and_o china_n which_o 〈◊〉_d proper_o the_o great_a tartary_n by_o the_o name_n of_o kaâ—â—â—_n but_o in_o regard_n the_o muscovite_n as_o we_o mention_v in_o the_o first_o volume_n have_v make_v such_o considerable_a discovery_n on_o that_o side_n of_o late_a year_n as_o to_o have_v build_v several_a city_n for_o the_o security_n of_o their_o colony_n on_o that_o side_n they_o have_v also_o by_o degree_n draw_v abundance_n of_o these_o wander_a people_n to_o these_o 〈◊〉_d where_o after_o once_o they_o become_v fix_v and_o begin_v to_o have_v a_o true_a sense_n of_o the_o benefit_n and_o advantage_n of_o a_o settle_a life_n they_o have_v settle_v themselves_o in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o muscovy_n and_o prove_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o russian_n to_o carry_v on_o the_o chinese_n trade_n by_o their_o correspondence_n with_o the_o several_a tartarian_a nation_n inhabit_v that_o spacious_a country_n betwixt_o siberia_n and_o
general_o excessive_a cold_a in_o the_o winter_n and_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o summer_n during_o the_o space_n of_o two_o or_o three_o month_n very_o intense_a and_o violent_a the_o country_n be_v general_o flat_a and_o sandy_a full_a of_o tree_n and_o wood_n so_o that_o muscovy_n in_o a_o manner_n appear_v to_o be_v one_o continual_a forest_n irrigate_v by_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o lake_n and_o river_n which_o render_v it_o incomparable_o pleasant_a in_o the_o summer_n and_o extreme_o commodious_a for_o travel_v and_o trade_n in_o the_o winter_n the_o lake_n most_o remarkable_a for_o their_o bigness_n muscovy_n the_o most_o 〈…〉_o muscovy_n be_v 1._o ivanosera_fw-fr which_o be_v as_o much_o as_o to_o say_v john_n lake_n be_v situate_v in_o the_o great_a forest_n of_o epiphanow_n in_o the_o province_n of_o resan_n 500_o english_a mile_n long_o 2._o bieleâ—sera_fw-fr near_o 50_o mile_n in_o compass_n ilmin_n or_o ilman_n 200_o mile_n long_o and_o as_o many_o broad_a near_o the_o city_n of_o novogoâ—od_n veliki_n towards_o the_o west_n near_o the_o confine_n of_o finland_n there_o be_v two_o more_o not_o far_o distant_a from_o one_o another_o and_o of_o great_a extent_n the_o first_o be_v call_v ladoga_n or_o laduga_n which_o contain_v several_a small_a island_n and_o great_a store_n of_o fish_n its_o compass_n be_v near_o 300_o league_n the_o second_o be_v call_v onega_n near_o 250_o mile_n long_o and_o 80_o broad_a beside_o a_o great_a many_o other_o not_o to_o be_v mention_v in_o this_o place_n there_o be_v so_o prodigious_a a_o number_n of_o lake_n and_o brook_n all_o over_o muscovy_n that_o scarce_o four_o or_o five_o league_n can_v be_v travel_v there_o without_o see_v some_o of_o they_o on_o all_o side_n it_o be_v particular_o observable_a in_o muscovy_n that_o most_o of_o its_o river_n even_o those_o of_o the_o first_o rank_n take_v their_o original_n from_o lake_n the_o river_n volga_n itself_o muscovy_n the_o chiefâ—â—â—_n 〈…〉_o muscovy_n the_o big_a in_o europe_n if_o not_o in_o the_o world_n owe_v its_o first_o offspring_n to_o a_o lake_n call_v fronow_v in_o the_o province_n of_o roscovie_n and_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o another_o lake_n at_o some_o few_o miles_n distance_n from_o the_o former_a call_v volga_n through_o which_o it_o pass_v and_o after_o have_v traverse_v many_o province_n and_o receive_v a_o great_a number_n of_o small_a river_n it_o disembogue_n near_o astrachan_n into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n the_o next_o considerable_a river_n be_v the_o boristhenes_n or_o niâ—per_n it_o take_v its_o source_n in_o the_o same_o province_n of_o roscovie_n where_o the_o volga_n do_v and_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o euxine_a sea_n the_o river_n oby_n take_v its_o source_n from_o the_o lake_n catisco_n traverse_n the_o desert_n of_o tartary_n from_o south_n to_o northwest_n and_o have_v serve_v as_o a_o boundary_a betwixt_o that_o country_n and_o the_o muscovian_a territory_n discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o freeze_a sea_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v two_o considerable_a river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n call_v duina_fw-la i._n e._n twain_n or_o two_o the_o first_o be_v the_o confluence_n of_o two_o river_n viz._n of_o the_o jagel_n and_o sâ—cogna_n disembogue_n into_o the_o white_a sea_n near_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o archangel_n the_o second_o duina_n owe_v its_o name_n and_o offspring_n to_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n a_o few_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o boristhenes_n or_o niâ—per_n and_o fall_v about_o four_o league_n from_o riga_n in_o livonia_n into_o the_o baltique_a not_o to_o mention_v here_o the_o river_n of_o mosca_n and_o occa_fw-la and_o other_o of_o less_o note_n wherewith_o this_o country_n be_v stock_v which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n loose_v themselves_o either_o in_o the_o volga_n or_o in_o the_o other_o abovemention_v river_n and_o will_v be_v more_o particular_o take_v notice_n of_o in_o their_o proper_a place_n the_o territory_n under_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n part_n muscovy_n divide_v in_o four_o part_n be_v common_o divide_v into_o four_o several_a part_n the_o first_o be_v the_o northern_a muscovy_n border_v on_o sweden_n which_o contain_v seven_o very_a large_a province_n viz._n the_o muscovite_n lapland_n dwina_n pleskâ—w_n kargapol_n wologda_n novogorod_n veliki_n and_o biâ—leja_n osera_n the_o second_o part_n be_v the_o northern_a muscovy_n border_v on_o the_o tartar_n divide_v into_o sixteen_o province_n viz._n that_o of_o candora_n juhora_n or_o juhorski_n new-holland_n near_o the_o straight_a of_o nassaw_n or_o weigat_n petzora_n obdora_n vstioug_n perniski_n wiatka_n wachines_n the_o principality_n of_o bielski_n smolensko_n and_o severia_n or_o novogorod_n sevierski_n part_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiow_n the_o dukedom_n of_o kraina_n and_o last_o the_o province_n call_v pole_n beside_o which_o it_o contain_v three_o different_a sort_n of_o people_n call_v czeremissi_n logovoi_fw-fr czeremissi_n nagorni_n and_o the_o morduate_n the_o three_o part_n be_v that_o of_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n comprehend_v ten_o very_a large_a province_n viz._n that_o of_o muscovy_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o dukedom_n of_o werotin_n rezan_n welodi_n jaroslow_n sasdel_n rostow_n it_o be_v and_o roscow_n beside_o the_o province_n of_o nisenovogorod_a the_o four_o and_o last_o be_v the_o muscovian_a tartary_n divide_v into_o nine_o part_n viz._n into_o the_o four_o kingdom_n of_o astrachan_n bulgar_a casan_n and_o siberia_n into_o the_o four_o province_n of_o lucomoria_n loppia_n pegahorda_fw-la and_o javalhahordo_v the_o nine_o part_n contain_v eight_o different_a sort_n of_o people_n viz._n the_o samoyede_n tingoeses_n vigulei_n scibanski_n tustiouski_n calami_fw-la hugneski_n and_o tartars-cornubii_a former_o the_o sovereign_n of_o russia_n bear_v the_o title_n of_o great_a duke_n arm_n title_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n and_o their_o coat_n of_o arm_n but_z since_o they_o have_v extend_v their_o conquest_n among_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n the_o russian_n salute_v their_o prince_n with_o the_o title_n of_o weliki_n knez_n that_o be_v great_a lord_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o turkish_a grand_a signior_n and_o that_o of_o czar_n or_o his_o czarish_a majesty_n and_o though_o the_o word_n czar_n in_o the_o russian_a language_n signify_v as_o much_o as_o a_o king_n the_o russian_n nevertheless_o have_v understand_v that_o the_o chief_a among_o the_o christian_a prince_n of_o europe_n be_v style_v by_o the_o name_n of_o kaysar_n derive_v from_o the_o name_n of_o he_o who_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o roman_a monarchy_n the_o great_a duke_n interpreter_n make_v use_v of_o the_o same_o word_n when_o they_o recite_v their_o master_n title_n the_o affinity_n which_o be_v in_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o two_o word_n of_o caesar_n and_o czar_n have_v questionless_a furnish_v they_o with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o commit_v this_o wilful_a mistake_n in_o etymology_n the_o arm_n which_o they_o make_v use_v of_o in_o their_o great_a seal_n ever_o since_o the_o reign_n of_o that_o famous_a tyrant_n john_n basilovitz_n be_v likewise_o make_v in_o imitation_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n viz._n a_o double-headed_n spread-eagle_n the_o wing_n only_o somewhat_o less_o than_o the_o imperial_a eagle_n have_v on_o the_o breast_n in_o a_o escutcheon_n one_o on_o horseback_n fight_v with_o a_o dragon_n represent_v as_o they_o say_v the_o archangel_n st._n michael_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o in_o these_o part_n we_o use_v to_o represent_v st._n george_n above_o and_o betwixt_o the_o eagles-head_n be_v three_o crown_n viz._n that_o of_o muscovy_n and_o the_o two_o tartarian_a kingdom_n of_o casan_n and_o astrachan_n the_o whole_a title_n of_o the_o muscovian_a czar_n run_v thus_o great_a lord_n emperor_n and_o grand_a duke_n conservator_n of_o all_o the_o great_a and_o little_a and_o white_a russia_n of_o muscovy_n kâ—avie_n volodimerie_n nofgorod_n emperor_n of_o casan_n emperor_n of_o astrachan_n emperor_n of_o siberia_n lord_n of_o pscove_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n smolensko_n twersco_n volinsko_fw-mi podolsko_fw-mi vghorsco_n permsco_n veatsco_n bolgarsco_n etc._n etc._n lord_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o nofgorod_n in_o the_o low_a country_n of_o chernigo_n resansco_n polotsco_n rostofsco_n yerostofsco_n beloozarsco_n oudorsco_n obdorsco_n condinsco_n wetepsco_n mstisclaaco_n and_o all_o the_o northern_a part_n lord_n of_o the_o country_n of_o iversco_n of_o cartalinsco_n and_o of_o gruzinsco_n and_o of_o the_o country_n of_o cabardinsco_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o cercasco_n and_o igorsco_n lord_n and_o monarch_n of_o several_a other_o dominion_n and_o province_n east_n west_n and_o north_n which_o be_v his_o inheritance_n from_o father_n to_o son_n most_o of_o these_o province_n be_v of_o a_o vast_a extent_n and_o all_o of_o they_o except_o very_o few_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o whether_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o vast_a extent_n of_o their_o empire_n or_o in_o regard_n of_o
reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o the_o river_n and_o the_o lake_n it_o have_v beside_o this_o two_o city_n more_o call_v ostrow_n and_o opolsko_n the_o province_n of_o wologda_n wologda_fw-la wologda_fw-la which_o sometime_o belong_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o novogorod_n be_v since_o reunited_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o muscovy_n its_o capital_a city_n have_v the_o same_o name_n with_o the_o province_n both_o of_o they_o have_v borrow_v their_o name_n from_o the_o river_n vologda_n which_o have_v its_o rise_n near_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o novogorod_n veliki_n disembogue_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o city_n of_o wologda_n or_o vologda_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a in_o those_o part_n not_o only_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o bigness_n and_o strength_n be_v surround_v with_o a_o very_a strong_a wall_n but_o also_o of_o its_o commerce_n it_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o left_a shoar_n of_o the_o river_n sucagna_n raise_v upon_o the_o very_a bank_n of_o it_o which_o river_n run_v by_o tetma_n and_o vstiga_n run_v some_o mile_n below_o the_o latter_a into_o the_o abovementioned_a river_n dwina_n which_o render_v it_o very_o convenient_a for_o trading_n and_o consequent_o very_o populous_a there_o be_v two_o city_n more_o in_o this_o province_n call_v socsoa_n and_o stâ—litz_n the_o province_n of_o vstiugha_n ustiugha_n ustiugha_n lie_v betwixt_o the_o province_n of_o dwina_n and_o wologda_n be_v also_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o novogorod_n till_o like_o all_o the_o rest_n in_o those_o part_n it_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o muscovy_n the_o capital_a city_n here_o be_v likewise_o call_v vstiugha_n from_o the_o word_n vst_o which_o signify_v as_o much_o as_o the_o latin_a word_n ostium_n or_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o river_n and_o jugh_o it_o be_v not_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o conflux_n of_o the_o river_n jugh_o and_o sucagna_n build_v upon_o the_o very_a bank_n of_o the_o latter_a which_o at_o some_o mile_n below_o this_o place_n exoâ—erates_v itself_o in_o the_o river_n dwina_n as_o we_o have_v mention_v before_o it_o have_v its_o own_o weywode_n or_o governour_n this_o province_n be_v famous_a for_o the_o best_a black_a fox_n it_o afford_v above_o all_o other_o in_o muscovy_n it_o have_v two_o city_n more_o call_v kollas_n and_o dobriâ—a_n the_o next_o province_n both_o for_o rank_n and_o situation_n be_v novogorod_n veliki_n veliki_n noâ—ogorod_n veliki_n owe_v its_o name_n to_o its_o capital_a city_n likewise_o call_v novogorod_n veliki_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o very_a fair_a spacious_a plain_n at_o 58_o degree_n 23_o min._n elevation_n upon_o the_o wologda_n or_o vologda_n a_o river_n different_a from_o the_o volga_n vologda_n the_o river_n vologda_n the_o river_n vologda_n have_v its_o rise_n out_o of_o the_o lake_n of_o ilman_n about_o three_o mile_n above_o this_o city_n from_o whence_o cross_v the_o lake_n of_o ladoga_n it_o pass_v in_o its_o way_n through_o the_o river_n niova_n the_o boundary_a betwixt_o muscovy_n and_o sweden_n on_o that_o side_n near_o the_o city_n of_o noteburgh_n till_o at_o last_o by_o the_o gulf_n of_o finland_n it_o exonerate_v itself_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n this_o river_n be_v of_o great_a advantage_n to_o this_o city_n afford_v not_o only_o great_a store_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o most_o excellent_a fish_n at_o a_o very_a cheap_a rate_n but_o also_o be_v navigable_a from_o its_o very_a source_n and_o the_o country_n round_o about_o very_o fruitful_a abound_v in_o wheat_n flax_n hemp_n wax_n and_o honey_n but_o especial_o in_o russia_n leather_n which_o be_v look_v upon_o here_o to_o be_v better_o dress_v than_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o muscovy_n make_v this_o city_n to_o be_v repute_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a trade_n city_n in_o the_o whole_a empire_n it_o be_v in_o former_a age_n govern_v by_o its_o own_o prince_n who_o have_v extend_v their_o conquest_n over_o several_a of_o the_o adjacent_a province_n as_o have_v be_v mention_v before_o this_o city_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o one_o of_o the_o most_o potent_a and_o celebrate_v of_o europe_n so_o that_o it_o be_v grow_v into_o a_o proverb_n in_o those_o part_n who_o can_v oppose_v god_n and_o the_o great_a city_n of_o novogorod_n the_o hanseatick_a town_n have_v in_o those_o day_n a_o office_n of_o address_n in_o this_o city_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o only_o frequent_v by_o the_o livonian_o and_o muscovite_n but_o also_o by_o the_o dane_n german_n and_o swede_n it_o be_v surname_v veliki_n which_o signify_v great_a there_o have_v be_v some_o who_o have_v compare_v it_o for_o greatness_n with_o rome_n itself_o it_o be_v true_a they_o have_v in_o this_o much_o over-shot_a the_o mark_n nevertheless_o the_o great_a extent_n of_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ancient_a wall_n and_o the_o number_n of_o its_o steeple_n yet_o remain_v be_v sufficient_a proof_n of_o its_o foâ—mer_a glory_n and_o that_o its_o present_a condition_n fall_v incomparable_o short_a of_o what_o it_o be_v before_o its_o destruction_n the_o city_n be_v now_o only_o surround_v with_o a_o wooden_a wall_n and_o the_o house_n build_v of_o the_o same_o material_n the_o first_o that_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o grandeur_n of_o this_o place_n be_v vithold_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n and_o at_o that_o time_n general_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 1427._o oblige_v it_o to_o pay_v a_o considerable_a tribute_n to_o that_o crown_n about_o fifty_o year_n after_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n john_n basili_n grotsdin_n famous_a for_o his_o tyranny_n after_o a_o war_n of_o seven_o year_n have_v defeat_v their_o army_n in_o the_o year_n 1477._o force_v they_o to_o do_v he_o â—omage_n and_o to_o receive_v a_o muscovian_a governor_n and_o soon_o after_o put_v a_o fatal_a period_n to_o this_o great_a and_o poâ—ent_a city_n for_o have_v consider_v with_o himself_o that_o its_o inhabitant_n will_v not_o fail_v to_o take_v hold_n of_o the_o first_o opportunity_n to_o recover_v their_o liberty_n go_v thither_o in_o person_n under_o pretence_n of_o establish_v the_o greek_a religion_n which_o he_o pretend_v to_o be_v in_o danger_n by_o the_o contrivance_n of_o the_o roman_a catholic_n be_v encourage_v in_o his_o design_n by_o theophilus_n the_o then_o archbishop_n of_o the_o city_n he_o have_v no_o soon_o enter_v the_o city_n but_o it_o be_v by_o his_o order_n pillage_v and_o the_o inhabitant_n transport_v from_o thence_o into_o other_o place_n of_o muscovy_n but_o especial_o to_o nisenovogorod_a which_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o before_o in_o who_o stead_n he_o plant_v there_o a_o colony_n of_o muscovite_n the_o booty_n which_o he_o get_v there_o be_v incredible_a have_v beside_o all_o sort_n of_o rich_a stuff_n and_o other_o sumptuous_a movable_n carry_v away_o three_o hundred_o wagon_n load_v with_o gold_n silver_n and_o jewel_n about_o fourscore_o year_n after_o viz._n in_o the_o year_n 1569._o the_o then_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n john_n basilowitz_n have_v conceive_v the_o same_o suspicion_n enter_v the_o city_n with_o a_o army_n and_o after_o he_o have_v cause_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o people_n to_o be_v trample_v to_o death_n by_o the_o horse_n foot_n and_o some_o thousand_o kill_v by_o the_o sword_n such_o a_o multitude_n of_o dead_a body_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o river_n wolgda_n that_o its_o current_n be_v stop_v the_o neighbour_a field_n be_v overflow_v round_o about_o the_o town_n the_o stench_n of_o the_o dead_a carcase_n cause_v such_o a_o infection_n in_o the_o air_n that_o what_o have_v escape_v the_o fury_n of_o the_o soldier_n be_v destroy_v either_o by_o the_o plague_n or_o famine_n no_o body_n dare_v to_o venture_v to_o carry_v thither_o any_o provision_n but_o that_o which_o be_v the_o most_o inhuman_a of_o all_o be_v that_o even_o the_o few_o remnant_n that_o have_v escape_v his_o former_a cruelty_n the_o plague_n and_o famine_n have_v feed_v upon_o dead_a carcase_n be_v at_o last_o all_o cut_n to_o piece_n by_o the_o tyrant_n soldier_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o calamity_n sustain_v its_o advantageous_a situation_n for_o commerce_n have_v in_o process_n of_o time_n draw_v thither_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o new_a inhabitant_n by_o who_o industry_n it_o be_v bring_v into_o that_o state_n it_o appear_v now_o which_o though_o it_o must_v only_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o mere_a shadow_n of_o that_o great_a body_n it_o represent_v in_o former_a age_n nevertheless_o next_o to_o the_o city_n of_o archangel_n it_o may_v pass_v for_o one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a trade_n town_n in_o those_o part_n for_o beside_o the_o wooden_a fortification_n we_o have_v mention_v before_o it_o have_v a_o castle_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n opposite_a to_o the_o city_n and_o join_v to_o it_o by_o a_o bridge_n this_o castle_n be_v surround_v by_o a_o strong_a stone_n wall_n be_v
the_o residence_n both_o of_o the_o weywode_n and_o the_o metropolitan_a who_o have_v the_o management_n of_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n over_o this_o province_n over_o against_o this_o castle_n on_o the_o same_o side_n of_o the_o river_n with_o the_o city_n be_v a_o monastery_n dedicate_v to_o st._n anthony_n the_o muscovite_n relate_v most_o surprise_a miracle_n of_o this_o saint_n among_o the_o rest_n they_o show_v a_o great_a millstone_n lie_v against_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o convent_n upon_o which_o they_o say_v st._n anthony_n perform_v his_o voyage_n from_o rome_n to_o novogorod_n viz._n by_o go_v down_o the_o tiber_n this_o stone_n ship_n have_v carry_v he_o if_o any_o body_n will_v believe_v it_o over_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o mediterranean_a to_o the_o baltic_a where_o he_o go_v up_o the_o volgda_n and_o at_o last_o take_v up_o his_o 〈…〉_o nouâ—gorod_n there_o be_v another_o monastery_n 〈…〉_o place_v call_v perumiki_n monastir_n what_o they_o 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o as_o it_o appeaâ—â—_n more_o câ—eâ—ible_a so_o it_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v pass_v by_o 〈…〉_o it_o be_v relate_v that_o before_o novogorod_n and_o the_o adâ—â—â—ent_a place_n be_v convert_v to_o the_o christian_a 〈◊〉_d these_o pagan_n use_v to_o sacrifice_n to_o a_o certain_a idol_n call_v perun_n or_o the_o god_n of_o fire_n perun_n signify_v in_o the_o muscovian_a language_n as_o much_o as_o fire_n this_o idol_n be_v represent_v with_o a_o thunderbolt_a in_o his_o hand_n near_o which_o be_v keep_v a_o constant_a fire_n of_o oak_n which_o be_v never_o to_o go_v out_o at_o the_o peril_n of_o their_o life_n who_o have_v the_o charge_n of_o it_o after_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v embrace_v christianity_n the_o idol_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o river_n its_o temple_n raze_v and_o this_o convent_n build_v on_o the_o same_o place_n where_o the_o temple_n of_o the_o idol_n stand_v before_o there_o be_v also_o in_o this_o province_n the_o city_n of_o ladoga_n situate_v on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n from_o whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n which_o be_v thereabouts_o near_o threescore_o mile_n broad_a and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o it_o at_o about_o 80_o miles_n distance_n the_o city_n of_o laba_n the_o utmost_a frontier-town_n of_o the_o muscovite_n on_o that_o side_n about_o seven_o mile_n on_o this_o side_n of_o ladoga_n in_o the_o river_n wolgda_n there_o be_v a_o most_o dangerous_a cataract_n or_o fall_n of_o water_n among_o 〈◊〉_d rock_n and_o at_o six_o mile_n thence_o another_o not_o far_o from_o the_o monastery_n call_v nicolai_n nepostitz_n where_o the_o water_n run_v with_o such_o violence_n that_o a_o hundred_o man_n scarce_o be_v able_a to_o draw_v a_o load_a boat_n up_o the_o river_n and_o often_o be_v cast_v away_o in_o either_o of_o these_o two_o place_n next_o to_o the_o province_n of_o novogorod_n something_o more_o northward_o osera_fw-fr bela_n osera_fw-fr be_v the_o duchy_n of_o bela_n osera_n a_o province_n so_o full_a of_o wood_n rivers_n and_o fen_n that_o it_o be_v scarce_o accessible_a except_o in_o winter_n when_o the_o river_n and_o fen_n be_v freeze_v it_o be_v capital_a city_n be_v of_o the_o same_o name_n with_o the_o province_n beside_o which_o it_o have_v the_o city_n of_o stara_n russo_n glebowa_n and_o grodsesko_n the_o province_n of_o kargapol_n kargapol_n kargapol_n border_v upon_o this_o to_o the_o north-west_n have_v nothing_o remarkable_a but_o its_o capital_a city_n which_o have_v give_v the_o name_n to_o the_o province_n to_o the_o south-west_n of_o it_o be_v the_o dukedom_n of_o smolensko_n smolensko_n smolensko_n it_o border_n on_o the_o south_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o severia_n to_o the_o east_n upon_o muscovy_n proper_o so_o call_v on_o the_o west_n be_v lithuania_n and_o to_o the_o north_n the_o province_n of_o novogorod_n veliki_n and_o livonia_n it_o be_v capital_a city_n be_v likewise_o call_v smolensko_n have_v communicate_v its_o name_n to_o the_o province_n seat_v upon_o the_o river_n boristhenes_n boristhenes_n the_o river_n boristhenes_n or_o niâ—per_n this_o river_n rise_v in_o the_o province_n of_o rosâ—hovie_n near_o a_o village_n call_v dmiepersko_n about_o fifty_o league_n from_o the_o lake_n of_o fronowe_n the_o first_o source_n of_o the_o river_n volga_n and_o after_o it_o have_v take_v its_o course_n southward_o it_o turn_v near_o wiesma_n towards_o the_o east_n by_o the_o city_n of_o prohobus_fw-la smolensko_fw-mi orsha_n dubrowna_n and_o mohilow_n from_o whence_o it_o return_v again_o to_o the_o south_n and_o pass_v by_o kioviâ—_n near_o the_o cyrcass_n quite_o different_a from_o the_o circassian_n tartar_n and_o thence_o to_o the_o city_n of_o otzakow_n belong_v to_o the_o precopian_a tartar_n it_o fall_v into_o the_o euxine_a sea_n at_o the_o very_a bank_n of_o this_o river_n be_v a_o well-fortified_n citadel_n with_o a_o very_a good_a ditch_n and_o a_o noble_a counterscarp_n well_o pallisadoe_v belong_v to_o the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n but_o the_o city_n itself_o have_v but_o a_o single_a wall_n without_o a_o ditch_n the_o muscovite_n take_v it_o from_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o year_n 1514._o but_o be_v recover_v near_o a_o â—undred_o year_n after_o by_o the_o pole_n under_o their_o king_n sigismond_n in_o the_o year_n 1633._o the_o great_a duke_n michael_n federovit_n besiege_v â—t_a with_o a_o army_n of_o above_o 100000_o man_n smolensko_fw-mi siâ—e_v of_o smolensko_fw-mi among_o who_o be_v several_a thousand_o german_n beside_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o muscovite_n discipline_v after_o the_o german_a way_n and_o command_v by_o german_a english_a scot_n and_o french_a officer_n with_o a_o vast_a train_n of_o artillery_n consist_v of_o 300_o cannon_n and_o all_o other_o thing_n requisite_a to_o carry_v on_o the_o siege_n with_o the_o utmost_a vigour_n under_o the_o command_n of_o a_o polander_n call_v herman_n slein_n who_o have_v be_v rebaptise_v in_o muscovy_n and_o by_o his_o treachery_n as_o it_o be_v suppose_v lose_v the_o whole_a army_n for_o the_o german_n have_v soon_o make_v a_o breach_n in_o the_o wall_n be_v for_o give_v a_o assault_n which_o be_v oppose_v by_o the_o general_n they_o be_v second_v by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o foreign_a officer_n whereupon_o have_v mount_v the_o breach_n they_o be_v very_o near_a master_n of_o it_o when_o the_o general_n turn_v his_o cannon_n against_o they_o force_v they_o to_o retreat_n allege_v that_o it_o be_v not_o for_o the_o honour_n of_o his_o czarish_a majesty_n that_o a_o handful_n of_o foreigner_n shall_v carry_v away_o the_o glory_n of_o the_o siege_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v gather_v a_o body_n of_o five_o or_o six_o thousand_o pole_n post_v his_o force_n on_o several_a avenue_n which_o lead_v to_o the_o muscovian_a camp_n by_o which_o they_o must_v of_o necessity_n receive_v their_o provision_n without_o the_o least_o opposition_n make_v by_o the_o muscovite_n who_o without_o much_o difficulty_n may_v have_v prevent_v the_o pole_n so_o that_o have_v sufficient_a leisure_n give_v they_o to_o fortify_v themselves_o the_o muscovian_a army_n be_v in_o a_o little_a time_n reduce_v to_o that_o extremity_n for_o want_v of_o provision_n that_o their_o general_n who_o never_o so_o much_o as_o attempt_v to_o force_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o their_o post_n be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o shameful_a capitulation_n for_o himself_o and_o the_o whole_a army_n with_o all_o the_o artillery_n and_o baggage_n to_o surrender_v at_o discretion_n and_o to_o leave_v sufficient_a hostage_n for_o the_o ransom_n of_o all_o the_o officer_n and_o soldier_n which_o be_v according_o pay_v by_o the_o great_a duke_n the_o general_n rely_v upon_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o archbishop_n and_o some_o other_o great_a man_n at_o court_n who_o be_v suspect_v to_o have_v have_v a_o hand_n in_o this_o treachery_n return_v to_o musco_n not_o without_o hope_n of_o be_v protect_v against_o what_o the_o officer_n may_v lay_v to_o his_o charge_n but_o both_o the_o people_n and_o soldier_n be_v so_o incense_v against_o he_o that_o every_o thing_n seem_v to_o tend_v to_o a_o general_a insurrection_n his_o head_n be_v in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v cut_v off_o in_o the_o marketplace_n before_o the_o castle_n where_o also_o his_o son_n who_o have_v a_o considerable_a command_n under_o his_o father_n in_o the_o siege_n be_v strip_v stark_o naked_a and_o whip_v to_o death_n and_o the_o near_a of_o his_o relation_n banish_v into_o siberia_n notwithstanding_o this_o disgrace_n the_o successor_n of_o michael_n federovitz_n czar_n alexis_n michaelovitz_n take_v it_o from_o the_o pole_n by_o composition_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o since_o which_o time_n the_o muscovite_n remain_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o beside_o the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n it_o have_v the_o city_n of_o prohobus_fw-la situate_v upon_o the_o nieper_n wâ—sma_n seat_v upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n mosaysko_n and_o niewieltz_n
under_o their_o own_o weywode_n but_o the_o city_n be_v inhabit_v both_o by_o tartar_n and_o muscovite_n who_o have_v their_o own_o governor_n the_o province_n of_o casan_n lie_v on_o the_o left_a side_n of_o the_o river_n volga_n border_v to_o the_o east_n upon_o astrachan_n to_o the_o north_n upon_o the_o siberian_a tartar_n it_o be_v heretofore_o subject_a to_o the_o cham_n of_o tartary_n till_o it_o be_v conquer_v by_o the_o muscovite_n in_o the_o follow_a manner_n the_o great_a duke_n basili_n ivanovit_n father_n to_o that_o famous_a tyrant_n ivan_n basilovit_n after_o a_o signal_n victory_n obtain_v over_o these_o tartar_n casan_n the_o conquest_n of_o casan_n have_v constitute_v one_o sheale_n their_o governor_n against_o who_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o crim_n tartar_n they_o make_v a_o insurrection_n and_o force_v he_o out_o of_o the_o country_n flush_v with_o this_o success_n they_o march_v into_o the_o southern_a muscovy_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o two_o brother_n mendligeri_fw-la and_o sapgeri_fw-la who_o force_v the_o muscovite_n that_o be_v encamp_v near_o the_o river_n occa_fw-la to_o retreat_n under_o noviogorod_n there_o be_v nothing_o in_o their_o way_n to_o stop_v their_o march_n to_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n the_o same_o be_v besiege_v take_v and_o plunder_v and_o the_o castle_n also_o force_v to_o capitulate_v be_v first_o reduce_v to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n upon_o very_o hard_a condition_n viz._n that_o the_o great_a duke_n and_o his_o subject_n shall_v be_v tributary_n to_o they_o for_o ever_o and_o as_o a_o sign_n of_o this_o their_o subjection_n the_o great_a duke_n shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o smite_v his_o head_n before_o the_o statue_n of_o mendligeri_fw-la erect_v for_o that_o purpose_n in_o the_o market_n place_n of_o the_o city_n as_o often_o as_o the_o tribute_n shall_v be_v pay_v to_o the_o tartar_n the_o great_a duke_n have_v be_v force_v by_o a_o unavoidable_a necessity_n to_o confirm_v these_o article_n by_o his_o letter_n patent_n the_o two_o brother_n part_v sapgeri_n choose_v casan_n for_o the_o seat_n of_o his_o empire_n mendligeri_fw-la be_v the_o elder_a the_o city_n of_o crim._n but_o the_o latter_a have_v in_o view_n no_o less_o than_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o whole_a muscovy_n march_v soon_o after_o against_o the_o city_n of_o rhesan_n and_o have_v summon_v john_n kowar_n the_o weywode_n of_o the_o castle_n to_o surrender_v unto_o who_o he_o represent_v how_o the_o great_a duke_n his_o master_n be_v become_v his_o subject_n the_o governor_n pretend_v to_o be_v quite_o ignorant_a of_o the_o matter_n desire_v that_o some_o more_o satisfactory_a proof_n may_v be_v give_v he_o before_o he_o can_v resolve_v upon_o a_o capitulation_n mendligeri_fw-la imagine_v that_o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o convince_a than_o the_o great_a duke_n be_v own_o letter_n patent_n send_v they_o to_o the_o governor_n who_o extreme_o glad_a of_o have_v get_v so_o favourable_a a_o opportunity_n to_o recover_v by_o this_o stratagem_n the_o great_a duke_n original_a letter_n send_v word_n to_o the_o besieger_n that_o he_o be_v resolve_v to_o keep_v both_o the_o letter_n and_o castle_n to_o the_o last_o drop_n of_o blood_n neither_o be_v he_o behind_o hand_n in_o his_o promise_n but_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o certain_a italian_a connoneer_n he_o so_o galled_a the_o tartar_n that_o have_v force_v they_o to_o retreat_n from_o before_o the_o town_n and_o castle_n he_o send_v the_o letter_n to_o the_o court_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n the_o people_n be_v overjoy_v at_o so_o lucky_a and_o unexpected_a a_o accident_n break_v down_o the_o statue_n and_o the_o czar_n take_v courage_n by_o the_o example_n of_o his_o subject_n besiege_v the_o city_n of_o casan_n but_o after_o much_o blood_n shed_v on_o both_o side_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n basili_n ivanovitz_n his_o son_n john_n basilovitz_n be_v desirous_a to_o revenge_v the_o affront_n his_o father_n have_v receive_v before_o casan_n begin_v his_o reign_n with_o the_o siege_n of_o that_o city_n the_o place_n be_v for_o the_o space_n of_o two_o month_n batter_v furious_o when_o he_o offer_v they_o very_o advantageous_a condition_n which_o they_o have_v refuse_v in_o hope_n of_o succour_n from_o the_o crim_n tartar_n the_o great_a duke_n not_o to_o loose_v time_n order_v his_o mine_n to_o be_v spring_v which_o succeed_v so_o well_o that_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o tartar_n be_v bury_v in_o their_o own_o ruin_n during_o this_o consternation_n the_o general_n assault_v be_v give_v and_o the_o place_v carry_v by_o storm_n the_o 9th_o of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n 1552._o not_o without_o a_o great_a slaughter_n the_o tartar_n defend_v themselves_o with_o the_o utmost_a bravery_n in_o two_o several_a retrenchment_n within_o the_o city_n after_o the_o enemy_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o breach_n and_o at_o last_o see_v all_o past_a recovery_n they_o force_v their_o way_n out_o of_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n through_o the_o muscovian_a camp_n and_o get_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n casanska_n the_o czar_n know_v the_o importance_n of_o the_o place_n which_o make_v he_o master_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n order_v immediate_o the_o breach_n to_o be_v repair_v and_o some_o considerable_a addition_n to_o be_v make_v to_o the_o castle_n ever_o since_o which_o it_o have_v remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o muscovite_n the_o tartar_n who_o be_v allow_v to_o live_v in_o the_o city_n not_o dare_v under_o severe_a punishment_n to_o set_v a_o foot_n between_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o castle_n the_o country_n hereabout_o be_v extreme_o fertile_a especial_o of_o all_o sort_n of_o fruit_n melon_n grow_v there_o of_o a_o extraordinary_a taste_n come_v in_o bigness_n near_o to_o our_o pompion_n but_o not_o very_o populous_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o cosack_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o course_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n volga_n the_o course_n of_o the_o river_n volga_n from_o the_o city_n of_o nise_n novogorod_n to_o casan_n be_v east_n and_o south_n eastward_o but_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n and_o so_o further_o to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n its_o current_n run_v from_o north_n to_o south_n about_o 60_o mile_n below_o casan_n the_o river_n kama_n come_v north-east_n out_o of_o the_o province_n of_o permia_n kama_n the_o river_n kama_n fall_v on_o the_o left_a side_n into_o the_o river_n wolga_n and_o about_o 30_o mile_n low_a the_o river_n zerdick_n be_v a_o branch_n of_o the_o river_n kama_n fall_v also_o into_o the_o same_o river_n at_o about_o 30_o miles_n distance_n from_o hence_o be_v situate_a on_o a_o little_a ascent_n the_o city_n of_o tetus_n on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o shoar_n resemble_v by_o its_o disorderly_a building_n rather_o a_o great_a village_n than_o a_o city_n twenty_o five_o mile_n low_a not_o many_o mile_n from_o the_o opposite_a shoar_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n be_v the_o river_n vtka_n which_o rise_v near_o the_o city_n of_o bulgar_a bulgar_a the_o province_n of_o bulgar_a the_o capital_a of_o a_o tartarian_a province_n to_o which_o it_o have_v give_v its_o name_n some_o mile_n low_a be_v a_o island_n call_v staritzza_n be_v above_o 15_o mile_n long_o and_o not_o far_o below_o this_o the_o ruin_n of_o a_o considerable_a city_n among_o the_o tartar_n call_v vrenoskora_n it_o be_v a_o place_n very_o delightful_a for_o its_o situation_n and_o famous_a to_o this_o day_n for_o the_o bury_v of_o one_o of_o their_o saint_n to_o who_o they_o pay_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o devotion_n a_o good_a many_o mile_n lower_v at_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n volga_n be_v likewise_o to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o two_o other_o great_a city_n not_o far_o distant_a from_o one_o another_o very_o pleasant_o seat_v near_o the_o river_n side_n the_o first_o be_v call_v simberska_n gora_n the_o second_o arbeuchim_n from_o a_o adjacent_a mountain_n that_o retain_v the_o same_o name_n to_o this_o day_n they_o be_v both_o destroy_v by_o tamerlan_n be_v situate_a under_o the_o 53_o deg_fw-la elâ—v_n the_o river_n wolga_n be_v hereabout_o as_o most_o all_o along_o from_o its_o very_a source_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n full_a of_o sand-bank_n and_o small_a island_n which_o lie_v scatter_v up_o and_o down_o on_o both_o shore_n render_v its_o passage_n very_o difficult_a and_o sometime_o unpassable_a for_o vessel_n of_o great_a burden_n who_o be_v oblige_v to_o go_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n when_o by_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o snow_n be_v melt_v and_o the_o river_n which_o fall_v into_o it_o be_v thaw_v the_o water_n of_o 〈◊〉_d river_n swell_v up_o to_o a_o extraordinary_a height_n so_o 〈◊〉_d often_o they_o afford_v a_o
at_o forty_o mile_n distance_n from_o hence_o wolga_n the_o 〈◊〉_d branch_n oâ—_n the_o wolga_n the_o river_n wolga_n cast_v out_o its_o second_o branch_n on_o the_o left_a side_n call_v achtobenisna_n vtsga_n which_o afterward_o join_v with_o the_o branch_n call_v achtobska_n which_o we_o mention_v before_o from_o this_o place_n down_o on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o river_n as_o far_o as_o astrachan_n there_o grow_v a_o prodigious_a quantity_n of_o liquorice_n of_o a_o very_a large_a size_n liquorice_n liquorice_n its_o stalk_n be_v as_o thick_a as_o a_o lusty_a man_n arm_n and_o sometime_o above_o four_o foot_n high_a the_o seed_n lie_v in_o cod_n upon_o the_o stalk_n yet_o be_v this_o inferior_a both_o in_o bigness_n and_o sweetness_n to_o that_o which_o grow_v in_o asia_n near_o the_o river_n of_o araxes_n twenty_o mile_n low_a be_v the_o city_n of_o szornogar_n seat_v on_o the_o right_a side_n of_o the_o river_n upon_o a_o high_a shoar_n near_o a_o vast_a plain_n without_o any_o tree_n or_o eminency_n its_o form_n be_v foursquare_a fortify_v with_o wooden_a tower_n and_o rampart_n it_o serve_v for_o a_o frontier-garison_n against_o the_o tartar_n and_o cosacks_n about_o 120_o mile_n hence_o be_v the_o mountainâ—_n oâ—_n polowon_a so_o call_v because_o half_a way_n betwixt_o zariza_n beforementioned_a and_o astrachan_n not_o many_o mile_n low_a be_v a_o three_o branch_n of_o the_o volga_n volga_n three_o and_o four_o branch_n of_o the_o volga_n call_v buchwâ—stova_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o two_o precedent_n and_o twenty_o mile_n from_o thence_o the_o river_n wolga_n make_v a_o four_o branch_n on_o the_o left_a side_n of_o it_o call_v danitoska_n vtsga_n which_o do_v not_o mingle_v with_o any_o of_o the_o other_o three_o but_o disembogue_n by_o a_o particular_a channel_n into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n near_o 60_o mile_n on_o this_o side_n of_o astrachan_n wolga_n the_o five_o branch_n of_o the_o wolga_n be_v the_o five_o branch_n of_o the_o volga_n call_v mituska_n which_o at_o some_o distance_n from_o the_o main_a river_n be_v again_o divide_v into_o two_o less_o branch_n the_o one_o be_v unite_v with_o the_o danilofska_n vtsga_n just_o now_o mention_v the_o other_o after_o have_v continue_v its_o course_n for_o some_o mile_n fall_v again_o into_o the_o main_a river_n five_o and_o twenty_o mile_n on_o this_o side_n of_o astrachan_n be_v the_o isle_n of_o busan_n volga_n the_o six_o and_o seven_o branch_n of_o the_o volga_n ten_o mile_n below_o which_o be_v the_o six_o branch_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n call_v baltzick_n as_o be_v three_o mile_n low_a the_o seven_o call_v knilusse_n which_o make_v the_o isle_n of_o dilgoi_n within_o which_o the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n be_v seat_v and_o after_o have_v encompass_v this_o island_n it_o fall_v by_o several_a channel_n into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n be_v situate_a upon_o the_o utmost_a border_n betwixt_o europe_n and_o asia_n astrachan_n the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n in_o this_o place_n divide_v by_o the_o river_n volga_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o river_n side_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o dilgoi_n make_v there_o by_o the_o two_o branch_n of_o the_o river_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o under_o the_o elevation_n of_o 26_o deg_fw-la 22_o min._n it_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a bigness_n and_o now_o all_o inhabit_v by_o muscovite_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o country_n be_v tartar_n who_o be_v not_o permit_v to_o live_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o wall_n which_o be_v 8000_o geometrical_a foot_n about_o but_o in_o the_o adjacent_a suburb_n which_o be_v fence_v in_o only_a with_o pallisadoe_n the_o fortification_n be_v all_o very_a high_a and_o of_o stone_n which_o at_o a_o distance_n make_v a_o very_a gallant_a appearance_n especial_o towards_o the_o riverside_n by_o reason_n of_o a_o great_a number_n of_o turret_n and_o steeple_n of_o stone_n but_o the_o house_n within_o the_o city_n be_v all_o build_v of_o wood_n and_o very_o low_a its_o inside_n do_v not_o appear_v answerable_a to_o the_o rest_n there_o be_v account_v to_o be_v a_o great_a artillery_n in_o this_o place_n of_o 500_o brass_n cannon_n and_o mortar_n proportionable_a the_o garrison_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n common_o amount_v to_o 5000_o man_n under_o the_o command_n of_o two_o weywode_n and_o other_o officer_n this_o city_n be_v seat_v upon_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o two_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o world_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a commerce_n it_o be_v beside_o the_o muscovite_n frequent_v not_o only_o by_o the_o neighbour_a tartar_n but_o also_o by_o the_o persian_n armenian_n and_o indian_n the_o last_o of_o which_o have_v a_o particular_a place_n assign_v they_o within_o the_o city_n it_o be_v take_v by_o assault_n in_o the_o year_n 1554._o by_o the_o great_a duke_n john_n basilovit_n who_o have_v two_o year_n before_o conquer_v the_o tartar_n of_o casan_n turn_v his_o arm_n against_o those_o of_o nagaja_n then_o inhabit_v this_o city_n and_o the_o country_n round_o about_o it_o have_v secure_v his_o conquest_n over_o they_o by_o take_v their_o capital_a city_n he_o surround_v it_o with_o a_o strong_a wall_n and_o the_o czar_n michael_n federovit_n add_v to_o it_o beside_o some_o new_a fortification_n that_o part_n of_o the_o city_n which_o be_v call_v strâ—litzagorod_n or_o the_o city_n of_o soldier_n they_o have_v their_o quarter_n assign_v they_o in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o city_n but_o before_o we_o leave_v this_o kingdom_n it_o will_v not_o be_v beyond_o our_o purpose_n to_o give_v a_o short_a description_n both_o of_o the_o country_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n it_o be_v past_o all_o question_n that_o the_o tartar_n be_v unknown_a to_o the_o ancient_a geographer_n 〈…〉_o the_o â—_z of_o 〈…〉_o which_o be_v by_o they_o comprehend_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o scythian_n and_o sarmatian_n though_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o tartar_n consist_v of_o several_a nation_n distinguish_v in_o their_o name_n language_n and_o manner_n of_o life_n those_o of_o nagaja_n with_o the_o tartar_n of_o casan_n before_o mention_v and_o some_o other_o betwixt_o the_o river_n wolga_n and_o the_o don_n or_o tanais_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v indian_n who_o have_v revolt_v from_o their_o 〈◊〉_d do_v about_o the_o year_n 1212._o settle_v themselves_o near_o the_o euxine_a sea_n upon_o the_o palus_n meotides_n the_o place_n of_o habitation_n of_o the_o ancient_n getae_n from_o whence_o they_o extend_v their_o conquest_n first_o to_o the_o river_n don_n and_o from_o thence_o at_o last_o to_o the_o wolga_n near_o which_o they_o inhabit_v to_o this_o day_n those_o of_o nagaja_n of_o who_o we_o be_v to_o treat_v at_o present_a be_v seat_v betwixt_o the_o two_o river_n of_o wolga_n and_o jaika_n as_o far_o as_o the_o caspian_a sea_n the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n be_v their_o principal_a city_n build_v as_o they_o say_v by_o a_o tartar_n king_n who_o name_n be_v astra-chan_n give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o astrachan_n before_o this_o country_n be_v conquer_v by_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v inhabit_v altogether_o by_o tartar_n but_o now_o the_o latter_a be_v not_o permit_v to_o abide_v in_o the_o capital_a city_n or_o to_o build_v any_o new_a one_o nor_o to_o fortify_v their_o town_n or_o village_n with_o wall_n they_o live_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o hut_n make_v of_o bulrush_n or_o cane_n live_v their_o manner_n of_o live_v which_o be_v common_o round_a seldom_o exceed_v twelve_o or_o thirteen_o english_a yard_n in_o compass_n on_o the_o top_n of_o which_o they_o have_v hole_n most_o like_a our_o chicken-coops_a serve_v they_o instead_o of_o chimney_n nevertheless_o the_o least_o of_o these_o hut_n have_v a_o falcon_n or_o hawk_n the_o tartar_n be_v great_a master_n in_o this_o sport_n the_o muscovite_n call_v these_o nagajan_n tartar_n polutski_n or_o vagabond_n as_o have_v no_o fix_v habitation_n in_o the_o summer_n when_o they_o ramble_v up_o and_o down_o according_a as_o they_o meet_v with_o the_o best_a conveniency_n for_o their_o cattle_n which_o beginning_n to_o fail_v in_o one_o place_n their_o hut_n be_v put_v into_o cart_n and_o their_o wife_n child_n and_o good_n upon_o camel_n horse_n or_o ox_n and_o so_o remove_v to_o another_o towards_o the_o winter_n they_o begin_v to_o reassemble_v and_o to_o live_v in_o several_a troop_n near_o astrachan_n where_o be_v furnish_v with_o arm_n by_o the_o muscovite_n which_o however_o after_o the_o frosty_a season_n be_v past_a they_o be_v oblige_v to_o redeliver_v not_o be_v otherwise_o permit_v to_o have_v any_o arm_n either_o defensive_a or_o offensive_a they_o stand_v upon_o their_o mutual_a defence_n against_o the_o malmuck_n tartar_n and_o those_o inhabit_v upon_o the_o river_n jaika_fw-mi they_o pay_v no_o tribute_n to_o the_o grand_a czar_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v he_o
by_o the_o circassian_n salatto_n be_v the_o mount_n of_o caucasus_n of_o the_o ancient_n in_o the_o province_n of_o colchis_n now_o call_v mengrelia_n famous_a in_o ancient_a time_n for_o the_o expedition_n of_o jason_n as_o the_o height_n of_o this_o mountain_n have_v furnish_v the_o poet_n with_o that_o fiction_n of_o prometheus_n have_v from_o thence_o convey_v the_o fire_n steal_v from_o the_o sun_n down_o upon_o the_o earth_n the_o mountain_n of_o taurus_n and_o ararat_n be_v so_o near_o to_o it_o that_o they_o appear_v like_o one_o continue_a mountain_n which_o cross_v all_o asia_n from_o mengrelia_n to_o the_o indies_n the_o mount_n ararat_n be_v one_o entire_a vast_a rock_n exceed_v in_o height_n mount_n caucasus_n itself_o ararat_n the_o mountain_n taurus_n and_o ararat_n its_o top_n be_v cover_v with_o snow_n summer_n and_o winter_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o upon_o which_o noah_n ark_n rest_v after_o the_o deluge_n the_o armenian_n who_o call_v it_o messina_n believe_v to_o this_o day_n that_o there_o be_v some_o remainder_n of_o that_o ark_n upon_o this_o mountain_n but_o by_o length_n of_o time_n all_o petrified_a which_o how_o agreeable_a or_o disagreeable_a to_o truth_n be_v impossible_a to_o be_v determine_v the_o mountain_n be_v so_o surround_v with_o precipice_n that_o it_o be_v unaccessible_a these_o high_a mountain_n be_v a_o great_a direction_n to_o the_o mariner_n in_o those_o part_n most_o of_o who_o have_v little_a or_o no_o understanding_n of_o the_o compass_n the_o different_a prospect_n they_o afford_v towards_o the_o caspian_a sea_n sea_n the_o caspian_a sea_n serve_v as_o a_o instruction_n to_o the_o pilot_n to_o discover_v whereabout_o they_o be_v the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v in_o ancient_a time_n know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o chosar_n have_v derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o elder_a son_n of_o thogarma_n who_o be_v the_o son_n of_o gomer_n and_o grand_a child_n of_o japhet_n three_o son_n to_o noah_n it_o be_v now_o a-days_o know_v by_o various_a name_n according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o province_n border_v upon_o it_o some_o geographer_n have_v call_v it_o the_o sea_n of_o travisthan_n the_o greek_a and_o latin_a author_n the_o hyrcanian_a sea_n as_o also_o mare_n caspium_n and_o caspianum_fw-la the_o muscovite_n name_n it_o gualenskoi-more_a it_o be_v length_n from_o south_n to_o north_n viz._n from_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n wolga_n below_o the_o city_n of_o astrachan_n to_o ferebath_n in_o the_o province_n of_o mesenderan_n reach_v eight_o degree_n to_o the_o aquator_fw-la make_v 120_o german_n or_o 600_o english_a mile_n its_o breadth_n from_o the_o province_n of_o chuarasm_n or_o karragon_n to_o shirwan_n viz._n from_o west_n to_o east_n be_v six_o degree_n make_v 90_o german_n or_o 450_o english_a mile_n and_o though_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n both_o of_o the_o ancient_a and_o most_o modern_a geographer_n its_o length_n be_v reckon_v quite_o contrary_a to_o this_o viz._n from_o west_n to_o east_n and_o its_o breadth_n from_o north_n to_o south_n nevertheless_o upon_o the_o most_o exact_a enquiry_n that_o can_v possible_o be_v make_v the_o first_o account_n have_v be_v find_v most_o congruous_a both_o with_o the_o persian_a register_n of_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n and_o with_o the_o true_a situation_n of_o the_o maritime_a province_n adjoin_v to_o that_o sea_n there_o be_v also_o another_o error_n introduce_v by_o pomponius_n mela_n pliny_n and_o some_o of_o their_o follower_n as_o strabo_n macrobius_n and_o other_o who_o affirm_v the_o caspian_a sea_n to_o be_v a_o sinus_n or_o gulf_n of_o the_o indian_a or_o tartarian_a sea_n or_o to_o have_v a_o communication_n with_o the_o euxine_a sea_n and_o by_o the_o river_n tanais_n with_o the_o palus_n meotides_n but_o according_a to_o the_o best_a survey_n make_v by_o some_o european_n of_o late_a year_n of_o this_o sea_n and_o the_o constant_a report_n of_o the_o persian_n border_v upon_o it_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v now_o pass_v all_o dispute_n that_o the_o opinion_n of_o herodotus_n and_o aristotle_n who_o affirm_v that_o the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v a_o particular_a sea_n by_o itself_o not_o have_v any_o communication_n with_o other_o sea_n be_v the_o most_o credible_a it_o be_v on_o all_o side_n so_o encompass_v with_o land_n that_o it_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o the_o mediterranean_a in_o a_o more_o strict_a sense_n than_o that_o which_o be_v common_o know_v by_o that_o name_n beside_o the_o great_a river_n of_o wolga_n araxis_n cyrus_n the_o jaika_n and_o gem_n the_o nio_n the_o oxus_n and_o the_o orxente_n near_o a_o hundred_o other_o river_n of_o less_o note_n fall_v into_o this_o sea_n and_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o prodigious_a accession_n of_o water_n it_o be_v not_o sensible_o increase_v which_o may_v seem_v to_o furnish_v a_o probable_a argument_n to_o those_o who_o assert_v that_o the_o water_n of_o these_o river_n must_v needs_o be_v convey_v thence_o by_o some_o great_a and_o considerable_a passage_n or_o open_a communication_n with_o other_o sea_n the_o persian_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o under_o the_o mountain_n near_o ferebath_n betwixt_o the_o province_n of_o tauristan_n and_o mesendan_n there_o be_v a_o gulf_n where_o these_o water_n be_v swallow_v up_o and_o convey_v away_o under_o the_o earth_n but_o why_o may_v not_o the_o same_o reason_n take_v place_n here_o which_o be_v allege_v for_o the_o ocean_n not_o overflow_n the_o earth_n by_o the_o accession_n of_o so_o many_o river_n viz._n that_o beside_o the_o mist_n which_o consume_v a_o great_a part_n the_o rest_n be_v convey_v by_o infinite_a secret_a channel_n through_o the_o earth_n back_o again_o to_o the_o source_n of_o the_o fountain_n and_o river_n so_o that_o by_o the_o help_n of_o those_o vein_n of_o the_o earth_n these_o water_n be_v purify_v of_o their_o filth_n and_o separate_v by_o this_o continual_a percolation_n from_o their_o salt_n be_v by_o a_o interrupt_a circulation_n reconvey_v to_o the_o same_o fountain_n and_o river_n the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v either_o quite_o undiscovered_a ancient_n the_o caspian_a sea_n not_o very_o well_o know_v to_o the_o ancient_n or_o but_o superficial_o know_v to_o the_o ancient_a greek_n and_o roman_n before_o the_o latter_a carry_v their_o arm_n beyond_o the_o euphrates_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o the_o relation_n those_o author_n have_v leave_v we_o about_o it_o be_v for_o a_o great_a part_n not_o consonant_a to_o truth_n and_o some_o modern_a writer_n misguide_v by_o their_o authority_n and_o have_v take_v the_o rest_n perhaps_o upon_o hear-say_n have_v infert_v a_o great_a many_o thing_n which_o be_v contradict_v by_o experience_n what_o curtius_n relate_v concern_v the_o caspian_a sea_n be_v fresh_a than_o the_o ocean_n prove_v a_o mistake_n it_o be_v full_a as_o salt_n as_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n though_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o hyrcania_n now_o call_v kilan_n the_o water_n be_v only_o brackish_a because_o of_o the_o mixture_n of_o a_o great_a many_o river_n which_o fall_v into_o this_o sea_n on_o that_o side_n which_o may_v probable_o have_v lead_v the_o abovementioned_a author_n into_o that_o error_n though_o the_o same_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o ocean_n especial_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o holland_n and_o zealand_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n of_o divers_a river_n which_o exonerate_v themselves_o thereabouts_o what_o the_o same_o author_n relate_v of_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o serpent_n in_o this_o sea_n be_v positive_o contradict_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o province_n of_o kilan_n and_o other_o border_v upon_o that_o sea_n pomponius_n mela_n in_o his_o geography_n speak_v of_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o monster_n which_o he_o call_v belluae_fw-la abide_v in_o this_o sea_n which_o he_o allege_v for_o one_o main_a reason_n why_o it_o be_v scarce_o navigable_a whereas_o it_o be_v sufficient_o know_v that_o the_o true_a reason_n why_o the_o persian_n tartar_n and_o muscovite_n seldom_o venture_v far_o into_o this_o sea_n and_o that_o only_a in_o summer_n be_v that_o their_o bark_n and_o boat_n be_v so_o small_a and_o wretched_o build_v that_o they_o dare_v not_o venture_v far_o from_o the_o shoar_n beside_o that_o this_o sea_n have_v very_o few_o havens_n to_o wit_n that_o betwixt_o the_o isle_n of_o tzenzeni_n and_o the_o continent_n near_o terki_n beforementioned_a the_o havens_n of_o baku_n lenkeran_n and_o ferebath_n none_o of_o the_o safe_a the_o haven_n near_o the_o city_n of_o minkischack_n on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o grand_a tartary_n be_v the_o best_a in_o this_o sea_n so_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n border_v upon_o it_o be_v general_o very_o bad_a seaman_n and_o not_o well_o skilled_a in_o the_o compass_n it_o be_v their_o own_o ignorance_n and_o the_o danger_n of_o this_o sea_n that_o keep_v they_o near_o the_o shoar_n not_o the_o terror_n of_o these_o
tzumtzume_v i_o declare_v myself_o for_o that_o religion_n but_o desire_v that_o i_o may_v die_v immediate_o be_v unwilling_a to_o live_v now_o without_o subject_n in_o a_o place_n where_o i_o be_v so_o powerful_a before_o essi_n have_v grant_v his_o request_n he_o die_v instant_o and_o his_o sepulchre_n remain_v here_o to_o be_v see_v to_o this_o day_n under_o a_o tree_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a bigness_n next_o adjoin_v to_o which_o be_v a_o scaffold_n erect_v of_o ten_o foot_n high_a and_o sixteen_o square_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o city_n be_v to_o be_v see_v some_o thousand_o of_o tomb_n cover_v with_o stone_n half_a round_n cylinder-wise_a but_o exceed_v the_o ordinary_a stature_n of_o man_n have_v all_o of_o they_o arabic_a inscription_n it_o be_v report_v that_o in_o former_a age_n yet_o since_o the_o time_n of_o mahomet_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a king_n in_o media_n name_v kassan_n who_o be_v engage_v in_o war_n against_o the_o tartar_n of_o dagesthan_n receive_v there_o a_o signal_n overthrow_n and_o cause_v the_o body_n of_o the_o officer_n kill_v in_o this_o battle_n to_o be_v bury_v in_o these_o tomb_n the_o relation_n seem_v to_o be_v not_o altogether_o fictitious_a there_o be_v near_o the_o seaside_n at_o some_o distance_n from_o the_o rest_n forty_o other_o exceed_v the_o beforementioned_a tomb_n in_o bigness_n and_o encompass_v with_o a_o wall_n which_o have_v each_o its_o banner_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o sepulcher_n of_o so_o many_o lord_n of_o the_o first_o rank_n and_o other_o holy_a man_n that_o come_v along_o with_o they_o where_o the_o persian_n and_o tartar_n of_o both_o sex_n come_v to_o pay_v their_o devotion_n by_o kiss_v these_o sepulcher_n and_o lay_v their_o hand_n upon_o they_o while_o they_o be_v at_o prayer_n but_o it_o be_v time_n to_o return_v to_o the_o tartarian_n under_o the_o grand_a czar_n obedience_n and_o among_o they_o to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o province_n of_o siberia_n this_o province_n which_o lie_v quite_o northward_o from_o muscovy_n siberia_n siberia_n betwixt_o the_o province_n of_o obdora_n and_o jugoria_n border_v towards_o the_o north_n upon_o the_o samojede_n be_v of_o a_o great_a extent_n but_o not_o very_o populous_a be_v inhabit_v by_o tartar_n it_o be_v capital_a city_n be_v also_o the_o seat_n of_o a_o archbishop_n be_v tobol_n build_v upon_o a_o rise_a ground_n near_o a_o small_a river_n and_o except_o some_o muscovite_n inhabit_v by_o tartar_n on_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o calmuck_n tartar_n be_v the_o city_n of_o daour_n and_o far_o beyond_o tobol_n be_v chnesortski_n the_o chief_a place_n of_o commerce_n in_o the_o whole_a province_n for_o sables_n and_o other_o sort_n of_o sir_n the_o product_n of_o this_o country_n the_o native_n be_v a_o poor_a and_o wretched_a sort_n of_o people_n notwithstanding_o that_o they_o have_v in_o some_o part_n good_a corn_n field_n and_o great_a store_n of_o fish_n but_o the_o chief_a and_o most_o precious_a commodity_n of_o this_o country_n beside_o other_o fur_n be_v the_o skin_n of_o sable_n these_o animal_n they_o catch_v either_o with_o trap_n not_o unlike_a to_o those_o we_o catch_v our_o rat_n with_o or_o by_o spread_v of_o net_n under_o the_o tree_n where_o they_o feed_v which_o be_v cut_v down_o they_o be_v entangle_v in_o the_o net_n in_o the_o winter_n they_o have_v also_o a_o way_n of_o hunt_v they_o with_o dog_n they_o be_v former_o pagan_n be_v govern_v by_o their_o own_o czar_n or_o king_n till_o near_o 150_o year_n ago_o they_o be_v subdue_v by_o czar_n jobn_n basilovit_n in_o the_o follow_a manner_n a_o certain_a famous_a pirate_n among_o the_o cosack_n live_v near_o the_o river_n wolga_n who_o name_n be_v jormack_n timorhof_n have_v take_v a_o ship_n load_v with_o ammunition_n and_o belong_v to_o the_o czar_n be_v for_o fear_v of_o be_v pursue_v and_o discover_v flee_v for_o shelter_n into_o a_o certain_a island_n near_o the_o river_n kama_n which_o come_v from_o permia_n one_o of_o the_o northern_a province_n of_o muscovy_n fall_v below_o casan_n into_o the_o river_n wolga_n this_o island_n belong_v then_o to_o a_o certain_a muscovian_a merchant_n he_o propose_v to_o he_o no_o less_o than_o the_o conquest_n of_o some_o of_o those_o tartarian_a country_n lie_v more_o towards_o the_o north_n and_o be_v furnish_v by_o he_o with_o arm_n ammunition_n and_o other_o necessary_n he_o with_o about_o five_o or_o six_o hundred_o of_o his_o follower_n go_v up_o the_o river_n tagit_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o river_n tura_fw-la where_o have_v possess_v himself_o of_o a_o small_a island_n call_v japouchin_n he_o march_v from_o thence_o to_o the_o city_n of_o tumen_n which_o he_o also_o take_v without_o much_o opposition_n be_v flush_v with_o this_o success_n he_o direct_v his_o march_n straight_o way_n to_o tobol_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n and_o then_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o siberian_a king_n where_o have_v also_o meet_v with_o very_o little_a resistance_n he_o soon_o become_v master_n of_o the_o place_n but_o be_v not_o content_v with_o thiâ—_n extraordinary_a success_n and_o propose_v to_o himself_o no_o less_o than_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n he_o lose_v soon_o after_o both_o his_o life_n and_o conquest_n for_o have_v pursue_v the_o fly_a enemy_n a_o great_a way_n beyond_o the_o city_n of_o tobol_n all_o along_o the_o river_n irtish_fw-mi 300_o of_o his_o man_n who_o he_o have_v send_v out_o on_o purpose_n to_o atrack_v the_o enemy_n at_o a_o certain_a pass_n be_v draw_v into_o a_o ambush_n be_v all_o kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n so_o that_o jormack_n with_o the_o rest_n be_v about_o 200_o be_v force_v to_o retire_v into_o a_o small_a island_n there_o about_o where_o he_o entrench_v himself_o as_o well_o as_o he_o can_v but_o the_o tartar_n have_v by_o their_o late_a victory_n get_v new_a courage_n and_o be_v inform_v of_o what_o number_n of_o man_n he_o have_v with_o he_o attack_v he_o by_o night_n where_o he_o with_o all_o his_o follower_n except_z 40_o who_o find_v mean_n to_o get_v into_o muscovy_n be_v either_o drown_v or_o cut_v to_o piece_n the_o remnant_n of_o jormack_n party_n be_v at_o last_o come_v to_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n and_o have_v give_v to_o the_o czar_n a_o relation_n of_o what_o have_v pass_v in_o siberia_n it_o be_v think_v advisable_a to_o give_v they_o some_o force_n thereby_o to_o enable_v they_o to_o try_v their_o fortune_n a_o second_o time_n have_v therefore_o obtain_v 600_o man_n with_o ammunition_n and_o other_o necessary_n suitable_a to_o such_o a_o expedition_n they_o march_v direct_o towards_o the_o city_n of_o tobol_n the_o metropolis_n and_o residence_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o siberia_n and_o have_v a_o second_o time_n possess_v themselves_o of_o it_o without_o much_o opposition_n they_o take_v quite_o other_o measure_n to_o secure_v their_o conquest_n from_o what_o jormack_n have_v do_v before_o for_o they_o so_o strong_o fortify_v 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vagabond_n if_o it_o be_v not_o out_o of_o a_o consideration_n of_o the_o benefit_n they_o receive_v from_o the_o traffic_n of_o their_o fur_n and_o horse_n which_o they_o bring_v in_o great_a quantity_n to_o astrachan_n and_o that_o they_o be_v very_o serviceable_a to_o the_o czar_n in_o his_o war_n be_v account_v the_o nimble_a aâ—_n encamp_v and_o decamp_v in_o the_o world_n as_o be_v accustom_v to_o it_o by_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n they_o make_v into_o all_o the_o neighbour_a country_n it_o be_v chief_o for_o this_o reason_n that_o the_o muscovite_n look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o piece_n of_o policy_n rather_o to_o allay_v their_o fierceness_n by_o some_o present_n which_o however_o by_o continuance_n of_o time_n they_o now_o demand_v as_o a_o obligation_n than_o to_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o a_o multitude_n of_o vagabond_n who_o have_v nothing_o to_o loose_v they_o have_v no_o house_n or_o fix_a habitation_n much_o less_o any_o city_n but_o live_a winter_n and_o 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and_o persia_n to_o the_o indies_n and_o be_v govern_v by_o a_o great_a prince_n who_o they_o call_v deva_n this_o pagan_a pope_n the_o spiritual_a father_n of_o the_o whole_a great_a tartary_n be_v worship_v by_o these_o idolatrous_a nation_n by_o prostrate_v themselves_o before_o he_o and_o adore_v he_o like_o a_o god_n neither_o be_v any_o stranger_n permit_v to_o approach_v he_o unless_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o pay_v he_o the_o same_o devotion_n the_o chineses_n themselves_o show_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o veneration_n to_o he_o and_o whenever_o he_o vouchafe_v to_o come_v into_o china_n he_o be_v receive_v with_o the_o great_a respect_n and_o honour_n imaginable_a and_o never_o return_v without_o vast_a present_n he_o have_v his_o vicar_n or_o vicegerent_n reside_v in_o several_a of_o the_o tartarian_a province_n unto_o who_o they_o pay_v the_o same_o adoration_n as_o to_o the_o dalaè-lama_n or_o lamamalamalow_v himself_o these_o patriarch_n or_o what_o else_o you_o will_v call_v 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after_o the_o death_n
river_n yamour_fw-fr to_o the_o calmuck_n tartar_n from_o who_o they_o be_v however_o separate_v by_o great_a desert_n and_o border_n to_o the_o southeast_n and_o east_n upon_o turquestan_n and_o china_n they_o be_v subdivide_v into_o three_o great_a province_n each_o of_o they_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o its_o particular_a chan_n or_o taiso_n who_o be_v all_o three_o of_o the_o same_o family_n and_o cultivate_v a_o very_a good_a understanding_n betwixt_o one_o another_o have_v several_a under_o chans_n under_o their_o jurisdiction_n the_o first_o and_o chief_a of_o these_o chans_n be_v call_v tchetchinga_n his_o territory_n lie_v betwixt_o china_n and_o the_o tartar_n of_o bogdoi_fw-la they_o inhabit_v neither_o town_n nor_o village_n their_o house_n which_o be_v but_o few_o in_o number_n lie_v scatter_v here_o and_o there_o without_o any_o regularity_n they_o be_v very_o troublesome_a to_o their_o neighbour_n inhabit_v about_o the_o lake_n dalai_n and_o all_o along_o 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of_o china_n and_o japan_n to_o obtain_v this_o end_n they_o use_v to_o send_v frequent_o their_o ambassador_n and_o sometime_o messenger_n on_o some_o pretence_n or_o another_o into_o those_o part_n who_o have_v take_v several_a way_n at_o last_o make_v the_o passage_n betwixt_o the_o russian_a empire_n and_o china_n tolerable_o commodious_a to_o their_o merchant_n who_o now_o travel_v from_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n to_o pekin_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o chinese_n empire_n in_o less_o than_o four_o month_n time_n with_o conveniency_n enough_o especial_o since_o the_o muscovite_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o their_o caravan_n have_v build_v several_a city_n and_o fort_n as_o the_o city_n of_o genessay_n or_o jenessay_n among_o the_o tingoëse_n upon_o the_o river_n of_o that_o name_n the_o city_n of_o szelinga_n upon_o the_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n beside_o several_a fortress_n the_o last_o of_o which_o be_v call_v albazin_n build_v upon_o the_o river_n yamour_fw-fr 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and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o tostiouski_n a_o horde_n of_o tartar_n under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n here_o they_o change_v their_o carriage_n which_o they_o send_v back_o into_o siberia_n for_o one_o much_o more_o swift_a and_o commodious_a for_o whereas_o the_o muscovite_n sleds_o be_v usual_o draw_v but_o by_o one_o horse_n they_o make_v use_v in_o those_o part_n of_o a_o certain_a beast_n call_v the_o reen_n or_o rain-deer_n which_o they_o put_v in_o their_o sled_n and_o to_o make_v it_o go_v the_o more_o swift_a they_o tie_v a_o great_a dog_n behind_o that_o by_o his_o bark_n rain-deer_n the_o reen_n or_o rain-deer_n scare_v the_o poor_a beast_n make_v it_o run_v with_o that_o swiftness_n that_o it_o carry_v the_o sled_n six_o or_o sevenscore_n miles_n a_o day_n this_o creature_n probable_o the_o tarandius_fw-la of_o the_o ancient_n be_v by_o the_o modern_a latin_n call_v rangifer_n from_o the_o word_n reen_n which_o be_v the_o name_n give_v it_o by_o the_o laplander_n who_o as_o likewise_o the_o samoyede_n and_o some_o other_o northern_a nation_n make_v a_o considerable_a advantage_n of_o these_o beast_n not_o only_o in_o their_o sled_n but_o also_o by_o make_v clothes_n of_o their_o skin_n it_o be_v as_o big_a as_o a_o large_a stagg_n but_o much_o strong_a with_o a_o very_a high_a breast_n where_o the_o hair_n which_o be_v of_o a_o grayish_a colour_n incline_v to_o white_a be_v very_o long_o and_o rough_a they_o have_v cleave_v hoof_n the_o horn_n of_o which_o be_v as_o hard_a as_o iron_n so_o that_o make_v at_o every_o step_n a_o impression_n in_o the_o ice_n they_o go_v as_o secure_o as_o if_o they_o be_v shall_v with_o frost-nail_n or_o walk_v upon_o the_o ground_n and_o that_o with_o such_o swiftness_n that_o they_o often_o travel_v 150_o mile_n a_o day_n their_o horn_n be_v high_a than_o those_o of_o the_o elk_n and_o large_a than_o a_o stagg_n they_o have_v on_o the_o forehead_n two_o brow-anklers_a wherewith_o in_o the_o winter_n they_o dig_v up_o the_o white_a moss_n from_o under_o the_o snow_n for_o their_o food_n and_o break_v the_o ice_n to_o get_v water_n to_o quench_v their_o thirst_n for_o the_o rest_n they_o be_v very_o sociable_a creature_n feed_v in_o herd_n and_o easy_o tame_v and_o make_v serviceable_a for_o the_o draught_n of_o sled_n which_o they_o perform_v with_o a_o incredible_a swiftness_n by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o creature_n the_o muscovian_a merchant_n travel_v with_o great_a expedition_n as_o long_o as_o the_o ice_n continue_v to_o bear_v to_o the_o city_n of_o genessay_n or_o jenessay_n build_v by_o the_o muscovite_n upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o traveller_n from_o thence_o they_o take_v boat_n to_o go_v up_o the_o two_o river_n biakala_n lake_n of_o biakala_n tongusi_n and_o augara_n to_o the_o lake_n of_o baikala_n where_o both_o these_o river_n have_v their_o rise_n the_o water_n of_o this_o lake_n be_v extraordinary_a clear_a but_o 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have_v which_o they_o prefer_v before_o our_o sugar_n spice_n or_o vinegar_n which_o they_o have_v be_v observe_v to_o refuse_v as_o they_o also_o show_v more_o satisfaction_n in_o their_o ordinary_a food_n of_o seadog_n calf_n reen_n fox_n house-dog_n and_o fish_n but_o especial_o stockfish_n than_o in_o any_o of_o our_o dish_n the_o swart_a colour_n of_o these_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o cold_a climate_n in_o the_o world_n may_v very_o well_o furnish_v we_o with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o make_v a_o digression_n here_o in_o contradiction_n of_o what_o be_v affirm_v by_o pliny_n to_o wit_n 78._o lib._n 2._o c._n 78._o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n burn_v the_o skin_n as_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o cold_a whiten_n it_n if_o natural_a philosophy_n be_v not_o at_o present_a beyond_o our_o scope_n wherefore_o we_o will_v pursue_v the_o tract_n of_o our_o history_n and_o give_v a_o short_a description_n of_o livonia_n the_o country_n of_o livonia_n or_o liefland_n livonia_n livonia_n 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48_o degr_n 30_o min._n longitude_n it_o have_v for_o its_o founder_n waldemar_n or_o wolmar_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1230._o but_o king_n wolmar_n iii_o sell_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 1347._o with_o some_o other_o city_n in_o that_o country_n to_o goswin_n d'_fw-fr eck_n the_o then_o master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n of_o knight_n the_o muscovite_n have_v for_o above_o these_o hundred_o year_n pass_v be_v very_o ambitious_a to_o unite_v not_o only_o this_o city_n but_o also_o the_o whole_a livonia_n with_o the_o russian_a empire_n which_o have_v occasion_v several_a war_n not_o only_o betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o livonian_a knight_n but_o also_o with_o the_o swede_n after_o this_o city_n have_v put_v itself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n near_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n ago_o this_o city_n be_v very_o famous_a for_o two_o memorable_a sieges_n it_o hold_v out_o against_o the_o muscovite_n the_o first_o in_o the_o year_n 1570._o the_o second_o in_o the_o year_n 1577._o both_o which_o the_o muscovite_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v with_o great_a loss_n the_o city_n be_v fortify_v according_a to_o the_o modern_a way_n but_o its_o chief_a strength_n lie_v in_o its_o castle_n which_o be_v most_o advantageous_o situate_v upon_o a_o rock_n steepy_a on_o all_o side_n render_v it_o almost_o unaccessible_a except_o towards_o the_o city_n where_o it_o be_v defend_v by_o very_o good_a work_n it_o have_v a_o most_o excellent_a haven_n fit_v rather_o by_o nature_n than_o art_n for_o the_o convenience_n of_o trade_n especial_o with_o muscovy_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o ancient_a town_n belong_v to_o the_o hanseatick_a league_n and_o have_v for_o some_o year_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n the_o direction_n of_o the_o college_n belong_v to_o the_o hanseatick_a town_n in_o the_o city_n of_o novogorod_n veliki_n it_o be_v very_o flourish_v in_o its_o commerce_n from_o the_o year_n 1477._o till_o the_o year_n 1550._o when_v have_v break_v with_o the_o other_o hanseatick_a town_n the_o muscovite_n soon_o after_o take_v the_o city_n of_o narva_n and_o establish_v there_o the_o trade_n they_o have_v before_o in_o this_o city_n notwithstanding_o which_o it_o enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n the_o privilege_n of_o be_v a_o mart_n which_o have_v be_v confirm_v to_o they_o by_o several_a treaty_n betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o swede_n to_o wit_n in_o the_o year_n 1595._o at_o teusma_n in_o the_o year_n 1607._o at_o wibourg_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1617._o at_o stolvova_n though_o at_o the_o same_o time_n their_o wing_n have_v be_v clip_v of_o late_a year_n as_o to_o several_a privilege_n grant_v to_o they_o former_o by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n and_o be_v since_o look_v upon_o as_o dangerous_a to_o the_o prerogative_n of_o their_o sovereign_n the_o ecclesiastical_a government_n be_v here_o like_v in_o most_o other_o commonwealth_n that_o profess_v the_o protestant_a religion_n according_a to_o the_o tenure_n of_o the_o ausburg_n confession_n administer_v by_o a_o consistory_n and_o a_o superintendent_n and_o their_o civil_a constitution_n come_v very_o near_o to_o a_o democratical_a state_n the_o magistrate_n have_v no_o power_n to_o transact_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n without_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o principal_a man_n of_o several_a profession_n and_o in_o matter_n of_o extraordinary_a consequence_n not_o without_o summon_v every_o freeman_n of_o the_o city_n within_o half_a a_o league_n of_o it_o towards_o the_o seaside_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o stately_a monastery_n about_o 200_o year_n ago_o dedicate_v to_o st._n bridget_n by_o a_o very_a wealthy_a merchant_n of_o this_o city_n the_o only_a thing_n remarkable_a here_o be_v a_o book_n compose_v of_o the_o foundation_n of_o this_o monastery_n intimate_v that_o the_o religious_a man_n and_o woman_n for_o it_o consist_v of_o both_o of_o this_o monastery_n have_v be_v so_o ingenious_a even_o in_o those_o day_n as_o to_o have_v find_v out_o a_o way_n to_o make_v themselves_o to_o be_v understand_v by_o one_o another_o by_o certain_a sign_n without_o the_o help_n of_o word_n the_o next_o city_n of_o note_n in_o the_o province_n of_o esthonie_n narva_n narva_n be_v narva_n situate_v in_o the_o circuit_n of_o allentaken_v at_o 60_o degree_n elevation_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o river_n narva_n or_o nerva_n which_o have_v its_o rise_n in_o the_o lake_n pripis_fw-la fall_v with_o a_o very_a swift_a current_n into_o the_o gulf_n of_o finland_n about_o ten_o mile_n below_o this_o city_n near_o three_o mile_n above_o it_o there_o be_v a_o most_o dangerous_a cataract_n or_o water-fall_a which_o oblige_v the_o ship_n that_o come_v down_o the_o river_n from_o plescou_n and_o other_o place_n to_o narva_n to_o unlade_v their_o merchandize_n near_o that_o place_n this_o town_n which_o be_v not_o very_o large_a but_o exceed_v strong_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o adjacent_a castle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v build_v as_o well_o as_o the_o city_n of_o revel_n by_o wolmar_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o be_v in_o the_o year_n 1558._o besiege_v and_o take_v by_o john_n basilovit_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n but_o recover_v by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1581._o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o pontus_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr garde_n the_o swedish_n general_n under_o who_o jurisdiction_n it_o remain_v to_o this_o day_n it_o have_v for_o many_o year_n pass_v enjoy_v the_o same_o privilege_n with_o the_o other_o hanseatick_a town_n and_o be_v in_o the_o last_o age_n a_o place_n of_o very_o good_a traffic_n till_o the_o muscovian_a trade_n be_v from_o thence_o by_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a transfer_v to_o archangel_n and_o the_o war_n betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o swede_n destroy_v its_o commerce_n during_o the_o war_n betwixt_o the_o english_a and_o the_o dutch_a in_o oliver_n cromwel_n time_n the_o commerce_n to_o archangel_n be_v interrupt_v there_o begin_v to_o be_v a_o prospect_n of_o revive_v the_o trade_n into_o muscovy_n abundance_n of_o ship_n make_v use_n of_o this_o harbour_n for_o that_o purpose_n at_o that_o time_n so_o that_o the_o haven_n be_v repair_v and_o several_a new_a addition_n be_v make_v to_o the_o town_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o stranger_n it_o have_v two_o castle_n belong_v to_o it_o one_o on_o this_o side_n of_o the_o river_n and_o the_o other_o on_o the_o opposite_a shoar_n in_o a_o peninsula_n make_v by_o the_o river_n nerva_n it_o be_v call_v ivanovogorod_n and_o be_v build_v there_o by_o the_o muscovite_n upon_o a_o rock_n so_o inaccessible_a that_o it_o be_v judge_v impregnable_a and_o be_v not_o take_v by_o the_o swede_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1617._o when_v gustavus_n adolphus_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o it_o at_o the_o
be_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o pole_n who_o have_v take_v it_o from_o the_o muscovite_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1562_o the_o swede_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o it_o but_o be_v however_o three_o year_n after_o recover_v by_o the_o pole_n by_o stratagem_n and_o ten_o year_n after_o that_o take_v by_o the_o muscovite_n who_o remain_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o till_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o beforementioned_a treaty_n betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n and_o pole_n this_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o livonia_n be_v surrender_v to_o the_o latter_a the_o swede_n retake_v it_o from_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o year_n 1617._o and_o have_v keep_v it_o ever_o since_o by_o the_o ensue_a treatise_n betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n the_o three_o province_n of_o livonia_n courland_n courland_n be_v the_o duchy_n of_o courland_n be_v divide_v from_o the_o former_a by_o the_o river_n dune_n this_o province_n be_v miserable_o ruin_v during_o the_o war_n betwixt_o the_o muscovite_n pole_n and_o swede_n and_o when_o the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n be_v force_v to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o poland_n with_o all_o that_o be_v remain_v under_o their_o jurisdiction_n sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n make_v courland_n a_o dukedom_n which_o he_o bestow_v upon_o goddard_n kettler_n of_o nesselroth_n last_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n in_o livonia_n to_o be_v hold_v as_o a_o fief_n from_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n but_o william_n the_o young_a son_n of_o this_o goddard_n who_o enjoy_v the_o dukedom_n after_o his_o elder_a brother_n frederick_n die_v without_o issue_n be_v dispossess_v of_o it_o by_o sigismond_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v force_v to_o live_v in_o exile_n till_o the_o year_n 1619._o when_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o several_a foreign_a prince_n he_o be_v re-establish_v in_o his_o dukedom_n who_o posterity_n enjoy_v it_o to_o this_o day_n it_o be_v capital_a city_n be_v goldingen_n but_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o duke_n be_v at_o mittaw_n mittaw_n mittaw_n situate_v in_o that_o part_n of_o courland_n which_o be_v call_v semgalle_n above_o thirty_o mile_n from_o the_o city_n of_o riga_n during_o the_o first_o war_n betwixt_o the_o pole_n and_o swode_n the_o latter_a take_v the_o city_n of_o mittaw_n which_o they_o fortify_v and_o keep_v in_o their_o possession_n till_o the_o year_n 1629_o when_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o truce_n then_o agree_v on_o betwixt_o these_o two_o crown_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o restore_v it_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o courland_n at_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o gulf_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n couri-chaf_a or_o lake_n of_o courland_n be_v a_o pleasant_a little_a town_n memel_fw-la memel_fw-la call_v memel_fw-la by_o the_o german_n and_o cleupeda_n by_o the_o courlander_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o river_n tange_fw-la which_o not_o far_o from_o thence_o fall_v into_o the_o gulf_n it_o be_v castle_n be_v extreme_o pleasant_o situate_v and_o well_o fortify_v and_o its_o harbour_n very_o commodious_a it_o be_v build_v in_o the_o year_n 1250_o and_o belong_v to_o the_o friar_n of_o the_o order_n of_o livonia_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 1328_o sell_v it_o to_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n of_o prussia_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o truce_n conclude_v betwixt_o the_o pole_n and_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1635_o this_o city_n and_o that_o duchy_n be_v absolute_o surrender_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o remain_v ever_o since_o in_o full_a possession_n of_o it_o the_o country_n of_o livonia_n itself_o be_v not_o know_v in_o these_o part_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1158._o when_v a_o certain_a ship_n of_o bremen_n be_v force_v by_o a_o tempest_n into_o the_o gulf_n of_o riga_n the_o merchant_n of_o that_o city_n begin_v to_o establish_v a_o commerce_n and_o soon_o after_o the_o christian_a religion_n in_o this_o country_n its_o inhabitant_n have_v be_v all_o pagan_n before_o that_o time_n of_o who_o superstition_n and_o sacrifice_n we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v anon_o the_o first_o that_o preach_v the_o gospel_n among_o they_o be_v menard_n a_o monk_n of_o segeberg_n afterward_o in_o the_o year_n 1170._o make_v the_o first_o bishop_n of_o livonia_n by_o alexander_n iii_o pope_n of_o rome_n his_o successor_n bertold_v a_o monk_n of_o the_o order_n of_o white_a friar_n not_o follow_v the_o footstep_n of_o his_o predecessor_n be_v for_o employ_v the_o sword_n in_o convert_v these_o idolatrous_a people_n who_o have_v take_v up_o arm_n kill_v he_o with_o above_o 10000_o christian_n so_o that_o the_o christian_a interest_n be_v in_o the_o utmost_a danger_n of_o have_v be_v quite_o lose_v in_o that_o country_n have_v not_o the_o prudence_n of_o albert_n a_o canon_n of_o bremen_n and_o successor_n to_o bertold_v in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o livonia_n in_o part_n restore_v what_o the_o former_a have_v lose_v for_o he_o knight_n livonian_a knight_n the_o better_a to_o establish_v the_o christian_a interest_n in_o these_o part_n by_o the_o authority_n receive_v from_o pope_n innocent_n iii_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o the_o order_n of_o the_o livonian_a knight_n or_o friar_n of_o the_o short_a sword_n so_o call_v because_o they_o wear_v on_o their_o white_a cloak_n a_o red_a short_a sword_n with_o a_o star_n of_o the_o same_o colour_n which_o they_o have_v change_v since_o into_o two_o short_a sword_n salter-wise_a they_o be_v oblige_v almost_o to_o the_o same_o rule_n with_o the_o knights-templar_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o the_o infidel_n and_o barbarian_n and_o to_o have_v the_o three_o part_n of_o all_o that_o they_o gain_v from_o their_o enemy_n but_o in_o regard_n this_o new_a religious_a order_n at_o first_o be_v scarce_o sufficient_a to_o subsist_v upon_o its_o own_o bottom_n it_o be_v join_v to_o the_o order_n of_o st._n mary_n of_o jerusalem_n in_o the_o year_n 1238._o in_o the_o person_n of_o herman_n balek_n grand_a master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n in_o prussia_n since_o which_o time_n the_o master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n have_v a_o dependence_n from_o the_o grand_a master_n of_o that_o order_n till_o be_v hardly_o press_v upon_o by_o the_o muscovite_n they_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v to_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v from_o hence_o that_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n first_o claim_v the_o title_n over_o these_o lord_n or_o master_n of_o the_o order_n of_o livonia_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1513._o they_o become_v entire_o subject_n of_o the_o empire_n when_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n with_o his_o suffragans_fw-la and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o knightly_a order_n who_o have_v in_o part_n free_v himself_o of_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o grand_a master_n of_o prussia_n be_v receive_v among_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n but_o the_o muscovite_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o convenient_a situation_n have_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n look_v upon_o it_o with_o a_o wishful_a eye_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1501._o enter_v it_o with_o a_o very_a powerful_a army_n but_o be_v vanquish_v in_o a_o pitch_a battle_n fight_v betwixt_o they_o and_o walter_n de_fw-fr plattenbergh_n master_n of_o the_o livonian_a order_n where_o 40000_o muscovite_n be_v kill_v upon_o the_o spot_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o the_o livonian_o for_o fifty_o year_n this_o be_v expire_v the_o grand_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n john_n basilovit_n be_v flush_v with_o his_o late_a conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o casan_n and_o astrachan_n and_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o difference_n that_o be_v then_o betwixt_o the_o master_n of_o the_o knightly_a order_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n enter_v livonia_n with_o a_o numerous_a army_n and_o have_v ruin_v all_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o derpt_a or_o torpat_v and_o wirland_n retreat_v into_o muscovy_n this_o have_v put_v the_o whole_a country_n into_o a_o great_a consternation_n they_o be_v for_o seek_v aid_n in_o all_o part_n and_o have_v make_v their_o first_o application_n to_o the_o empire_n but_o with_o little_a success_n the_o city_n of_o revel_n which_o be_v the_o most_o expose_v of_o all_o offer_v to_o put_v itself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n which_o have_v be_v refuse_v they_o have_v recourse_n to_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o likewise_o refuse_v they_o the_o desire_a succour_n of_o man_n and_o money_n unless_o they_o will_v put_v themselves_o under_o his_o protection_n in_o which_o case_n he_o will_v maintain_v they_o in_o their_o privilege_n the_o city_n and_o adjacent_a nobility_n separate_v from_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n and_o submit_v to_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n 1560._o in_o the_o mean_a while_n
of_o stone_n and_o brick_n and_o be_v former_o the_o seat_n of_o their_o chan_n from_o whence_o these_o tartar_n receive_v first_o their_o name_n as_o they_o be_v afterward_o call_v precopians_n from_o the_o city_n of_o precop_n which_o be_v situate_a on_o the_o eastern_a side_n of_o the_o isthmus_n the_o tartar_n call_v it_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v not_o very_o large_a consist_v only_o of_o 400_o or_o 500_o house_n it_o be_v call_v precop_n from_o the_o sclavonian_a word_n precap_n which_o signify_v a_o ditch_n or_o trench_n because_o it_o be_v build_v just_a within_o the_o trench_n of_o the_o taurica_n chersonesus_n which_o be_v make_v across_o the_o isthmus_n opposite_a to_o this_o on_o the_o western_a side_n be_v the_o city_n of_o coslow_n situate_v upon_o a_o cape_n of_o the_o chersonesus_n extend_v to_o the_o exin_n sea_n it_o have_v about_o 2000_o house_n and_o be_v a_o place_n of_o good_a trade_n and_o about_o five_o or_o six_o day_n journey_n from_o azoph_n further_o westward_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n boristhenes_n or_o nieper_n near_o the_o euxin_n sea_n lie_v the_o city_n of_o oczacow_n have_v a_o strong_a castle_n it_o former_o belong_v to_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n but_o be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o precopian_a tartar_n who_o inhabit_v here_o yet_o so_o as_o to_o be_v tributary_n to_o the_o turk_n who_o always_o keep_v some_o galley_n here_o to_o keep_v a_o watchful_a eye_n over_o the_o neighbour_a cosack_n it_o be_v near_o 200_o mile_n distant_a from_o precop_n baciasaray_v be_v the_o town_n where_o the_o chan_n keep_v his_o ordinary_a residence_n and_o court_n it_o contain_v about_o 2000_o house_n beside_o which_o he_o have_v another_o palace_n call_v almasaray_v where_o he_o divert_v himself_o sometime_o it_o be_v only_o a_o village_n contain_v not_o above_o 60_o or_o 70_o house_n the_o taurica_n chersonesus_n be_v in_o some_o part_n full_a of_o hill_n and_o wood_n but_o in_o other_o have_v very_o fertile_a plain_n abound_v in_o all_o sort_n of_o grain_n fruit_n and_o very_o excellent_a wine_n the_o tartar_n that_o inhabit_v it_o seldom_o apply_v themselves_o to_o tillage_n or_o any_o other_o manner_n of_o cultivate_v the_o ground_n but_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o jew_n or_o the_o christian_n which_o be_v their_o slave_n and_o as_o for_o the_o tartar_n that_o live_v without_o the_o isthmus_n they_o make_v not_o the_o least_o account_n of_o it_o apply_v themselves_o entire_o to_o pasturage_n and_o robbery_n all_o their_o riches_n consist_v in_o their_o cattle_n but_o especial_o in_o their_o horse_n and_o in_o what_o booty_n they_o get_v abroad_o in_o their_o excursion_n they_o sell_v their_o prisoner_n of_o both_o sex_n after_o the_o chan_n have_v take_v his_o share_n of_o they_o for_o his_o own_o use_n to_o the_o christian_a and_o jewish_a merchant_n at_o caffa_n in_o exchange_n of_o which_o they_o take_v from_o they_o turkish_a horse_n arm_n stuff_n and_o such_o other_o commodity_n as_o they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o from_o the_o city_n of_o caffa_n these_o slave_n be_v transport_v to_o constantinople_n synope_n trebisord_n and_o other_o place_n in_o the_o levant_n among_o all_o the_o slave_n take_v by_o these_o tartar_n the_o polish_v woman_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n these_o be_v not_o only_o transport_v to_o constantinople_n and_o persia_n but_o sometime_o to_o the_o indies_n to_o be_v entertain_v in_o the_o seraglio_n of_o these_o prince_n former_o the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n use_v to_o drive_v a_o considerable_a trade_n in_o these_o part_n the_o chief_a strength_n of_o their_o force_n be_v conspire_v of_o such_o as_o the_o tartar_n have_v make_v prisoner_n either_o in_o russia_n podolia_n muscovy_n and_o circassia_n but_o since_o the_o ruin_n of_o this_o warlike_a empire_n by_o selim_n the_o turkish_a emperor_n this_o trade_n into_o egypt_n be_v quite_o lose_v the_o crim_n or_o precopian_a tartar_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o a_o middle_a size_n describe_v the_o crim_n or_o precopian_a tartar_n describe_v strong_a and_o well_o set_v in_o their_o limb_n they_o have_v short_a neck_n large_a and_o broad_a face_n with_o very_o small_a eye_n but_o very_o black_a and_o lively_a and_o have_v some_o other_o feature_n peculiar_a to_o themselves_o by_o which_o they_o may_v be_v easy_o distinguish_v from_o other_o nation_n they_o be_v inure_v to_o all_o sort_n of_o hardship_n from_o their_o infancy_n their_o mother_n be_v use_v to_o bathe_v they_o once_o a_o dayat_n lest_o in_o cold_a water_n wherein_o a_o little_a salt_n be_v dissolve_v to_o make_v they_o hardy_a and_o render_v their_o body_n proof_n against_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o air._n no_o soon_o be_v they_o out_o of_o their_o mother_n tution_n but_o their_o father_n by_o degree_n bring_v they_o to_o shoot_v with_o the_o bow_n which_o they_o do_v with_o great_a dexterity_n and_o at_o the_o age_n of_o twelve_o or_o fifteen_o make_v they_o go_v along_o with_o they_o in_o the_o war_n the_o 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equipage_n all_o which_o they_o have_v of_o the_o armenian_a merchant_n or_o else_o take_v from_o their_o neighbour_a nation_n where_o they_o make_v their_o inroad_n for_o the_o rest_n they_o use_v nothing_o but_o wooden_a saddle_n their_o arm_n be_v common_o a_o scymiter_n a_o bow_n and_o quiver_n furnish_v with_o twenty_o or_o more_o arrow_n these_o as_o well_o as_o their_o saddle_n they_o make_v themselves_o their_o bowstring_n be_v make_v out_o of_o the_o nerve_n of_o horse_n the_o quiver_n cover_v with_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o same_o beast_n they_o make_v also_o the_o best_a whip_n in_o the_o world_n our_o whip-maker_n in_o europe_n have_v hitherto_o not_o be_v able_a to_o come_v near_o they_o in_o twist_v of_o whip_n beside_o their_o arm_n they_o always_o carry_v about_o they_o a_o knife_n which_o serve_v to_o mend_v their_o bridle_n and_o saddle_n if_o any_o thing_n happen_v to_o be_v amiss_o a_o tinderbox_n to_o strike_v fire_n and_o a_o compass_n to_o direct_v they_o in_o their_o march_n through_o the_o desert_n and_o wilderness_n where_o there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o tract_n of_o any_o road._n their_o horse_n horse_n their_o horse_n which_o they_o call_v bachmat_n be_v very_o ill-shaped_a be_v very_o long_o and_o thin_a with_o long_a manes_n and_o tail_n but_o what_o they_o want_v in_o shape_n they_o make_v up_o in_o swiftness_n and_o hardiness_n be_v in_o both_o these_o point_n together_o to_o be_v prefer_v before_o any_o other_o in_o the_o world_n they_o common_o undergo_v the_o fatigue_n of_o a_o long_a day_n journey_n without_o the_o least_o food_n they_o be_v continual_o keep_v abroad_o both_o winter_n and_o summer_n and_o when_o they_o be_v upon_o a_o expedition_n these_o beast_n will_v live_v upon_o what_o they_o can_v pick_v out_o from_o under_o the_o snow_n or_o upon_o the_o moss_n bark_n or_o small_a branch_n of_o tree_n or_o upon_o any_o thing_n else_o that_o they_o light_v on_o in_o their_o way_n their_o chief_a man_n make_v use_v of_o arabian_a and_o turkish_a horse_n wear_v under_o their_o cosaques_n coat_n of_o mail_n and_o use_v very_o good_a equipage_n their_o chan_n especial_o be_v most_o magnificent_a in_o his_o horse_n and_o equipage_n keep_v a_o very_a good_a table_n and_o live_v as_o to_o all_o other_o thing_n in_o great_a splendour_n suitable_a to_o his_o quality_n when_o they_o live_v abroad_o in_o their_o tent_n food_n their_o food_n they_o seldom_o eat_v bread_n instead_o of_o which_o they_o make_v use_v of_o millet_n their_o ordinary_a food_n be_v horseflesh_n which_o they_o boil_v either_o alone_a or_o with_o millet_n when_o they_o rest_v in_o a_o place_n but_o when_o they_o be_v go_v upon_o a_o expedition_n they_o have_v it_o bake_v and_o upon_o the_o march_n often_o only_o roll_v it_o together_o and_o put_v it_o under_o the_o saddle_n from_o whence_o they_o take_v it_o upon_o occasion_n and_o
before_o part_v appoint_v the_o time_n of_o their_o rendezvouz_n against_o next_o spring_n in_o one_o of_o these_o isle_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n the_o great_a exploit_n they_o have_v former_o do_v against_o the_o turk_n have_v gain_v they_o no_o small_a reputation_n among_o the_o pole_n therefore_o stephen_n batori_fw-la prince_n of_o transilvania_n and_o afterward_o elect_v king_n of_o poland_n have_v consider_v with_o himself_o that_o these_o cosack_n may_v be_v of_o great_a use_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n not_o only_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o neighbour_a crim_n or_o precopian_a tartar_n but_o also_o may_v serve_v as_o a_o considerable_a addition_n to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n which_o consist_v for_o the_o most_o part_n out_o of_o horse_n will_v in_o effect_n be_v render_v more_o formidable_a when_o augment_v by_o so_o considerable_a a_o number_n of_o foot_n it_o be_v upon_o this_o consideration_n he_o resolve_v to_o put_v these_o vagabond_n soldier_n into_o a_o good_a order_n and_o discipline_n which_o he_o effect_v by_o grant_v to_o they_o beside_o their_o pay_n very_o considerable_a priledge_n and_o put_v they_o under_o the_o command_n of_o a_o general_n of_o their_o own_o with_o a_o power_n to_o choose_v such_o officer_n under_o he_o as_o he_o esteem_v most_o fit_a for_o service_n have_v thus_o reduce_v they_o into_o one_o body_n he_o give_v they_o the_o city_n of_o techtimoravia_n with_o all_o the_o territory_n belong_v to_o it_o which_o be_v seat_v upon_o the_o boristhenes_n they_o make_v it_o their_o magazine_n and_o the_o residence_n of_o their_o governor_n general_n and_o to_o render_v this_o body_n the_o more_o serviceable_a against_o the_o tartar_n he_o join_v to_o this_o militia_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v compose_v altogether_o of_o foot_n two_o thousand_o horse_n for_o the_o maintain_v of_o which_o he_o allot_v the_o four_o part_n of_o certain_a revenue_n belong_v to_o the_o crown_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v call_v quartan_n and_o by_o corruption_n quartian_n and_o be_v dispose_v upon_o the_o frontier_n most_o expose_v to_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n by_o this_o mean_n that_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o from_o bar_n bracklavia_n and_o kiovia_n extend_v itself_o all_o along_o the_o boristhenes_n to_o the_o black-sea_n and_o be_v now_o call_v the_o vkraine_n which_o be_v before_o a_o desolate_a country_n be_v in_o a_o little_a time_n fill_v with_o populous_a city_n and_o to_n as_o this_o body_n have_v do_v considerable_a service_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o maintain_v its_o frontier_n against_o the_o eruption_n of_o the_o tartar_n so_o after_o sometime_o time_n it_o prove_v very_o dangerous_a have_v several_a time_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o the_o republic_n for_o be_v once_o make_v sensible_a of_o their_o own_o strength_n they_o refuse_v to_o be_v obedient_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o polish_v general_n their_o first_o rebellion_n be_v in_o the_o year_n 1587._o rebel_n the_o cosack_v rebel_n under_o their_o general_n john_n podkowa_o but_o be_v vanquish_v he_o have_v his_o head_n cut_v off_o in_o the_o year_n 1596_o sigismond_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n upon_o complaint_n make_v by_o the_o turk_n forbid_v they_o to_o cruise_v in_o the_o black-sea_n which_o order_n they_o obey_v for_o that_o time_n but_o soon_o after_o fell_a into_o the_o polish_v russia_n and_o lithuania_n where_o they_o ravage_v the_o country_n under_o their_o general_n nalevaiko_n in_o vain_a do_v the_o king_n send_v his_o order_n for_o they_o to_o retire_v to_o their_o habitation_n they_o on_o the_o contrary_a resolve_v to_o maintain_v their_o ground_n against_o the_o polish_v army_n which_o be_v advance_v against_o they_o under_o the_o command_n of_o the_o polish_v general_n zolkieuski_n the_o battle_n be_v fight_v near_o the_o city_n of_o bialacerkiovia_n where_o the_o cosack_n have_v the_o better_a of_o it_o but_o zolkieuski_n as_o he_o be_v a_o great_a general_n have_v weather_v the_o point_n for_o that_o time_n soon_o after_o get_v they_o into_o the_o trap_n so_o that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v and_o deliver_v up_o their_o general_n nalevaiko_n who_o undergo_v the_o same_o fate_n as_o his_o predecessor_n in_o the_o year_n 1637_o the_o cosack_v revolt_v again_o the_o occasion_n be_v thus_o a_o great_a many_o polish_v lord_n have_v purchase_v estate_n in_o the_o vkraine_n the_o quarter_n of_o the_o cosack_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o boor_n their_o vassal_n run_v frequent_o over_o to_o they_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o their_o revenue_n can_v never_o be_v well_o secure_v as_o long_o as_o the_o cosack_v enjoy_v their_o privilege_n have_v therefore_o represent_v they_o to_o the_o king_n as_o dangerous_a to_o the_o republic_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a number_n of_o peasant_n that_o daily_o run_v over_o to_o they_o it_o be_v resolve_v that_o the_o polish_v general_n koniespolski_n shall_v order_v a_o fort_n to_o be_v erect_v at_o a_o certain_a point_n of_o land_n call_v kudak_v where_o the_o river_n zwamer_n fall_v into_o the_o boristhenes_n which_o for_o its_o situation_n they_o have_v choose_v as_o a_o convenient_a place_n to_o bridle_v the_o cosack_n as_o be_v not_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o place_n of_o their_o ordinary_a rendezvouz_n the_o cosack_n who_o be_v not_o so_o simple_a as_o not_o to_o penetrate_v into_o the_o design_n of_o the_o pole_n resolve_v not_o to_o suffer_v the_o bridle_n to_o be_v put_v over_o their_o head_n and_o have_v defeat_v coll._n marion_n who_o be_v leave_v there_o with_o 200_o man_n to_o see_v the_o fort_n perfect_v they_o assemble_v a_o considerable_a body_n to_o prevent_v the_o polish_v general_n in_o his_o design_n but_o at_o the_o very_a juncture_n of_o time_n when_o they_o shall_v have_v be_v most_o unanimous_a great_a division_n arise_v among_o the_o cosack_n they_o revolt_v against_o their_o general_n sawakonowiez_n who_o they_o massacr_v and_o in_o his_o place_n set_v up_o one_o pauluck_n of_o little_a experience_n and_o less_o conduct_n in_o martial_a affair_n the_o polish_v general_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a while_n take_v this_o opportunity_n to_o put_v the_o fort_n in_o a_o state_n of_o defence_n they_o march_v out_o under_o their_o new_a general_n pauluck_v but_o be_v surprise_v in_o the_o plain_n near_o korsun_n before_o they_o can_v entrench_v themselves_o betwixt_o their_o wagon_n according_a to_o their_o custom_n so_o that_o be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n they_o be_v easy_o defeat_v by_o potoskiâ—_n the_o polish_v marshal_n de_fw-fr camp_n those_o that_o save_v themselves_o by_o flight_n get_v into_o borovit_n but_o be_v immediate_o besiege_v by_o potoski_n and_o the_o place_n be_v not_o provide_v with_o ammunition_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o surrender_v their_o general_n pauluck_n with_o four_o more_o of_o their_o principal_a officer_n who_o be_v afterward_o behead_v at_o warsaw_n notwithstanding_o their_o life_n be_v secure_v to_o they_o by_o the_o capitulation_n it_o be_v also_o decree_v at_o the_o diet_n hold_v at_o the_o same_o time_n at_o warsaw_n that_o not_o only_o all_o their_o privilege_n and_o the_o city_n of_o teâ—â—htimoravia_n grant_v to_o they_o by_o king_n stephen_n shall_v be_v take_v from_o they_o but_o also_o a_o new_a body_n of_o militia_n shall_v be_v erect_v in_o their_o stead_n but_o the_o cosack_v be_v not_o discourage_v at_o this_o resolution_n resolve_v also_o on_o their_o side_n to_o try_v the_o utmost_a for_o the_o recovery_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o after_o have_v protest_v to_o the_o pole_n that_o they_o will_v remain_v steadfast_a to_o the_o interest_n of_o that_o crown_n provide_v they_o be_v maintain_v in_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n they_o fight_v a_o second_o time_n with_o potoski_n in_o the_o vkraine_n but_o with_o not_o much_o better_a success_n than_o before_o so_o that_o find_v their_o circumstance_n desperate_a they_o entrench_v themselves_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n upon_o the_o river_n statcza_n where_o during_o the_o space_n of_o two_o month_n the_o pole_n attack_v they_o at_o several_a time_n with_o great_a vigour_n but_o be_v as_o often_o repulse_v with_o all_o the_o bravery_n imaginable_a so_o that_o find_v there_o be_v no_o good_a to_o be_v do_v with_o these_o desperate_a cosack_n they_o be_v force_v to_o come_v to_o a_o capitulation_n with_o they_o and_o to_o confirm_v all_o their_o former_a privilege_n and_o to_o promise_v the_o re-establishment_n of_o their_o militia_n upon_o the_o same_o foot_n as_o before_o under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o own_o general_n choose_v by_o the_o king_n but_o this_o capitulation_n be_v almost_o as_o soon_o break_v as_o make_v for_o no_o soon_o have_v they_o cajole_v the_o cosack_n out_o of_o their_o advantageous_a post_n but_o most_o of_o they_o be_v either_o cut_v to_o piece_n or_o plunder_v by_o the_o pole_n their_o militia_n be_v not_o
see_v unless_o it_o be_v some_o few_o drink_a cup_n and_o goblet_n their_o room_n at_o the_o best_a be_v hang_v with_o mat_n and_o adorn_v with_o two_o or_o three_o image_n paint_v after_o the_o muscovian_a fashion_n as_o for_o their_o sleep_v they_o strive_v not_o only_o to_o imitate_v but_o also_o to_o outdo_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o capua_n for_o those_o will_v not_o allow_v their_o child_n any_o bed_n till_o they_o be_v marry_v allege_v that_o bed_n be_v invent_v for_o the_o ease_n of_o ancient_n and_o decripid_a people_n not_o to_o encourage_v young_a man_n in_o their_o effoeminacy_n the_o muscovite_n seem_v to_o be_v more_o severe_a the_o most_o of_o they_o not_o use_v bed_n neither_o before_o nor_o after_o marriage_n nor_o in_o their_o old_a age._n a_o great_a many_o even_o of_o the_o better_a sort_n be_v content_v with_o matrush_n and_o the_o poor_a with_o chaff_n or_o straw_n and_o for_o want_v of_o that_o with_o their_o clothes_n which_o in_o the_o summer_n they_o spread_v upon_o a_o table_n bench_n or_o perhaps_o the_o ground_n and_o in_o the_o winter_n lie_v near_o or_o upon_o their_o stove_n which_o be_v flat_a on_o the_o top_n master_n and_o mistress_n man_n and_o maid_n all_o in_o one_o room_n nay_o in_o the_o country_n the_o poultry_n and_o the_o pig_n be_v not_o exclude_v from_o the_o same_o room_n in_o the_o nighttime_n the_o common_a people_n have_v very_o little_a other_o cheer_v but_o coarse_a meal_n peaâ—e_n turnip_n cabbage_n colwort_n cucumber_n both_o fâ—esh_n and_o pickle_a with_o salt_n and_o vinegar_n they_o seldom_o want_v fresh_a fish_n in_o a_o country_n so_o abound_v with_o river_n and_o lake_n but_o their_o great_a delicacy_n be_v saltfish_n which_o be_v ill_o salt_v have_v a_o very_a strong_a smell_n most_o of_o their_o dish_n be_v season_v with_o onion_n and_o garlic_n and_o that_o to_o such_o a_o degree_n that_o you_o may_v know_v the_o approach_n of_o any_o of_o they_o by_o the_o scent_n before_o you_o see_v they_o especial_o in_o lent_n the_o spawn_n of_o fâ—sh_n but_o especial_o of_o the_o sturgeon_n which_o we_o call_v caviar_n be_v one_o of_o their_o best_a banquet_n i_o have_v make_v mention_n of_o this_o before_o in_o the_o iv_o chapter_n but_o because_o it_o be_v much_o esteem_v by_o a_o great_a many_o in_o these_o part_n but_o especial_o in_o italy_n where_o they_o use_v it_o in_o lent_n i_o will_v give_v a_o short_a description_n of_o it_o here_o caviar_n caviar_n caviar_n or_o cavajar_v by_o the_o russian_n call_v ikary_n be_v make_v of_o the_o roe_n of_o two_o different_a fish_n which_o they_o catch_v in_o the_o river_n wolga_n but_o espcecial_o near_o the_o city_n of_o astracan_a to_o wit_n of_o the_o sturgeon_n and_o the_o belluga_n i_o will_v not_o pretend_v to_o describe_v the_o first_o it_o be_v too_o well_o know_v in_o these_o part_n but_o the_o belluga_n be_v a_o large_a fish_n about_o twelve_o or_o fifteen_o foot_n long_o without_o scaâ—es_n not_o unlike_o a_o sturgeon_n but_o 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as_o for_o their_o diet_n they_o do_v only_o use_v all_o sort_n of_o meat_n and_o fowl_n but_o especial_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o frequent_a fast_n have_v great_a variety_n of_o dish_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o fish_n herb_n and_o pulse_n among_o the_o rest_n they_o have_v one_o dish_n which_o they_o make_v use_v of_o after_o a_o drunken_a bout_n and_o have_v a_o very_a savoury_a taste_n they_o take_v cold_a roast_a veal_n which_o they_o mince_v but_o not_o very_o small_a with_o some_o pickle_a cucumber_n to_o this_o they_o put_v good_a store_n of_o vinegar_n pepper_n and_o the_o liquor_n of_o pickle_a cucumber_n and_o recommend_v it_o as_o a_o good_a preservative_n against_o the_o headache_n arise_v from_o hard_a drink_v forasmuch_o as_o they_o believe_v it_o dispell_n the_o vapour_n rise_v into_o the_o head_n out_o
diameter_n have_v in_o the_o midst_n a_o round_a piece_n as_o big_a as_o a_o trencher_n which_o hang_v on_o the_o hinder_a part_n of_o the_o head_n they_o wear_v in_o their_o hand_n a_o staff_n fork_a at_o the_o end_n when_o they_o go_v abroad_o which_o they_o call_v posock_n and_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o crosier_n there_o be_v in_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n above_o 2000_o church_n and_o chapel_n the_o first_o of_o which_o have_v at_o least_o three_o or_o four_o and_o some_o more_o priests_z belonging_z to_o they_o it_o be_v no_o difficult_a matter_n to_o guess_v what_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o priest_n and_o ecclesiastic_n there_o must_v be_v in_o that_o city_n those_o that_o be_v desirous_a to_o enter_v into_o holy_a order_n make_v their_o address_n either_o to_o the_o patriarch_n or_o any_o one_o of_o the_o metropolitan_o the_o first_o the_o best_a where_o have_v be_v examine_v concern_v their_o qualification_n which_o consist_v only_o in_o read_v and_o write_v and_o to_o be_v able_a to_o sing_v in_o the_o church_n they_o be_v admit_v into_o order_n with_o a_o attestation_n of_o their_o be_v receive_v into_o priesthood_n at_o their_o consecration_n they_o be_v invest_v with_o the_o priestly_a habit_n as_o we_o have_v just_a now_o describe_v it_o they_o have_v also_o the_o hair_n cut_v off_o from_o the_o crown_n of_o their_o head_n on_o which_o be_v put_v a_o little_a cap_n or_o calotte_n which_o be_v the_o main_a character_n of_o their_o priesthood_n the_o which_o they_o never_o move_v or_o take_v off_o neither_o at_o church_n or_o any_o where_o else_o unless_o it_o be_v when_o they_o have_v their_o hair_n cut_v the_o chief_a respect_n the_o muscovite_n pay_v to_o the_o priest_n he_o be_v behold_v for_o to_o his_o calotte_n and_o good_a reason_n why_o for_o if_o upon_o any_o contest_v or_o quarrel_n this_o calotte_n shall_v be_v pull_v off_o his_o head_n upon_o the_o ground_n the_o adverse_a party_n will_v incur_v the_o penalty_n of_o the_o mulct_n call_v bicestie_n which_o we_o have_v mention_v before_o to_o prevent_v which_o the_o muscovite_n when_o they_o be_v go_v to_o fight_v with_o a_o priest_n first_o reverendly_a take_v off_o his_o calotte_n which_o after_o they_o have_v sound_o cudgel_v or_o beat_v he_o they_o put_v on_o again_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o respect_n which_o do_v they_o be_v not_o liable_a to_o any_o far_a punishment_n than_o if_o they_o have_v kick_v or_o cuff_v a_o layman_n the_o protopopes_n and_o pope_n or_o temple-priest_n be_v not_o only_o allow_v but_o oblige_v to_o marry_v once_o but_o can_v the_o second_o or_o three_o time_n unless_o they_o quit_v their_o priesthood_n this_o point_n of_o the_o marriage_n of_o priest_n be_v one_o of_o the_o main_a point_n wherein_o they_o differ_v as_o well_o from_o the_o greek_a church_n as_o the_o roman_a for_o which_o they_o allege_v the_o text_n of_o st._n paul_n 1_o tim._n 3._o that_o a_o bishop_n shall_v be_v the_o husband_n of_o one_o wife_n and_o for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o it_o they_o allege_v the_o four_o cannon_n of_o the_o council_n which_o be_v hold_v at_o gangre_n in_o paphlagonia_n not_o long_o after_o that_o of_o nice_n where_o all_o those_o be_v anathematise_v who_o refuse_v to_o take_v the_o communion_n from_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o marry_a priest_n the_o muscovite_n be_v so_o strict_a in_o the_o observance_n of_o this_o opinion_n that_o their_o priest_n must_v be_v in_o a_o state_n of_o marriage_n before_o they_o be_v admit_v into_o order_n which_o make_v those_o that_o intend_v to_o embrace_v that_o kind_n of_o life_n marry_v very_o young_a that_o they_o may_v the_o soon_o have_v a_o opportunity_n of_o get_v a_o live_n they_o be_v beside_o this_o to_o marry_v a_o maid_n and_o no_o widow_n nor_o a_o woman_n the_o least_o blemish_a in_o her_o reputation_n and_o in_o this_o point_n they_o be_v to_o be_v so_o circumspect_a that_o if_o the_o priest_n the_o first_o night_n after_o marriage_n find_v that_o the_o lock_n have_v be_v open_v before_o by_o any_o other_o key_n than_o his_o own_o he_o must_v either_o be_v divorce_v from_o she_o or_o lay_v down_o his_o calotte_n out_o of_o which_o two_o you_o may_v be_v sure_a he_o choose_v the_o first_o but_o if_o the_o parson_n wife_n stand_v her_o trial_n fair_o the_o first_o night_n she_o have_v however_o this_o comfort_n before_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o muscovian_a woman_n that_o she_o be_v not_o likely_a to_o be_v keep_v under_o so_o severe_a a_o house-discipline_n as_o the_o rest_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o muscovian_a priest_n hang_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n by_o the_o apron-string_n they_o be_v after_o they_o once_o become_v widower_n not_o suffer_v to_o administer_v the_o sacrament_n or_o to_o assist_v at_o noon-service_n when_o the_o communion_n be_v receive_v or_o to_o give_v their_o benediction_n to_o marriage_n but_o only_o at_o the_o morning_n and_o evening-service_n but_o to_o counterbalance_n this_o advantage_n the_o parson_n wife_n have_v before_o other_o the_o priest_n be_v under_o a_o most_o strict_a obligation_n that_o whenever_o he_o have_v give_v his_o wife_n due_a benevolence_n he_o must_v not_o approach_v the_o altar_n all_o the_o next_o day_n so_o that_o what_o with_o this_o and_o the_o great_a number_n of_o fast_n she_o be_v likely_a to_o live_v upon_o very_o slender_a diet_n unless_o the_o parson_n be_v so_o good-nature_n as_o sometime_o to_o prefer_v the_o duty_n to_o his_o wife_n before_o that_o in_o the_o church_n and_o substitute_n one_o to_o officiate_v in_o his_o room_n at_o the_o altar_n the_o priest_n however_o have_v this_o comfort_n leave_v they_o after_o the_o death_n of_o their_o wife_n that_o if_o they_o do_v not_o approve_v of_o a_o single_a life_n they_o be_v free_a to_o lay_v down_o their_o cassock_n and_o calotte_n and_o turn_v merchant_n tradesman_n or_o any_o thing_n else_o they_o can_v and_o so_o marry_v again_o if_o they_o be_v too_o old_a to_o undergo_v the_o fatigue_n of_o the_o sacerdotal_a function_n or_o of_o marriage_n the_o last_o remedy_n be_v a_o monastery_n where_o they_o end_v their_o 〈◊〉_d there_o be_v a_o great_a number_n 〈◊〉_d monastery_n all_o over_o muscovy_n monastery_n their_o monastery_n both_o for_o man_n and_o woman_n both_o in_o city_n and_o up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n especial_o all_o along_o the_o river_n mosca_n and_o oeca_n the_o most_o fertile_a part_n of_o all_o muscovy_n beside_o the_o anchoret_n who_o build_v their_o chapel_n upon_o the_o highway_n and_o live_v in_o wood_n like_o hermit_n subsist_v only_o by_o the_o alm_n they_o receive_v from_o traveller_n the_o rest_n follow_v the_o rule_n of_o great_a st._n basil_n they_o eat_v no_o flesh_n nor_o fresh_a fish_n neither_o drink_v they_o any_o wine_n aquavitae_n or_o hydromel_n they_o live_v only_o on_o salt_n fish_n honey_n milk_n cheese_n herb_n and_o pulse_n cucumber_n both_o fresh_a and_o pickle_a be_v their_o chief_a dainty_n these_o they_o mince_v very_o small_a and_o eat_v they_o with_o a_o spoon_n in_o some_o of_o their_o quaâ—s_n or_o small_a hydromels_n but_o if_o they_o live_v in_o great_a austerity_n in_o their_o monastery_n whenever_o they_o go_v abroad_o which_o they_o be_v allow_v to_o do_v both_o man_n and_o woman_n be_v very_o forward_o in_o dispense_n with_o the_o severity_n of_o their_o statute_n for_o they_o seldom_o refuse_v any_o thing_n that_o be_v offer_v they_o and_o will_v refresh_v themselves_o with_o strong_a liquor_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o it_o be_v unsafe_a for_o they_o to_o go_v home_o without_o good_a company_n here-tofore_a superstition_n have_v get_v so_o far_o the_o ascendant_n over_o the_o religious_a muscovite_n that_o here_o as_o well_o as_o in_o some_o other_o country_n of_o europe_n they_o use_v to_o make_v over_o all_o that_o they_o have_v for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o monastery_n so_o that_o if_o a_o stop_v have_v not_o be_v put_v to_o these_o extravagancy_n they_o will_v in_o time_n have_v get_v into_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o best_a part_n of_o this_o vast_a empire_n but_o those_o that_o now_o embrace_v the_o monastic_a life_n be_v only_o allow_v to_o carry_v a_o certain_a part_n of_o their_o estate_n with_o they_o into_o the_o monastery_n be_v oblige_v 〈◊〉_d leave_v the_o rest_n to_o their_o heir_n they_o do_v not_o live_v so_o retire_v in_o they_o but_o that_o they_o appear_v in_o great_a number_n both_o in_o the_o city_n and_o all_o over_o the_o country_n where_o they_o frequent_o follow_v the_o same_o employment_n with_o the_o peasant_n some_o of_o they_o also_o trading_n in_o malt_n hops_n all_o sort_n of_o corn_n and_o cattle_n poverty_n old_a age_n infirmity_n and_o domestic_a contest_v be_v the_o chief_a inducement_n of_o those_o that_o embrace_v this_o life_n the_o few_o choose_v it_o out_o of_o a_o motive_n of_o devotion_n it_o
shall_v be_v less_o dilatory_a and_o criminal_n to_o be_v examine_v and_o judge_v by_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n with_o their_o assistant_n whereas_o most_o of_o the_o criminal_n be_v before_o that_o time_n bring_v to_o musco_n with_o no_o less_o trouble_n to_o the_o prisoner_n than_o charge_v to_o the_o czar_n he_o be_v a_o great_a admirer_n of_o monarchy_n and_o a_o patron_n of_o the_o english_a as_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n bogdan_n matfeilt_n always_o be_v a_o secret_a enemy_n both_o to_o nashockin_n and_o the_o english_a but_o a_o great_a friend_n of_o the_o dutch_a who_o use_v to_o purchase_v his_o favour_n by_o great_a present_n this_o bogdan_n be_v breed_v up_o with_o the_o czar_n from_o a_o child_n and_o be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o age._n he_o be_v lord_n high_a sreward_n of_o the_o household_n have_v in_o his_o disposal_n all_o domestic_a affair_n he_o use_v to_o be_v call_v the_o whisper_a favourite_n because_o the_o czar_n ask_v his_o advice_n often_o in_o his_o closet_n than_o at_o the_o councel-board_n it_o be_v by_o his_o connivance_n that_o the_o jew_n get_v secret_o foot_v in_o that_o court_n and_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n whereas_o before_o that_o time_n they_o be_v abominable_a to_o the_o muscovite_n because_o they_o supply_v he_o with_o handsome_a young_a slave_n out_o of_o poland_n which_o he_o entertaineâ—_n for_o his_o pleasure_n some_o in_o the_o country_n and_o some_o in_o his_o palace_n in_o musco_n his_o lady_n be_v jealous_a of_o these_o slave_n show_v her_o reâ—entment_n at_o several_a time_n in_o so_o outrageous_a a_o manner_n that_o her_o death_n be_v resolve_v on_o she_o be_v one_o night_n poison_v in_o a_o plate_n of_o sweetmeat_n or_o as_o other_o will_v have_v it_o in_o a_o glass_n of_o wine_n as_o for_o the_o czar_n alexis_n michaelovit_n himself_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o a_o majestic_a deportment_n michaelovit_n the_o character_n of_o alexis_n michaelovit_n tall_a inkling_n to_o fat_a of_o a_o sanguine_a complexion_n and_o light_a brown_a hair_n beautiful_a and_o charitable_a but_o severe_a in_o his_o anger_n of_o a_o very_a strong_a memory_n strict_a in_o his_o devotion_n and_o a_o great_a favourer_n of_o his_o religion_n in_o the_o observance_n of_o which_o he_o be_v the_o strict_a man_n in_o the_o world_n for_o he_o never_o miss_v divinâ—_n service_n and_o if_o indispose_a use_v to_o have_v it_o perform_v in_o his_o bedchamber_n on_o fast-day_n he_o will_v frequent_v midnight_n prayer_n stand_v four_o or_o five_o hour_n together_o prostrate_v himself_o to_o the_o ground_n during_o the_o great_a fast_n he_o will_v eat_v but_o three_o meal_n a_o week_n be_v content_v for_o the_o rest_n with_o a_o piece_n of_o brown_a bread_n and_o salt_n a_o pickle_a mushroon_n or_o cucumber_n and_o a_o cup_n of_o quas_fw-la or_o small_a mead._n in_o short_a it_o have_v be_v observe_v of_o he_o that_o no_o monk_n be_v ever_o more_o observant_a of_o the_o canonical_a hour_n than_o he_o of_o fast_n it_o have_v be_v compute_v that_o he_o fast_v above_o eight_o month_n in_o the_o year_n he_o will_v also_o frequent_o appear_v at_o the_o procession_n bareheaded_a and_o on_o foot_n and_o be_v always_o a_o declare_a patron_n of_o the_o muscovite_n church_n notwithstanding_o which_o he_o will_v sometime_o make_v bold_a with_o the_o church_n revenue_n upon_o loan_n in_o time_n of_o war_n which_o he_o be_v not_o very_o careful_a to_o repay_v know_v that_o the_o church_n treasury_n which_o be_v supply_v out_o of_o the_o best_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n may_v now_o and_o then_o dispense_v with_o a_o loss_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o public_a he_o also_o make_v a_o ordinance_n to_o restrain_v the_o profuse_a bounty_n of_o die_a man_n to_o the_o clergy_n neither_o will_v he_o ever_o suffer_v a_o monastery_n to_o be_v found_v without_o his_o licence_n every_o good-friday_n he_o use_v to_o visit_v in_o the_o night_n all_o the_o prison_n in_o the_o city_n of_o musco_n to_o take_v personal_a cognisance_n of_o all_o the_o prisoner_n among_o who_o he_o will_v buy_v out_o some_o that_o be_v in_o debt_n and_o release_v other_o that_o be_v criminal_n and_o bestow_v sometime_o great_a sum_n for_o the_o use_n of_o such_o as_o he_o know_v to_o be_v real_o necessitate_v he_o will_v cause_v the_o empress_n to_o do_v the_o same_o and_o to_o redeem_v yearly_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o woman_n out_o of_o prison_n he_o order_v also_o at_o about_o seven_o or_o eight_o mile_n distance_n from_o the_o imperial_a city_n work-house_n to_o be_v build_v for_o hemp_n and_o flax_n in_o that_o good_a order_n beauty_n and_o capacity_n that_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o employ_v all_o the_o poor_a in_o the_o kingdom_n with_o work_n have_v settle_v for_o that_o use_n a_o good_a many_o mile_n of_o waste_a land_n by_o which_o he_o improve_v the_o manufacture_n of_o the_o country_n and_o feed_v his_o labourer_n at_o a_o very_a cheap_a rate_n he_o assign_v that_o part_n of_o the_o building_n where_o the_o woman_n be_v employ_v for_o the_o use_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o empress_n he_o be_v of_o so_o mild_a a_o temper_n that_o he_o seldom_o condemn_v any_o to_o death_n but_o most_o common_o to_o the_o strappado_n and_o banishment_n into_o siberia_n be_v one_o time_n urge_v by_o some_o of_o his_o foreign_a officer_n to_o make_v it_o death_n for_o any_o man_n to_o desert_n his_o colour_n he_o answer_v they_o that_o he_o think_v that_o will_v be_v too_o hard_a upon_o the_o poor_a soldier_n since_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o god_n have_v not_o give_v every_o man_n a_o equal_a share_n of_o courage_n notwithstanding_o these_o his_o mild_a and_o charitable_a inclination_n he_o be_v of_o a_o warlike_a spirit_n have_v be_v engage_v in_o war_n against_o the_o pole_n swede_n crim-tartar_n and_o turk_n for_o be_v sufficient_o sensible_a of_o the_o advantage_n the_o pole_n have_v get_v during_o the_o late_a intestine_a commotion_n in_o muscovy_n by_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o province_n of_o severia_n and_o sâ—olâ—â—sko_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o which_o they_o be_v confirm_v by_o virtue_n of_o the_o truce_n make_v by_o his_o father_n mâ—chael_n federoviâ—s_v after_o his_o disgrace_n receive_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o smolensko_n and_o the_o term_n of_o the_o say_a truce_n be_v now_o expire_v when_o the_o pole_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o mortal_a quarrel_n with_o the_o cosack_n he_o look_v upon_o this_o juncture_n as_o the_o most_o fabourable_a that_o can_v be_v by_o the_o recovery_n of_o these_o province_n to_o secure_v his_o frontier_n against_o so_o potent_a a_o neighbour_n for_o which_o purpose_n have_v settle_v a_o correspondence_n with_o chmielniski_n the_o then_o general_n of_o the_o cosack_n and_o offer_v they_o his_o protection_n these_o be_v aâ—_n first_o very_o successful_a against_o the_o pole_n of_o who_o they_o kill_v ten_o thousand_o upon_o the_o spot_n and_o take_v from_o they_o the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o the_o pole_n have_v draw_v out_o a_o second_o time_n their_o whole_a force_n against_o they_o be_v again_o miserable_o beat_v by_o the_o cosack_n till_o at_o last_o have_v commit_v great_a depredation_n in_o poland_n king_n john_n casimir_n be_v oblige_v to_o march_v in_o person_n against_o they_o who_o have_v total_o rout_v they_o they_o embrace_v the_o protection_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n pole_n hâ—s_n wâ—r_n with_o the_o pole_n he_o find_v himself_o thus_o strengthen_v by_o the_o accession_n of_o so_o considerable_a a_o force_n do_v apply_v all_o his_o care_n for_o the_o recovery_n of_o smolensko_n for_o which_o purpose_n have_v bring_v together_o a_o great_a army_n smolensko_n the_o take_v of_o smolensko_n and_o a_o vast_a train_n of_o artislery_n he_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n in_o the_o year_n 1653._o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o resolute_a defence_n of_o the_o polish_v garrison_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n next_o follow_v the_o take_n of_o which_o place_n be_v chief_o attribute_v to_o the_o cosack_n who_o upon_o all_o occasion_n give_v the_o utmost_a proof_n of_o their_o bravery_n and_o hatred_n against_o the_o pole_n during_o this_o memorable_a siege_n have_v thus_o open_v his_o way_n into_o poland_n he_o carry_v the_o terror_n of_o his_o victorious_a arm_n into_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n he_o ravage_v the_o whole_a country_n take_v many_o city_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1655._o also_o the_o capital_a city_n vilna_n take_v vilna_n call_v vilna_n where_o as_o well_o as_o in_o other_o place_n the_o muscovite_n commit_v most_o horrid_a barbarity_n in_o retaliation_n as_o they_o say_v of_o those_o calamity_n they_o have_v suffer_v by_o the_o polish_v invasion_n during_o their_o intestine_a commotion_n in_o the_o same_o year_n charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n enter_v poland_n with_o a_o army_n of_o choose_a man_n and_o