this time ended I thought meete as the firste frutes of my poore attemptes indeuors to leue as a duetye and dette of me to be payde and that well receiued of all men I shall thinke my selfe most happye and if not of all persones yet at the least wise of suche as be honest estemers and accepters of other mennes diligence and studies The which if it come to passe both I shal be glad of my laboures in these thinges bestowed and for the loue of my naturall Countrimen be furthermore incouraged hereafter to attempte greater thinges Thus almightie God preserue the in godly excercices to his pleasure for euer Amen ¶ The discourse from time to TIME HOVVE THIS SCIENCE of Architecture increased IN the beginning of the world Nature by necessitie dyd firste inuent straunge maner of couertures or houses for the people to inhabyte in But of all suche order and forme of buyldinges as were before Noes fludde it shall not nede to make rehersall But after the fludde of Noe the people agayne when they were increased and multiplied did daylye more and more seeke for theyr commoditie to be defended from the heate of the Sunne and coldenesse of the ayer some succoured thē selues vnder the shadowe of trees and other taking occasion thereby deuised to set vp forked stakes with the forkes vp wardes and there vpon layed bowes Afterwardes they still deuised and daylye did practise more and more in that kinde And in time they perceyuing the vse of cutting with yron did set vpright trees as they had before wyth theyrstakes being done with their handes and bycause they should not cleaue witth the heauines of theyr burdens aboue at the toppe they compassed them about wyth ringes of Yron and called them Pillers or Columnes The forme and shape of which Pillers they did imitate fashioning them of stone And then they callynge to theyr remembraunce the fludde of Noe which had drowned all the world deuised to build the to wre of Babilon So they added in steede of the rynge aboue at the toppe of their pillers these which our author Vitrinius calleth Astragali and Apophigis So in proces of time diuers witty men euer addinge some thinge thereto at the last it came to some perfection Then did they beginne to deuise and practise after dyuers fashions and buylded a great parte of the tower In which buylding came the deuision of tounges or languages whereby these buylders were parted and scattered abrode vpon the face of the earth and inhabited many straunge countreyes and began to buylde in Egipte and after that in many other places as semeth by the workes which Belus Ninus and Semiramis buylded which were spred so farre as som men do suppose that Trier in lowe Doutcheland should haue bene buylded of the brother of Ninus as ye may perceyue by Berosus Herodotus and many other that are writers and witnesses of the same Yea shortly after was made Memphis the whiche nowe is named Alkayre the whiche was buylded by a kinge of Egipte hauing in compasse round about one hundred and fiftye stades or as some interpretate it so many furlonges and in like maner the aunciēt citie of Thebes in Grece besides many other cities which were made before and after In the which it is to be supposed that there were sumptuous temples and Pallaces So that they were experte and began in the science to come to more perfection And immediately after a wittie man named Dorus the sonne of Helemer and Optix the Nymphe inuented and made the firste piller drawen to perfection and called it Dorica after his owne name Shortlye after him there was Iôn sonne of Xuthus that was made gouernour of a part of Caria which he had wonne he in that countrey buylded these cities folowing Priem Samum Teorem Colophonem Nachiū Erithren Phoceam Clazomenas Lebedum Melyten of the which the citizeins afterwardes draue out of that countrey the Caryans and called it Ionia after theyr kinges name and then they made their churches and Temples of their Goddes and first began with Appollo his Temple as they had sene it in Grecia before And they not knowing any measure of pillours considered howe to make a iust Symetrie that it might be comely and also stronge toke their mesure by the foote of a stronge fashioned manne findinge him to be in height sixe times the length of hys foote and so by that mesure finished all the partes of that piller and called it Dorica bycause they hadde sene it in the workes of Dorus and so therewith finished the temple of Appollo after that they deuised to make a temple to the goddesse Diana wherein they dyd deuise an other Symetrie for that temple as they hadde done for the temple of Appollo and fashioned it after the iuste measure of a woman to the ende and purpose it shoulde be more beautifull and sklender making it eighte Diameters in height and called it Ionica after their countrey adding therunto in the stead of her shoowe that which Vitruuius nameth Spira and in the Capitel was set Voluta in the steade of her heare whiche trussed vp with a lace on eyther side of her heade for an ornature and garnishment of the Capitell They also fashioned the body of the pilloure and filled it with Canalicoli and Striges as thoughe it were the plates of her garmentes Then they being more delighted with the beautifulnes of the height therof added also an other Diameter vnto the forsaid Dorica and made it seuen Diameters in heght After that in the citie of Corinthe was buried a certaine maiden after whose burial her nourishe who lamented much her death knowing her delightes to haue bene in pretye cuppes and suche like conceytes in her life time with many other proper thinges appertayninge onely to the pleasure of the eye toke them and brake them and put them into a littell preatie baskette and did sette the basket on her graue and couered the basket with a square pauinge stone That done with weping teares she sayde Let pleasure go wyth pleasure and so the nourishe departed It chaūced that the basket was set vpon a certain roote of an herbe called Acanthus in frenche Branckursine or bearefote with vs now in the spring time of the yere when euery roote spreadeth fourth his leaues in the encreasing they did ronne vp by the sides of the basket vntill they coulde ryse no higher for the stone that couered the basket whiche being square and castinge hys sowre corners ouer the sydes of the rounde basket constrained the braunches of the herbe to draw downwardes againe with a sertaine compasse and so grewe to the fashion that Vitruuius calleth Voluta So is there also other smaller that come oute of the Caules and stalkes and are named in greeke Helices and the basket beynge hydden vnderneth wyth a multitude of leaues In thys cytie one Calimachus an excellent Architectur passyng or goinge thereby regardinge the beawtifull worke of nature afterwardes vsing then the
THE FIRST AND CHIEF GROVNDES OF ARCHITECTVRE vsed in all the auncient and famous monymentes with a farther more ample discouse vppon the same than hitherto hath been set out by any other PVBLISHED BY Ihon Shute Paynter and Archytecte ¶ IMPRINTED AT London in Fletestrete nere to Sainct Dunstans churche by Thomas Marshe 1563. ¶ THE CONTENTES OF THIS BOOKE briefly collected set out for the helpe of the Reader THe discourse from time to time howe this science of Architecture hath increased Folio i. VVhat the office and duetie is of him that wil be a perfecte Architecte or maister of buildinges Folio iii. The first piller that was found out by the Ionians vppon the simetrie of a stroÌ„g man being 6 times the length of his foote in height was renewed again by the Tuscanes and of them taketh his name to be called TVSCANA Folio iiii The second piller called DORICA builded to his perfection in Grece by Dorus and of him taketh his name whose height is 7 times his thiknes whiche thicknes is called the diameter Folio vii The third piller called Ionica was set in the temple of Apollo and Diana finished and builded by the Ionians whose height is 8 times his thicknes Folio ix The fourth piller called Corâ—nthia found in the citie of Corinthe by Calimachus the excellent Architect whose height is 9. diameters Folio xi The fifth piller named Composita or Italica made to his perfection in the time of Vaspasian by the auncient Romaynes whose height is 10. diameters Folio xiiii Of another auncient piller necessarye to the before named pillers found out to his perfection by the Atheniens called Atticurga or Atica Folio xvi The placing of the fiue orders namely AREOSTYLOS DIASTYLOS EVSTYLOS SISTYLOS and PICNOSTYLOS Folio xvii A rule of Vitruuius geuen for these thre pillers Dorica Ionica Corinthia for the placinge or displacing of them one aboue an other Folio xviii A rule for the diminishing of the piller vnder the Capitall eodem An example to be obserued for the increase of the height of Epistilium eodem ¶ Faultes escaped in the printing are thus to be corected In folio ii line i. a. for Forence reade Florence In folio vii line xxxiiii b. for Trochitus reade Trochilus In folio xi line ii a. for Calimachius reade Calimachus ¶ TO THE MOST HIGH AND EXCELLENT Princes Elizabeth by the grace of God Queene of England Fraunce Ireland defendor of the faith c. IT is both rightly and excellently affermed of Marcus Tullius Cicero in his first booke de officijs right Excellent Princes my moste gratious souerayne Lady that no man is borne into this wolrd for his priuat and singuler weale because our Countrie chieflie partely our parents partly our kinsfolke do require as it were a duety of vs recompence for that the whiche we haue receiued and like as the members of mans body be diuers in number and haue according to their diuersitie diuers and peculier properties so is it in a good and well setteled coÌ„men weale in whiche ther is no office so base or handie worke so simple whiche is not necessary and profitable for the same And as the members of the body doing without impedimentes their naturall dueties the whole body is in an helthful hermonye able to performe all that belongeth to the same So is it in a publike weale wheÌ„ all men in their calling do labour not onely for their owne gayne but also for the profit and coÌ„moditie of their Countrie â–ª which thinges when I according to my small Capacitie did waye with my selfe I was as it were stirred forward to do my duetie vnto this my Countrie wherin I liue and am a member And so much the rather for that being seruant vnto the Right honorable Duke of NorthuÌ„berlaÌ„d 1550. It pleased his grace for my forther knowledg to maiÌ„taine me in Italie ther to coÌ„fer with the doiÌ„ges of the skilful maisters in architectur also to view such auÌ„cieÌ„t Monumentes hereof as are yet extant â–ª whervpon at my retourne presenting his grace with the fruites of my trauailes it pleased the same to shewe them vnto that noble king Edward the vi your maiesties most deare brother of famous memorie whose delectation and pleasure was to se it and suche like And hauing the sayde trikes and deuises aswell of sculture painting as also of Architecture yet in my keping I thought it good at this time to set fourth some part of the same for the profit of others especially touching Architecture wherin I do followe not onelye the writinges of learned men but also do ground my selfe on my owne experience and practise gathered by the sight of the Monumentes in Italie And because all the members of the body haue cheflye and principally a duetie to the head as gouernour of the whole and without which al the other can not liue So my duety inforseth me most soueraigne lady the perfect natural head next vnto God of this our common weale to shew a token of the same vnto your highnes in presenting these my poore and simple laboures whervnto I am the rather boldned considering your highnes delight in all kynd of good learning and parfect skill in the tonges and sciences Most humble beseching your royall maiestie to vouchsafe to let this my small trauaile and woorke passe vnder your noble protection and defence and I according to my bound and duety shall pray to God for your long life and prosperous Raygne with peace and tranquilitie to his honour and glorie Amen Your Maiesties most humble and obedient subiecte Iohn Shute ¶ IOHN SHVTE PAINTER AND Architecte vnto the Louing and freindly Râ—aders AMongest al other thinges gentel louing reader wherwith the deuine prouidence of almightie God hath most liberally and plentifully endewed mankinde there is nothing eyther for the dignitie and worthines of the thynge selfe or for the wonderfull estimation and price whiche in all times it hath bene in more excellent pretious and comendable then learnyng knowledge and science the which alone causeth mortall men to be most like immortall Goddes and as it taketh out of their mindes that rude and vncomely admiration wherwith through ignoraunce the simple in most vaine trifles are wonderfullye occupied Jo to the wise be monumentes and woorkes skilfully practised and carfullie left both commendable merueilous yea and suche as neither the iniuries of any stormes and tempest can cleane wast and consume no nor as it semeth the enuie of man or spoyle of enemies deface ouerthrow neither that which is greatiste of all time it selfe can deface or cast out of mynde And amongest all other studies there is none in my simple iudgement of this sorte that diserueth greater prayse then that whiche is of the grekes named Architectonica and of the latines Architectura I thinke not altogither vnfite nor vnaptlie by me termed in Englishe the arte and trade to rayse vp and make excellent edifices and buildinges the
measures of the forsayde Pillours makynge the pillour Ionycke vpon the whiche pillor or Scapus thereof he set the Capitell the whiche he hadde sene vpon the tombe of the mayden the whiche garnished beatifully the whole pillor whiche Capitell was in height the thicknes of the pillor and named it Corinthia because it was made in the cytie of Corinthe by thandes of Calimachus who for the excellence of that arte was named Catatechnos and after that this worke growing more and more to perfection came to the Romaynes and so through oute all Italie and manye other places yea and was throughlye practised by them Then the Tuscanes beginning to builde hauing knowlaige of the pillor whiche was firste inuented by the Ionians vpon the Symetrie of a strong manne inuented to buylde stronglye after the maner aforsayde yea and to garnishe also theyr cyties and townes beautifullye with a pillour of their owne deuise whyche yet at this present time remayneth wholle in the citie of Forence and in the countreis there about they fourmed and fashioned that pillor whyche to thys daye is named after the sayde countrey Tuscana The Romains then wel practised in their measures of all the rest of their Columes and also desirous to encreace so noble an arte by some noble accession beholdyng and regardinge the beautifulnes of these foresayd pillors that is to say Tuscana Dorica Ionica Corinthia gathered oute of eche of the same pillers that whyche they thought moste faire and made a piller of pleasure or triumphe after the moste excellent maner that euer was before This piller was firste buylded to his perfection in the time of Titus Vespasianus who sette it at hys triumphe in the higheste place of hys arche triumphall and called it Composita or as some doo name her Italica These pillers partelye for their beautye and comlines partelye for their fortitude and strength the writers of them haue resembled and lykned to sertain feyned Goddes and Goddesses As namely Tuscana is applied vnto Atlas the kynge of Mauritania Dorica vnto Hercules and the god Mars Ionica to Diana or Appollo Corinthia vnto Vesta or some lyke virgin and Composita to Pandora of Hesiodus the which he faineth to haue ben endewed wyth diuers of those graces and coninge wherwith the beforenamed Goddes and Goddesses were indewed so that it semeth by the auncient writers and Authors which haue made rehersall of these thinges that they haue bene had in great estimation and prise as ye maye wel parceyue by Ysis whiche buylded a temple in Egipte for her father Iupiter bycause her husbande Osiris and she were in great estimation and also for theyr beautifull inuentions and wysedome were honored as goddes This maye well be gathered by their pillers and ornamentes that belong therunto the whyche were noted and marked with He brewe letters and also by the Sepulcres of Amasis whych was made more then M. D yeres before the birthe of Christe in the whiche one of the Pyramides was CCClx. thousande mens workes the space of twentye yeares the whyche remayneth in Egipte to be sene at this present daye and manye other beautifull buildinges of that nacion Reade Diado Sic. li. 1.2 Also it semeth by many other writers that after Babell decaied incontinently the Hebrues most triumphantlye florished in thys pointe Thus we maye perceiue that the Hebrues receyued their knowlage of the Babilonians and the Grekes receiued it of the Hebrues in lyke case the Latines and the Italians receiued their from the Grekes the whyche our Author Vitruuius doth not deny in makynge demonstrations to a Latine worke with Greke letters as vpon the inuention of the Grekes whych concerninge hys science in Architectura in the whyche thing Vitruuius semeth muche to be cōmended as one that did not disdayne to acknowledge the authors and writers out of whom he receiued his knowledge In so muche as in hys seuenthe booke of Architecture he affirmeth by naming the notablest of thē that they which haue left these thinges in wryting are to be commēded whose names also I thought not altogyther the metest to be omitted therfore do rebers these Theodorus which wrot of the Dorica Etesiphon and Metageues who wrote of the Ionica which was set in the tēple of Diana at Ephesis Thē Hermogenes hath writtē of Diana in Magnesia after Argelius which made the rehersal of the Corinthes Fistly Sathirus Pitheus who did speake of Māsolea in Halicarnasso last both Cares Briaxes Scopas Praxiteles many other as Nexaria Theosides Philemon Demophilos Pollis Leonides Silamon Melāpus Sarnacus Euphranor al the which verly are to be thanked cōmended throughly For by them we know and perceiue as thoughe we sawe in a loking glasse the thinges that haue bene sene done and made long before Neuertheles it hath ben withdrawen and hidden as almost al other knowlages for a long season hath hene through ignoraunce for so it came to passe by the iniurie of time that all sciences and learning haue bene kept secret and not spoken of in so much that at this daye there are many which name this order of building to be of the new facion But it can not he new that hath so many ancient Authors and maisters thereof whom namely the Noble writer or Author Pliny hath in so great estimation that for their sake he blameth al them greatly that haue written and wrought any thing and haue not named the authors and maisters of whom they toke their inuention especially of suche great and vnspeakable worke of which the honour and fame hath bene asmuch vnto the maker therof as it was vnto them that caused those thinges to be made But now of thie thinges we haue spoken ynough let vs therfore speake some what of the worthynes of this science and of the office of an Architect VVhat the Office and Duetie is of him that vvyll be a Perfecte Architecte or Mayster of buyldings ARchitectur by the common consent of many notable men as Cesarius sayth ys of all artes the most noble and excellent Contayning in it sundrie sciences and knowlaiges wherwyth it is furnished and adourned as full well Vitruuius doth affyrme and declare by his writinge For saith he an Architecte must be sharpe of vnderstandinge and both quicke and apte to conceiue the trewe Instructions and meaninges of them that haue written therof and must also be a perfect distributor of the great misteries that he hath perceued and experymented that playnlye and briefly he maye discusse and open demonstrations of that which shal be done or mete to those persones that shal be the fownders of any noble workes wherfore he ought first to be a very good Grāmarian then to haue experte knowladg in drawing and protracting the thinge which he hath conceyued Nexte he must haue a good sight in Geometrie Consequently in Opticke and in suche lyke sciences he must haue good perceuerance Likewise in Arithmeticke he must be very parfiact and in histories singulerly well seene He must also
that the highest pillor passeth not .10 Diameters in height so that his height may be agreable to the height of those round pillors that are Ioyned with him whither they be Composita or Corinthia which I my selfe haue sene in Rome in the arke triumphant of Seuerus beinge ioined with Composita also in Pantheon where his three sides plainely are sene the fourth standing in the wal the Capital and base is like to the round pillers wherwith he staÌ„deth being Corinthia The Proiecture of his base was like vnto Spira attica the which is halfe a Modulus on either side of the Base the which Vitruuius more plainly at large declareth ¶ THE CHAVNGE OF THE FIVE PILLERS ORDERLY to be vsed eche of them in his kynde whiche order of buildinges be named of Vitruuius as followeth PICNOSTYLOS SISTYLOS DIASTYLOS ARIOSTYLOS EVSTYLOS whose pictures insewâ—th demonstrated in order NOwe for somuche as I haue rehersed the beginning and the Institution of this arte of Architecture naming the writers and authors of the said science and declared the measures geometrycall therto belonging in their simetries with all their garnishementes it is therfore also requisit to reherse and to let you vnderstand by what meanes the order of the before named pillers shal be altered in their standing adding or abating to or fro euery of them accordingly as they shal be placed by whiche knowledge or like knowledges many may come to the righte perfectioÌ„ vpon whiche occasion it shal be declared what mention Vitruuius doth make in the third boke and second Chapiter also the opinion of Sebastianus Serlius and other vpon the same how far and how nere the pillers shal be set a sunder Saying that this order of Picnostylos ought thus to be made that which is the space betwene the .2 pillers shal be a Diameter and a halfe the piller being in height .10 Diameters Sistylos is that which hath .2 Diameters betwixt the .2 pillers whose height shal be 9. Diameters and a halfe Diastylos shall thus be made the pillers shall stand .3 Diameters one from an other whose height shal be .8 Diameters and a halfe Ariostylos is that which hath the space or bredth betwene the pillers .4 5. or .6 Diameters and at the furdest .7 Diameters the whiche pillers comonly are .8 Diameters in height but in the Eustylos the authors differ the one saith that his measure is like Diastyli and the other saith that it ought to be like Sistyli and so because Diastyli is .8 Diameters and a halfe and Sistyli .9 and a halfe therfore oure authoure hath made betwene them both an vniformity and causeth Eustylos to be .9 Diameters in height This done Areostyli is .8 Diameters in height Diastyli .8 Diameters and a halfe Eustylos 9. Diameters Sistyli .9 and a halfe and Picnostyli .10 Diameters Nowe like as Tuscana Dorica Ionica Corinthia Composita increase their heightes by Diameters so do these .5 here before rehersed increase their heightes by Modulus or half Diameters and you shal also garnish fashion them according to their lengthes as I haue by their lenght shewed before their similitude and strength whiche you shall see and perceiue more plainely in the demonstrations followinge AREOSTYLOS AREOSTYLOS BEginning with this first being Areostylos as Cesarianus saieth ought to be in height .8 Diameters and the distaunce betwene the .2 pillors to be 4. 5. or .6 Diameters as is before rehersed whiche piller for his strength is likned or to be sembled vnto Tuscana necessary for all foundations and fortifications both to withstande great forse supporte wayghtie burdens as the maister builder can vse him which is to be sene in diuers places in Italie calling it Rusticke or Rughe hewed stone and in other places to be otherwise garnished DIASTYLOS DIASTYLOS THe second order as I haue placed it is that whiche Vitruuius calleth Diastylos whose height saith he is .8 Diameters and a halfe and the distaunce betwene the .2 pillers ought to be .3 Diameters or .4 at the furdest which pillor is likned vnto Dorica made to his perfection in the teÌ„ple of Mars which also is a piller to garnishe cyties and gates somwhat pleasaunt and stronge as is to be sene in diuers places as also gates of pallaces with the vtter galleries EVSTYLOS EVSTYLOS THe third order is that whiche Vitruuius calleth Eustylos the whiche oure Author hath brought to a vniformity saying the piller to be in height .9 Diameters the distauÌ„ce betwen the .2 pillers to be .2 Diameters a quarter as Guliheline Philander affirmeth but at the furdest .2 Diameters and a halfe or .3 which piller is likned vnto Ionica builded to his parfection in the teÌ„ple of Diana Apollo to be vsed in many meane edifices to be garnished accordinglye SISTYLOS SISTYLOS THe fourth order is that whiche Vitruuius calleth Sistylos whose height saith he is .9 diameters and a halfe whose pillers standeth distant one from the other .2 Diameters or .2 and a halfe at the fourdest and after this maner it was made in the temple of Fortune which piller is likned vnto Corinthia whose measures are slender serueth to garnish princes pallaces and for diuers other thinges necessarye whiche multitude nedeth not to be rehersed but as time shall serue they maye be practised and brought in vre to diuers vses most necessarie PICNOSTYLOS PICNOSTYLOS THe first last order is that which Vitruuius calleth Picnostylos whose height saieth he is .10 Diameters whose pillers standeth distant froÌ„ eche other a Diameter a halfe or .2 at the furdest thus was it made in the teÌ„ple of Venus which piller is sembled or to be compared vnto Composita hauing in it the full beawtie of al the forsaide measures and garnishments for al excellent artificers beawtifully to set furth whether it be in golde or siluer or other riche stone or fine woodes in marketrey or imbosinge or caruing as shal be thought pleasauÌ„t necessary for noble mighty priÌ„ces or for diuers other estates louers of excellency or coÌ„ninge ¶ AN OTHER RVLE GEVEN BY VITRVVIVS for these three orders of pillers Dorica Ionica Corinthia to be vsed as folowith HOw if you will begin with the order of Dorica you shall deuide his height with the Base and Capitall into .15 partes one of those partes shal be the height of the Base and asmuche vnto the height of the Capital whiche shal be the Modulus of the worke If it shal be the order of Ionica you shall deuide the height of Scapus with the Base and Capitall into .8 partes and a halfe and one of those partes shal be the Diameter of the whole worke whose Base shal be a Modulus in height his Capital shal be as before is rehersed in Ionica â–ª also if you will make an order of Corinthia ye shall make it as I haue now rehersed of this laste piller sauing onely that in the stede of the Capitall of Ionica ye shall set the