writer_n of_o the_o middle_a age_n call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o coast_n magesetae_fw-la and_o make_v mention_n of_o earl_n magesetense_n also_o the_o distance_n if_o it_o be_v count_v from_o gobannium_n or_o abergevenny_n or_o from_o brangonium_fw-la i_o worcester_n differ_v not_o from_o antonines_n computation_n three_o mile_n eastward_o from_o this_o town_n lie_v prestaine_v in_o british_a lhan_n andrew_n i_o st._n andrews_n church_n which_o of_o a_o very_a little_a village_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o richard_n martin_n bishop_n of_o st._n david_n be_v of_o late_a year_n grow_v to_o be_v so_o great_a and_o fair_a a_o mâ—rket_n town_n that_o it_o dim_v the_o light_n of_o radnor_n scarce_o four_o mile_n from_o prestaine_v stand_v knighton_n a_o town_n not_o inferior_a to_o the_o former_a it_o be_v call_v in_o the_o british_a trebuclo_n in_o stead_n of_o trefyclaudh_n of_o a_o famous_a ditch_n lie_v under_o it_o which_o offa_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n cause_v to_o be_v cast_v from_o dee_n mouth_n to_o wye_n mouth_n to_o separate_v the_o britain_n be_v from_o his_o englishman_n in_o the_o south-west_n of_o this_o country_n lie_v a_o wide_a wilderness_n into_o which_o vortigerne_n who_o memory_n the_o britain_n may_v wish_v damn_v withdraw_v himself_o when_o he_o have_v call_v the_o saxon_n into_o this_o land_n and_o in_o horrible_a incest_n marry_v his_o own_o daughter_n and_o here_o be_v he_o with_o his_o city_n treguortigâ—rn_n burn_v with_o fire_n from_o heaven_n and_o not_o far_o from_o the_o place_n where_o this_o vortigerâ—_n the_o last_o absolute_a monarch_n of_o the_o britain_n perish_v be_v lhewellin_n the_o last_o prince_n of_o wales_n of_o the_o british_a race_n slay_v by_o roger_n francton_n the_o mortimer_n not_o long_o after_o the_o conquest_n win_v a_o great_a part_n of_o this_o little_a country_n and_o after_o that_o they_o have_v be_v a_o long_a time_n eminent_a above_o other_o in_o these_o part_n king_n edward_z the_o three_o create_v roger_n mortimer_n lord_n of_o wigmore_n earl_n of_o these_o welsh_a limit_n or_o according_a to_o the_o common_a speech_n earl_n of_o march_n radnor_n shire_n brecknockshire_n this_o county_n of_o brecknock_n be_v call_v brechineau_n in_o the_o british_a tongue_n of_o one_o brichavius_n a_o prince_n that_o as_o the_o inhabitant_n report_n have_v four_o and_o twenty_o daughter_n and_o all_o of_o they_o canonize_v for_o saint_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o monmouth_n and_o radnorshire_n on_o the_o west_n with_o carmarden_n and_o cardigan_n on_o the_o south_n with_o glamorgan_n and_o the_o north_n side_n by_o the_o rivers_n wye_n and_o clarwen_n be_v divide_v from_o radnor_n the_o length_n of_o it_o from_o istragunles_a south_n to_o llanuthel_a north_n be_v 28._o mile_n and_o the_o extent_n of_o the_o broad_a part_n from_o pentrisso_n east_n to_o llywell_n west_n 20._o the_o whole_a compass_n contain_v much_o upon_o 102._o mile_n into_o six_o hundred_o be_v this_o shire_n sever_v and_o those_o be_v subdivide_v into_o 61._o parish_n with_o 27._o rivers_n be_v it_o interlace_v over_o which_o in_o diverse_a place_n be_v 13._o bridge_n for_o passage_n and_o for_o traffic_n and_o trade_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n it_o be_v store_v but_o with_o three_o market_n town_n namely_o hay_o bealt_v and_o the_o shire_n town_n brecknock_n which_o be_v now_o account_v the_o principal_a though_o the_o other_o two_o in_o former_a time_n will_v have_v be_v prefer_v hay_o pleasant_o seat_v on_o wye_n and_o dulas_n in_o owen_n glendowr_v rebellion_n be_v utter_o ruinate_v and_o bealt_v though_o still_o in_o some_o frequency_n yet_o be_v now_o nothing_o to_o what_o in_o antique_a age_n it_o have_v be_v but_o brecknock_n at_o this_o time_n be_v the_o best_a which_o be_v pleasant_o seat_v on_o the_o river_n vske_n and_o howthy_a be_v fortify_v with_o a_o fair_a strong_a wall_n that_o beside_o ten_o tower_n have_v 3._o gate_n for_o entrance_n with_o a_o stately_a castle_n situate_v on_o the_o west_n part_n of_o the_o town_n and_o be_v moreover_o beautify_v with_o diverse_a fair_a building_n it_o be_v civil_o govern_v by_o two_o bailiff_n fifteen_o alderman_n two_o chamberlain_n two_o constable_n where_o the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v 52._o 8._o and_o the_o longitude_n 21._o 11._o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o county_n that_o ancient_o possess_v it_o be_v the_o silures_n who_o great_o oppose_v the_o roman_n whereto_o they_o be_v much_o advantage_v by_o the_o huge_a mountain_n wherewith_o the_o shire_n be_v replenish_v one_o of_o they_o near_o brecknock_n which_o in_o welsh_a they_o call_v mounch-denny_a be_v of_o a_o uncredible_a height_n in_o so_o much_o as_o nothing_o without_o it_o be_v some_o metalline_a substance_n or_o stone_n can_v be_v cast_v from_o the_o top_n of_o it_o but_o with_o the_o air_n and_o wind_n it_o will_v be_v blow_v up_o again_o and_o never_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n llynsavathan_n also_o which_o be_v near_o to_o brecknock_n be_v also_o admirable_a for_o there_o by_o report_n stand_v a_o sumptuous_a city_n which_o sink_v down_o in_o a_o earthquake_n and_o with_o nine_o castle_n have_v this_o county_n be_v accommodate_v the_o air_n be_v cold_a sharp_a and_o pierce_a and_o the_o soil_n though_o for_o the_o most_o part_n hilly_a sterile_a and_o barren_a yet_o the_o fresh_a riverer_n issue_v from_o the_o mountain_n make_v the_o valley_n so_o fruitful_a as_o they_o yield_v both_o corn_n and_o grass_n in_o abundance_n brecknock_n shire_n monmouth-shire_n for_o the_o river_n mounowe_v be_v this_o town_n monmouth_n so_o term_v and_o from_o that_o town_n we_o call_v this_o county_n monmouth-shire_n which_o on_o the_o east_n be_v border_v upon_o by_o gloucestershire_n on_o the_o west_n by_o brecknock_n and_o glamorgan-shire_n the_o south_n be_v bound_v by_o the_o severne_n sea_n and_o the_o north_n by_o the_o river_n monnowe_v divide_v from_o hereford-shire_n the_o extent_n of_o the_o great_a measure_n between_o north_n and_o south_n be_v about_o twenty_o four_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o at_o the_o wide_a between_o east_n and_o west_n not_o above_o nineteen_o the_o whole_a circumference_n be_v much_o upon_o 76._o mile_n the_o division_n of_o it_o be_v into_o six_o hundred_o wherein_o be_v contain_v 127._o parish_n church_n and_o with_o the_o pleasant_a stream_n of_o fifteen_o river_n passable_a by_o fourteen_o bridge_n be_v it_o interlace_v beside_o which_o for_o more_o delight_n in_o this_o shire_n be_v there_o one_o chase_n and_o eight_o park_n and_o for_o trade_n and_o traffic_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v six_o market_n town_n whereof_o that_o of_o the_o great_a note_n be_v the_o ancient_a shire_n town_n of_o monmouth_n which_o between_o the_o two_o rivers_n wye_n and_o monnowe_n be_v very_o delectable_o situate_a wherein_o be_v yet_o remain_v a_o fair_a church_n and_o thirteen_o gate_n beside_o the_o tower_n upon_o the_o bridge_n but_o that_o which_o be_v call_v the_o monk_n church_n and_o be_v in_o time_n past_o most_o curious_o edify_v in_o the_o east_n end_n of_o the_o town_n be_v now_o utter_o ruin_v as_o well_o as_o the_o castle_n on_o the_o north_n which_o yet_o will_v be_v ever_o memorable_a for_o the_o birth_n of_o the_o famous_a and_o victorious_a king_n henry_n the_o five_o the_o government_n of_o this_o town_n be_v commit_v to_o a_o mayor_n two_o bailiff_n fifteen_o common_a counsellor_n and_o a_o town_n clerk_n the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v there_o 15._o 53._o and_o the_o longitude_n 21._o 39_o the_o silures_n be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o county_n who_o have_v caerwent_n for_o their_o principal_a place_n of_o abode_n where_o the_o british_a st._n tathaie_o make_v a_o academy_n and_o at_o caerlion_n lay_v the_o second_o roman_a legion_n call_v augusta_n whereof_o yet_o be_v find_v many_o antique_a roman_a testimony_n and_o here_o also_o do_v the_o great_a king_n arthur_n keep_v his_o royal_a court_n which_o then_o be_v a_o most_o magnificent_a city_n but_o be_v now_o entomb_v in_o the_o heap_n of_o her_o own_o ruin_n and_o so_o also_o be_v diverse_a religious_a house_n sometime_o that_o beautify_v and_o fourteen_o strong_a castle_n that_o sometime_o fortify_v this_o famous_a province_n where_o the_o air_n be_v pleasant_a and_o healthful_a and_o the_o soil_n though_o hilly_a yet_o rich_a fruitful_a and_o full_a of_o wood_n yield_v plenty_n of_o corn_n grasse_n cattell_n and_o many_o other_o necessary_a commodity_n monmouth_n shire_n glamorgan-shire_n this_o province_n which_o be_v call_v glamorgan-shire_n be_v suppose_v by_o some_o to_o derive_v the_o name_n from_o one_o morgan_n a_o prince_n that_o possess_v it_o but_o other_o hold_v that_o it_o have_v it_o from_o the_o abbey_n morgan_n which_o on_o the_o south_n side_n of_o this_o shire_n near_o the_o sea_n do_v earl_n william_n of_o gloucester_n build_v and_o it_o be_v sever_v by_o the_o river_n remner_n on_o the_o east_n from_o
further_a part_n south_n 39_o mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n from_o ashridge_n east_n to_o the_o forest_n of_o brenwood_n west_n 18._o mile_n whereby_o the_o whole_a circuit_n be_v about_o 138_o mile_n the_o bound_n of_o this_o shire_n be_v northampton_n and_o bedfordshires_n on_o the_o north_n part_n of_o bedford_n and_o hertford-shire_n on_o the_o east_n berkshire_n on_o the_o south_n and_o oxfordshire_n on_o the_o west_n this_o province_n be_v part_v into_o 8_o hundred_o which_o be_v furnish_v with_o 185_o parish-church_n it_o be_v water_v with_o two_o river_n which_o have_v 14_o bridge_n for_o passage_n and_o for_o convenient_a traffic_n of_o their_o commodity_n it_o be_v intersperse_v with_o 11_o market_n town_n whereof_o the_o chief_a be_v buckingham_n the_o shire-towne_n which_o be_v situate_v upon_o the_o river_n ouse_n which_o compass_v the_o town_n on_o all_o side_n but_o the_o north._n in_o time_n past_o it_o have_v be_v fortify_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_a with_o sconce_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o river_n over_o which_o be_v build_v three_o fair_a stone_n bridges_n and_o upon_o a_o high_a hill_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o town_n be_v sometime_o raise_v a_o strong_a castle_n which_o be_v now_o utter_o raze_v to_o dusty_a ruin_n a_o bailiff_n with_o 12_o burgess_n do_v now_o very_o orderly_o govern_v this_o town_n where_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v 52._o 2._o and_o the_o longitude_n 23._o 30._o at_o stony_a stretford_n a_o ancient_a town_n in_o this_o shire_n stand_v upon_o the_o causey_n call_v watling-street_n which_o pass_v through_o england_n be_v a_o cross_n build_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o for_o a_o memorial_n of_o eleanor_n his_o queen_n because_o there_o her_o dead_a corpse_n rest_v as_o it_o be_v bring_v from_o herdby_n in_o lincolnshire_n to_o be_v bury_v at_o westminster_n and_o the_o like_a do_v he_o do_v in_o every_o place_n where_o it_o rest_v this_o shire_n have_v be_v strengthen_v with_o 4_o castle_n viz._n at_o buckingham_n newport_n launden_n and_o hampsleepe_o and_o be_v also_o beautify_v with_o many_o religious_a house_n which_o time_n have_v now_o ruin_v and_o convert_v to_o other_o use_n the_o air_n in_o this_o county_n be_v temperate_a wholesome_a and_o pleasant_a and_o the_o soil_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o fatness_n be_v both_o rich_a and_o fruitful_a yield_a corn_n grasse_n and_o marle_n in_o abundance_n the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o shire_n be_v high_a call_v the_o chilterne_a hill_n have_v be_v and_o still_o be_v well_o store_v with_o wood_n and_o the_o valley_n lie_v plain_a be_v very_o fruitful_a for_o meadow_n tillage_n and_o pasture_n feed_v infinite_a number_n of_o fleecy_a sheep_n buckingham_n shire_n oxford-shire_n the_o history_n of_o our_o english-saxons_a say_n that_o the_o city_n of_o oxford_n derive_v the_o name_n from_o the_o ford_n of_o ox_n from_o which_o city_n the_o whole_a county_n be_v call_v oxfordshire_n which_o be_v environ_v on_o the_o north_n side_n with_o warwick_n and_o northampton-shire_n on_o the_o east_n with_o buckingham_n the_o west_n with_o gloucester_n and_o the_o south_n by_o berkshire_n it_o contain_v in_o length_n from_o cleydon_n northwest_n to_o caversham_n southeast_n near_o forty_o mile_n and_o in_o breadth_n from_o the_o aforesaid_a cleydon_n north_n to_o farringdon_n upon_o the_o river_n isis_n in_o the_o south_n which_o be_v the_o broad_a of_o the_o shire_n almost_o 26._o mile_n cause_v the_o circumference_n to_o come_v near_o to_o 130_o mile_n this_o county_n be_v divide_v into_o 14_o hundred_o and_o they_o have_v 280_o parish_n church_n contain_v in_o they_o it_o be_v interlace_v with_o 3._o river_n which_o be_v fit_v with_o 26._o bridges_n four_o forest_n and_o 9_o park_n do_v also_o beautify_v this_o county_n and_o for_o commerce_n and_o traffic_n of_o commodity_n there_o be_v disperse_v 10_o market_n town_n the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v the_o fair_a city_n and_o ever_o renown_a university_n of_o oxford_n which_o for_o the_o infinite_a number_n of_o most_o learned_a reverend_a and_o famous_a father_n doctor_n &_o scholar_n it_o have_v produce_v and_o enrich_v this_o kingdom_n withal_o have_v make_v itself_o not_o only_o glorious_a in_o this_o our_o nation_n but_o purchase_v a_o everliving_a fame_n and_o memory_n through_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o christendom_n this_o city_n have_v be_v wall_v and_o strong_o fortify_v with_o a_o castle_n which_o though_o time_n have_v now_o utter_o ruin_v yet_o be_v it_o adorn_v with_o 17_o most_o stately_a college_n 8_o hall_n and_o many_o other_o most_o beautiful_a building_n the_o pole_n be_v there_o elevate_v 51._o 47._o and_o the_o longitude_n 23._o 15._o about_o six_o mile_n from_o this_o city_n be_v seat_v woodflocke_n where_o king_n hen._n 2._o build_v a_o labyrinth_n to_o keep_v his_o fair_a concubine_n rosamond_n who_o be_v afterward_o poison_v by_o the_o queen_n and_o bury_v in_o the_o nunnery_n at_o godstow_n near_o thereto_o adjoin_v this_o county_n be_v adorn_v with_o many_o fair_a manor_n and_o beautiful_a building_n wherein_o as_o by_o their_o ruin_n do_v appear_v have_v be_v many_o stately_a and_o rich_o endow_v religious_a house_n as_o oseney_n godstow_n tame_n burchester_n euisham_n beverne_n and_o diverse_a other_o the_o air_n in_o this_o county_n be_v both_o sweet_a pleasant_a and_o healthful_a the_o soil_v rich_a commodious_a and_o fruitful_a yield_v to_o the_o inhabitant_n great_a plenty_n of_o wood_n wool_n cattle_n corn_n pasture_n and_o in_o a_o word_n almost_o all_o useful_a commodity_n in_o abundance_n oxford_z shire_n gloucestershire_n glocestershire_n in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n be_v call_v gleaucesderschyre_n fetch_v the_o name_n from_o the_o chief_a town_n the_o city_n of_o gloucester_n it_o be_v engird_v with_o worcester_n and_o warwickeshires_n on_o the_o north_n somersetshire_n on_o the_o south_n oxford_n and_o wiltshires_n on_o the_o east_n and_o hâ—refordshire_n on_o the_o west_n the_o length_n of_o it_o reach_v from_o bristol_n upon_o auon_n south_n to_o clifford_n upon_o auon_n north_n be_v much_o upon_o 48_o mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n extend_v from_o lechlad_a east_n to_o preston_n west_n 28._o which_o cause_v the_o whole_a compass_n to_o contain_v about_o 138_o mile_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o county_n be_v the_o dobuni_n and_o in_o some_o part_n the_o silures_n this_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o 30_o hundred_o which_o contain_v in_o they_o 280_o parish-church_n it_o have_v three_o fair_a river_n over_o which_o a_o man_n may_v pass_v by_o 22_o bridge_n the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v severne_n which_o for_o store_n of_o fish_n breadth_n of_o channel_n and_o swiftness_n of_o stream_n excel_v any_o other_o in_o the_o land_n it_o be_v convenient_o sprinkle_v with_o 25_o market-town_n for_o trade_n and_o traffic_n whereof_o two_o be_v famous_a city_n whereof_o the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a be_v gloucester_n which_o about_o the_o 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egfrid_n aelfrid_n athelstane_n and_o other_o of_o our_o english_a king_n come_v in_o pilgrimage_n and_o some_o of_o they_o barefooted_a in_o humble_a devotion_n and_o to_o give_v great_a gift_n and_o offering_n to_o the_o church_n in_o the_o west_n part_n whereof_o be_v still_o remain_v the_o marble_n monument_n of_o the_o reverend_a beda_n that_o learned_a monk_n of_o wermouth_n and_o here_o be_v the_o pole_n elevate_v 54._o 56._o ½_n and_o the_o longitude_n 22._o 54._o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o county_n in_o ptolemy_n time_n be_v the_o brigantes_n who_o the_o roman_n conquer_v and_o after_o that_o by_o the_o saxon_n be_v this_o shire_n make_v a_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n which_o the_o dane_n subdue_v and_o be_v last_o overcome_v and_o possess_v by_o the_o norman_n about_o a_o mile_n from_o darlington_n in_o this_o county_n have_v i_o see_v 3_o round_a pond_n of_o water_n which_o the_o country_n people_n call_v hell-kettle_n which_o be_v in_o form_n 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more_o barren_a yet_o be_v they_o so_o well_o store_v with_o coalpit_n that_o beside_o their_o own_o abundant_a expense_n they_o vent_v so_o much_o to_o other_o part_n as_o be_v a_o constant_a annual_a and_o exceed_o great_a benefit_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n northumberland_n this_o county_n be_v call_v by_o the_o english_a saxon_n northhumberland_a and_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o bishopric_n of_o dâ—rham_n on_o the_o north_n with_o scotland_n on_o the_o west_n with_o part_n of_o scotland_n and_o part_n of_o câ—mberland_n and_o on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o german_a sea_n it_o be_v fashion_v in_o a_o triangular_a form_n contain_v from_o the_o southeast_n to_o the_o south-west_n about_o 40_o mile_n and_o from_o the_o south-west_n to_o the_o north_n point_n much_o upon_o 60_o mile_n from_o whence_o to_o wâ—llinton_n by_o the_o sea_n coast_n 45_o mile_n whereby_o the_o whole_a circumference_n amount_v to_o the_o measure_n of_o 145_o 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and_o be_v most_o pleasant_o accommodate_v with_o wood_n and_o pasture_n gloucester_n shire_n worcester-shire_n by_o the_o english_a saxon_n this_o county_n be_v write_v wirceasderscyre_n which_o we_o call_v worcester_n shire_n which_o be_v inverge_v on_o the_o east_n with_o oxford_n and_o warwicke-shire_n be_v on_o the_o west_n divide_v from_o herefordshire_n by_o maluerne_n hill_n the_o south_n be_v environ_v with_o gloucestershire_n and_o the_o north_n with_o the_o county_n of_o stafford_n it_o reach_v in_o length_n from_o ridmer_o south_n to_o yardley_n north_n 32_o mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n from_o church_n honyborne_n east_n to_o tenbury_n west_n about_o 28._o which_o make_v the_o whole_a circumference_n to_o amount_v much_o upon_o 120_o mile_n into_o 7_o hundred_o be_v this_o shire_n divide_v and_o those_o contain_v in_o they_o 152_o parish-church_n it_o have_v but_o one_o city_n one_o bishopric_n but_o be_v pleasant_o water_v with_o four_o fair_a river_n as_o auon_n tame_a 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most_o necessary_a commodity_n yield_v abundance_n of_o corn_n cattell_n wood_n and_o pasture_n have_v the_o field_n and_o hedge_n set_v full_a of_o pear_n tree_n wherewith_o they_o make_v much_o peâ—â—y_n beside_o all_o which_o in_o this_o province_n be_v many_o salt_n spring_n and_o diverse_a other_o profitable_a commodity_n which_o yield_v welcome_a gain_n to_o the_o inhabitant_n worcester_z shire_n warwickshire_n warwickshire_n be_v so_o call_v from_o the_o shire-towne_n now_o vulgar_o name_v warwick_n but_o be_v â—â—armed_v by_o the_o saxon_n warringwicke_n as_o our_o ever_o famous_a historian_n m._n camden_n record_v which_o he_o also_o judge_v to_o have_v be_v the_o roman_n garrison_n town_n by_o ptolemy_n they_o be_v call_v the_o cornavij_fw-la wherein_o after_o be_v seat_v the_o mercian_n saxon_n it_o be_v environ_v with_o the_o county_n of_o stafford_n on_o the_o north_n watling-street_n and_o northamptonshire_n on_o the_o east_n oxford_n and_o glocestershire_n on_o the_o south_n and_o worcester-shire_n on_o the_o west_n it_o be_v extend_v from_o newton_n in_o the_o north_n to_o long_n compton_n in_o the_o south_n 33._o mile_n and_o be_v spread_v in_o wideness_n from_o hewell_n grange_n in_o the_o west_n to_o hill_n morton_n in_o the_o east_n 25_o mile_n the_o whole_a circuit_n thereof_o be_v 135_o mile_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o five_o hundred_o viz._n hemlingford_n coventry_n knightlow_n barklichway_n and_o kington_n wherein_o be_v 158_o parish-church_n this_o shire_n be_v interlace_v with_o eight_o river_n as_o auon_n anchor_n blyth_n bourne_n leame_z sherburne_n sow_n and_o tame_a be_v fit_v with_o 29_o bridge_n it_o be_v trade_v with_o 16_o market_n town_n the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v coventry_n and_o warwick_n coventry_n be_v stately_a adorn_v with_o fair_a building_n well_o fortify_v with_o a_o wall_n wherein_o be_v 13_o gate_n and_o 18_o tower_n by_o the_o grant_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o whereby_o also_o they_o may_v elect_v a_o 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