historical_a reflection_n on_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n chief_o discover_v those_o event_n of_o humane_a affair_n which_o most_o advance_v the_o papal_a usurpation_n by_o john_n wagstaff_n m._n a._n o._n c._n oxford_z print_v by_o hen_n hall_n for_o ric._n davis_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o s._n thompson_n at_o the_o bishop_n head_n in_o st_n paul_n churchyard_n 1660._o the_o preface_n these_o reflection_n have_v lie_v by_o i_o long_a enough_o to_o cool_v the_o heat_n of_o my_o invention_n upon_o a_o late_a review_n of_o they_o i_o be_v embolden_v to_o this_o publication_n and_o here_o i_o dare_v promise_v the_o reader_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o meet_v with_o crambe_n bis_fw-la cocta_fw-la or_o a_o mere_a garble_n of_o other_o man_n labour_n for_o among_o all_o the_o various_a tract_n write_v against_o the_o pope_n there_o never_o come_v any_o into_o my_o hand_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n now_o if_o the_o novelty_n hereof_o shall_v invite_v any_o one_o to_o a_o perusal_n perhaps_o he_o will_v not_o altogether_o repent_v his_o pain_n especial_o if_o he_o intend_v for_o historical_a knowledge_n in_o regard_n that_o this_o treatise_n may_v serve_v as_o a_o praemonstratour_n or_o pointer_n out_o of_o the_o most_o remarkable_a revolution_n in_o ecclesiastic_a affair_n and_o the_o most_o notable_a juncture_n of_o time_n the_o thing_n which_o i_o chief_o aim_v at_o in_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n be_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o the_o hierarchical_a policy_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n be_v not_o extant_a in_o the_o learned_a time_n when_o the_o old_a roman_a empire_n flourish_v but_o be_v contrive_v in_o the_o day_n of_o ignorance_n between_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o leader_n or_o prince_n of_o the_o barbarian_n nor_o will_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o assertion_n be_v in_o the_o least_o manner_n doubt_v be_v we_o not_o almost_o benight_a with_o dark_a ignorance_n in_o reference_n to_o precede_a age_n for_o as_o on_o the_o one_o hand_n a_o infinite_a number_n of_o book_n have_v be_v partly_o abolish_v partly_o counterfeit_v and_o partly_o adulterate_v or_o corrupt_v so_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n those_o book_n which_o remain_v entire_a be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n write_v either_o by_o unskilful_a or_o partial_a pen_n however_o from_o the_o very_a present_a record_n a_o unpraejudicâ—d_a man_n though_o of_o ordinary_a part_n may_v gather_v that_o the_o modern_a policy_n which_o fashion_n a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o world_n as_o well_o in_o church_n as_o state_n do_v take_v its_o beginning_n since_o the_o inundation_n of_o the_o northern_a people_n july_n the_o 20._o 1660._o postcript_n i_o have_v not_o quote_v any_o author_n for_o these_o passage_n which_o be_v reflect_v on_o in_o the_o follow_a treatise_n when_o i_o read_v the_o historian_n whence_o the_o foundation_n of_o my_o discourse_n be_v gather_v it_o be_v not_o in_o my_o thought_n to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o this_o way_n afterward_o reflect_v on_o the_o series_n of_o affair_n in_o christendom_n and_o frame_v several_a meditation_n thereupon_o though_o i_o very_o well_o remember_v the_o historian_n yet_o i_o have_v forget_v the_o name_n of_o many_o historian_n whence_o i_o gather_v it_o nevertheless_o i_o can_v assure_v the_o reader_n that_o i_o have_v hardly_o mention_v any_o historical_a passage_n which_o be_v not_o very_o obvious_a in_o one_o of_o these_o three_o author_n blondus_n baronius_n and_o platina_n chap._n i._o that_o the_o roman_a bishop_n have_v no_o supremacy_n over_o the_o primitive_a christian_n i_o have_v often_o delight_v to_o trace_v out_o in_o my_o mind_n the_o footstep_n of_o the_o papal_a usurpation_n and_o perhaps_o it_o will_v please_v the_o reader_n to_o give_v he_o in_o one_o view_n the_o several_a step_n or_o degree_n by_o which_o the_o roman_a bishop_n rise_v unto_o such_o a_o height_n as_o to_o trample_v upon_o the_o neck_n not_o only_o of_o his_o fellow_n bishop_n but_o also_o of_o king_n and_o emperor_n themselves_o for_o that_o the_o pope_n do_v not_o from_o the_o beginning_n enjoy_v his_o present_a great_a and_o lordly_a power_n but_o arrive_v unto_o it_o by_o several_a gradation_n in_o a_o long_a process_n of_o time_n none_o but_o those_o who_o be_v either_o whole_o ignorant_a of_o history_n or_o else_o sway_v with_o invincible_a prejudice_n can_v offer_v to_o deny_v it_o be_v manifest_a on_o all_o hand_n that_o in_o the_o primitive_a time_n the_o roman_a bishop_n be_v not_o take_v notice_n of_o as_o superior_n to_o all_o other_o much_o less_o as_o sole_a vicar_n under_o christ_n and_o infallible_a dictatour_n of_o divine_a truth_n indeed_o you_o may_v meet_v in_o the_o ancient_a author_n with_o commendation_n give_v unto_o the_o faith_n profess_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n which_o be_v no_o wonder_n to_o he_o that_o consider_v how_o pious_a at_o first_o they_o be_v in_o their_o life_n how_o glorious_a in_o their_o death_n bear_v witness_n to_o the_o truth_n under_o persecution_n beside_o when_o the_o whole_a christian_a world_n be_v under_o one_o empire_n and_o rome_n the_o metropolis_n or_o imperial_a city_n it_o be_v but_o rational_a that_o the_o new_a and_o rise_a sect_n of_o the_o christian_n shall_v bestow_v the_o notable_a man_n of_o their_o party_n in_o that_o place_n hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o father_n dwelling_n in_o the_o province_n when_o they_o contest_v with_o heretic_n do_v often_o commend_v the_o roman_a faith_n as_o it_o be_v upbraid_v their_o antagonist_n with_o a_o departure_n from_o those_o who_o reside_v in_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o empire_n where_o usual_o learn_v and_o religion_n do_v most_o flourish_n and_o to_o speak_v the_o truth_n that_o advantage_n which_o the_o roman_a bishop_n have_v by_o dwell_v in_o the_o imperial_a city_n be_v the_o chief_a temptation_n at_o first_o induce_v they_o to_o affect_v a_o supremacy_n for_o that_o the_o dignity_n and_o grandeur_n of_o a_o city_n or_o place_n of_o residence_n be_v wont_a to_o put_v spirit_n into_o the_o bishop_n reside_v therein_o rome_n be_v not_o the_o only_a example_n so_o do_v alexandria_n puff_n up_o her_o bishop_n so_o do_v jerusalem_n hers._fw-la so_o especial_o do_v constantinople_n make_v john_n the_o constantinopolitan_a swell_n with_o ambition_n and_o pride_n affect_v the_o title_n of_o ecumenical_a bishop_n nay_o which_o you_o will_v more_o wonder_v at_o even_o so_o do_v ravenna_n when_o proud_a with_o exarch_n animate_v her_o bishop_n also_o in_o contend_v with_o the_o roman_a for_o superiority_n which_o contention_n go_v so_o far_o that_o the_o church_n of_o ravenna_n by_o reason_n of_o her_o separation_n from_o rome_n be_v common_o call_v allocephalis_n now_o by_o how_o much_o the_o renown_a and_o ancient_a rome_n be_v more_o venerable_a in_o the_o eye_n of_o man_n than_o other_o city_n by_o so_o much_o have_v the_o roman_a bishop_n a_o fair_a opportunity_n than_o other_o to_o put_v themselves_o forward_o and_o usurp_v a_o unlawful_a power_n nor_o need_v they_o to_o be_v mind_v of_o this_o advantage_n such_o of_o they_o as_o be_v of_o haughty_a spirit_n beginning_z betimes_o to_o make_v use_n of_o it_o among_o who_o i_o may_v just_o reckon_v leo_n surname_v the_o great_a for_o he_o and_o several_a other_o do_v take_v all_o occasion_n to_o send_v pragmatical_a letter_n up_o and_o down_o the_o world_n about_o every_o important_a business_n which_o happen_v in_o christendom_n nevertheless_o let_v no_o one_o be_v afraid_a of_o the_o roman_a bishop_n and_o be_v ready_a to_o ascribe_v unto_o they_o a_o universal_a diocese_n when_o he_o find_v they_o frequent_o send_v stately_a letter_n to_o the_o bishop_n throughout_o the_o christian_a world_n many_o of_o those_o letter_n record_v in_o the_o book_n entitle_v epistolae_fw-la decretales_fw-la summorum_fw-la pontificum_fw-la be_v false_a and_o counterfeit_a many_o adulterate_a or_o corrupt_v and_o many_o if_o true_a be_v so_o haughty_o write_v as_o to_o argue_v the_o author_n pride_n but_o not_o his_o power_n for_o in_o the_o pimitive_a time_n the_o christian_a bishop_n do_v general_o and_o not_o only_o the_o roman_a write_v often_o to_o their_o fellow_n bishop_n in_o whatsoever_o place_n they_o reside_v and_o this_o they_o do_v whether_o they_o have_v any_o power_n one_o over_o the_o other_o or_o no_o mere_o from_o a_o principle_n of_o love_n or_o christian_a charity_n which_o familiar_a epistolary_a intercourse_n with_o one_o another_o be_v in_o those_o day_n laudable_a and_o almost_o necessary_a in_o regard_v the_o whole_a christian_a world_n be_v at_o that_o time_n under_o one_o empire_n consequent_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o exhort_v and_o admonish_v one_o another_o upon_o a_o twofold_a respect_n partly_o ground_v on_o that_o interest_n which_o member_n of_o the_o same_o commonwealth_n especial_o those_o of_o the_o same_o rank_n have_v with_o one_o another_o and_o partly_o ground_v on_o that_o spiritual_a communion_n
which_o ought_v to_o be_v between_o believer_n especial_o those_o of_o the_o same_o call_n but_o alas_o have_v the_o world_n be_v persuade_v in_o the_o primitive_a time_n that_o the_o letter_n of_o the_o roman_a bishop_n be_v not_o only_o charitative_a advisoe_n but_o dictatorian_a mandate_n necessary_a to_o be_v obey_v as_o proceed_v forsooth_o from_o one_o who_o christ_n have_v appoint_v head_n of_o his_o church_n and_o a_o oracle_n whence_o nothing_o but_o veritable_a answer_n shall_v be_v hear_v i_o say_v have_v such_o a_o persuasion_n possess_v the_o mind_n of_o man_n they_o will_v have_v make_v it_o the_o common_a subject_n of_o their_o praise_n and_o thanksgiving_n without_o question_v many_o panegyricall_a oration_n and_o many_o homily_n will_v have_v be_v make_v upon_o no_o other_o theme_n or_o text_n than_o the_o praise_n of_o the_o roman_a see_v and_o thanks_o unto_o god_n for_o bestow_v on_o the_o christian_n a_o visible_a unerring_a decider_n of_o controversy_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o we_o peruse_v the_o ancient_a writer_n we_o shall_v plain_o perceive_v how_o little_a the_o noise_n be_v which_o the_o roman_a bishop_n do_v make_v in_o their_o day_n so_o little_a that_o i_o much_o wonder_v they_o be_v no_o more_o talk_v of_o consider_v as_o i_o say_v before_o their_o residence_n in_o the_o metropolis_n 〈…〉_o and_o their_o virtue_n eminent_a in_o the_o first_o bishop_n 〈…〉_o not_o the_o father_n be_v very_o malignant_a in_o this_o case_n if_o the_o papal_a pretence_n be_v true_a not_o to_o leave_v it_o set_v down_o express_o in_o any_o of_o their_o writing_n that_o christ_n make_v peter_n the_o head_n of_o his_o church_n and_o give_v unto_o he_o a_o infallible_a spirit_n as_o also_o that_o peter_n be_v bishop_n of_o rome_n the_o follow_a bishop_n in_o that_o city_n succeed_v he_o not_o only_o in_o his_o bishopric_n but_o likewise_o in_o his_o great_a privilege_n of_o headship_n and_o infallibility_n moreover_o do_v not_o the_o father_n trouble_n themselves_o to_o no_o purpose_n in_o toil_a to_o make_v laborious_a confutation_n of_o heretic_n if_o they_o may_v have_v have_v present_a recourse_n to_o a_o visible_a unerring_a authority_n in_o decision_n of_o controversy_n so_o that_o suppose_v the_o heretic_n have_v refuse_v to_o submit_v unto_o this_o authority_n the_o main_a work_n shall_v have_v be_v not_o to_o confute_v their_o opinion_n but_o to_o convince_v they_o of_o the_o duty_n of_o their_o obedience_n to_o the_o supreme_a judge_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o very_o believe_v that_o if_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v be_v acknowledge_v in_o the_o primitive_a time_n to_o be_v what_o he_o pretend_v to_o in_o these_o day_n the_o eye_n of_o all_o nation_n will_v have_v be_v upon_o that_o see_v to_o revere_v it_o to_o honour_v it_o to_o bow_v down_o before_o it_o in_o the_o submission_n of_o their_o understanding_n nay_o further_o i_o be_o real_o persuade_v have_v christ_n intend_v such_o a_o supreme_a power_n in_o his_o church_n see_v it_o do_v so_o high_o import_v the_o church_n welfare_n to_o be_v general_o know_v we_o shall_v have_v have_v it_o set_v down_o in_o scripture_n with_o as_o express_v term_n as_o we_o find_v justification_n by_o faith_n or_o the_o resurrection_n of_o the_o dead_a but_o now_o on_o the_o contrary_a what_o be_v there_o leave_v by_o 〈…〉_o penman_n which_o may_v be_v say_v to_o patronize_v the_o 〈…〉_o and_o infallibility_n of_o peter_n and_o the_o roman_a bishopsâ—_n asdruball_n for_o peter_n how_o easy_a be_v it_o for_o i_o to_o evacuate_v those_o trivial_a argument_n which_o be_v draw_v from_o scripture_n concern_v he_o which_o i_o forbear_v to_o do_v because_o it_o be_v not_o my_o intent_n to_o insist_v upon_o logical_a argument_n either_o pro_fw-la or_o con_v but_o only_o to_o reflect_v on_o historical_a passage_n wherefore_o i_o can_v choose_v but_o take_v notice_n that_o when_o peter_n come_v to_o antioch_n he_o walk_v not_o according_a to_o the_o truth_n but_o be_v guilty_a of_o a_o great_a scandal_n and_o thereupon_o withstand_v to_o the_o face_n by_o paul_n who_o make_v it_o his_o business_n in_o the_o two_o first_o chapter_n to_o the_o galatian_n to_o prove_v himself_o equal_a with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o apostle_n nay_o when_o peter_n to_o speak_v according_a to_o their_o own_o phrase_n be_v in_o cathedra_fw-la in_o the_o midst_n of_o a_o council_n of_o apostle_n and_o other_o brethren_n the_o definitive_a sentence_n to_o which_o all_o do_v assent_v proceed_v from_o the_o mouth_n of_o james_n as_o for_o the_o roman_a bishop_n you_o must_v not_o look_v to_o have_v any_o hint_n of_o he_o in_o scripture_n peter_n never_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o under_o such_o a_o capacity_n nay_o paul_n in_o those_o several_a epistle_n which_o he_o write_v either_o to_o or_o from_o rome_n do_v not_o so_o much_o as_o mention_v peter_n which_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a if_o peter_n do_v dwell_v in_o that_o city_n for_o paul_n be_v solicitous_a in_o mention_v several_a other_o far_a less_o considerable_a who_o he_o do_v either_o salute_n or_o send_v salutation_n from_o to_o other_o but_o what_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v grant_v that_o peter_n be_v at_o rome_n i_o be_o confident_a it_o will_v trouble_v the_o whole_a papacy_n to_o prove_v that_o ever_o he_o be_v bishop_n of_o that_o city_n paul_n it_o be_v certain_a be_v there_o and_o those_o who_o contend_v that_o peter_n be_v too_o do_v general_o hold_v they_o be_v both_o martyre_v at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o one_o by_o the_o sword_n the_o other_o by_o the_o cross_n why_o then_o be_v peter_n bishop_n and_o not_o paul_n i_o be_o sure_a the_o scripture_n say_v that_o paul_n be_v entrust_v with_o the_o gospel_n of_o the_o uncircumcision_n as_o peter_n with_o that_o of_o the_o circumcision_n nay_o james_n and_o peter_n and_o john_n do_v solemn_o give_v the_o right_a hand_n of_o fellowship_n unto_o barnabas_n and_o paul_n that_o they_o shall_v go_v to_o the_o gentile_n and_o themselves_o unto_o those_o of_o the_o circumcision_n chap._n ii_o how_n or_o by_o what_o cause_v the_o pope_n be_v advance_v to_o a_o supremacy_n in_o the_o church_n but_o i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v myself_o any_o long_o to_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o neither_o peter_n nor_o the_o primitive_a bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v that_o power_n which_o the_o late_a bishop_n pretend_v to_o derive_v from_o they_o there_o be_v few_o in_o our_o nation_n that_o will_v gainsay_v the_o truth_n of_o what_o i_o have_v say_v wherefore_o have_v already_o make_v such_o brief_a remark_n as_o plain_o evince_v the_o pope_n to_o be_v a_o usurper_n i_o be_o now_o come_v to_o what_o i_o do_v chief_o intend_v namely_o to_o lay_v down_o the_o several_a step_n or_o degree_n by_o which_o he_o be_v advance_v in_o his_o usurpation_n this_o i_o shall_v do_v by_o reflect_v on_o the_o event_n of_o humane_a affair_n and_o give_v a_o account_n in_o order_n of_o the_o several_a cause_n which_o do_v cooperate_v towards_o the_o bring_n of_o the_o intolerable_a roman_a yoke_n on_o the_o neck_n of_o our_o forefather_n the_o first_o cause_n therefore_o be_v the_o remove_n of_o the_o empertal_a seat_n by_o constantine_n for_o though_o a_o good_a while_n after_o he_o there_o be_v western_a as_o well_o as_o eastern_a emperor_n yet_o after_o the_o 〈◊〉_d on_o italy_n by_o the_o herul_n first_o and_o then_o the_o goth_n the_o imperial_a majesty_n do_v entire_o reside_v at_o constantinople_n now_o this_o city_n by_o constantine_n mean_n be_v grow_v so_o magnificent_a and_o august_a that_o it_o be_v dear_a to_o the_o emperor_n than_o rome_n in_o self_n insomuch_o that_o when_o bellisarius_fw-la and_o narses_n have_v recover_v italy_n from_o the_o goth_n the_o emperor_n never_o affect_v to_o go_v and_o reside_v at_o old_a rome_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o bishop_n thereof_o gain_v the_o more_o elbow_n room_n to_o play_v rex_fw-la second_o the_o reside_v of_o the_o italian_a exarch_n at_o ravenna_n justine_n the_o second_o be_v author_n of_o the_o exarchy_n to_o which_o kind_n of_o government_n the_o italian_a writer_n impute_v most_o of_o the_o calamity_n afterward_o befalling_a italy_n but_o indeed_o it_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o other_o guise_n calamity_n than_o they_o be_v aware_a of_o for_o now_o neither_o the_o emperor_n himself_o nor_o so_o much_o as_o his_o exarch_n reside_v at_o rome_n only_o a_o petty_a companion_n who_o be_v send_v by_o the_o exarch_n to_o praeside_fw-la over_o the_o city_n and_o be_v call_v duke_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o governor_n of_o narni_n spoleto_n and_o other_o town_n of_o italy_n hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o splendour_n of_o imperial_a majesty_n be_v far_o remove_v from_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o roman_a people_n their_o bishop_n shine_v so_o much_o the_o bright_a and_o gain_v a_o proportionable_a
of_o that_o ridiculous_a question_n which_o be_v so_o solemn_o send_v to_o rome_n namely_o whether_o he_o that_o have_v the_o name_n and_o title_n of_o a_o king_n only_o be_v give_v to_o idleness_n or_o he_o that_o be_v active_a and_o exercise_v the_o office_n and_o power_n of_o a_o king_n deserve_v to_o wear_v the_o regal_a diadem_n which_o in_o plain_a term_n be_v this_o whether_o chilperick_n king_n of_o france_n descend_v from_o the_o ancient_a race_n of_o king_n have_v out_o of_o respect_n to_o his_o own_o ease_n entrust_v the_o management_n of_o affair_n with_o his_o servant_n pipin_n may_v not_o be_v turn_v out_o of_o that_o throne_n which_o his_o ancestor_n have_v so_o long_o enjoy_v by_o his_o own_o servant_n who_o he_o have_v unadvised_o raise_v to_o a_o capacity_n of_o do_v it_o if_o he_o will_v the_o good_a pope_n be_v not_o ashamed_a of_o this_o senseless_a question_n nor_o need_v he_o to_o be_v instruct_v how_o profitable_a it_o be_v to_o judge_v for_o the_o strong_a at_o 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be_v impute_v the_o loss_n of_o all_o purity_n in_o the_o latin_a and_o consequent_o of_o history_n geography_n skill_n in_o antiquity_n and_o whatsoever_o savour_v of_o polite_a learning_n thus_o the_o whole_a western_a empire_n be_v quite_o deprive_v of_o the_o benefit_n they_o may_v have_v receive_v by_o inform_v their_o judgement_n in_o religion_n with_o the_o goodly_a book_n that_o be_v write_v in_o greek_a nay_o they_o do_v not_o so_o much_o as_o know_o converse_v with_o the_o latin_a father_n so_o that_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a for_o they_o to_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o infant_n purity_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n which_o they_o have_v take_v upon_o trust_n from_o the_o roman_a bishop_n whereas_o if_o they_o have_v but_o well_o study_v the_o writing_n of_o those_o man_n who_o father_n be_v convert_v together_o with_o nay_o some_o before_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n it_o will_v have_v be_v