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A66685 The law of freedom in a platform: or, True magistracy restored Humbly presented to Oliver Cromwel, General of the Common-wealths army in England. And to all English-men my brethren whether in church-fellowship, or not in church-fellowship, both sorts walking as they conceive according to the order of the Gospel: and from them to all the nations in the world. Wherein is declared, what is kingly government, and what is Commonwealths government. By Jerrard Winstanley. Winstanley, Gerrard, b. 1609. 1652 (1652) Wing W3045A; ESTC R220031 79,685 104

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torment him in that 〈◊〉 But surely Light is so broke out that it will cover the Earth so that the Divinity Charmers shall say The people will 〈◊〉 bear the voyce of our charming charm we never so wisely And all the Priests and Clergy and Preachers of these spiritual and heavenly things as they call them shall take up the lamentation which is their portion Alas alas that great City Babylon that mighty City Divinity which hath filled the whole Earth with her forcery and deceived all people so that the whole world wondered after this Beast how is it faln and how is her Judgment come upon her in one hour And further as you may read Rev. 18. 10. The Office of the Post-master In every Parish throughout the Commonwealth shall be chosen two men at the time when other Officers are chosen and these shall be called Postmasters And whereas there are four parts of the Land East West North South there shall be chosen in the chief City two men to receive in what the Post-master of the East Country brings in and two men to receive in what the Post-master of the West brings in and two for the North and so two for the South Now the work of the Country Post-master shall be this They shall every Moneth bring up or send by tydings from their respective Parishes to the chief City of what accidents or passages fall out which is either to the honor or dishonor hurt or profit of the Commonwealth and if nothing have faln out in that Moneth worth observation then they shall write down peace or good order in such a Parish And when these respective Post-masters have brought up their Bills or Certificates from all parts of the Land the Receivers of those Bills shall write down every thing in order from Parish to Parish in the nature of a Weekly Bill of Observation And those eight Receivers shall cause the Affairs of the four quarters of the Land to be printed in one Book with what speed may be and deliver to every Postmaster a Book that as they bring up the Affairs of one Parish in writing they may carry down in Print the Affairs of the whole Land The benefit lies here That if any part of the Land be visited with Plague Famine Invasion or Insurrection or any casualties the other parts of the Land may have speedy knowledg and send Relief And if any accident fall out through unreasonable action or careless neglect other parts of the Land may thereby be made watchful to prevent like danger Or if any through industry or ripeness of understanding have found out any secret in Nature or new invention in any Art or Trade or in the Tillage of the Earth or such like whereby the Commonwealth may more flourish in peace and plenty for which Vertues those persons received honor in the places where they dweit When other parts of the Land hear of it many thereby will be encouraged to employ their Reason and industry to do the like that so in time there will not be any Secret in Nature which now lies hid by reason of the iron age of 〈◊〉 oppressing Government but by some or other will be brought to light to the beauty of our Commonwealth The Rise of a Commonwealths Army After that the necessity of the People in a Parish in a County and in a Land hath moved the People to chuse Officers to preserve common peace the same necessity causeth the People to say to their Officers Do you see our Laws observed for our common preservation and we will assist and protect you This word assist and protect implies the rising of the people by force of Arms to defend their Laws and Officers who rule well against any Invasion Insurrection or Rebellion of selfish Officers or rude people yea to beat down the turbulency of any foolish spirit that shall arise to break our common Peace So that the same Law of Necessity of common Peace which moved the people to chuse Officers and to compose a Law for to be a Rule of Government The same Law of Necessity of Protection doth raise an Army so that an Army as well as other Officers in a Commonwealth spring from one and the same root viz. from the Necessity of common Preservation An Army is two-fold viz. A Ruling Army or a Fighting Army A ruling Army is called Magistracy in times of Peace keeping that Land and Government in Peace by Execution of the Laws which the fighting Army did purchase in the field by their Blood out of the hands of Oppression And here all Officers from the father in a family to the Parliament in a Land are but the Heads and Leaders of an Army and all people arising to protect and assist their Officers in defence of a right ordered Government are but the Body of an Army And this Magistracy is called the rejoycing of all Nations when the Foundation thereof are Laws of common Equity whereby every single man may enjoy the fruit of his labour in the free use of the Earth without being restrained or oppressed by the hands of others Secondly A fighting Army called Souldiers in the field when the necessity of preservation by reason of a forraign Invasion or inbred Oppression do move the people to arise in an Army to cut and teer to pieces either degenerated Officers or rude people who seek their own Interest and not common Freedom and through treachery do endeavor to destroy the Laws of common Freedom and to enssave both the Land and people of the Commonwealth to their particular wills and lusts And this War is called a Plague because that cursed enmity of Covetousness pride and vain glory and envy in the heart of Mankind did occasion the rise of it because he will not be under the moderate observation of any free and right Order unless he himself be King and Lord over other persons and their labours For now the people do arise to defend their faithful Officers against such Officers as are unfaithful and to defend their Laws and Common Peace The use or work of a fighting Army in a Commonwealth Is to beat down all that arise to endeavor to destroy the Liberties of the Commonwealth For as in the days of Monarchy an Army was used to subdue all who rebelled against Kingly Propriety so in the days of a free Commonwealth an Army is to be made use of to resist and destroy all who endeavor to keep up or bring in Kingly Bondage again The work of this fighting Army is twofold The first is to withstand the Invasion or coming in of a forraign Enemy whose Invasion is for no other end but to take away our Land and Earth from us to deny us the free use thereof to become Kings and Landlords over us and to make us their slaves As William the Conqueror when he had conquered England he gave not only the Land in parcels to his Souldiers but he gave all men their
light and darkness strive in 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 to succeed each other or as it is said the strong man armed keeps the heart of man till a stronger then he came and cast him out And this written law proceeding either from reason or unreasonableness is called the letter whereby the creation of mankinde beasts and earth is governed according to the will of that power which rules And it is called by his opposite the letter that kils and by those of the same nature with it it is called the word of life As for example if the experienced wise and strong man bears rule then he writes down his minde to curb the unreasonable law of covetousnes and pride in unexperienced men to preserve peace in the Commonwealth And this is called the historical or traditional law because it is conveyed from one generation to another by writing as the laws of Israels Commonwealth were writ in a book by Moses and so conveyed to poposterity And this outward law is a bridle to unreasonableness or as Solomon writ it is a whip for the fools back for whom only it was added Secondly since Moses time the power of unreasonable coveteousness and pride hath sometimes rise up and corrupted that traditional law For since the power of the sword rise up in Nations to Conquer the written law hath not been to advance Common freedom and to beat down the unreasonable self-will in mankind but it hath been framed to uphold that self-will of the Conquerer right or wrong not respecting the freedome of the Commonwealth but the freedome of the Conquerer and his friends only By reason whereof much slavery hath been laid upon the backs of the plaine dealing man And men of publick spirits as Moses was have been crushed and their spirits damped thereby which hath bred first discontents and then more wars in the Nations And those who have been favorites about the Conquerer have by hypocrisie and flattery pleased their king that they might get what they can of the earth into their possession and thereby have increased the bondage of the paineful laborer if they could but catch him to act contrary to the Conquerers will called law And now the City mournes and do we not see that the laws of Kings have been alwayes made against such actions as the Common-people were most inclinable to on purpose to 〈◊〉 them into their Sessions and Courts that the Lawyers and Clergy who were the Kings supporters might get money thereby and live in fulness by other mens labors But hereby the true nature of a wel-governed Commonwealth hath been ruined and the will of Kings set up for a law and the law of righteousness law of liberty trod under foot and killed This traditional law of Kings is that letter at this day which kils true freedom and it is the 〈◊〉 of wars and persecution This is the souldier who cut Christs garment into pieces which was to have remained uncut and without seame this law moves the people to fight one against another for those pieces viz. for the several inclosures of the earth who shall possess the earth and who shall be Ruler over others But the true ancient law of God is a Covenant of peace to whole mankinde this sets the earth free to all this unites both Jew and Gentile into one brotherhood and rejects none this makes Christs garment whole againe and makes the kingdomes of the world to become Common-wealths again It is the inward power of right understanding which is the true law that teaches people in action as well as in words to do as they would be done unto But thus much in general what law is hereafter followes what those particular laws may be whereby a Commonwealth may be governed in peace and all burdens removed which is a breaking forth of that law of liberty which will be the joy of all Nations when he arises up and is established in his brightness Short and pithy laws are best to govern a Commonwealth The laws of Israels Commonwealth were few short and pithy and the government thereof was established in peace so long as officers and people were obedient thereunto But those many laws in the dayes of the Kings of England which were made some in times of Popery and some in times of Protestantism and the proceedings of the law being in French and Latine hath produced two great evils in England First it hath occasioned much ignorance among the people and much contention and the people have mightily erred through want of knowledge and thereby they have run into great expence of money by suits of law or else many have been imprisoned whipped banished lost their estates and lives by that law which they were ignorant of till the scourge thereof was upon their backs this is a sore evil among the people Secondly the peoples ignorance of the laws hath bread many sons of contention for when any difference fals out between man and man they neither of them know which offends the other therefore both of them thinking their cause is good they delight to make use of the law and then they go and give a Lawyer mony to tell them which of them was the offender The Lawyer being glad to maintain their own trade sets them together by the ears till all their moneys be near spent and then bids them refer the business to their neighbors to make them friends which might have been done at the first So that the course of the Law and Lawyers hath been a 〈◊〉 snare to entrap the people and to pull their Estates from them by 〈◊〉 for the Lawyers do uphold the Conquerors Interest and the peoples Slavery so that the King seeing that did put all the affairs of Judicature into their hands And all this must be called Justice but it is a 〈◊〉 Evil But now if the Laws were few and short and often read it would prevent those Evils 〈◊〉 every one knowing when they did well and when ill would be very cautious of their words and actions and this would escape the Lawyers craft As Moses Laws in Israels Commonwealth The People did talk of them when they lay down and when they rose up and as they walked by the way and bound them as bracelets upon their hands so that they were an understanding people in the Laws wherein their peace did depend But it is a sign that England is a blinded and a snared generation their Leaders through pride and covetousness have caused them to err yea and perish too for want of the knowledg of the Laws which hath the power of Life and Death Freedom and Bondage in its hand But I hope better things hereafter What may be those particular Laws or such a method of Laws whereby a Commonwealth may be governed 1. The bare letter of the Law established by act of Parliament shall be the Rule for Officer and People and the chief Judg of all Actions 2. He or they who add or diminish
been both unfaithful servants to man and to God by taking upon them to expound and interpret that Rule which they are bound to yield obedience to without adding to or diminishing from What is the Judges Court In a County or Shire there is to be chosen A Judg. The Peace-makers of every Town within that Circuit The Overseers and A band of Souldiers attending thereupon And this is called the Judges Court or the County Senate This Court shall sit four times in the year or oftner if need be in the Country and four times in the year in great Cities In the first quarter of the year they shall sit in the East part of the County and the second quarter of the year in the West in the third in the South and in the fourth in the North And this Court is to oversee and examine any Officer within their County or Limits for their work is to see that every one be faithful in his place and if any Officer hath done wrong to any this Court is to pass sentence of punishment upon the offendor according to his offence against the Law If any grievance lie upon any man wherein inferior Officers cannot ease him this Court shall quietly hear his Complaint and ease him for where a Law is wanting they may prepare a way of ease for the 〈◊〉 till the Parliament sit who may either establish that conclusion for a Law if they approve of it or frame another Law to that effect for it is possible that many things may fall out hereafter which the Law-makers for the present may not foresee If any disorder break in among the people this Court shall set things to rights If any be bound over to appear at this Court the Judg shall hear the matter and pronounce the letter of the Law according to the nature of the offence So that the alone work of the Judg is to pronounce the sentence and mind of the Law and all this is but to see the Laws executed that the Peace of the Commonwealth may be preserved What is the work of a Commonwealths Parliament in general A Parliament is the highest Court of Equity in a Land and it is to be chosen every year and out of every City Town and certain limits of a Country through the Land two three or more men are to be chosen to make up this Court This Court is to oversee all other Courts Officers persons and actions and to have a full Power being the Representative of the whole Land to remove all grievances and to ease the people that are oppressed A Parliament hath his rise from the lowest Office in a Commonwealth viz. from the father in a family For as a fathers tender care is to remove all grievances from the oppressed children not respecting one before another so a Parliament are to remove all burdens from the people of the Land and are not to respect persons who are great before them who are weak but their eye and care must be principally to relieve the oppressed ones who groan under the Tyrants Laws and Power The strong or such as have the Tyrant Power to uphold them need no help But though a Parliament be the Father of a Land yet by the Covetousness and 〈◊〉 of Kingly Government the heart of this Father hath been alienated from the children of the Land or else so over-awed by the frowns of a Kingly Tyrant that they could not or durst not act for the weakest childrens ease For hath not Parliaments sat and rose again and made Laws to strengthen the Tyrant in his Throne and to strengthen the rich and the strong by those Laws and left oppression upon the backs of the oppressed still But I 'le not reap up former weaknesses but rather rejoyce in hope of amendment seeing our present Parliament hath declared England to be a free Commonwealth and to cast out Kingly Power and upon this ground I rejoyce in hope that succeeding Parliaments will be tender-hearted Fathers to the oppressed children of the Land And not only dandle us upon the knee with good words and promises till particular mens turns be served but will fill our bellies and clothe our backs with good actions of Freedom and give to the oppressed childrens children their birth-right portion which is Freedom in the Commonwealths Land which the Kingly Law and Power our cruel step-fathers and step-mothers have kept from us and our fathers for many years past The particular work of a Parliament is four-fold First As a tender father a Parliament is to impower Officers and give out Orders for the free planting and reaping of the Commonwealths Land that all who have been oppressed and kept from the 〈◊〉 use thereof by Conquerots Kings and their Tyrant Laws may now be set at liberty to plant in Freedom for food and rayment and are to be a protection to them who labour the Barth and a punisher of them who are idle But some may say What is that I call Commonwealths Land I answer All that Land which hath been withheld from the Inhabitants by the Conquerot or Tyrant Kings and is now recovered out of the hands of that Oppression by the joynt assistance of the persons and purses of the Commoners of the Land for this Land is the price of their blood it is their birth-right to them and their posterity and ought not to be converted into particular hands again by the Laws of a free Commonwealth And in particular this Land is all Abby Lands formerly recovered out of the hands of the Popes Power by the Blood of the Commoners of England though the Kings withheld their rights herein from them So likewise all Crown Lands Bishops Lands with all Parks Forrests Chases now of late recovered out of the hands of the Kingly Tyrants who have set Lords of Manors and Task-masters over the Commoners to withhold the free use of the Land from them So likewise all the Commons and waste Lands which are called Commons because the poor was to have part therein but this is withheld from the Commoners either by Lords of Manors requiring quit Rents and overseeing the poor so narrowly that none dares build him a house upon this Common Land or plant thereupon without his leave but must pay him rent fines and heriots and homage as unto a Conqueror or else the benefit of this Common Land is taken away from the younger brethren by rich Landlords and Freeholders who overstock the Commons with Sheep and Cattel so that the poor in many places are not able to keep a Cow unless they steal grass for her And this is the bondage the poor complain of that they are kept poor by their brethren in a Land where there is so much plenty for every one if Covetousness and pride did not tule as King in one brother over another and Kingly Government occasions all this Now it is the work of a Parliament to break the Tyrants bands to abolish all their oppressing
such as are not of your minde and having food and raiment therewith be content Now here is a trial for you whether you will be faithful to God and Christ in obeying his Laws or whether you will destroy the man-childe of true Freedom righteousness and peace in his resurrection And now thou wilt give us either the tricks of a Souldier Face about and return to Egypt and so declare thy self to be part of the Serpents seed that must bruise the heel of Christ or else to be one of the plain-hearted sons of promise or members of Christ who shall help to bruise the Serpents head which is Kingly oppression and so bring in everlasting righteousness and peace into the earth Well the eye is now open Store-houses shall be built and appointed in all places and be the common Stock There shall be Store-houses in all places both in the Country and in Cities to which all the fruits of the earth and other works made by Tradesmen shall be brought and from thence delivered out again to particular Families and to every one as they want for their use or else to be transported by Ship to other Lands to exchange for those things which our Land will not or does not afford For all the labours of Husbandmen and Trades-men within the Land or by Navigation to or from other Lands shall be all upon the common Stock And as every one works to advance the Common Stock so every one shall have a free use of any commodity in the Store-house for his pleasure and comfortable livelihood without buying and selling or restraint from any And having food and raiment lodging and the comfortable societies of his own kinde what can a man desire more in these days of his travel Indeed covetous proud and beastly-minded men desire more either to lie by them to look upon or else to waste and spoil it upon their lusts while other brethren live in straits for want of the use thereof But the Laws and faithful Officers of a free Commonwealth do regulate the unrational practice of such men There are two sorts of Store-houses general and particular The general Store-houses are such houses as receive in all commodities in the gross as all Barns and places to lay Corn and the fruits of the earth at the first reaping and these may be called Store-houses for Corn Flax Wool for Leather for Iron for linen and woollen Cloth or for any commodity that comes into our hand by Shipping from whence particular Family or Shop-keepers may fetch as they need to furnish their lesser shops So likewise herds of Cattel in the field flocks of Sheep and Horses are all common Store-houses so that from the Herds and Flocks every Family may fetch what they want for food or pleasure without buying and selling So likewise all Publike Dayries are Store-houses for Butter and Cheese yet every Family may have Cows for their own use about their own house And these general Store-houses shall be filled and preserved by the common labour and assistance of every Family as is mentioned in the Office of Overseer for Trades And from these Publike Houses which are the general stock of the Land all particular Trades-men may fetch materials for their particular work as they need or to furnish their particular dwellings with any commodities Secondly there are particular Store-houses or shops To which the Trades-men shall bring their particular works as all instruments of Iron to the Iron-shops Hats to shops appointed for them Gloves Shooes linen and woollen Cloth in smaller parcels to shops appointed for every one of them and the like Even as now we have particular trade in Cities and Towns called Shopkeepers which shall remaine still as they be only altered in their receiving in and delivering out for whereas by the Law of Kings or Conquerers they do receive in and deliver out by buying and selling and exchanging the Conquerers picture or stampe upon a piece of Gold or Silver for the fruits of the earth Now they shall by the Laws of the Commonwealth receive into their Sops and deliver out againe freely without buying and selling They shall receive in as into a Storehouse and deliver out againe freely as out of a common Store-house when particular persons or Familes come for any thing they need as now they do by buying and selling under kingly government For as particular Families and tradesmen do make several works more then they can make use of As Hats Shooes Gloves Stockings Linnen and Woolen cloth and the like and do carry their particular work to Store-houses So it is all reason and equity that they should go to other Store-houses and fetch any other commodity which they want and cannot make for as other men partakes of their labors it is reason they should pertake of other mens And all these Store-houses and Shops shall be orderly kept by such as shall be brought up to be waiters therein as is mentioned in the Office of Overseers for trades For as there are some men more ingenious to work so other men are more ingenious in keeping of Store-houses and Shops to receive in and deliver out commodities And all this easie work may be called waiting at such and such a Store-house As some may waite at Corn-houses some at linen and woolen houses some at Leather some at iron-shops and every general and particular commodity shall be known where they are by their houses and shops as it is at this day so that Townes and Cities and every Family almost are but Store-houses of one commodity or other for the uses of the Commonwealth or to transport to other lands Now this same free practice will kill covetousness pride and oppression for when men have a Law to buy and sell then as I said before the cuning cheaters get great estates by others mens labors and being rich thereby become oppressing Lords over their brethren which occasions all our troubles and wars in all Nations Come hither now all you who chalenge your brethren to deny Christ as though you were the only men that love Christ and would be true to him Here is a trial of your love can you be as ready to obey the law of liberty which is the command of Christ as you would have others to obey your Kingly laws of bondage It may be you will either storme or go away sorrowful does not Christ tell you that if you have food and rayment you should therewith be content and in this common freedome here will be food and rayment ease and pleasure plentiful both for you and your brethren so that none shall beg or starve or live in the straits of poverty and this fulfils that righteous law of Christ Do as you would be done by for that law of Christ can never be performed till you establish Common-wealths freedome Therefore now let it appear seeing the child is come to the birth whether you will receive Christ who is the spreading spirit
from the Law excepting in the Court of Parliament shall be cashiered his Office and never bear Office more 3. No man shall administer the Law for Mony or Reward he that doth shal dye as a Traytor to the Commonwealth for when Mony must buy and sell Justice and bear all the sway there is nothing but Oppression to be expected 4. The Laws shall be read by the Minster to the people four times in the year viz. every quarter that every one may know whereunto they are to yeeld Obedience then none may dye for want of knowledg 5. No accusation shall be taken against any man unless it be proved by two or three witnesses or his own confession 6. No man shall suffer any punishment but for matter of fact or Reviling words but no man shall be troubled for his judgment or practise in the things of his God so he live quiet in the Land 7. The accuser and accused shall always appear face to face before any Officer that both sides may be heard and no wrong to either party 〈◊〉 8. If any Judg or Officer execute his own Will contrary to the Law or which there is no Law to warrant him in he shall be cashiered and never bear Office more 9. He who raises an accusation against any man and cannot prove it shall suffer the same punishment the other should if proved An Accusation is when one man complains of another to an Officer all other accusations the Law takes no notice of 10. He who strikes his Neighbor shall be struck himself by the Executioner blow for blow and shall lose eye for eye tooth for 〈◊〉 limb for limb life for life and the reason is that men may be tender of one anothers bodies doing as they would be done by 11. If any man strike an Officer he shall be made a servant under the Taskmaster for a whole year 12. He who endevo s to stir up contention among neighbors by tale-bearing or false reports shall the first time be reproved openly by the Overseers among all the people the second time shall be whiped the third time shall be a servant under the Taskmaster for three Months and if he continues he shall be a servant for ever and lose his Freedom in the Commonwealth 13. If any give reviling and provoking words whereby his neighbors spirit is burthened if complaint be made to the Overseers they shall admonish the offender privately to forbear if he continues to offend his neighbor the next time he shall be openly reproved and admonished before the Congregation when met together if he continue the third time he shall be whipt the fourth time if proof be made by witnesses he shall be a servant under the Taskmaster for twelve Months 14. He who will rule as a Lord over his brother unless he be an Officer commanding obedience to the Law he shall be admonished as aforesaid and receive like punishment if he continue Laws for the planting of the Earth c. 15. Every houshold shall keep all Instruments and Tools fit for the 〈◊〉 of the Earth either for planting reaping or threshing Some households which have many men in them shall keep Plows Carts Harrows and such like other housholds shall keep Spades Pick-axes Axes pruning hooks and such like according as every Family is furnished with men to work therewith And if any Master or Father of a Family be negligent herein the Overseer for that Circuit shall admonish him between them two if he continue negligent the Overseers shall reprove him before all the people and if he utterly refuse then the ordering of that Family shall be given to another and he shall be a servant under the taskmaster till he conform 16. Every family shall come into the field with sufficient assistance at seed time to plow dig and plant and at harvest time to reap the fruits of the Earth and 〈◊〉 them into the Store-houses as the Overseers order the work and the number of workmen And if any refuse to assist in this work The Overseers shall ask the reason and if it be sickness or any distemper that hinders them they are freed from such service if meer idleness keep them back they are to suffer punishment according to the Laws against 〈◊〉 Laws against Idleness 17. If any refuse to learn a trade or refuse to work in seed-time or harvest or refuse to be a Waiter in Store-houses and yet will feed and clothe himself with other mens labors The Overseers shall first admonish him privately if he continue idle he shall be reproved openly before all the people by the Overseers and shall be forbore with a moneth after this reproof If he still continues idle he shall then be whipt and be let go at liberty for a moneth longer if still he continue idle he shall be delivered into the task-masters hand who shall set him to work for twelve moneths or till he submit to right Order And the reason why every young man shall be trained up in some work or other is to prevent pride and contention it is for the health of their bodies it is a pleasure to the minde to be free in labors one with another and it provides plenty of food and all necessaries for the Common-wealth Laws for Store-houses 18. In every Town and City shall be appointed Store-houses for flax wool lether cloth and for all such commodities as come from beyond Seas and these shall be called general Store-houses from whence every particular family may fetch such commodities as they want either for their use in their house or for to work in their trades or to carry into the Country Store-houses 19. Every particular house and shop in a town or city shall be 〈◊〉 Store-house or shop as now they be and these shops shall either be furnished by the particular labor of that family according to the trade that family is of or by the labor of other lesser families of the same trade as all shops in every town are now furnished 20. The waiters in Store-houses shall deliver the goods under their charge without receiving any money as they shall receive in their goods without paying any money 21. If any waiter in a Store-house neglect his office upon a just complaint the Overseers shall acquaint the Judges Court therewith and from thence he shall receive his sentence to be discharged that house and office And to be appointed some other laboring work under the taskmaster and another shall have his place For he who may live in freedom and will not is to taste of servitude Laws for Overseers 22. The onely work of every Overseer is to see the Laws executed for the Law is the true magistracy of the Land 23. If any Overseer favour any in their idleness and neglect the execution of the Laws he shall be reproved the first time by the Judges Court the second time cashiered his Office and shall never bear office more but fall back into the rank of