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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
city_n	caesar_n	year_n	yield_v	20	3	6.7756	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A70453	Historical antiquities, in two books the first treating in general of Great-Brettain and Ireland : the second containing particular remarks concerning Cheshire / faithfully collected out of authentick histories, old deeds, records, and evidences, by Sir Peter Leycester, Baronet ; whereunto is annexed a transcript of Doomsday-book, so far as it concerneth Cheshire, taken out of the original record.	Leycester, Peter, Sir, 1614-1678.	1673 (1673)	Wing L1943; ESTC R2116	480,429	448

before the Birth of Christ those who possessed the inward parts above Massilia and inhabited about the Alpes and on that side the Pyrenaean Mountains were called Celtae and those who inhabited that Celtica toward the South Parts and the Sea and the Hercynian Mountain and all those People scattered even to Scythia were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Galli or Gaules But the Romans called all these Nations by the name of Galli onely See also Stephanus his Latin Dictionary voces Celtae and Galli 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 graece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So Suidas and Hesychius But I am of Opinion That no Nation at this day is so entire by reason of continual Warrs one with another since the first Plantation of the World after the Flood and the infinite intermingling one with another occasioned thereby and expelling one another out of their own ancient Countrys over and over again in so long Tract of Time can be properly said to be descended from any one of the Sons of Noah entirely but rather from them all by reason of a universal Commixture of their Posterities at this day CHAP. II. Of the Time when the Romans first attempted Brettaine and how long it remained under the Roman Servitude I. Caesar's first Attempt upon Brettaine was 55 Years before the Birth of Christ according to the vulgar Computation which falls in An. Mundi Conditi 3895. Caesar de Bello Gallico lib. 4. 5. tells us His first Expedition into Brettaine was when M. Crassus and Cneius Pompeius were Consuls which was Anno Urbis Conditae 699. Anno Mundi 3895. antè Christum 55. But Caesar did not subdue Brettaine so as to make it Tributary till his second Expedition into this Island and that was the Year following and at this second coming the strong City of the Trinobants now called London yielded themselves and submitted to the Romans as not able to sustain their Force and soon after also many other Towns submitted And so Caesar having received Pledges from Cassibelan for his Submission to the Government of the Romans and appointed what Tribute yearly Brettain should pay departed out of Brettaine Caesar lib. 5. pag. 164. The Tribute imposed on the Brettains was 3000 l. yearly if we may believe Speed in his History at large pag. 187. a. also Ponticus Virunnius pag. 25. out of the Welsh History Now the City of Rome being taken by Alaricus King of the Gothes Anno Christi 410. the Roman Empire began to decline Bede de Hist Ang. lib. 1. cap. 11. So as the Rule and Sovereignty of the Romans over Brettaine continued almost 470 Years from the first coming of Caius Julius Caesar into this Island as Bede himself computeth in the same Chapter But Cambden saith it continued 476 Years computing to the time of Valentinian the Third in his Britannia Printed 1607. pag. 60. The Division of Brettaine before and at the Time of the Romans comprehending the Places as they be now called Ex Cambdeno Danmonii Cornwal Devonshire Durotriges Dorsetshire Belgae Somersetshire Wiltshire Hantshire Isle of Wight Atrebatii Barkshire Regni Surrey Sussex Cantium Kent Dobuni Glocestershire Oxfordshire Cattieuclani Buckinghamshire Bedfordshire Hartfordshire Trinobantes Middlesex Essex Iceni Suffolk Norfolk Cambridgeshire Huntingtonshire Coritani Northamptonshire Leycestershire Rutlandshire Lincolnshire Nottinghamshire Derbyshire Cornavii Warwickshire Worcestershire Staffordshire Shropshire Cheshire Brigantes Yorkshire Bishoprick of Durham Lancashire Westmorland Cumberland Ottadini Northumberland Silures Herefordshire Radnorshire Brecknockshire Monmouthshire Glamorganshire Dimetae Caermardenshire Pembrookshire Cardiganshire Ordovices Montgomeryshire Merionethshire Caernarvonshire Isle of Anglesey Denbighshire Flintshire Cangi Cambden supposeth these to be seated about Chester in his Britannia Tit. Cheshire Brettaine being made a Member of the Roman Empire was at first divided into three Provinces onely viz. 1. Britannia Prima So called because it was first subdued comprehending the Counties on the South side of the River Thames and those inhabited by the Trinobantes Iceni and Cattieuchlani The chief City London 2. Britannia Secunda comprising all the Countries on the further side of the River Severn whose chief Seat was Caer-leon upon Usk in the County of Monmouth 3. Maxima Caesariensis including all the rest to the Northern Border whereof the Metropolis was York And in this state it stood till the time of Constantine who made two more out of the former to wit 4. Valentia containing all the Country from the Frith of Solway and the Picts Wall in Cumberland to the Friths of Edenburough and Dunbritton Northward 5. Flavia Caesariensis comprehending all between the Rivers of Thames and Humber The rest between Humber and the Bounds of Valentia continuing under the old name of Maxima Caesariensis though now made less than any of the other four So Dr. Heylyn in his Cosmography pag. 309. Maginus upon Ptolomy Pars secunda pag. 39. The Forces which the Romans kept in continual Pay in Brettaine as well to keep their Coasts and Frontiers against the Enemy as to keep the Brettans in obedience amounted in all if Pancirol be not mistaken in the Account unto 23000 Foot and 2000 Horse three Legions keeping here their constant and continual Residence that is to say The sixth Legion Sirnamed Victrix at York the twentieth Legion Victrix at Westchester the second Legion sometimes at Isca Dannioniorum now called Exceter and sometimes at Isca Silurum now Caer-leon upon Usk But this was about the time of Claudius the Emperor or later under Vespatian Romani in Britannia ⚜ CAius Julius Caesar landed his Army in Kent at Dover Montanus in his Commentary on Caesar de Bello Gallico li. 4. p. 135. This was about 55 Years before Christ was born according to our common Computation of his Birth Paulus Orosius lib 6. c. 9. In his first Encounter he was beaten by the Brettans ibid. pag. 137. but Landing more Men in Long-boats he put the Brettans to flight Then the Brettans sent Embassadors for a Peace Not long after the Brettans fell upon the Romans and disordered them understanding the Romans were distressed for want of Provision and after that in another Battel they were routed and sore pursued by the Romans And after this about September Caesar in the night having landed more Men the Brettans gather together about six thousand Men and enclose the Enemy round and worsted the Romans Thus out of Caesar himself lib. 4. we find Fortune various in her Victories Labienus being then Chief Commander under Caesar and Cassibelaun General of the Brettans And this was the effect of the first Expedition of Caesar who setling the Winter-Quarters of his Soldiers in Belgis that is in Hantshire Wiltshire and Somersetshire and having received Pledges onely from two Cities of Brettaine in order to a Peace for the rest would send no Pledges Caesar went into Italy Lib. 4. de Bello Gallico in ipso fine Caesar departed out of his Winter-Quarters into Italy Lucius Domitius and Appian Claudius being Consuls commanding

Justices 1629. 142. Thomas Viscount Wentworth July 25. Lord Deputy 1633. 143. Sir Adam Lofties Lord Chancellor Christopher Wansford Master of the Rolls June 2. Lord Justices 1636. 144. Thomas Viscount VVentworth November 23. Lord Deputy 1636. 145. Robert Lord Dillon of Kilkenny-VVest Christopher VVansford Master of the Rolls September 12. Lord Justices 1639. 146. Thomas VVentworth Earl of Strafford Lord Lieutenant He was Beheaded May 12. 1641. very unjustly by the Parliament of England's Faction 1640. Christopher VVansford was Deputy to Strafford 147. Robert Lord Dillon Sir VVilliam Parsons Master of the Court of Wards Decem. 30. Lord Justices 1640. 148. Sir VVilliam Parsons Sir John Borlace Master of the Ordnance February 9. Lord Justices 1640. 149. Sir John Borlace Sir Henry Tichborn May 1. Lord Justices 1643. 150. James Butler Marquess of Ormond February 21. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland The Rebellion of the Parliament of England was now broken out by raising Arms and Forces against the King and great Troubles arose both in England and Ireland 1643. Anno 1649. Oliver Cromwel Voted General of all the Forces sent against Ireland by the Parliament of England March 30. On the 20 of June following Dublin was Besieged by the Marquess of Ormond and on August 2. he was defeated before Dublin by Colonel Jones and his Party who issued out of the Town and Ireland reduced by Cromwel soon after Sub Carolo Secundo 151. King Charles the Second being restored to his Kingdoms 1660. makes James Butler now Duke of Ormond Lord Liutenant of Ireland 1662. who landed in Ireland 28 die Julii eodem Anno. 1662. 152. The Duke of Ormond is desired by the King to surrender his Commission and the Lord Roberts Lord Privy Seal is made Lieutenant of Ireland in February 1668. 153. Roberts is recalled and John Lord Barkley came Lord Lieutenant 1670. Finis Totius Operis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SOME ANTIQUITIES TOUCHING CHESHIRE Faithfully Collected out of Authentique Histories Old Deeds Records and Evidences BY Sir PETER LEYCESTER Baronet A Member of the same County Nescio qua Natale Solum dulcedine cunctos ducit immemores non sinit esse sui LONDON Printed Anno Domini M.DC.LXXII THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK THe first Part treateth of the Governors and Earls of Mercia from the time of King Alfred to the time of the Norman Conquest The second Part comprehendeth the History of the Earls of Chester from the Norman Conquest till that Earldom was Invested in the Crown of England under King Henry the Third with a short Catalogue of all such Princes of England as have been created Princes of Wales and Earls of Chester ever since to this day The third Part treateth of the ancient Barons to the Earls of Chester with several Catalogues of all the Bishops Deans Chamberlains Judges Sheriffs and Escheatours of Cheshire and also of the Recorders of the City of Chester The fourth and last Part comprehendeth the Antiquities of Bucklow Hundred in Cheshire SOME ANTIQUITIES TOUCHING CHESHIRE PART I. CHAP. I. I. OUr Island of Great Brettaine was altogether unknown both to the ancient Grecians and Romans until the Days of Caius Julius Caesar Bede de Historiâ Gentis Anglorum lib. 1. cap. 2. Learned Cambden in his Britannia Printed 1607. pag. 24 25. Also Sheringham de Gentis Anglorum Origine pag. 99. For the Name of Brettaine is not to be found in any Author Greek or Latine before that time as far forth as I have ever seen or heard of Diodorus Siculus being the first among the Greek Authors and Lucretius among the Latines who made mention thereof and both these lived about the same Age with Caesar or a little sooner Wherefore we have no certain History of this Island but from Caesar downwards The ancient Brettans were a barbarous People and left no Writing or History of their Countrey to Posterity Gildas called Sapiens is the first among the Brettans who hath left us any mention in Writing hereof and those very short and imperfect Now Gildas writ about the Year of Christ 540. and what he writ as he confesseth in his Prologue was by Relation from beyond Sea more than out of ancient Records and Writings of his own Countrey for those if any such were at all were either burned by the Enemy's rage or carried away by the banished Natives so that in his time there was no such extant II. Now Julius Caesar upon his second Expedition into Brettaine Anno antè Christum natum 54. or thereabout subdued part of Brettain and many Cities submitted and yielded up themselves to the Romans Caesar de Bello Gallico lib. 5. in ipso initio And the Rule of the Romans in Brettaine ceased upon the declination of the Roman Empire after that Alaric King of the Gothes had taken Rome which hapned in the Year of Christ 410. according to our vulgar Computation So Helvicus in his Chronology also Bede de Hist Ang. lib. 1. cap. 11. So that the Rule or Soveraignty of the Romans over Brettaine continued almost 470 Years as Bede computeth in the same Chapter But Cambden in his Britannia pag. 60. computing to Valentinian the Third saith 476 Years III. But now the poor Brettans upon the Romans withdrawing of their Forces out of Brettaine to defend themselves were miserably devoured by the Scots and Picts And therefore they called in and invited the Saxons to aid them who came first into Brettaine Anno Christi 449. saith Bede and Malmesbury But the Brettans to use Gildas's own words perceiving the Saxons Quasi pro patriâ pugnaturos sed eam certiùs impugnaturos defended themselves as well as they could But the Saxons after they had expelled the Scots and Picts did also by degrees root out the Brettans also and the Saxons at last solely possessed themselves of all the South part of Brettaine which we now call England but disagreeing among themselves and contending for Superiority each Party would set up themselves as it commonly falls out in such Cases and so had a Heptarchy or seven distinct Kingdoms in England till at last they were all swallowed up into one by that of the West-Saxons the poor Brettans being driven into Wales and Cornwall IV. Egbert King of the West-Saxons being now sole Monarch of all England for so Hoveden calls him pag. 414. and having routed Wilaf King of Mercia and made him Tributary which Kingdom of Mercia was the largest in compass of all the seven and the last of the six unsubdued ordained That this part of Brettaine whereof he had now the Soveraignty should be called England since which time it hath gained the Name of England Verstegan's Saxon Antiquities p. 123. And this Edict saith Trevisa in his Translation of Polychronicon was when Egbert was Crowned King of all England at Winchester after the Battel of Ellindon Fol. 275. Now the Battel of Ellindon is placed in Anno Christi 823. by Florentius Wigorniensis and Stowe This Egbert also is said to have new

80 Years after Christ lib. 4. Naturalis Historiae cap. 16. in ipsissimis verbis Albion ipsi nomen fuit cùm Britanniae vocarentur omnes And herewith agreeth Learned Cambden in his Britannia pag. 17. of the Edition Printed at London 1607. with Maps at large who conceiveth that the Grecians gave it the name of Albion fabulously from Albion Son of Neptune for distinction sake For Neptune being the God of the Sea and this an Island of the Sea they might term it by the name of Neptune's Son in allusion But Buchanan lib. 1. Hist Scot. pa. 12 13 saith That Alpum and Album were anciently used for a Hill or Mountain and that the Alpes were so called ab Altitudine non Albedine and that he thinketh our Brettaine was called Albion from the rising Shore and Hills which on the Narrow Seas between Ireland and our Brettaine do appear in sight Ireland seeming low and level and Brettaine rising up into Mountains Which word Album in that sence is common to many Nations whereof he alledgeth many Instances Neither doth Bede say that it was called Albion before it was called Brettaine but that it was formerly called Albion So that the name of Albion may seem to have been left off in Bede's time And whereas Heylyn affirms in his Cosmography in the Place before-quoted That the name of Brettaine was first found in Athenaeus among the Greek Writers It is certain that we often find it mentioned in Diodorus Siculus lib. 4. Bibliothecae Historicae pa. 300 301. where he writeth thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is There are many Islands in Europe in the Ocean whereof the greatest is called Brettaine This anciently was untouched without the intermixture of any Foreign Force for we never heard that either Bacchus or Hercules or any other of the Worthies ever warred or fought against it but our Caius Caesar who for his Actions was termed a God was the first of all we find mentioned who subdued this Island and fighting against it compelled the Brettans to pay Tribute So that we see Diodorus was Contemporary with Caius Julius Caesar who first attempted Brettain 55 Years before the Birth of Christ according to the Computation commonly received Now Athenaeus the Historian lived about Anno Christi 166 somewhat after Ptolomy the Geographer and both of them after Strabo who died Anno Christi 25 as Helvicus computes in his Chronology And therefore Athenaeus could not be the first Greek Writer who mentioned Brettaine unless there be some other Athenaeus whom Heylyn meaneth And if that Book de Mundo be Aristotle's which is commonly bound up among the Works of Aristotle then have we the name of Brettaine and Albion too more anciently than of any before-mentioned For Aristotle was Tutor to Alexander the Great and died the third Year of 114 Olympiad 320 Years before Christ was born at the age of 63 Years In which Book de Mundo cap. 3. we read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. In that Ocean are two great Islands called British Islands Albion and Ireland greater than those before-mentioned lying beyond the Celtae People of Gallia But this Book de Mundo saith Learned Cambden in his Britannia pag. 64. is of much later stamp than the Age wherein Aristotle lived as the most Learned have judged Indeed Duvall in his Synopsis on Aristotle Tom. 1. pag. 171. a In the beginning of the first Tome before Aristotle tells us That Justin Martyr Believed that Book to be Aristotles Yet saith Duvall it is not as the Reason of the Doctrine and the laxity of the Style do demonstrate being rather decked with Words of an Historian or 〈◊〉 ●●ratour than a Philosopher III. Now this Brettaine was not known to the Ancient Romans before Julius Caesar's time saith Bede de Historiâ Gentis Anglorum lib. 1. cap. 2. and by consequence never Invaded by any of them before Caesar And Caesar himself Caesar de Bello Gallico lib. 5. with his Powerful Army of the formidable Romans was beaten back by the stout Brettans upon his first Attempt of the Island Cassibelaun being then General of the Brettans and Commander in Chief And Caesar returning into Italy and recruiting his Army coming again into Brettaine the second time was in the first Encounter beaten again by the Brettans but in a second Battel the Romans routed the Brettans and the strong City of the Trinobantes which is now called London yielded themselves and their City to Caesar with Androgorius their Governor after which Example many other Cities also submitted and yielded up their Towns to the Romans But the Town of Cassibelaun Caesar took by Storm Caesar lib. 5. pag. 163 164. saith Bede in the same Chapter which Town is now called St. Albans And Caesar appointing what Tribute they should pay returned back with his Army Wherefore since the name of Brettaine is nowhere to be found either among the Greek or Latin Writers before Caesar but was till that time unknown both to the Grecians and Romans as Learned Cambden is of Opinion in his Britannia pag. 24 25. and also Sheringham de Gentis Anglorum Origine pag. 99. we can expect no certain History of the Brettans but from Caesar downwards For Gildas sirnamed Sapiens is the first Brettan that I meet withal who hath left us any mention in writing of the Affairs of Brettaine and that but little also yet what he writ as he confesseth in his Prologue was more by relation of others from beyond Sea than from any Writings or Records in his own Country for if any such were they were either burnt by the Enemies rage or carried away by the Banished Natives so that in his time none did appear and he was born in the forty fourth Year after the English-Saxons came into Brettain as he himself saith in his Book de Excidio Britanniae reprinted at London 1568. fol. 23. and died in the Monastery of Bangor in Wales aged 90 Years buried the fourth of the Calends of February about the Year of Christ 583. as Pitseus saith in his Book de Illustribus Britanniae Scriptoribus IV. As to the name of Brettaine the Ancient Greek Writers do constantly write it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brettania not Britannia as Caesar writes it Howbeit Cambden thinks it more truly writ by Caesar than by the Greeks but of that I make great doubt for from the Grecians doubtles was the name of Brettaine first imposed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seems to be derived from the two Greek Words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying an Image or Picture and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the old Glossary betokening a Region or Country So that Brettaine soundeth as much as The Country of a People painting themselves with Images and Pictures For the Ancient Brettans used to paint their Bodies with various Pictures of all manner of Living Creatures as appears by sundry good Authors a Pomponius Mela l. 3. c. 6.